Datasets:

yep-search

/

LongCacti-quac

like 0

[ "C_505c10c4e7bb4ffb98dbc15b5b81579e_0_q#0", "C_505c10c4e7bb4ffb98dbc15b5b81579e_0_q#1", "C_505c10c4e7bb4ffb98dbc15b5b81579e_0_q#2", "C_505c10c4e7bb4ffb98dbc15b5b81579e_0_q#3", "C_505c10c4e7bb4ffb98dbc15b5b81579e_0_q#4" ]

[ "When did Phillips begin his music career?", "Where did he perform?", "What else did he perform?", "Did he perform anywhere else?", "What other appearances did he have?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 149 ], [ 387 ], [ 782 ], [ 1148 ] ], "texts": [ [ "After winning American Idol, Phillips went on the American Idol LIVE Tour" ], [ "He performed the National Anthem" ], [ "He also performed at the National Christmas Tree Lighting ceremony" ], [ "He appeared at the 83rd MLB All-Star Game" ], [ "Phillip has performed on The Today Show" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 149, 387, 782, 1148 ], "texts": [ "After winning American Idol, Phillips went on the American Idol LIVE Tour", "He performed the National Anthem", "He also performed at the National Christmas Tree Lighting ceremony", "He appeared at the 83rd MLB All-Star Game", "Phillip has performed on The Today Show" ] }

[ { "text": "A combined 273 artists have won the television series Idols, a reality singing competition adapted in forty-six regions. The series, originally created by British television executive Simon Fuller as Pop Idol, aims to find the most outstanding independent solo singer. Through mass auditions, a group of semi-finalists is selected by a panel of judges based on their performances. The finalists are then selected amongst a group of semi-finalists by the television audiences and the judges (through wildcard rounds), with the finalist receiving the most votes by the television audiences in their weekly performance being declared the winner.\n\nEach winner is given a recording contract, a monetary prize, and a title as that nation's Idol, SuperStar or Star. The first winner of the format was Will Young of the United Kingdom in 2002. Two winners of the series were also able to win for another regional title: Kurt Nilsen of Norway also won World Idol in 2003, and Hady Mirza of Singapore also won Asian Idol in 2007. In addition, Jason Hartman and Sasha-Lee Davids of South Africa were the only two finalists to be declared as co-winners of the format.\n\nWinning the Idols series provides a unique opportunity for the winning artist(s) to launch or further their music careers, due to the surrounding publicity and the recording contract offerings. However, only a few of them have managed to further their international careers. The most notable winner of the series was Kelly Clarkson of the United States, who has sold over 70 million records worldwide. Other notable winning artists who also have managed to chart internationally include Agnes Carlsson of Sweden, Alexander Klaws of Germany, Kurt Nilsen of Norway, Guy Sebastian of Australia, Carrie Underwood of the United States, and Young of the United Kingdom.\n\nWinners\n\nNational versions\n\nMultinational versions\n\nJunior competitions\n\nWinner competitions\n\nNotes\n\n Citizens of Macedonia were eligible to participate in the first season.\n Citizens of Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan are eligible to participate throughout the series.\n Citizens of Wallonia and Québec were eligible to participate in the first season.\n Citizens of Austria and Switzerland are eligible to participate throughout the series.\n Citizens of Cyprus were eligible to participate in Super Idol.\n Citizens of Moldova were eligible to participate in SuperStar România.\n Citizens of Belarus and Ukraine were eligible to participate in the first and second season.\n Citizens of Puerto Rico were eligible to participate in the eighth season.\n Countries whose citizens were eligible to participate include all the member states of the Arab League.\n Countries whose citizens were eligible to participate include: Botswana, Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Réunion (a part of France), Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.\n Countries whose citizens were eligible to participate include all of the Latin American countries, with the exception of Brazil.\n Countries whose citizens were eligible to participate include: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Saint Helena, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo.\n Winners of Indian Idol, Indonesian Idol, Malaysian Idol, Philippine Idol, Singapore Idol, SuperStar KZ, and Vietnam Idol participated in Asian Idol, in which the winner was determined the greatest percentage of votes.\n Winners of inaugural seasons of American Idol, Australian Idol, Canadian Idol, Deutschland sucht den Superstar, Idool, Idols (Dutch version), Idols (South African version), Idol (Polish version), Idol (Norwegian version), Pop Idol, and SuperStar (Arab version) participated in World Idol, in which the winner was determined by the most collective points given by each of the other participating countries (similar to the Eurovision Song Contest).\n\nReferences\n\n \nCategory:Idols (TV series) winners\nCategory:Non-British television series based on British television series\nCategory:Television shows remade overseas", "title": "List of Idols winners" } ]

[ "The text does not provide information on when Phillips began his music career.", "Phillips has performed in various places and events such as the opening game of the 2012 World Series, a concert with the PS22 chorus of Staten Island, the National Christmas Tree Lighting ceremony, the PBS Independence Day celebration TV special, A Capitol 4th, the 83rd MLB All-Star Game in Kansas City, the One World concert at Syracuse University, the CNN Heroes special, and the CBS's A Home for the Holidays. He has also performed on TV shows like The Today Show, Good Morning America Concert Series, Late Show with David Letterman, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, The Tonight Show With Jay Leno, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, Live With Kelly, The View, Conan. Additionally, he made appearances on the American Music Awards and Billboard Music Awards.", "Phillips performed his coronation song, \"Home,\" on various occasions as mentioned in the context. This song was used in various media including NBC's coverage of the Olympics, L.A. Marathon, various commercials, film trailers, and TV shows. There is no mention of him performing any other song in the given context.", "Phillips also performed on the American Idol LIVE Tour from July to September with the rest of the Top 10 finishers of season 11. Furthermore, he appeared at the 83rd MLB All-Star Game and took part in a concert to raise money for those affected by Hurricane Sandy. He also performed at the One World concert held in Syracuse University to honor the Dalai Lama. Other than these, no other performances are mentioned in the provided context.", "Other than his various performances, Phillips also made appearances on The Today Show, Good Morning America Concert Series, Late Show with David Letterman, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, The Tonight Show With Jay Leno, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, Live With Kelly, The View, Conan, the American Music Awards, and Billboard Music Awards. He also appeared on Forbes' Highest Earning American Idol list for three years." ]

[ "No", "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_505c10c4e7bb4ffb98dbc15b5b81579e_1_q#0", "C_505c10c4e7bb4ffb98dbc15b5b81579e_1_q#1", "C_505c10c4e7bb4ffb98dbc15b5b81579e_1_q#2", "C_505c10c4e7bb4ffb98dbc15b5b81579e_1_q#3", "C_505c10c4e7bb4ffb98dbc15b5b81579e_1_q#4", "C_505c10c4e7bb4ffb98dbc15b5b81579e_1_q#5" ]

[ "When did he start his career?", "For what ?", "did he do well?", "did he win?", "how many votes did he get?", "what is an interesting fact regarding his overview?" ]

[ 2, 2, 0, 2, 1, 2 ]

[ 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 42 ], [ 198 ], [ 291 ], [ 1794 ], [ 1421 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Phillips auditioned in Savannah, Georgia." ], [ "He sang \"Superstition\" by Stevie Wonder." ], [ "He advanced to the Hollywood rounds, and" ], [ "Phillips was chosen as one of the Top 25 semi-finalists, and was then voted into the Top 13." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Phillips became the winner on the finale against Jessica Sanchez after a record-breaking 132 million votes were cast." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 42, 198, 291, 1794, 1421 ], "texts": [ "Phillips auditioned in Savannah, Georgia.", "He sang \"Superstition\" by Stevie Wonder.", "He advanced to the Hollywood rounds, and", "Phillips was chosen as one of the Top 25 semi-finalists, and was then voted into the Top 13.", "CANNOTANSWER", "Phillips became the winner on the finale against Jessica Sanchez after a record-breaking 132 million votes were cast." ] }

[ { "text": "A combined 273 artists have won the television series Idols, a reality singing competition adapted in forty-six regions. The series, originally created by British television executive Simon Fuller as Pop Idol, aims to find the most outstanding independent solo singer. Through mass auditions, a group of semi-finalists is selected by a panel of judges based on their performances. The finalists are then selected amongst a group of semi-finalists by the television audiences and the judges (through wildcard rounds), with the finalist receiving the most votes by the television audiences in their weekly performance being declared the winner.\n\nEach winner is given a recording contract, a monetary prize, and a title as that nation's Idol, SuperStar or Star. The first winner of the format was Will Young of the United Kingdom in 2002. Two winners of the series were also able to win for another regional title: Kurt Nilsen of Norway also won World Idol in 2003, and Hady Mirza of Singapore also won Asian Idol in 2007. In addition, Jason Hartman and Sasha-Lee Davids of South Africa were the only two finalists to be declared as co-winners of the format.\n\nWinning the Idols series provides a unique opportunity for the winning artist(s) to launch or further their music careers, due to the surrounding publicity and the recording contract offerings. However, only a few of them have managed to further their international careers. The most notable winner of the series was Kelly Clarkson of the United States, who has sold over 70 million records worldwide. Other notable winning artists who also have managed to chart internationally include Agnes Carlsson of Sweden, Alexander Klaws of Germany, Kurt Nilsen of Norway, Guy Sebastian of Australia, Carrie Underwood of the United States, and Young of the United Kingdom.\n\nWinners\n\nNational versions\n\nMultinational versions\n\nJunior competitions\n\nWinner competitions\n\nNotes\n\n Citizens of Macedonia were eligible to participate in the first season.\n Citizens of Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan are eligible to participate throughout the series.\n Citizens of Wallonia and Québec were eligible to participate in the first season.\n Citizens of Austria and Switzerland are eligible to participate throughout the series.\n Citizens of Cyprus were eligible to participate in Super Idol.\n Citizens of Moldova were eligible to participate in SuperStar România.\n Citizens of Belarus and Ukraine were eligible to participate in the first and second season.\n Citizens of Puerto Rico were eligible to participate in the eighth season.\n Countries whose citizens were eligible to participate include all the member states of the Arab League.\n Countries whose citizens were eligible to participate include: Botswana, Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Réunion (a part of France), Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.\n Countries whose citizens were eligible to participate include all of the Latin American countries, with the exception of Brazil.\n Countries whose citizens were eligible to participate include: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Saint Helena, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo.\n Winners of Indian Idol, Indonesian Idol, Malaysian Idol, Philippine Idol, Singapore Idol, SuperStar KZ, and Vietnam Idol participated in Asian Idol, in which the winner was determined the greatest percentage of votes.\n Winners of inaugural seasons of American Idol, Australian Idol, Canadian Idol, Deutschland sucht den Superstar, Idool, Idols (Dutch version), Idols (South African version), Idol (Polish version), Idol (Norwegian version), Pop Idol, and SuperStar (Arab version) participated in World Idol, in which the winner was determined by the most collective points given by each of the other participating countries (similar to the Eurovision Song Contest).\n\nReferences\n\n \nCategory:Idols (TV series) winners\nCategory:Non-British television series based on British television series\nCategory:Television shows remade overseas", "title": "List of Idols winners" } ]

[ "The text does not provide information on when Phillips started his career.", "The text does not provide information on when Phillips started his career for any field or occupation.", "Yes, Phillips did well in the competition. He was the sole contestant who never faced elimination in any week of the competition and became the winner on the finale after a record-breaking 132 million votes were cast. His coronation song, \"Home,\" had the biggest digital sales week for any Idol winner's coronation song.", "Yes, Phillips won the competition on the finale against Jessica Sanchez.", "Phillips won after a record-breaking 132 million votes were cast. However, the exact number of votes he received is not specified.", "One interesting fact is that Phillips was the only contestant who was never in jeopardy of elimination during any week of the competition. He also had eight procedures for possible kidney stones while he was on Idol and considered quitting due to the pain, but ultimately, he prevailed and won the competition." ]

[ "No", "No", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No" ]

[ "C_d388b067e509464dbca087ad7e42b702_1_q#0", "C_d388b067e509464dbca087ad7e42b702_1_q#1", "C_d388b067e509464dbca087ad7e42b702_1_q#2", "C_d388b067e509464dbca087ad7e42b702_1_q#3", "C_d388b067e509464dbca087ad7e42b702_1_q#4", "C_d388b067e509464dbca087ad7e42b702_1_q#5" ]

[ "How did he get started with racing?", "Did he do well in this trial?", "What did that mean for him in the race?", "Did he break any records?", "Was this successful for him?", "Did Obree beat the record?" ]

[ 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 119 ], [ 256 ], [ 411 ], [ 848 ], [ 971 ], [ 1058 ] ], "texts": [ [ "An individual time triallist, his first race was a 10-mile time trial to which he turned up wearing shorts, anorak and Doc Marten boots." ], [ "He thought the start and finish were at the same place and stopped where he had started, 100 metres short of the end. He had started to change his clothes" ], [ "when officials told him to continue. He still finished in \"about 30 minutes.\"" ], [ "The bike shop that he ran failed and he decided the way out of his problems was to attack the world hour velodrome record." ], [ "It had been held for nine years by Francesco Moser, at 51.151 kilometres. Obree said:" ], [ "The record had fascinated me since Moser broke it. It was the ultimate test - no traffic, one man in a velodrome against the clock." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 119, 256, 411, 848, 971, 1058 ], "texts": [ "An individual time triallist, his first race was a 10-mile time trial to which he turned up wearing shorts, anorak and Doc Marten boots.", "He thought the start and finish were at the same place and stopped where he had started, 100 metres short of the end. He had started to change his clothes", "when officials told him to continue. He still finished in \"about 30 minutes.\"", "The bike shop that he ran failed and he decided the way out of his problems was to attack the world hour velodrome record.", "It had been held for nine years by Francesco Moser, at 51.151 kilometres. Obree said:", "The record had fascinated me since Moser broke it. It was the ultimate test - no traffic, one man in a velodrome against the clock." ] }

[]

[ "C_c1fb0d8730324ed78b24b46a97b51c15_1_q#0", "C_c1fb0d8730324ed78b24b46a97b51c15_1_q#1", "C_c1fb0d8730324ed78b24b46a97b51c15_1_q#2", "C_c1fb0d8730324ed78b24b46a97b51c15_1_q#3", "C_c1fb0d8730324ed78b24b46a97b51c15_1_q#4", "C_c1fb0d8730324ed78b24b46a97b51c15_1_q#5", "C_c1fb0d8730324ed78b24b46a97b51c15_1_q#6", "C_c1fb0d8730324ed78b24b46a97b51c15_1_q#7" ]

[ "What is Into Thin Air", "What year was this book written", "Was this book a bestseller", "Did anyone else give praise to this book", "What year did they create the movie for the book", "What else was this book about", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Did the author himself climb the Everest" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2 ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 119 ], [ 3 ], [ 533 ], [ 1313 ], [ 1500 ], [ 317 ], [ 963 ], [ 1773 ] ], "texts": [ [ "The book describes the climbing parties' experiences and the general state of Everest mountaineering at the time." ], [ "1997," ], [ "was honored as \"Book of the Year\" by Time magazine, and was among three books considered for the General Non-Fiction Pulitzer Prize in 1998." ], [ "In a TV-movie version of the book," ], [ "2015." ], [ "1996 Everest climbing team led by Rob Hall--the team which ended up suffering the greatest casualties in the 1996 Mount Everest disaster." ], [ "His account of an ascent of Mount Everest has led to a general reevaluation of climbing and of the commercialization of what was once a romantic, solitary sport.\"" ], [ "claiming Krakauer's first-person account was not used as source material for the film," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 119, 3, 533, 1313, 1500, 317, 963, 1773 ], "texts": [ "The book describes the climbing parties' experiences and the general state of Everest mountaineering at the time.", "1997,", "was honored as \"Book of the Year\" by Time magazine, and was among three books considered for the General Non-Fiction Pulitzer Prize in 1998.", "In a TV-movie version of the book,", "2015.", "1996 Everest climbing team led by Rob Hall--the team which ended up suffering the greatest casualties in the 1996 Mount Everest disaster.", "His account of an ascent of Mount Everest has led to a general reevaluation of climbing and of the commercialization of what was once a romantic, solitary sport.\"", "claiming Krakauer's first-person account was not used as source material for the film," ] }

[]

[ "Into Thin Air is a book by Jon Krakauer, expanded from his September 1996 article for Outside magazine. The book describes the experiences of climbing parties and the general state of Mount Everest mountaineering at the time. It covers Krakauer's participation as a client of the 1996 Everest climbing team led by Rob Hall, which suffered the greatest casualties in the 1996 Mount Everest disaster.", "Into Thin Air was written in 1997.", "Yes, the book reached the top of The New York Times' non-fiction bestseller list.", "Yes, the book was \"Book of the Year\" by Time magazine, and it was among three books considered for the General Non-Fiction Pulitzer Prize in 1998. Additionally, The American Academy of Arts and Letters praised Krakauer's work, giving him an Academy Award in Literature in 1999. They noted that his work created a reevaluation of climbing and the commercialization of what was once a romantic, solitary sport.", "The feature film based on the events described in the book, called \"Everest,\" was released in 2015.", "This book, Into Thin Air, goes beyond the experiences of the climbing parties. It also sheds light on the general state of Everest mountaineering at the time it was written. It conveys the commercialization of mountain climbing and has led to a general reevaluation of this sport that was once considered romantic and solitary. The book is also a tribute to Krakauer's deceased climbing partners from the 1996 Everest disaster.", "In addition to the praise and acclaim that the book received, another interesting aspect is that there were subsequent media adaptations. In a TV-movie version, Jon Krakauer, the author of the book, was played by Christopher McDonald. A feature film called \"Everest,\" released in 2015, was based on the events of the disaster covered in the book. However, Krakauer denounced the movie, citing inaccuracies and fabrications. This led to a public dispute with the director, Baltasar Kormakur. Another notable aspect is that Krakauer has donated royalties from the book to the Everest '96 Memorial Fund, a foundation he established to honor his deceased climbing partners.", "Yes, Jon Krakauer, the author, participated as a client of the 1996 Everest climbing team led by Rob Hall, which is described in the book Into Thin Air." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No" ]

[ "C_b45e90a21bc74439bf73afea77b659e6_0_q#0", "C_b45e90a21bc74439bf73afea77b659e6_0_q#1", "C_b45e90a21bc74439bf73afea77b659e6_0_q#2", "C_b45e90a21bc74439bf73afea77b659e6_0_q#3", "C_b45e90a21bc74439bf73afea77b659e6_0_q#4", "C_b45e90a21bc74439bf73afea77b659e6_0_q#5", "C_b45e90a21bc74439bf73afea77b659e6_0_q#6", "C_b45e90a21bc74439bf73afea77b659e6_0_q#7", "C_b45e90a21bc74439bf73afea77b659e6_0_q#8", "C_b45e90a21bc74439bf73afea77b659e6_0_q#9", "C_b45e90a21bc74439bf73afea77b659e6_0_q#10" ]

[ "What illness did he have", "When did he die?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "When was the last time he wrote", "Who was there when he died?", "Did he have any other illness", "What else was going on with him", "Did he write anything else?", "What else was important in this article?", "What else happen in that year", "Did he win anything else" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 1 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 937 ], [ 135 ], [ 729 ], [ 1209 ], [ 0 ], [ 329 ], [ 647 ], [ 1502 ], [ 1713 ], [ 1964 ] ], "texts": [ [ "After suffering from multiple health problems (including depression and alcoholism) over many years, O'Neill ultimately faced a severe Parkinsons-like tremor" ], [ "O'Neill died in Room 401 of the Sheraton Hotel (now Boston University's Shelton Hall) on Bay State Road in Boston, on November 27, 1953, at the age of 65." ], [ "Parkinsons-like tremor in his hands which made it impossible for him to write during the last 10 years of his life; he had tried using dictation" ], [ "He managed to complete Moon for the Misbegotten in 1943, just before leaving Tao House and losing his ability to write." ], [ "Dr. Harry Kozol, the lead prosecuting expert of the Patty Hearst trial, treated O'Neill during these last years of illness. He also was present for O'Neill's death" ], [ "After suffering from multiple health problems (including depression and alcoholism" ], [ "While at Tao House, O'Neill had intended to write a cycle of 11 plays chronicling an American family since the 1800s." ], [ "The Iceman Cometh, Long Day's Journey into Night, and A Moon for the Misbegotten." ], [ "In 1956 Carlotta arranged for his autobiographical play Long Day's Journey into Night to be published," ], [ "It was produced on stage to tremendous critical acclaim and won the Pulitzer Prize in 1957." ], [ "The United States Postal Service honored O'Neill with a Prominent Americans series (1965-1978) $1 postage stamp." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 937, 135, 729, 1209, 0, 329, 647, 1502, 1713, 1964 ], "texts": [ "After suffering from multiple health problems (including depression and alcoholism) over many years, O'Neill ultimately faced a severe Parkinsons-like tremor", "O'Neill died in Room 401 of the Sheraton Hotel (now Boston University's Shelton Hall) on Bay State Road in Boston, on November 27, 1953, at the age of 65.", "Parkinsons-like tremor in his hands which made it impossible for him to write during the last 10 years of his life; he had tried using dictation", "He managed to complete Moon for the Misbegotten in 1943, just before leaving Tao House and losing his ability to write.", "Dr. Harry Kozol, the lead prosecuting expert of the Patty Hearst trial, treated O'Neill during these last years of illness. He also was present for O'Neill's death", "After suffering from multiple health problems (including depression and alcoholism", "While at Tao House, O'Neill had intended to write a cycle of 11 plays chronicling an American family since the 1800s.", "The Iceman Cometh, Long Day's Journey into Night, and A Moon for the Misbegotten.", "In 1956 Carlotta arranged for his autobiographical play Long Day's Journey into Night to be published,", "It was produced on stage to tremendous critical acclaim and won the Pulitzer Prize in 1957.", "The United States Postal Service honored O'Neill with a Prominent Americans series (1965-1978) $1 postage stamp." ] }

[]

[ "O'Neill suffered from depression, alcoholism, and a severe Parkinsons-like tremor in his hands.", "O'Neill died on November 27, 1953.", "Yes, there are a few interesting aspects in the article. One is that O'Neill had initially planned to write a cycle of 11 plays chronicling an American family since the 1800s, but he could only complete two due to his deteriorating health. Another interesting aspect is that even though O'Neill had stipulated that his play, Long Day's Journey into Night, should not be made public until 25 years after his death, his wife Carlotta arranged for its publication just three years after his death. The play was critically acclaimed and won the Pulitzer Prize in 1957. Furthermore, the fact that O'Neill was honored by the United States Postal Service with a $1 postage stamp in the Prominent Americans series is noteworthy.", "O'Neill managed to complete Moon for the Misbegotten in 1943, which suggests that this was likely the last time he wrote.", "Dr. Harry Kozol, the lead prosecuting expert of the Patty Hearst trial, was present for O'Neill's death.", "Aside from depression, alcoholism, and a severe Parkinsons-like tremor in his hands, no other illnesses are mentioned in the given context.", "Aside from his health issues, O'Neill was struggling with his writing due to his declining health. He intended to write a cycle of eleven plays, but only managed to complete two. As his health worsened, he lost inspiration for the project and instead wrote three largely autobiographical plays. His inability to write in his last ten years greatly affected him, as he found himself unable to compose through dictation. His last completed work was in 1943, before he completely lost his ability to write. After his death, his wife Carlotta published his play \"Long Day's Journey into Night\", against his wishes, which ended up winning a Pulitzer Prize. O'Neill was also posthumously honored with a postage stamp by the United States Postal Service.", "In addition to \"A Touch of the Poet\" and \"More Stately Mansions,\" O'Neill also wrote three largely autobiographical plays, \"The Iceman Cometh,\" \"Long Day's Journey into Night,\" and \"A Moon for the Misbegotten.\" His play \"Long Day's Journey into Night\" is considered to be his finest and won the Pulitzer Prize in 1957. Several unfinished drafts were destroyed upon his request.", "Beyond O'Neill's health issues and his literary work, another important detail in the article is the manner of his death. He died in a hotel room, and his last words reportedly were, \"I knew it. I knew it. Born in a hotel room and died in a hotel room.\" Additionally, it's important to note the presence of Dr. Harry Kozol, a renowned figure who was the lead prosecuting expert of the Patty Hearst trial, in O'Neill's final years and at his death. The posthumous recognition of O'Neill's work, specifically \"Long Day's Journey into Night\", and his honor by the United States Postal Service with a postage stamp, are key elements of his enduring legacy.", "The text does not provide information about other events that happened in the same year as any of the mentioned events.", "The text does not mention any other awards that O'Neill won aside from the Pulitzer Prize in 1957 for his play \"Long Day's Journey into Night\"." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "No" ]

[ "C_b45e90a21bc74439bf73afea77b659e6_1_q#0", "C_b45e90a21bc74439bf73afea77b659e6_1_q#1", "C_b45e90a21bc74439bf73afea77b659e6_1_q#2", "C_b45e90a21bc74439bf73afea77b659e6_1_q#3", "C_b45e90a21bc74439bf73afea77b659e6_1_q#4", "C_b45e90a21bc74439bf73afea77b659e6_1_q#5", "C_b45e90a21bc74439bf73afea77b659e6_1_q#6", "C_b45e90a21bc74439bf73afea77b659e6_1_q#7", "C_b45e90a21bc74439bf73afea77b659e6_1_q#8", "C_b45e90a21bc74439bf73afea77b659e6_1_q#9", "C_b45e90a21bc74439bf73afea77b659e6_1_q#10", "C_b45e90a21bc74439bf73afea77b659e6_1_q#11" ]

[ "Who raised O'Neill?", "Was was his family life like?", "Did they have children together?", "What was life like with Jenkins?", "Was Jenkins his only spouse?", "What his marriage wto Boulton like?", "What are the names of their children?", "What else is known of Shane and Oona?", "What was the memoir like?", "What else is interesting about his family life?", "What became of Shane after his addiction?", "Is there more to Shane's story?" ]

[ 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 0, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 2314 ], [ 0 ], [ 83 ], [ 2314 ], [ 148 ], [ 349 ], [ 447 ], [ 447 ], [ 2283 ], [ 1869 ], [ 1899 ], [ 2053 ] ], "texts": [ [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "O'Neill was married to Kathleen Jenkins" ], [ "time they had one son, Eugene O'Neill, Jr." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "O'Neill met Agnes Boulton, a successful writer of commercial fiction, and they married" ], [ "The years of their marriage--during which the couple lived in Connecticut and Bermuda and had two children," ], [ "children, Shane and Oona--" ], [ "children, Shane and Oona--are described vividly in her 1958 memoir Part of a Long Story." ], [ "Lambs, the famed theater club." ], [ "Shane O'Neill became a heroin addict and moved into the family home in Bermuda," ], [ "addict and moved into the family home in Bermuda, Spithead, with his new wife, where he supported himself by selling off the furnishings." ], [ "by his father before also committing suicide (by jumping out of a window)" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 2314, 0, 83, 2314, 148, 349, 447, 447, 2283, 1869, 1899, 2053 ], "texts": [ "CANNOTANSWER", "O'Neill was married to Kathleen Jenkins", "time they had one son, Eugene O'Neill, Jr.", "CANNOTANSWER", "O'Neill met Agnes Boulton, a successful writer of commercial fiction, and they married", "The years of their marriage--during which the couple lived in Connecticut and Bermuda and had two children,", "children, Shane and Oona--", "children, Shane and Oona--are described vividly in her 1958 memoir Part of a Long Story.", "Lambs, the famed theater club.", "Shane O'Neill became a heroin addict and moved into the family home in Bermuda,", "addict and moved into the family home in Bermuda, Spithead, with his new wife, where he supported himself by selling off the furnishings.", "by his father before also committing suicide (by jumping out of a window)" ] }

[]

[ "The text does not provide information on who raised O'Neill.", "Eugene O'Neill had strained relations with his family. He divorced his first two wives, Kathleen Jenkins and Agnes Boulton. He abandoned Boulton and their two children for the actress Carlotta Monterey, whom he eventually married. However, their marriage also had troubles, including Monterey's addiction to potassium bromide and numerous separations. O'Neill had distant relationships with his three children. He disowned his daughter, Oona, for marrying Charlie Chaplin and never saw her again. His relations with his sons were also strained. His son from his first marriage, Eugene O'Neill, Jr, was an alcoholic and committed suicide. His son Shane became a heroin addict and was also disowned. Shane later committed suicide as well.", "Yes, Eugene O'Neill and his second wife, Agnes Boulton, had two children together, Shane and Oona.", "The text does not provide specific details about O'Neill's life with his first wife, Kathleen Jenkins, beyond the fact that they were married from 1909 to 1912 and had one son, Eugene O'Neill, Jr.", "No, Jenkins was not O'Neill's only spouse. After his marriage with Jenkins ended in 1912, he married Agnes Boulton in 1918 and they divorced in 1929. He then married Carlotta Monterey shortly after his divorce from Boulton.", "Eugene O'Neill's marriage to Agnes Boulton seems to have had its ups and downs. The couple lived in Connecticut and Bermuda and had two children, Shane and Oona. However, in 1929, O'Neill left Boulton and their children for the actress Carlotta Monterey, leading to their divorce. The years of their marriage are described in Boulton's 1958 memoir Part of a Long Story.", "Eugene O'Neill and Agnes Boulton had two children, Shane and Oona.", "Shane O'Neill became a heroin addict and lived in the family home in Bermuda, called Spithead, with his new wife. He supported himself by selling off the home's furnishings. Later, he was disowned by his father and eventually committed suicide by jumping out of a window. \n\nOona O'Neill married the English actor, director, and producer Charlie Chaplin when she was 18 and Chaplin was 54. This led to her being disowned by her father, and they never saw each other again. After the deaths of her father and brothers, she inherited Spithead and the connected estate, which she eventually passed on to the Chaplin Estate.", "The text does not provide specific details about the content or style of Agnes Boulton's memoir, \"Part of a Long Story,\" beyond stating that it vividly describes the years of her marriage to Eugene O'Neill.", "Some other points of interest about Eugene O'Neill's family life include his third marriage to Carlotta Monterey shortly after his divorce from his second wife. During their early years together, Monterey organized O'Neill's life, allowing him to focus on his writing. However, their marriage went downhill after Monterey became addicted to potassium bromide. Despite this and several separations, the couple never divorced. O'Neill's relationships with his children were also tumultuous. He disowned his daughter for marrying at a young age and had strained relationships with his sons, both of whom eventually committed suicide.", "After developing a heroin addiction, Shane O'Neill moved into the family home in Bermuda with his new wife and supported himself by selling off the furnishings. He was disowned by his father and later committed suicide by jumping out of a window.", "The text does not provide more information about Shane O'Neill's life beyond his drug addiction, moving into the family home in Bermuda, being disowned by his father, and his eventual suicide." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_f1b38afc46344b0b9bc88c594c8e53c0_0_q#0", "C_f1b38afc46344b0b9bc88c594c8e53c0_0_q#1", "C_f1b38afc46344b0b9bc88c594c8e53c0_0_q#2", "C_f1b38afc46344b0b9bc88c594c8e53c0_0_q#3", "C_f1b38afc46344b0b9bc88c594c8e53c0_0_q#4", "C_f1b38afc46344b0b9bc88c594c8e53c0_0_q#5", "C_f1b38afc46344b0b9bc88c594c8e53c0_0_q#6", "C_f1b38afc46344b0b9bc88c594c8e53c0_0_q#7", "C_f1b38afc46344b0b9bc88c594c8e53c0_0_q#8" ]

[ "Where does he work currently?", "Where did he start his career?", "Did he have any other non tech-jobs?", "What area did he end up specializing in?", "Is that his only project he's working on now or are there others?", "Has Neoteny invested in any notable start-ups?", "Are they any others they've helped to start?", "Does he have any other career interests?", "What other areas of interest does is he involved in?" ]

[ 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 1008 ], [ 0 ], [ 179 ], [ 431 ], [ 654 ], [ 1367 ], [ 1620 ], [ 1856 ], [ 2127 ] ], "texts": [ [ "He currently serves as a Board Emeritus for OSI." ], [ "Ito became a disk jockey working in nightclubs in Chicago such as The Limelight and The Smart Bar" ], [ "Later, Ito ran a nightclub in Roppongi, Japan called XY Relax with help from Joe Shanahan of Metro Chicago/Smart Bar." ], [ "Ito was the Chairman of Creative Commons from December 2006 until 2012. He is on the board of Digital Garage, Culture Convenience Club (CCC), Tucows, and EPIC," ], [ "He is the founder and CEO of the venture capital firm Neoteny Co., Ltd." ], [ "Ito is a venture capitalist and angel investor and was an early stage investor in Kickstarter, Twitter, Six Apart, Technorati, Flickr, SocialText, Dopplr, Last.fm, Rupture, Kongregate," ], [ "A vocal advocate of emergent democracy and the sharing economy, Ito is a doctoral candidate in Business Administration" ], [ "He is the author of Emergent Democracy. Ito is Senior Visiting Researcher of Keio Research Institute at SFC." ], [ "Ito is a PADI IDC Staff Instructor, an Emergency First Responder Instructor Trainer, and a Divers Alert Network (DAN) Instructor Trainer." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 1008, 0, 179, 431, 654, 1367, 1620, 1856, 2127 ], "texts": [ "He currently serves as a Board Emeritus for OSI.", "Ito became a disk jockey working in nightclubs in Chicago such as The Limelight and The Smart Bar", "Later, Ito ran a nightclub in Roppongi, Japan called XY Relax with help from Joe Shanahan of Metro Chicago/Smart Bar.", "Ito was the Chairman of Creative Commons from December 2006 until 2012. He is on the board of Digital Garage, Culture Convenience Club (CCC), Tucows, and EPIC,", "He is the founder and CEO of the venture capital firm Neoteny Co., Ltd.", "Ito is a venture capitalist and angel investor and was an early stage investor in Kickstarter, Twitter, Six Apart, Technorati, Flickr, SocialText, Dopplr, Last.fm, Rupture, Kongregate,", "A vocal advocate of emergent democracy and the sharing economy, Ito is a doctoral candidate in Business Administration", "He is the author of Emergent Democracy. Ito is Senior Visiting Researcher of Keio Research Institute at SFC.", "Ito is a PADI IDC Staff Instructor, an Emergency First Responder Instructor Trainer, and a Divers Alert Network (DAN) Instructor Trainer." ] }

[]

[ "The text does not provide specific current employment for Ito. However, it mentions that he serves as a Board Emeritus for the Open Source Initiative (OSI) and he is a Senior Visiting Researcher of Keio Research Institute at SFC. He is also a doctoral candidate at the Graduate School of International Corporate Strategy, Hitotsubashi University. CANNOTANSWER", "Ito started his career as a disk jockey working in nightclubs in Chicago such as The Limelight and The Smart Bar. He also worked with Metasystems Design Group to start a virtual community in Tokyo.", "Yes, aside from his tech-related roles, Ito worked as a disk jockey in nightclubs in Chicago and later ran a nightclub in Roppongi, Japan. He also served as the Associate to the executive producer on the film The Indian Runner. In addition, he is a PADI IDC Staff Instructor, an Emergency First Responder Instructor Trainer, and a Divers Alert Network (DAN) Instructor Trainer.", "Ito ended up specializing in venture capitalism, angel investment, and Internet companies. He is also a vocal advocate of emergent democracy and the sharing economy, and is focusing on the sharing economy for his doctoral studies in Business Administration.", "The text does not provide specific information about all the projects Ito is currently working on. CANNOTANSWER", "Yes, Ito, who is the founder and CEO of Neoteny, has made early-stage investments in several notable start-ups, including Kickstarter, Twitter, Six Apart, Technorati, Flickr, SocialText, Dopplr, Last.fm, Rupture, Kongregate, Fotopedia, Diffbot, Formlabs, and 3Dsolve.", "The text does not provide information on any other companies that Neoteny, the venture capital firm of Ito, has helped to start. CANNOTANSWER", "Yes, Ito has several other career interests. He has worked as a disk jockey and ran a nightclub. He has also been involved in the film industry, serving as the Associate to the executive producer on the film The Indian Runner. In addition, he is a PADI IDC Staff Instructor, an Emergency First Responder Instructor Trainer, and a Divers Alert Network (DAN) Instructor Trainer. His advocacy for emergent democracy and the sharing economy and his doctoral research on the sharing economy also signal interest in those fields. He is a Senior Visiting Researcher of Keio Research Institute as well.", "Ito is involved in several areas of interest. He has interests in emergent democracy and the sharing economy, both as an advocate and as a researcher. He also has a past in the music industry as a disk jockey and nightclub manager. Additionally, he's involved in diving instruction, serving as a PADI IDC Staff Instructor, an Emergency First Responder Instructor Trainer, and a Divers Alert Network (DAN) Instructor Trainer." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_f1b38afc46344b0b9bc88c594c8e53c0_1_q#0", "C_f1b38afc46344b0b9bc88c594c8e53c0_1_q#1", "C_f1b38afc46344b0b9bc88c594c8e53c0_1_q#2", "C_f1b38afc46344b0b9bc88c594c8e53c0_1_q#3", "C_f1b38afc46344b0b9bc88c594c8e53c0_1_q#4", "C_f1b38afc46344b0b9bc88c594c8e53c0_1_q#5", "C_f1b38afc46344b0b9bc88c594c8e53c0_1_q#6", "C_f1b38afc46344b0b9bc88c594c8e53c0_1_q#7", "C_f1b38afc46344b0b9bc88c594c8e53c0_1_q#8" ]

[ "When was he born?", "What year was he born in?", "Where did he go to school?", "Did he receive any degrees?", "What was his first job?", "Where was his family from?", "Did he become a US citizen?", "Did he have any hobbies?", "Did he travel a lot in his early years?" ]

[ 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 2423 ], [ 798 ], [ 1321 ], [ 1064 ], [ 30 ], [ 2423 ], [ 368 ], [ 549 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Ito was born in Kyoto, Japan." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "He studied at the Nishimachi International School" ], [ "Finding his course work too rigid and believing that learning computer science in school was \"stupid\", Ito dropped out" ], [ "Ito had found The Source and the original MUD by his teens (and by 26 was working on his own MUD)." ], [ "His family moved to Canada and then when Ito was about age 3 to a suburb of Detroit, Michigan, in the United States" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Ovshinsky helped Ito develop his interests in technology and social movements, and at age 13 gave him work with scientists," ], [ "Ito and his sister Mizuko Ito, who is called Mimi, spent summers in Japan with their grandmother" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 2423, 798, 1321, 1064, 30, 2423, 368, 549 ], "texts": [ "Ito was born in Kyoto, Japan.", "CANNOTANSWER", "He studied at the Nishimachi International School", "Finding his course work too rigid and believing that learning computer science in school was \"stupid\", Ito dropped out", "Ito had found The Source and the original MUD by his teens (and by 26 was working on his own MUD).", "His family moved to Canada and then when Ito was about age 3 to a suburb of Detroit, Michigan, in the United States", "CANNOTANSWER", "Ovshinsky helped Ito develop his interests in technology and social movements, and at age 13 gave him work with scientists,", "Ito and his sister Mizuko Ito, who is called Mimi, spent summers in Japan with their grandmother" ] }

[]

[ "The text does not provide information on when Ito was born.", "The text does not provide information on what year Ito was born.", "Ito studied at Nishimachi International School and the American School in Japan in Tokyo. He later attended Tufts University in the United States, before dropping out and briefly working for Ovonics. He then enrolled at the University of Chicago, but again dropped out. In 1985, he registered for online courses offered by Connected Education, Inc. for undergraduate credit from The New School for Social Research.", "The text does not provide information on Ito receiving any degrees.", "At age 13, Ito was given work with scientists by Stanford R. Ovshinsky, the founder of Energy Conversion Devices, Inc., where his mother worked.", "Ito's family was from Kyoto, Japan.", "The text does not provide information on whether Ito became a U.S. citizen.", "The text does not provide information on Ito's hobbies.", "The text shows that Ito moved around in his early years. Born in Kyoto, Japan, his family moved to Canada and then when he was about age 3, to a suburb of Detroit, Michigan, in the United States. At age 14, he returned to Japan when his mother was promoted. He also spent summers in Japan with their grandmother. Furthermore, he attended university in the US." ]

[ "No", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "no", "No", "Yes", "No", "Yes" ]

[ "C_b3aea6e5f540492e99765ed1cb7494c5_1_q#0", "C_b3aea6e5f540492e99765ed1cb7494c5_1_q#1", "C_b3aea6e5f540492e99765ed1cb7494c5_1_q#2", "C_b3aea6e5f540492e99765ed1cb7494c5_1_q#3", "C_b3aea6e5f540492e99765ed1cb7494c5_1_q#4", "C_b3aea6e5f540492e99765ed1cb7494c5_1_q#5", "C_b3aea6e5f540492e99765ed1cb7494c5_1_q#6", "C_b3aea6e5f540492e99765ed1cb7494c5_1_q#7", "C_b3aea6e5f540492e99765ed1cb7494c5_1_q#8", "C_b3aea6e5f540492e99765ed1cb7494c5_1_q#9", "C_b3aea6e5f540492e99765ed1cb7494c5_1_q#10", "C_b3aea6e5f540492e99765ed1cb7494c5_1_q#11" ]

[ "how did her career start?", "what was the first film that she worked in?", "had she done other performances before that?", "and what else did she appear on?", "did she win any awards during this period?", "did she have any lead roles?", "did she have a manager or contracts with anyone?", "what did critics have to say about her?", "who were some of her co-stars?", "what film did she work with Norma in?", "what was her last film?", "what types of movies did she work in?" ]

[ 0, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 566 ], [ 206 ], [ 351 ], [ 2853 ], [ 1559 ], [ 2853 ], [ 1887 ], [ 2195 ], [ 2167 ], [ 2674 ], [ 2853 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Lilyan Tashman's entertainment career began in vaudeville, and by 1914 she was an experienced performer," ], [ "Tashman made her film debut playing Pleasure in an allegorical segment of Experience," ], [ "she played Viola in a Shakespeare-inspired number" ], [ "producer David Belasco gave her a supporting role in Avery Hopwood's comedy The Gold Diggers." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "starred in the independent Rocking Moon (1926) and The Woman Who Did Not Care (1927)." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "reviews were good." ], [ "Norma Talmadge." ], [ "New York Nights (1930)" ], [ "film, Frankie and Johnny," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 566, 206, 351, 2853, 1559, 2853, 1887, 2195, 2167, 2674, 2853 ], "texts": [ "Lilyan Tashman's entertainment career began in vaudeville, and by 1914 she was an experienced performer,", "Tashman made her film debut playing Pleasure in an allegorical segment of Experience,", "she played Viola in a Shakespeare-inspired number", "producer David Belasco gave her a supporting role in Avery Hopwood's comedy The Gold Diggers.", "CANNOTANSWER", "starred in the independent Rocking Moon (1926) and The Woman Who Did Not Care (1927).", "CANNOTANSWER", "reviews were good.", "Norma Talmadge.", "New York Nights (1930)", "film, Frankie and Johnny,", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "C_b3aea6e5f540492e99765ed1cb7494c5_0_q#0", "C_b3aea6e5f540492e99765ed1cb7494c5_0_q#1", "C_b3aea6e5f540492e99765ed1cb7494c5_0_q#2", "C_b3aea6e5f540492e99765ed1cb7494c5_0_q#3", "C_b3aea6e5f540492e99765ed1cb7494c5_0_q#4", "C_b3aea6e5f540492e99765ed1cb7494c5_0_q#5", "C_b3aea6e5f540492e99765ed1cb7494c5_0_q#6", "C_b3aea6e5f540492e99765ed1cb7494c5_0_q#7", "C_b3aea6e5f540492e99765ed1cb7494c5_0_q#8", "C_b3aea6e5f540492e99765ed1cb7494c5_0_q#9", "C_b3aea6e5f540492e99765ed1cb7494c5_0_q#10" ]

[ "What year did she die?", "Where did she die?", "Was she buried there?", "How did she die?", "What kind of cancer did she have?", "When was she diagnosed?", "How did she handle this?", "Was there anything else interesting surrounding her death?", "Did she get to complete the project?", "What happened following this?", "Did she do anymore work between then and her death?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 433 ], [ 41 ], [ 1186 ], [ 853 ], [ 116 ], [ 0 ], [ 171 ], [ 439 ], [ 302 ], [ 621 ], [ 1661 ] ], "texts": [ [ "1934" ], [ "New York City" ], [ "The burial in Brooklyn's Washington Cemetery" ], [ "Tashman died of cancer" ], [ "abdominal cancer." ], [ "In 1932, Tashman entered the hospital in New York City for an appendectomy that is now considered a concealment for abdominal cancer." ], [ "Although she made five films in her last years, performing with her usual artistry and professionalism, she weakened significantly in the months following her hospitalization" ], [ "she flew to New York City to film Frankie and Johnny for All Star Productions (released by Republic Pictures) but her condition necessitated a week of rest" ], [ "in the months following her hospitalization and her role in Riptide was trimmed because of her ever-worsening health." ], [ "She resumed work in March, completing her film role on March 8 and then appearing at the Israel Orphan's Home benefit on March 10." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 433, 41, 1186, 853, 116, 0, 171, 439, 302, 621, 1661 ], "texts": [ "1934", "New York City", "The burial in Brooklyn's Washington Cemetery", "Tashman died of cancer", "abdominal cancer.", "In 1932, Tashman entered the hospital in New York City for an appendectomy that is now considered a concealment for abdominal cancer.", "Although she made five films in her last years, performing with her usual artistry and professionalism, she weakened significantly in the months following her hospitalization", "she flew to New York City to film Frankie and Johnny for All Star Productions (released by Republic Pictures) but her condition necessitated a week of rest", "in the months following her hospitalization and her role in Riptide was trimmed because of her ever-worsening health.", "She resumed work in March, completing her film role on March 8 and then appearing at the Israel Orphan's Home benefit on March 10.", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "Tashman died in the year 1934.", "She died at Doctor's Hospital in New York City.", "No, she was buried in Brooklyn's Washington Cemetery.", "Tashman died of cancer.", "The text does not provide specific information on what kind of cancer Tashman had.", "The text does not provide specific information on when Tashman was diagnosed with cancer.", "The text does not provide specific information on how Tashman handled her cancer diagnosis.", "Yes, there were a few notable events surrounding her death. Her funeral was attended by many distinguished celebrities and the burial attracted 10,000 people, nearly causing a riot when a gravestone was toppled. After her death, the distribution of her $31,000 in cash and $121,000 in furs and jewels provoked a contentious discussion among her husband and sisters. Her last film, Frankie and Johnny, was posthumously released.", "Yes, Tashman was able to complete her film role in Frankie and Johnny on March 8, 1934, despite her illness. However, her role was reduced to a cameo when the film was released posthumously in May 1936.", "After completing her film role in Frankie and Johnny, Tashman appeared at the Israel Orphan's Home benefit on March 10, 1934. She then entered the hospital for surgery on March 16, but it was too late for doctors to help her, and she died on March 21, 1934. Her funeral was held the following day and was attended by several famous celebrities. Her burial attracted a crowd of 10,000 fans, mourners, and curious onlookers and her assets provoked contentious discussions among her family members.", "No, after Tashman completed her film role on March 8, 1934, and appeared at the Israel Orphan's Home benefit on March 10, she did not undertake any more work before her death on March 21, 1934." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "no", "Yes", "No", "No", "No", "No", "Yes" ]

[ "C_4ed56242c19f40f18ea0ab4e8b3b4ba2_1_q#0", "C_4ed56242c19f40f18ea0ab4e8b3b4ba2_1_q#1", "C_4ed56242c19f40f18ea0ab4e8b3b4ba2_1_q#2", "C_4ed56242c19f40f18ea0ab4e8b3b4ba2_1_q#3", "C_4ed56242c19f40f18ea0ab4e8b3b4ba2_1_q#4", "C_4ed56242c19f40f18ea0ab4e8b3b4ba2_1_q#5", "C_4ed56242c19f40f18ea0ab4e8b3b4ba2_1_q#6" ]

[ "What happened in 1965?", "Was the Echoes successful?", "Did they release any albums?", "What else did he do in his early career?", "Did he stay with that group long?", "How did he handle the failures?", "How did Attila do on the charts?" ]

[ 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 2, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 862 ], [ 2243 ], [ 2243 ], [ 1741 ], [ 1854 ], [ 1992 ], [ 2243 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Joel joined the Echoes, a group that specialized in British Invasion covers. The Echoes began recording in 1965." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Joel left the band in 1967 to join the Hassles, a Long Island group that had signed with United Artists Records." ], [ "Over the next year and a half they released four singles and two albums (The Hassles and Hour of the Wolf). All were commercial failures." ], [ "Joel and drummer Jon Small left the Hassles in 1969 to form the duo Attila, releasing an eponymous debut album in July 1970. The duo disbanded the following October" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 862, 2243, 2243, 1741, 1854, 1992, 2243 ], "texts": [ "Joel joined the Echoes, a group that specialized in British Invasion covers. The Echoes began recording in 1965.", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER", "Joel left the band in 1967 to join the Hassles, a Long Island group that had signed with United Artists Records.", "Over the next year and a half they released four singles and two albums (The Hassles and Hour of the Wolf). All were commercial failures.", "Joel and drummer Jon Small left the Hassles in 1969 to form the duo Attila, releasing an eponymous debut album in July 1970. The duo disbanded the following October", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "In 1965, Joel joined the Echoes, a group that specialized in British Invasion covers, and they began recording. Joel, then 16, also played piano on several records released through Kama Sutra Productions and on recordings produced by Shadow Morton. Near the end of the year, the Echoes changed their name to the Emeralds.", "The text does not provide information on whether the Echoes were successful.", "The text does not provide information on whether the Echoes released any albums.", "Besides playing in the Echoes, Joel also played piano on several records released through Kama Sutra Productions and on recordings produced by Shadow Morton. He even played on a demo version of \"Leader of the Pack\", which later became a major hit for the Shangri-Las. In 1967, Joel left the Echoes to join the Hassles, a Long Island group that had signed with United Artists Records. With the Hassles, they released four singles and two albums (The Hassles and Hour of the Wolf), all of which were commercial failures. Joel and drummer Jon Small left the Hassles in 1969 to form the duo Attila, releasing an eponymous debut album in July 1970.", "No, Joel did not stay long with the group Attila, which he had formed with drummer Jon Small. They released a debut album in July 1970, but disbanded just a few months later in October of the same year when Joel began an affair with Small's wife, Elizabeth.", "The text does not provide information on how Joel handled the failures.", "The text does not provide information on how Attila performed on the charts." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "no", "Yes" ]

[ "C_4ed56242c19f40f18ea0ab4e8b3b4ba2_0_q#0", "C_4ed56242c19f40f18ea0ab4e8b3b4ba2_0_q#1", "C_4ed56242c19f40f18ea0ab4e8b3b4ba2_0_q#2", "C_4ed56242c19f40f18ea0ab4e8b3b4ba2_0_q#3", "C_4ed56242c19f40f18ea0ab4e8b3b4ba2_0_q#4", "C_4ed56242c19f40f18ea0ab4e8b3b4ba2_0_q#5" ]

[ "Was Streetlife Seranade an album?", "What year DId he record Streetlife?", "How did that album do?", "What songs are on Streetlife?", "Did the public or critics like the album?", "When was Turnstiles released?" ]

[ 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2 ]

[ 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 9 ], [ 3 ], [ 601 ], [ 728 ], [ 601 ], [ 1022 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Joel recorded his second Columbia album in Los Angeles, Streetlife Serenade." ], [ "1974," ], [ "Streetlife Serenade is often considered one of Joel's weaker albums (Joel dislikes it himself), it contains the notable songs \"" ], [ "Los Angelenos\" and \"Root Beer Rag" ], [ "Streetlife Serenade is often considered one of Joel's weaker albums" ], [ "in 1975" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 9, 3, 601, 728, 601, 1022 ], "texts": [ "Joel recorded his second Columbia album in Los Angeles, Streetlife Serenade.", "1974,", "Streetlife Serenade is often considered one of Joel's weaker albums (Joel dislikes it himself), it contains the notable songs \"", "Los Angelenos\" and \"Root Beer Rag", "Streetlife Serenade is often considered one of Joel's weaker albums", "in 1975" ] }

[]

[ "Yes, Streetlife Serenade was an album by Billy Joel.", "Billy Joel recorded Streetlife Serenade in 1974.", "The album, Streetlife Serenade, is often considered one of Joel's weaker albums. Despite this, it had a notable hit with \"The Entertainer\", which reached No. 34 in the US, and it also included other notable songs like \"Los Angelenos\" and \"Root Beer Rag.\"", "According to the context, the songs on Streetlife Serenade include \"The Entertainer\", \"Los Angelenos\", and \"Root Beer Rag\".", "The context does not provide specific information on the public or critics' reception of the album Streetlife Serenade.", "The context does not provide specific information on when the album Turnstiles was released." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "no", "No" ]

[ "C_bda66c01c60f46018de492e130ac9ea4_0_q#0", "C_bda66c01c60f46018de492e130ac9ea4_0_q#1", "C_bda66c01c60f46018de492e130ac9ea4_0_q#2", "C_bda66c01c60f46018de492e130ac9ea4_0_q#3", "C_bda66c01c60f46018de492e130ac9ea4_0_q#4", "C_bda66c01c60f46018de492e130ac9ea4_0_q#5", "C_bda66c01c60f46018de492e130ac9ea4_0_q#6", "C_bda66c01c60f46018de492e130ac9ea4_0_q#7", "C_bda66c01c60f46018de492e130ac9ea4_0_q#8" ]

[ "What did Astaire do with MGM?", "Were the musicals successful?", "Why did Astaire come out of retirement?", "When did he decide to retire for a second time?", "Did he continue to act after On the Beach?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Was the album successful?", "Was there anything else significant in this time period?", "What was Astaire's role in The Band Wagon?" ]

[ 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 328 ], [ 490 ], [ 29 ], [ 2634 ], [ 2797 ], [ 2176 ], [ 2356 ], [ 768 ], [ 2797 ] ], "texts": [ [ "he starred in two musicals - one for M-G-M - Three Little Words with Vera-Ellen and Red Skelton" ], [ "While Three Little Words did quite well at the box office, Let's Dance was a financial disappointment." ], [ "Astaire returned to the big screen to replace the injured Kelly in Easter Parade (1948) opposite Judy Garland, Ann Miller, and Peter Lawford" ], [ "Astaire announced that he was retiring from dancing in film to concentrate on dramatic acting, scoring rave reviews for the nuclear war drama On the Beach (1959)." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Astaire recorded The Astaire Story, a four-volume album with a quintet led by Oscar Peterson. The album, produced by Norman Granz," ], [ "The Astaire Story later won the Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 1999, a special Grammy award to honor recordings that are at least twenty-five years old" ], [ "The Band Wagon (1953), which is considered to be one of the finest musicals ever made, received rave reviews from critics and drew huge crowds." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 328, 490, 29, 2634, 2797, 2176, 2356, 768, 2797 ], "texts": [ "he starred in two musicals - one for M-G-M - Three Little Words with Vera-Ellen and Red Skelton", "While Three Little Words did quite well at the box office, Let's Dance was a financial disappointment.", "Astaire returned to the big screen to replace the injured Kelly in Easter Parade (1948) opposite Judy Garland, Ann Miller, and Peter Lawford", "Astaire announced that he was retiring from dancing in film to concentrate on dramatic acting, scoring rave reviews for the nuclear war drama On the Beach (1959).", "CANNOTANSWER", "Astaire recorded The Astaire Story, a four-volume album with a quintet led by Oscar Peterson. The album, produced by Norman Granz,", "The Astaire Story later won the Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 1999, a special Grammy award to honor recordings that are at least twenty-five years old", "The Band Wagon (1953), which is considered to be one of the finest musicals ever made, received rave reviews from critics and drew huge crowds.", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[ { "text": "Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is \"the study of books as physical objects\" and \"the systematic description of books as objects\" (or descriptive bibliography).\n\nEtymology \nThe word was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for \"the intellectual activity of composing books.\" The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books. Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object. Bibliography, in its systematic pursuit of understanding the past and the present through written and printed documents, describes a way and means of extracting information from this material. Bibliographers are interested in comparing versions of texts to each other rather than in interpreting their meaning or assessing their significance.\n\nField of study \nBibliography is a specialized aspect of library science (or library and information science, LIS) and documentation science. It was established by a Belgian, named Paul Otlet (1868–1944), who was the founder of the field of documentation, as a branch of the information sciences, who wrote about \"the science of bibliography.\" However, there have recently been voices claiming that \"the bibliographical paradigm\" is obsolete, and it is not today common in LIS. A defence of the bibliographical paradigm was provided by Hjørland (2007).\n\nThe quantitative study of bibliographies is known as bibliometrics, which is today an influential subfield in LIS and is used for major collection decisions such as the cancellation of big deals, through data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals.\n\nBranches \nCarter and Barker describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography). These two distinct concepts and practices have separate rationales and serve differing purposes. Innovators and originators in the field include W. W. Greg, Fredson Bowers, Philip Gaskell and G. Thomas Tanselle.\n\nBowers (1949) refers to enumerative bibliography as a procedure that identifies books in “specific collections or libraries,” in a specific discipline, by an author, printer, or period of production (3). He refers to descriptive bibliography as the systematic description of a book as a material or physical artefact. Analytical bibliography, the cornerstone of descriptive bibliography, investigates the printing and all physical features of a book that yield evidence establishing a book's history and transmission (Feather 10). It is the preliminary phase of bibliographic description and provides the vocabulary, principles and techniques of analysis that descriptive bibliographers apply and on which they base their descriptive practice.\n\nDescriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions and associated classification in their description. Titles and title pages are transcribed in a quasi-facsimile style and representation. Illustration, typeface, binding, paper, and all physical elements related to identifying a book follow formulaic conventions, as Bowers established in his foundational opus, The Principles of Bibliographic Description. The thought expressed in this book expands substantively on W. W. Greg's groundbreaking theory that argued for the adoption of formal bibliographic principles (Greg 29). Fundamentally, analytical bibliography is concerned with objective, physical analysis and history of a book while descriptive bibliography employs all data that analytical bibliography furnishes and then codifies it with a view to identifying the ideal copy or form of a book that most nearly represents the printer's initial conception and intention in printing.\n\nIn addition to viewing bibliographic study as being composed of four interdependent approaches (enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical bibliography and aesthetic bibliography. Both historical bibliography, which involves the investigation of printing practices, tools, and related documents, and aesthetic bibliography, which examines the art of designing type and books, are often employed by analytical bibliographers.\n\nD. F. McKenzie extended previous notions of bibliography as set forth by Greg, Bowers, Gaskell and Tanselle. He describes the nature of bibliography as \"the discipline that studies texts as recorded forms, and the processes of their transmission, including their production and reception\" (1999 12). This concept broadens the scope of bibliography to include \"non-book texts\" and an accounting for their material form and structure, as well as textual variations, technical and production processes that bring sociocultural context and effects into play. McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artefacts with sociological and technical factors that have an effect on production, transmission and, ultimately, ideal copy (2002 14). Bibliography, generally, concerns the material conditions of books [as well as other texts] how they are designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted, collected.\n\nBibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose and can generally be divided into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which results in an overview of publications in a particular category and analytical or critical bibliography, which studies the production of books. In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other media including audio recordings, motion pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs and websites.\n\nEnumerative bibliography \n\nAn enumerative bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works such as journal articles. Bibliographies range from \"works cited\" lists at the end of books and articles, to complete and independent publications. A notable example of a complete, independent publication is Gow's A. E. Housman: A Sketch, Together with a List of His Classical Papers (1936). As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown on the right, or computerized bibliographic databases. A library catalog, while not referred to as a \"bibliography,\" is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be tertiary sources.\n\nEnumerative bibliographies are based on a unifying principle such as creator, subject, date, topic or other characteristic. An entry in an enumerative bibliography provides the core elements of a text resource including a title, the creator(s), publication date and place of publication. Belanger (1977) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography from other bibliographic forms such as descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography or textual bibliography in that its function is to record and list, rather than describe a source in detail or with any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission. The enumerative list may be comprehensive or selective. One noted example would be Tanselle's bibliography that exhaustively enumerates topics and sources related to all forms of bibliography. A more common and particular instance of an enumerative bibliography relates to specific sources used or considered in preparing a scholarly paper or academic term paper.\n\nCitation styles vary.\nAn entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following elements:\n creator(s)\n title\n place of publication\n publisher or printer\n date of publication\n\nAn entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains:\n creator(s)\n article title\n journal title\n volume\n pages\n date of publication\n\nA bibliography may be arranged by author, topic, or some other scheme. Annotated bibliographies give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions, usually a few sentences long, provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. Reference management software may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required.\n\nBibliographies differ from library catalogs by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However, the catalogs of some national libraries effectively serve as national bibliographies, as the national libraries own almost all their countries' publications.\n\nDescriptive bibliography \nFredson Bowers described and formulated a standardized practice of descriptive bibliography in his Principles of Bibliographical Description\n(1949). Scholars to this day treat Bowers' scholarly guide as authoritative. In this classic text, Bowers describes the basic function of bibliography as, \"[providing] sufficient data so that a reader may identify the book described, understand the printing, and recognize the precise contents\" (124).\n\nDescriptive bibliographies as scholarly product \nDescriptive bibliographies as a scholarly product usually include information on the following aspect of a given book as a material object:\nFormat and Collation/Pagination Statement—a conventional, symbolic formula that describes the book block in terms of sheets, folds, quires, signatures, and pages\n\nAccording to Bowers (193), the format of a book is usually abbreviated in the collation formula:\nBroadsheet: I° or b.s. or bs.\nFolio: 2° or fol.\nQuarto: 4° or 4to or Q° or Q\nOctavo: 8° or 8vo\nDuodecimo: 12° or 12mo\nSexto-decimo: 16° or 16mo\nTricesimo-secundo: 32° or 32mo\nSexagesimo-quarto: 64° or 64mo\nThe collation, which follows the format, is the statement of the order and size of the gatherings.\nFor example, a quarto that consists of the signed gatherings:\n2 leaves signed A, 4 leaves signed B, 4 leaves signed C, and 2 leaves signed D\nwould be represented in the collation formula:\n4°: A2B-C4D2\nBinding—a description of the binding techniques (generally for books printed after 1800)\nTitle Page Transcription—a transcription of the title page, including rule lines and ornaments\nContents—a listing of the contents (by section) in the book\nPaper—a description of the physical properties of the paper, including production process, an account of chain-line measurements, and a description of watermarks (if present)\nIllustrations—a description of the illustrations found in the book, including printing process (e.g. woodblock, intaglio, etc.), measurements, and locations in the text\nPresswork—miscellaneous details gleaned from the text about its production\nCopies Examined—an enumeration of the copies examined, including those copies' location (i.e. belonging to which library or collector)\n\nAnalytical bibliography \nThis branch of the bibliographic discipline examines the material features of a textual artefact—such as type, ink, paper, imposition, format, impressions and states of a book—to essentially recreate the conditions of its production. Analytical bibliography often uses collateral evidence—such as general printing practices, trends in format, responses and non-responses to design, etc.—to scrutinize the historical conventions and influences underlying the physical appearance of a text. The bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained from the investigation of physical evidence in the form of a descriptive bibliography or textual bibliography. Descriptive bibliography is the close examination and cataloging of a text as a physical object, recording its size, format, binding, and so on, while textual bibliography (or textual criticism) identifies variations—and the aetiology of variations—in a text with a view to determining \"the establishment of the most correct form of [a] text\" (Bowers 498[1]).\n\nBibliographers \n\nA bibliographer is a person who describes and lists books and other publications, with particular attention to such characteristics as authorship, publication date, edition, typography, etc. A person who limits such efforts to a specific field or discipline is a subject bibliographer.\"\n\nA bibliographer, in the technical meaning of the word, is anyone who writes about books. But the accepted meaning since at least the 18th century is a person who attempts a comprehensive account—sometimes just a list, sometimes a fuller reckoning—of the books written on a particular subject. In the present, bibliography is no longer a career, generally speaking; bibliographies tend to be written on highly specific subjects and by specialists in the field.\n\nThe term bibliographer is sometimes—in particular subject bibliographer—today used about certain roles performed in libraries and bibliographic databases.\n\nOne of the first bibliographers was Conrad Gessner who sought to list all books printed in Latin, Greek and Hebrew in Bibliotheca Universalis (1545).\n\nNon-book material \nSystematic lists of media other than books can be referred to with terms formed analogously to bibliography:\n Discography—recorded music\n Filmography—films\n Webography (or webliography)—websites\n Arachniography, a term coined by NASA research historian Andrew J. Butrica, which means a reference list of URLs about a particular subject. It is equivalent to a bibliography in a book. The name derives from arachne in reference to a spider and its web.\n\nSee also \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (in Wikipedia)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Blum, Rudolf. (1980) Bibliographia. An Inquiry in Its Definition and Designations, Dawson, American Library Association.\n Bowers, Fredson. (1995) Principles of Bibliographical Description, Oak Knoll Press.\n Duncan, Paul Shaner. (1973) How to Catalog a Rare Book, 2nd ed., rev., American Library Association.\n \n Gaskell, Philip. (2000) A New Introduction to Bibliography, Oak Knoll Press.\n McKerrow, R. B. (1927) An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students, Oxford: Clarendon Press\n Schneider, Georg. (1934) Theory and History of Bibliography, New York: Scarecrow Press.\n National Library of Canada, Committee on Bibliography and Information Services for the Social Sciences and Humanities, Guidelines for the Compilation of a Bibliography (National Library of Canada, 1987). N.B.: This is a brief guide to accurately practical bibliography, not a study concerning more precise and systematic bibliography.\n \nRobinson, A. M. Lewin (1966) Systematic Bibliography; rev. ed. London: Clive Bingley\n\nExternal links \n\n Oxford Bibliographies Online, in-depth annotated bibliographies by scholars in selected fields\n Introduction to Bibliography, a comprehensive syllabus by G. Thomas Tanselle\n The Bibliographical Society of America, a resource for information about current work in the field of bibliography\n Studies in Bibliography, the journal of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia\n A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology, (University of Zaragoza) includes thousands of listings on literary, philological and other subjects\n\n \nCategory:Book design\nCategory:Book terminology\nCategory:Textual scholarship", "title": "Bibliography" } ]

[ "C_bda66c01c60f46018de492e130ac9ea4_1_q#0", "C_bda66c01c60f46018de492e130ac9ea4_1_q#1", "C_bda66c01c60f46018de492e130ac9ea4_1_q#2", "C_bda66c01c60f46018de492e130ac9ea4_1_q#3", "C_bda66c01c60f46018de492e130ac9ea4_1_q#4", "C_bda66c01c60f46018de492e130ac9ea4_1_q#5", "C_bda66c01c60f46018de492e130ac9ea4_1_q#6", "C_bda66c01c60f46018de492e130ac9ea4_1_q#7", "C_bda66c01c60f46018de492e130ac9ea4_1_q#8", "C_bda66c01c60f46018de492e130ac9ea4_1_q#9" ]

[ "What happened in 1940?", "What Broadway shows was he in?", "Who else did he perform with?", "How were his performances received?", "So what did he decide to do after that?", "What were the names of the pictures?", "Did any of the films receive awards or honors?", "Was he in any other films during this time period?", "Did he perform with anybody else?", "Did it get good reviews?" ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 372 ], [ 506 ], [ 814 ], [ 901 ], [ 1405 ], [ 1511 ], [ 2424 ], [ 1959 ], [ 2191 ], [ 3534 ] ], "texts": [ [ "His first post-Ginger dance partner was the redoubtable Eleanor Powell--considered the finest female tap-dancer of her generation--in Broadway Melody" ], [ "Broadway Melody of 1940, in which they performed a celebrated extended dance routine to Cole Porter's \"Begin the Beguine." ], [ "He played alongside Bing Crosby in Holiday Inn (1942) and later Blue Skies (1946)" ], [ "in spite of the enormous financial success of both, was reportedly dissatisfied with roles" ], [ "He made two pictures with Rita Hayworth, the daughter of his former vaudeville dance idols, the Cansinos." ], [ "The first, You'll Never Get Rich (1941), catapulted Hayworth to stardom" ], [ "This film, which was choreographed by Astaire alone and achieved modest box office success," ], [ "His second film with Hayworth, You Were Never Lovelier (1942), was equally successful" ], [ "He next appeared opposite the seventeen-year-old Joan Leslie in the wartime drama The Sky's the Limit" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 372, 506, 814, 901, 1405, 1511, 2424, 1959, 2191, 3534 ], "texts": [ "His first post-Ginger dance partner was the redoubtable Eleanor Powell--considered the finest female tap-dancer of her generation--in Broadway Melody", "Broadway Melody of 1940, in which they performed a celebrated extended dance routine to Cole Porter's \"Begin the Beguine.", "He played alongside Bing Crosby in Holiday Inn (1942) and later Blue Skies (1946)", "in spite of the enormous financial success of both, was reportedly dissatisfied with roles", "He made two pictures with Rita Hayworth, the daughter of his former vaudeville dance idols, the Cansinos.", "The first, You'll Never Get Rich (1941), catapulted Hayworth to stardom", "This film, which was choreographed by Astaire alone and achieved modest box office success,", "His second film with Hayworth, You Were Never Lovelier (1942), was equally successful", "He next appeared opposite the seventeen-year-old Joan Leslie in the wartime drama The Sky's the Limit", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[ { "text": "Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is \"the study of books as physical objects\" and \"the systematic description of books as objects\" (or descriptive bibliography).\n\nEtymology \nThe word was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for \"the intellectual activity of composing books.\" The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books. Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object. Bibliography, in its systematic pursuit of understanding the past and the present through written and printed documents, describes a way and means of extracting information from this material. Bibliographers are interested in comparing versions of texts to each other rather than in interpreting their meaning or assessing their significance.\n\nField of study \nBibliography is a specialized aspect of library science (or library and information science, LIS) and documentation science. It was established by a Belgian, named Paul Otlet (1868–1944), who was the founder of the field of documentation, as a branch of the information sciences, who wrote about \"the science of bibliography.\" However, there have recently been voices claiming that \"the bibliographical paradigm\" is obsolete, and it is not today common in LIS. A defence of the bibliographical paradigm was provided by Hjørland (2007).\n\nThe quantitative study of bibliographies is known as bibliometrics, which is today an influential subfield in LIS and is used for major collection decisions such as the cancellation of big deals, through data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals.\n\nBranches \nCarter and Barker describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography). These two distinct concepts and practices have separate rationales and serve differing purposes. Innovators and originators in the field include W. W. Greg, Fredson Bowers, Philip Gaskell and G. Thomas Tanselle.\n\nBowers (1949) refers to enumerative bibliography as a procedure that identifies books in “specific collections or libraries,” in a specific discipline, by an author, printer, or period of production (3). He refers to descriptive bibliography as the systematic description of a book as a material or physical artefact. Analytical bibliography, the cornerstone of descriptive bibliography, investigates the printing and all physical features of a book that yield evidence establishing a book's history and transmission (Feather 10). It is the preliminary phase of bibliographic description and provides the vocabulary, principles and techniques of analysis that descriptive bibliographers apply and on which they base their descriptive practice.\n\nDescriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions and associated classification in their description. Titles and title pages are transcribed in a quasi-facsimile style and representation. Illustration, typeface, binding, paper, and all physical elements related to identifying a book follow formulaic conventions, as Bowers established in his foundational opus, The Principles of Bibliographic Description. The thought expressed in this book expands substantively on W. W. Greg's groundbreaking theory that argued for the adoption of formal bibliographic principles (Greg 29). Fundamentally, analytical bibliography is concerned with objective, physical analysis and history of a book while descriptive bibliography employs all data that analytical bibliography furnishes and then codifies it with a view to identifying the ideal copy or form of a book that most nearly represents the printer's initial conception and intention in printing.\n\nIn addition to viewing bibliographic study as being composed of four interdependent approaches (enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical bibliography and aesthetic bibliography. Both historical bibliography, which involves the investigation of printing practices, tools, and related documents, and aesthetic bibliography, which examines the art of designing type and books, are often employed by analytical bibliographers.\n\nD. F. McKenzie extended previous notions of bibliography as set forth by Greg, Bowers, Gaskell and Tanselle. He describes the nature of bibliography as \"the discipline that studies texts as recorded forms, and the processes of their transmission, including their production and reception\" (1999 12). This concept broadens the scope of bibliography to include \"non-book texts\" and an accounting for their material form and structure, as well as textual variations, technical and production processes that bring sociocultural context and effects into play. McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artefacts with sociological and technical factors that have an effect on production, transmission and, ultimately, ideal copy (2002 14). Bibliography, generally, concerns the material conditions of books [as well as other texts] how they are designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted, collected.\n\nBibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose and can generally be divided into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which results in an overview of publications in a particular category and analytical or critical bibliography, which studies the production of books. In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other media including audio recordings, motion pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs and websites.\n\nEnumerative bibliography \n\nAn enumerative bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works such as journal articles. Bibliographies range from \"works cited\" lists at the end of books and articles, to complete and independent publications. A notable example of a complete, independent publication is Gow's A. E. Housman: A Sketch, Together with a List of His Classical Papers (1936). As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown on the right, or computerized bibliographic databases. A library catalog, while not referred to as a \"bibliography,\" is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be tertiary sources.\n\nEnumerative bibliographies are based on a unifying principle such as creator, subject, date, topic or other characteristic. An entry in an enumerative bibliography provides the core elements of a text resource including a title, the creator(s), publication date and place of publication. Belanger (1977) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography from other bibliographic forms such as descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography or textual bibliography in that its function is to record and list, rather than describe a source in detail or with any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission. The enumerative list may be comprehensive or selective. One noted example would be Tanselle's bibliography that exhaustively enumerates topics and sources related to all forms of bibliography. A more common and particular instance of an enumerative bibliography relates to specific sources used or considered in preparing a scholarly paper or academic term paper.\n\nCitation styles vary.\nAn entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following elements:\n creator(s)\n title\n place of publication\n publisher or printer\n date of publication\n\nAn entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains:\n creator(s)\n article title\n journal title\n volume\n pages\n date of publication\n\nA bibliography may be arranged by author, topic, or some other scheme. Annotated bibliographies give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions, usually a few sentences long, provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. Reference management software may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required.\n\nBibliographies differ from library catalogs by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However, the catalogs of some national libraries effectively serve as national bibliographies, as the national libraries own almost all their countries' publications.\n\nDescriptive bibliography \nFredson Bowers described and formulated a standardized practice of descriptive bibliography in his Principles of Bibliographical Description\n(1949). Scholars to this day treat Bowers' scholarly guide as authoritative. In this classic text, Bowers describes the basic function of bibliography as, \"[providing] sufficient data so that a reader may identify the book described, understand the printing, and recognize the precise contents\" (124).\n\nDescriptive bibliographies as scholarly product \nDescriptive bibliographies as a scholarly product usually include information on the following aspect of a given book as a material object:\nFormat and Collation/Pagination Statement—a conventional, symbolic formula that describes the book block in terms of sheets, folds, quires, signatures, and pages\n\nAccording to Bowers (193), the format of a book is usually abbreviated in the collation formula:\nBroadsheet: I° or b.s. or bs.\nFolio: 2° or fol.\nQuarto: 4° or 4to or Q° or Q\nOctavo: 8° or 8vo\nDuodecimo: 12° or 12mo\nSexto-decimo: 16° or 16mo\nTricesimo-secundo: 32° or 32mo\nSexagesimo-quarto: 64° or 64mo\nThe collation, which follows the format, is the statement of the order and size of the gatherings.\nFor example, a quarto that consists of the signed gatherings:\n2 leaves signed A, 4 leaves signed B, 4 leaves signed C, and 2 leaves signed D\nwould be represented in the collation formula:\n4°: A2B-C4D2\nBinding—a description of the binding techniques (generally for books printed after 1800)\nTitle Page Transcription—a transcription of the title page, including rule lines and ornaments\nContents—a listing of the contents (by section) in the book\nPaper—a description of the physical properties of the paper, including production process, an account of chain-line measurements, and a description of watermarks (if present)\nIllustrations—a description of the illustrations found in the book, including printing process (e.g. woodblock, intaglio, etc.), measurements, and locations in the text\nPresswork—miscellaneous details gleaned from the text about its production\nCopies Examined—an enumeration of the copies examined, including those copies' location (i.e. belonging to which library or collector)\n\nAnalytical bibliography \nThis branch of the bibliographic discipline examines the material features of a textual artefact—such as type, ink, paper, imposition, format, impressions and states of a book—to essentially recreate the conditions of its production. Analytical bibliography often uses collateral evidence—such as general printing practices, trends in format, responses and non-responses to design, etc.—to scrutinize the historical conventions and influences underlying the physical appearance of a text. The bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained from the investigation of physical evidence in the form of a descriptive bibliography or textual bibliography. Descriptive bibliography is the close examination and cataloging of a text as a physical object, recording its size, format, binding, and so on, while textual bibliography (or textual criticism) identifies variations—and the aetiology of variations—in a text with a view to determining \"the establishment of the most correct form of [a] text\" (Bowers 498[1]).\n\nBibliographers \n\nA bibliographer is a person who describes and lists books and other publications, with particular attention to such characteristics as authorship, publication date, edition, typography, etc. A person who limits such efforts to a specific field or discipline is a subject bibliographer.\"\n\nA bibliographer, in the technical meaning of the word, is anyone who writes about books. But the accepted meaning since at least the 18th century is a person who attempts a comprehensive account—sometimes just a list, sometimes a fuller reckoning—of the books written on a particular subject. In the present, bibliography is no longer a career, generally speaking; bibliographies tend to be written on highly specific subjects and by specialists in the field.\n\nThe term bibliographer is sometimes—in particular subject bibliographer—today used about certain roles performed in libraries and bibliographic databases.\n\nOne of the first bibliographers was Conrad Gessner who sought to list all books printed in Latin, Greek and Hebrew in Bibliotheca Universalis (1545).\n\nNon-book material \nSystematic lists of media other than books can be referred to with terms formed analogously to bibliography:\n Discography—recorded music\n Filmography—films\n Webography (or webliography)—websites\n Arachniography, a term coined by NASA research historian Andrew J. Butrica, which means a reference list of URLs about a particular subject. It is equivalent to a bibliography in a book. The name derives from arachne in reference to a spider and its web.\n\nSee also \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (in Wikipedia)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Blum, Rudolf. (1980) Bibliographia. An Inquiry in Its Definition and Designations, Dawson, American Library Association.\n Bowers, Fredson. (1995) Principles of Bibliographical Description, Oak Knoll Press.\n Duncan, Paul Shaner. (1973) How to Catalog a Rare Book, 2nd ed., rev., American Library Association.\n \n Gaskell, Philip. (2000) A New Introduction to Bibliography, Oak Knoll Press.\n McKerrow, R. B. (1927) An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students, Oxford: Clarendon Press\n Schneider, Georg. (1934) Theory and History of Bibliography, New York: Scarecrow Press.\n National Library of Canada, Committee on Bibliography and Information Services for the Social Sciences and Humanities, Guidelines for the Compilation of a Bibliography (National Library of Canada, 1987). N.B.: This is a brief guide to accurately practical bibliography, not a study concerning more precise and systematic bibliography.\n \nRobinson, A. M. Lewin (1966) Systematic Bibliography; rev. ed. London: Clive Bingley\n\nExternal links \n\n Oxford Bibliographies Online, in-depth annotated bibliographies by scholars in selected fields\n Introduction to Bibliography, a comprehensive syllabus by G. Thomas Tanselle\n The Bibliographical Society of America, a resource for information about current work in the field of bibliography\n Studies in Bibliography, the journal of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia\n A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology, (University of Zaragoza) includes thousands of listings on literary, philological and other subjects\n\n \nCategory:Book design\nCategory:Book terminology\nCategory:Textual scholarship", "title": "Bibliography" } ]

[ "In 1940, Fred Astaire's first dance partner after leaving RKO was Eleanor Powell in Broadway Melody. They performed a celebrated extended dance routine to Cole Porter's \"Begin the Beguine.\" Also, he danced with Paulette Goddard in the film Second Chorus.", "The context does not provide information on any Broadway shows that Fred Astaire was in.", "Aside from Eleanor Powell and Paulette Goddard, Astaire also performed with Bing Crosby in Holiday Inn (1942) and Blue Skies (1946). He made two films with Rita Hayworth, You'll Never Get Rich (1941) and You Were Never Lovelier (1942). Astaire appeared opposite the seventeen-year-old Joan Leslie in the wartime drama The Sky's the Limit (1943) and his next partner, Lucille Bremer, was featured in two films: Yolanda and the Thief and Ziegfeld Follies (1946). In the Ziegfeld Follies, Astaire was also teamed up with Gene Kelly.", "Astaire's performances were generally well-received as indicated by the financial success of his films Holiday Inn and Blue Skies. His dance routine with Eleanor Powell to Cole Porter's \"Begin the Beguine\" was celebrated. His films with Rita Hayworth were both successful, with the first one catapulting Hayworth to stardom. However, not all were hits. Yolanda and the Thief, for example, bombed at the box office. His departure from his usual screen persona in the film The Sky's the Limit confused contemporary critics. Despite these, Astaire announced his retirement in 1946, surprising his audiences, as he interpreted these mixed outcomes as signs that his career was beginning to falter.", "After announcing his retirement in 1946, Astaire focused on his interests in horse-racing. In 1947, he founded the Fred Astaire Dance Studios, which he later sold in 1966.", "The pictures that Fred Astaire was involved in during this period were Broadway Melody of 1940, Holiday Inn (1942), Blue Skies (1946), Second Chorus (1940), You'll Never Get Rich (1941), You Were Never Lovelier (1942), The Sky's the Limit (1943), Yolanda and the Thief, Ziegfeld Follies (1946), and his final film before retirement, Blue Skies (1946).", "The context does not provide information on any awards or honors received by the films Fred Astaire was in during this period.", "Based on the provided context, the films Fred Astaire was involved in during this period were Broadway Melody of 1940, Second Chorus (1940), You'll Never Get Rich (1941), Holiday Inn (1942), You Were Never Lovelier (1942), The Sky's the Limit (1943), Blue Skies (1946), Yolanda and the Thief, and Ziegfeld Follies (1946).", "The context provided does not mention anyone else Fred Astaire performed with during this time period other than Eleanor Powell, Bing Crosby, Rita Hayworth, Joan Leslie, Lucille Bremer, Paulette Goddard, and Gene Kelly.", "The context does not provide specific information about the reviews received for Fred Astaire's performances or films during this period." ]

[ "Yes", "no", "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No", "Yes" ]

[ "C_dd4bbf9373d74dd89742ed1d4a7f7dba_0_q#0", "C_dd4bbf9373d74dd89742ed1d4a7f7dba_0_q#1", "C_dd4bbf9373d74dd89742ed1d4a7f7dba_0_q#2", "C_dd4bbf9373d74dd89742ed1d4a7f7dba_0_q#3", "C_dd4bbf9373d74dd89742ed1d4a7f7dba_0_q#4", "C_dd4bbf9373d74dd89742ed1d4a7f7dba_0_q#5" ]

[ "What was a major foreign policy bill he introduced?", "HOw did the Bush administration respond?", "What were they concerned about?", "Were there othe major bills he introduced?", "was he involved in proposing or negotiating any treaties?", "what did he say in his address?" ]

[ 2, 0, 2, 1, 2, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 973 ], [ 1191 ], [ 1268 ], [ 1639 ], [ 544 ], [ 632 ] ], "texts": [ [ "In 2005, in a snub to the Bush administration, DeLay was the \"driving force behind the rejection of direct aid\" to the Palestinian Authority." ], [ "In the wake of the legislation, some Jewish leaders expressed concern" ], [ "the degree to which the Texas Republican, an evangelical Christian who opposes the creation of a Palestinian state, will go to undercut American and Israeli attempts to achieve a two-state" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "On a 2003 trip to Israel, DeLay toured the nation and addressed members of the Knesset." ], [ "His opposition to land concessions is so strong that Aryeh Eldad, the deputy of Israel's conservative National Union party, remarked," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 973, 1191, 1268, 1639, 544, 632 ], "texts": [ "In 2005, in a snub to the Bush administration, DeLay was the \"driving force behind the rejection of direct aid\" to the Palestinian Authority.", "In the wake of the legislation, some Jewish leaders expressed concern", "the degree to which the Texas Republican, an evangelical Christian who opposes the creation of a Palestinian state, will go to undercut American and Israeli attempts to achieve a two-state", "CANNOTANSWER", "On a 2003 trip to Israel, DeLay toured the nation and addressed members of the Knesset.", "His opposition to land concessions is so strong that Aryeh Eldad, the deputy of Israel's conservative National Union party, remarked," ] }

[ { "text": "This article provides a list of political scandals that involve officials from the government of the United States, sorted from oldest to most recent.\n\nScope and organization of political scandals\nThis article is organized by presidential terms in order, older to recent, and then divided into scandals of the federal Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches of government. Members of both parties are listed under the term of the president in office at the time the scandal took place, even though they may not be connected with the presiding president.\n\nIn this article, the term \"politician\" (a person who is professionally involved in politics) includes not only those elected, but also party officials, candidates for office, their staffs and appointees. Please note that every president directly selects, appoints or hires several thousand people. Each of them selects thousands more. Private citizens should only be mentioned when they are closely linked to the scandal or politician, such as Jack Abramoff. This list also does not include crimes that occur outside the politician's tenure (such as before or after his term in office) unless they specifically stem from acts made while in office and discovered later.\n\nScandal is defined as \"loss of or damage to reputation caused by actual or apparent violation of morality or propriety\". Scandals are separate from 'controversies', (which implies two differing points of view) and 'unpopularity'. Many decisions are controversial, many decisions are unpopular, that alone does not make them scandals. Breaking the law is a scandal. The finding of a court is the sole method used to determine a violation of law, but it is not the sole method of determining a scandal. Also included as scandals are politicians who resign, quit, run, or commit suicide while being investigated or threatened with investigation.\n\nNotoriety is a major determinant of a scandal, that is, the amount of press dedicated to it. Misunderstandings, breaches of ethics, unproven crimes or cover-ups may or may not result in inclusion depending on the standing of the accused, the amount of publicity generated, and the seriousness of the crime, if any. Drunk driving may be a conviction, but is usually too minor and too common to mention unless there are multiple convictions and/or jail time.\n\nGiven the political nature of Congress in which the leading party has determining power, politicians who are rebuked, denounced, censured, admonished, condemned, suspended, reprimanded, found in contempt, found to have acted improperly, or used poor judgement are not included unless the scandal is exceptional or leads to expulsion or conviction.\n\nGovernment under the Articles of Confederation (1777–1789) \n\n Thomas Conway and Horatio Gates created a movement or conspiracy, known as the Conway Cabal, to remove George Washington as Commander of the Continental Army. (1777–1778)\n Silas Deane was appointed by the Continental Congress to be Ambassador to France. He was accused of mismanagement and treason. As he was attempting to clear himself of the charges, he died suddenly. The charges were eventually reversed or dropped. (1777)\n\nGeorge Washington administrations (1789–1797)\n\nLegislative branch \n Senator William Blount (Democratic-Republican-TN) was expelled from the Senate for trying to aid the British in a takeover of West Florida. (1797)\n\nJohn Adams administration (1797–1801)\n\nExecutive branch \n The XYZ Affair was the French seizure of over 300 US ships and demands for bribes and apologies, which led to a Quasi-War causing the US Congress to issue the famous phrase, \"Millions for defense, sir, but not one cent for tribute!\". Real war was averted by treaty. (1798–1800)\n\nLegislative branch \n Matthew Lyon (Democratic-Republican KY) was the first Congressman recommended for censure for spitting on Ralph Griswold (Federalist-CT). The censure failed to pass. Also found guilty of violating John Adams's Alien and Sedition Acts and sentenced to four months in jail, during which he was re-elected. (1798)\n\nThomas Jefferson administrations (1801–1809)\n\nExecutive branch \n General James Wilkinson was appointed to be Governor of the upper Louisiana Purchase. He then conspired with Spain to get Kentucky to secede from the Union in order to allow shipping on the Mississippi to reach New Orleans. (1787–1811)\n Aaron Burr and the New Empire (Southwest) Burr conspiracy (1804–1807) – Burr allegedly tried to seize a large part of the Louisiana Purchase and establish his own country. He was arrested for treason, but was acquitted for lack of evidence. (1807)\n Aaron Burr dueled with Alexander Hamilton. Hamilton died of wounds received during the duel. (1804)\n\nJudicial branch \n Samuel Chase, the Supreme Court Justice appointed by George Washington, was impeached for political favoritism and acquitted in 1805.\n John Pickering, a federal judge appointed by George Washington, was impeached and convicted in absentia by the US Senate for drunkenness and use of profanity on the bench. (1804)\n Benjamin Sebastian US Court of Appeals Judge, was accused in the Spanish Conspiracy, of being a paid agent of Spain. He resigned in disgrace. (1806)\n\nJames Monroe administrations (1817–1825)\n\nLegislative branch \n Corrupt Bargain was a supposed bargain by John Quincy Adams with Henry Clay. (1824)\n\nAndrew Jackson administrations (1829–1837)\n\nExecutive branch \n Samuel Swartwout was appointed by President Andrew Jackson to the New York City Collector's Office. At the end of his term he had embezzled $1.225 million in customs receipts and used the money to purchase land. He fled to Europe to avoid prosecution.\n Margaret O'Neill Eaton, the wife of Secretary of War John H. Eaton, was a central figure in the Petticoat Affair which involved accusations that she had engaged in an extramarital affair, and her social ostracism by the wives of other Cabinet members led by Floride Calhoun, the wife of Vice President John C. Calhoun.\n\nLegislative branch \n Robert Potter North Carolina Congressman, resigned from Congress after castrating two men he believed were having an affair with his wife. (1831) Later, in North Carolina, he was expelled from its legislature for cheating at cards or for pulling a gun and a knife during a card game. (1835)\n\nJohn Tyler administration (1841–1845)\n\nLegislative branch \n Charles F. Mitchell (R-NY) US Representative from the 33rd District, was convicted of forgery, sentenced to one year in prison and fined, though he was paroled early due to poor health. (1841)\n\nZachary Taylor administration (1849–1850)\n\nExecutive branch \n George W. Crawford (Whig-GA), Secretary of War in the Cabinet of President Zachary Taylor (Whig), was the center of the Galphin Affair land scandal with the help of Reverdy Johnson (Whig) Attorney General and William M. Meredith (Whig) Secretary of the Treasury, in which Crawford defrauded the federal government of $191,353. (1849)\n\nFranklin Pierce administration (1853-1857)\n\nLegislative branch \n Preston Brooks (D-SC) US Representative and fervent advocate of slavery, beat abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner (R-MA), until his cane broke, leaving him bleeding and unconscious on the floor of the House of Representatives. (1856)\n\nJames Buchanan administration (1857–1861)\n\nLegislative branch \n US Representative Orsamus B. Matteson (R-NY), faced an allegation of having defamed the character of the US House by declaring that a majority of its members were 'purchasable'. He himself was then accused of accepting money in exchange for supporting a Minnesota land bill. The House recommendation that he be expelled was tabled and a recommendation of censure was brought up, but before it could be passed, Matteson resigned. (1857)\n\nAbraham Lincoln (R) administration (1861–1865)\n\nExecutive branch \n Simon Cameron (R), Lincoln's Secretary of War, resigned in 1862 due to corruption charges. His behavior was so notorious that Congressman Thaddeus Stevens, when discussing Cameron's honesty with Lincoln, told him that \"I don't think that he would steal a red hot stove.\" When Cameron demanded Stevens retract this statement, Stevens told Lincoln \"I believe I told you he would not steal a red-hot stove. I will now take that back.\" (1860–1862)\n Caleb Lyon (R) was appointed Governor of the Idaho Territory. An audit revealed that he had embezzled $46,418 in federal funds intended for the Nez Perce Indians. He died before prosecution. (1866)\n\nLegislative branch \n Jesse D. Bright (D-IN) US Senator and Pro Tem President of the US Senate, was known as a leading southern sympathizer. When it was discovered that he had written a letter to President Jefferson Davis aiding him in his pursuit of firearms for the Confederacy, it was taken to be an act of treason. Bright was then expelled from the Senate. (1861)\n James F. Simmons (R-RI) US Senator had confirmed corruption charges against him reported by the Senate Judiciary Committee and the charges were then referred to the full Senate for action on July 14, 1862. The Senate adjourned three days later without acting. Before it could reconvene, Simmons resigned on September 5, 1862.\n Lovell Harrison Rousseau (R-KY) US Representative assaulted Iowa Representative Josiah Bushnell Grinnell on June 14, 1866, with his iron handled cane until it broke. He was reprimanded by the House of Representatives, and resigned, but was elected again to fill his own vacancy. (1866)\n\nAndrew Johnson (R) administration (1865–1869)\n\nExecutive branch \n President Andrew Johnson (D/Union Party) was impeached for violating the Tenure of Office Act. He was acquitted by one vote. (1868)\n\nUlysses S. Grant (R) administrations (1869–1877)\n\nExecutive branch \n United States Secretary of War William Belknap (R) resigned just before he was impeached by the United States House of Representatives for bribery. (1876)\n Schuyler Colfax (R-IN) Vice President under Republican U. S. Grant invested money in the Crédit Mobilier Scandal and failed to mention $10,000 they invested in his next campaign. He was examined by the House, but his term ended before he could be impeached. (1873)\n Whiskey Ring was a massive corruption of Ulysses S. Grant's (R) administration involving whiskey taxes, bribery and kickbacks ending with 110 convictions. (1875)\n Orville E. Babcock (R), a personal secretary to Grant, was indicted in the Whiskey Ring scandal and ten days later in the Safe Burglary Conspiracy. He was acquitted both times.\n John J. McDonald (R), Supervisor of the Internal Revenue Service, was convicted and sentenced to three years.\n W.O. Avery, Chief Clerk of the Treasury Department, was convicted.\n Eastern Wisconsin Federal Attorney Levi Hubbell (R) was suspended from office for his involvement with the Whiskey Ring through contact with Milwaukee brewers. (1875)\n William Adams Richardson (R), U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, hired John B. Sanborn to collect unpaid taxes, some of which were used in a kickback scheme. Though not illegal, Congressional outrage forced Richardson to resign. The actions were made illegal a few months later and are now called the Sanborn Incident. (1874)\n Black Friday – When financiers Jay Gould and James Fisk tried to corner the gold market by getting Ulysses S. Grant's brother-in-law Abel Corbin to convince Grant to appoint General Daniel Butterfield as Assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury, where he could then give them insider information. (1869)\n George M. Robeson, Grant's Secretary of the Navy, was admonished by the House for gross misconduct and corruption in relation to his dealings with Alexander Cattel. (1876)\n Salary Grab Act was the act that increased the salaries of the President, Congress and the Supreme Court. (1873)\n Columbus Delano, the Secretary of the Interior under Grant, resigned after allegedly taking bribes in order to secure fraudulent land grants.\n\nLegislative branch \n Crédit Mobilier of America scandal:\n Oakes Ames (R-MA) bribed Congress with Union Pacific stock.\n James Brooks (D-NY) also implicated; both were censured for their involvement. (1872)\n James W. Patterson (R-NH) US Senator, was found to have given false testimony to both the House and Senate Ethics Committees, both of whom found him guilty of bribery in the Crédit Mobilier Scandal. They both recommended his expulsion from the Senate, but Patterson's term expired before such action could be taken. (1873)\n See also William Belknap (R) Secretary of War under Republican U. S. Grant\n See also Schuyler Colfax (R-IN) Vice President under Republican U. S. Grant\n Alexander Caldwell (R-KS) US Senator, was elected to the US Senate. It was discovered that his rival candidate, Thomas Carney, dropped out of the race, admitting that he had accepted a bribe of $15,000 to leave the race allowing Caldwell to win. He was impeached and the US Senate declared that Caldwell had not been \"duly and legally elected\" and moved to expel him. Before a vote could be taken, Caldwell resigned (1873)\n Samuel C. Pomeroy (R-KS) US Senator, was being investigated for bribery and buying votes. A motion to impeach and expel Pomeroy was made, but arrived on the last day of Pomeroy's term, who was not re-elected. (1873)\n John T. Deweese (R-NC) US Representative, was accused of accepting a $500 bribe for recommending a cadet be appointed to the US Naval Academy. On February 28, 1870, he abruptly resigned. Two days later, the House of Representatives censured him, 170–0. (1870)\n Benjamin Franklin Whittemore (R-SC) US Representative, was found to have sold an appointment to the US Naval Academy. He was found guilty and forced to resign.(1870)\n James G. Blaine (R-ME) US Representative, faced an allegation of selling $64,000 of worthless Union Pacific Railroad bonds. The House Committee of the Judiciary ordered an investigation. A month later, he resigned. (1876)\n\nJudicial branch \n Mark Delahay (R) a U.S. District Judge of Kansas and cofounder of the Republican Party, was impeached by the United States House of Representatives on February 28, 1873, for \"intoxication off the bench as well as on the bench\", He resigned two months later. (1873)\n Richard Busteed (R) US Judge from the Northern District of Alabama, spent much of his time at home in New York though serving in Alabama. Southern sympathizers brought charges against him for non-residence, failure to hold court and improper use of his position. To avoid being removed from office, he resigned before impeachment. (1874)\n Levi Hubbell (R) US Attorney for the Eastern District of Wisconsin, accused of corruption for failing to prosecute whisky distributors who were bribing US Revenue agents. Forced to resign. (1875)\n William Story (R) Judge of the US District Court for the Western District of Arkansas appointed by Republican Ulysses S. Grant. Graft and corruption in the court became so bad that Story appeared before the House Judiciary Committee. He resigned soon after. (1874)\n Charles Taylor Sherman (R) Federal Judge of the Northern District of Ohio, was alleged to have demanded stocks in exchange for favorable rulings and threatened adverse rulings if they were not paid. He resigned before impeachment began. (1873)\n\nRutherford B. Hayes (R) administration (1877–1881)\n\nExecutive branch \n Ezra Ayres Hayt, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs under Rutherford B. Hayes, was forced to resign by Interior Secretary Carl Schurz due to allegations of rampant corruption. (1880)\n\nJudicial branch \n US District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana Judge Edward Henry Durell (R) was impeached for alleged drunkenness, corruption, and election-rigging. He resigned before trial. (1879)\n\nJames A. Garfield (R) administration (1881)\n\nLegislative branch \n Senator Stephen W. Dorsey (R-AR) was included in the investigation of corruption of Star Route postal contracts under the administrations of President James A. Garfield (R) and President Chester A. Arthur (R). (1881)\n\nChester A. Arthur (R) administration (1881–1885)\n\nExecutive branch \n Nehemiah G. Ordway (R) was appointed Governor of Dakota Territory and was removed from office for corrupt practices. (1884)\n Levi Jarrad (R) was appointed US Postmaster for New Brunswick, NJ by President Chester A. Arthur (R) in 1881. He was sentenced to 10 years in prison for forgery in 1884.\n\nGrover Cleveland (D) administration (1885–1889)\n\nLegislative branch \n Utah Territorial Delegate George Q. Cannon (R) was refused his seat due to a conviction for unlawful cohabitation (polygamy), for which he served nearly six months in Utah's federal penitentiary. (1888)\n SC Representative Robert Smalls (R-SC) was charged with accepting a $5,000 bribe in relation to a government printing contract and found guilty. (1877)\n\nJudicial branch \n Edward Henry Durell (R) US Federal Judge for the Eastern District of Louisiana, was impeached for usurpation of power, drunkenness, corruption, and election-rigging. He resigned before trial. (1879)\n\nWilliam McKinley (R) administration (1897–1901)\n\nExecutive branch \n Oregon US Federal District Attorney John Hicklin Hall (R) was appointed by Republican President William McKinley and ordered to investigate the Oregon land fraud scandal. He was accused of failing to prosecute land companies engaging in fraudulent activities, and blackmailing his political opponents. On February 8, 1908, a jury found Hall guilty. (1907)\n Alexander McKenzie (R) Republican National Committeeman, was appointed receiver of the Anvil Creek gold mines in Alaska. He took over production and kept the gold it produced. He was then ordered to return the gold he had collected, an order which he refused. He was found guilty of two counts of contempt of court and sentenced to one year in jail. (1901)\n\nLegislative branch \n Charles Henry Dietrich (R-NE) US Senator, before he took office Dietrich was charged with bribery for accepting money to appoint Jacob Fisher to be a US Postmaster. He was charged with conspiracy to receive a bribe, accepting a bribe and profiting by the leasing of a building to the government. Before the trial could begin, the judge held that Dietrich could not be prosecuted because the alleged bribery occurred after he was elected, but before Dietrich was sworn in as a US Senator. All charges were then dropped. (1901)\n\nTheodore Roosevelt (R) administrations (1901–1909)\n\nLegislative branch \n William A. Clark (D-MT) US Senator, was elected amid allegations of rampant bribery. Though seated, the Senate Committee on Privileges and Elections unanimously concluded he was not entitled to his seat and recommended a vote to remove him. He resigned in 1900 rather than be voted out, thus creating a vacancy. In 1901, he was re-elected to fill the vacancy that he had just created by a Montana legislature now filled with winning candidates he had already financially supported. (1900)\n William Miller Jenkins (R) Governor of the Oklahoma Territory was appointed by Republican President William McKinley in May 1901. Jenkins was investigated both for discrepancies in the dispensation of lands from newly opened Indian lands and his appointment of officials concerning the Oklahoma Sanitarium Company which held included $10,000 in stock to Jenkins for contracts with the Oklahoma Territory. When McKinley was assassinated Republican President Theodore Roosevelt assumed office and an investigation by the Interior Department of Jenkins revealed nothing. Nonetheless, in November. Roosevelt removed Jenkins from office for his \"indiscreet\" and inappropriate role\" in the matter. (1901)\n John Goodnow (R) US Consulate General of Shanghai, China, was appointed by Republican President William McKinley, when accused of corruption, he resigned. (1902)\n John Hipple Mitchell (R-OR) US Senator, was involved with the Oregon land fraud scandal, for which he was indicted and convicted while a sitting U.S. Senator. He died before sentencing. (1905)\n Joseph R. Burton (R-KS) US Senator, was convicted of bribery in 1904 on the charge of illegally receiving compensation for services rendered before a federal department and served five months in prison. (1904)\n Henry B. Cassel (R-PA) US Representative, was convicted of fraud related to the construction of the Pennsylvania State Capitol in 1909.\n\nJudicial branch \n John Hicklin Hall (R) US District Attorney for Oregon, appointed by President McKinley, was convicted of not prosecuting suspects and then blackmailing them during the Oregon land fraud scandal. (1903)\n\nWilliam Howard Taft (R) administration (1909–1913)\n\nLegislative branch \n William Lorimer (R-IL) US Senator, also known as the \"blond boss of Chicago\", was expelled from the U.S. Senate in 1912 for accepting bribes.\n Ralph Cameron (R-AZ) US Senator, attempted to control access to the Grand Canyon by buying mining rights to adjacent lands. (1912)\n William Forte Willett Jr. (D-NY), US Representative, was indicted on charges of bribery for paying State Democratic Party leaders for a seat on the NY State Supreme Court. He was convicted of conspiracy, corrupt practices and bribery and served 14 months in prison (1912)\n\nJudicial branch \n Pennsylvania U.S. Commerce Court Judge Robert W. Archbald (R) was involved in corrupt alliances with coal mine workers and railroad officials. He was convicted and removed from office. (1912)\n Cornelius Hanford (R) US District Judge for the Western District of Washington, resigned under threat of impeachment for corruption. (1912)\n\nWoodrow Wilson (D) administrations (1913–1921)\n\nExecutive branch \n Newport sex scandal – Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt (D) initiated an investigation into allegations of \"immoral conduct\" (homosexuality) at Naval Station Newport in Rhode Island. After the report, which revealed nothing, the investigators themselves were also accused of homosexuality. (1919)\n\nJudicial branch \n John Augustine Marshall (D) Judge of the US District Court of Utah, appointed by Grover Cleveland (D) was accused in a sex scandal involving the cleaning woman of his courtroom. He resigned. (1915)\n Daniel Thew Wright (R) Judge of the US District Court for the District of Columbia was appointed by Theodore Roosevelt (R) and was accused of favoritism and massive corruption. He resigned before impeachment. (1914)\n\nWarren G. Harding (R) administration (1921–1923)\n\nExecutive branch \n President Warren G. Harding's (R-OH) administration was marred by scandals stemming from men in his administration who followed him from Ohio, who came to be known as the Ohio Gang. They include;\n Albert Fall, Secretary of the Interior, was bribed by Harry F. Sinclair for control of the Teapot Dome federal oil reserves in Wyoming. He was the first U.S. cabinet member to ever be convicted; he served two years in prison. (1922)\n Edwin C. Denby, Secretary of the Navy, resigned for his part in the Teapot Dome oil reserve scandal.\n Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty resigned on March 28, 1924, because of an investigation about a bootlegging kickback scheme by his chief aide Jess Smith. Found not guilty. (1924)\n Jess Smith, aide to Attorney General Daugherty, destroyed incriminating papers and then committed suicide.\n Charles R. Forbes was appointed by Harding as the first director of the new Bureau of Veterans Affairs. After constructing and modernizing VA hospitals, he was convicted of bribery and corruption and sentenced to two years in jail.\n Charles Cramer, Forbes's general counsel, committed suicide. (1923)\n Thomas W. Miller, Head of the Office of Alien Property, was convicted of fraud by selling valuable German patents seized after World War I for far below market price as well as bribery. Served 18 months.\n\nLegislative branch \n Thomas L. Blanton (D-TX) was censured for inserting obscene material into the congressional record. According to Franklin Wheeler Mondell (R-WY) the letter was said to contain language that was \"unspeakable, vile, foul, filthy, profane, blasphemous and obscene\". A motion to expel him failed by 8 votes. (1921)\n Truman Handy Newberry (R-MI) US Senator, was convicted of election irregularities, but the case was overturned by the US Supreme Court. However, due to continued opposition and a senate condemnation vote claiming that $3,750 was too much to spend on an election against automaker Henry Ford, he resigned. (1921)\n\nJudicial branch \n Francis Asbury Winslow (R) Judge of the US District Court for the Southern District of New York. appointed by Warren G. Harding (R). Following calls for an investigation by Fiorello La Guardia into recent bankruptcy decisions and his choice of court-appointed receivers, Winslow was found to have committed \"serious indiscretions\". He then resigned. (1929)\n\nCalvin Coolidge (R) administrations (1923–1929)\n\nExecutive branch \n US Alien Property Custodian Thomas B. Miller (R) was convicted of conspiring to defraud the US government and served 18 months in prison. (1927)\n Frederick A. Fenning (R), District of Columbia Commissioner appointed by Calvin Coolidge, was investigated and accused of practices illegal and contrary to law. He resigned before trial. (1927)\n\nLegislative branch \n John W. Langley (R-KY) resigned from the US Congress in January 1926, after losing an appeal to set aside his conviction of violating the Volstead Act (Prohibition). He had also been caught trying to bribe a Prohibition officer. He was sentenced to two years after which, his wife ran for Congress in his place and won two full terms.\n William Scott Vare (R-PA) US Senator, was unseated on December 6, 1929, due to charges of corruption and fraud during his election.\n Frank L. Smith (R), Head of the Illinois Commerce Commission, was appointed to be US Senator by IL Governor Len Small (R), but was rejected by the US Senate for alleged \"fraud and corruption\". (1927)\n\nJudicial branch \n George English (D) U.S. District Judge for Illinois was impeached for taking an interest-free loan from a bank of which he was director as well as misbehavior and manipulation. Resigned before his Senate trial. (1924)\n\nHerbert Hoover (R) administration (1929–1933)\n\nLegislative branch \n Senator Hiram Bingham (R-CT) was censured for hiring a lobbyist employed by a manufacturing organization to work on his staff. (1929)\n Harry E. Rowbottom (R-IN) was convicted in federal court of accepting bribes from persons who sought post office appointments. He was given one year in Leavenworth.\n George E. Foulkes (D-MI) US Rep, was found guilty of conspiracy and bribery and sentenced to 18 months in prison and fined $1,000 (1934)\n\nJudicial branch \nJohn W. Brady (D) US Judge of the Third District Court of Appeals of Texas. Brady, who was married, was accused of stabbing his mistress multiple times when he discovered her escorted by another man. He was found guilty of murder without malice and sentenced to three years in prison. (1930)\n\nFranklin Delano Roosevelt (D) administrations (1933–1945)\n\nExecutive branch \n Michael J. Hogan (R) Collector of the Port of New York. Convicted of bribery in connection with an immigration ring for illegal aliens seeking entry into the United States. He was sentenced to a year and a day in a Federal Penitentiary. (1935)\n William P. MacCracken Jr. (R) US Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Aeronautics, was convicted of Contempt of Congress for the Air Mail scandal. (1934)\n\nLegislative branch \n Francis Henry Shoemaker (Farmer-Labor-MN) was sentenced to a year and a day in the penitentiary for sending scurrilous and defamatory materials through the mail. (1933)\n John H. Hoeppel (D-CA) was convicted of trying to sell an appointment to the West Point Military Academy. (1936)\n Donald F. Snow (R-ME) was committed to the Maine State Prison for two to four years for embezzlement. (1935)\n\nJudicial Branch \n Joseph Buffington (R) US Judge of the 3rd Circuit, appointed by Theodore Roosevelt (R). Investigation by the US House revealed that at the age of 92, Buffington was both deaf and blind and it was suspected that all of his decision were being written and sold by another judge. He resigned before impeachment. (1935)\n Halsted L. Ritter (R) Judge of the US District Court for the Southern District of Florida appointed by Republican Calvin Coolidge. Was accused of taking kickbacks on bankruptcy cases and not reporting them on his taxes. Though he was found not guilty of six separate charges, he was found guilty on the seventh count charging 'general misbehavior' and bringing the judiciary into disrepute (accepting free meals and lodging during receivership proceedings). He was impeached and removed from office. (1936)\n Martin Thomas Manton (D) US District Court Judge for the Southern District of New York, was investigated for judicial corruption and bribery which resulted in prosecution and a two-year prison term. (1939)\n Edwin Stark Thomas (D) U.S. District Judge for Connecticut, during a grand jury investigation of official misconduct and his financial affairs, he resigned. (1939)\n John Warren Davis (D) Judge of the US Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, appointed by Woodrow Wilson, was investigated for accepting a bribe from film mogul William Fox. Further investigation revealed Davis was routinely accepting bribes for decisions signed by fellow Judge Joseph Buffington (R) who was senile. When Fox was found guilty, Davis resigned two weeks later. (1939)\n Albert Williams Johnson (R) US Judge of the Middle District of Pennsylvania, appointed by Calvin Coolidge (R), was under investigation by a US House Judiciary Committee. In unusual language, they found he was a \"wicked, evil and mendacious judge\". The report of the subcommittee also said that almost \"every litigant who had the misfortune to appear before this wicked and malicious judge became the immediate object of a crooked conspiracy whose sole interest was the amount of money that could be extorted from him for justice or the evasion of justice\". Johnson resigned before impeachment (1945)\n\nHarry S. Truman (D) administrations (1945–1953)\n\nExecutive branch \n A Justice Department investigation of the Internal Revenue Service led to the firing or resignation of 166 lower level employees, causing President Harry Truman (D) to be stained with charges of corruption. (1950)\n William M. Boyle (D) Chairman of the Democratic National Committee, accused of getting special loan rates. Resigned for poor health (1951)\n\nLegislative branch \n Walter E. Brehm (R-OH) was convicted of accepting contributions illegally from one of his employees. He received a 15-month suspended sentence and a $5,000 fine.\n J. Parnell Thomas (R-NJ), a member of the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC), was convicted of salary fraud in a kickback scheme and given an 18-month sentence and fined $10,000, resigning from Congress in 1950. He was imprisoned in Danbury Prison with two of the Hollywood Ten he had helped put there. He was pardoned by President Harry Truman (D) in 1952.\n Andrew J. May (D-KY) was convicted of accepting bribes in 1947 from a war munitions manufacturer. He was sentenced to nine months in prison, after which he was pardoned by Truman (D) in 1952.\n James Michael Curley (D-MA) was sentenced to 6–18 months on mail fraud and spent five months in prison before his sentence was commuted by President Truman. (1947)\n H. Styles Bridges (R-NH) US Senator, during the Lavender Scare of the 1950s, Bridges threatened to expose the son of US Senator Lester Hunt (D-WY) as a homosexual unless Hunt immediately resigned from the Senate, thus giving Republicans the majority. Hunt refused, but did not seek re-election and then shot himself. (1954)\n\nDwight D. Eisenhower (R) administrations (1953–1961)\n\nExecutive branch \n Richard Nixon (R) Vice presidential candidate, delivered the \"Checkers speech\" to deflect scandal about $18,000 in gifts, maintaining the only personal gift he had received was a dog. (1952)\n Sherman Adams (R) Chief of Staff to Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower was cited for Contempt of Congress and forced to resign because he refused to answer questions about an oriental rug and vicuna coat given to his wife. (1958)\n John C. Doerfer (R) appointed Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission by President Eisenhower, spent a week-long Florida vacation in 1960 on the luxury yacht owned by his friend George B. Storer, president of Storer Communications. During the 1950s quiz show scandals he was accused of conflict of interest and forced to resign.\n\nLegislative branch \n McCarthyism was a broad political and cultural purge started against people suspected of sympathy with communism, starting near the end of World War II and reaching its climax in the investigations of Republican Sen. Joseph McCarthy. After an embarrassing investigation of the United States Army the Senate passed a resolution of condemnation against McCarthy in 1954 ending his career, but anti-communist purges continued for several years. (He died in 1957 before his Senate seat could come up for election.)\n Thomas J. Lane (D-MA) was convicted for evading taxes on his congressional income. He served four months in prison, but was re-elected three more times before his 1962 defeat due to re-districting. (1956)\n Ernest K. Bramblett (R-CA) received a suspended sentence and a $5,000 fine in 1955 for making false statements in connection with payroll padding and kickbacks from congressional employees.\n Douglas R. Stringfellow (R-UT) abandoned his 1954 re-election bid after admitting to embellishing his war record. Stringfellow falsely claimed to have been awarded a Silver Star and feigned paraplegia.\n\nJohn F. Kennedy (D) administration (1961–1963)\n\nLegislative branch \n Thomas F. Johnson (D-MD) was indicted on charges of members of Maryland's S&L industry bribing him and lost his seat in 1962. Later was convicted of conspiracy and conflict of interest in 1968, served months of a 6-month sentence and was fined $5,000.\n Frank W. Boykin (D-AL) was placed on six months' probation in 1963 following conviction in a case involving a conflict of interest and conspiracy to defraud the government. His prison sentence was suspended on age and health grounds and he was fined $40,000 total. He was pardoned by President Lyndon Johnson in 1965.\n\nLyndon B. Johnson (D) administrations (1963–1969)\n\nExecutive branch \n Bobby Baker, (D) Secretary to the Majority Leader of the Senate Lyndon B. Johnson (the vice-president then serving), resigned after charges of corruption (1963) and convicted of tax evasion (1967)\n\nLegislative branch \n Senator Daniel Brewster (D-MD) pleaded no contest to accepting an illegal gratuity in 1975 and fined $10,000. Brewster was convicted in 1972 of accepting $14,500 from a lobbyist, and was handed a six-year prison term in 1973 over the conviction, but the conviction was overturned on grounds of unclear jury instructions.\n James Fred Hastings (R-NY) was a delegate to the 1968 Republican National Convention and the 1972 Republican National Convention. He was elected to Congress in 1968 and served from January 3, 1969, until he resigned on January 20, 1976, after being convicted of kickbacks and mail fraud. He served 14 months at Allenwood penitentiary (1976).\n Cornelius Gallagher (D-NJ) US Representative from District 13, was accused of evading payment of $74,000 in federal income taxes in 1966. He pled guilty in 1972 to tax evasion and perjury, sentenced to two years in prison and fined $10,000. (1966)\n\nJudicial branch \n U.S. Supreme Court Justice Abe Fortas (D) resigned when he was discovered to be a paid consultant to a convicted criminal. No charges were ever filed. (1969)\n\nRichard Nixon (R) administrations (1969–1974)\n\nExecutive branch \n Vice President Spiro Agnew (R-MD) was convicted of tax fraud stemming from bribery charges in Maryland and forced to resign. Gerald R. Ford (R-MI) was nominated by Nixon to replace Agnew as vice president, becoming the first person appointed to the Vice Presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment.\n Watergate concerns US President Richard Nixon (R-CA) who ordered the burglary of the offices of the Democratic National Committee at the complex. The object was to plant a Covert listening device in the office and learn who inside his own administration was leaking information. The burglars were discovered and arrested. Nixon tried to cover up both the burglary, the bugging, and the full extent of other illegal acts by his close staff. The cover up resulted in 69 government officials being charged and 48 being convicted or pleading guilty. Eventually, Nixon resigned his office rather than face trial. Vice president Gerald Ford was sworn in as president and immediately pardoned Nixon. (1972–1974) Those also involved include:\n John N. Mitchell (R) Attorney General of the United States, was convicted of perjury and served nineteen months of a one- to four-year sentence.\n Richard Kleindienst (R) Attorney General that replaced Mitchell, was convicted of \"refusing to answer questions\" given one month in jail.\n Jeb Stuart Magruder (R) Head of Committee to Re-elect the President, pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy, August 1973\n Frederick C. LaRue (R) Advisor to John Mitchell, was convicted of obstruction of justice.\n H. R. Haldeman (R) CoS for Nixon, was convicted of conspiracy, obstruction of justice, and perjury.\n John Ehrlichman (R) Counsel to Nixon, was convicted of conspiracy, obstruction of justice, and perjury.\n Egil Krogh (R) aide to John Ehrlichman, head of the 'plumbers', was sentenced to six years.\n John W. Dean III (R) counsel to Nixon, was convicted for obstruction of justice.\n Dwight L. Chapin (R) deputy assistant to Nixon, was convicted of perjury.\n Herbert W. Kalmbach (R) personal attorney to Nixon, was convicted of illegal campaigning.\n Charles W. Colson (R) special counsel to Nixon, was convicted for obstruction of justice.\n Herbert L. Porter (R) aide to the Committee to Re-elect the President, was convicted of perjury.\n G. Gordon Liddy (R) Special Investigations Group, was convicted of burglary.\n Maurice Stans (R) Secretary of Commerce, pleaded guilty to 3 counts of violating the reporting sections of the Federal Election Campaign Act and 2 counts of accepting illegal campaign contributions and was fined $5,000. (1975)\n G. Bradford Cook (R) was appointed by President Nixon to be Chairman of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. He resigned his position during the investigation into the Robert Vesco/Watergate affair during which he allegedly lied to a grand jury and was disbarred by the US Supreme Court for three years. He had served as chairman for just 74 days. (1973) The Washington Star reported that Cook believed he was going to be impeached, and offered to resign. The White House allowed him to do so.\n H. R. Haldeman (R) Nixon's Chief of Staff, set up a secret fund-raising enterprise, the \"Townhouse Operation\", designed to bypass the Republican National Committee. (1970)\n Harry Shuler Dent (R) Presidential Counsel and Strategist, pleaded guilty to violations of Federal election law for his part in the illegal fundraising operation.\n Herbert W. Kalmbach (R) Nixon's Personal Attorney, raised $3.9 million for a secret Republican slush fund. He also promised an ambassador a better post in exchange for $100,000, which led to conviction and imprisonment. Kalmbach pleaded guilty to violation of the Federal Corrupt Practices Act and one count of promising federal employment.\n Jack A. Gleason (R) White House Aide, pleaded guilty to violations of Federal election law concerning an illegal fund raising operation run by the White House.\n Wendell Wyatt (R-OR) US Representative, was found guilty on one count of failing to report outlays from a secret cash fund called he controlled while heading the Richard Nixon campaign in Oregon. Fined $750. (1975)\n Richard Helms Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (1966–1973), was convicted of misleading Congress concerning assassination attempts in Cuba, anti-government activities in Chile and the illegal surveillance of journalists in the US. Mr. Helms pleaded no contest.\n Donald Segretti (R) ran a campaign of dirty tricks for Nixon which he dubbed \"ratfucking\", meaning forging and distributing false documents to embarrass Democrats. Segretti pled guilty to 3 counts of distributing illegal (forged) campaign literature and was sentenced to six months in prison. (1974)\n\nLegislative branch \n Senator Ted Kennedy (D-MA) drove his car into a tidal channel on Chappaquiddick Island, a small island off of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. He swam free of the flipped car but the trapped passenger, Mary Jo Kopechne, drowned. Kennedy pleaded guilty to leaving the scene of an accident and received a suspended sentence of two months. (1969)\n Cornelius Gallagher (D-NJ) pleaded guilty to tax evasion, and served two years in prison.\n J. Irving Whalley (R-PA) received suspended three-year sentence and fined $11,000 in 1973 for using mails to deposit staff salary kickbacks and threatening an employee to prevent her from giving information to the FBI.\n Martin B. McKneally (R-NY) was placed on one year's probation and fined $5,000 in 1971 for failing to file income tax return. He had not paid taxes for many years prior.\n Richard T. Hanna (D-CA) was convicted in an influence-buying scandal. (1974)\n Edwin Reinecke (R-CA) was convicted of perjury and sentenced to 18 months in prison as part of the Watergate investigation. He resigned one day before his sentencing, which was overturned on appeal because \"the Senate Judiciary Committee before which he was accused of perjuring himself had failed to publish its rule permitting a one-man quorum.\"\n William Oswald Mills (R-MD) US Representative had received an undisclosed $25,000 gift from the Finance Committee of President Richard Nixon's re-election campaign (CREEP), which was part of $900,000 in unaccounted donations made by that committee in May 1973. Five days later, he committed suicide. (1973)\n George V. Hansen (R-ID) US Representative, was the first member of Congress to be convicted of violating a new 1971 campaign law requiring disclosure of financial contributions. (1974)\n James R. Jones (D-OK) US Representative, pleaded guilty to a federal misdemeanor charge that he had failed to report a $200 campaign contribution. He was fined $200. (1972)\n John Dowdy (D-TX) US Representative, found guilty of perjury, sentenced to 6 months and fined. (1972)\n\nJudicial branch \n Herbert Allan Fogel (R) US Judge of Eastern District of PA (1973–1978) resigned after investigations of his role in awarding a lucrative government contract to his uncle. During the investigation, he invoked the 5th Amendment multiple times. He was then asked to resign. (1978)\n\nGerald Ford (R) administration (1974–1977)\n\nExecutive branch \n Secretary of Agriculture Earl Butz (R) was asked privately why the party of Lincoln was not able to attract more blacks. Butz replied: \"I'll tell you what the coloreds want. It's three things: first, a tight pussy; second, loose shoes; and third, a warm place to shit.\" Butz resigned soon afterwards on October 4, 1976.\n\nLegislative branch \n Andrew J. Hinshaw (R-CA) US Representative, was convicted of accepting bribes while Assessor of Orange County as well as stealing county funds and property for his Congressional Campaign. He served one year in prison. (1977)\n Wayne L. Hays (D-OH) resigned from Congress after hiring and promoting his mistress, Elizabeth Ray. (1976)\n Frank Horton (R-NY) pleaded guilty to a DWI (arrested at 105 mph with two women; neither were his wife) and was sentenced to 11 days in jail. (1976)\n James F. Hastings (R-NY) was convicted of taking kickbacks from his staff and mail fraud. He took the money from his employees and used it to buy cars, boats, school tuition and retirement. Served 14 months at Allenwood penitentiary. (1976)\n Richard Alvin Tonry (D-LA) US Representative from the 1st District, pled guilty to illegal contributions and ballot box stuffing. He served four months in Congress and six months in jail. (1976)\n James R. Jones (D-OK) US Rep, pleaded guilty to a federal misdemeanor charge that he had failed to report a 1972 campaign contribution from Gulf Oil. (1976)\n John V. Dowdy (D-TX) served 6 months in prison for perjury. (1973)\n Bertram L. Podell (D-NY) pleaded guilty to conspiracy and conflict of interest. He was fined $5,000 and served four months in prison. (1974)\n Frank Brasco (D-NY) was sentenced to three months in jail and fined $10,000 for conspiracy to accept bribes from a reputed Mafia figure who sought truck leasing contracts from the Post Office and loans to buy trucks.\n Frank Clark (D-PA) paid congressional salaries to 13 Pennsylvania residents who performed no official duties.\n Wilbur Mills (D-AR) stepped down as Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee after his affair with Argentinian stripper Fanne Fox was made public in 1974.\n Ron A. Taylor (D-NC) US Representative from the 11th District, was accused of bribery and burning four tobacco warehouses of his political rival, Democratic State Senator J. J. Harrington. Taylor resigned his position and pled guilty to conspiracy as well as bribery. He served four years in prison. (1977)\n\nJudicial branch \n Otto Kerner Jr. (D), US Judge of the 7th Circuit Court and former Illinois Governor, was indicted on charges of conspiracy, bribery, mail fraud, and income tax evasion related to accepting stock shares from a racing company and lying about it. He was convicted and resigned his position. (1974)\n\nJimmy Carter administration (D) (1977–1981)\n\nExecutive branch \n Debategate – An election briefing book for President Jimmy Carter was stolen and given to opponent Ronald Reagan before the presidential election of 1980.\n\nLegislative branch \n Daniel J. Flood (D-PA) was censured for bribery during the 96th United States Congress. The allegations led to his resignation on January 31, 1980.\n J. Herbert Burke (R-FL) US Representative, pleaded guilty to disorderly intoxication and resisting arrest, and nolo contendere to an additional charge of witness tampering. He was sentenced to three months plus fines. (1978)\n Robert E. Bauman (R-MD) US Representative, was charged with soliciting sex from a teenage boy in gay bar. After counseling, the charges were dropped, but he lost his next two elections. (1980)\n Fred Richmond (D-NY) received charges of soliciting sex from a 16-year-old boy were dropped after he submitted to counseling. (1978)\n Charles Diggs (D-MI) was convicted on 29 charges of mail fraud and filing false payroll forms which formed a kickback scheme with his staff. Sentenced to 3 years (1978)\n Herman Talmadge (D-GA) US Senator, was denounced by the Senate for \"improper financial conduct\" on October 11, 1979. He failed to be re-elected.\n Michael Myers (D-PA) received suspended six-month jail term after pleading no contest to disorderly conduct charged stemming from an incident at a Virginia bar in which he allegedly attacked a hotel security guard and a cashier.\n Charles H. Wilson (D-CA) was censured after he converted $25,000 in campaign funds to his own use and accepted $10,500 from a man with a direct interest in legislation before Congress. This was a later non-Park incident.\n John Connally (R-TX) was accused of accepting a $10,000 bribe (Milk Money scandal). He was acquitted. (1975)\n Richard Tonry (D-LA) pleaded guilty to receiving illegal campaign contributions.\n Koreagate scandal involving alleged bribery of more than 30 members of Congress by the South Korean government represented by Tongsun Park. Several other Koreans and Congressmen were allegedly involved, but not charged or reprimanded. The most notable are:\n Richard T. Hanna (D-CA) pleaded guilty and sentenced to 6–30 months in federal prison. Wound up serving a year in prison.\n John J. McFall, Edward Roybal, and Charles H. Wilson, all (D-CA), were involved. Roybal was censured and Wilson was reprimanded, while McFall was reprimanded.\n\nJudicial branch \n Herbert Allan Fogel (R) Federal Judge of the Eastern Federal District of Pennsylvania (1973–1978), and nominated by Richard M. Nixon, resigned after investigation of a government contract in which he was forced to invoke the 5th Amendment. (1978)\n Jack T. Camp (R) Federal Judge, Northern District of GA, appointed by Ronald Reagan, guilty of trying to purchase cocaine, firearms violations, aiding a felon. Resigned. Sentenced to 30 days. (2010)\n\nRonald Reagan (R) administrations (1981–1989)\n\nExecutive branch \n Operation Ill Wind was a three-year investigation launched in 1986 by the FBI into corruption by U.S. government and military officials, as well as private defense contractors.\n Melvyn Paisley, appointed Assistant Secretary of the Navy in 1981 by Republican President Ronald Reagan, was found to have accepted hundreds of thousands of dollars in bribes. He pleaded guilty to bribery, resigned his office and served four years in prison.\n James E. Gaines Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy, took over when Paisley resigned his office. He was convicted of accepting an illegal gratuity, and theft and conversion of government property. He was sentenced to six months in prison.\n Victor D. Cohen, Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Air Force, was the 50th conviction obtained under the Ill Wind probe when he pleaded guilty to accepting bribes and conspiring to defraud the government.\n The Housing and Urban Development scandal concerned bribery by selected contractors for low income housing projects.\n Samuel Pierce, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, was not charged because he made \"full and public written acceptance of responsibility\".\n James G. Watt, the Secretary of Interior from 1981 to 1983, was charged with 25 counts of perjury and obstruction of justice, sentenced to five years' probation, fined $5,000 and 500 hours of community service.\n Deborah Gore Dean (R), Executive Assistant to Samuel Pierce (Secretary of HUD from 1981 to 1987, and not charged), was convicted of 12 counts of perjury, conspiracy, bribery. Sentenced to 21 months in prison. (1987)\n Phillip D. Winn, Assistant Secretary of HUD from 1981 to 1982, pleaded guilty to bribery in 1994.\n Thomas Demery, Assistant Secretary of HUD, pleaded guilty to bribery and obstruction.\n Joseph A. Strauss, Special Assistant to the Secretary of HUD, was convicted of accepting payments to favor Puerto Rican land developers in receiving HUD funding.\n Silvio D. DeBartolomeis was convicted of perjury and bribery.\n Wedtech scandal – Wedtech Corporation was convicted of bribery for Defense Department contracts.\n Edwin Meese (R) Attorney General resigned, but was never convicted.\n Lyn Nofziger (R) White House Press Secretary had a conviction of lobbying that was overturned.\n Mario Biaggi (D-NY) was sentenced to years in prison.\n Savings and loan scandal – 747 institutions failed and had to be rescued with $160,000,000,000 of the taxpayer's money in connection with the Keating Five. see Legislative scandals.\n John M. Fedders (R) SEC Dir of Enforcement, in divorce testimony he admitted beating his wife and then resigned. (1985)\n Emanuel S. Savas, appointed by Ronald Reagan to be Assistant Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, resigned on July 8, 1983, after an internal Justice Department investigation found he had abused his office by having his Government staff work on his private book on Government time.\n Iran-Contra Affair (1985–1986) – In violation of an arms embargo, administration officials arranged to sell armaments to Iran in an attempt to improve relations with Iran and obtain their influence in the release of hostages held in Lebanon. Oliver North of the National Security Council then diverted proceeds from the arms sale to fund Contra rebels attempting to overthrow the left-wing government of Nicaragua, which was in direct violation of Congress' Boland Amendment. Ronald Reagan appeared on TV stating there was no \"arms for hostages\" deal, but was later forced to admit, also on TV, that yes, there indeed had been:\n Caspar Weinberger (R) Secretary of Defense, was indicted on two counts of perjury and one count of obstruction of justice on June 16, 1992. Weinberger received a pardon from George H. W. Bush on December 24, 1992, before he was tried.\n William Casey (R) Director of the CIA is thought to have conceived the plan, but was stricken ill hours before he would testify. Reporter Bob Woodward records that Casey knew of and approved the plan.\n Robert C. McFarlane National Security Adviser was convicted of withholding evidence, but after a plea bargain was given only two years' probation. Later pardoned by President George H. W. Bush\n Elliott Abrams (R) Assistant Secretary of State, was convicted of withholding evidence, but after a plea bargain was given only two years' probation. He was later pardoned by President George H. W. Bush\n Alan D. Fiers Chief of the CIA's Central American Task Force, was convicted of withholding evidence and sentenced to one year's probation. Later pardoned by President George H. W. Bush\n Clair George Chief of Covert Ops-CIA was convicted on two charges of perjury, but was pardoned by President George H. W. Bush before sentencing.\n Oliver North (R) Deputy Director of the National Security Council, was convicted of accepting an illegal gratuity, obstruction of a congressional inquiry, and destruction of documents, but the convictions were vacated, after the appeals court found that witnesses in his trial might have been impermissibly affected by his immunized congressional testimony.\n Fawn Hall, Oliver North's secretary, was given immunity from prosecution on charges of conspiracy and destroying documents in exchange for her testimony.\n John Poindexter (R) National Security Advisor, was convicted of five counts of conspiracy, obstruction of justice, perjury, defrauding the government, and the alteration and destruction of evidence. The Supreme Court overturned this ruling.\n Duane Clarridge Ex-CIA senior official, was indicted in November 1991 on seven counts of perjury and false statements relating to a November 1985 shipment to Iran. He was pardoned before trial by President George H. W. Bush.\n Richard V. Secord an ex-major general in the Air Force, who organized the Iran arms sales and Contra aid, pleaded guilty in November 1989 to making false statements to Congress. He was sentenced to two years of probation.\n Albert Hakim Businessman, pleaded guilty in November 1989 to supplementing the salary of Oliver North by buying him a $13,800 fence. Hakim was given two years of probation and a $5,000 fine, while his company, Lake Resources Inc. was ordered to dissolve.\n Thomas G. Clines a former intelligence official, who became an arms dealer, was convicted in September 1990 on four income tax counts, including under-reporting of income to the IRS and lying about not having foreign accounts. He was sentenced to 16 months of prison and fined $40,000.\n Carl R. Channell (R) a fund-raiser for conservative causes, pleaded guilty in April 1987 to defrauding the IRS via a tax-exempt organization to fund the Contras. He was sentenced to two years' probation.\n Richard R. Miller associate to Carl R. Channell, pleaded guilty in May 1987 to defrauding the IRS via a tax-exempt organization led by Channell. More precisely, he pleaded guilty to lying to the IRS about the deductibility of donations to the organization. Some of the donations were used to fund the Contras. Sentenced to two years of probation and 120 hours of community service.\n Joseph F. Fernandez CIA Station Chief of Costa Rica, was indicted on five counts in 1988. The case was dismissed when Attorney General Dick Thornburgh refused to declassify information needed for his defense in 1990.\n Michael Deaver (R) Deputy Chief of Staff to Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1985, pleaded guilty to perjury related to lobbying activities and was sentenced to three years' probation and fined $100,000.\n Sewergate was a scandal in which funds from the EPA were selectively used for projects which would aid politicians friendly to the Reagan administration.\n Anne Gorsuch Burford, Head of the EPA, cut the EPA staff by 22% and refused to turn over documents to Congress about withholding funds, citing presidential \"executive privilege\", whereupon she was found in Contempt and resigned with twenty of her top employees. (1980)\n Rita Lavelle a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Administrator, misused \"superfund\" monies and was convicted of perjury. She served six months in prison, was fined $10,000 and given five years' probation.\n Louis O. Giuffrida (R), director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, was appointed in April 1981 by Ronald Reagan and resigned his position on September 1, 1985. His announcement came a day before a Congressional subcommittee was to approve a report detailing waste, fraud, and abuse at his agency.\n Fred J. Villella, deputy director at Federal Emergency Management Agency, had more than $70,000 in renovations made to part of a dormitory at an agency training center in Maryland for use as a residence, including an $11,000 stove, wet bar, microwave oven, fireplace and cherrywood cabinets. Villella accepted free tickets to the same Republican fund-raisers as Giuffrida and also was accused of sexually harassing a FEMA security guard he also used for private errands. He resigned in 1984. (1984)\n J. Lynn Helms was appointed head of the Federal Aviation Administration by Ronald Reagan in April 1981. He was charged by the Securities and Exchange Commission with diverting $1.2 million from an issue of tax-exempt municipal bonds to his own personal use. Mr. Helms signed an order that settled the case before trial, though he resigned his FAA post.\n Veterans administration Chief Bob Nimmo was appointed by President Ronald Reagan in 1981. He resigned one year later just before a General Accounting Office report criticized him for improper such use of government funds. (1982)\n John Fedders was appointed chief of enforcement for the Securities and Exchange Commission by President Ronald Reagan. He was asked to resign his position after divorce proceedings, during which he admitted beating his wife.\n Peter Voss (R) was appointed to the US Postal Service Board of Governors in 1982 by President Ronald Reagan. He was sentenced to four years in federal prison and fined $11,000 for theft and accepting payoffs. He resigned his office in 1986, when he pleaded guilty.\n Carlos Campbell (R) Asst Sec of Commerce to the EDA, he was accused of favoritism in awarding grants and being over zealous. Before an investigation could start he resigned. (1983)\n Jim Petro (R), U.S. Attorney appointed by President Ronald Reagan, was dismissed and fined for tipping off an acquaintance about an ongoing Secret Service investigation. (1984)\n William H. Kennedy, United States Attorney in San Diego, was dismissed by President Reagan after he mentioned that the CIA was involved in a smuggling case. (1982)\n Marjory Mecklenburg (R) Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Resources used travel funds to see her son's Denver Bronco games. She resigned(1985)\n Guy W. Fiske (R) Deputy Secretary of Commerce, after allegations of a conflict of interest in contract negotiations with satellite communications company Comsat, resigned. (1983)\n\nLegislative branch \n Mark Hatfield (R-OR) US Senator and US Appropriations Chairman, revealed that his wife had been paid $55,000 by Greek arms dealer Basil Tsakos, who had been lobbying for a trans-African pipeline. (1984)\n David Durenberger (R-MN) Senator was denounced by the Senate for unethical financial transactions (1990) and then disbarred as an attorney. In 1995, he pled guilty to 5 misdemeanor counts of misuse of public funds and was given one year's probation.\n Barney Frank (D-MA) US Representative, lived with convicted felon Steve Gobie, who ran a gay prostitution operation from Frank's apartment without his knowledge. Frank was admonished by Congress for using his congressional privilege to eliminate 33 parking tickets attributed to Gobie. (1987)\n Donald E. \"Buz\" Lukens (R-OH) was convicted of two counts of bribery and conspiracy. (1996) (See also sex scandal.)\n Anthony Lee Coelho (D-CA) resigned rather than face inquiries from both the Justice Department and the House Ethics Committee about an allegedly unethical \"junk bond\" deal, which netted him $6,000. He was never charged with any crime. (1989)\n Jim Wright (D-TX) US Representative and house Speaker, resigned after an ethics investigation led by Newt Gingrich alleged improper receipt of $145,000 in gifts (1989)\n Keating Five (1980–1989) The failure of Lincoln Savings and Loan led to Charles Keating donating to the campaigns of five Senators for help. Keating served 42 months in prison. The five were investigated by the Senate Ethics Committee which found that:\n Senator Alan Cranston (D-CA) was reprimanded.\n Senator Dennis DeConcini (D-AZ) acted improperly.\n Senator Don Riegle (D-MI) acted improperly.\n Senator John Glenn (D-OH) used poor judgment.\n Senator John McCain (R-AZ) used poor judgment.\n Abscam was an FBI sting involving fake \"Arabs\" trying to bribe 31 congressmen. (1980) The following six Congressmen were convicted:\n Senator Harrison A. Williams (D-NJ) was convicted on nine counts of bribery and conspiracy, and was sentenced to three years in prison.\n Representative John Jenrette (D-SC) was sentenced to two years in prison for bribery and conspiracy.\n Richard Kelly (R-FL) accepted $25K and then claimed he was conducting his own investigation into corruption. Served 13 months.\n Raymond Lederer (D-PA) said that \"I can give you me\" after accepting $50,000. He was sentenced to three years in prison.\n Michael Myers (D-PA) accepted $50,000, saying \"... money talks and bullshit walks.\" He was sentenced to three years in prison and was expelled from the House.\n Frank Thompson (D-NJ) was sentenced to three years in prison.\n John M. Murphy (D-NY) served 20 months of a three-year sentence.\n Also arrested were NJ State Senator Angelo Errichetti (D) and members of the Philadelphia City Council.\n Mario Biaggi (D-NY) was part of the Wedtech scandal and was convicted of obstruction of justice accepting illegal gratuities. He was sentenced to eight years in prison and fined $500,000. (1988)\n Ernie Konnyu (R-CA) US Representative from the 12th District, was accused of sexual harassment by several female employees and retaliating against those who complained. He was ousted by fellow republicans and lost the next primary. (1987)\n Pat Swindall (R-GA) was convicted of six counts of perjury. (1989)\n George V. Hansen (R-ID) was censured for failing to file out disclosure forms. He spent fifteen months in prison.\n Frederick W. Richmond (D-NY) was convicted of tax evasion and possession of marijuana. He served nine months in prison. (1982)\n Joshua Eilberg (D-PA) pleaded guilty to conflict-of-interest charges. In addition, he convinced President Jimmy Carter (D) to fire the U.S. Attorney investigating his case.\n Robert E. Bauman (R-MD) was charged with soliciting sex from a teenage boy. Counseling was ordered, but he lost his next two elections. (1980)\n\nJudicial branch \n Alcee Hastings (D-FL) Federal District Court Judge was impeached by the House and convicted by the Senate of soliciting a bribe. (1989)\n Harry Claiborne (D-NV) Federal District Court Judge was impeached by the House and convicted by the Senate on two counts of tax evasion. He served over one year in prison.\n J. William Petro (R) U.S. Attorney in Ohio, was found guilty of criminal contempt of court for leaking confidential information. He was removed from office. (1985)\n Walter Nixon (D) US Judge for the Southern District of Mississippi, was accused of asking a local DA to stop prosecuting the son of a donor to Richard Nixon. He was found guilty of perjury and sentenced to five years in prison. Still a US Judge while imprisoned, he was impeached by the House and convicted by the Senate of perjury and removed from office. (1983)\n Robert Frederick Collins (D) US District Judge for the Eastern District of Louisiana appointed by Jimmy Carter. Collins was accused of accepting bribes from a marijuana smuggler in exchange for a lighter sentence. He was found guilty of bribery, conspiracy and obstruction of justice and sentenced to five years in prison. (1991)\n\nGeorge H. W. Bush (R) administration (1989–1993)\n\nExecutive branch \n President George H. W. Bush (R) denied any knowledge of the Iran–Contra affair during his election campaign by saying he was \"out of the loop\". His own diaries of that time, though, stated \"I'm one of the few people that know fully the details ...\" He repeatedly refused to disclose this to investigators during the investigation and thus won the election. (1988)\n Catalina Vasquez Villalpando (R), Treasurer of the United States, pleaded guilty to obstruction of justice and tax evasion, making her the only US Treasurer ever sent to prison. (1992)\n Iran-Contra Affair pardons – On December 24, 1992, George H. W. Bush (R) granted clemency to four convicted government officials as well as Caspar Weinberger and Duane Clarridge, whose trials had not yet begun. This action prevented any further investigation into the matter.\n Caspar Weinberger, Secretary of Defense under Ronald Reagan, pardoned before trial\n Robert C. McFarlane, National Security Advisor to Ronald Reagan, guilty of withholding information,\n Elliott Abrams, Assistant Secretary of State to Ronald Reagan, guilty of withholding information,\n Clair George, CIA Chief of Covert Ops, guilty of perjury\n Alan D. Fiers, Chief of the CIA's Central American Task Force, guilty of withholding information\n Duane Clarridge, CIA Operations Officer, pardoned before trial\n\nLegislative branch \n Charles \"Chig\" Cagle (R) District Chairman for US Representative Charles H. Taylor (R-NC) was found guilty of conspiracy to commit bank fraud and one count of conspiracy to commit money laundering concerning Taylor's Blue Ridge Saving Bank. Martin was sentenced to two years' probation. (1993)\n Albert Bustamante (D-TX) was convicted of accepting bribes. (1993)\n Lawrence J. Smith (D-FL) pleaded guilty to tax fraud and lying to federal election officials and served three months in jail, fined $5,000, 2 years' probation and back taxes of $40,000. (1993)\n Senator David Durenberger (R-MN) was denounced by the Senate for unethical financial transactions and then disbarred in 1990. He pleaded guilty to misuse of public funds and was given one year's probation and fined. (1995)\n Donald E. \"Buz\" Lukens (R-OH) was convicted of contributing to the delinquency of a minor for having sex with a 16-year-old girl. He was sentenced to 30 days in jail and fined $500. (1989)\n\nJudicial branch \n Clarence Thomas (R), Supreme Court nominee, was accused of sexual harassment by eight former employees including Anita Hill, but was approved anyway.\n Walter Nixon, United States District Judge for the Southern District of Mississippi was impeached by the House and convicted by the Senate for perjury on November 3, 1989.\n Robert Frederick Collins (D) Judge of the US District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana appointed by Jimmy Carter. He was charged with obstruction and accepting bribe money from a drug dealer in exchange for a lighter sentence. $17,500 in marked bills were found in his chambers. He was found guilty and sentenced to five years in prison and disbarred. (1991)\n\nBill Clinton (D) administrations (1993–2001)\n\nExecutive branch \n President Bill Clinton (D) was accused by the House of Representatives and impeached for perjury and obstruction of justice for lying under oath about consensual sexual relations with a member of his staff, Monica Lewinsky. Clinton was acquitted by the Senate and remained in office for the rest of his term. Clinton subsequently was cited for contempt of court by the Arkansas Law Association and agreed to a five-year suspension from practicing law in Arkansas. (1998)\n Ronald Blackley (D) Chief of Staff to the Secretary of Agriculture Mike Espy, was sentenced to 27 months for perjury in a case involving improper gifts that also included Espy. Secretary Espy was found not guilty.\n David Watkins (D) Director of the Office of Administration used the White House helicopter, Marine One, to fly to a nearby golf course for an afternoon game. Ostensibly to check out security issues, Watkins later admitted it was just to play golf and resigned. (1994)\n Darleen A. Druyun (D), Principal Deputy United States Under Secretary of the Air Force. She pleaded guilty to inflating the price of contracts to favor her future employer, Boeing. In October 2004, she was sentenced to nine months in jail for corruption, fined $5,000, given three years of supervised release and 150 hours of community service. (2005). CBS News called it \"the biggest Pentagon scandal in 20 years\" and said that she pleaded guilty to a felony.\n Catalina Vasquez Villalpando (R) US Treasurer, convicted of obstruction and tax evasion. She was sentenced to 4 months and fined. (1994)\n\nLegislative branch \n Newt Gingrich (R-GA), the Speaker of the US House of Representatives, was charged $300,000 in sanctions by the majority Republican House ethics committee for an unethical book deal leading to his eventual resignation from office. (1997)\n Wes Cooley (R-OR) was convicted of having lied on the 1994 voter information pamphlet about his service in the Army. He was fined and sentenced to two years' probation. (1994)\n Dan Burton (R-IN) US Representative and a combative critic of the Clinton/Lewinsky affair, admitted that he had fathered a child out of wedlock. (1998)\n Austin Murphy (D-PA) was convicted of engaging in voter fraud for filling out absentee ballots for members of a nursing home.\n Nicholas Mavroules (D-MA) pleaded guilty to bribery charges.\n Bob Packwood (R-OR) was accused of sexual misconduct by nineteen women. He fought the allegations, but eventually, the US Senate Ethics Committee found him guilty of a \"pattern of abuse of his position of power and authority\" and recommended that he be expelled from the Senate. He resigned on September 7, 1995.\n House banking scandal – The House of Representatives Bank found that 450 members had overdrawn their checking accounts, but had not been penalized. Six were convicted of charges, most only tangentially related to the House Bank itself. Twenty two more of the most prolific over-drafters were singled out by the House Ethics Committee. (1992)\n Buzz Lukens (R-OH) was convicted of bribery and conspiracy.\n Carl C. Perkins (D-KY) pleaded guilty to a check-kiting scheme involving several financial institutions (including the House Bank).\n Carroll Hubbard (D-KY) was convicted of illegally funneling money to his wife's 1992 campaign to succeed him in congress.\n Mary Rose Oakar (D-OH) was charged with seven felonies, but pleaded guilty only to a misdemeanor campaign finance charge not related to the House Bank.\n Walter Fauntroy (D-DC) was convicted of filing false disclosure forms in order to hide unauthorized income.\n Jack Russ, House Sergeant-at-Arms, was convicted of three counts.\n The Congressional Post Office scandal (1991–1995) was a conspiracy to embezzle House Post Office money through stamps and postal vouchers to congressmen.\n Dan Rostenkowski (D-IL) was convicted and sentenced to 18 months in prison in 1995.\n Joe Kolter (D-PA) was convicted of one count of conspiracy and sentenced to 6 months in prison.\n Postmaster Robert V. Rota was convicted of one count of conspiracy and two counts of embezzlement.\n Jay C. Kim (R-CA) plea guilty in 1997 to accepting $230,000 in illegal foreign and corporate campaign donations, including one-third of all donations to his initial 1992 campaign for Congress after a long term running FBI Investigation in Los Angeles, CA. At the time, it was a record for campaign violations. Kim was sentenced to House arrest and fined $20,000, and subsequently lost re-election in the 1998 Republican Primary Election for the 41st Congressional District in California. (1997)\n Charles Warren (R) Chief of Staff to Chris Cannon (R-UT) US Representative, resigned after acknowledging an improper sexual relationship with a subordinate who alleged he coerced her into an unwanted affair of \"consensual contact without sex\". (1997)\n Dana Rohrabacher (R-CA) US Representative, was found guilty of failure to properly report campaign contributions and fined. (1996)\n Rhonda Carmony (R) Campaign Manager and wife of State Representative Dana Rohrabacher (R) was the key instigator of a Republican effort to manipulate the 67th California State District election by fostering the candidacy of decoy candidate Laurie Campbell (D) to undermine the candidacy of popular Democrat Linda Moulton-Patterson. Carmony pled guilty and was sentenced to three years of probation and 300 hours of community service and was fined. (1996)\n Jack Wenpo Wu (R) Campaign Treasurer for Dana Rohrabacher (R-CA) US Representative, embezzled over $300K. He was repaying the money when he was found guilty and sentenced to 1 year and 5 years' probation (2015)\n Enid Greene Mickelsen (Waldholtz) (R) U.S. Representative, was found guilty on four counts of violating FEC rules and paid $100,000 in fines for campaign violations. (1994)\n Joe Waldholtz (R) Campaign Manager and husband of Enid Greene Waldholtz (R) pled guilty to federal charges of tax, bank, and campaign fraud, embezzling and forgery(1995) and then, while out on parole, was subsequently convicted of forging insurance and Veterans Affairs checks from his stepmother and his late father.\n Hayes Martin (R) Campaign Treasurer to US Representative Charles H. Taylor (R-NC) was found guilty of one count of conspiracy to commit bank fraud and one count of conspiracy to commit money laundering concerning Taylor's Blue Ridge Saving Bank. Martin was found guilty and sentenced to two years' probation. (1993)\n Charles \"Chig\" Cagle (R) District Republican Party Chairman for US Representative Charles H. Taylor (R-NC) was found guilty of one count of conspiracy to commit bank fraud and one count of conspiracy to commit money laundering concerning Taylor's Blue Ridge Saving Bank. Cagle was found guilty and sentenced to two years' probation. (1993)\n Bob Livingston (R-LA) US Representative from the 1st District, was calling for the impeachment of Bill Clinton when pornographer Larry Flynt accused Livingston of multiple counts of adultery. He acknowledged he had \"strayed from my marriage\" and resigned. (1999)\n Mel Reynolds (D-IL) US Representative from the Illinois 2nd District, was accused of sexual misconduct and obstruction of justice including sex with a minor and was found guilty. He resigned his seat and was sentenced to five years. (1994)\n\nGeorge W. Bush (R) administrations (2001–2009)\n\nExecutive branch \n Joseph E. Schmitz (R) was nominated by President George W. Bush (R) to be Defense Department Inspector General on June 18, 2001. He resigned on September 9, 2005, in the wake of several allegations by Senator Charles Grassley (R-Iowa), including that he had obstructed the FBI investigation of John A. Shaw.\n Walter Reed Army Medical Center neglect scandal (2007) about substandard conditions for wounded soldiers at Walter Reed Army Medical Center including long delays in treatment, rodent infestation and outbreaks of mold resulted in the relief of three senior staff;\n Francis J. Harvey (R) Secretary of the Army, appointed by G. W. Bush, resigned\n Maj. Gen. George Weightman ( ) was fired for failures linked to the scandal\n Lt. Gen. Kevin C. Kiley (R) appointed by G. W. Bush, was relieved of command resigned for failures linked to the scandal.\n Timothy Goeglein, Special Assistant to President Bush, resigned in 2008 when it was discovered that more than twenty of his columns had been plagiarized from an Indiana newspaper.\n Scott Bloch was appointed by President George W. Bush to head the United States Office of Special Counsel. On April 27, 2010, Bloch pleaded guilty to criminal contempt of Congress for \"willfully and unlawfully withholding pertinent information from a House committee investigating his decision to have several government computers wiped....\" On February 2, Magistrate Judge Deborah A. Robinson ruled that Bloch faces a mandatory sentence of at least one month in prison.\n Lewis \"Scooter\" Libby, Chief of Staff to Vice President Dick Cheney (R), was convicted of perjury and obstruction of justice in the Plame affair on March 6, 2007. He was sentenced to 30 months in prison and fined $250,000. The sentence was commuted by George W. Bush on July 1, 2007. The felony remains on Libby's record, though the jail time and fine were commuted. President Donald Trump fully pardoned Libby on April 13, 2018.\n Alphonso Jackson, the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, resigned while under investigation by the Justice Department for alleged cronyism and favoritism\n Karl Rove, Senior Adviser to President George W. Bush, was investigated by the Office of Special Counsel for \"improper political influence over government decision-making\", as well as for his involvement in several other scandals such as Lawyergate, Bush White House email controversy and Plame affair. He resigned in April 2007. (See Karl Rove in the George W. Bush administration)\n Richard J. Griffin, the Assistant Secretary of State for Diplomatic Security appointed by George W. Bush who made key decisions regarding the department's oversight of private security contractor Blackwater USA, resigned in November 2007, after a critical review by the House Oversight Committee found that his office had failed to adequately supervise private contractors during the Blackwater Baghdad shootings protecting U.S. diplomats in Iraq.\n Republican contributor Howard Krongard was appointed Inspector General of the US State Department by President George W. Bush in 2005. was accused by the House Oversight Committee of improperly interfering with investigations into private security contractor Blackwater USA concerning the Blackwater Baghdad shootings. Krongard resigned in December 2007.\n \"Lawyergate\" or the Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy refers to President Bush firing, without explanation, eleven Republican federal prosecutors whom he himself had appointed. It is alleged that they were fired for prosecuting Republicans and not prosecuting Democrats. When Congressional hearings were called, a number of senior Justice Department officials cited executive privilege and refused to testify under oath and instead resigned, including:\n Attorney General Alberto Gonzales\n Karl Rove, Advisor to President Bush\n Harriet Miers, Legal Counsel to President Bush, was found in Contempt of Congress\n Michael A. Battle, Director of Executive Office of US Attorneys in the Justice Department\n Bradley Schlozman, Director of Executive Office of US Attorneys who replaced Battle\t\n Michael Elston, Chief of Staff to Deputy Attorney General Paul McNulty\n Paul McNulty, Deputy Attorney General to William Mercer\n William W. Mercer, Associate Attorney General to Alberto Gonzales\n Kyle Sampson, Chief of Staff to Attorney General Alberto Gonzales\n Monica Goodling, Liaison between President Bush and the Justice Department\n Joshua Bolten, Deputy Chief of Staff to President Bush was found in Contempt of Congress\n Sara M. Taylor, Aide to Presidential Advisor Karl Rove\n Bush White House email controversy – During the Lawyergate investigation it was discovered that the Bush administration used Republican National Committee (RNC) web servers for millions of emails which were then destroyed, lost or deleted in possible violation of the Presidential Records Act and the Hatch Act. George W. Bush, Dick Cheney, Karl Rove, Andrew Card, Sara Taylor and Scott Jennings all used RNC webservers for the majority of their emails. Of 88 officials investigated, 51 showed no emails at all. As many as five million emails requested by Congressional investigators were therefore unavailable, lost, or deleted.\n Lurita Alexis Doan (R) Administrator of General Services, investigated for \"the most pernicious of political activity\" at work. The team also recommended she be \"disciplined to the fullest extent\". Among other things she asked GSA employees how they could \"help Republican candidates\". She resigned. (2000)\n J. Steven Griles (R) Deputy to the Secretary of the Interior pled guilty to obstruction of justice and was sentenced to 10 months.\n John Korsmo, chairman of the Federal Housing Finance Board, pleaded guilty to lying to congress and sentenced to 18 months of unsupervised probation and fined $5,000. (2005)\n Philip Cooney (R) Bush appointed to chair the Council on Environmental Quality, was accused of editing government climate reports to emphasize doubts about global warming. Two days later, Cooney announced his resignation and later conceded his role in altering reports. Stating \"My sole loyalty was to the President and advancing the policies of his administration\".\n The Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal involved Jack Abramoff, a prominent Republican lobbyist with close ties to administration officials, legislators, and staff who offered bribes as part of his lobbying efforts. Abramoff was sentenced to 4 years in prison. See also George W. Bush's legislative branch for 11 legislators and staff caught in the investigation. Executive branch personnel involved include:\n David Safavian (R) CoS of the GSA (General Services Administration) was convicted of making false statements as part of the Jack Abramoff lobbying and corruption scandal and was sentenced to one year in prison. (2005) found guilty of blocking justice and lying, and sentenced to 18 months\n Roger Stillwell (R) staff in the Department of the Interior, pleaded guilty and received two years suspended sentence.\n Susan B. Ralston (R) Special Assistant to the President and Senior Advisor to Karl Rove, resigned on October 6, 2006, after it became known that she accepted gifts and passed information to her former boss Jack Abramoff.\n J. Steven Griles (R) Deputy to the Secretary of the Interior pleaded guilty to obstruction of justice and was sentenced to 10 months\n Italia Federici (R) staff to the Secretary of the Interior and President of the Council of Republicans for Environmental Advocacy, pled guilty to tax evasion and obstruction of justice. She was sentenced to four years' probation.\n Jared Carpenter (R) Vice President of the Council of Republicans for Environmental Advocacy, was discovered during the Abramoff investigation and pled guilty to income tax evasion. He got 45 days, plus 4 years' probation.\n Mark Zachares (R) staff in the Department of Labor, bribed by Abramoff, guilty of conspiracy to defraud.\n Robert E. Coughlin (R) Deputy Chief of Staff of the Criminal Division of the Justice Department, pleaded guilty to conflict of interest after accepting bribes from Jack Abramoff. (2008)\n Kyle Foggo (R) CIA Executive Director was convicted of honest services fraud in the awarding of a government contract and sentenced to 37 months in federal prison at Pine Knot, Kentucky. On September 29, 2008, Foggo pleaded guilty to one count of the indictment, admitting that while he was the CIA executive director, he acted to steer a CIA contract to the firm of his lifelong friend, Brent R. Wilkes.\n Julie MacDonald (R) Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Department of the Interior, resigned on May 1, 2007, after giving government documents to developers (2007)\n Claude Allen (R) appointed as an advisor by President Bush (R) on Domestic Policy, was arrested for a series of felony thefts in retail stores. (2006)\n Lester Crawford, Commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration, resigned after two months. He pleaded guilty to conflict of interest and received a 3-year suspended sentence and fined $90,000 (2006)\n The 2003 Invasion of Iraq depended on intelligence that Saddam Hussein was developing \"weapons of mass destruction\" (WMDs) meaning nuclear, chemical and/or biological weapons for offensive use. As revealed by The (British) Downing Street memo \"Bush wanted to remove Saddam, through military action, justified by the conjunction of terrorism and WMD. But the intelligence and the facts were being fixed around the policy\" The press called this the \"smoking gun\". (2005)\n Yellowcake forgery – Just before the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the Bush administration presented evidence to the UN that Iraq was seeking material (yellowcake uranium) in Africa for making nuclear weapons. Though presented as true, it was later found to be not only dubious, but outright false.\n Coalition Provisional Authority Cash Payment Scandal – On June 20, 2005, the staff of the Committee on Government Reform prepared a report for Congressman Henry Waxman. It was revealed that $12 billion in cash had been delivered to Iraq by C-130 planes, on shrinkwrapped pallets of US$100 bills. The United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, concluded that \"Many of the funds appear to have been lost to corruption and waste.... Some of the funds could have enriched both criminals and insurgents....\" Henry Waxman, commented, \"Who in their right mind would send 363 tons of cash into a war zone?\" A single flight to Iraq on December 12, 2003, which contained $1.5 billion in cash is said to be the largest single Federal Reserve payout in US history.\n Bush administration payment of columnists were done with federal funds to say nice things about Republican policies. Illegal payments were made to journalists Armstrong Williams, Maggie Gallagher and Michael McManus (2004–2005)\n John A. Shaw (R) was appointed by George W. Bush as Under Secretary of Defense. He was investigated on corruption although charges were never filed against him, he was asked to resign in 2004. When he refused to resign, he was fired by the Bush administration on December 10, 2004.\n The Bernard Kerik nomination in 2004 as Secretary of Homeland Security was derailed by past employment of an illegal alien as a nanny, and other improprieties. On November 4, 2009, he pleaded guilty to two counts of tax fraud and five counts of lying to the federal government and was sentenced to four years in prison.\nFelipe Sixto, Special Assistant to President George W. Bush (R) as well as deputy director in the Office of Public Liaison, was investigated for misuse of funds from July 2007 while working in the White House Office of Intergovernmental Affairs. Sixto then pled guilty to embezzlement of $644,884 from the Center for a Free Cuba. On March 18, 2009, Sixto was found guilty, resigned, repaid the theft, was fined and sentenced to 30 months in prison. (2008)\n Elliott Broidy (R) Chairman of Finance for the Republican National Committee was accused of bribing several NY state pension officials in exchange for investments in his own private equity fund. He pled guilty, but because of his cooperation the charge was dropped from a felony for attempting to provide excess gratuity, to a misdemeanor and he avoided jail, but was ordered to forfeit $18,000,000. (2008)\n Plame affair – CIA agent Valerie Plame's name was leaked by Richard Armitage, Deputy Secretary of State, to the press in retaliation for her husband's criticism of the reports used by George W. Bush to legitimize the Iraq war. Armitage admitted he was the leak but no wrongdoing was found.\n Thomas A. Scully, administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), withheld information from Congress about the projected cost of the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act, and allegedly threatened to fire Medicare's chief actuary, Richard Foster, if Foster provided the data to Congress. (2003) A few days after the bill was signed, Scully resigned (2003).\n NSA warrantless surveillance – Shortly after the September 11 attacks in 2001, President George W. Bush (R) implemented a secret program by the National Security Agency to eavesdrop on domestic telephone calls by American citizens without warrants, thus by-passing the FISA court which must approve all such actions. (2002) In 2010, Federal Judge Vaughn Walker ruled this practice to be illegal.\n Janet Rehnquist (daughter of former Chief Justice William Rehnquist) was the appointed Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services by George W. Bush. In 2002, Governor Jeb Bush's (R-FL) Chief of Staff Kathleen Shanahan asked Rehnquist to delay auditing a $571 million federal overpayment to the State of Florida. Rehnquist ordered her staff to delay the investigation for five months until after the Florida elections. When Congress began an investigation into the matter, Rehnquist resigned in March 2003, saying she wanted to spend more time with her family.\n Jerry Pierce-Santos (R) Co-Financial Chairman of the Republican National Committee and a member of the Bush-Cheney ’04 Finance Committee, was accused with 10 others of acting as a conduit for $17,000 in illegal contributions to an unnamed Republican candidate for federal office. He pled guilty to one count. (2003)\n John Yoo, an attorney in the Office of Legal Counsel of the Justice Department, worked closely with vice president Dick Cheney (R) and the Bush Six. He wrote memos stating the right of the president to –\n suspend sections of the ABM Treaty without informing Congress\n bypass the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act allowing warrantless wiretapping of US Citizens within the United States by the National Security Agency.\n state that the First Amendment and Fourth Amendments and the Takings Clause do not apply to the president in time of war as defined in the USA Patriot Act\n allow enhanced interrogation techniques (torture) because provisions of the War Crimes Act, the Third Geneva Convention, and the Torture convention do not apply. Many of his memos have since been repudiated and reversed. Later review by the Justice Department reported that Yoo and Jay Bybee had used \"poor judgement\" in the memos, but no charges were filed.\n Carl Truscott (R) Director of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, was appointed in 2004 but was soon under investigation for his abusive management style and allegations of lavish spending and misuse of resources, including requiring a large number of agents as personal security, spending hundreds of thousands of dollars of expensive upgrades to the ATF headquarters building, adding a new garage to his house, detailing 20 agents to help with his nephew's high school project and other examples of poor financial judgment. Truscott resigned as the ATF Director on August 4, 2006.\n John David Roy Atchison (R) Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Florida, was arrested for intentions of having sex with a five-year-old. Atchison committed suicide before trial while in custody. (2007)\n Darleen A. Druyun was the Principal Deputy Undersecretary of the Air Force nominated by Bill Clinton in 1993. She pled guilty to inflating the price of contracts to favor her future employer, Boeing. In October 2004, she was sentenced to nine months in jail for corruption, fined $5,000, given three years of supervised release and 150 hours of community service. She began her prison term on January 5, 2005. CBS News called it \"the biggest Pentagon scandal in 20 years\" and said that she pleaded guilty to a felony.\n Randall L. Tobias (R) US Director of Foreign Assistance, appointed by Republican President President George W. Bush was found to have been a client in the DC Madame prostitution investigation. Having officially encouraged abstinence, he resigned his position. (2007)\n Courtney Stadd Chief of Staff of NASA and White House Liaison was accused of giving $9.6M of NASA funds to one of his clients, Mississippi State University and was convicted of ethics violations and sentenced to six months of house arrest. He was also charged with steering a separate $600,000 NASA remote sensing contract to MSU and asking for kickbacks and then submitting falsified invoices to stop a NASA investigation. To this second charge he was found guilty and sentenced to 41 months in prison. (2009)\n\nLegislative branch \n James W. Treffinger (R-NJ) a US senatorial candidate pleaded guilty in 2003 to corruption and fraud as Chief Executive of Essex County and ordered to pay $30,000 in restitution and serve 13 months in jail.(2002)\n Ted Stevens (R-AK) U.S. Senator, was convicted of seven counts of bribery and tax evasion on October 27, 2008. He then lost re-election. Newly appointed US Attorney General Eric Holder (D) dismissed the charges \"in the interest of justice\" stating that the Justice Department had illegally withheld evidence from defense counsel.\n Charles Rangel (D-NY) U.S. Representative, failed to report $75,000 income from the rental of his villa in Punta Cana, Dominican Republic and was forced to pay $11,000 in back taxes. (September 2008)\n Duke Cunningham (R-CA) US Representative from the 50th District, was accused of accepting $2.5 million in bribes (which included a 42-foot yacht and a Rolls-Royce) from contractors doing business with the US government. He pled guilty to charges of conspiracy, bribery, mail fraud, and tax evasion in what came to be called the Cunningham scandal. He was tried and found guilty and sentenced to over eight years in prison. (2005)\n Rick Renzi (R-AZ) announced he would not seek another term.* He was later sentenced to three years in prison after conviction on federal corruption charges of extortion, bribery, insurance fraud, money laundering and racketeering related to a 2005 money-laundering scheme that netted the Flagstaff Republican more than $700,000. (2005)\n Mark Foley (R-FL) resigned on September 29, 2006, after sending sexually explicit messages to former Congressional pages.\n Jim Gibbons (R-NV) US House of Representatives from the 2nd District was campaigning for Governor when he walked waitress Chrissy Mazzeo to her car. She claimed he threw her against a wall and threatened to sexually assault her. He claimed she tripped and he caught her. The civil lawsuit was settled by the payment of $50,000 to Mazzeo. Six weeks later he was elected governor. See State scandals. (2006)\n Tom DeLay (R-TX) US Representative and House Majority Leader, served from 1985 to 2006 when he resigned his position to undergo trial for conspiring to launder corporate money into political donations and money laundering during the 2002 elections. On November 24, 2010, DeLay was found guilty and was sentenced to three years in prison and 10 years' probation, respectively. The ruling was overturned on appeal. On September 19, 2013, the conviction was overturned.\n Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal (R) The lobbyist found guilty of conspiracy, tax evasion and corruption of public officials in three different courts in a wide-ranging investigation. He served 70 months and was fined $24.7 million. See George W. Bush's executive branch for eight others caught in the investigation. Legislators and staff involved include;\n Tom DeLay (R-TX) US Representative and House Majority Leader was reprimanded twice by the House Ethics Committee and his aides indicted (2004–2005); eventually DeLay himself was investigated in October 2005 in connection with the Abramoff scandal, but not indicted. DeLay resigned from the House June 9, 2006. DeLay was found to have illegally channeled funds from Americans for a Republican Majority to Republican state legislator campaigns. He was convicted of two counts of money laundering and conspiracy in 2010. His conviction was overturned on appeal.\n Michael Scanlon (R) Communications Director to Tom DeLay, worked for Abramoff and pled guilty to bribery.\n Tony Rudy (R) Deputy CoS to Tom DeLay, pleaded guilty to conspiracy.\n Jim Ellis (R) Executive Director of Tom DeLay's Political Action Committee Americans for a Republican Majority (ARMPAC), was found guilty of money laundering.\n John Colyandro (R) Executive Director of Tom DeLay's political action committee, Texans for a Republican Majority (TRMPAC), was indicted by Texas for money laundering\n Bob Ney (R-OH) US Representative pleaded guilty to conspiracy and making false statements as a result of his receiving trips from Abramoff in exchange for legislative favors. Ney received 30 months in prison.\n William Heaton (R) CoS to Bob Ney, pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to commit fraud admitting to conspiring with Ney, Jack Abramoff and others to accept vacations, meals, tickets, and contributions to Ney's campaign in exchange for Ney benefitting Abramoff's clients. (2006)\n Neil Volz (R) former CoS to Bob Ney, pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy in 2006 charges stemming from his work for Bob Ney. In 2007 he was sentenced to two years' probation, 100 hours' community service, and a fine of $2,000.\n John Albaugh (R) former CoS to Ernest Istook (R-OK), pled guilty to accepting bribes connected to the Federal Highway Bill. Istook was not charged. (2008)\n James Hirni (R) former staff to Tim Hutchinson (R-AR), was charged with wire fraud for giving a staffer for Don Young (R) of Alaska a bribe in exchange for amendments to the Federal Highway Bill. (2008)\n Kevin A. Ring (R) former staff to John Doolittle (R-CA), was convicted of five charges of corruption and honest services fraud. sentenced to 20 months.\n Fraser Verrusio (R) Policy Director for US Senator Don Young (R-AK) of the Transportation and Infrastructure Committee was investigated during the Jack Abramoff scandals. Verrusio drafted favorable federal legislation for equipment rental companies through the Abramoff firm. He was accused of accepting bribes, such as tickets to the World Series and then lying about it. He was sentenced to a half day in jail, 2 years probation and fined. (2011)\n David Vitter (R-LA) US Senator, Vitters' name was discovered in the address book of DC Madam Deborah Jeane Palfrey. He admitted his adultery and lost his race for governor. (2007)\n Cunningham scandal named after Randy \"Duke\" Cunningham (R-CA) US Representative, pleaded guilty on November 28, 2005, to charges of conspiracy to commit bribery, mail fraud, wire fraud and tax evasion. Sentenced to over eight years.\n Mitchell Wade private contractor and \"co-conspirator\" with Cunningham\n Kyle Foggo Director of the CIA and friend to Wilkes, convicted of fraud\n Brent R. Wilkes private contractor\n Tan Nguyen (R-CA) US Representative candidate for the 47th District, was convicted of voter intimidation. He lost the election and was sentenced to one year in prison and six months in a halfway house. (2006)\n Adam Taff (R-KS) 3rd US Congressional District candidate, was indicted for converting funds given for his campaign and used them for his personal use and for wire fraud in a deal to buy a home. He was found guilty and sentenced to 15 months in prison. (2006)\n William J. Jefferson (D-LA) US Representative had $90,000 in cash in his home freezer seized by the FBI in August 2005. He was re-elected anyway, but lost in 2008. Jefferson was convicted of 11 counts of bribery and sentenced to 13 years on November 13, 2009, and his chief of staff Brett Pfeffer was sentenced to 84 months in a related case.\n Bill Janklow (R-SD) was convicted of second-degree manslaughter for running a stop sign and killing a motorcyclist. He resigned from the House and was given 100 days in the county jail and three years' probation (2003)\n Jim Traficant (D-OH) was found guilty on ten felony counts of financial corruption and was sentenced to 8 years in prison and expelled from the House. (2002)\n John E. Sweeney (R-NY) US Representative from 20th US District, was arrested in 2007 and again in 2009 for DWI. He was sentenced to 23 days in jail with 3 years' probation. (2009)\n Vito Fossella (R-NY) US Representative, 13th District, was arrested for drunk driving. He was found guilty of driving with twice the legal limit and sentenced to 5 days in prison. This led to the revelation that the married congressman had a longtime affair with another woman which had produced a child. He did not run for re-election. (2008)\n\nBarack Obama (D) administrations (2009–2017)\n\nExecutive branch \n Katherine Archuleta (D) Director of the Office of Personnel Management, resigned on July 10, 2015, after taking responsibility for cyber intrusions into her department that allowed the theft of data concerning 22 million people.\n Secretary of Veterans Affairs General Eric Shinseki, resigned after Veterans Administration officials in the Phoenix, AZ, hospital lied about the length of wait times for veterans to see a doctor. See Veterans Health Administration scandal of 2014.\n IRS targeting controversy: Steven T. Miller, Acting Commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service, resigned after the IRS admitted to investigating conservative political groups associated with the Tea Party to see if they actually met the criteria for the tax exemptions they were claiming. Later, it was found that the IRS also investigated progressive groups as well, and there has been no intentional wrongdoing discovered in the investigations. Other actions arising from the controversy included:\n Lois Lerner, head of the IRS Office of Exempt Organizations, stated she had not done anything wrong and then took the Fifth before the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. She retired in 2013 after an internal IRS investigation found that she had neglected her duties and was going to call for her ouster.\n Joseph H. Grant, Commissioner of the IRS Tax-exempt and Government Entities division, resigned on May 16, 2013.\n ATF gunwalking scandal – Attorney General Eric Holder (D) was held in Contempt of Congress after refusing to release all documents which the House of Representatives had demanded concerning the Fast and Furious gun walking operation. He did not resign and no charges were brought. (2012)\n Terence Flynn (R) an appointee of Barack Obama to the National Labor Relations Board, resigned in May 2012, after being accused of ethical violations by leaking Board information to the National Association of Manufacturers.\n Martha N. Johnson (D) head of the General Services Administration, fired two top GSA officials and then resigned herself after it was revealed that $822,000 had been spent in Las Vegas on a four-day training conference for 300 GSA employees. (2010)\n David Petraeus (I) resigned as Director of the CIA on November 9, 2012, having pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor charge of mishandling classified materials, after admitting to giving them to his biographer with whom he was having a sexual relationship. He was given two years' probation and fined $100,000. See Petraeus scandal (2012)\n William Mendoza, the former executive director of the White House Initiative on American Indian and Alaska Native Education, was charged with attempted voyeurism in November 2016 while using his government issued iPhone to take pictures up the skirts of several women on the D.C. Metro. He was indicted and resigned three days later. He then pled guilty and was sentenced to 90 days in jail, which were suspended. (2016)\n Barvetta Singletary, a senior White House aide was charged with assault in a Washington, D.C. suburb after reportedly threatening and firing a shot into the floor of her boyfriend. She was indicted and resigned the next day. (2015)\n\nLegislative branch \n J. Nathan Deal (R) U.S. Representative from District 9, was under investigation for financial improprieties and using his staff to pressure Georgia officials to continue a vehicle inspection program that benefitted his family's auto business. An initial report by the US Office of Congressional Ethics called for further investigation, where upon Deal resigned from his seat even before the initial report was released. (2010)\n David G. Bowser (R) Chief of Staff for Paul Broun (R) U.S. Representative for Georgia's 10th Congressional District, was accused of misusing government funds by using them to pay for a political consultant to work on the election of Collins. Bowser was found guilty of obstruction, concealment and making false statements and sentenced to four months in prison and two years' supervision. (2016)\n Chaka Fattah (D-PA) from Pennsylvania's 2nd district was found guilty to 23 charges including racketeering, money laundering and fraud. He was sentenced to 10 years and resigned from Congress on June 23, 2016.\n Joe Wilson (R-SC) US Representative from the 2nd District, shouted \"You lie!\" at President Barack Obama during a State of the Union Speech. He later apologized. (2009)\n Anthony Weiner (D-NY) from New York's 9th congressional district resigned from Congress in June 2011 when the first of what would become multiple sexting scandals were made public.\n David Wu (D-OR) US Representative for Oregon's 1st congressional district announced he would resign from Congress, four days after a report that a young woman called his office complaining of an \"unwanted sexual encounter\" with the congressman.\n Chris Lee (R-NY) US Representative for resigned after he solicited a woman on Craigslist and emailed a shirtless photo of himself. (2011)\n Jeffrey A. Garcia (D), Campaign Manager for US Representative Joe Garcia (D-FL) (no relation), was accused of voter fraud for unlawfully submitting online absentee-ballot requests for thousands of unsuspecting voters. He pled guilty and was sentenced to 90 days in jail and 18 months of probation. (2010)\n Dennis Hastert (R-IL) US Representative, pleaded guilty to charges that he violated banking rules and lied to the FBI in a scheme to pay $3.5 million in hush money to conceal sexual misconduct with an underage boy from his days as a high school wrestling coach, from 1965 to 1981. (2015)\n Aaron Schock (R-IL) US Representative resigned from office after evidence surfaced that he used campaign funds for travel, redecorated his office with taxpayer funds to resemble the sets of the Downton Abbey TV series, and otherwise spent campaign and/or taxpayer money on other questionable personal uses. (2015)\n Benjamin Cole (R) Senior Adviser to US Representative Aaron Schock US Representative, resigned after he allegedly condemned \"hood rats\" and \"black miscreants\" in internet posts. Schock's office stated, \"I am extremely disappointed by the inexcusable and offensive online comments made by a member of my staff.\"\n Matthew P. Pennell (R) Constituent Services Representative for US Representative Tim Huelskamp (R-KS) as well as GOP State Party Director was arrested on 17 counts of alleged child sex crimes. He was found guilty and sentenced to 12 months in prison. (2015)\n Brett O'Donnell, Communications Director for US Representative Cathy McMorris Rodgers (R-WA), pleaded guilty to lying to investigators from the House Office of Congressional Ethics about working for Rodgers while being paid with campaign money, thus becoming the first person ever to be convicted of lying to the House OCE.\n Thaddeus McCotter (R-MI) US Representative resigned his Congressional seat after four of his staff were convicted by the state of Michigan of falsifying signatures on McCotter's reelection petitions for the 2012 elections. Michigan Attorney General Bill Schuette (R) blamed McCotter for running a slipshod, leaderless operation. \"The congressman has resigned in disgrace\", Schuette said, though McCotter was not charged.\n Paul Seewald worked for McCotter as his district director of the Michigan's 11th congressional district. He pleaded guilty to nine counts of falsely signing a nominating petition as circulator. He was sentenced to two years' probation and 100 hours of community service, and ordered to pay court costs and fees.\n Don Yowchuang worked for McCotter as Deputy District Director of the Michigan 11th Congressional District. He pleaded guilty to ten counts of forgery and six counts of falsely signing a nominating petition and was sentenced to three years of probation, 200 hours of community service, court costs and fees.\n Mary M. Turnbull was McCotter's Representative to the Michigan 11th Congressional District. She was convicted of conspiring to commit a legal act in an illegal manner and falsely signing a nominating petition. She was sentenced to two years of probation, a day in jail, and 200 hours of community service. Turnbull was also ordered to pay a $1,440 fine. In addition, she is forbidden from any participation in elections or the political process.\n Lorianne O'Brady worked as a scheduler for McCotter in the Michigan 11th Congressional District. She pleaded no contest to charges that she falsely claimed to have legally collected signatures to get McCotter on the ballot when she actually had not. She was sentenced to 20 days in jail and a work program plus $2,625 in fines and court costs.\n David Rivera (R-FL) was indicted as a co-conspirator with Campaign Manager Ana Alliegro, who pleaded guilty to violation of US campaign laws in an $81,000 campaign-finance scheme to prop up a little-known Democratic candidate who used the illegal cash to trash Rivera's rival in the 2012 Democratic primary. Rivera was not convicted.\n Ana Alliegro (R), the Campaign Manager for David Rivera (R-FL), pleaded guilty to violation of US campaign laws. She was given six months in jail and six months of house arrest plus two years of probation. (2014)\n Rick Renzi (R-AZ) US Representative on June 12, 2013, was found guilty of 17 counts against him, which included wire fraud, conspiracy, extortion, racketeering, money laundering, and making false statements to insurance regulators.\n Mike Crapo (R-ID) US Senator was arrested on December 23, 2012, and later pleaded guilty to drinking and driving in a Virginia court on January 4, 2012. The court fined him $250 and received a one-year suspension of his driver's license. He was also sentenced to 180 days in prison, but served no time.\n Lisa Wilson-Foley (R) Candidate for U.S. Representative from the Connecticut 5th District, was accused of campaign irregularities and fraud, which included hiding illegal campaign contributions and covering up their origins. She was found guilty and sentenced to five months in prison with five months home confinement. (2012)\n John G. Rowland (R) Campaign Consultant to Candidate for US Representative, Republican Lisa Wilson-Foley. Rowland was found guilty of conspiring to make illegal campaign contributions, making false statements and conspiracy. He was sentenced to 30 months in prison. (2012)\n Trey Radel (R-FL) US Representative, was arrested on October 29, 2013, in Washington, D.C. for possession of cocaine after purchasing the drug from an undercover law enforcement officer. As a first-time offender, he pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor in a Washington, D.C. court, and was sentenced to one year of probation and fined $250. Radel took a leave of absence from office to undergo substance abuse treatment following his conviction. Following treatment, he initially returned to office with the intent of finishing his term, but eventually resigned on January 27, 2014.\n Annette Bosworth (R-SD) candidate for the US Senate was found guilty of 6 counts of filing false documents. She was sentenced to 3 years probation, community service plus costs. (2014)\n Jesse Jackson Jr. (D-IL) US Representative pleaded guilty to one felony count of fraud for using $750,000 of campaign money to buy personal items such as stuffed animals, elk heads and fur capes.\n Laura Richardson (D-CA) US Representative, was found guilty on seven counts of violating US House rules by improperly using her staff to campaign for her, destroying the evidence and tampering with witness testimony. The House Ethics Committee ordered Richardson to pay a fine of $10,000. (2012)\n John Ensign (R-NV) US Senate, resigned his seat on May 3, 2011, just before the Senate Ethics Committee could examine possible fiscal violations in connection with his extramarital affair with Cynthia Hampton. (2011) (see Federal sex scandals)\n Doug Hampton (R) aide to Ensign in what became the John Ensign scandal reached a separate plea deal with prosecutors in May 2012, the details of which have not yet been released.\n Michael Grimm (R-NY) US Representative, pleaded guilty to tax fraud on December 23, 2014, and was sentenced to eight months in federal prison.\n Ron Paul (R-TX) US House Representative, ran in the Republican primary for president in 2012, see Ron Paul 2012 presidential campaign. The campaign was marked by a scandal in which several of his close staff were indicted and found guilty of not properly disclosing on campaign finance forms the hiring of Iowa Republican State Senator Kent Sorenson, who changed his endorsement from Republican Michele Bachmann to Paul. Paul denies any knowledge of the deal and was not charged. (2011) The aides were:\n Jesse Benton (R) Campaign Chairman for Ron Paul (R-TX) concealed over $73,000 in payments to Iowa State Senator Kent Sorenson to convince him to flip his presidential endorsement from Michele Bachmann to Ron Paul. He was convicted of conspiring to cause false records. He was sentenced to 6 months' home confinement, fined $10,000 and given two years' probation. (2016)\n John Tate (R) Campaign Manager for US Representative Ron Paul (R-TX) was indicted for concealing over $73,000 in payments to Iowa State Senator Kent Sorenson to convince him to flip his presidential endorsement from Michele Bachmann to Paul. He was convicted of conspiracy. He was sentenced to 6 months' home confinement, 2 years' probation and fined $10,000 in 2016.\n Dimitri Kesari Deputy Campaign Manager for US Representative Ron Paul (R-TX) was convicted of causing false records concerning charges of hiring Iowa State Senator Sorensen, during the 2012 presidential campaign. He was sentenced to three months in jail. (2012)\n Fred Pagan (R) Office Administrator to US Senator Thad Cochran (R-MS) pled guilty to possession of methamphetamine with intent to distribute and was sentenced to 30 months in prison. (2016)\n Scott DesJarlais (R-TN) U.S. Representative, while running for re-election on an anti-abortion platform, it was discovered that he had made his wife have two abortions, and tried to persuade his mistress (who was also his patient), to have one as well. He also admitted under oath that while a married physician at Grandview Medical Center in Jasper, Tennessee, he had six affairs with three co-workers, two patients and a drug representative. He was investigated by the Tennessee Board of Health, pleaded guilty and was fined. (2012)\n Robert Decheine (D) CoS to U.S. Representative Steve Rothman (D-NJ), was sentenced to 18 months in prison for soliciting sex from a minor. (2011)\n Adam Kuhn (R) CoS to U.S. Representative Steve Stivers (R-OH), resigned abruptly after a former porn actress posted an explicit photo of his penis online. (2014)\n David Wihby (R) top aide to US Senator Kelly Ayotte (R-NH) resigned after he was arrested in a prostitution sting in Nashua. (2015)\n Corrine Brown (D-FL) US Representative, was found guilty of fraud for using $800K from a fake charity for her own personal use. She was sentenced to 5 years. (2018)\n Ronnie Simmons (D) CoS to U.S. Representative Corrine Brown (D-FL) pled guilty to fraud. (2017)\n\nJudicial branch \n Mark E. Fuller (R) US Judge of the Middle District of Alabama, appointed by Republican George W. Bush was found guilty of domestic violence, sentenced to domestic training and forced to resign. (2015)\n G. Thomas Porteous US Judge of Eastern Louisiana appointed by Democrat Bill Clinton, was unanimously impeached by the US House of Representatives on charges of bribery and perjury in March 2010. He was convicted by the US Senate and removed from office. (2010)\n Samuel B. Kent (R) US Judge Federal District in Galveston, Texas was sentenced to 33 months in prison for lying about sexually harassing two female employees. He had been appointed to office by President George H. W. Bush in 1990. Resigned after being impeached on June 10, 2009.\n Jack T. Camp (R) Senior Federal U.S. Judge for the Northern District of Georgia, who was appointed by Republican George W. Bush, was arrested while trying to purchase cocaine from an FBI agent. Pled guilty to three criminal charges and was sentenced to 30 days in jail, 400 hours' community service and fined.\n Richard F. Cebull (R) Federal Judge for the District of Montana, was found to have sent hundreds of racist and sexist emails. After an investigation led to calls for his impeachment, Cebull took senior status and then resigned. (2013)\n\nDonald Trump (R) administration (2017–2021)\n\nExecutive branch \n Donald J. Trump (R) President, First Impeachment of Donald Trump. In 2019, Trump was accused of trading $400 million in congressionally approved military aid to Ukraine in exchange for damaging information on then Presidential Candidate Joseph Biden (D) and his son Hunter Biden in what came to be known as the Trump-Ukraine scandal. The US House of Representatives claimed this action both obstructed the Will of Congress, since the money had already been approved and earmarked, and had abused his office as president as well since the information would have benefited him personally. He was impeached for Obstruction of Congress by a House vote of 229–198, with a second vote of impeachment for Abuse of Power by a vote of 230–197. The charges were presented to the United States Senate for trial, where he was acquitted with a vote of 52–48 on a charge of Abuse of Power and 53–47 on the charge of Obstruction of Congress, both votes being almost exactly along party lines.\n Donald J. Trump (R) President, Second Impeachment of Donald Trump. He was accused of Inciting to Insurrection at the January 6 United States Capitol attack. On January 6, 2021, Trump and others spoke at a rally in Lafayette Square Park outside the capitol, where Trump claimed that the 2020 election in November had been 'stolen' from him and that he was still president and Joe Biden was not. He urged the crowd to \"take back our country\" and \"fight like hell\". The crowd then walked to the US Capitol building, where they assaulted police officers, broke windows, forced their way inside and vandalized the building. One policeman and four marchers died. One hundred and forty police officers were injured. The US House of Representatives passed a resolution calling for Vice President Mike Pence (R) and the cabinet to remove Trump under the 25th Amendment on January 12, which states that should the Vice President and a majority of the Cabinet believe the sitting president is \"unfit\" to serve, he can be removed from office and the Vice president would assume leadership. Pence refused to do so. The next day the House impeached Trump on alleging Incitement of Insurrection under the Fourteenth Amendment. The vote was 57–43 on party lines to find him guilty, but a 67-vote supermajority vote was required for conviction.\n Scott Pruitt (R) Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, resigned citing increasing numbers of investigations into his administration. The EPA's own Chief Ethics Official had been pushing for independent studies into Pruitt's actions and 13 other separate investigations were under way, including alleged corruption for personal gain, salary increases without White House approval, use of government staff on personal projects and unnecessary spending on offices and security. He resigned July 5, 2018\n Albert Kelly (R) EPA Superfund Task Force Director and top aide to EPA Chief Scott Pruitt (R), resigned amid scrutiny of his previous actions as leader of a bank in Oklahoma which led to $125,000 fine and lifetime ban from banking. (2018)\n Pasquale \"Nino\" Perrotta, EPA Security Administrator, resigned after allegations of lavish spending and improper contracts (2018)\n Samantha Dravis (R) EPA Associate Administrator and Senior Counsel in the Office of Policy resigned abruptly after allegations of being a no show employee. (2018)\n George Papadopoulos (R) Foreign policy advisor, pleaded guilty to making false statements to FBI agents relating to contacts he had with agents of the Russian government while working for the Trump campaign. He was sentenced to 14 days in prison, 12 months' probation, and 200 hours' community service. (2017)\n Michael Flynn (D) National Security Advisor, was forced to resign on February 13, 2017, over conversations he had with Russian envoys about sanctions during the transition. On December 1, 2017, Flynn pleaded guilty to charges of lying to the FBI as a plea bargain. (2017)\n William C. Bradford (R) resigned from the United States Department of Energy Office of Indian Energy amid reports that he had made racial slurs directed at Barack Obama on Disqus and Twitter. Bradford had claimed that some of the comments were the result of identity theft and not his. (2017)\n Tom Price (R) Health and Human Services Secretary, was forced to resign on September 29, 2017, after it was discovered that he spent hundreds of thousands of taxpayer dollars on private flights.\n Brenda Fitzgerald (R) Director of the Centers for Disease Control, was forced to resign on January 31, 2018, after it was discovered that she bought stock in tobacco, the leading cause of preventable death in the US, creating a conflict of interest.\n Taylor Weyeneth (R) Deputy CoS at the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy, resigned when it was revealed the 24-year-old had no qualifications for the position and no related work history other than working on President Trump's campaign (2018).\n David Sorensen (R) White House speechwriter, resigned after his ex-wife Jessica Corbett came forward with abuse allegations. (2018)\nElliott Broidy (R) Deputy Finance Chairman of the Republican National Committee, was accused of not revealing he had received $9 million from the government of Malaysia to act as their agent to try and influence a US Department of Justice investigation of Malaysian fraud, plus the possibility of the enabling the extradition of a Chinese billionaire living in the United States. Broidy pled guilty to one count of conspiracy. As part of a plea deal, he forfeited most of the money to the US Government. He was then pardoned by President Donald Trump. (2018)\n Vivieca Wright Simpson, Chief of Staff to Secretary of Veterans Affairs David Shulkin (I) resigned after an inspector general report charged that she altered an email to make it appear Shulkin was getting an award during a trip to Europe in order to gain approval to use taxpayer dollars to pay for Shulkin's wife to accompany him. Six weeks later, Trump fired Shulkin via Twitter.\n Rob Porter (R) White House Staff Secretary, resigned from the position on February 7, 2018, following public allegations of spousal abuse from his two ex-wives. The allegations were supported by photographs of a black eye and a restraining order.\n Tony Tooke, Chief of the US Forest Service, resigned after a series of sexual harassment and retaliation accusations. (2018)\n Rick Gates (R) 2016 Deputy Campaign Chairman to President Donald Trump (R), pleaded guilty to conspiracy and lying to investigators concerning his work lobbying with Ukraine as well as tax and bank fraud. He was sentenced to 45 days in prison and three years' probation. (2018)\n Michael Cohen (R) Personal Attorney to President Donald Trump (R) and vice-president to the Trump organization, pleaded guilty to tax evasion, bank fraud and illegal campaign contributions. He also helped arrange non-disclosure agreements to Stormy Daniels and Karen McDougal who allegedly had affairs with Trump. Cohen pleaded guilty to eight counts of tax evasion and making false statements. (2018)\n\n Donald Kempf Jr. (R) Deputy Assistant Attorney General, an investigation concluded that he viewed sexually explicit images on government computers and then made false statements under oath about it. He resigned. (2018)\n\n Paul Manafort (R) Campaign Manager for President Donald Trump (R), was charged with 18 counts of tax and bank fraud which involved keeping $65 million in foreign bank accounts and spending $15 million on himself. He was found guilty on 8 counts. March 18, 2019: Manafort was sentenced to 47 months in prison. On March 13, 2019, Manafort was sentenced to another 43 months for charges of federal conspiracy and obstruction.\n\n Ryan Zinke (R) Secretary of the Interior, after the Interior Department inspector general referred one of several investigations about Zinke to the Justice Department. He was being investigated for his conduct in office and questionable real estate dealings in Montana when he resigned in December 2018.\n\n Alex Acosta (R) Secretary of Labor resigned on July 12, 2019, \"after defending himself in a contentious news conference over his role as a U.S. attorney\", in 2008, in dismissing federal charges against Jeffrey Epstein, \"that allowed the financier to plead guilty to lesser offenses in a sex-crimes case involving underage girls\". Epstein committed suicide on August 10, 2019, out of view of any guards and cameras, in the Metropolitan Correctional Center, New York City. After Price, Pruitt, Shulkin and Zinke, Acosta became the fifth Trump Cabinet member to resign or be fired amid a scandal.\n William Perry Pendley (R) Acting Director of the Bureau of Land Management was removed from office by Judge Brian Morris of the U.S. District Court of Montana, who ruled that Pendley had been running the agency unlawfully for 424 days without US Senate approval, in violation of the Appointment Clause of the U.S. Constitution and the Federal Vacancies Reform Act (FVRA). David Bernhardt (R) Secretary of the Interior, illegally promoted Pendley from deputy director of the Bureau of Land Management for Policy and Programs to \"temporary\" Director of the B. L. M. (2020)\n Chad Wolf (R) Acting Secretary of Homeland Security was found unlawfully appointed by U.S. district judge Nicholas Garaufis of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York as the DHS failed to follow the order of succession as it was lawfully designated. Thus, the decision to suspend DACA was voided.\n B. J. Pak (R) U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Georgia appointed by President Trump. On January 3, 2021, in a recorded call, Trump called top Georgia officials and pressured them to help him \"find\" more votes. During the call Trump referenced Georgia's Atlanta and Fulton counties and a \"never-Trumper U.S. attorney there\". Pak resigned the next day citing \"unforeseen circumstances\". (2021)\nSteve Bannon (R) Chief White House Strategist and Counselor to President Donald Trump was subpoenaed to appear before the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack and answer questions. He refused to appear or cooperate. He was then cited for Contempt of Congress and was found guilty of refusing to appear, and of refusing to produce documents for examination. He was found guilty on both counts. (2022)\n\nLegislative branch \n Katie Hill (D-CA) U.S. Representative, resigned following the start of a House Ethics Committee investigation involving Hill's alleged improper relationship with a male subordinate. After the investigation's announcement, Hill also admitted to an inappropriate relationship with a female campaign staffer. She resigned.(2019)\n\n Oliver Schwab (R) CoS for Republican US Representative David Schweikert (R-AZ), wrongly spent or received over $200,000 in illegal campaign contributions. When an investigation was called, he resigned. (2018)\n\n Duncan Hunter (R-CA) U.S. Representative, and his wife were indicted in federal court on dozens of charges, including wire fraud and using campaign funds for personal use. (2018) He pleaded guilty on December 3, 2019.\n Margaret Hunter (R) Campaign Manager and wife to US Representative Duncan D. Hunter (R) was indicted for misuse of $200,000 in campaign donations. She pled guilty to one count of conspiracy and was sentenced to 8 months of house arrest and three years of probation.\n\n Tom Garrett (R-VA) US Representative from Virginia's 5th District, was accused by four of his staff of using them for personal chores such as walking his dog and driving his kids. An investigation was begun, after which Garrett suddenly announced he was an alcoholic and would not seek re-election. (2018)\n\n Chris Collins (R-NY) U.S. Representative, was arrested by the FBI and charged with wire fraud, conspiracy to commit securities fraud, seven counts of securities fraud, and lying to the FBI, for tipping off his son and his daughter-in-law's father with insider trading information. (2018) On October 1, 2019, he announced that he would resign his seat, just prior to an expected change of plea to guilty. He pled guilty to securities fraud and was sentenced to 26 months in prison.\n\n Al Franken (D-MN) US Senator, resigned on January 2, 2018, after several accusations of sexual misconduct.\n Clint Reed (R) CoS for US Senator Marco Rubio (R-FL) was fired for allegations of \"improper conduct\" and threats to withhold employment benefits from an unnamed subordinate. (2018)\n Former U.S. Representative Steve Stockman (R-TX) orchestrated a scheme to steal money from charitable foundations and the individuals who ran them. The funds were used to finance Stockman's campaigns and personal expenses. He was convicted on 23 felony counts of perjury, fraud and money laundering and sentenced to 10 years. (2018) \n Jason T. Posey (R) Director of Special Projects and Campaign Treasurer for Stephen E. Stockman at the personal direction and supervision of Stockman, Posey took almost one million dollars from various sources and illegally funneled it into Stockman's 2014 Senate campaign. He pled guilty to mail fraud, wire fraud, money laundering and conduit contributions. (2013)\n Thomas Dodd (R) Special Assistant to Steve Stockman pled guilty to two conspiracy charges and agreed to cooperate with prosecutors. (2013)\n Blake Farenthold (R-TX) US Representative, resigned in the wake of reports he used public funds to settle a sexual harassment lawsuit and had created an intensely hostile work environment for women in his congressional office.\n Pat Meehan (R-PA) U.S. Representative, resigned following the revelation that he used taxpayers' money to settle a sexual harassment claim brought by a female staff member.\n Dana Rohrabacher (R-CA) US Representative, was charged with improper use of campaign contributions for his role in providing money to his Campaign Manager Rhonda Carmony's scheme to promote a decoy Democratic candidate in the state assembly election of Republican Scott Baugh. Rohrabacher was found guilty and fined $50,000. (2012)\n\n Jack Wenpo Wu (R) Treasurer for the Re-election Campaign of Dana Rohrabacher (R-CA) US Representative, embezzled over $300,000. He was repaying the money when he was found guilty and sentenced to one year in prison plus five years' probation. (2012)\n\n Trent Franks (R-AZ) US Representative, from the 8th District abruptly resigned when confronted about asking some of his staff to be sexual surrogates. (2017).\n\nAnthony Barry (R) Deputy Campaign Manager to US Senator Martha McSally (R-AZ) was accused of embezzling over $100,000 from McSally's campaign. He pled guilty to unlawful conversion of campaign funds and awaits sentencing. (2018)\n\n David Schweikert (R-AZ) US Representative, after a two-year probe by the bipartisan House Ethics Committee Schweikert was unanimously found guilty of campaign finance violations including urging federal staff members to fundraise for his campaign, misusing his Allowance for unofficial purposes, and demonstrating a \"lack of candor and due diligence\" as well as giving \"untruthful testimony\". He was fined $50,000. (2020)\n\n Timothy F. Murphy (R-PA) US Representative, the married, anti-abortion congressman resigned just before an investigation could begin concerning his allegedly urging his mistress to seek an abortion. (2017)\n\n Greg Gianforte (R-MT) US Representative, body slammed reporter Ben Jacobs. Gianforte was then found guilty of assault and sentenced to 40 hours of community service, 20 hours of anger management, a 180-day deferred sentence, a $385 fine and court fee. As part of his settlement with Jacobs, Gianforte donated $50,000 to the Committee to Protect Journalists. (2017)\n\n John Conyers (D-MI) US Representative, resigned on December 5, 2017, after sources revealed he had paid a $27,000 settlement to one of his staffers who had accused him of sexual assault. Conyers resigned after congressional investigations were initiated against Conyers.\n\n Fred W. Pagan (R) Staff to US Senator Thad Cochran (R-MS) pled guilty to possession of methamphetamine and GBL with intent to distribute and was sentenced to 30 months in prison. (2016)\n\n Steve Watkins (R-KS) US Representative, was charged in July 2020 by District Attorney Mike Kagay for three alleged felonies related to voter fraud: \"interference with law enforcement by providing false information, voting without being qualified and unlawful advance voting\". The charges came after Watkins' father had confirmed in March that the Federal Elections Commission was investigating a separate scandal involving Watkins; according to The Kansas City Star, the FEC was \"looking into thousands of dollars he steered into his son's campaign through other donors, including his daughters and a homebuilder\".\n\n Joe Barton (R-TX) US Representative from the 6th District and member of the conservative Freedom Caucus was found to have sent videos to several women on the internet of himself masturbating, two years before divorcing his second wife. Barton apologized and vowed to remain in congress and even fight the charges. A week later, Tea Party organizer Kelly Canon corroborated the stories by revealing that Barton had once asked if she was wearing panties and made other sexual references while he was still married. Barton finally announced he would not seek re-election. (2017)\n\n McCrae Dowless (R) Campaign Consultant for US Republican candidate Mark Harris in NC's 9th US Congressional District, which was marred due to suspected absentee ballot voter fraud. Dowless was arrested and charged with multiple counts of illegal ballot handling and conspiracy in both the 2016 and 2018 elections. He was eventually convicted of defrauding the government and sentenced to 6 months in prison and fined. (2018)\n\nJudicial branch \n Alex Kozinski (R) US Judge in the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals appointed by Republican Ronald Reagan, retired following allegations of sexual misconduct from several women, including former clerks. (2018)\n Patricia Head Minaldi (R) Senior Judge of the US District Court for the Western District of Louisiana appointed by President George W. Bush. After DUI arrest and several incidents in her courtroom, Minaldi took medical leave for severe alcoholism and then resigned. (2017)\n\nJoe Biden (D) administration (2021– )\n\nExecutive branch\nEric Lander (D) Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy a cabinet level position. Lander was accused by several of his staff of bullying, demeaning behavior, and insulting and embarrassing staff. The allegations were investigated and Lander was reprimanded. On February 7, 2022, he submitted his resignation.\nTyler Joseph \"TJ\" Ducklo (D) Deputy Press Secretary. Vanity Fair reported that Ducklo threatened Politico reporter Tara Palmeri, telling her that he would \"destroy her\" if she published a story about his relationship with Axios reporter Alexi McCammond. On February 12, 2021, Ducklo was suspended without pay for one week, he then apologized, and resigned the next day.\n\nLegislative branch\nPaul Gosar (R-AZ) US Representative was censured by the US House of Representatives for inciting violence after he posted an anime clip depicting him killing fellow Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D-NY) face and attacking Biden. (2021)\nVan Taylor (R-TX) US Representative and married with three children, was accused of having a nine-month affair with Tania Joya who was once married to a Commander for the Islamic State and has been referred to as the “Isis Bride.” Taylor allegedly paid Joya $5,000 to keep quiet. The news was leaked during the Republican primary for his seat, causing Taylor to admit to the affair and withdraw from the campaign. (2022)\nTom Reed (R-NY) US Representative, was accused of sexual harassment on March 19, 2021, by a lobbyist for an incident at a bar. In a statement made on March 21, 2021, he apologized to her and said he would not seek re-election in 2022. On May 10, 2022, he announced his resignation on the House floor effective immediately.\nJeff Fortenberry (R-NE) US Representative from Lincoln in the 1st District, was indicted for making false and misleading statements to the FBI about the source of $189,000 in campaign contributions from a Nigerian billionaire. When found guilty he resigned. He was then sentenced to two years probation, fined $25,000 and given community service. (2021)\nGeorge Santos (R-NY) was indicted on seven counts of wire fraud, three counts of money laundering, one count of theft of public funds, and two counts of making materially false statements to the House of Representatives on May 10, 2023 in federal court.\n\nJudicial branch\nJeffrey Siegmeister (R) United States Attorney for the Third Judicial Circuit of Florida, was accused of conspiracy, extortion and bribery. He pled guilty to four counts. (2019)\n\nSee also \n List of federal political sex scandals in the United States\n 2017–18 United States political sexual scandals\n List of American state and local politicians convicted of crimes\n List of United States senators expelled or censured\n List of American federal politicians convicted of crimes\n List of United States representatives expelled, censured, or reprimanded\n List of United States unincorporated territory officials convicted of federal corruption offenses\n Boeing Scandal\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography \n \n \n\n \nUnited States\nCategory:American politicians convicted of federal public corruption crimes\nScandals", "title": "List of federal political scandals in the United States" } ]

[ "The text does not provide information on any major foreign policy bill introduced by DeLay.", "The text does not provide information on how the Bush administration responded to DeLay's actions.", "Some Jewish leaders expressed concern \"about the degree to which the Texas Republican, an evangelical Christian who opposes the creation of a Palestinian state, will go to undercut American and Israeli attempts to achieve a two-state solution.\"", "The text does not provide information on any major bills introduced by DeLay.", "The text does not provide information on DeLay's involvement in proposing or negotiating any treaties.", "The text does not provide information on what DeLay said in his address to the members of the Knesset." ]

[ "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No" ]

[ "C_dd4bbf9373d74dd89742ed1d4a7f7dba_1_q#0", "C_dd4bbf9373d74dd89742ed1d4a7f7dba_1_q#1", "C_dd4bbf9373d74dd89742ed1d4a7f7dba_1_q#2", "C_dd4bbf9373d74dd89742ed1d4a7f7dba_1_q#3", "C_dd4bbf9373d74dd89742ed1d4a7f7dba_1_q#4", "C_dd4bbf9373d74dd89742ed1d4a7f7dba_1_q#5" ]

[ "What were some of his legislative and electoral methods?", "Did he usually keep his promises?", "Did he have any other methods or tactics?", "Was this effective?", "What was he most known for?", "What did they admonish him for?" ]

[ 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 224 ], [ 2233 ], [ 341 ], [ 1177 ], [ 2013 ], [ 2100 ] ], "texts": [ [ "used promises of future committee chairmanships to bargain for support among the rank-and-file members of the party." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Employing a method known as \"catch and release\", DeLay allowed centrist or moderately conservative Republicans to take turns voting against controversial bills." ], [ "Both political supporters and opponents remarked on DeLay's ability to sway the votes of his party," ], [ "On September 30, 2004, the House Ethics Committee unanimously admonished DeLay" ], [ "he \"offered to endorse Representative [Nick] Smith's son in exchange for Representative Smith's vote in favor of the Medicare bill.\"" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 224, 2233, 341, 1177, 2013, 2100 ], "texts": [ "used promises of future committee chairmanships to bargain for support among the rank-and-file members of the party.", "CANNOTANSWER", "Employing a method known as \"catch and release\", DeLay allowed centrist or moderately conservative Republicans to take turns voting against controversial bills.", "Both political supporters and opponents remarked on DeLay's ability to sway the votes of his party,", "On September 30, 2004, the House Ethics Committee unanimously admonished DeLay", "he \"offered to endorse Representative [Nick] Smith's son in exchange for Representative Smith's vote in favor of the Medicare bill.\"" ] }

[ { "text": "This article provides a list of political scandals that involve officials from the government of the United States, sorted from oldest to most recent.\n\nScope and organization of political scandals\nThis article is organized by presidential terms in order, older to recent, and then divided into scandals of the federal Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches of government. Members of both parties are listed under the term of the president in office at the time the scandal took place, even though they may not be connected with the presiding president.\n\nIn this article, the term \"politician\" (a person who is professionally involved in politics) includes not only those elected, but also party officials, candidates for office, their staffs and appointees. Please note that every president directly selects, appoints or hires several thousand people. Each of them selects thousands more. Private citizens should only be mentioned when they are closely linked to the scandal or politician, such as Jack Abramoff. This list also does not include crimes that occur outside the politician's tenure (such as before or after his term in office) unless they specifically stem from acts made while in office and discovered later.\n\nScandal is defined as \"loss of or damage to reputation caused by actual or apparent violation of morality or propriety\". Scandals are separate from 'controversies', (which implies two differing points of view) and 'unpopularity'. Many decisions are controversial, many decisions are unpopular, that alone does not make them scandals. Breaking the law is a scandal. The finding of a court is the sole method used to determine a violation of law, but it is not the sole method of determining a scandal. Also included as scandals are politicians who resign, quit, run, or commit suicide while being investigated or threatened with investigation.\n\nNotoriety is a major determinant of a scandal, that is, the amount of press dedicated to it. Misunderstandings, breaches of ethics, unproven crimes or cover-ups may or may not result in inclusion depending on the standing of the accused, the amount of publicity generated, and the seriousness of the crime, if any. Drunk driving may be a conviction, but is usually too minor and too common to mention unless there are multiple convictions and/or jail time.\n\nGiven the political nature of Congress in which the leading party has determining power, politicians who are rebuked, denounced, censured, admonished, condemned, suspended, reprimanded, found in contempt, found to have acted improperly, or used poor judgement are not included unless the scandal is exceptional or leads to expulsion or conviction.\n\nGovernment under the Articles of Confederation (1777–1789) \n\n Thomas Conway and Horatio Gates created a movement or conspiracy, known as the Conway Cabal, to remove George Washington as Commander of the Continental Army. (1777–1778)\n Silas Deane was appointed by the Continental Congress to be Ambassador to France. He was accused of mismanagement and treason. As he was attempting to clear himself of the charges, he died suddenly. The charges were eventually reversed or dropped. (1777)\n\nGeorge Washington administrations (1789–1797)\n\nLegislative branch \n Senator William Blount (Democratic-Republican-TN) was expelled from the Senate for trying to aid the British in a takeover of West Florida. (1797)\n\nJohn Adams administration (1797–1801)\n\nExecutive branch \n The XYZ Affair was the French seizure of over 300 US ships and demands for bribes and apologies, which led to a Quasi-War causing the US Congress to issue the famous phrase, \"Millions for defense, sir, but not one cent for tribute!\". Real war was averted by treaty. (1798–1800)\n\nLegislative branch \n Matthew Lyon (Democratic-Republican KY) was the first Congressman recommended for censure for spitting on Ralph Griswold (Federalist-CT). The censure failed to pass. Also found guilty of violating John Adams's Alien and Sedition Acts and sentenced to four months in jail, during which he was re-elected. (1798)\n\nThomas Jefferson administrations (1801–1809)\n\nExecutive branch \n General James Wilkinson was appointed to be Governor of the upper Louisiana Purchase. He then conspired with Spain to get Kentucky to secede from the Union in order to allow shipping on the Mississippi to reach New Orleans. (1787–1811)\n Aaron Burr and the New Empire (Southwest) Burr conspiracy (1804–1807) – Burr allegedly tried to seize a large part of the Louisiana Purchase and establish his own country. He was arrested for treason, but was acquitted for lack of evidence. (1807)\n Aaron Burr dueled with Alexander Hamilton. Hamilton died of wounds received during the duel. (1804)\n\nJudicial branch \n Samuel Chase, the Supreme Court Justice appointed by George Washington, was impeached for political favoritism and acquitted in 1805.\n John Pickering, a federal judge appointed by George Washington, was impeached and convicted in absentia by the US Senate for drunkenness and use of profanity on the bench. (1804)\n Benjamin Sebastian US Court of Appeals Judge, was accused in the Spanish Conspiracy, of being a paid agent of Spain. He resigned in disgrace. (1806)\n\nJames Monroe administrations (1817–1825)\n\nLegislative branch \n Corrupt Bargain was a supposed bargain by John Quincy Adams with Henry Clay. (1824)\n\nAndrew Jackson administrations (1829–1837)\n\nExecutive branch \n Samuel Swartwout was appointed by President Andrew Jackson to the New York City Collector's Office. At the end of his term he had embezzled $1.225 million in customs receipts and used the money to purchase land. He fled to Europe to avoid prosecution.\n Margaret O'Neill Eaton, the wife of Secretary of War John H. Eaton, was a central figure in the Petticoat Affair which involved accusations that she had engaged in an extramarital affair, and her social ostracism by the wives of other Cabinet members led by Floride Calhoun, the wife of Vice President John C. Calhoun.\n\nLegislative branch \n Robert Potter North Carolina Congressman, resigned from Congress after castrating two men he believed were having an affair with his wife. (1831) Later, in North Carolina, he was expelled from its legislature for cheating at cards or for pulling a gun and a knife during a card game. (1835)\n\nJohn Tyler administration (1841–1845)\n\nLegislative branch \n Charles F. Mitchell (R-NY) US Representative from the 33rd District, was convicted of forgery, sentenced to one year in prison and fined, though he was paroled early due to poor health. (1841)\n\nZachary Taylor administration (1849–1850)\n\nExecutive branch \n George W. Crawford (Whig-GA), Secretary of War in the Cabinet of President Zachary Taylor (Whig), was the center of the Galphin Affair land scandal with the help of Reverdy Johnson (Whig) Attorney General and William M. Meredith (Whig) Secretary of the Treasury, in which Crawford defrauded the federal government of $191,353. (1849)\n\nFranklin Pierce administration (1853-1857)\n\nLegislative branch \n Preston Brooks (D-SC) US Representative and fervent advocate of slavery, beat abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner (R-MA), until his cane broke, leaving him bleeding and unconscious on the floor of the House of Representatives. (1856)\n\nJames Buchanan administration (1857–1861)\n\nLegislative branch \n US Representative Orsamus B. Matteson (R-NY), faced an allegation of having defamed the character of the US House by declaring that a majority of its members were 'purchasable'. He himself was then accused of accepting money in exchange for supporting a Minnesota land bill. The House recommendation that he be expelled was tabled and a recommendation of censure was brought up, but before it could be passed, Matteson resigned. (1857)\n\nAbraham Lincoln (R) administration (1861–1865)\n\nExecutive branch \n Simon Cameron (R), Lincoln's Secretary of War, resigned in 1862 due to corruption charges. His behavior was so notorious that Congressman Thaddeus Stevens, when discussing Cameron's honesty with Lincoln, told him that \"I don't think that he would steal a red hot stove.\" When Cameron demanded Stevens retract this statement, Stevens told Lincoln \"I believe I told you he would not steal a red-hot stove. I will now take that back.\" (1860–1862)\n Caleb Lyon (R) was appointed Governor of the Idaho Territory. An audit revealed that he had embezzled $46,418 in federal funds intended for the Nez Perce Indians. He died before prosecution. (1866)\n\nLegislative branch \n Jesse D. Bright (D-IN) US Senator and Pro Tem President of the US Senate, was known as a leading southern sympathizer. When it was discovered that he had written a letter to President Jefferson Davis aiding him in his pursuit of firearms for the Confederacy, it was taken to be an act of treason. Bright was then expelled from the Senate. (1861)\n James F. Simmons (R-RI) US Senator had confirmed corruption charges against him reported by the Senate Judiciary Committee and the charges were then referred to the full Senate for action on July 14, 1862. The Senate adjourned three days later without acting. Before it could reconvene, Simmons resigned on September 5, 1862.\n Lovell Harrison Rousseau (R-KY) US Representative assaulted Iowa Representative Josiah Bushnell Grinnell on June 14, 1866, with his iron handled cane until it broke. He was reprimanded by the House of Representatives, and resigned, but was elected again to fill his own vacancy. (1866)\n\nAndrew Johnson (R) administration (1865–1869)\n\nExecutive branch \n President Andrew Johnson (D/Union Party) was impeached for violating the Tenure of Office Act. He was acquitted by one vote. (1868)\n\nUlysses S. Grant (R) administrations (1869–1877)\n\nExecutive branch \n United States Secretary of War William Belknap (R) resigned just before he was impeached by the United States House of Representatives for bribery. (1876)\n Schuyler Colfax (R-IN) Vice President under Republican U. S. Grant invested money in the Crédit Mobilier Scandal and failed to mention $10,000 they invested in his next campaign. He was examined by the House, but his term ended before he could be impeached. (1873)\n Whiskey Ring was a massive corruption of Ulysses S. Grant's (R) administration involving whiskey taxes, bribery and kickbacks ending with 110 convictions. (1875)\n Orville E. Babcock (R), a personal secretary to Grant, was indicted in the Whiskey Ring scandal and ten days later in the Safe Burglary Conspiracy. He was acquitted both times.\n John J. McDonald (R), Supervisor of the Internal Revenue Service, was convicted and sentenced to three years.\n W.O. Avery, Chief Clerk of the Treasury Department, was convicted.\n Eastern Wisconsin Federal Attorney Levi Hubbell (R) was suspended from office for his involvement with the Whiskey Ring through contact with Milwaukee brewers. (1875)\n William Adams Richardson (R), U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, hired John B. Sanborn to collect unpaid taxes, some of which were used in a kickback scheme. Though not illegal, Congressional outrage forced Richardson to resign. The actions were made illegal a few months later and are now called the Sanborn Incident. (1874)\n Black Friday – When financiers Jay Gould and James Fisk tried to corner the gold market by getting Ulysses S. Grant's brother-in-law Abel Corbin to convince Grant to appoint General Daniel Butterfield as Assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury, where he could then give them insider information. (1869)\n George M. Robeson, Grant's Secretary of the Navy, was admonished by the House for gross misconduct and corruption in relation to his dealings with Alexander Cattel. (1876)\n Salary Grab Act was the act that increased the salaries of the President, Congress and the Supreme Court. (1873)\n Columbus Delano, the Secretary of the Interior under Grant, resigned after allegedly taking bribes in order to secure fraudulent land grants.\n\nLegislative branch \n Crédit Mobilier of America scandal:\n Oakes Ames (R-MA) bribed Congress with Union Pacific stock.\n James Brooks (D-NY) also implicated; both were censured for their involvement. (1872)\n James W. Patterson (R-NH) US Senator, was found to have given false testimony to both the House and Senate Ethics Committees, both of whom found him guilty of bribery in the Crédit Mobilier Scandal. They both recommended his expulsion from the Senate, but Patterson's term expired before such action could be taken. (1873)\n See also William Belknap (R) Secretary of War under Republican U. S. Grant\n See also Schuyler Colfax (R-IN) Vice President under Republican U. S. Grant\n Alexander Caldwell (R-KS) US Senator, was elected to the US Senate. It was discovered that his rival candidate, Thomas Carney, dropped out of the race, admitting that he had accepted a bribe of $15,000 to leave the race allowing Caldwell to win. He was impeached and the US Senate declared that Caldwell had not been \"duly and legally elected\" and moved to expel him. Before a vote could be taken, Caldwell resigned (1873)\n Samuel C. Pomeroy (R-KS) US Senator, was being investigated for bribery and buying votes. A motion to impeach and expel Pomeroy was made, but arrived on the last day of Pomeroy's term, who was not re-elected. (1873)\n John T. Deweese (R-NC) US Representative, was accused of accepting a $500 bribe for recommending a cadet be appointed to the US Naval Academy. On February 28, 1870, he abruptly resigned. Two days later, the House of Representatives censured him, 170–0. (1870)\n Benjamin Franklin Whittemore (R-SC) US Representative, was found to have sold an appointment to the US Naval Academy. He was found guilty and forced to resign.(1870)\n James G. Blaine (R-ME) US Representative, faced an allegation of selling $64,000 of worthless Union Pacific Railroad bonds. The House Committee of the Judiciary ordered an investigation. A month later, he resigned. (1876)\n\nJudicial branch \n Mark Delahay (R) a U.S. District Judge of Kansas and cofounder of the Republican Party, was impeached by the United States House of Representatives on February 28, 1873, for \"intoxication off the bench as well as on the bench\", He resigned two months later. (1873)\n Richard Busteed (R) US Judge from the Northern District of Alabama, spent much of his time at home in New York though serving in Alabama. Southern sympathizers brought charges against him for non-residence, failure to hold court and improper use of his position. To avoid being removed from office, he resigned before impeachment. (1874)\n Levi Hubbell (R) US Attorney for the Eastern District of Wisconsin, accused of corruption for failing to prosecute whisky distributors who were bribing US Revenue agents. Forced to resign. (1875)\n William Story (R) Judge of the US District Court for the Western District of Arkansas appointed by Republican Ulysses S. Grant. Graft and corruption in the court became so bad that Story appeared before the House Judiciary Committee. He resigned soon after. (1874)\n Charles Taylor Sherman (R) Federal Judge of the Northern District of Ohio, was alleged to have demanded stocks in exchange for favorable rulings and threatened adverse rulings if they were not paid. He resigned before impeachment began. (1873)\n\nRutherford B. Hayes (R) administration (1877–1881)\n\nExecutive branch \n Ezra Ayres Hayt, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs under Rutherford B. Hayes, was forced to resign by Interior Secretary Carl Schurz due to allegations of rampant corruption. (1880)\n\nJudicial branch \n US District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana Judge Edward Henry Durell (R) was impeached for alleged drunkenness, corruption, and election-rigging. He resigned before trial. (1879)\n\nJames A. Garfield (R) administration (1881)\n\nLegislative branch \n Senator Stephen W. Dorsey (R-AR) was included in the investigation of corruption of Star Route postal contracts under the administrations of President James A. Garfield (R) and President Chester A. Arthur (R). (1881)\n\nChester A. Arthur (R) administration (1881–1885)\n\nExecutive branch \n Nehemiah G. Ordway (R) was appointed Governor of Dakota Territory and was removed from office for corrupt practices. (1884)\n Levi Jarrad (R) was appointed US Postmaster for New Brunswick, NJ by President Chester A. Arthur (R) in 1881. He was sentenced to 10 years in prison for forgery in 1884.\n\nGrover Cleveland (D) administration (1885–1889)\n\nLegislative branch \n Utah Territorial Delegate George Q. Cannon (R) was refused his seat due to a conviction for unlawful cohabitation (polygamy), for which he served nearly six months in Utah's federal penitentiary. (1888)\n SC Representative Robert Smalls (R-SC) was charged with accepting a $5,000 bribe in relation to a government printing contract and found guilty. (1877)\n\nJudicial branch \n Edward Henry Durell (R) US Federal Judge for the Eastern District of Louisiana, was impeached for usurpation of power, drunkenness, corruption, and election-rigging. He resigned before trial. (1879)\n\nWilliam McKinley (R) administration (1897–1901)\n\nExecutive branch \n Oregon US Federal District Attorney John Hicklin Hall (R) was appointed by Republican President William McKinley and ordered to investigate the Oregon land fraud scandal. He was accused of failing to prosecute land companies engaging in fraudulent activities, and blackmailing his political opponents. On February 8, 1908, a jury found Hall guilty. (1907)\n Alexander McKenzie (R) Republican National Committeeman, was appointed receiver of the Anvil Creek gold mines in Alaska. He took over production and kept the gold it produced. He was then ordered to return the gold he had collected, an order which he refused. He was found guilty of two counts of contempt of court and sentenced to one year in jail. (1901)\n\nLegislative branch \n Charles Henry Dietrich (R-NE) US Senator, before he took office Dietrich was charged with bribery for accepting money to appoint Jacob Fisher to be a US Postmaster. He was charged with conspiracy to receive a bribe, accepting a bribe and profiting by the leasing of a building to the government. Before the trial could begin, the judge held that Dietrich could not be prosecuted because the alleged bribery occurred after he was elected, but before Dietrich was sworn in as a US Senator. All charges were then dropped. (1901)\n\nTheodore Roosevelt (R) administrations (1901–1909)\n\nLegislative branch \n William A. Clark (D-MT) US Senator, was elected amid allegations of rampant bribery. Though seated, the Senate Committee on Privileges and Elections unanimously concluded he was not entitled to his seat and recommended a vote to remove him. He resigned in 1900 rather than be voted out, thus creating a vacancy. In 1901, he was re-elected to fill the vacancy that he had just created by a Montana legislature now filled with winning candidates he had already financially supported. (1900)\n William Miller Jenkins (R) Governor of the Oklahoma Territory was appointed by Republican President William McKinley in May 1901. Jenkins was investigated both for discrepancies in the dispensation of lands from newly opened Indian lands and his appointment of officials concerning the Oklahoma Sanitarium Company which held included $10,000 in stock to Jenkins for contracts with the Oklahoma Territory. When McKinley was assassinated Republican President Theodore Roosevelt assumed office and an investigation by the Interior Department of Jenkins revealed nothing. Nonetheless, in November. Roosevelt removed Jenkins from office for his \"indiscreet\" and inappropriate role\" in the matter. (1901)\n John Goodnow (R) US Consulate General of Shanghai, China, was appointed by Republican President William McKinley, when accused of corruption, he resigned. (1902)\n John Hipple Mitchell (R-OR) US Senator, was involved with the Oregon land fraud scandal, for which he was indicted and convicted while a sitting U.S. Senator. He died before sentencing. (1905)\n Joseph R. Burton (R-KS) US Senator, was convicted of bribery in 1904 on the charge of illegally receiving compensation for services rendered before a federal department and served five months in prison. (1904)\n Henry B. Cassel (R-PA) US Representative, was convicted of fraud related to the construction of the Pennsylvania State Capitol in 1909.\n\nJudicial branch \n John Hicklin Hall (R) US District Attorney for Oregon, appointed by President McKinley, was convicted of not prosecuting suspects and then blackmailing them during the Oregon land fraud scandal. (1903)\n\nWilliam Howard Taft (R) administration (1909–1913)\n\nLegislative branch \n William Lorimer (R-IL) US Senator, also known as the \"blond boss of Chicago\", was expelled from the U.S. Senate in 1912 for accepting bribes.\n Ralph Cameron (R-AZ) US Senator, attempted to control access to the Grand Canyon by buying mining rights to adjacent lands. (1912)\n William Forte Willett Jr. (D-NY), US Representative, was indicted on charges of bribery for paying State Democratic Party leaders for a seat on the NY State Supreme Court. He was convicted of conspiracy, corrupt practices and bribery and served 14 months in prison (1912)\n\nJudicial branch \n Pennsylvania U.S. Commerce Court Judge Robert W. Archbald (R) was involved in corrupt alliances with coal mine workers and railroad officials. He was convicted and removed from office. (1912)\n Cornelius Hanford (R) US District Judge for the Western District of Washington, resigned under threat of impeachment for corruption. (1912)\n\nWoodrow Wilson (D) administrations (1913–1921)\n\nExecutive branch \n Newport sex scandal – Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt (D) initiated an investigation into allegations of \"immoral conduct\" (homosexuality) at Naval Station Newport in Rhode Island. After the report, which revealed nothing, the investigators themselves were also accused of homosexuality. (1919)\n\nJudicial branch \n John Augustine Marshall (D) Judge of the US District Court of Utah, appointed by Grover Cleveland (D) was accused in a sex scandal involving the cleaning woman of his courtroom. He resigned. (1915)\n Daniel Thew Wright (R) Judge of the US District Court for the District of Columbia was appointed by Theodore Roosevelt (R) and was accused of favoritism and massive corruption. He resigned before impeachment. (1914)\n\nWarren G. Harding (R) administration (1921–1923)\n\nExecutive branch \n President Warren G. Harding's (R-OH) administration was marred by scandals stemming from men in his administration who followed him from Ohio, who came to be known as the Ohio Gang. They include;\n Albert Fall, Secretary of the Interior, was bribed by Harry F. Sinclair for control of the Teapot Dome federal oil reserves in Wyoming. He was the first U.S. cabinet member to ever be convicted; he served two years in prison. (1922)\n Edwin C. Denby, Secretary of the Navy, resigned for his part in the Teapot Dome oil reserve scandal.\n Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty resigned on March 28, 1924, because of an investigation about a bootlegging kickback scheme by his chief aide Jess Smith. Found not guilty. (1924)\n Jess Smith, aide to Attorney General Daugherty, destroyed incriminating papers and then committed suicide.\n Charles R. Forbes was appointed by Harding as the first director of the new Bureau of Veterans Affairs. After constructing and modernizing VA hospitals, he was convicted of bribery and corruption and sentenced to two years in jail.\n Charles Cramer, Forbes's general counsel, committed suicide. (1923)\n Thomas W. Miller, Head of the Office of Alien Property, was convicted of fraud by selling valuable German patents seized after World War I for far below market price as well as bribery. Served 18 months.\n\nLegislative branch \n Thomas L. Blanton (D-TX) was censured for inserting obscene material into the congressional record. According to Franklin Wheeler Mondell (R-WY) the letter was said to contain language that was \"unspeakable, vile, foul, filthy, profane, blasphemous and obscene\". A motion to expel him failed by 8 votes. (1921)\n Truman Handy Newberry (R-MI) US Senator, was convicted of election irregularities, but the case was overturned by the US Supreme Court. However, due to continued opposition and a senate condemnation vote claiming that $3,750 was too much to spend on an election against automaker Henry Ford, he resigned. (1921)\n\nJudicial branch \n Francis Asbury Winslow (R) Judge of the US District Court for the Southern District of New York. appointed by Warren G. Harding (R). Following calls for an investigation by Fiorello La Guardia into recent bankruptcy decisions and his choice of court-appointed receivers, Winslow was found to have committed \"serious indiscretions\". He then resigned. (1929)\n\nCalvin Coolidge (R) administrations (1923–1929)\n\nExecutive branch \n US Alien Property Custodian Thomas B. Miller (R) was convicted of conspiring to defraud the US government and served 18 months in prison. (1927)\n Frederick A. Fenning (R), District of Columbia Commissioner appointed by Calvin Coolidge, was investigated and accused of practices illegal and contrary to law. He resigned before trial. (1927)\n\nLegislative branch \n John W. Langley (R-KY) resigned from the US Congress in January 1926, after losing an appeal to set aside his conviction of violating the Volstead Act (Prohibition). He had also been caught trying to bribe a Prohibition officer. He was sentenced to two years after which, his wife ran for Congress in his place and won two full terms.\n William Scott Vare (R-PA) US Senator, was unseated on December 6, 1929, due to charges of corruption and fraud during his election.\n Frank L. Smith (R), Head of the Illinois Commerce Commission, was appointed to be US Senator by IL Governor Len Small (R), but was rejected by the US Senate for alleged \"fraud and corruption\". (1927)\n\nJudicial branch \n George English (D) U.S. District Judge for Illinois was impeached for taking an interest-free loan from a bank of which he was director as well as misbehavior and manipulation. Resigned before his Senate trial. (1924)\n\nHerbert Hoover (R) administration (1929–1933)\n\nLegislative branch \n Senator Hiram Bingham (R-CT) was censured for hiring a lobbyist employed by a manufacturing organization to work on his staff. (1929)\n Harry E. Rowbottom (R-IN) was convicted in federal court of accepting bribes from persons who sought post office appointments. He was given one year in Leavenworth.\n George E. Foulkes (D-MI) US Rep, was found guilty of conspiracy and bribery and sentenced to 18 months in prison and fined $1,000 (1934)\n\nJudicial branch \nJohn W. Brady (D) US Judge of the Third District Court of Appeals of Texas. Brady, who was married, was accused of stabbing his mistress multiple times when he discovered her escorted by another man. He was found guilty of murder without malice and sentenced to three years in prison. (1930)\n\nFranklin Delano Roosevelt (D) administrations (1933–1945)\n\nExecutive branch \n Michael J. Hogan (R) Collector of the Port of New York. Convicted of bribery in connection with an immigration ring for illegal aliens seeking entry into the United States. He was sentenced to a year and a day in a Federal Penitentiary. (1935)\n William P. MacCracken Jr. (R) US Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Aeronautics, was convicted of Contempt of Congress for the Air Mail scandal. (1934)\n\nLegislative branch \n Francis Henry Shoemaker (Farmer-Labor-MN) was sentenced to a year and a day in the penitentiary for sending scurrilous and defamatory materials through the mail. (1933)\n John H. Hoeppel (D-CA) was convicted of trying to sell an appointment to the West Point Military Academy. (1936)\n Donald F. Snow (R-ME) was committed to the Maine State Prison for two to four years for embezzlement. (1935)\n\nJudicial Branch \n Joseph Buffington (R) US Judge of the 3rd Circuit, appointed by Theodore Roosevelt (R). Investigation by the US House revealed that at the age of 92, Buffington was both deaf and blind and it was suspected that all of his decision were being written and sold by another judge. He resigned before impeachment. (1935)\n Halsted L. Ritter (R) Judge of the US District Court for the Southern District of Florida appointed by Republican Calvin Coolidge. Was accused of taking kickbacks on bankruptcy cases and not reporting them on his taxes. Though he was found not guilty of six separate charges, he was found guilty on the seventh count charging 'general misbehavior' and bringing the judiciary into disrepute (accepting free meals and lodging during receivership proceedings). He was impeached and removed from office. (1936)\n Martin Thomas Manton (D) US District Court Judge for the Southern District of New York, was investigated for judicial corruption and bribery which resulted in prosecution and a two-year prison term. (1939)\n Edwin Stark Thomas (D) U.S. District Judge for Connecticut, during a grand jury investigation of official misconduct and his financial affairs, he resigned. (1939)\n John Warren Davis (D) Judge of the US Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, appointed by Woodrow Wilson, was investigated for accepting a bribe from film mogul William Fox. Further investigation revealed Davis was routinely accepting bribes for decisions signed by fellow Judge Joseph Buffington (R) who was senile. When Fox was found guilty, Davis resigned two weeks later. (1939)\n Albert Williams Johnson (R) US Judge of the Middle District of Pennsylvania, appointed by Calvin Coolidge (R), was under investigation by a US House Judiciary Committee. In unusual language, they found he was a \"wicked, evil and mendacious judge\". The report of the subcommittee also said that almost \"every litigant who had the misfortune to appear before this wicked and malicious judge became the immediate object of a crooked conspiracy whose sole interest was the amount of money that could be extorted from him for justice or the evasion of justice\". Johnson resigned before impeachment (1945)\n\nHarry S. Truman (D) administrations (1945–1953)\n\nExecutive branch \n A Justice Department investigation of the Internal Revenue Service led to the firing or resignation of 166 lower level employees, causing President Harry Truman (D) to be stained with charges of corruption. (1950)\n William M. Boyle (D) Chairman of the Democratic National Committee, accused of getting special loan rates. Resigned for poor health (1951)\n\nLegislative branch \n Walter E. Brehm (R-OH) was convicted of accepting contributions illegally from one of his employees. He received a 15-month suspended sentence and a $5,000 fine.\n J. Parnell Thomas (R-NJ), a member of the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC), was convicted of salary fraud in a kickback scheme and given an 18-month sentence and fined $10,000, resigning from Congress in 1950. He was imprisoned in Danbury Prison with two of the Hollywood Ten he had helped put there. He was pardoned by President Harry Truman (D) in 1952.\n Andrew J. May (D-KY) was convicted of accepting bribes in 1947 from a war munitions manufacturer. He was sentenced to nine months in prison, after which he was pardoned by Truman (D) in 1952.\n James Michael Curley (D-MA) was sentenced to 6–18 months on mail fraud and spent five months in prison before his sentence was commuted by President Truman. (1947)\n H. Styles Bridges (R-NH) US Senator, during the Lavender Scare of the 1950s, Bridges threatened to expose the son of US Senator Lester Hunt (D-WY) as a homosexual unless Hunt immediately resigned from the Senate, thus giving Republicans the majority. Hunt refused, but did not seek re-election and then shot himself. (1954)\n\nDwight D. Eisenhower (R) administrations (1953–1961)\n\nExecutive branch \n Richard Nixon (R) Vice presidential candidate, delivered the \"Checkers speech\" to deflect scandal about $18,000 in gifts, maintaining the only personal gift he had received was a dog. (1952)\n Sherman Adams (R) Chief of Staff to Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower was cited for Contempt of Congress and forced to resign because he refused to answer questions about an oriental rug and vicuna coat given to his wife. (1958)\n John C. Doerfer (R) appointed Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission by President Eisenhower, spent a week-long Florida vacation in 1960 on the luxury yacht owned by his friend George B. Storer, president of Storer Communications. During the 1950s quiz show scandals he was accused of conflict of interest and forced to resign.\n\nLegislative branch \n McCarthyism was a broad political and cultural purge started against people suspected of sympathy with communism, starting near the end of World War II and reaching its climax in the investigations of Republican Sen. Joseph McCarthy. After an embarrassing investigation of the United States Army the Senate passed a resolution of condemnation against McCarthy in 1954 ending his career, but anti-communist purges continued for several years. (He died in 1957 before his Senate seat could come up for election.)\n Thomas J. Lane (D-MA) was convicted for evading taxes on his congressional income. He served four months in prison, but was re-elected three more times before his 1962 defeat due to re-districting. (1956)\n Ernest K. Bramblett (R-CA) received a suspended sentence and a $5,000 fine in 1955 for making false statements in connection with payroll padding and kickbacks from congressional employees.\n Douglas R. Stringfellow (R-UT) abandoned his 1954 re-election bid after admitting to embellishing his war record. Stringfellow falsely claimed to have been awarded a Silver Star and feigned paraplegia.\n\nJohn F. Kennedy (D) administration (1961–1963)\n\nLegislative branch \n Thomas F. Johnson (D-MD) was indicted on charges of members of Maryland's S&L industry bribing him and lost his seat in 1962. Later was convicted of conspiracy and conflict of interest in 1968, served months of a 6-month sentence and was fined $5,000.\n Frank W. Boykin (D-AL) was placed on six months' probation in 1963 following conviction in a case involving a conflict of interest and conspiracy to defraud the government. His prison sentence was suspended on age and health grounds and he was fined $40,000 total. He was pardoned by President Lyndon Johnson in 1965.\n\nLyndon B. Johnson (D) administrations (1963–1969)\n\nExecutive branch \n Bobby Baker, (D) Secretary to the Majority Leader of the Senate Lyndon B. Johnson (the vice-president then serving), resigned after charges of corruption (1963) and convicted of tax evasion (1967)\n\nLegislative branch \n Senator Daniel Brewster (D-MD) pleaded no contest to accepting an illegal gratuity in 1975 and fined $10,000. Brewster was convicted in 1972 of accepting $14,500 from a lobbyist, and was handed a six-year prison term in 1973 over the conviction, but the conviction was overturned on grounds of unclear jury instructions.\n James Fred Hastings (R-NY) was a delegate to the 1968 Republican National Convention and the 1972 Republican National Convention. He was elected to Congress in 1968 and served from January 3, 1969, until he resigned on January 20, 1976, after being convicted of kickbacks and mail fraud. He served 14 months at Allenwood penitentiary (1976).\n Cornelius Gallagher (D-NJ) US Representative from District 13, was accused of evading payment of $74,000 in federal income taxes in 1966. He pled guilty in 1972 to tax evasion and perjury, sentenced to two years in prison and fined $10,000. (1966)\n\nJudicial branch \n U.S. Supreme Court Justice Abe Fortas (D) resigned when he was discovered to be a paid consultant to a convicted criminal. No charges were ever filed. (1969)\n\nRichard Nixon (R) administrations (1969–1974)\n\nExecutive branch \n Vice President Spiro Agnew (R-MD) was convicted of tax fraud stemming from bribery charges in Maryland and forced to resign. Gerald R. Ford (R-MI) was nominated by Nixon to replace Agnew as vice president, becoming the first person appointed to the Vice Presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment.\n Watergate concerns US President Richard Nixon (R-CA) who ordered the burglary of the offices of the Democratic National Committee at the complex. The object was to plant a Covert listening device in the office and learn who inside his own administration was leaking information. The burglars were discovered and arrested. Nixon tried to cover up both the burglary, the bugging, and the full extent of other illegal acts by his close staff. The cover up resulted in 69 government officials being charged and 48 being convicted or pleading guilty. Eventually, Nixon resigned his office rather than face trial. Vice president Gerald Ford was sworn in as president and immediately pardoned Nixon. (1972–1974) Those also involved include:\n John N. Mitchell (R) Attorney General of the United States, was convicted of perjury and served nineteen months of a one- to four-year sentence.\n Richard Kleindienst (R) Attorney General that replaced Mitchell, was convicted of \"refusing to answer questions\" given one month in jail.\n Jeb Stuart Magruder (R) Head of Committee to Re-elect the President, pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy, August 1973\n Frederick C. LaRue (R) Advisor to John Mitchell, was convicted of obstruction of justice.\n H. R. Haldeman (R) CoS for Nixon, was convicted of conspiracy, obstruction of justice, and perjury.\n John Ehrlichman (R) Counsel to Nixon, was convicted of conspiracy, obstruction of justice, and perjury.\n Egil Krogh (R) aide to John Ehrlichman, head of the 'plumbers', was sentenced to six years.\n John W. Dean III (R) counsel to Nixon, was convicted for obstruction of justice.\n Dwight L. Chapin (R) deputy assistant to Nixon, was convicted of perjury.\n Herbert W. Kalmbach (R) personal attorney to Nixon, was convicted of illegal campaigning.\n Charles W. Colson (R) special counsel to Nixon, was convicted for obstruction of justice.\n Herbert L. Porter (R) aide to the Committee to Re-elect the President, was convicted of perjury.\n G. Gordon Liddy (R) Special Investigations Group, was convicted of burglary.\n Maurice Stans (R) Secretary of Commerce, pleaded guilty to 3 counts of violating the reporting sections of the Federal Election Campaign Act and 2 counts of accepting illegal campaign contributions and was fined $5,000. (1975)\n G. Bradford Cook (R) was appointed by President Nixon to be Chairman of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. He resigned his position during the investigation into the Robert Vesco/Watergate affair during which he allegedly lied to a grand jury and was disbarred by the US Supreme Court for three years. He had served as chairman for just 74 days. (1973) The Washington Star reported that Cook believed he was going to be impeached, and offered to resign. The White House allowed him to do so.\n H. R. Haldeman (R) Nixon's Chief of Staff, set up a secret fund-raising enterprise, the \"Townhouse Operation\", designed to bypass the Republican National Committee. (1970)\n Harry Shuler Dent (R) Presidential Counsel and Strategist, pleaded guilty to violations of Federal election law for his part in the illegal fundraising operation.\n Herbert W. Kalmbach (R) Nixon's Personal Attorney, raised $3.9 million for a secret Republican slush fund. He also promised an ambassador a better post in exchange for $100,000, which led to conviction and imprisonment. Kalmbach pleaded guilty to violation of the Federal Corrupt Practices Act and one count of promising federal employment.\n Jack A. Gleason (R) White House Aide, pleaded guilty to violations of Federal election law concerning an illegal fund raising operation run by the White House.\n Wendell Wyatt (R-OR) US Representative, was found guilty on one count of failing to report outlays from a secret cash fund called he controlled while heading the Richard Nixon campaign in Oregon. Fined $750. (1975)\n Richard Helms Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (1966–1973), was convicted of misleading Congress concerning assassination attempts in Cuba, anti-government activities in Chile and the illegal surveillance of journalists in the US. Mr. Helms pleaded no contest.\n Donald Segretti (R) ran a campaign of dirty tricks for Nixon which he dubbed \"ratfucking\", meaning forging and distributing false documents to embarrass Democrats. Segretti pled guilty to 3 counts of distributing illegal (forged) campaign literature and was sentenced to six months in prison. (1974)\n\nLegislative branch \n Senator Ted Kennedy (D-MA) drove his car into a tidal channel on Chappaquiddick Island, a small island off of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. He swam free of the flipped car but the trapped passenger, Mary Jo Kopechne, drowned. Kennedy pleaded guilty to leaving the scene of an accident and received a suspended sentence of two months. (1969)\n Cornelius Gallagher (D-NJ) pleaded guilty to tax evasion, and served two years in prison.\n J. Irving Whalley (R-PA) received suspended three-year sentence and fined $11,000 in 1973 for using mails to deposit staff salary kickbacks and threatening an employee to prevent her from giving information to the FBI.\n Martin B. McKneally (R-NY) was placed on one year's probation and fined $5,000 in 1971 for failing to file income tax return. He had not paid taxes for many years prior.\n Richard T. Hanna (D-CA) was convicted in an influence-buying scandal. (1974)\n Edwin Reinecke (R-CA) was convicted of perjury and sentenced to 18 months in prison as part of the Watergate investigation. He resigned one day before his sentencing, which was overturned on appeal because \"the Senate Judiciary Committee before which he was accused of perjuring himself had failed to publish its rule permitting a one-man quorum.\"\n William Oswald Mills (R-MD) US Representative had received an undisclosed $25,000 gift from the Finance Committee of President Richard Nixon's re-election campaign (CREEP), which was part of $900,000 in unaccounted donations made by that committee in May 1973. Five days later, he committed suicide. (1973)\n George V. Hansen (R-ID) US Representative, was the first member of Congress to be convicted of violating a new 1971 campaign law requiring disclosure of financial contributions. (1974)\n James R. Jones (D-OK) US Representative, pleaded guilty to a federal misdemeanor charge that he had failed to report a $200 campaign contribution. He was fined $200. (1972)\n John Dowdy (D-TX) US Representative, found guilty of perjury, sentenced to 6 months and fined. (1972)\n\nJudicial branch \n Herbert Allan Fogel (R) US Judge of Eastern District of PA (1973–1978) resigned after investigations of his role in awarding a lucrative government contract to his uncle. During the investigation, he invoked the 5th Amendment multiple times. He was then asked to resign. (1978)\n\nGerald Ford (R) administration (1974–1977)\n\nExecutive branch \n Secretary of Agriculture Earl Butz (R) was asked privately why the party of Lincoln was not able to attract more blacks. Butz replied: \"I'll tell you what the coloreds want. It's three things: first, a tight pussy; second, loose shoes; and third, a warm place to shit.\" Butz resigned soon afterwards on October 4, 1976.\n\nLegislative branch \n Andrew J. Hinshaw (R-CA) US Representative, was convicted of accepting bribes while Assessor of Orange County as well as stealing county funds and property for his Congressional Campaign. He served one year in prison. (1977)\n Wayne L. Hays (D-OH) resigned from Congress after hiring and promoting his mistress, Elizabeth Ray. (1976)\n Frank Horton (R-NY) pleaded guilty to a DWI (arrested at 105 mph with two women; neither were his wife) and was sentenced to 11 days in jail. (1976)\n James F. Hastings (R-NY) was convicted of taking kickbacks from his staff and mail fraud. He took the money from his employees and used it to buy cars, boats, school tuition and retirement. Served 14 months at Allenwood penitentiary. (1976)\n Richard Alvin Tonry (D-LA) US Representative from the 1st District, pled guilty to illegal contributions and ballot box stuffing. He served four months in Congress and six months in jail. (1976)\n James R. Jones (D-OK) US Rep, pleaded guilty to a federal misdemeanor charge that he had failed to report a 1972 campaign contribution from Gulf Oil. (1976)\n John V. Dowdy (D-TX) served 6 months in prison for perjury. (1973)\n Bertram L. Podell (D-NY) pleaded guilty to conspiracy and conflict of interest. He was fined $5,000 and served four months in prison. (1974)\n Frank Brasco (D-NY) was sentenced to three months in jail and fined $10,000 for conspiracy to accept bribes from a reputed Mafia figure who sought truck leasing contracts from the Post Office and loans to buy trucks.\n Frank Clark (D-PA) paid congressional salaries to 13 Pennsylvania residents who performed no official duties.\n Wilbur Mills (D-AR) stepped down as Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee after his affair with Argentinian stripper Fanne Fox was made public in 1974.\n Ron A. Taylor (D-NC) US Representative from the 11th District, was accused of bribery and burning four tobacco warehouses of his political rival, Democratic State Senator J. J. Harrington. Taylor resigned his position and pled guilty to conspiracy as well as bribery. He served four years in prison. (1977)\n\nJudicial branch \n Otto Kerner Jr. (D), US Judge of the 7th Circuit Court and former Illinois Governor, was indicted on charges of conspiracy, bribery, mail fraud, and income tax evasion related to accepting stock shares from a racing company and lying about it. He was convicted and resigned his position. (1974)\n\nJimmy Carter administration (D) (1977–1981)\n\nExecutive branch \n Debategate – An election briefing book for President Jimmy Carter was stolen and given to opponent Ronald Reagan before the presidential election of 1980.\n\nLegislative branch \n Daniel J. Flood (D-PA) was censured for bribery during the 96th United States Congress. The allegations led to his resignation on January 31, 1980.\n J. Herbert Burke (R-FL) US Representative, pleaded guilty to disorderly intoxication and resisting arrest, and nolo contendere to an additional charge of witness tampering. He was sentenced to three months plus fines. (1978)\n Robert E. Bauman (R-MD) US Representative, was charged with soliciting sex from a teenage boy in gay bar. After counseling, the charges were dropped, but he lost his next two elections. (1980)\n Fred Richmond (D-NY) received charges of soliciting sex from a 16-year-old boy were dropped after he submitted to counseling. (1978)\n Charles Diggs (D-MI) was convicted on 29 charges of mail fraud and filing false payroll forms which formed a kickback scheme with his staff. Sentenced to 3 years (1978)\n Herman Talmadge (D-GA) US Senator, was denounced by the Senate for \"improper financial conduct\" on October 11, 1979. He failed to be re-elected.\n Michael Myers (D-PA) received suspended six-month jail term after pleading no contest to disorderly conduct charged stemming from an incident at a Virginia bar in which he allegedly attacked a hotel security guard and a cashier.\n Charles H. Wilson (D-CA) was censured after he converted $25,000 in campaign funds to his own use and accepted $10,500 from a man with a direct interest in legislation before Congress. This was a later non-Park incident.\n John Connally (R-TX) was accused of accepting a $10,000 bribe (Milk Money scandal). He was acquitted. (1975)\n Richard Tonry (D-LA) pleaded guilty to receiving illegal campaign contributions.\n Koreagate scandal involving alleged bribery of more than 30 members of Congress by the South Korean government represented by Tongsun Park. Several other Koreans and Congressmen were allegedly involved, but not charged or reprimanded. The most notable are:\n Richard T. Hanna (D-CA) pleaded guilty and sentenced to 6–30 months in federal prison. Wound up serving a year in prison.\n John J. McFall, Edward Roybal, and Charles H. Wilson, all (D-CA), were involved. Roybal was censured and Wilson was reprimanded, while McFall was reprimanded.\n\nJudicial branch \n Herbert Allan Fogel (R) Federal Judge of the Eastern Federal District of Pennsylvania (1973–1978), and nominated by Richard M. Nixon, resigned after investigation of a government contract in which he was forced to invoke the 5th Amendment. (1978)\n Jack T. Camp (R) Federal Judge, Northern District of GA, appointed by Ronald Reagan, guilty of trying to purchase cocaine, firearms violations, aiding a felon. Resigned. Sentenced to 30 days. (2010)\n\nRonald Reagan (R) administrations (1981–1989)\n\nExecutive branch \n Operation Ill Wind was a three-year investigation launched in 1986 by the FBI into corruption by U.S. government and military officials, as well as private defense contractors.\n Melvyn Paisley, appointed Assistant Secretary of the Navy in 1981 by Republican President Ronald Reagan, was found to have accepted hundreds of thousands of dollars in bribes. He pleaded guilty to bribery, resigned his office and served four years in prison.\n James E. Gaines Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy, took over when Paisley resigned his office. He was convicted of accepting an illegal gratuity, and theft and conversion of government property. He was sentenced to six months in prison.\n Victor D. Cohen, Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Air Force, was the 50th conviction obtained under the Ill Wind probe when he pleaded guilty to accepting bribes and conspiring to defraud the government.\n The Housing and Urban Development scandal concerned bribery by selected contractors for low income housing projects.\n Samuel Pierce, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, was not charged because he made \"full and public written acceptance of responsibility\".\n James G. Watt, the Secretary of Interior from 1981 to 1983, was charged with 25 counts of perjury and obstruction of justice, sentenced to five years' probation, fined $5,000 and 500 hours of community service.\n Deborah Gore Dean (R), Executive Assistant to Samuel Pierce (Secretary of HUD from 1981 to 1987, and not charged), was convicted of 12 counts of perjury, conspiracy, bribery. Sentenced to 21 months in prison. (1987)\n Phillip D. Winn, Assistant Secretary of HUD from 1981 to 1982, pleaded guilty to bribery in 1994.\n Thomas Demery, Assistant Secretary of HUD, pleaded guilty to bribery and obstruction.\n Joseph A. Strauss, Special Assistant to the Secretary of HUD, was convicted of accepting payments to favor Puerto Rican land developers in receiving HUD funding.\n Silvio D. DeBartolomeis was convicted of perjury and bribery.\n Wedtech scandal – Wedtech Corporation was convicted of bribery for Defense Department contracts.\n Edwin Meese (R) Attorney General resigned, but was never convicted.\n Lyn Nofziger (R) White House Press Secretary had a conviction of lobbying that was overturned.\n Mario Biaggi (D-NY) was sentenced to years in prison.\n Savings and loan scandal – 747 institutions failed and had to be rescued with $160,000,000,000 of the taxpayer's money in connection with the Keating Five. see Legislative scandals.\n John M. Fedders (R) SEC Dir of Enforcement, in divorce testimony he admitted beating his wife and then resigned. (1985)\n Emanuel S. Savas, appointed by Ronald Reagan to be Assistant Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, resigned on July 8, 1983, after an internal Justice Department investigation found he had abused his office by having his Government staff work on his private book on Government time.\n Iran-Contra Affair (1985–1986) – In violation of an arms embargo, administration officials arranged to sell armaments to Iran in an attempt to improve relations with Iran and obtain their influence in the release of hostages held in Lebanon. Oliver North of the National Security Council then diverted proceeds from the arms sale to fund Contra rebels attempting to overthrow the left-wing government of Nicaragua, which was in direct violation of Congress' Boland Amendment. Ronald Reagan appeared on TV stating there was no \"arms for hostages\" deal, but was later forced to admit, also on TV, that yes, there indeed had been:\n Caspar Weinberger (R) Secretary of Defense, was indicted on two counts of perjury and one count of obstruction of justice on June 16, 1992. Weinberger received a pardon from George H. W. Bush on December 24, 1992, before he was tried.\n William Casey (R) Director of the CIA is thought to have conceived the plan, but was stricken ill hours before he would testify. Reporter Bob Woodward records that Casey knew of and approved the plan.\n Robert C. McFarlane National Security Adviser was convicted of withholding evidence, but after a plea bargain was given only two years' probation. Later pardoned by President George H. W. Bush\n Elliott Abrams (R) Assistant Secretary of State, was convicted of withholding evidence, but after a plea bargain was given only two years' probation. He was later pardoned by President George H. W. Bush\n Alan D. Fiers Chief of the CIA's Central American Task Force, was convicted of withholding evidence and sentenced to one year's probation. Later pardoned by President George H. W. Bush\n Clair George Chief of Covert Ops-CIA was convicted on two charges of perjury, but was pardoned by President George H. W. Bush before sentencing.\n Oliver North (R) Deputy Director of the National Security Council, was convicted of accepting an illegal gratuity, obstruction of a congressional inquiry, and destruction of documents, but the convictions were vacated, after the appeals court found that witnesses in his trial might have been impermissibly affected by his immunized congressional testimony.\n Fawn Hall, Oliver North's secretary, was given immunity from prosecution on charges of conspiracy and destroying documents in exchange for her testimony.\n John Poindexter (R) National Security Advisor, was convicted of five counts of conspiracy, obstruction of justice, perjury, defrauding the government, and the alteration and destruction of evidence. The Supreme Court overturned this ruling.\n Duane Clarridge Ex-CIA senior official, was indicted in November 1991 on seven counts of perjury and false statements relating to a November 1985 shipment to Iran. He was pardoned before trial by President George H. W. Bush.\n Richard V. Secord an ex-major general in the Air Force, who organized the Iran arms sales and Contra aid, pleaded guilty in November 1989 to making false statements to Congress. He was sentenced to two years of probation.\n Albert Hakim Businessman, pleaded guilty in November 1989 to supplementing the salary of Oliver North by buying him a $13,800 fence. Hakim was given two years of probation and a $5,000 fine, while his company, Lake Resources Inc. was ordered to dissolve.\n Thomas G. Clines a former intelligence official, who became an arms dealer, was convicted in September 1990 on four income tax counts, including under-reporting of income to the IRS and lying about not having foreign accounts. He was sentenced to 16 months of prison and fined $40,000.\n Carl R. Channell (R) a fund-raiser for conservative causes, pleaded guilty in April 1987 to defrauding the IRS via a tax-exempt organization to fund the Contras. He was sentenced to two years' probation.\n Richard R. Miller associate to Carl R. Channell, pleaded guilty in May 1987 to defrauding the IRS via a tax-exempt organization led by Channell. More precisely, he pleaded guilty to lying to the IRS about the deductibility of donations to the organization. Some of the donations were used to fund the Contras. Sentenced to two years of probation and 120 hours of community service.\n Joseph F. Fernandez CIA Station Chief of Costa Rica, was indicted on five counts in 1988. The case was dismissed when Attorney General Dick Thornburgh refused to declassify information needed for his defense in 1990.\n Michael Deaver (R) Deputy Chief of Staff to Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1985, pleaded guilty to perjury related to lobbying activities and was sentenced to three years' probation and fined $100,000.\n Sewergate was a scandal in which funds from the EPA were selectively used for projects which would aid politicians friendly to the Reagan administration.\n Anne Gorsuch Burford, Head of the EPA, cut the EPA staff by 22% and refused to turn over documents to Congress about withholding funds, citing presidential \"executive privilege\", whereupon she was found in Contempt and resigned with twenty of her top employees. (1980)\n Rita Lavelle a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Administrator, misused \"superfund\" monies and was convicted of perjury. She served six months in prison, was fined $10,000 and given five years' probation.\n Louis O. Giuffrida (R), director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, was appointed in April 1981 by Ronald Reagan and resigned his position on September 1, 1985. His announcement came a day before a Congressional subcommittee was to approve a report detailing waste, fraud, and abuse at his agency.\n Fred J. Villella, deputy director at Federal Emergency Management Agency, had more than $70,000 in renovations made to part of a dormitory at an agency training center in Maryland for use as a residence, including an $11,000 stove, wet bar, microwave oven, fireplace and cherrywood cabinets. Villella accepted free tickets to the same Republican fund-raisers as Giuffrida and also was accused of sexually harassing a FEMA security guard he also used for private errands. He resigned in 1984. (1984)\n J. Lynn Helms was appointed head of the Federal Aviation Administration by Ronald Reagan in April 1981. He was charged by the Securities and Exchange Commission with diverting $1.2 million from an issue of tax-exempt municipal bonds to his own personal use. Mr. Helms signed an order that settled the case before trial, though he resigned his FAA post.\n Veterans administration Chief Bob Nimmo was appointed by President Ronald Reagan in 1981. He resigned one year later just before a General Accounting Office report criticized him for improper such use of government funds. (1982)\n John Fedders was appointed chief of enforcement for the Securities and Exchange Commission by President Ronald Reagan. He was asked to resign his position after divorce proceedings, during which he admitted beating his wife.\n Peter Voss (R) was appointed to the US Postal Service Board of Governors in 1982 by President Ronald Reagan. He was sentenced to four years in federal prison and fined $11,000 for theft and accepting payoffs. He resigned his office in 1986, when he pleaded guilty.\n Carlos Campbell (R) Asst Sec of Commerce to the EDA, he was accused of favoritism in awarding grants and being over zealous. Before an investigation could start he resigned. (1983)\n Jim Petro (R), U.S. Attorney appointed by President Ronald Reagan, was dismissed and fined for tipping off an acquaintance about an ongoing Secret Service investigation. (1984)\n William H. Kennedy, United States Attorney in San Diego, was dismissed by President Reagan after he mentioned that the CIA was involved in a smuggling case. (1982)\n Marjory Mecklenburg (R) Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Resources used travel funds to see her son's Denver Bronco games. She resigned(1985)\n Guy W. Fiske (R) Deputy Secretary of Commerce, after allegations of a conflict of interest in contract negotiations with satellite communications company Comsat, resigned. (1983)\n\nLegislative branch \n Mark Hatfield (R-OR) US Senator and US Appropriations Chairman, revealed that his wife had been paid $55,000 by Greek arms dealer Basil Tsakos, who had been lobbying for a trans-African pipeline. (1984)\n David Durenberger (R-MN) Senator was denounced by the Senate for unethical financial transactions (1990) and then disbarred as an attorney. In 1995, he pled guilty to 5 misdemeanor counts of misuse of public funds and was given one year's probation.\n Barney Frank (D-MA) US Representative, lived with convicted felon Steve Gobie, who ran a gay prostitution operation from Frank's apartment without his knowledge. Frank was admonished by Congress for using his congressional privilege to eliminate 33 parking tickets attributed to Gobie. (1987)\n Donald E. \"Buz\" Lukens (R-OH) was convicted of two counts of bribery and conspiracy. (1996) (See also sex scandal.)\n Anthony Lee Coelho (D-CA) resigned rather than face inquiries from both the Justice Department and the House Ethics Committee about an allegedly unethical \"junk bond\" deal, which netted him $6,000. He was never charged with any crime. (1989)\n Jim Wright (D-TX) US Representative and house Speaker, resigned after an ethics investigation led by Newt Gingrich alleged improper receipt of $145,000 in gifts (1989)\n Keating Five (1980–1989) The failure of Lincoln Savings and Loan led to Charles Keating donating to the campaigns of five Senators for help. Keating served 42 months in prison. The five were investigated by the Senate Ethics Committee which found that:\n Senator Alan Cranston (D-CA) was reprimanded.\n Senator Dennis DeConcini (D-AZ) acted improperly.\n Senator Don Riegle (D-MI) acted improperly.\n Senator John Glenn (D-OH) used poor judgment.\n Senator John McCain (R-AZ) used poor judgment.\n Abscam was an FBI sting involving fake \"Arabs\" trying to bribe 31 congressmen. (1980) The following six Congressmen were convicted:\n Senator Harrison A. Williams (D-NJ) was convicted on nine counts of bribery and conspiracy, and was sentenced to three years in prison.\n Representative John Jenrette (D-SC) was sentenced to two years in prison for bribery and conspiracy.\n Richard Kelly (R-FL) accepted $25K and then claimed he was conducting his own investigation into corruption. Served 13 months.\n Raymond Lederer (D-PA) said that \"I can give you me\" after accepting $50,000. He was sentenced to three years in prison.\n Michael Myers (D-PA) accepted $50,000, saying \"... money talks and bullshit walks.\" He was sentenced to three years in prison and was expelled from the House.\n Frank Thompson (D-NJ) was sentenced to three years in prison.\n John M. Murphy (D-NY) served 20 months of a three-year sentence.\n Also arrested were NJ State Senator Angelo Errichetti (D) and members of the Philadelphia City Council.\n Mario Biaggi (D-NY) was part of the Wedtech scandal and was convicted of obstruction of justice accepting illegal gratuities. He was sentenced to eight years in prison and fined $500,000. (1988)\n Ernie Konnyu (R-CA) US Representative from the 12th District, was accused of sexual harassment by several female employees and retaliating against those who complained. He was ousted by fellow republicans and lost the next primary. (1987)\n Pat Swindall (R-GA) was convicted of six counts of perjury. (1989)\n George V. Hansen (R-ID) was censured for failing to file out disclosure forms. He spent fifteen months in prison.\n Frederick W. Richmond (D-NY) was convicted of tax evasion and possession of marijuana. He served nine months in prison. (1982)\n Joshua Eilberg (D-PA) pleaded guilty to conflict-of-interest charges. In addition, he convinced President Jimmy Carter (D) to fire the U.S. Attorney investigating his case.\n Robert E. Bauman (R-MD) was charged with soliciting sex from a teenage boy. Counseling was ordered, but he lost his next two elections. (1980)\n\nJudicial branch \n Alcee Hastings (D-FL) Federal District Court Judge was impeached by the House and convicted by the Senate of soliciting a bribe. (1989)\n Harry Claiborne (D-NV) Federal District Court Judge was impeached by the House and convicted by the Senate on two counts of tax evasion. He served over one year in prison.\n J. William Petro (R) U.S. Attorney in Ohio, was found guilty of criminal contempt of court for leaking confidential information. He was removed from office. (1985)\n Walter Nixon (D) US Judge for the Southern District of Mississippi, was accused of asking a local DA to stop prosecuting the son of a donor to Richard Nixon. He was found guilty of perjury and sentenced to five years in prison. Still a US Judge while imprisoned, he was impeached by the House and convicted by the Senate of perjury and removed from office. (1983)\n Robert Frederick Collins (D) US District Judge for the Eastern District of Louisiana appointed by Jimmy Carter. Collins was accused of accepting bribes from a marijuana smuggler in exchange for a lighter sentence. He was found guilty of bribery, conspiracy and obstruction of justice and sentenced to five years in prison. (1991)\n\nGeorge H. W. Bush (R) administration (1989–1993)\n\nExecutive branch \n President George H. W. Bush (R) denied any knowledge of the Iran–Contra affair during his election campaign by saying he was \"out of the loop\". His own diaries of that time, though, stated \"I'm one of the few people that know fully the details ...\" He repeatedly refused to disclose this to investigators during the investigation and thus won the election. (1988)\n Catalina Vasquez Villalpando (R), Treasurer of the United States, pleaded guilty to obstruction of justice and tax evasion, making her the only US Treasurer ever sent to prison. (1992)\n Iran-Contra Affair pardons – On December 24, 1992, George H. W. Bush (R) granted clemency to four convicted government officials as well as Caspar Weinberger and Duane Clarridge, whose trials had not yet begun. This action prevented any further investigation into the matter.\n Caspar Weinberger, Secretary of Defense under Ronald Reagan, pardoned before trial\n Robert C. McFarlane, National Security Advisor to Ronald Reagan, guilty of withholding information,\n Elliott Abrams, Assistant Secretary of State to Ronald Reagan, guilty of withholding information,\n Clair George, CIA Chief of Covert Ops, guilty of perjury\n Alan D. Fiers, Chief of the CIA's Central American Task Force, guilty of withholding information\n Duane Clarridge, CIA Operations Officer, pardoned before trial\n\nLegislative branch \n Charles \"Chig\" Cagle (R) District Chairman for US Representative Charles H. Taylor (R-NC) was found guilty of conspiracy to commit bank fraud and one count of conspiracy to commit money laundering concerning Taylor's Blue Ridge Saving Bank. Martin was sentenced to two years' probation. (1993)\n Albert Bustamante (D-TX) was convicted of accepting bribes. (1993)\n Lawrence J. Smith (D-FL) pleaded guilty to tax fraud and lying to federal election officials and served three months in jail, fined $5,000, 2 years' probation and back taxes of $40,000. (1993)\n Senator David Durenberger (R-MN) was denounced by the Senate for unethical financial transactions and then disbarred in 1990. He pleaded guilty to misuse of public funds and was given one year's probation and fined. (1995)\n Donald E. \"Buz\" Lukens (R-OH) was convicted of contributing to the delinquency of a minor for having sex with a 16-year-old girl. He was sentenced to 30 days in jail and fined $500. (1989)\n\nJudicial branch \n Clarence Thomas (R), Supreme Court nominee, was accused of sexual harassment by eight former employees including Anita Hill, but was approved anyway.\n Walter Nixon, United States District Judge for the Southern District of Mississippi was impeached by the House and convicted by the Senate for perjury on November 3, 1989.\n Robert Frederick Collins (D) Judge of the US District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana appointed by Jimmy Carter. He was charged with obstruction and accepting bribe money from a drug dealer in exchange for a lighter sentence. $17,500 in marked bills were found in his chambers. He was found guilty and sentenced to five years in prison and disbarred. (1991)\n\nBill Clinton (D) administrations (1993–2001)\n\nExecutive branch \n President Bill Clinton (D) was accused by the House of Representatives and impeached for perjury and obstruction of justice for lying under oath about consensual sexual relations with a member of his staff, Monica Lewinsky. Clinton was acquitted by the Senate and remained in office for the rest of his term. Clinton subsequently was cited for contempt of court by the Arkansas Law Association and agreed to a five-year suspension from practicing law in Arkansas. (1998)\n Ronald Blackley (D) Chief of Staff to the Secretary of Agriculture Mike Espy, was sentenced to 27 months for perjury in a case involving improper gifts that also included Espy. Secretary Espy was found not guilty.\n David Watkins (D) Director of the Office of Administration used the White House helicopter, Marine One, to fly to a nearby golf course for an afternoon game. Ostensibly to check out security issues, Watkins later admitted it was just to play golf and resigned. (1994)\n Darleen A. Druyun (D), Principal Deputy United States Under Secretary of the Air Force. She pleaded guilty to inflating the price of contracts to favor her future employer, Boeing. In October 2004, she was sentenced to nine months in jail for corruption, fined $5,000, given three years of supervised release and 150 hours of community service. (2005). CBS News called it \"the biggest Pentagon scandal in 20 years\" and said that she pleaded guilty to a felony.\n Catalina Vasquez Villalpando (R) US Treasurer, convicted of obstruction and tax evasion. She was sentenced to 4 months and fined. (1994)\n\nLegislative branch \n Newt Gingrich (R-GA), the Speaker of the US House of Representatives, was charged $300,000 in sanctions by the majority Republican House ethics committee for an unethical book deal leading to his eventual resignation from office. (1997)\n Wes Cooley (R-OR) was convicted of having lied on the 1994 voter information pamphlet about his service in the Army. He was fined and sentenced to two years' probation. (1994)\n Dan Burton (R-IN) US Representative and a combative critic of the Clinton/Lewinsky affair, admitted that he had fathered a child out of wedlock. (1998)\n Austin Murphy (D-PA) was convicted of engaging in voter fraud for filling out absentee ballots for members of a nursing home.\n Nicholas Mavroules (D-MA) pleaded guilty to bribery charges.\n Bob Packwood (R-OR) was accused of sexual misconduct by nineteen women. He fought the allegations, but eventually, the US Senate Ethics Committee found him guilty of a \"pattern of abuse of his position of power and authority\" and recommended that he be expelled from the Senate. He resigned on September 7, 1995.\n House banking scandal – The House of Representatives Bank found that 450 members had overdrawn their checking accounts, but had not been penalized. Six were convicted of charges, most only tangentially related to the House Bank itself. Twenty two more of the most prolific over-drafters were singled out by the House Ethics Committee. (1992)\n Buzz Lukens (R-OH) was convicted of bribery and conspiracy.\n Carl C. Perkins (D-KY) pleaded guilty to a check-kiting scheme involving several financial institutions (including the House Bank).\n Carroll Hubbard (D-KY) was convicted of illegally funneling money to his wife's 1992 campaign to succeed him in congress.\n Mary Rose Oakar (D-OH) was charged with seven felonies, but pleaded guilty only to a misdemeanor campaign finance charge not related to the House Bank.\n Walter Fauntroy (D-DC) was convicted of filing false disclosure forms in order to hide unauthorized income.\n Jack Russ, House Sergeant-at-Arms, was convicted of three counts.\n The Congressional Post Office scandal (1991–1995) was a conspiracy to embezzle House Post Office money through stamps and postal vouchers to congressmen.\n Dan Rostenkowski (D-IL) was convicted and sentenced to 18 months in prison in 1995.\n Joe Kolter (D-PA) was convicted of one count of conspiracy and sentenced to 6 months in prison.\n Postmaster Robert V. Rota was convicted of one count of conspiracy and two counts of embezzlement.\n Jay C. Kim (R-CA) plea guilty in 1997 to accepting $230,000 in illegal foreign and corporate campaign donations, including one-third of all donations to his initial 1992 campaign for Congress after a long term running FBI Investigation in Los Angeles, CA. At the time, it was a record for campaign violations. Kim was sentenced to House arrest and fined $20,000, and subsequently lost re-election in the 1998 Republican Primary Election for the 41st Congressional District in California. (1997)\n Charles Warren (R) Chief of Staff to Chris Cannon (R-UT) US Representative, resigned after acknowledging an improper sexual relationship with a subordinate who alleged he coerced her into an unwanted affair of \"consensual contact without sex\". (1997)\n Dana Rohrabacher (R-CA) US Representative, was found guilty of failure to properly report campaign contributions and fined. (1996)\n Rhonda Carmony (R) Campaign Manager and wife of State Representative Dana Rohrabacher (R) was the key instigator of a Republican effort to manipulate the 67th California State District election by fostering the candidacy of decoy candidate Laurie Campbell (D) to undermine the candidacy of popular Democrat Linda Moulton-Patterson. Carmony pled guilty and was sentenced to three years of probation and 300 hours of community service and was fined. (1996)\n Jack Wenpo Wu (R) Campaign Treasurer for Dana Rohrabacher (R-CA) US Representative, embezzled over $300K. He was repaying the money when he was found guilty and sentenced to 1 year and 5 years' probation (2015)\n Enid Greene Mickelsen (Waldholtz) (R) U.S. Representative, was found guilty on four counts of violating FEC rules and paid $100,000 in fines for campaign violations. (1994)\n Joe Waldholtz (R) Campaign Manager and husband of Enid Greene Waldholtz (R) pled guilty to federal charges of tax, bank, and campaign fraud, embezzling and forgery(1995) and then, while out on parole, was subsequently convicted of forging insurance and Veterans Affairs checks from his stepmother and his late father.\n Hayes Martin (R) Campaign Treasurer to US Representative Charles H. Taylor (R-NC) was found guilty of one count of conspiracy to commit bank fraud and one count of conspiracy to commit money laundering concerning Taylor's Blue Ridge Saving Bank. Martin was found guilty and sentenced to two years' probation. (1993)\n Charles \"Chig\" Cagle (R) District Republican Party Chairman for US Representative Charles H. Taylor (R-NC) was found guilty of one count of conspiracy to commit bank fraud and one count of conspiracy to commit money laundering concerning Taylor's Blue Ridge Saving Bank. Cagle was found guilty and sentenced to two years' probation. (1993)\n Bob Livingston (R-LA) US Representative from the 1st District, was calling for the impeachment of Bill Clinton when pornographer Larry Flynt accused Livingston of multiple counts of adultery. He acknowledged he had \"strayed from my marriage\" and resigned. (1999)\n Mel Reynolds (D-IL) US Representative from the Illinois 2nd District, was accused of sexual misconduct and obstruction of justice including sex with a minor and was found guilty. He resigned his seat and was sentenced to five years. (1994)\n\nGeorge W. Bush (R) administrations (2001–2009)\n\nExecutive branch \n Joseph E. Schmitz (R) was nominated by President George W. Bush (R) to be Defense Department Inspector General on June 18, 2001. He resigned on September 9, 2005, in the wake of several allegations by Senator Charles Grassley (R-Iowa), including that he had obstructed the FBI investigation of John A. Shaw.\n Walter Reed Army Medical Center neglect scandal (2007) about substandard conditions for wounded soldiers at Walter Reed Army Medical Center including long delays in treatment, rodent infestation and outbreaks of mold resulted in the relief of three senior staff;\n Francis J. Harvey (R) Secretary of the Army, appointed by G. W. Bush, resigned\n Maj. Gen. George Weightman ( ) was fired for failures linked to the scandal\n Lt. Gen. Kevin C. Kiley (R) appointed by G. W. Bush, was relieved of command resigned for failures linked to the scandal.\n Timothy Goeglein, Special Assistant to President Bush, resigned in 2008 when it was discovered that more than twenty of his columns had been plagiarized from an Indiana newspaper.\n Scott Bloch was appointed by President George W. Bush to head the United States Office of Special Counsel. On April 27, 2010, Bloch pleaded guilty to criminal contempt of Congress for \"willfully and unlawfully withholding pertinent information from a House committee investigating his decision to have several government computers wiped....\" On February 2, Magistrate Judge Deborah A. Robinson ruled that Bloch faces a mandatory sentence of at least one month in prison.\n Lewis \"Scooter\" Libby, Chief of Staff to Vice President Dick Cheney (R), was convicted of perjury and obstruction of justice in the Plame affair on March 6, 2007. He was sentenced to 30 months in prison and fined $250,000. The sentence was commuted by George W. Bush on July 1, 2007. The felony remains on Libby's record, though the jail time and fine were commuted. President Donald Trump fully pardoned Libby on April 13, 2018.\n Alphonso Jackson, the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, resigned while under investigation by the Justice Department for alleged cronyism and favoritism\n Karl Rove, Senior Adviser to President George W. Bush, was investigated by the Office of Special Counsel for \"improper political influence over government decision-making\", as well as for his involvement in several other scandals such as Lawyergate, Bush White House email controversy and Plame affair. He resigned in April 2007. (See Karl Rove in the George W. Bush administration)\n Richard J. Griffin, the Assistant Secretary of State for Diplomatic Security appointed by George W. Bush who made key decisions regarding the department's oversight of private security contractor Blackwater USA, resigned in November 2007, after a critical review by the House Oversight Committee found that his office had failed to adequately supervise private contractors during the Blackwater Baghdad shootings protecting U.S. diplomats in Iraq.\n Republican contributor Howard Krongard was appointed Inspector General of the US State Department by President George W. Bush in 2005. was accused by the House Oversight Committee of improperly interfering with investigations into private security contractor Blackwater USA concerning the Blackwater Baghdad shootings. Krongard resigned in December 2007.\n \"Lawyergate\" or the Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy refers to President Bush firing, without explanation, eleven Republican federal prosecutors whom he himself had appointed. It is alleged that they were fired for prosecuting Republicans and not prosecuting Democrats. When Congressional hearings were called, a number of senior Justice Department officials cited executive privilege and refused to testify under oath and instead resigned, including:\n Attorney General Alberto Gonzales\n Karl Rove, Advisor to President Bush\n Harriet Miers, Legal Counsel to President Bush, was found in Contempt of Congress\n Michael A. Battle, Director of Executive Office of US Attorneys in the Justice Department\n Bradley Schlozman, Director of Executive Office of US Attorneys who replaced Battle\t\n Michael Elston, Chief of Staff to Deputy Attorney General Paul McNulty\n Paul McNulty, Deputy Attorney General to William Mercer\n William W. Mercer, Associate Attorney General to Alberto Gonzales\n Kyle Sampson, Chief of Staff to Attorney General Alberto Gonzales\n Monica Goodling, Liaison between President Bush and the Justice Department\n Joshua Bolten, Deputy Chief of Staff to President Bush was found in Contempt of Congress\n Sara M. Taylor, Aide to Presidential Advisor Karl Rove\n Bush White House email controversy – During the Lawyergate investigation it was discovered that the Bush administration used Republican National Committee (RNC) web servers for millions of emails which were then destroyed, lost or deleted in possible violation of the Presidential Records Act and the Hatch Act. George W. Bush, Dick Cheney, Karl Rove, Andrew Card, Sara Taylor and Scott Jennings all used RNC webservers for the majority of their emails. Of 88 officials investigated, 51 showed no emails at all. As many as five million emails requested by Congressional investigators were therefore unavailable, lost, or deleted.\n Lurita Alexis Doan (R) Administrator of General Services, investigated for \"the most pernicious of political activity\" at work. The team also recommended she be \"disciplined to the fullest extent\". Among other things she asked GSA employees how they could \"help Republican candidates\". She resigned. (2000)\n J. Steven Griles (R) Deputy to the Secretary of the Interior pled guilty to obstruction of justice and was sentenced to 10 months.\n John Korsmo, chairman of the Federal Housing Finance Board, pleaded guilty to lying to congress and sentenced to 18 months of unsupervised probation and fined $5,000. (2005)\n Philip Cooney (R) Bush appointed to chair the Council on Environmental Quality, was accused of editing government climate reports to emphasize doubts about global warming. Two days later, Cooney announced his resignation and later conceded his role in altering reports. Stating \"My sole loyalty was to the President and advancing the policies of his administration\".\n The Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal involved Jack Abramoff, a prominent Republican lobbyist with close ties to administration officials, legislators, and staff who offered bribes as part of his lobbying efforts. Abramoff was sentenced to 4 years in prison. See also George W. Bush's legislative branch for 11 legislators and staff caught in the investigation. Executive branch personnel involved include:\n David Safavian (R) CoS of the GSA (General Services Administration) was convicted of making false statements as part of the Jack Abramoff lobbying and corruption scandal and was sentenced to one year in prison. (2005) found guilty of blocking justice and lying, and sentenced to 18 months\n Roger Stillwell (R) staff in the Department of the Interior, pleaded guilty and received two years suspended sentence.\n Susan B. Ralston (R) Special Assistant to the President and Senior Advisor to Karl Rove, resigned on October 6, 2006, after it became known that she accepted gifts and passed information to her former boss Jack Abramoff.\n J. Steven Griles (R) Deputy to the Secretary of the Interior pleaded guilty to obstruction of justice and was sentenced to 10 months\n Italia Federici (R) staff to the Secretary of the Interior and President of the Council of Republicans for Environmental Advocacy, pled guilty to tax evasion and obstruction of justice. She was sentenced to four years' probation.\n Jared Carpenter (R) Vice President of the Council of Republicans for Environmental Advocacy, was discovered during the Abramoff investigation and pled guilty to income tax evasion. He got 45 days, plus 4 years' probation.\n Mark Zachares (R) staff in the Department of Labor, bribed by Abramoff, guilty of conspiracy to defraud.\n Robert E. Coughlin (R) Deputy Chief of Staff of the Criminal Division of the Justice Department, pleaded guilty to conflict of interest after accepting bribes from Jack Abramoff. (2008)\n Kyle Foggo (R) CIA Executive Director was convicted of honest services fraud in the awarding of a government contract and sentenced to 37 months in federal prison at Pine Knot, Kentucky. On September 29, 2008, Foggo pleaded guilty to one count of the indictment, admitting that while he was the CIA executive director, he acted to steer a CIA contract to the firm of his lifelong friend, Brent R. Wilkes.\n Julie MacDonald (R) Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Department of the Interior, resigned on May 1, 2007, after giving government documents to developers (2007)\n Claude Allen (R) appointed as an advisor by President Bush (R) on Domestic Policy, was arrested for a series of felony thefts in retail stores. (2006)\n Lester Crawford, Commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration, resigned after two months. He pleaded guilty to conflict of interest and received a 3-year suspended sentence and fined $90,000 (2006)\n The 2003 Invasion of Iraq depended on intelligence that Saddam Hussein was developing \"weapons of mass destruction\" (WMDs) meaning nuclear, chemical and/or biological weapons for offensive use. As revealed by The (British) Downing Street memo \"Bush wanted to remove Saddam, through military action, justified by the conjunction of terrorism and WMD. But the intelligence and the facts were being fixed around the policy\" The press called this the \"smoking gun\". (2005)\n Yellowcake forgery – Just before the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the Bush administration presented evidence to the UN that Iraq was seeking material (yellowcake uranium) in Africa for making nuclear weapons. Though presented as true, it was later found to be not only dubious, but outright false.\n Coalition Provisional Authority Cash Payment Scandal – On June 20, 2005, the staff of the Committee on Government Reform prepared a report for Congressman Henry Waxman. It was revealed that $12 billion in cash had been delivered to Iraq by C-130 planes, on shrinkwrapped pallets of US$100 bills. The United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, concluded that \"Many of the funds appear to have been lost to corruption and waste.... Some of the funds could have enriched both criminals and insurgents....\" Henry Waxman, commented, \"Who in their right mind would send 363 tons of cash into a war zone?\" A single flight to Iraq on December 12, 2003, which contained $1.5 billion in cash is said to be the largest single Federal Reserve payout in US history.\n Bush administration payment of columnists were done with federal funds to say nice things about Republican policies. Illegal payments were made to journalists Armstrong Williams, Maggie Gallagher and Michael McManus (2004–2005)\n John A. Shaw (R) was appointed by George W. Bush as Under Secretary of Defense. He was investigated on corruption although charges were never filed against him, he was asked to resign in 2004. When he refused to resign, he was fired by the Bush administration on December 10, 2004.\n The Bernard Kerik nomination in 2004 as Secretary of Homeland Security was derailed by past employment of an illegal alien as a nanny, and other improprieties. On November 4, 2009, he pleaded guilty to two counts of tax fraud and five counts of lying to the federal government and was sentenced to four years in prison.\nFelipe Sixto, Special Assistant to President George W. Bush (R) as well as deputy director in the Office of Public Liaison, was investigated for misuse of funds from July 2007 while working in the White House Office of Intergovernmental Affairs. Sixto then pled guilty to embezzlement of $644,884 from the Center for a Free Cuba. On March 18, 2009, Sixto was found guilty, resigned, repaid the theft, was fined and sentenced to 30 months in prison. (2008)\n Elliott Broidy (R) Chairman of Finance for the Republican National Committee was accused of bribing several NY state pension officials in exchange for investments in his own private equity fund. He pled guilty, but because of his cooperation the charge was dropped from a felony for attempting to provide excess gratuity, to a misdemeanor and he avoided jail, but was ordered to forfeit $18,000,000. (2008)\n Plame affair – CIA agent Valerie Plame's name was leaked by Richard Armitage, Deputy Secretary of State, to the press in retaliation for her husband's criticism of the reports used by George W. Bush to legitimize the Iraq war. Armitage admitted he was the leak but no wrongdoing was found.\n Thomas A. Scully, administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), withheld information from Congress about the projected cost of the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act, and allegedly threatened to fire Medicare's chief actuary, Richard Foster, if Foster provided the data to Congress. (2003) A few days after the bill was signed, Scully resigned (2003).\n NSA warrantless surveillance – Shortly after the September 11 attacks in 2001, President George W. Bush (R) implemented a secret program by the National Security Agency to eavesdrop on domestic telephone calls by American citizens without warrants, thus by-passing the FISA court which must approve all such actions. (2002) In 2010, Federal Judge Vaughn Walker ruled this practice to be illegal.\n Janet Rehnquist (daughter of former Chief Justice William Rehnquist) was the appointed Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services by George W. Bush. In 2002, Governor Jeb Bush's (R-FL) Chief of Staff Kathleen Shanahan asked Rehnquist to delay auditing a $571 million federal overpayment to the State of Florida. Rehnquist ordered her staff to delay the investigation for five months until after the Florida elections. When Congress began an investigation into the matter, Rehnquist resigned in March 2003, saying she wanted to spend more time with her family.\n Jerry Pierce-Santos (R) Co-Financial Chairman of the Republican National Committee and a member of the Bush-Cheney ’04 Finance Committee, was accused with 10 others of acting as a conduit for $17,000 in illegal contributions to an unnamed Republican candidate for federal office. He pled guilty to one count. (2003)\n John Yoo, an attorney in the Office of Legal Counsel of the Justice Department, worked closely with vice president Dick Cheney (R) and the Bush Six. He wrote memos stating the right of the president to –\n suspend sections of the ABM Treaty without informing Congress\n bypass the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act allowing warrantless wiretapping of US Citizens within the United States by the National Security Agency.\n state that the First Amendment and Fourth Amendments and the Takings Clause do not apply to the president in time of war as defined in the USA Patriot Act\n allow enhanced interrogation techniques (torture) because provisions of the War Crimes Act, the Third Geneva Convention, and the Torture convention do not apply. Many of his memos have since been repudiated and reversed. Later review by the Justice Department reported that Yoo and Jay Bybee had used \"poor judgement\" in the memos, but no charges were filed.\n Carl Truscott (R) Director of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, was appointed in 2004 but was soon under investigation for his abusive management style and allegations of lavish spending and misuse of resources, including requiring a large number of agents as personal security, spending hundreds of thousands of dollars of expensive upgrades to the ATF headquarters building, adding a new garage to his house, detailing 20 agents to help with his nephew's high school project and other examples of poor financial judgment. Truscott resigned as the ATF Director on August 4, 2006.\n John David Roy Atchison (R) Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Florida, was arrested for intentions of having sex with a five-year-old. Atchison committed suicide before trial while in custody. (2007)\n Darleen A. Druyun was the Principal Deputy Undersecretary of the Air Force nominated by Bill Clinton in 1993. She pled guilty to inflating the price of contracts to favor her future employer, Boeing. In October 2004, she was sentenced to nine months in jail for corruption, fined $5,000, given three years of supervised release and 150 hours of community service. She began her prison term on January 5, 2005. CBS News called it \"the biggest Pentagon scandal in 20 years\" and said that she pleaded guilty to a felony.\n Randall L. Tobias (R) US Director of Foreign Assistance, appointed by Republican President President George W. Bush was found to have been a client in the DC Madame prostitution investigation. Having officially encouraged abstinence, he resigned his position. (2007)\n Courtney Stadd Chief of Staff of NASA and White House Liaison was accused of giving $9.6M of NASA funds to one of his clients, Mississippi State University and was convicted of ethics violations and sentenced to six months of house arrest. He was also charged with steering a separate $600,000 NASA remote sensing contract to MSU and asking for kickbacks and then submitting falsified invoices to stop a NASA investigation. To this second charge he was found guilty and sentenced to 41 months in prison. (2009)\n\nLegislative branch \n James W. Treffinger (R-NJ) a US senatorial candidate pleaded guilty in 2003 to corruption and fraud as Chief Executive of Essex County and ordered to pay $30,000 in restitution and serve 13 months in jail.(2002)\n Ted Stevens (R-AK) U.S. Senator, was convicted of seven counts of bribery and tax evasion on October 27, 2008. He then lost re-election. Newly appointed US Attorney General Eric Holder (D) dismissed the charges \"in the interest of justice\" stating that the Justice Department had illegally withheld evidence from defense counsel.\n Charles Rangel (D-NY) U.S. Representative, failed to report $75,000 income from the rental of his villa in Punta Cana, Dominican Republic and was forced to pay $11,000 in back taxes. (September 2008)\n Duke Cunningham (R-CA) US Representative from the 50th District, was accused of accepting $2.5 million in bribes (which included a 42-foot yacht and a Rolls-Royce) from contractors doing business with the US government. He pled guilty to charges of conspiracy, bribery, mail fraud, and tax evasion in what came to be called the Cunningham scandal. He was tried and found guilty and sentenced to over eight years in prison. (2005)\n Rick Renzi (R-AZ) announced he would not seek another term.* He was later sentenced to three years in prison after conviction on federal corruption charges of extortion, bribery, insurance fraud, money laundering and racketeering related to a 2005 money-laundering scheme that netted the Flagstaff Republican more than $700,000. (2005)\n Mark Foley (R-FL) resigned on September 29, 2006, after sending sexually explicit messages to former Congressional pages.\n Jim Gibbons (R-NV) US House of Representatives from the 2nd District was campaigning for Governor when he walked waitress Chrissy Mazzeo to her car. She claimed he threw her against a wall and threatened to sexually assault her. He claimed she tripped and he caught her. The civil lawsuit was settled by the payment of $50,000 to Mazzeo. Six weeks later he was elected governor. See State scandals. (2006)\n Tom DeLay (R-TX) US Representative and House Majority Leader, served from 1985 to 2006 when he resigned his position to undergo trial for conspiring to launder corporate money into political donations and money laundering during the 2002 elections. On November 24, 2010, DeLay was found guilty and was sentenced to three years in prison and 10 years' probation, respectively. The ruling was overturned on appeal. On September 19, 2013, the conviction was overturned.\n Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal (R) The lobbyist found guilty of conspiracy, tax evasion and corruption of public officials in three different courts in a wide-ranging investigation. He served 70 months and was fined $24.7 million. See George W. Bush's executive branch for eight others caught in the investigation. Legislators and staff involved include;\n Tom DeLay (R-TX) US Representative and House Majority Leader was reprimanded twice by the House Ethics Committee and his aides indicted (2004–2005); eventually DeLay himself was investigated in October 2005 in connection with the Abramoff scandal, but not indicted. DeLay resigned from the House June 9, 2006. DeLay was found to have illegally channeled funds from Americans for a Republican Majority to Republican state legislator campaigns. He was convicted of two counts of money laundering and conspiracy in 2010. His conviction was overturned on appeal.\n Michael Scanlon (R) Communications Director to Tom DeLay, worked for Abramoff and pled guilty to bribery.\n Tony Rudy (R) Deputy CoS to Tom DeLay, pleaded guilty to conspiracy.\n Jim Ellis (R) Executive Director of Tom DeLay's Political Action Committee Americans for a Republican Majority (ARMPAC), was found guilty of money laundering.\n John Colyandro (R) Executive Director of Tom DeLay's political action committee, Texans for a Republican Majority (TRMPAC), was indicted by Texas for money laundering\n Bob Ney (R-OH) US Representative pleaded guilty to conspiracy and making false statements as a result of his receiving trips from Abramoff in exchange for legislative favors. Ney received 30 months in prison.\n William Heaton (R) CoS to Bob Ney, pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to commit fraud admitting to conspiring with Ney, Jack Abramoff and others to accept vacations, meals, tickets, and contributions to Ney's campaign in exchange for Ney benefitting Abramoff's clients. (2006)\n Neil Volz (R) former CoS to Bob Ney, pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy in 2006 charges stemming from his work for Bob Ney. In 2007 he was sentenced to two years' probation, 100 hours' community service, and a fine of $2,000.\n John Albaugh (R) former CoS to Ernest Istook (R-OK), pled guilty to accepting bribes connected to the Federal Highway Bill. Istook was not charged. (2008)\n James Hirni (R) former staff to Tim Hutchinson (R-AR), was charged with wire fraud for giving a staffer for Don Young (R) of Alaska a bribe in exchange for amendments to the Federal Highway Bill. (2008)\n Kevin A. Ring (R) former staff to John Doolittle (R-CA), was convicted of five charges of corruption and honest services fraud. sentenced to 20 months.\n Fraser Verrusio (R) Policy Director for US Senator Don Young (R-AK) of the Transportation and Infrastructure Committee was investigated during the Jack Abramoff scandals. Verrusio drafted favorable federal legislation for equipment rental companies through the Abramoff firm. He was accused of accepting bribes, such as tickets to the World Series and then lying about it. He was sentenced to a half day in jail, 2 years probation and fined. (2011)\n David Vitter (R-LA) US Senator, Vitters' name was discovered in the address book of DC Madam Deborah Jeane Palfrey. He admitted his adultery and lost his race for governor. (2007)\n Cunningham scandal named after Randy \"Duke\" Cunningham (R-CA) US Representative, pleaded guilty on November 28, 2005, to charges of conspiracy to commit bribery, mail fraud, wire fraud and tax evasion. Sentenced to over eight years.\n Mitchell Wade private contractor and \"co-conspirator\" with Cunningham\n Kyle Foggo Director of the CIA and friend to Wilkes, convicted of fraud\n Brent R. Wilkes private contractor\n Tan Nguyen (R-CA) US Representative candidate for the 47th District, was convicted of voter intimidation. He lost the election and was sentenced to one year in prison and six months in a halfway house. (2006)\n Adam Taff (R-KS) 3rd US Congressional District candidate, was indicted for converting funds given for his campaign and used them for his personal use and for wire fraud in a deal to buy a home. He was found guilty and sentenced to 15 months in prison. (2006)\n William J. Jefferson (D-LA) US Representative had $90,000 in cash in his home freezer seized by the FBI in August 2005. He was re-elected anyway, but lost in 2008. Jefferson was convicted of 11 counts of bribery and sentenced to 13 years on November 13, 2009, and his chief of staff Brett Pfeffer was sentenced to 84 months in a related case.\n Bill Janklow (R-SD) was convicted of second-degree manslaughter for running a stop sign and killing a motorcyclist. He resigned from the House and was given 100 days in the county jail and three years' probation (2003)\n Jim Traficant (D-OH) was found guilty on ten felony counts of financial corruption and was sentenced to 8 years in prison and expelled from the House. (2002)\n John E. Sweeney (R-NY) US Representative from 20th US District, was arrested in 2007 and again in 2009 for DWI. He was sentenced to 23 days in jail with 3 years' probation. (2009)\n Vito Fossella (R-NY) US Representative, 13th District, was arrested for drunk driving. He was found guilty of driving with twice the legal limit and sentenced to 5 days in prison. This led to the revelation that the married congressman had a longtime affair with another woman which had produced a child. He did not run for re-election. (2008)\n\nBarack Obama (D) administrations (2009–2017)\n\nExecutive branch \n Katherine Archuleta (D) Director of the Office of Personnel Management, resigned on July 10, 2015, after taking responsibility for cyber intrusions into her department that allowed the theft of data concerning 22 million people.\n Secretary of Veterans Affairs General Eric Shinseki, resigned after Veterans Administration officials in the Phoenix, AZ, hospital lied about the length of wait times for veterans to see a doctor. See Veterans Health Administration scandal of 2014.\n IRS targeting controversy: Steven T. Miller, Acting Commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service, resigned after the IRS admitted to investigating conservative political groups associated with the Tea Party to see if they actually met the criteria for the tax exemptions they were claiming. Later, it was found that the IRS also investigated progressive groups as well, and there has been no intentional wrongdoing discovered in the investigations. Other actions arising from the controversy included:\n Lois Lerner, head of the IRS Office of Exempt Organizations, stated she had not done anything wrong and then took the Fifth before the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. She retired in 2013 after an internal IRS investigation found that she had neglected her duties and was going to call for her ouster.\n Joseph H. Grant, Commissioner of the IRS Tax-exempt and Government Entities division, resigned on May 16, 2013.\n ATF gunwalking scandal – Attorney General Eric Holder (D) was held in Contempt of Congress after refusing to release all documents which the House of Representatives had demanded concerning the Fast and Furious gun walking operation. He did not resign and no charges were brought. (2012)\n Terence Flynn (R) an appointee of Barack Obama to the National Labor Relations Board, resigned in May 2012, after being accused of ethical violations by leaking Board information to the National Association of Manufacturers.\n Martha N. Johnson (D) head of the General Services Administration, fired two top GSA officials and then resigned herself after it was revealed that $822,000 had been spent in Las Vegas on a four-day training conference for 300 GSA employees. (2010)\n David Petraeus (I) resigned as Director of the CIA on November 9, 2012, having pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor charge of mishandling classified materials, after admitting to giving them to his biographer with whom he was having a sexual relationship. He was given two years' probation and fined $100,000. See Petraeus scandal (2012)\n William Mendoza, the former executive director of the White House Initiative on American Indian and Alaska Native Education, was charged with attempted voyeurism in November 2016 while using his government issued iPhone to take pictures up the skirts of several women on the D.C. Metro. He was indicted and resigned three days later. He then pled guilty and was sentenced to 90 days in jail, which were suspended. (2016)\n Barvetta Singletary, a senior White House aide was charged with assault in a Washington, D.C. suburb after reportedly threatening and firing a shot into the floor of her boyfriend. She was indicted and resigned the next day. (2015)\n\nLegislative branch \n J. Nathan Deal (R) U.S. Representative from District 9, was under investigation for financial improprieties and using his staff to pressure Georgia officials to continue a vehicle inspection program that benefitted his family's auto business. An initial report by the US Office of Congressional Ethics called for further investigation, where upon Deal resigned from his seat even before the initial report was released. (2010)\n David G. Bowser (R) Chief of Staff for Paul Broun (R) U.S. Representative for Georgia's 10th Congressional District, was accused of misusing government funds by using them to pay for a political consultant to work on the election of Collins. Bowser was found guilty of obstruction, concealment and making false statements and sentenced to four months in prison and two years' supervision. (2016)\n Chaka Fattah (D-PA) from Pennsylvania's 2nd district was found guilty to 23 charges including racketeering, money laundering and fraud. He was sentenced to 10 years and resigned from Congress on June 23, 2016.\n Joe Wilson (R-SC) US Representative from the 2nd District, shouted \"You lie!\" at President Barack Obama during a State of the Union Speech. He later apologized. (2009)\n Anthony Weiner (D-NY) from New York's 9th congressional district resigned from Congress in June 2011 when the first of what would become multiple sexting scandals were made public.\n David Wu (D-OR) US Representative for Oregon's 1st congressional district announced he would resign from Congress, four days after a report that a young woman called his office complaining of an \"unwanted sexual encounter\" with the congressman.\n Chris Lee (R-NY) US Representative for resigned after he solicited a woman on Craigslist and emailed a shirtless photo of himself. (2011)\n Jeffrey A. Garcia (D), Campaign Manager for US Representative Joe Garcia (D-FL) (no relation), was accused of voter fraud for unlawfully submitting online absentee-ballot requests for thousands of unsuspecting voters. He pled guilty and was sentenced to 90 days in jail and 18 months of probation. (2010)\n Dennis Hastert (R-IL) US Representative, pleaded guilty to charges that he violated banking rules and lied to the FBI in a scheme to pay $3.5 million in hush money to conceal sexual misconduct with an underage boy from his days as a high school wrestling coach, from 1965 to 1981. (2015)\n Aaron Schock (R-IL) US Representative resigned from office after evidence surfaced that he used campaign funds for travel, redecorated his office with taxpayer funds to resemble the sets of the Downton Abbey TV series, and otherwise spent campaign and/or taxpayer money on other questionable personal uses. (2015)\n Benjamin Cole (R) Senior Adviser to US Representative Aaron Schock US Representative, resigned after he allegedly condemned \"hood rats\" and \"black miscreants\" in internet posts. Schock's office stated, \"I am extremely disappointed by the inexcusable and offensive online comments made by a member of my staff.\"\n Matthew P. Pennell (R) Constituent Services Representative for US Representative Tim Huelskamp (R-KS) as well as GOP State Party Director was arrested on 17 counts of alleged child sex crimes. He was found guilty and sentenced to 12 months in prison. (2015)\n Brett O'Donnell, Communications Director for US Representative Cathy McMorris Rodgers (R-WA), pleaded guilty to lying to investigators from the House Office of Congressional Ethics about working for Rodgers while being paid with campaign money, thus becoming the first person ever to be convicted of lying to the House OCE.\n Thaddeus McCotter (R-MI) US Representative resigned his Congressional seat after four of his staff were convicted by the state of Michigan of falsifying signatures on McCotter's reelection petitions for the 2012 elections. Michigan Attorney General Bill Schuette (R) blamed McCotter for running a slipshod, leaderless operation. \"The congressman has resigned in disgrace\", Schuette said, though McCotter was not charged.\n Paul Seewald worked for McCotter as his district director of the Michigan's 11th congressional district. He pleaded guilty to nine counts of falsely signing a nominating petition as circulator. He was sentenced to two years' probation and 100 hours of community service, and ordered to pay court costs and fees.\n Don Yowchuang worked for McCotter as Deputy District Director of the Michigan 11th Congressional District. He pleaded guilty to ten counts of forgery and six counts of falsely signing a nominating petition and was sentenced to three years of probation, 200 hours of community service, court costs and fees.\n Mary M. Turnbull was McCotter's Representative to the Michigan 11th Congressional District. She was convicted of conspiring to commit a legal act in an illegal manner and falsely signing a nominating petition. She was sentenced to two years of probation, a day in jail, and 200 hours of community service. Turnbull was also ordered to pay a $1,440 fine. In addition, she is forbidden from any participation in elections or the political process.\n Lorianne O'Brady worked as a scheduler for McCotter in the Michigan 11th Congressional District. She pleaded no contest to charges that she falsely claimed to have legally collected signatures to get McCotter on the ballot when she actually had not. She was sentenced to 20 days in jail and a work program plus $2,625 in fines and court costs.\n David Rivera (R-FL) was indicted as a co-conspirator with Campaign Manager Ana Alliegro, who pleaded guilty to violation of US campaign laws in an $81,000 campaign-finance scheme to prop up a little-known Democratic candidate who used the illegal cash to trash Rivera's rival in the 2012 Democratic primary. Rivera was not convicted.\n Ana Alliegro (R), the Campaign Manager for David Rivera (R-FL), pleaded guilty to violation of US campaign laws. She was given six months in jail and six months of house arrest plus two years of probation. (2014)\n Rick Renzi (R-AZ) US Representative on June 12, 2013, was found guilty of 17 counts against him, which included wire fraud, conspiracy, extortion, racketeering, money laundering, and making false statements to insurance regulators.\n Mike Crapo (R-ID) US Senator was arrested on December 23, 2012, and later pleaded guilty to drinking and driving in a Virginia court on January 4, 2012. The court fined him $250 and received a one-year suspension of his driver's license. He was also sentenced to 180 days in prison, but served no time.\n Lisa Wilson-Foley (R) Candidate for U.S. Representative from the Connecticut 5th District, was accused of campaign irregularities and fraud, which included hiding illegal campaign contributions and covering up their origins. She was found guilty and sentenced to five months in prison with five months home confinement. (2012)\n John G. Rowland (R) Campaign Consultant to Candidate for US Representative, Republican Lisa Wilson-Foley. Rowland was found guilty of conspiring to make illegal campaign contributions, making false statements and conspiracy. He was sentenced to 30 months in prison. (2012)\n Trey Radel (R-FL) US Representative, was arrested on October 29, 2013, in Washington, D.C. for possession of cocaine after purchasing the drug from an undercover law enforcement officer. As a first-time offender, he pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor in a Washington, D.C. court, and was sentenced to one year of probation and fined $250. Radel took a leave of absence from office to undergo substance abuse treatment following his conviction. Following treatment, he initially returned to office with the intent of finishing his term, but eventually resigned on January 27, 2014.\n Annette Bosworth (R-SD) candidate for the US Senate was found guilty of 6 counts of filing false documents. She was sentenced to 3 years probation, community service plus costs. (2014)\n Jesse Jackson Jr. (D-IL) US Representative pleaded guilty to one felony count of fraud for using $750,000 of campaign money to buy personal items such as stuffed animals, elk heads and fur capes.\n Laura Richardson (D-CA) US Representative, was found guilty on seven counts of violating US House rules by improperly using her staff to campaign for her, destroying the evidence and tampering with witness testimony. The House Ethics Committee ordered Richardson to pay a fine of $10,000. (2012)\n John Ensign (R-NV) US Senate, resigned his seat on May 3, 2011, just before the Senate Ethics Committee could examine possible fiscal violations in connection with his extramarital affair with Cynthia Hampton. (2011) (see Federal sex scandals)\n Doug Hampton (R) aide to Ensign in what became the John Ensign scandal reached a separate plea deal with prosecutors in May 2012, the details of which have not yet been released.\n Michael Grimm (R-NY) US Representative, pleaded guilty to tax fraud on December 23, 2014, and was sentenced to eight months in federal prison.\n Ron Paul (R-TX) US House Representative, ran in the Republican primary for president in 2012, see Ron Paul 2012 presidential campaign. The campaign was marked by a scandal in which several of his close staff were indicted and found guilty of not properly disclosing on campaign finance forms the hiring of Iowa Republican State Senator Kent Sorenson, who changed his endorsement from Republican Michele Bachmann to Paul. Paul denies any knowledge of the deal and was not charged. (2011) The aides were:\n Jesse Benton (R) Campaign Chairman for Ron Paul (R-TX) concealed over $73,000 in payments to Iowa State Senator Kent Sorenson to convince him to flip his presidential endorsement from Michele Bachmann to Ron Paul. He was convicted of conspiring to cause false records. He was sentenced to 6 months' home confinement, fined $10,000 and given two years' probation. (2016)\n John Tate (R) Campaign Manager for US Representative Ron Paul (R-TX) was indicted for concealing over $73,000 in payments to Iowa State Senator Kent Sorenson to convince him to flip his presidential endorsement from Michele Bachmann to Paul. He was convicted of conspiracy. He was sentenced to 6 months' home confinement, 2 years' probation and fined $10,000 in 2016.\n Dimitri Kesari Deputy Campaign Manager for US Representative Ron Paul (R-TX) was convicted of causing false records concerning charges of hiring Iowa State Senator Sorensen, during the 2012 presidential campaign. He was sentenced to three months in jail. (2012)\n Fred Pagan (R) Office Administrator to US Senator Thad Cochran (R-MS) pled guilty to possession of methamphetamine with intent to distribute and was sentenced to 30 months in prison. (2016)\n Scott DesJarlais (R-TN) U.S. Representative, while running for re-election on an anti-abortion platform, it was discovered that he had made his wife have two abortions, and tried to persuade his mistress (who was also his patient), to have one as well. He also admitted under oath that while a married physician at Grandview Medical Center in Jasper, Tennessee, he had six affairs with three co-workers, two patients and a drug representative. He was investigated by the Tennessee Board of Health, pleaded guilty and was fined. (2012)\n Robert Decheine (D) CoS to U.S. Representative Steve Rothman (D-NJ), was sentenced to 18 months in prison for soliciting sex from a minor. (2011)\n Adam Kuhn (R) CoS to U.S. Representative Steve Stivers (R-OH), resigned abruptly after a former porn actress posted an explicit photo of his penis online. (2014)\n David Wihby (R) top aide to US Senator Kelly Ayotte (R-NH) resigned after he was arrested in a prostitution sting in Nashua. (2015)\n Corrine Brown (D-FL) US Representative, was found guilty of fraud for using $800K from a fake charity for her own personal use. She was sentenced to 5 years. (2018)\n Ronnie Simmons (D) CoS to U.S. Representative Corrine Brown (D-FL) pled guilty to fraud. (2017)\n\nJudicial branch \n Mark E. Fuller (R) US Judge of the Middle District of Alabama, appointed by Republican George W. Bush was found guilty of domestic violence, sentenced to domestic training and forced to resign. (2015)\n G. Thomas Porteous US Judge of Eastern Louisiana appointed by Democrat Bill Clinton, was unanimously impeached by the US House of Representatives on charges of bribery and perjury in March 2010. He was convicted by the US Senate and removed from office. (2010)\n Samuel B. Kent (R) US Judge Federal District in Galveston, Texas was sentenced to 33 months in prison for lying about sexually harassing two female employees. He had been appointed to office by President George H. W. Bush in 1990. Resigned after being impeached on June 10, 2009.\n Jack T. Camp (R) Senior Federal U.S. Judge for the Northern District of Georgia, who was appointed by Republican George W. Bush, was arrested while trying to purchase cocaine from an FBI agent. Pled guilty to three criminal charges and was sentenced to 30 days in jail, 400 hours' community service and fined.\n Richard F. Cebull (R) Federal Judge for the District of Montana, was found to have sent hundreds of racist and sexist emails. After an investigation led to calls for his impeachment, Cebull took senior status and then resigned. (2013)\n\nDonald Trump (R) administration (2017–2021)\n\nExecutive branch \n Donald J. Trump (R) President, First Impeachment of Donald Trump. In 2019, Trump was accused of trading $400 million in congressionally approved military aid to Ukraine in exchange for damaging information on then Presidential Candidate Joseph Biden (D) and his son Hunter Biden in what came to be known as the Trump-Ukraine scandal. The US House of Representatives claimed this action both obstructed the Will of Congress, since the money had already been approved and earmarked, and had abused his office as president as well since the information would have benefited him personally. He was impeached for Obstruction of Congress by a House vote of 229–198, with a second vote of impeachment for Abuse of Power by a vote of 230–197. The charges were presented to the United States Senate for trial, where he was acquitted with a vote of 52–48 on a charge of Abuse of Power and 53–47 on the charge of Obstruction of Congress, both votes being almost exactly along party lines.\n Donald J. Trump (R) President, Second Impeachment of Donald Trump. He was accused of Inciting to Insurrection at the January 6 United States Capitol attack. On January 6, 2021, Trump and others spoke at a rally in Lafayette Square Park outside the capitol, where Trump claimed that the 2020 election in November had been 'stolen' from him and that he was still president and Joe Biden was not. He urged the crowd to \"take back our country\" and \"fight like hell\". The crowd then walked to the US Capitol building, where they assaulted police officers, broke windows, forced their way inside and vandalized the building. One policeman and four marchers died. One hundred and forty police officers were injured. The US House of Representatives passed a resolution calling for Vice President Mike Pence (R) and the cabinet to remove Trump under the 25th Amendment on January 12, which states that should the Vice President and a majority of the Cabinet believe the sitting president is \"unfit\" to serve, he can be removed from office and the Vice president would assume leadership. Pence refused to do so. The next day the House impeached Trump on alleging Incitement of Insurrection under the Fourteenth Amendment. The vote was 57–43 on party lines to find him guilty, but a 67-vote supermajority vote was required for conviction.\n Scott Pruitt (R) Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, resigned citing increasing numbers of investigations into his administration. The EPA's own Chief Ethics Official had been pushing for independent studies into Pruitt's actions and 13 other separate investigations were under way, including alleged corruption for personal gain, salary increases without White House approval, use of government staff on personal projects and unnecessary spending on offices and security. He resigned July 5, 2018\n Albert Kelly (R) EPA Superfund Task Force Director and top aide to EPA Chief Scott Pruitt (R), resigned amid scrutiny of his previous actions as leader of a bank in Oklahoma which led to $125,000 fine and lifetime ban from banking. (2018)\n Pasquale \"Nino\" Perrotta, EPA Security Administrator, resigned after allegations of lavish spending and improper contracts (2018)\n Samantha Dravis (R) EPA Associate Administrator and Senior Counsel in the Office of Policy resigned abruptly after allegations of being a no show employee. (2018)\n George Papadopoulos (R) Foreign policy advisor, pleaded guilty to making false statements to FBI agents relating to contacts he had with agents of the Russian government while working for the Trump campaign. He was sentenced to 14 days in prison, 12 months' probation, and 200 hours' community service. (2017)\n Michael Flynn (D) National Security Advisor, was forced to resign on February 13, 2017, over conversations he had with Russian envoys about sanctions during the transition. On December 1, 2017, Flynn pleaded guilty to charges of lying to the FBI as a plea bargain. (2017)\n William C. Bradford (R) resigned from the United States Department of Energy Office of Indian Energy amid reports that he had made racial slurs directed at Barack Obama on Disqus and Twitter. Bradford had claimed that some of the comments were the result of identity theft and not his. (2017)\n Tom Price (R) Health and Human Services Secretary, was forced to resign on September 29, 2017, after it was discovered that he spent hundreds of thousands of taxpayer dollars on private flights.\n Brenda Fitzgerald (R) Director of the Centers for Disease Control, was forced to resign on January 31, 2018, after it was discovered that she bought stock in tobacco, the leading cause of preventable death in the US, creating a conflict of interest.\n Taylor Weyeneth (R) Deputy CoS at the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy, resigned when it was revealed the 24-year-old had no qualifications for the position and no related work history other than working on President Trump's campaign (2018).\n David Sorensen (R) White House speechwriter, resigned after his ex-wife Jessica Corbett came forward with abuse allegations. (2018)\nElliott Broidy (R) Deputy Finance Chairman of the Republican National Committee, was accused of not revealing he had received $9 million from the government of Malaysia to act as their agent to try and influence a US Department of Justice investigation of Malaysian fraud, plus the possibility of the enabling the extradition of a Chinese billionaire living in the United States. Broidy pled guilty to one count of conspiracy. As part of a plea deal, he forfeited most of the money to the US Government. He was then pardoned by President Donald Trump. (2018)\n Vivieca Wright Simpson, Chief of Staff to Secretary of Veterans Affairs David Shulkin (I) resigned after an inspector general report charged that she altered an email to make it appear Shulkin was getting an award during a trip to Europe in order to gain approval to use taxpayer dollars to pay for Shulkin's wife to accompany him. Six weeks later, Trump fired Shulkin via Twitter.\n Rob Porter (R) White House Staff Secretary, resigned from the position on February 7, 2018, following public allegations of spousal abuse from his two ex-wives. The allegations were supported by photographs of a black eye and a restraining order.\n Tony Tooke, Chief of the US Forest Service, resigned after a series of sexual harassment and retaliation accusations. (2018)\n Rick Gates (R) 2016 Deputy Campaign Chairman to President Donald Trump (R), pleaded guilty to conspiracy and lying to investigators concerning his work lobbying with Ukraine as well as tax and bank fraud. He was sentenced to 45 days in prison and three years' probation. (2018)\n Michael Cohen (R) Personal Attorney to President Donald Trump (R) and vice-president to the Trump organization, pleaded guilty to tax evasion, bank fraud and illegal campaign contributions. He also helped arrange non-disclosure agreements to Stormy Daniels and Karen McDougal who allegedly had affairs with Trump. Cohen pleaded guilty to eight counts of tax evasion and making false statements. (2018)\n\n Donald Kempf Jr. (R) Deputy Assistant Attorney General, an investigation concluded that he viewed sexually explicit images on government computers and then made false statements under oath about it. He resigned. (2018)\n\n Paul Manafort (R) Campaign Manager for President Donald Trump (R), was charged with 18 counts of tax and bank fraud which involved keeping $65 million in foreign bank accounts and spending $15 million on himself. He was found guilty on 8 counts. March 18, 2019: Manafort was sentenced to 47 months in prison. On March 13, 2019, Manafort was sentenced to another 43 months for charges of federal conspiracy and obstruction.\n\n Ryan Zinke (R) Secretary of the Interior, after the Interior Department inspector general referred one of several investigations about Zinke to the Justice Department. He was being investigated for his conduct in office and questionable real estate dealings in Montana when he resigned in December 2018.\n\n Alex Acosta (R) Secretary of Labor resigned on July 12, 2019, \"after defending himself in a contentious news conference over his role as a U.S. attorney\", in 2008, in dismissing federal charges against Jeffrey Epstein, \"that allowed the financier to plead guilty to lesser offenses in a sex-crimes case involving underage girls\". Epstein committed suicide on August 10, 2019, out of view of any guards and cameras, in the Metropolitan Correctional Center, New York City. After Price, Pruitt, Shulkin and Zinke, Acosta became the fifth Trump Cabinet member to resign or be fired amid a scandal.\n William Perry Pendley (R) Acting Director of the Bureau of Land Management was removed from office by Judge Brian Morris of the U.S. District Court of Montana, who ruled that Pendley had been running the agency unlawfully for 424 days without US Senate approval, in violation of the Appointment Clause of the U.S. Constitution and the Federal Vacancies Reform Act (FVRA). David Bernhardt (R) Secretary of the Interior, illegally promoted Pendley from deputy director of the Bureau of Land Management for Policy and Programs to \"temporary\" Director of the B. L. M. (2020)\n Chad Wolf (R) Acting Secretary of Homeland Security was found unlawfully appointed by U.S. district judge Nicholas Garaufis of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York as the DHS failed to follow the order of succession as it was lawfully designated. Thus, the decision to suspend DACA was voided.\n B. J. Pak (R) U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Georgia appointed by President Trump. On January 3, 2021, in a recorded call, Trump called top Georgia officials and pressured them to help him \"find\" more votes. During the call Trump referenced Georgia's Atlanta and Fulton counties and a \"never-Trumper U.S. attorney there\". Pak resigned the next day citing \"unforeseen circumstances\". (2021)\nSteve Bannon (R) Chief White House Strategist and Counselor to President Donald Trump was subpoenaed to appear before the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack and answer questions. He refused to appear or cooperate. He was then cited for Contempt of Congress and was found guilty of refusing to appear, and of refusing to produce documents for examination. He was found guilty on both counts. (2022)\n\nLegislative branch \n Katie Hill (D-CA) U.S. Representative, resigned following the start of a House Ethics Committee investigation involving Hill's alleged improper relationship with a male subordinate. After the investigation's announcement, Hill also admitted to an inappropriate relationship with a female campaign staffer. She resigned.(2019)\n\n Oliver Schwab (R) CoS for Republican US Representative David Schweikert (R-AZ), wrongly spent or received over $200,000 in illegal campaign contributions. When an investigation was called, he resigned. (2018)\n\n Duncan Hunter (R-CA) U.S. Representative, and his wife were indicted in federal court on dozens of charges, including wire fraud and using campaign funds for personal use. (2018) He pleaded guilty on December 3, 2019.\n Margaret Hunter (R) Campaign Manager and wife to US Representative Duncan D. Hunter (R) was indicted for misuse of $200,000 in campaign donations. She pled guilty to one count of conspiracy and was sentenced to 8 months of house arrest and three years of probation.\n\n Tom Garrett (R-VA) US Representative from Virginia's 5th District, was accused by four of his staff of using them for personal chores such as walking his dog and driving his kids. An investigation was begun, after which Garrett suddenly announced he was an alcoholic and would not seek re-election. (2018)\n\n Chris Collins (R-NY) U.S. Representative, was arrested by the FBI and charged with wire fraud, conspiracy to commit securities fraud, seven counts of securities fraud, and lying to the FBI, for tipping off his son and his daughter-in-law's father with insider trading information. (2018) On October 1, 2019, he announced that he would resign his seat, just prior to an expected change of plea to guilty. He pled guilty to securities fraud and was sentenced to 26 months in prison.\n\n Al Franken (D-MN) US Senator, resigned on January 2, 2018, after several accusations of sexual misconduct.\n Clint Reed (R) CoS for US Senator Marco Rubio (R-FL) was fired for allegations of \"improper conduct\" and threats to withhold employment benefits from an unnamed subordinate. (2018)\n Former U.S. Representative Steve Stockman (R-TX) orchestrated a scheme to steal money from charitable foundations and the individuals who ran them. The funds were used to finance Stockman's campaigns and personal expenses. He was convicted on 23 felony counts of perjury, fraud and money laundering and sentenced to 10 years. (2018) \n Jason T. Posey (R) Director of Special Projects and Campaign Treasurer for Stephen E. Stockman at the personal direction and supervision of Stockman, Posey took almost one million dollars from various sources and illegally funneled it into Stockman's 2014 Senate campaign. He pled guilty to mail fraud, wire fraud, money laundering and conduit contributions. (2013)\n Thomas Dodd (R) Special Assistant to Steve Stockman pled guilty to two conspiracy charges and agreed to cooperate with prosecutors. (2013)\n Blake Farenthold (R-TX) US Representative, resigned in the wake of reports he used public funds to settle a sexual harassment lawsuit and had created an intensely hostile work environment for women in his congressional office.\n Pat Meehan (R-PA) U.S. Representative, resigned following the revelation that he used taxpayers' money to settle a sexual harassment claim brought by a female staff member.\n Dana Rohrabacher (R-CA) US Representative, was charged with improper use of campaign contributions for his role in providing money to his Campaign Manager Rhonda Carmony's scheme to promote a decoy Democratic candidate in the state assembly election of Republican Scott Baugh. Rohrabacher was found guilty and fined $50,000. (2012)\n\n Jack Wenpo Wu (R) Treasurer for the Re-election Campaign of Dana Rohrabacher (R-CA) US Representative, embezzled over $300,000. He was repaying the money when he was found guilty and sentenced to one year in prison plus five years' probation. (2012)\n\n Trent Franks (R-AZ) US Representative, from the 8th District abruptly resigned when confronted about asking some of his staff to be sexual surrogates. (2017).\n\nAnthony Barry (R) Deputy Campaign Manager to US Senator Martha McSally (R-AZ) was accused of embezzling over $100,000 from McSally's campaign. He pled guilty to unlawful conversion of campaign funds and awaits sentencing. (2018)\n\n David Schweikert (R-AZ) US Representative, after a two-year probe by the bipartisan House Ethics Committee Schweikert was unanimously found guilty of campaign finance violations including urging federal staff members to fundraise for his campaign, misusing his Allowance for unofficial purposes, and demonstrating a \"lack of candor and due diligence\" as well as giving \"untruthful testimony\". He was fined $50,000. (2020)\n\n Timothy F. Murphy (R-PA) US Representative, the married, anti-abortion congressman resigned just before an investigation could begin concerning his allegedly urging his mistress to seek an abortion. (2017)\n\n Greg Gianforte (R-MT) US Representative, body slammed reporter Ben Jacobs. Gianforte was then found guilty of assault and sentenced to 40 hours of community service, 20 hours of anger management, a 180-day deferred sentence, a $385 fine and court fee. As part of his settlement with Jacobs, Gianforte donated $50,000 to the Committee to Protect Journalists. (2017)\n\n John Conyers (D-MI) US Representative, resigned on December 5, 2017, after sources revealed he had paid a $27,000 settlement to one of his staffers who had accused him of sexual assault. Conyers resigned after congressional investigations were initiated against Conyers.\n\n Fred W. Pagan (R) Staff to US Senator Thad Cochran (R-MS) pled guilty to possession of methamphetamine and GBL with intent to distribute and was sentenced to 30 months in prison. (2016)\n\n Steve Watkins (R-KS) US Representative, was charged in July 2020 by District Attorney Mike Kagay for three alleged felonies related to voter fraud: \"interference with law enforcement by providing false information, voting without being qualified and unlawful advance voting\". The charges came after Watkins' father had confirmed in March that the Federal Elections Commission was investigating a separate scandal involving Watkins; according to The Kansas City Star, the FEC was \"looking into thousands of dollars he steered into his son's campaign through other donors, including his daughters and a homebuilder\".\n\n Joe Barton (R-TX) US Representative from the 6th District and member of the conservative Freedom Caucus was found to have sent videos to several women on the internet of himself masturbating, two years before divorcing his second wife. Barton apologized and vowed to remain in congress and even fight the charges. A week later, Tea Party organizer Kelly Canon corroborated the stories by revealing that Barton had once asked if she was wearing panties and made other sexual references while he was still married. Barton finally announced he would not seek re-election. (2017)\n\n McCrae Dowless (R) Campaign Consultant for US Republican candidate Mark Harris in NC's 9th US Congressional District, which was marred due to suspected absentee ballot voter fraud. Dowless was arrested and charged with multiple counts of illegal ballot handling and conspiracy in both the 2016 and 2018 elections. He was eventually convicted of defrauding the government and sentenced to 6 months in prison and fined. (2018)\n\nJudicial branch \n Alex Kozinski (R) US Judge in the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals appointed by Republican Ronald Reagan, retired following allegations of sexual misconduct from several women, including former clerks. (2018)\n Patricia Head Minaldi (R) Senior Judge of the US District Court for the Western District of Louisiana appointed by President George W. Bush. After DUI arrest and several incidents in her courtroom, Minaldi took medical leave for severe alcoholism and then resigned. (2017)\n\nJoe Biden (D) administration (2021– )\n\nExecutive branch\nEric Lander (D) Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy a cabinet level position. Lander was accused by several of his staff of bullying, demeaning behavior, and insulting and embarrassing staff. The allegations were investigated and Lander was reprimanded. On February 7, 2022, he submitted his resignation.\nTyler Joseph \"TJ\" Ducklo (D) Deputy Press Secretary. Vanity Fair reported that Ducklo threatened Politico reporter Tara Palmeri, telling her that he would \"destroy her\" if she published a story about his relationship with Axios reporter Alexi McCammond. On February 12, 2021, Ducklo was suspended without pay for one week, he then apologized, and resigned the next day.\n\nLegislative branch\nPaul Gosar (R-AZ) US Representative was censured by the US House of Representatives for inciting violence after he posted an anime clip depicting him killing fellow Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D-NY) face and attacking Biden. (2021)\nVan Taylor (R-TX) US Representative and married with three children, was accused of having a nine-month affair with Tania Joya who was once married to a Commander for the Islamic State and has been referred to as the “Isis Bride.” Taylor allegedly paid Joya $5,000 to keep quiet. The news was leaked during the Republican primary for his seat, causing Taylor to admit to the affair and withdraw from the campaign. (2022)\nTom Reed (R-NY) US Representative, was accused of sexual harassment on March 19, 2021, by a lobbyist for an incident at a bar. In a statement made on March 21, 2021, he apologized to her and said he would not seek re-election in 2022. On May 10, 2022, he announced his resignation on the House floor effective immediately.\nJeff Fortenberry (R-NE) US Representative from Lincoln in the 1st District, was indicted for making false and misleading statements to the FBI about the source of $189,000 in campaign contributions from a Nigerian billionaire. When found guilty he resigned. He was then sentenced to two years probation, fined $25,000 and given community service. (2021)\nGeorge Santos (R-NY) was indicted on seven counts of wire fraud, three counts of money laundering, one count of theft of public funds, and two counts of making materially false statements to the House of Representatives on May 10, 2023 in federal court.\n\nJudicial branch\nJeffrey Siegmeister (R) United States Attorney for the Third Judicial Circuit of Florida, was accused of conspiracy, extortion and bribery. He pled guilty to four counts. (2019)\n\nSee also \n List of federal political sex scandals in the United States\n 2017–18 United States political sexual scandals\n List of American state and local politicians convicted of crimes\n List of United States senators expelled or censured\n List of American federal politicians convicted of crimes\n List of United States representatives expelled, censured, or reprimanded\n List of United States unincorporated territory officials convicted of federal corruption offenses\n Boeing Scandal\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography \n \n \n\n \nUnited States\nCategory:American politicians convicted of federal public corruption crimes\nScandals", "title": "List of federal political scandals in the United States" } ]

[ "DeLay used several legislative and electoral methods. He was known to \"primary\" Republicans who resisted his votes, which meant to threaten to endorse and support a Republican primary challenge to the disobedient representative. He also bargained for support among the rank-and-file members of the House by promising future committee chairmanships. He employed a strategy called \"catch and release,\" allowing centrist or moderately conservative Republicans to take turns voting against controversial bills. If a representative's vote was not necessary for passage of a bill, that representative would be allowed to vote against the party without reprisal. DeLay also involved lobbyists in the process of passing House bills, asking them to \"whip bills\". His ability to raise money gave him additional influence. His political action committee ARMPAC was one of the top contributors to Republican congressional candidates, contributing over $980,000 in total during the 2004 election cycle.", "The text does not provide information on whether DeLay usually kept his promises.", "In addition to \"primarying\" resistant Republicans, using future committee chairmanships as a bargaining chip, employing the \"catch and release\" strategy, and lobbying, DeLay also utilized his abilities in raising money to gain influence. His political action committee ARMPAC was one of the top contributors to Republican congressional candidates during the 2004 election cycle. He described his technique of swaying his party's votes as \"growing the vote.\" However, the text does not mention any other specific tactics or methods that DeLay used.", "According to the text, DeLay's tactics were effective. His ability to sway the votes of his party was remarked upon by both political supporters and opponents, and the House Republican caucus under him showed unprecedented, sustained party cohesion. Moreover, several votes in the 108th Congress passed by only one vote, indicating DeLay's ability to influence legislative outcomes.", "DeLay was most known for his ability to sway the votes of his party, a method he described as \"growing the vote\". He was also known to \"primary\" resistant Republicans and used promises of future committee chairmanships to bargain for support. His practice of involving lobbyists in bill making and his influence through his ability to raise money also set him apart. Despite these, on September 30, 2004, the House Ethics Committee unanimously admonished DeLay for unethical conduct related to a vote on the Medicare bill.", "The House Ethics Committee unanimously admonished DeLay because he \"offered to endorse Representative [Nick] Smith's son in exchange for Representative Smith's vote in favor of the Medicare bill.\"" ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes" ]

[ "C_c6c79a4f96a74f119c45191b1aa2ab43_0_q#0", "C_c6c79a4f96a74f119c45191b1aa2ab43_0_q#1", "C_c6c79a4f96a74f119c45191b1aa2ab43_0_q#2", "C_c6c79a4f96a74f119c45191b1aa2ab43_0_q#3", "C_c6c79a4f96a74f119c45191b1aa2ab43_0_q#4", "C_c6c79a4f96a74f119c45191b1aa2ab43_0_q#5" ]

[ "What does William have to do with calculations on data rate?", "How were his contributions helpful to society?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "How did the public react to this letter?", "What did he do once in the board of directors?", "What are other interesting aspects of his calculation methods?" ]

[ 2, 2, 0, 2, 1, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 1004 ], [ 2012 ], [ 1598 ], [ 1961 ], [ 2103 ], [ 1724 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Thomson contended that the signalling speed through a given cable was inversely proportional to the square of the length of the cable." ], [ "December 1856, he was elected to the board of directors of the Atlantic Telegraph Company." ], [ "Thomson attacked Whitehouse's contention in a letter to the popular Athenaeum magazine, pitching himself into the public eye." ], [ "caught the eye of the project's undertakers and in December 1856, he was elected to the board of directors of the Atlantic Telegraph Company." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Thomson recommended a larger conductor with a larger cross section of insulation." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 1004, 2012, 1598, 1961, 2103, 1724 ], "texts": [ "Thomson contended that the signalling speed through a given cable was inversely proportional to the square of the length of the cable.", "December 1856, he was elected to the board of directors of the Atlantic Telegraph Company.", "Thomson attacked Whitehouse's contention in a letter to the popular Athenaeum magazine, pitching himself into the public eye.", "caught the eye of the project's undertakers and in December 1856, he was elected to the board of directors of the Atlantic Telegraph Company.", "CANNOTANSWER", "Thomson recommended a larger conductor with a larger cross section of insulation." ] }

[]

[ "In 1854, William Thomson, later known as Lord Kelvin, was asked to review some experiments conducted by Michael Faraday on the transatlantic telegraph cable. Faraday had shown that the design of the cable would limit the speed at which messages could be sent. Thomson published his own findings in which he explained these results in terms of the achievable data rate and its economic implications, particularly that the signalling speed through a cable was inversely proportional to the square of its length. His calculations led to a disputed claim that a cable designed that way would be commercially unfeasible. This put him at odds with the Atlantic Telegraph Company's electrician, Wildman Whitehouse.", "Thomson's contributions were helpful to society as they provided an understanding of the limitations of the transatlantic telegraph cable in terms of its message transmission speed (or bandwidth) and the cable's profitability. He conveyed his results in terms of achievable data rates and the economic implications, highlighting the design impact on its profitability. These insights were key to the development and implementation of the transatlantic telegraph cable, improving long-distance communication. Even though his findings were initially disputed, his work was later recognized and he was elected to the board of directors of the Atlantic Telegraph Company.", "The interesting aspects of the article include the professional rivalry between William Thomson and Wildman Whitehouse over the feasibility of the transatlantic cable. Despite their disagreement, Thomson respected Whitehouse's practical skills to make the existing design work. Thomson's work eventually brought him into the public eye and led to his position on the board of directors of the Atlantic Telegraph Company. Also noteworthy is the personal hardship Thomson experienced due to his wife's long-term illness, which was said to have distracted him for seventeen years.", "The context does not provide information on how the public reacted to Thomson's letter to the Athenaeum magazine.", "The context does not provide information on what Thomson did once he was on the board of directors of the Atlantic Telegraph Company.", "The context does not provide further information on the specifics of Thomson's calculation methods or other interesting aspects related to them." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No" ]

[ "C_c6c79a4f96a74f119c45191b1aa2ab43_1_q#0", "C_c6c79a4f96a74f119c45191b1aa2ab43_1_q#1", "C_c6c79a4f96a74f119c45191b1aa2ab43_1_q#2", "C_c6c79a4f96a74f119c45191b1aa2ab43_1_q#3", "C_c6c79a4f96a74f119c45191b1aa2ab43_1_q#4" ]

[ "What was relevant during this time period?", "What studies did he pursue?", "Did he win any awards or have outstanding achievements?", "Did he graduate from Cambridge with a degree in what field?", "what years was he attending cambridge?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 1, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 0, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 487 ], [ 599 ], [ 1511 ], [ 1818 ], [ 0 ] ], "texts": [ [ "While at Cambridge, Thomson was active in sports," ], [ "He also took a lively interest in the classics, music, and literature; but the real love of his intellectual life was the pursuit of science." ], [ "He was elected a fellow of St. Peter's" ], [ "At twenty-two he found himself wearing the gown of a learned professor in one of the oldest Universities in the country," ], [ "William's father was able to make a generous provision for his favourite son's education and, in 1841, installed him," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 487, 599, 1511, 1818, 0 ], "texts": [ "While at Cambridge, Thomson was active in sports,", "He also took a lively interest in the classics, music, and literature; but the real love of his intellectual life was the pursuit of science.", "He was elected a fellow of St. Peter's", "At twenty-two he found himself wearing the gown of a learned professor in one of the oldest Universities in the country,", "William's father was able to make a generous provision for his favourite son's education and, in 1841, installed him," ] }

[]

[ "The relevant events during this time period include William's education at Peterhouse, Cambridge; his graduation as Second Wrangler and winning the First Smith's Prize; his participation in sports and interests in other fields; his mathematical developments of Faraday's idea and his role in Faraday's research; his election as a fellow of St. Peter's, his time spent in Henri Victor Regnault's lab, and his appointment to the chair of natural philosophy at the University of Glasgow.", "William pursued the studies of mathematics and physics, with a particular interest in electricity. He gave the first mathematical development of Faraday's idea that electric induction takes place through an intervening medium, or \"dielectric\", and devised the mathematical technique of electrical images.", "Yes, William had outstanding achievements. In 1845, he graduated as Second Wrangler from Peterhouse, Cambridge and also won the First Smith's Prize, which unlike the tripos, is a test of original research. He also won the Colquhoun Sculls in 1843 for sculling. Furthermore, he was elected a fellow of St. Peter's in June 1845. He was appointed to the chair of natural philosophy in the University of Glasgow in 1846.", "The text does not specify in which field William received his degree from Cambridge.", "William attended Cambridge from 1841, when he was first installed there by his father, until at least 1845, when he graduated as Second Wrangler." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_0e5b7eb3f50c426284de8feadfc1ee64_1_q#0", "C_0e5b7eb3f50c426284de8feadfc1ee64_1_q#1", "C_0e5b7eb3f50c426284de8feadfc1ee64_1_q#2", "C_0e5b7eb3f50c426284de8feadfc1ee64_1_q#3", "C_0e5b7eb3f50c426284de8feadfc1ee64_1_q#4" ]

[ "what did he have to do with social activism?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "what was he blacklisted for?", "are there examples of any?", "which event did they hold?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 0, 2, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 596 ], [ 860 ], [ 769 ], [ 1222 ], [ 1155 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Bernstein would go on to fight for everything from the influences of \"American Music\" to the disarming of western nuclear weapons." ], [ "He was blacklisted by the US State Department and CBS in the early 1950s," ], [ "Bernstein had been involved in various left wing causes" ], [ "Bernstein and his wife held the event seeking to raise awareness and money for the defense of several members of the Black Panther" ], [ "a gathering hosted at his Manhattan apartment" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 596, 860, 769, 1222, 1155 ], "texts": [ "Bernstein would go on to fight for everything from the influences of \"American Music\" to the disarming of western nuclear weapons.", "He was blacklisted by the US State Department and CBS in the early 1950s,", "Bernstein had been involved in various left wing causes", "Bernstein and his wife held the event seeking to raise awareness and money for the defense of several members of the Black Panther", "a gathering hosted at his Manhattan apartment" ] }

[]

[ "Bernstein was known for his outspoken political views and his strong desire to further social change. His social activism was evident early in his career, as his first opera, Trouble in Tahiti, criticized American civilization and suburban upper-class life. Throughout his career, he continued to advocate for social change, fighting for issues such as the influence of \"American Music\" and the disarming of western nuclear weapons. He was involved in various left-wing causes and organizations since the 1940s, and he was blacklisted by the US State Department and CBS in the early 1950s due to his political views. In 1970, Bernstein and his wife held an event at their Manhattan apartment to raise awareness and money for the defense of members of the Black Panther Party.", "Interesting aspects from the article include Bernstein's production of a recently banned opera while he was still a student, his being blacklisted by the US State Department and CBS due to his left-wing political affiliations, the controversial gathering at his Manhattan apartment in support of the Black Panther Party members, and the negative coverage and backlash this event triggered. The term \"radical chic\" was popularized as criticism of such actions, suggesting a fashionable sympathy for radical causes by wealthy elites. The article also mentions that Bernstein was named as a Communist in the book Red Channels, along with other prominent figures of the arts.", "Bernstein was blacklisted by the US State Department and CBS in the early 1950s due to his involvement in various left-wing causes and organizations since the 1940s. He was also named as a Communist in the book Red Channels: The Report of Communist Influence in Radio and Television.", "The text doesn't provide specific examples of the left-wing causes and organizations that Bernstein was involved with, which led to him being blacklisted by the US State Department and CBS. However, it mentions significant participation in social activism such as the event Bernstein and his wife held at their Manhattan apartment in 1970 to raise awareness and money for the defense of members of the Black Panther Party facing various charges.", "Bernstein and his wife held an event at their Manhattan apartment on January 14, 1970, seeking to raise awareness and money for the defense of several members of the Black Panther Party against a variety of charges." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_0e5b7eb3f50c426284de8feadfc1ee64_0_q#0", "C_0e5b7eb3f50c426284de8feadfc1ee64_0_q#1", "C_0e5b7eb3f50c426284de8feadfc1ee64_0_q#2", "C_0e5b7eb3f50c426284de8feadfc1ee64_0_q#3", "C_0e5b7eb3f50c426284de8feadfc1ee64_0_q#4" ]

[ "Who influenced Bernstein?", "What can you tell me about Bernstein?", "What did Bernstein record?", "Was his music successful?", "What type of music is Bernstein known for?" ]

[ 1, 0, 0, 0, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 2422 ], [ 0 ], [ 115 ], [ 2422 ], [ 2422 ] ], "texts": [ [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Bernstein recorded extensively from the mid-1940s until just a few months before his death." ], [ "recordings, which were made for RCA Victor, Bernstein recorded primarily for Columbia Masterworks Records," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 2422, 0, 115, 2422, 2422 ], "texts": [ "CANNOTANSWER", "Bernstein recorded extensively from the mid-1940s until just a few months before his death.", "recordings, which were made for RCA Victor, Bernstein recorded primarily for Columbia Masterworks Records,", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "C_5231298633a84a73b14f9a5cb6fbd559_1_q#0", "C_5231298633a84a73b14f9a5cb6fbd559_1_q#1", "C_5231298633a84a73b14f9a5cb6fbd559_1_q#2", "C_5231298633a84a73b14f9a5cb6fbd559_1_q#3", "C_5231298633a84a73b14f9a5cb6fbd559_1_q#4", "C_5231298633a84a73b14f9a5cb6fbd559_1_q#5", "C_5231298633a84a73b14f9a5cb6fbd559_1_q#6", "C_5231298633a84a73b14f9a5cb6fbd559_1_q#7", "C_5231298633a84a73b14f9a5cb6fbd559_1_q#8" ]

[ "What was the joke", "What was the joke", "Why was this the name she choose", "So how lond did this last", "What did this lead too", "What did this lead to", "What was her next album", "What did this make", "Where did this peak at" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 116 ], [ 246 ], [ 401 ], [ 558 ], [ 674 ], [ 798 ], [ 894 ], [ 1055 ] ], "texts": [ [ "According to Welch, the band name \"Florence + the Machine\" had \"started off as a private joke that got out of hand." ], [ "I made music with my friend, who we called Isabella Machine, to which I was Florence Robot." ], [ "first gig, I still didn't have a name, so I thought 'Okay, I'll be Florence Robot/Isa Machine', before realising that name was so long it'd drive me mad" ], [ "In 2006, Welch's performances with Isabella Summers in small London venues under the joint name Florence Robot/Isa Machine began to attract notice." ], [ "Welch recorded with a band named Ashok, who released an album titled Plans on the Filthy Lucre/About Records label." ], [ "This album included the earliest version of her later hit \"Kiss with a Fist\", which at this point was titled \"Happy Slap\"." ], [ "Florence and the Machine released their debut album Lungs in the United Kingdom on 6 July 2009." ], [ "The album was officially launched with a set at the Rivoli Ballroom in Brockley, South East London." ], [ "As of 6 August 2009, the album had sold over 100,000 copies in the UK and by 10 August it had been at number two for five consecutive weeks." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 116, 246, 401, 558, 674, 798, 894, 1055 ], "texts": [ "According to Welch, the band name \"Florence + the Machine\" had \"started off as a private joke that got out of hand.", "I made music with my friend, who we called Isabella Machine, to which I was Florence Robot.", "first gig, I still didn't have a name, so I thought 'Okay, I'll be Florence Robot/Isa Machine', before realising that name was so long it'd drive me mad", "In 2006, Welch's performances with Isabella Summers in small London venues under the joint name Florence Robot/Isa Machine began to attract notice.", "Welch recorded with a band named Ashok, who released an album titled Plans on the Filthy Lucre/About Records label.", "This album included the earliest version of her later hit \"Kiss with a Fist\", which at this point was titled \"Happy Slap\".", "Florence and the Machine released their debut album Lungs in the United Kingdom on 6 July 2009.", "The album was officially launched with a set at the Rivoli Ballroom in Brockley, South East London.", "As of 6 August 2009, the album had sold over 100,000 copies in the UK and by 10 August it had been at number two for five consecutive weeks." ] }

[]

[ "The joke was the band name \"Florence + the Machine\", which started as a private joke because Welch made music with her friend, who they called Isabella Machine, and she was Florence Robot. When she was about an hour away from her first gig, she didn't have a name, so she thought to call herself 'Florence Robot/Isa Machine'.", "The joke was the name \"Florence Robot/Isa Machine\" which was initially thought up by Florence Welch for her musical collaboration with her friend, referred to as Isabella Machine. This name later evolved into the band name \"Florence + the Machine\".", "Florence Welch chose the name \"Florence Robot/Isa Machine\" because she was making music with her friend who they called Isabella Machine and she herself was called Florence Robot. It was a spur-of-the-moment decision made about an hour before her first gig when she realized she still did not have a name for the act.", "The text does not provide information on how long Florence Welch used the name \"Florence Robot/Isa Machine\" before it evolved into \"Florence + the Machine\".", "This decision influenced the creation of the band name \"Florence + the Machine\". Under this name, they began performing in small London venues in 2006 and started to gain attention. They then released their debut album, Lungs, in 2009 which was successful both in the UK and the US. Florence Welch also worked with other artists such as David Byrne, Fatboy Slim, and Drake. In 2011, she replaced Dido and sang the Best Original Song nominee \"If I Rise\" at the 83rd Academy Awards.", "The name choice of \"Florence Robot/Isa Machine\" eventually led to the establishment of the band \"Florence + the Machine\". They gained attention through performances in small London venues. The band then put out their debut album \"Lungs\" in 2009, which achieved significant success in both the UK and US. Florence Welch, the lead singer, also collaborated with other renowned artists and performed at notable events like the 83rd Academy Awards.", "The text does not provide information on what Florence + the Machine's next album was after \"Lungs\".", "Florence Welch's decision to name her act as \"Florence Robot/Isa Machine\", which eventually became \"Florence + the Machine\", led to the creation of a successful band. They released their debut album, Lungs, which performed extremely well in both the UK and the US, selling over 100,000 copies in the UK within a month of its release. Florence Welch also had the opportunity to work with well-known artists like David Byrne, Fatboy Slim, and Drake.", "The debut album \"Lungs\" by Florence + the Machine peaked at number one in the UK and number two in Ireland. In the United States, after its release for download, it debuted at number seventeen on the Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart, ultimately peaking at number one." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "No", "No", "No", "No" ]

[ "C_5231298633a84a73b14f9a5cb6fbd559_0_q#0", "C_5231298633a84a73b14f9a5cb6fbd559_0_q#1", "C_5231298633a84a73b14f9a5cb6fbd559_0_q#2", "C_5231298633a84a73b14f9a5cb6fbd559_0_q#3", "C_5231298633a84a73b14f9a5cb6fbd559_0_q#4", "C_5231298633a84a73b14f9a5cb6fbd559_0_q#5", "C_5231298633a84a73b14f9a5cb6fbd559_0_q#6", "C_5231298633a84a73b14f9a5cb6fbd559_0_q#7", "C_5231298633a84a73b14f9a5cb6fbd559_0_q#8" ]

[ "Who influenced her", "Who else did she site as a mentor", "What was said in reviews", "What did this make florencw do", "What does that mean for her", "Who was in charge of everything", "What else did she use", "What was her inspiration", "Who did this" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 97 ], [ 189 ], [ 340 ], [ 432 ], [ 495 ], [ 684 ], [ 830 ], [ 1292 ] ], "texts": [ [ "During interviews, Welch has cited Grace Slick and Alanis Morissette as influences and \"heroes." ], [ "She listed in her early influences the likes of John Cale, Siouxsie, David Byrne, Lou Reed," ], [ "In a review of Ceremonials, Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone described Florence and the Machine's style as \"dark, robust and romantic\", deeming the ballad" ], [ "Only If for a Night\" as a mix of \"classic soul and midnight-on-the-moors English art rock\"." ], [ "Welch stated that her lyrics related to Renaissance artists : \"We're dealing with all of the same things they did" ], [ "We're dealing with all of the same things they did : love and death, time and pain, heaven and hell\"." ], [ "I'm not a religious person. Sex, violence, love, death, are the topics that I'm constantly wrestling with, it's all connected back to religion.\"" ], [ "Nick Welch, her father, contributed a \"rock and roll element to the family mix\"; in his twenties," ], [ "visit to one of her mother's lectures left teenage Florence deeply impressed." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 97, 189, 340, 432, 495, 684, 830, 1292 ], "texts": [ "During interviews, Welch has cited Grace Slick and Alanis Morissette as influences and \"heroes.", "She listed in her early influences the likes of John Cale, Siouxsie, David Byrne, Lou Reed,", "In a review of Ceremonials, Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone described Florence and the Machine's style as \"dark, robust and romantic\", deeming the ballad", "Only If for a Night\" as a mix of \"classic soul and midnight-on-the-moors English art rock\".", "Welch stated that her lyrics related to Renaissance artists : \"We're dealing with all of the same things they did", "We're dealing with all of the same things they did : love and death, time and pain, heaven and hell\".", "I'm not a religious person. Sex, violence, love, death, are the topics that I'm constantly wrestling with, it's all connected back to religion.\"", "Nick Welch, her father, contributed a \"rock and roll element to the family mix\"; in his twenties,", "visit to one of her mother's lectures left teenage Florence deeply impressed." ] }

[]

[ "Florence Welch was influenced by Grace Slick, Alanis Morissette, John Cale, Siouxsie, David Byrne, Lou Reed as well as her father, Nick Welch, and her mother, Evelyn. The poet Ted Hughes also had a big influence on her first album, 'Lungs', and authors such as Gwendoline Riley, Kirsten Reed and David Vann have also influenced her.", "In the provided context, Welch does not refer to anyone specifically as a mentor.", "In a review of Ceremonials, Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone described Florence and the Machine's style as \"dark, robust and romantic.\" The ballad \"Only If for a Night\" was described as a mix of \"classic soul and midnight-on-the-moors English art rock.\"", "The context provided does not specify what the review made Florence do.", "The context provided does not explain what the Rolling Stone review means for Florence.", "The context provided does not specify who was in charge of everything.", "Florence Welch has used religious imagery in her music and performances. She has covered topics such as sex, violence, love, and death in her music. She has also used books and poetry in her creative process, participating in a book club and citing poet Ted Hughes as an influence.", "Florence Welch's inspiration comes from various sources. She was influenced by several musicians including Grace Slick, Alanis Morissette, John Cale, Siouxsie, David Byrne, and Lou Reed. Her parents also had a strong influence on her. She has used religious imagery in her music and performances and her lyrics relate to topics dealt with by Renaissance artists such as love, death, time, pain, heaven, and hell. She has also been influenced by authors like Gwendoline Riley, Kirsten Reed, and David Vann, and the poet Ted Hughes.", "The context does not provide specific information on who 'did this'. Could you please provide more details?" ]

[ "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No", "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "No" ]

[ "C_d532af67125142a3a1029918c4123492_1_q#0", "C_d532af67125142a3a1029918c4123492_1_q#1", "C_d532af67125142a3a1029918c4123492_1_q#2", "C_d532af67125142a3a1029918c4123492_1_q#3", "C_d532af67125142a3a1029918c4123492_1_q#4" ]

[ "What did West do in his post Batman career?", "Who did he star with in The Girl Who Knew Too Much?", "Did the movie do well?", "What did West do next?", "Did he do many appearances?" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 1, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 153 ], [ 2085 ], [ 341 ], [ 397 ], [ 634 ] ], "texts": [ [ "West's first post-Caped Crusader role was in the film The Girl Who Knew Too Much (1969)." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "the movie was a box office disappointment." ], [ "West made a living from personal appearances as Batman." ], [ "One of West's more memorable Batman appearances, after the series had ended, was with the Memphis-based United States Wrestling Association," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 153, 2085, 341, 397, 634 ], "texts": [ "West's first post-Caped Crusader role was in the film The Girl Who Knew Too Much (1969).", "CANNOTANSWER", "the movie was a box office disappointment.", "West made a living from personal appearances as Batman.", "One of West's more memorable Batman appearances, after the series had ended, was with the Memphis-based United States Wrestling Association," ] }

[]

[ "West played lead in a film named \"The Girl Who Knew Too Much\" after his Batman role. He also made a living from personal appearances as Batman. He starred in multiple theatrical films such as \"The Marriage of a Young Stockbroker\", \"The Curse of the Moon Child\", \"The Specialist\", \"Hooper\", \"The Happy Hooker Goes Hollywood\", \"One Dark Night\" and \"Young Lady Chatterley II\". In addition to that, he participated in television films like \"The Eyes of Charles Sand\", \"Poor Devil\", \"Nevada Smith\", \"For the Love of It\" and \"I Take These Men\". Moreover, he did guest appearances on TV series including; \"Maverick\", \"Diagnosis: Murder\", \"Love, American Style\", \"Bonanza\", \"The Big Valley\", \"Night Gallery\", \"Alias Smith and Jones\", \"Mannix\", \"Emergency!\", \"Alice\", \"Police Woman\", \"Operation Petticoat\", \"The American Girls\", \"Vega$\", \"Big Shamus, Little Shamus\", \"Laverne & Shirley\", \"Bewitched\", \"Fantasy Island\", \"The Love Boat\", \"Hart to Hart\", \"Zorro\", \"The King of Queens\", \"George Lopez\" and others. In 1986, he starred in a comedy police series titled \"The Last Precinct\".", "The context does not provide information on who West starred with in the film \"The Girl Who Knew Too Much\".", "No, the movie \"The Girl Who Knew Too Much\" was a box office disappointment.", "After \"The Girl Who Knew Too Much\", West made a living from personal appearances as Batman. Then, in 1974, when Burt Ward and Yvonne Craig reprised their Batman roles for a TV public-service announcement about equal pay for women, West was absent, and Dick Gautier filled in for him. West later made appearances in a series of theatrical and television films, and made guest appearances on several television series. He also starred in the comedy police series titled \"The Last Precinct\" in 1986.", "Yes, West made numerous appearances in both theatrical and television films. He also appeared in many TV series including \"Maverick\", \"Diagnosis: Murder\", \"Love, American Style\", \"Bonanza\", \"The Big Valley\", \"Night Gallery\", \"Alias Smith and Jones\", \"Mannix\", \"Emergency!\", \"Alice\", \"Police Woman\", \"Operation Petticoat\", \"The American Girls\", \"Vega$\", \"Big Shamus, Little Shamus\", \"Laverne & Shirley\", \"Bewitched\", \"Fantasy Island\", \"The Love Boat\", \"Hart to Hart\", \"Zorro\", \"The King of Queens\", and \"George Lopez\". Furthermore, he made several guest appearances as himself on Family Feud and in a public-service announcement about equal pay for women." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_d532af67125142a3a1029918c4123492_0_q#0", "C_d532af67125142a3a1029918c4123492_0_q#1", "C_d532af67125142a3a1029918c4123492_0_q#2", "C_d532af67125142a3a1029918c4123492_0_q#3", "C_d532af67125142a3a1029918c4123492_0_q#4" ]

[ "When did he return to batman?", "Why did he come back to batman?", "What was the live action tv special called?", "How did the show do?", "What did he do after that series?" ]

[ 0, 2, 1, 1, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 339 ], [ 0 ], [ 260 ], [ 1653 ], [ 601 ] ], "texts": [ [ "In 1979, West once again donned the Batsuit for the live-action TV special" ], [ "West often reprised his role as Batman/Bruce Wayne, first in the short-lived animated series The New Adventures of Batman," ], [ "The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "West was considered to play Thomas Wayne, Bruce Wayne's father, in Tim Burton's 1989 Batman film." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 339, 0, 260, 1653, 601 ], "texts": [ "In 1979, West once again donned the Batsuit for the live-action TV special", "West often reprised his role as Batman/Bruce Wayne, first in the short-lived animated series The New Adventures of Batman,", "The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians", "CANNOTANSWER", "West was considered to play Thomas Wayne, Bruce Wayne's father, in Tim Burton's 1989 Batman film." ] }

[]

[ "C_66bac46059de4271a1db329e237a1465_0_q#0", "C_66bac46059de4271a1db329e237a1465_0_q#1", "C_66bac46059de4271a1db329e237a1465_0_q#2", "C_66bac46059de4271a1db329e237a1465_0_q#3", "C_66bac46059de4271a1db329e237a1465_0_q#4", "C_66bac46059de4271a1db329e237a1465_0_q#5", "C_66bac46059de4271a1db329e237a1465_0_q#6", "C_66bac46059de4271a1db329e237a1465_0_q#7", "C_66bac46059de4271a1db329e237a1465_0_q#8", "C_66bac46059de4271a1db329e237a1465_0_q#9" ]

[ "What happened in 1961", "What did he do after he left", "did they make any albums", "What happened after this time period", "Did he ever have any more success", "What else did he do besides play with Sonny", "Did he have drug problems", "did alcohol hurt his career", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "was the band popular" ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 1 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 192 ], [ 1363 ], [ 1510 ], [ 1801 ], [ 1995 ], [ 2243 ], [ 2429 ], [ 678 ], [ 918 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Timmons left Blakey for the second time in June 1961, encouraged by the success of his compositions, including jukebox plays of \"Dat Dere\"," ], [ "Timmons then formed his own bands, initially with Ron Carter on bass and Tootie Heath on drums. They toured around the US, including the West Coast," ], [ "after joining Milestone Records around 1967, Timmons' album Got to Get It! featured him as part of a nonet, playing arrangements by Tom McIntosh." ], [ "Timmons' career declined quickly in the 1960s, in part because of drug abuse and alcoholism and partly as a result of frustration at being typecast as a composer" ], [ "In the following year he played in a quartet led by Sonny Red, with Dexter Gordon on one of the saxophonist's temporary returns to the US from Europe," ], [ "Timmons continued to play in the early 1970s, mostly in small groups or in combination with other pianists, and mainly in the New York area." ], [ "He was unwell and drank on the plane to Sweden, and fell while drinking at the bar before the band's first concert, in Malmo." ], [ "On March 1, 1974, he died from cirrhosis, at the age of 38, at St Vincent's Hospital in New York." ], [ "In 1963 Timmons' playing, with Lewis Powers on bass and Ron McCurdy on drums, was described by a Washington Post reviewer as \"flexible and adventuresome [...]" ], [ "In 1965 the same reviewer commented that Timmons was employing musicians who were of much lower ability:" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 192, 1363, 1510, 1801, 1995, 2243, 2429, 678, 918 ], "texts": [ "Timmons left Blakey for the second time in June 1961, encouraged by the success of his compositions, including jukebox plays of \"Dat Dere\",", "Timmons then formed his own bands, initially with Ron Carter on bass and Tootie Heath on drums. They toured around the US, including the West Coast,", "after joining Milestone Records around 1967, Timmons' album Got to Get It! featured him as part of a nonet, playing arrangements by Tom McIntosh.", "Timmons' career declined quickly in the 1960s, in part because of drug abuse and alcoholism and partly as a result of frustration at being typecast as a composer", "In the following year he played in a quartet led by Sonny Red, with Dexter Gordon on one of the saxophonist's temporary returns to the US from Europe,", "Timmons continued to play in the early 1970s, mostly in small groups or in combination with other pianists, and mainly in the New York area.", "He was unwell and drank on the plane to Sweden, and fell while drinking at the bar before the band's first concert, in Malmo.", "On March 1, 1974, he died from cirrhosis, at the age of 38, at St Vincent's Hospital in New York.", "In 1963 Timmons' playing, with Lewis Powers on bass and Ron McCurdy on drums, was described by a Washington Post reviewer as \"flexible and adventuresome [...]", "In 1965 the same reviewer commented that Timmons was employing musicians who were of much lower ability:" ] }

[]

[ "In 1961, Timmons left Blakey for the second time. He was encouraged by the success of his compositions, including \"Dat Dere\", which was recorded by Oscar Brown after he added lyrics. Timmons then formed his own bands, with Ron Carter on bass and Tootie Heath on drums. They toured around the US, predominantly in and around New York.", "After he left Blakey in June 1961, Timmons formed his own bands, initially with Ron Carter on bass and Tootie Heath on drums. They toured around the US, with most performances in and around New York. During the initial stages, Timmons was inspired by the group sounds of the trios led by Red Garland and Ahmad Jamal.", "The context does not provide information on whether Timmons and his band made any albums after he left Blakey in 1961.", "After leaving Blakey for the second time in 1961, Timmons formed his own bands and began to tour. By 1963, he was playing with Lewis Powers and Ron McCurdy. However, according to Tootie Heath, Timmons was battling a heroin addiction during this time. Despite his personal struggles, he continued to make music, even incorporating new instruments like the organ and vibes into his performances in the mid-1960s. \n\nHis career began to decline later in the decade, due to his substance abuse problems and frustrations over being typecast. Timmons made his final recording for Milestone in 1968 and in the following year, he played with a quartet led by Sonny Red and a trio backing vocalist Etta Jones. \n\nIn the early 1970s, Timmons continued to play, mostly with small groups or other pianists, largely in the New York area. He joined Clark Terry's big band for a tour of Europe in 1974 but fell ill. After falling at a bar in Malmo, he was flown back to the US due to his susceptibility to blood clotting. On March 1, 1974, he died from cirrhosis at the age of 38.", "The context doesn't provide specific information about further success Timmons might have had after forming his own bands in 1961, but it does mention that he continued recording as a leader, usually as part of a trio or quartet. His album \"Got to Get It!\" under Milestone Records featured him as part of a nonet playing arrangements by Tom McIntosh. But it also notes his career declined quickly in the late 1960s due to a combination of drug abuse, alcoholism, and frustration at being typecast.", "Aside from playing with Sonny Red, Timmons also played in a trio backing vocalist Etta Jones. In the early 1970s, Timmons continued to play, mostly in small groups or with other pianists, mainly in the New York area. He also joined Clark Terry's big band for a tour of Europe in 1974. Additionally, he began playing new instruments, like vibes and organ, in his performances in the mid-1960s.", "Yes, according to Tootie Heath, Timmons was addicted to heroin and used a significant amount of the band's earnings to maintain his habit. This addiction, along with alcoholism, contributed to the rapid decline in his career during the 1960s.", "Yes, in addition to drug abuse, alcoholism also contributed to the rapid decline of Timmons' career in the late 1960s.", "One interesting aspect of the article is Timmons' music career's connection to his personal struggles. Despite his heroin addiction, he was still able to form his own bands and produce music. He also experimented with different instruments like the vibes and organ, showcasing his adaptability as a musician. Furthermore, he played with various bands and musicians, indicating his influence and reach in the music industry, despite his downward-spiraling personal life. The tragic circumstances of his early death at the age of 38, succumbing to cirrhosis after drinking on a plane to Sweden and falling at a bar, is also notable. He continued to perform and tour until his health deteriorated.", "Based on the provided context, it's not explicitly stated how popular Timmons' band was. However, Tootie Heath mentioned that Timmons was at the peak of his fame during the initial stages of his trio, suggesting some level of popularity. He was also known for his compositions, with Oscar Brown recording one of his pieces, \"Dat Dere,\" after adding lyrics. However, the text also indicates that his career declined quickly in the late 1960s due to personal issues including drug addiction and alcoholism." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No", "No", "No", "Neutral" ]

[ "C_422ccee520714890b5360f6831b199de_0_q#0", "C_422ccee520714890b5360f6831b199de_0_q#1", "C_422ccee520714890b5360f6831b199de_0_q#2", "C_422ccee520714890b5360f6831b199de_0_q#3" ]

[ "Was their other members of his family that played football?", "Were they as good as Ablett?", "Did they play on the same team?", "Where was his family from?" ]

[ 0, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 0, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 1497 ], [ 1497 ], [ 1497 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Two of Ablett's brothers played in the Victorian Football League -" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 1497, 1497, 1497 ], "texts": [ "Two of Ablett's brothers played in the Victorian Football League -", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[ { "text": "Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is \"the study of books as physical objects\" and \"the systematic description of books as objects\" (or descriptive bibliography).\n\nEtymology \nThe word was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for \"the intellectual activity of composing books.\" The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books. Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object. Bibliography, in its systematic pursuit of understanding the past and the present through written and printed documents, describes a way and means of extracting information from this material. Bibliographers are interested in comparing versions of texts to each other rather than in interpreting their meaning or assessing their significance.\n\nField of study \nBibliography is a specialized aspect of library science (or library and information science, LIS) and documentation science. It was established by a Belgian, named Paul Otlet (1868–1944), who was the founder of the field of documentation, as a branch of the information sciences, who wrote about \"the science of bibliography.\" However, there have recently been voices claiming that \"the bibliographical paradigm\" is obsolete, and it is not today common in LIS. A defence of the bibliographical paradigm was provided by Hjørland (2007).\n\nThe quantitative study of bibliographies is known as bibliometrics, which is today an influential subfield in LIS and is used for major collection decisions such as the cancellation of big deals, through data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals.\n\nBranches \nCarter and Barker describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography). These two distinct concepts and practices have separate rationales and serve differing purposes. Innovators and originators in the field include W. W. Greg, Fredson Bowers, Philip Gaskell and G. Thomas Tanselle.\n\nBowers (1949) refers to enumerative bibliography as a procedure that identifies books in “specific collections or libraries,” in a specific discipline, by an author, printer, or period of production (3). He refers to descriptive bibliography as the systematic description of a book as a material or physical artefact. Analytical bibliography, the cornerstone of descriptive bibliography, investigates the printing and all physical features of a book that yield evidence establishing a book's history and transmission (Feather 10). It is the preliminary phase of bibliographic description and provides the vocabulary, principles and techniques of analysis that descriptive bibliographers apply and on which they base their descriptive practice.\n\nDescriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions and associated classification in their description. Titles and title pages are transcribed in a quasi-facsimile style and representation. Illustration, typeface, binding, paper, and all physical elements related to identifying a book follow formulaic conventions, as Bowers established in his foundational opus, The Principles of Bibliographic Description. The thought expressed in this book expands substantively on W. W. Greg's groundbreaking theory that argued for the adoption of formal bibliographic principles (Greg 29). Fundamentally, analytical bibliography is concerned with objective, physical analysis and history of a book while descriptive bibliography employs all data that analytical bibliography furnishes and then codifies it with a view to identifying the ideal copy or form of a book that most nearly represents the printer's initial conception and intention in printing.\n\nIn addition to viewing bibliographic study as being composed of four interdependent approaches (enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical bibliography and aesthetic bibliography. Both historical bibliography, which involves the investigation of printing practices, tools, and related documents, and aesthetic bibliography, which examines the art of designing type and books, are often employed by analytical bibliographers.\n\nD. F. McKenzie extended previous notions of bibliography as set forth by Greg, Bowers, Gaskell and Tanselle. He describes the nature of bibliography as \"the discipline that studies texts as recorded forms, and the processes of their transmission, including their production and reception\" (1999 12). This concept broadens the scope of bibliography to include \"non-book texts\" and an accounting for their material form and structure, as well as textual variations, technical and production processes that bring sociocultural context and effects into play. McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artefacts with sociological and technical factors that have an effect on production, transmission and, ultimately, ideal copy (2002 14). Bibliography, generally, concerns the material conditions of books [as well as other texts] how they are designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted, collected.\n\nBibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose and can generally be divided into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which results in an overview of publications in a particular category and analytical or critical bibliography, which studies the production of books. In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other media including audio recordings, motion pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs and websites.\n\nEnumerative bibliography \n\nAn enumerative bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works such as journal articles. Bibliographies range from \"works cited\" lists at the end of books and articles, to complete and independent publications. A notable example of a complete, independent publication is Gow's A. E. Housman: A Sketch, Together with a List of His Classical Papers (1936). As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown on the right, or computerized bibliographic databases. A library catalog, while not referred to as a \"bibliography,\" is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be tertiary sources.\n\nEnumerative bibliographies are based on a unifying principle such as creator, subject, date, topic or other characteristic. An entry in an enumerative bibliography provides the core elements of a text resource including a title, the creator(s), publication date and place of publication. Belanger (1977) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography from other bibliographic forms such as descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography or textual bibliography in that its function is to record and list, rather than describe a source in detail or with any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission. The enumerative list may be comprehensive or selective. One noted example would be Tanselle's bibliography that exhaustively enumerates topics and sources related to all forms of bibliography. A more common and particular instance of an enumerative bibliography relates to specific sources used or considered in preparing a scholarly paper or academic term paper.\n\nCitation styles vary.\nAn entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following elements:\n creator(s)\n title\n place of publication\n publisher or printer\n date of publication\n\nAn entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains:\n creator(s)\n article title\n journal title\n volume\n pages\n date of publication\n\nA bibliography may be arranged by author, topic, or some other scheme. Annotated bibliographies give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions, usually a few sentences long, provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. Reference management software may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required.\n\nBibliographies differ from library catalogs by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However, the catalogs of some national libraries effectively serve as national bibliographies, as the national libraries own almost all their countries' publications.\n\nDescriptive bibliography \nFredson Bowers described and formulated a standardized practice of descriptive bibliography in his Principles of Bibliographical Description\n(1949). Scholars to this day treat Bowers' scholarly guide as authoritative. In this classic text, Bowers describes the basic function of bibliography as, \"[providing] sufficient data so that a reader may identify the book described, understand the printing, and recognize the precise contents\" (124).\n\nDescriptive bibliographies as scholarly product \nDescriptive bibliographies as a scholarly product usually include information on the following aspect of a given book as a material object:\nFormat and Collation/Pagination Statement—a conventional, symbolic formula that describes the book block in terms of sheets, folds, quires, signatures, and pages\n\nAccording to Bowers (193), the format of a book is usually abbreviated in the collation formula:\nBroadsheet: I° or b.s. or bs.\nFolio: 2° or fol.\nQuarto: 4° or 4to or Q° or Q\nOctavo: 8° or 8vo\nDuodecimo: 12° or 12mo\nSexto-decimo: 16° or 16mo\nTricesimo-secundo: 32° or 32mo\nSexagesimo-quarto: 64° or 64mo\nThe collation, which follows the format, is the statement of the order and size of the gatherings.\nFor example, a quarto that consists of the signed gatherings:\n2 leaves signed A, 4 leaves signed B, 4 leaves signed C, and 2 leaves signed D\nwould be represented in the collation formula:\n4°: A2B-C4D2\nBinding—a description of the binding techniques (generally for books printed after 1800)\nTitle Page Transcription—a transcription of the title page, including rule lines and ornaments\nContents—a listing of the contents (by section) in the book\nPaper—a description of the physical properties of the paper, including production process, an account of chain-line measurements, and a description of watermarks (if present)\nIllustrations—a description of the illustrations found in the book, including printing process (e.g. woodblock, intaglio, etc.), measurements, and locations in the text\nPresswork—miscellaneous details gleaned from the text about its production\nCopies Examined—an enumeration of the copies examined, including those copies' location (i.e. belonging to which library or collector)\n\nAnalytical bibliography \nThis branch of the bibliographic discipline examines the material features of a textual artefact—such as type, ink, paper, imposition, format, impressions and states of a book—to essentially recreate the conditions of its production. Analytical bibliography often uses collateral evidence—such as general printing practices, trends in format, responses and non-responses to design, etc.—to scrutinize the historical conventions and influences underlying the physical appearance of a text. The bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained from the investigation of physical evidence in the form of a descriptive bibliography or textual bibliography. Descriptive bibliography is the close examination and cataloging of a text as a physical object, recording its size, format, binding, and so on, while textual bibliography (or textual criticism) identifies variations—and the aetiology of variations—in a text with a view to determining \"the establishment of the most correct form of [a] text\" (Bowers 498[1]).\n\nBibliographers \n\nA bibliographer is a person who describes and lists books and other publications, with particular attention to such characteristics as authorship, publication date, edition, typography, etc. A person who limits such efforts to a specific field or discipline is a subject bibliographer.\"\n\nA bibliographer, in the technical meaning of the word, is anyone who writes about books. But the accepted meaning since at least the 18th century is a person who attempts a comprehensive account—sometimes just a list, sometimes a fuller reckoning—of the books written on a particular subject. In the present, bibliography is no longer a career, generally speaking; bibliographies tend to be written on highly specific subjects and by specialists in the field.\n\nThe term bibliographer is sometimes—in particular subject bibliographer—today used about certain roles performed in libraries and bibliographic databases.\n\nOne of the first bibliographers was Conrad Gessner who sought to list all books printed in Latin, Greek and Hebrew in Bibliotheca Universalis (1545).\n\nNon-book material \nSystematic lists of media other than books can be referred to with terms formed analogously to bibliography:\n Discography—recorded music\n Filmography—films\n Webography (or webliography)—websites\n Arachniography, a term coined by NASA research historian Andrew J. Butrica, which means a reference list of URLs about a particular subject. It is equivalent to a bibliography in a book. The name derives from arachne in reference to a spider and its web.\n\nSee also \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (in Wikipedia)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Blum, Rudolf. (1980) Bibliographia. An Inquiry in Its Definition and Designations, Dawson, American Library Association.\n Bowers, Fredson. (1995) Principles of Bibliographical Description, Oak Knoll Press.\n Duncan, Paul Shaner. (1973) How to Catalog a Rare Book, 2nd ed., rev., American Library Association.\n \n Gaskell, Philip. (2000) A New Introduction to Bibliography, Oak Knoll Press.\n McKerrow, R. B. (1927) An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students, Oxford: Clarendon Press\n Schneider, Georg. (1934) Theory and History of Bibliography, New York: Scarecrow Press.\n National Library of Canada, Committee on Bibliography and Information Services for the Social Sciences and Humanities, Guidelines for the Compilation of a Bibliography (National Library of Canada, 1987). N.B.: This is a brief guide to accurately practical bibliography, not a study concerning more precise and systematic bibliography.\n \nRobinson, A. M. Lewin (1966) Systematic Bibliography; rev. ed. London: Clive Bingley\n\nExternal links \n\n Oxford Bibliographies Online, in-depth annotated bibliographies by scholars in selected fields\n Introduction to Bibliography, a comprehensive syllabus by G. Thomas Tanselle\n The Bibliographical Society of America, a resource for information about current work in the field of bibliography\n Studies in Bibliography, the journal of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia\n A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology, (University of Zaragoza) includes thousands of listings on literary, philological and other subjects\n\n \nCategory:Book design\nCategory:Book terminology\nCategory:Textual scholarship", "title": "Bibliography" }, { "text": "Gary may refer to: \nGary (given name), a common masculine given name, including a list of people and fictional characters with the name\nGary, Indiana, the largest city named Gary\n\nPlaces \nIran\nGary, Iran, Sistan and Baluchestan Province\nUnited States\nGary (Tampa), Florida\nGary, Maryland\nGary, Minnesota\nGary, South Dakota\nGary, West Virginia\nGary – New Duluth, a neighborhood in Duluth, Minnesota\nGary Air Force Base, San Marcos, Texas\nGary City, Texas\n\nShips\nUSS Gary (DE-61), a destroyer escort launched in 1943\nUSS Gary (CL-147), scheduled to be a light cruiser, but canceled prior to construction in 1945\nUSS Gary (FFG-51), a frigate, commissioned in 1984\nUSS Thomas J. Gary (DE-326), a destroyer escort commissioned in 1943\n\nPeople and fictional characters\nGary (surname), including a list of people with the name\nGary (rapper), South Korean rapper and entertainer\nGary (Argentine singer), Argentine singer of cuarteto songs\n\nOther uses\nGary: Tank Commander, a British television sitcom\nGary (mango), a mango cultivar\n4735 Gary, an asteroid\nGary Elks, an American football team from 1920 to 1923\n\nSee also\n Garry (disambiguation)\n Gareth (given name)\n Garath (disambiguation)\n Garaidh, a given name", "title": "Gary" } ]

[ "Yes, other members of Ablett's family that played football include his two brothers Kevin and Geoff, his sons Gary Jr. and Nathan, and his nephews Luke, Shane, and Travis.", "The text does not provide enough information to compare the skill level of Ablett's family members in football to his own.", "Yes, some members of the Ablett family have played on the same team. For instance, Gary Ablett Jr. and his brother Nathan both played for Geelong and were on the Gold Coast Football Club's inaugural team in the 2011 season.", "The text does not provide information on where Ablett's family is from." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes" ]

[ "C_9f9c3397a7114f4cabea4c4c25bbba4c_1_q#0", "C_9f9c3397a7114f4cabea4c4c25bbba4c_1_q#1", "C_9f9c3397a7114f4cabea4c4c25bbba4c_1_q#2", "C_9f9c3397a7114f4cabea4c4c25bbba4c_1_q#3" ]

[ "what has modernism have to do with jose?", "what were some examples of his modernism?", "what was the code for?", "were these symbols followed?" ]

[ 0, 0, 2, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 0 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 693 ], [ 1345 ], [ 1430 ], [ 1626 ] ], "texts": [ [ "We can see this in works of Marti, one of the first modernists, who conceives the literary task like an invisible unity, an expressive totality," ], [ "Marti produces a system of specific signs \"an ideological code\" (" ], [ "These symbols claim their moral value and construct signs of ethic conduct." ], [ "One could also say that his ideological and spiritual sphere is fortified in his writing." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 693, 1345, 1430, 1626 ], "texts": [ "We can see this in works of Marti, one of the first modernists, who conceives the literary task like an invisible unity, an expressive totality,", "Marti produces a system of specific signs \"an ideological code\" (", "These symbols claim their moral value and construct signs of ethic conduct.", "One could also say that his ideological and spiritual sphere is fortified in his writing." ] }

[]

[ "Jose Marti is considered one of the first modernists. His works reflect the modernist emphasis on subjectivity and the expansion of the expressive system of the language. He developed a specific system of signs or an \"ideological code\". Marti's modernism was a spiritual attitude that was reflected in his language and writing which defined his moral world. His contribution to modernism includes giving literature authentic and independent value and distancing it from mere formal amusement.", "The context does not provide specific examples of Jose Marti's modernism.", "Marti's ideological code was a system of specific signs that symbolized particular moral values and helped construct signs of ethical conduct. The code was a part of his literary work that expanded the expressive system of language and reflected his moral world.", "The context does not provide information on whether the symbols in Marti's ideological code were followed." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No" ]

[ "C_9f9c3397a7114f4cabea4c4c25bbba4c_0_q#0", "C_9f9c3397a7114f4cabea4c4c25bbba4c_0_q#1", "C_9f9c3397a7114f4cabea4c4c25bbba4c_0_q#2", "C_9f9c3397a7114f4cabea4c4c25bbba4c_0_q#3" ]

[ "What are some of Marti's most significant works?", "How did he contribute to Cuban independence?", "Is he remembered for any contributions outside of Cuba?", "Besides his political contributions, what other things have been part of his legacy?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 340 ], [ 597 ], [ 985 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Marti's dedication to the cause of Cuban independence and his passionate belief in democracy and justice has made him a hero for all Cubans," ], [ "become the most charismatic leader of the 1895 colonial revolution." ], [ "His foresight into the future, shown in his warnings against American political interests for Cuba, was confirmed by the swift occupation of Cuba" ], [ "His works are a cornerstone of Latin American and political literature and his prolific contributions to the fields of journalism, poetry, and prose are highly acclaimed." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 340, 597, 985 ], "texts": [ "Marti's dedication to the cause of Cuban independence and his passionate belief in democracy and justice has made him a hero for all Cubans,", "become the most charismatic leader of the 1895 colonial revolution.", "His foresight into the future, shown in his warnings against American political interests for Cuba, was confirmed by the swift occupation of Cuba", "His works are a cornerstone of Latin American and political literature and his prolific contributions to the fields of journalism, poetry, and prose are highly acclaimed." ] }

[]

[ "The text does not provide specific titles or examples of Marti's most significant works.", "Marti contributed to Cuban independence through his unyielding dedication to the cause and his belief in democracy and justice. He led the 1895 colonial revolution and formed the Cuban Revolutionary Party with the support of the Cuban emigre community, Cuban workers and socialist leaders. His works on the concepts of Cuban nationalism fueled the 1895 revolution. His primary goal was the liberation of Cuba from Spain and the establishment of a democratic republican government in the country.", "Yes, Marti's contributions extended beyond Cuba. His belief in the inseparability of Cuban and Latin American sovereignty shaped the modern Latin American identity. His works are regarded as a cornerstone of Latin American and political literature, and his prolific contributions to the fields of journalism, poetry, and prose enjoy worldwide acclaim. In Romania, for instance, a public school in Bucharest and the Romanian-Cuban Friendship Association in Targoviste are both named \"Jose Marti\".", "Besides his political contributions, Marti's legacy includes his prolific contributions to the fields of journalism, poetry, and prose which are highly acclaimed worldwide. Additionally, his name has been chosen for several institutions or NGOs in various countries. For example, a public school in Bucharest and the Romanian-Cuban Friendship Association in Targoviste are both named \"Jose Marti\". A gigantic statue of Marti was also unveiled on his 123rd birth anniversary. His writings are considered a key ideological weapon in debates over the future of Cuba." ]

[ "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_03ce076d137a497d9314ca5882803ada_0_q#0", "C_03ce076d137a497d9314ca5882803ada_0_q#1", "C_03ce076d137a497d9314ca5882803ada_0_q#2", "C_03ce076d137a497d9314ca5882803ada_0_q#3", "C_03ce076d137a497d9314ca5882803ada_0_q#4", "C_03ce076d137a497d9314ca5882803ada_0_q#5", "C_03ce076d137a497d9314ca5882803ada_0_q#6", "C_03ce076d137a497d9314ca5882803ada_0_q#7", "C_03ce076d137a497d9314ca5882803ada_0_q#8" ]

[ "what happened in 98?", "what happened in 2006?", "was the album successful?", "did the album sell well overseas?", "what happened in 2007?", "was there a number one single on the album?", "what happened in 2008?", "how long was she with jive?", "any other important information?" ]

[ 1, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 3130 ], [ 0 ], [ 466 ], [ 1269 ], [ 827 ], [ 1460 ], [ 2008 ], [ 3130 ], [ 2752 ] ], "texts": [ [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Kelis contributed a track titled \"80's Joint\" to the soundtrack of the 2006 dance film Step Up." ], [ "Despite the career-high debut, the album has sold only 157,000 copies in the United States as of 2007," ], [ "In the UK, Kelis Was Here charted at number 41 and has sold 60,000 copies, earning a silver certification from the BPI." ], [ "Kelis Was Here was nominated for Best Contemporary R&B Album at the 2007 Grammy Awards." ], [ "the track \"I Don't Think So\" was used in promotion for the 2008 season of the reality series Big Brother Australia." ], [ "According to Kelis, she received no support from Jive Records for Kelis Was Here, and the label dropped her in late 2007." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "After Kelis left Jive, the label released a fourteen-track greatest hits album entitled The Hits in March 2008." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 3130, 0, 466, 1269, 827, 1460, 2008, 3130, 2752 ], "texts": [ "CANNOTANSWER", "Kelis contributed a track titled \"80's Joint\" to the soundtrack of the 2006 dance film Step Up.", "Despite the career-high debut, the album has sold only 157,000 copies in the United States as of 2007,", "In the UK, Kelis Was Here charted at number 41 and has sold 60,000 copies, earning a silver certification from the BPI.", "Kelis Was Here was nominated for Best Contemporary R&B Album at the 2007 Grammy Awards.", "the track \"I Don't Think So\" was used in promotion for the 2008 season of the reality series Big Brother Australia.", "According to Kelis, she received no support from Jive Records for Kelis Was Here, and the label dropped her in late 2007.", "CANNOTANSWER", "After Kelis left Jive, the label released a fourteen-track greatest hits album entitled The Hits in March 2008." ] }

[]

[ "C_03ce076d137a497d9314ca5882803ada_1_q#0", "C_03ce076d137a497d9314ca5882803ada_1_q#1", "C_03ce076d137a497d9314ca5882803ada_1_q#2", "C_03ce076d137a497d9314ca5882803ada_1_q#3", "C_03ce076d137a497d9314ca5882803ada_1_q#4", "C_03ce076d137a497d9314ca5882803ada_1_q#5", "C_03ce076d137a497d9314ca5882803ada_1_q#6", "C_03ce076d137a497d9314ca5882803ada_1_q#7", "C_03ce076d137a497d9314ca5882803ada_1_q#8" ]

[ "What happened while making these albums?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Did she have any other albums reach the charts?", "How did that do in sales?", "Did she tour with these albums?", "Where did she go on tour?", "Did she do anything else after that?", "How did that do?", "Proceeds from what?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 2, 2 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 162 ], [ 1601 ], [ 2296 ], [ 1167 ], [ 2698 ], [ 2357 ], [ 2474 ], [ 2396 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Kelis began recording her debut album, Kaleidoscope, in mid-1998 and was finished within a year." ], [ "the album peaked at number 144 on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart and reached the top five on the Top Heatseekers chart." ], [ "Kelis's second album, Wanderland, was released in 2001" ], [ "well received by publications such as The Guardian and NME." ], [ "joining Moby and U2 on their Area:One and Elevation tours," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "In 2002, Kelis recorded \"So Be It\"" ], [ "all proceeds were donated to AIDS awareness charities." ], [ "the Red Hot Organization's Fela Kuti tribute CD," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 162, 1601, 2296, 1167, 2698, 2357, 2474, 2396 ], "texts": [ "Kelis began recording her debut album, Kaleidoscope, in mid-1998 and was finished within a year.", "the album peaked at number 144 on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart and reached the top five on the Top Heatseekers chart.", "Kelis's second album, Wanderland, was released in 2001", "well received by publications such as The Guardian and NME.", "joining Moby and U2 on their Area:One and Elevation tours,", "CANNOTANSWER", "In 2002, Kelis recorded \"So Be It\"", "all proceeds were donated to AIDS awareness charities.", "the Red Hot Organization's Fela Kuti tribute CD," ] }

[]

[ "While making her debut album, \"Kaleidoscope\", in 1998, Kelis worked with The Neptunes and released it through Virgin Records in 1999. The album did well, especially in Europe, and Kelis won awards like the BRIT Award for International Breakthrough Act. Her colorful style also received attention during this time. Her second album, \"Wanderland\", was released in 2001, but was not released in North America. Kelis left Virgin Records around this time, citing that they did not believe in her second album. Despite not being a commercial success, it was well received by publications like The Guardian and NME. Kelis also recorded \"So Be It\" for a charity CD in 2002.", "Yes, other interesting aspects include Kelis's collaboration with various artists including Ol' Dirty Bastard, Terrar of Clipse, and members of No Doubt. Furthermore, her assertion that she was never really an R&B artist despite being categorized as one because she was black and a singer is noteworthy. Lastly, Kelis's involvement in AIDS awareness charities by contributing to the Red Hot Organization's Fela Kuti tribute CD is another interesting aspect included in the passage.", "Yes, Kelis's debut album, Kaleidoscope, reached number 144 on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart, number five on the Top Heatseekers chart, and number 43 on the UK Albums Chart. Her second album, Wanderland, peaked at number 78 in the UK.", "The debut album, Kaleidoscope, had sold 249,000 copies as of 2006, according to Nielsen SoundScan. It was also certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry for sales of 100,000 copies in the United Kingdom. The second album, Wanderland, did not match the commercial success of the first and its sales figures are not mentioned in the context.", "Yes, after the release of her debut album, Kelis joined Moby and U2 on their Area:One and Elevation tours, respectively. There's no mention in the passage of a tour specifically for her second album, Wanderland.", "The text does not provide specific details on where Kelis went on tour with Moby and U2.", "After the release of her second album, \"Wanderland\", Kelis recorded \"So Be It\" for the Red Hot Organization's Fela Kuti tribute CD, Red Hot and Riot, in 2002. The proceeds from this CD were donated to AIDS awareness charities. She also had a top 20 US club hit with a remix of \"Young, Fresh 'n' New\" produced by Timo Maas, who subsequently featured Kelis on his single \"Help Me\".", "The context does not provide specific details on how well \"So Be It\" did upon release or the success of the \"Young, Fresh 'n' New\" remix. It does mention that the remix was a top 20 US club hit, but does not provide further information.", "The proceeds from the sales of the Red Hot Organization's Fela Kuti tribute CD, Red Hot and Riot, which featured \"So Be It\" recorded by Kelis, were donated to AIDS awareness charities." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes" ]

[ "C_45962efa77134657a178e5e8064220ed_0_q#0", "C_45962efa77134657a178e5e8064220ed_0_q#1", "C_45962efa77134657a178e5e8064220ed_0_q#2", "C_45962efa77134657a178e5e8064220ed_0_q#3", "C_45962efa77134657a178e5e8064220ed_0_q#4", "C_45962efa77134657a178e5e8064220ed_0_q#5", "C_45962efa77134657a178e5e8064220ed_0_q#6", "C_45962efa77134657a178e5e8064220ed_0_q#7", "C_45962efa77134657a178e5e8064220ed_0_q#8" ]

[ "Was was one of the 1990s icons?", "What other icons were there?", "Did they receive any other labels?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Who conducted the study?", "anything else interesting?", "Were they given any other rankings?", "Any more?", "Who else were they ranked by?" ]

[ 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 1512 ], [ 2093 ], [ 1721 ], [ 1871 ], [ 2000 ], [ 1010 ], [ 1113 ], [ 1256 ] ], "texts": [ [ "The Spice Girls have been revered as the biggest pop phenomenon of the 1990s due to their international record sales, iconic symbolism and \"omnipresence\" in the late 1990s." ], [ "In 1999, a study conducted by the British Council found that the Spice Girls were the second-best-known Britons internationally--only behind then-Prime Minister Tony Blair--" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "In 2006, ten years after the release of their debut single, the Spice Girls were voted the biggest cultural icons of the 1990s" ], [ "votes in a UK poll of 1,000 people carried out for the board game Trivial Pursuit, stating that \"Girl Power\" defined the decade." ], [ "The Spice Girls also ranked number ten in the E! TV special, The 101 Reasons the '90s Ruled." ], [ "In a UK survey of more than 5,000 gay men and women, Victoria Beckham placed 12th and Halliwell placed" ], [ "43rd in a ranking of the Top 50 gay icons of all time. Halliwell was also the recipient of the Honorary Gay Award" ], [ "In a 2005 interview, Emma Bunton attributed their large gay fan base to the group's fun-loving nature, open-mindedness," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 1512, 2093, 1721, 1871, 2000, 1010, 1113, 1256 ], "texts": [ "The Spice Girls have been revered as the biggest pop phenomenon of the 1990s due to their international record sales, iconic symbolism and \"omnipresence\" in the late 1990s.", "In 1999, a study conducted by the British Council found that the Spice Girls were the second-best-known Britons internationally--only behind then-Prime Minister Tony Blair--", "CANNOTANSWER", "In 2006, ten years after the release of their debut single, the Spice Girls were voted the biggest cultural icons of the 1990s", "votes in a UK poll of 1,000 people carried out for the board game Trivial Pursuit, stating that \"Girl Power\" defined the decade.", "The Spice Girls also ranked number ten in the E! TV special, The 101 Reasons the '90s Ruled.", "In a UK survey of more than 5,000 gay men and women, Victoria Beckham placed 12th and Halliwell placed", "43rd in a ranking of the Top 50 gay icons of all time. Halliwell was also the recipient of the Honorary Gay Award", "In a 2005 interview, Emma Bunton attributed their large gay fan base to the group's fun-loving nature, open-mindedness," ] }

[]

[ "One of the 1990s icons was the Spice Girls.", "The context does not provide information on any other icons from the 1990s.", "Yes, apart from being identified as 1990s pop icons, the Spice Girls were also recognized as gay icons, particularly in the United Kingdom. Geri Halliwell also received an Honorary Gay Award at the 2016 Attitude Awards.", "Yes, some interesting aspects include the fact that the Spice Girls' iconic symbolism is partly attributed to their era-defining outfits, most notably the Union Jack dress worn by Geri Halliwell. In a 2005 interview, Emma Bunton mentioned that their large gay fan base was due to the group's fun-loving nature, open-mindedness, and love for fashion. A 1999 study found that the Spice Girls were the second-best-known Britons internationally and the best-known Britons in Asia. In a UK poll for Trivial Pursuit, the Spice Girls were voted as the biggest cultural icons of the 1990s.", "The study that found the Spice Girls to be the second-best-known Britons internationally was conducted by the British Council.", "In addition to their music, the Spice Girls were well known for their vast merchandising and willingness to be a part of a media-driven world. They made unprecedented appearances in adverts and media, which further solidified their status as a phenomenon. The group not only dominated the global music scene in the 1990s, winning the Outstanding Contribution to Music award at the 2000 Brit Awards, but they also had a strong presence in popular culture and fashion. Their love for dressing up and fashion is thought to have attracted a large gay following.", "Yes, apart from ranked as the biggest cultural icons of the 1990s with 80 percent of the votes in a UK poll, the Spice Girls also ranked number ten in the E! TV special, The 101 Reasons the '90s Ruled. In a UK survey of more than 5,000 gay men and women, Victoria Beckham was placed 12th and Geri Halliwell was placed 43rd in a ranking of the Top 50 gay icons of all time.", "The context does not provide any more information on other rankings given to the Spice Girls.", "The Spice Girls were ranked by a UK survey of more than 5,000 gay men and women, where Victoria Beckham was placed 12th and Geri Halliwell was placed 43rd in a ranking of the Top 50 gay icons of all time. In addition, they were ranked by a UK poll carried out for the board game Trivial Pursuit, where they were voted the biggest cultural icons of the 1990s. They were also ranked by the E! TV special, The 101 Reasons the '90s Ruled, where they came in at number ten." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "no", "No" ]

[ "C_45962efa77134657a178e5e8064220ed_1_q#0", "C_45962efa77134657a178e5e8064220ed_1_q#1", "C_45962efa77134657a178e5e8064220ed_1_q#2", "C_45962efa77134657a178e5e8064220ed_1_q#3", "C_45962efa77134657a178e5e8064220ed_1_q#4", "C_45962efa77134657a178e5e8064220ed_1_q#5", "C_45962efa77134657a178e5e8064220ed_1_q#6", "C_45962efa77134657a178e5e8064220ed_1_q#7", "C_45962efa77134657a178e5e8064220ed_1_q#8" ]

[ "How did they contribute to commercialization?", "Did they make a lot of money?", "What was the celebrity culture like?", "Did they win any awards?", "What else was interesting about them during this time?", "When did they have their children?", "What about the other baby?", "Did they continue to be involved in the band?", "What else happened?" ]

[ 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 6576 ], [ 9071 ], [ 8209 ], [ 484 ], [ 535 ], [ 687 ], [ 744 ], [ 942 ], [ 1370 ] ], "texts": [ [ "At the height of \"Spice mania\", the group were involved in a prolific marketing phenomenon." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "The mainstream media embraced the Spice Girls at the peak of their success." ], [ "\"Best Pop Act\" and \"Best Group\"" ], [ "In late 1998, Brown and Adams announced they were both pregnant;" ], [ "She gave birth to daughter Phoenix Chi in February 1999." ], [ "One month later, Adams gave birth to son" ], [ "The Spice Girls returned to the studio in August 1999, after an eight-month recording break" ], [ "In December 1999 they performed live for a UK-only tour," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 6576, 9071, 8209, 484, 535, 687, 744, 942, 1370 ], "texts": [ "At the height of \"Spice mania\", the group were involved in a prolific marketing phenomenon.", "CANNOTANSWER", "The mainstream media embraced the Spice Girls at the peak of their success.", "\"Best Pop Act\" and \"Best Group\"", "In late 1998, Brown and Adams announced they were both pregnant;", "She gave birth to daughter Phoenix Chi in February 1999.", "One month later, Adams gave birth to son", "The Spice Girls returned to the studio in August 1999, after an eight-month recording break", "In December 1999 they performed live for a UK-only tour," ] }

[]

[ "C_cc756ddaff8546f5bbc7a32799f2cbc2_1_q#0", "C_cc756ddaff8546f5bbc7a32799f2cbc2_1_q#1", "C_cc756ddaff8546f5bbc7a32799f2cbc2_1_q#2", "C_cc756ddaff8546f5bbc7a32799f2cbc2_1_q#3", "C_cc756ddaff8546f5bbc7a32799f2cbc2_1_q#4", "C_cc756ddaff8546f5bbc7a32799f2cbc2_1_q#5", "C_cc756ddaff8546f5bbc7a32799f2cbc2_1_q#6", "C_cc756ddaff8546f5bbc7a32799f2cbc2_1_q#7" ]

[ "What is involved in the japan policy?", "Was he successful?", "Did he have any other proposals?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "What did he accomplish in this role?", "Was he charged with any crimes?", "What did he do after being liason?", "Did he continue that career?" ]

[ 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 1, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 125 ], [ 740 ], [ 467 ], [ 1097 ], [ 1512 ], [ 2050 ], [ 1309 ], [ 2125 ] ], "texts": [ [ "White called for a comprehensive peaceful solution of rapidly escalating tensions between the United States and Japan," ], [ "White's proposals were never presented to Japan." ], [ "insistence on Japanese withdrawal from China," ], [ "Secretary Morgenthau appointed White to act as liaison between the Treasury and the State Department" ], [ "He passed numerous secret documents to men he knew were Soviet spies." ], [ "He probably was unaware that several of his hires were spies for the USSR." ], [ "White eventually came to be in charge of wartime international matters for the Treasury," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 125, 740, 467, 1097, 1512, 2050, 1309, 2125 ], "texts": [ "White called for a comprehensive peaceful solution of rapidly escalating tensions between the United States and Japan,", "White's proposals were never presented to Japan.", "insistence on Japanese withdrawal from China,", "Secretary Morgenthau appointed White to act as liaison between the Treasury and the State Department", "He passed numerous secret documents to men he knew were Soviet spies.", "He probably was unaware that several of his hires were spies for the USSR.", "White eventually came to be in charge of wartime international matters for the Treasury,", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "C_cc756ddaff8546f5bbc7a32799f2cbc2_0_q#0", "C_cc756ddaff8546f5bbc7a32799f2cbc2_0_q#1", "C_cc756ddaff8546f5bbc7a32799f2cbc2_0_q#2", "C_cc756ddaff8546f5bbc7a32799f2cbc2_0_q#3", "C_cc756ddaff8546f5bbc7a32799f2cbc2_0_q#4", "C_cc756ddaff8546f5bbc7a32799f2cbc2_0_q#5", "C_cc756ddaff8546f5bbc7a32799f2cbc2_0_q#6" ]

[ "What was the accusation?", "Was the accusations found to be valid?", "Why did they warn them?", "Did they take the warnings seriously?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Did he receieve any punishments for the accusations?", "Who are Jenner and Mccarthy?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 1, 0, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 141 ], [ 1207 ], [ 1473 ], [ 1915 ], [ 430 ], [ 2066 ], [ 0 ] ], "texts": [ [ "looked extensively into the problem of unauthorized and uncontrolled powers exercised by non-elected officials, specifically White." ], [ "Attorney General Herbert Brownell Jr. revealed that the FBI had warned the Truman administration about White before the President appointed him to the IMF." ], [ "revealed that the White House had received the FBI report on \"Soviet Espionage in the United States,\" including the White case," ], [ "he cited a statement from the official NSA/CIA history of Venona that \"no definitive evidence has emerged to show\" that Truman was informed of Venona." ], [ "The concentration of Communist sympathizers in the Treasury Department, and particularly the Division of Monetary Research, is now a matter of record." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Senator William Jenner's Interlocking Subversion in Government Departments Investigation by the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee (" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 141, 1207, 1473, 1915, 430, 2066, 0 ], "texts": [ "looked extensively into the problem of unauthorized and uncontrolled powers exercised by non-elected officials, specifically White.", "Attorney General Herbert Brownell Jr. revealed that the FBI had warned the Truman administration about White before the President appointed him to the IMF.", "revealed that the White House had received the FBI report on \"Soviet Espionage in the United States,\" including the White case,", "he cited a statement from the official NSA/CIA history of Venona that \"no definitive evidence has emerged to show\" that Truman was informed of Venona.", "The concentration of Communist sympathizers in the Treasury Department, and particularly the Division of Monetary Research, is now a matter of record.", "CANNOTANSWER", "Senator William Jenner's Interlocking Subversion in Government Departments Investigation by the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee (" ] }

[]

[ "The accusation was that people in the Treasury Department, particularly in the Division of Monetary Research, were sympathizers with and even participants in a Communist conspiracy. Specifically, the individuals named as participants were White, Frank Coe, Harold Glasser, Irving Kaplan, and Victor Perlo. The report also mentioned that White was accused of trying to convince others that the Soviets had developed a system that would replace capitalism and Christianity. Another accusation was that the Truman administration was warned about White by the FBI before he was appointed to the International Monetary Fund.", "The text does not provide information on whether the accusations were found to be valid.", "The FBI warned the Truman administration about White because they had information implicating him in alleged \"Soviet Espionage in the United States.\" This information was shared with the administration before Truman nominated White to the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The FBI wanted to alert the President to potential risks associated with White's appointment.", "The text does not provide information on whether the Truman administration took the FBI's warnings seriously.", "One interesting aspect of the article is the revelation that despite the FBI's warnings to President Truman, Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan stated that Truman was never informed about Venona, a code-breaking project which had uncovered Soviet espionage activities. According to an official National Security Agency/Central Intelligence Agency (NSA/CIA) history of Venona, there is no definitive evidence to suggest that Truman was told about this project. This raises questions about the flow of secretive information within the government and potential impacts on decisions.", "The text does not provide information on whether any punishments were given for the accusations.", "In the context provided, Senator William Jenner was responsible for the Interlocking Subversion in Government Departments Investigation by the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee (SISS). This investigation looked extensively into the problem of unauthorized and uncontrolled powers exercised by non-elected officials. Senator Joseph McCarthy is another figure mentioned; in 1953, together with Eisenhower administration Attorney General Herbert Brownell Jr., he revealed that the FBI had warned the Truman administration about White before his appointment to the International Monetary Fund (IMF)." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "Yes", "no", "No", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_00ffbf24a3be472e87cfcd1e2dd6bba5_1_q#0", "C_00ffbf24a3be472e87cfcd1e2dd6bba5_1_q#1", "C_00ffbf24a3be472e87cfcd1e2dd6bba5_1_q#2", "C_00ffbf24a3be472e87cfcd1e2dd6bba5_1_q#3", "C_00ffbf24a3be472e87cfcd1e2dd6bba5_1_q#4" ]

[ "How did The Apples come about?", "Who did he discuss the idea with?", "Where did they get the name The Apples?", "When did the band start working together?", "Who were the band members?" ]

[ 0, 2, 2, 2, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 1142 ], [ 994 ], [ 1263 ], [ 1382 ], [ 1476 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Mangum. He discussed the idea of starting a record label with them (which soon became The Elephant 6 Recording Company)." ], [ "Schneider then spent two weeks in Athens, Georgia recording music and spending time with his childhood friends Will Cullen Hart, Bill Doss and Jeff Mangum." ], [ "It was also at this time that the name \"The Apples\" came about, inspired by the Pink Floyd song \"Apples and Oranges\"." ], [ "The earliest incarnation of the band began to form in 1992" ], [ "first between Schneider and Parfitt," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 1142, 994, 1263, 1382, 1476 ], "texts": [ "Mangum. He discussed the idea of starting a record label with them (which soon became The Elephant 6 Recording Company).", "Schneider then spent two weeks in Athens, Georgia recording music and spending time with his childhood friends Will Cullen Hart, Bill Doss and Jeff Mangum.", "It was also at this time that the name \"The Apples\" came about, inspired by the Pink Floyd song \"Apples and Oranges\".", "The earliest incarnation of the band began to form in 1992", "first between Schneider and Parfitt," ] }

[]

[ "The band called \"The Apples\" came about in 1992 when Robert Schneider met Jim McIntyre on a commute bus in Denver, Colorado. After realizing their shared interest in music, Schneider and McIntyre discussed the idea of starting a band. They also introduced Schneider to drummer Hilarie Sidney. Later, Schneider met Chris Parfitt and the two also considered starting a rock band. Upon his return to Denver from Athens, Schneider and Parfitt, who both played the guitar, started recruiting band members including McIntyre and Sidney. The name \"The Apples\" was inspired by the Pink Floyd song \"Apples and Oranges\".", "Robert Schneider discussed the idea of starting a band with Jim McIntyre, Hilarie Sidney, and Chris Parfitt. He also discussed the idea of starting a record label with his childhood friends Will Cullen Hart, Bill Doss and Jeff Mangum when he was in Athens, Georgia.", "The name \"The Apples\" came about when Robert Schneider was in Athens, Georgia, and it was inspired by the Pink Floyd song \"Apples and Oranges\".", "The earliest incarnation of the band \"The Apples\" began to form in 1992. Robert Schneider and Chris Parfitt, who both played the guitar, started recruiting band members including Jim McIntyre and Hilarie Sidney during the autumn of that year. They practiced material through the winter, and their first few live shows took place the following January.", "The band members were Robert Schneider, Chris Parfitt, Jim McIntyre and Hilarie Sidney." ]

[ "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No" ]

[ "C_00ffbf24a3be472e87cfcd1e2dd6bba5_0_q#0", "C_00ffbf24a3be472e87cfcd1e2dd6bba5_0_q#1", "C_00ffbf24a3be472e87cfcd1e2dd6bba5_0_q#2", "C_00ffbf24a3be472e87cfcd1e2dd6bba5_0_q#3", "C_00ffbf24a3be472e87cfcd1e2dd6bba5_0_q#4" ]

[ "What is the Hypnotic Suggestion?", "Were there any hit songs?", "What were the new plans?", "What is Fun Trick Noisemaker?", "Was this album a success?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 2 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 393 ], [ 501 ], [ 1805 ], [ 1254 ], [ 1695 ] ], "texts": [ [ "The band started work on a debut full-length album, but it instead became Hypnotic Suggestion, a second EP." ], [ "However, after SpinART Records offered to buy the band an 8-track in return for an album, new plans for an LP arose." ], [ "A significantly different band from the original 1992 four-piece, the official name of the band gradually became \"The Apples in Stereo\"," ], [ "In early 1995, the band finished the album, Fun Trick Noisemaker, at Kyle Jones's house (the birthplace of Schneider's Pet Sounds Studio)." ], [ "McIntyre continued to be involved in the recording and engineering of the band's albums until the mid-2000s." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 393, 501, 1805, 1254, 1695 ], "texts": [ "The band started work on a debut full-length album, but it instead became Hypnotic Suggestion, a second EP.", "However, after SpinART Records offered to buy the band an 8-track in return for an album, new plans for an LP arose.", "A significantly different band from the original 1992 four-piece, the official name of the band gradually became \"The Apples in Stereo\",", "In early 1995, the band finished the album, Fun Trick Noisemaker, at Kyle Jones's house (the birthplace of Schneider's Pet Sounds Studio).", "McIntyre continued to be involved in the recording and engineering of the band's albums until the mid-2000s." ] }

[]

[ "The Hypnotic Suggestion is a second EP released by the band.", "The context does not provide information on whether there were any hit songs from the band or the EP \"Hypnotic Suggestion\".", "The new plans for the band involved creating a full-length album after SpinART Records offered to buy them an 8-track in return for it.", "Fun Trick Noisemaker is the full-length album that the band finished producing in early 1995.", "The context does not provide information on whether the album \"Fun Trick Noisemaker\" was a success." ]

[ "Yes", "no", "No", "Yes", "No" ]

[ "C_aa349b20529d4732b731bf461b183314_1_q#0", "C_aa349b20529d4732b731bf461b183314_1_q#1", "C_aa349b20529d4732b731bf461b183314_1_q#2", "C_aa349b20529d4732b731bf461b183314_1_q#3", "C_aa349b20529d4732b731bf461b183314_1_q#4" ]

[ "What reent movies has she been in?", "What was her most recent film?", "how did it do in the box office?", "did she have any other successes at the box office?", "wdid she have any notable box office flops?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 1776 ], [ 2029 ], [ 2946 ], [ 3290 ] ], "texts": [ [ "In 2016, Bhatt established herself as a leading actress of contemporary Hindi cinema by featuring in three critically and commercially successful films." ], [ "Dear Zindagi (2016)." ], [ "The film proved a box office success as well, earning a total of Rs1.39 billion (US$21 million) worldwide." ], [ "With over Rs1.95 billion (US$30 million) in box office receipts, Badrinath Ki Dulhania proved to be Bhatt's highest-grossing release." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 1776, 2029, 2946, 3290 ], "texts": [ "In 2016, Bhatt established herself as a leading actress of contemporary Hindi cinema by featuring in three critically and commercially successful films.", "Dear Zindagi (2016).", "The film proved a box office success as well, earning a total of Rs1.39 billion (US$21 million) worldwide.", "With over Rs1.95 billion (US$30 million) in box office receipts, Badrinath Ki Dulhania proved to be Bhatt's highest-grossing release.", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[ { "text": "Alia or ALIA may refer to:\n\nPeople\nAlia (name), a list of people with the surname or given name\n\nPlaces\nAlia, Sicily, Italy, a comune\n Alia (Phrygia), a town of ancient Phrygia which remains a Roman Catholic titular bishopric\nAlía, Spain, a municipality in Extremadura\nEl Alia, Tunisia, a town and commune in the Bizerte Governorate\n\nOther uses\nAlia (gastropod), a genus of molluscs\nAlia, the former name of Royal Jordanian Airlines\nAustralian Library and Information Association (ALIA)\n\nSee also\n Aaliyah (1979–2001), American R&B singer\n Aaliyah (disambiguation)\n Aliya (disambiguation)\n Aliyah (disambiguation)\n Allia (moth), a genus in the family Noctuidae\n Allia, a tributary of the River Tiber, Italy\n Battle of the Allia, fought BC between the Romans and the Senones\n Alya (disambiguation)", "title": "Alia" } ]

[ "Alia Bhatt's recent movies include Kapoor & Sons, Udta Punjab, Dear Zindagi, and Badrinath Ki Dulhania.", "Bhatt's most recent film, as per the given context, is Badrinath Ki Dulhania.", "Badrinath Ki Dulhania proved to be Alia Bhatt's highest-grossing release, earning over Rs1.95 billion (US$30 million) in box office receipts.", "Yes, besides Badrinath Ki Dulhania, Alia Bhatt had box office successes with Udta Punjab and Dear Zindagi in 2016. Kapoor & Sons was also a critical and commercial success. Dear Zindagi earned a total of Rs1.39 billion (US$21 million) worldwide.", "The context does not provide information on any box office flops of Alia Bhatt." ]

[ "No", "No", "Yes", "No", "Yes" ]

[ "C_aa349b20529d4732b731bf461b183314_0_q#0", "C_aa349b20529d4732b731bf461b183314_0_q#1", "C_aa349b20529d4732b731bf461b183314_0_q#2", "C_aa349b20529d4732b731bf461b183314_0_q#3", "C_aa349b20529d4732b731bf461b183314_0_q#4" ]

[ "What is she currently working on?", "IS this something she is passionate about?", "What other campaigns has she promoted?", "Does she receive and criticism for her campaigns?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 1, 0 ]

[ 2, 0, 2, 2, 0 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 1133 ], [ 1252 ], [ 1042 ], [ 1679 ], [ 0 ] ], "texts": [ [ "In 2017, Bhatt launched an ecological initiative named CoExist to raise awareness about the welfare of street animals." ], [ "The following year, she collaborated with Facebook Live for a campaign named Find Your Green," ], [ "In 2013, Bhatt took part in a campaign for PETA to raise awareness about homeless animals." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Bhatt has performed playback singing for the song \"Sooha Saaha\" in Highway (2014)." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 1133, 1252, 1042, 1679, 0 ], "texts": [ "In 2017, Bhatt launched an ecological initiative named CoExist to raise awareness about the welfare of street animals.", "The following year, she collaborated with Facebook Live for a campaign named Find Your Green,", "In 2013, Bhatt took part in a campaign for PETA to raise awareness about homeless animals.", "CANNOTANSWER", "Bhatt has performed playback singing for the song \"Sooha Saaha\" in Highway (2014)." ] }

[ { "text": "Alia or ALIA may refer to:\n\nPeople\nAlia (name), a list of people with the surname or given name\n\nPlaces\nAlia, Sicily, Italy, a comune\n Alia (Phrygia), a town of ancient Phrygia which remains a Roman Catholic titular bishopric\nAlía, Spain, a municipality in Extremadura\nEl Alia, Tunisia, a town and commune in the Bizerte Governorate\n\nOther uses\nAlia (gastropod), a genus of molluscs\nAlia, the former name of Royal Jordanian Airlines\nAustralian Library and Information Association (ALIA)\n\nSee also\n Aaliyah (1979–2001), American R&B singer\n Aaliyah (disambiguation)\n Aliya (disambiguation)\n Aliyah (disambiguation)\n Allia (moth), a genus in the family Noctuidae\n Allia, a tributary of the River Tiber, Italy\n Battle of the Allia, fought BC between the Romans and the Senones\n Alya (disambiguation)", "title": "Alia" } ]

[ "The context does not provide information on what she is currently working on.", "The context does not provide information on what she is currently passionate about.", "She took part in a campaign for PETA to raise awareness about homeless animals. In 2017, she launched an ecological initiative named CoExist to raise awareness about the welfare of street animals. In 2018, she collaborated with Facebook Live for a campaign named Find Your Green, to campaign for environmentalism.", "The context does not provide information on whether she has received any criticism for her campaigns.", "Other interesting aspects from this article include Bhatt's singing contributions to several film soundtracks, her performances at award ceremonies and in stage shows, her participation in a charity event to raise funds for flood victims, and her involvement in a U.S. tour with other artists. Additionally, she launched her own line of clothing for women in association with Jabong.com and endorses a number of brands and products, including Coca-Cola, Garnier and Maybelline." ]

[ "No", "no", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_588ca78e90af44e48c070edd9acca477_1_q#0", "C_588ca78e90af44e48c070edd9acca477_1_q#1", "C_588ca78e90af44e48c070edd9acca477_1_q#2", "C_588ca78e90af44e48c070edd9acca477_1_q#3", "C_588ca78e90af44e48c070edd9acca477_1_q#4" ]

[ "what year did the break up happen", "did slash act alone in his music career", "what year did this begin", "did they work on more then one record label", "what year did this good will end" ]

[ 1, 0, 2, 1, 1 ]

[ 2, 1, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 2821 ], [ 0 ], [ 742 ], [ 2821 ], [ 2821 ] ], "texts": [ [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Slash and Dover wrote the lyrics to all twelve songs" ], [ "The resulting album, titled It's Five O'Clock Somewhere, was released in February 1995 through Geffen Records." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 2821, 0, 742, 2821, 2821 ], "texts": [ "CANNOTANSWER", "Slash and Dover wrote the lyrics to all twelve songs", "The resulting album, titled It's Five O'Clock Somewhere, was released in February 1995 through Geffen Records.", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "The text does not provide information on what year Slash's Snakepit disbanded.", "No, Slash did not act alone in his music career. His album, titled \"It's Five O'Clock Somewhere,\" involved contributions from others such as Dover who co-wrote lyrics, Clarke who contributed a song, Duff McKagan who co-wrote a song, Dizzy Reed on keyboards, Teddy Andreadis on harmonica, and Paulinho da Costa on percussion. His brother, Ash Hudson, also designed the album's cover. Additionally, he performed with other band members during tours.", "The context does not provide information on when Slash's collaboration with other musicians began. However, it is mentioned that his album titled \"It's Five O'Clock Somewhere\" was released in February 1995.", "The context only mentions one record label, Geffen Records, which was involved in releasing Slash's album titled \"It's Five O'Clock Somewhere.\"", "The text does not provide information on when the positive occurrences or \"good will\" mentioned ended." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_588ca78e90af44e48c070edd9acca477_0_q#0", "C_588ca78e90af44e48c070edd9acca477_0_q#1", "C_588ca78e90af44e48c070edd9acca477_0_q#2", "C_588ca78e90af44e48c070edd9acca477_0_q#3" ]

[ "What album was Aint life grand for the band?", "Did it chart well at the box office?", "Did the album include any hit even thought it didn't do well?", "Did they tour for the release of this album?" ]

[ 0, 2, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 768 ], [ 786 ], [ 744 ], [ 1692 ] ], "texts": [ [ "the first" ], [ "The album did not sell as well" ], [ "\"Mean Bone" ], [ "release, Slash's Snakepit supported AC/DC on their Stiff Upper Lip tour" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 768, 786, 744, 1692 ], "texts": [ "the first", "The album did not sell as well", "\"Mean Bone", "release, Slash's Snakepit supported AC/DC on their Stiff Upper Lip tour" ] }

[]

[ "Ain't Life Grand was an album for the band Slash's Snakepit.", "The text does not provide information on whether the album \"Ain't Life Grand\" charted well at the box office.", "The text does not provide information on whether the album \"Ain't Life Grand\" included any hit songs.", "Yes, prior to the release of the album, Slash's Snakepit supported AC/DC on their Stiff Upper Lip tour and later planned their own headlining tour of theatres. They later rescheduled their US tour, performing shows from June 16 - July 6, co-headlining three shows with Billy Idol." ]

[ "No", "No", "No", "Yes" ]

[ "C_e70b91226ec641898245f282721294b3_0_q#0", "C_e70b91226ec641898245f282721294b3_0_q#1", "C_e70b91226ec641898245f282721294b3_0_q#2", "C_e70b91226ec641898245f282721294b3_0_q#3", "C_e70b91226ec641898245f282721294b3_0_q#4", "C_e70b91226ec641898245f282721294b3_0_q#5", "C_e70b91226ec641898245f282721294b3_0_q#6" ]

[ "What was all the controversy about?", "Was he guilty of this?", "Did he have to pay any fines?", "Was he still popular after this was over?", "When did he resign?", "What happened next?", "What was the result of the investigation?" ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 475 ], [ 1455 ], [ 2640 ], [ 2303 ], [ 2640 ], [ 2437 ], [ 2640 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Senate leader's allegation that Spitzer used State Police to spy on him." ], [ "\"As governor, I am accountable for what goes on in the executive branch and I accept responsibility for the actions of my office\"" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "The investigations of the event, dubbed \"Troopergate\" by media outlets, were not affected by Spitzer's resignation." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "four probes by the state Attorney General's office, the State Senate Investigations Committee, the Albany County District Attorney's Office, and the New York Commission on Public Integrity were ongoing." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 475, 1455, 2640, 2303, 2640, 2437, 2640 ], "texts": [ "Senate leader's allegation that Spitzer used State Police to spy on him.", "\"As governor, I am accountable for what goes on in the executive branch and I accept responsibility for the actions of my office\"", "CANNOTANSWER", "The investigations of the event, dubbed \"Troopergate\" by media outlets, were not affected by Spitzer's resignation.", "CANNOTANSWER", "four probes by the state Attorney General's office, the State Senate Investigations Committee, the Albany County District Attorney's Office, and the New York Commission on Public Integrity were ongoing.", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "C_e70b91226ec641898245f282721294b3_1_q#0", "C_e70b91226ec641898245f282721294b3_1_q#1", "C_e70b91226ec641898245f282721294b3_1_q#2", "C_e70b91226ec641898245f282721294b3_1_q#3", "C_e70b91226ec641898245f282721294b3_1_q#4", "C_e70b91226ec641898245f282721294b3_1_q#5" ]

[ "what was his 2006 campaign for?", "Who did he run against?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "How did he do that?", "what was the result of this sweatshop?", "Did The bug reveal anything?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 4640 ], [ 4315 ], [ 512 ], [ 690 ], [ 844 ], [ 955 ] ], "texts": [ [ "On May 30, 2006, Spitzer and Paterson won the endorsement of the New York State Democratic party." ], [ "In January 2006, Spitzer selected New York State Senate minority leader David Paterson as his choice for lieutenant governor and running mate." ], [ "Spitzer's biggest case came in 1992, when he led the investigation that ended the Gambino crime family's organized crime" ], [ "Spitzer devised a plan to set up his own sweatshop in the city's garment district, where he turned out shirts, pants and sweaters, and hired 30 laborers." ], [ "The shop manager eventually got close to the Gambinos, and officials were able to plant a bug in their office." ], [ "The Gambinos, rather than being charged with extortion - which was hard to prove - were charged with antitrust violations. Joseph and Thomas Gambino, the" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 4640, 4315, 512, 690, 844, 955 ], "texts": [ "On May 30, 2006, Spitzer and Paterson won the endorsement of the New York State Democratic party.", "In January 2006, Spitzer selected New York State Senate minority leader David Paterson as his choice for lieutenant governor and running mate.", "Spitzer's biggest case came in 1992, when he led the investigation that ended the Gambino crime family's organized crime", "Spitzer devised a plan to set up his own sweatshop in the city's garment district, where he turned out shirts, pants and sweaters, and hired 30 laborers.", "The shop manager eventually got close to the Gambinos, and officials were able to plant a bug in their office.", "The Gambinos, rather than being charged with extortion - which was hard to prove - were charged with antitrust violations. Joseph and Thomas Gambino, the" ] }

[]

[ "His 2006 campaign was for the position of governor of New York.", "He ran against Republican John Faso and Libertarian John Clifton, along with other candidates, in the 2006 gubernatorial race in New York.", "Yes, several interesting aspects about this article include:\n\n1. Spitzer's significant work in legal and criminal justice, including his stint with the Manhattan District Attorney's office where he was instrumental in breaking the Gambino crime family's control over Manhattan's trucking and garment industries.\n \n2. Spitzer's time as Attorney General, when he took active measures to heighten the profile of his office. He broke with traditional state attorney's general roles and pursued cases relating to white-collar crime, securities and internet fraud, and environmental protection.\n\n3. His use of the Martin Act of 1921 to subpoena witnesses and company documents related to investigations into corporate fraud. This was particularly effective during the corporate scandals of the early 2000s.\n\n4. Spitzer's gubernatorial campaign and subsequent landslide victory, securing the position of governor of New York in 2006 with the largest margin ever in a New York gubernatorial race.\n\n5. Spitzer's commitment to certain social issues, as seen in his commissioning of a study into the NYPD's stop-and-frisk practices and his promise to work towards the legalization of gay marriage in New York if elected governor.", "Spitzer accomplished his goals through various initiatives. While heading the labor-racketeering unit in Manhattan District Attorney's office, he led an investigation that broke the Gambino crime family's control over Manhattan's trucking and garment industries with a clever plan to set up his own sweatshop to infiltrate their operations. As Attorney General, he pursued laws not traditionally tackled by state attorneys general, including white-collar crimes and environmental protection issues. He used the Martin Act of 1921 to subpoena witnesses and company documents related to fraud investigations, playing a crucial role in exposing corporate scandals. During his 2006 gubernatorial campaign, he secured early support from Democrats and chose a strong running mate, David Paterson. He also voiced his commitment to legalizing gay marriage. Upon securing the nomination, he went on to win the election by a large margin.", "The sweatshop that Spitzer set up led to the dismantling of the Gambino crime family's organized crime control over Manhattan's trucking and garment industries. The shop manager was able to gain the trust of the Gambinos, which allowed officials to plant a bug in their office. Instead of charging the Gambinos with extortion, which was difficult to prove, they were charged with antitrust violations. Key figures in the Gambino crime family including Joseph and Thomas Gambino, with the latter being a particularly high-ranking member, pleaded guilty, paid $12 million in fines, and agreed to stay out of the businesses they controlled.", "The text doesn't provide specific details on the information revealed by the bug planted in the Gambino's office. However, it indicates that evidence gathered led to the Gambino family being charged with antitrust violations, rather than the more difficult to prove charge of extortion." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_34fff391fa464f15b26174eb4bee0fe7_1_q#0", "C_34fff391fa464f15b26174eb4bee0fe7_1_q#1", "C_34fff391fa464f15b26174eb4bee0fe7_1_q#2", "C_34fff391fa464f15b26174eb4bee0fe7_1_q#3", "C_34fff391fa464f15b26174eb4bee0fe7_1_q#4", "C_34fff391fa464f15b26174eb4bee0fe7_1_q#5", "C_34fff391fa464f15b26174eb4bee0fe7_1_q#6", "C_34fff391fa464f15b26174eb4bee0fe7_1_q#7", "C_34fff391fa464f15b26174eb4bee0fe7_1_q#8", "C_34fff391fa464f15b26174eb4bee0fe7_1_q#9" ]

[ "When did the renovations take place", "What did the renovations entail?", "How much did it cost?", "Have there been any other recent renovations?", "What kind of expansions have they done?", "Are there any interesting aspects of this article?", "Who pays for all of these expensive renovations?", "Who owns the building/", "How long did the renovations take?", "How large is it?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 65 ], [ 853 ], [ 1774 ], [ 402 ], [ 241 ], [ 1898 ], [ 1898 ], [ 853 ], [ 535 ] ], "texts": [ [ "The Merchandise Mart was modernized in the late 1950s and 1960s." ], [ "The Indian chiefs were removed and replaced with concrete plates in 1961," ], [ "After a 10-year, $100 million modernization in the late 1980s" ], [ "The project was completed in 1991." ], [ "In 1977, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill designed the Chicago Apparel Center, located on the west side of Orleans Street, which increased" ], [ "Some of the carvings were later found in a suburban backyard and auctioned in 2014." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "After a 10-year, $100 million modernization" ], [ "the Merchandise Mart's total floor space to 6,200,000 square feet (580,000 m2)." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 65, 853, 1774, 402, 241, 1898, 1898, 853, 535 ], "texts": [ "The Merchandise Mart was modernized in the late 1950s and 1960s.", "The Indian chiefs were removed and replaced with concrete plates in 1961,", "After a 10-year, $100 million modernization in the late 1980s", "The project was completed in 1991.", "In 1977, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill designed the Chicago Apparel Center, located on the west side of Orleans Street, which increased", "Some of the carvings were later found in a suburban backyard and auctioned in 2014.", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER", "After a 10-year, $100 million modernization", "the Merchandise Mart's total floor space to 6,200,000 square feet (580,000 m2)." ] }

[]

[ "The renovations took place in the late 1950s, 1960s and late 1980s.", "The renovations included modernizing the Merchandise Mart, removing Indian chiefs and replacing them with concrete plates, constructing an entrance canopy over the south for vehicle use, and updating public utilities. The Chicago Apparel Center was designed and opened, increasing the Merchandise Mart's total floor space. An enclosed pedestrian walking bridge was built to connect the Mart and the Apparel Center. Additional perimeter entrances were created and the display windows, main entrance, and lobby were restored. Two smaller doorways were added beside the main entrance and the drive-through canopy was removed. New main and corner entrances were added to the rear facade, and the loading dock at the river level was removed to use the bottom deck of North Bank Drive. Improvements to the lobby included the restoration of the original glass curtain wall over the entrance, shop fronts, and reception desk using terrazzo floors and wall sconces influenced by the original design. The project was completed in 1991.", "The modernization in the late 1980s cost $100 million.", "The text does not provide information on any recent renovations after the ones completed in 1991.", "The expansions during the renovations included the construction of the Chicago Apparel Center, which increased the Merchandise Mart's total floor space to 6,200,000 square feet. In 1962, an entrance canopy was added over the south for vehicle use. In 1988, an enclosed pedestrian walking bridge was designed over Orleans Street to connect the Mart and the Apparel Center. Additional perimeter entrances were created and new main and corner entrances were added to the rear facade.", "Some of the interesting aspects from this context include the finding of some of the Indian chief carvings in a suburban backyard, which were later auctioned in 2014. There's also the fact that the building received LEED for Existing Buildings Silver recognition in November 2007, showcasing its adherence to environmentally friendly practices. Additionally, the addition of a pedestrian bridge designed by Helmut Jahn is noteworthy. The modernization project was also quite substantial, involving a cost of $100 million and including a variety of enhancements from additional entrances to restored display windows.", "The text does not provide information on who paid for the renovations of the Merchandise Mart.", "The text does not provide information on who owns the Merchandise Mart.", "The text does not provide specific information on how long each phase of the renovations took. However, it does mention that the modernization in the late 1980s was a 10-year project.", "The renovations increased the Merchandise Mart's total floor space to 6,200,000 square feet (580,000 m2)." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_34fff391fa464f15b26174eb4bee0fe7_0_q#0", "C_34fff391fa464f15b26174eb4bee0fe7_0_q#1", "C_34fff391fa464f15b26174eb4bee0fe7_0_q#2", "C_34fff391fa464f15b26174eb4bee0fe7_0_q#3", "C_34fff391fa464f15b26174eb4bee0fe7_0_q#4", "C_34fff391fa464f15b26174eb4bee0fe7_0_q#5", "C_34fff391fa464f15b26174eb4bee0fe7_0_q#6", "C_34fff391fa464f15b26174eb4bee0fe7_0_q#7", "C_34fff391fa464f15b26174eb4bee0fe7_0_q#8", "C_34fff391fa464f15b26174eb4bee0fe7_0_q#9" ]

[ "What are some of the green building practices?", "What did the recycling program include?", "How was the recycling program ran?", "Was the recycling program a success?", "Did they encounter any problems with establishing green practices?", "How do you get LEED certification?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "What kind of jobs do people work at in the mart?", "What are some of the businesses?", "What is the Mart used for today?" ]

[ 0, 0, 2, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 541 ], [ 694 ], [ 885 ], [ 1403 ], [ 2060 ], [ 2157 ], [ 1737 ], [ 2157 ], [ 290 ], [ 2157 ] ], "texts": [ [ "In 1990, the Mart Center began using Green Seal-approved green cleaning products and the next year implemented a recycling program," ], [ "all forms of paper products, glass, light bulbs, batteries, aluminum and construction materials." ], [ "enter into an agreement with the district cooling system now known as Thermal Chicago, thus contributing to the national effort to reduce the discharge of ozone-damaging CFCs." ], [ "To date, the Mart Center has reduced pollution by 264,018 pounds (119,757 kg), the largest reduction by a commercial building." ], [ "The Mart has nine LEED-certified showrooms, with five others on their way to LEED certification." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "More than eight percent of the estimated 10,000 people working at the Mart walk, bike or take public transportation;" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "The Mart Center began operating a thermal storage facility in 1986," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 541, 694, 885, 1403, 2060, 2157, 1737, 2157, 290, 2157 ], "texts": [ "In 1990, the Mart Center began using Green Seal-approved green cleaning products and the next year implemented a recycling program,", "all forms of paper products, glass, light bulbs, batteries, aluminum and construction materials.", "enter into an agreement with the district cooling system now known as Thermal Chicago, thus contributing to the national effort to reduce the discharge of ozone-damaging CFCs.", "To date, the Mart Center has reduced pollution by 264,018 pounds (119,757 kg), the largest reduction by a commercial building.", "The Mart has nine LEED-certified showrooms, with five others on their way to LEED certification.", "CANNOTANSWER", "More than eight percent of the estimated 10,000 people working at the Mart walk, bike or take public transportation;", "CANNOTANSWER", "The Mart Center began operating a thermal storage facility in 1986,", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "C_d3598cdf63114915bfebd9d071e42bda_1_q#0", "C_d3598cdf63114915bfebd9d071e42bda_1_q#1", "C_d3598cdf63114915bfebd9d071e42bda_1_q#2", "C_d3598cdf63114915bfebd9d071e42bda_1_q#3", "C_d3598cdf63114915bfebd9d071e42bda_1_q#4", "C_d3598cdf63114915bfebd9d071e42bda_1_q#5", "C_d3598cdf63114915bfebd9d071e42bda_1_q#6", "C_d3598cdf63114915bfebd9d071e42bda_1_q#7", "C_d3598cdf63114915bfebd9d071e42bda_1_q#8", "C_d3598cdf63114915bfebd9d071e42bda_1_q#9", "C_d3598cdf63114915bfebd9d071e42bda_1_q#10" ]

[ "What is Audio Secrecy?", "What singles were released from it?", "When was it released?", "Did they tour during this time period?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Who took his place?", "What else happened during this time frame?", "What other places did they visit on the tour before it was canceled?", "Did they release any other albums or songs during 2009-2011?", "Was the drummer ok after his stroke?", "Did he rejoin the band?" ]

[ 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 1 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 2097 ], [ 218 ], [ 633 ], [ 1277 ], [ 1382 ], [ 1534 ], [ 1686 ], [ 1065 ], [ 1661 ], [ 1854 ] ], "texts": [ [ "The band's third album" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "September 7, 2010" ], [ "Stone Sour played the first annual Rockstar Energy Drink Uproar Festival with Avenged Sevenfold and Hollywood Undead" ], [ "On April 16, 2011, it was announced that bassist Shawn Economaki had left the tour for personal reasons." ], [ "Jason Christopher, who had played with Corey Taylor previously during his solo performances and with the Junk Beer Kidnap Band, filled in for the tour." ], [ "In May 2011, Stone Sour canceled the remaining dates from their headline tour as drummer, Roy Mayorga suffered a minor stroke." ], [ "The band played their last show of 2011 at the second day of the Rock in Rio IV festival, which took place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil," ], [ "Stone Sour live DVD will be released, filmed at the Brighton Centre in the United Kingdom." ], [ "He made a full recovery." ], [ "Drummer Roy Mayorga was not present at the show as he was expecting his first child back home," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 2097, 218, 633, 1277, 1382, 1534, 1686, 1065, 1661, 1854 ], "texts": [ "The band's third album", "CANNOTANSWER", "September 7, 2010", "Stone Sour played the first annual Rockstar Energy Drink Uproar Festival with Avenged Sevenfold and Hollywood Undead", "On April 16, 2011, it was announced that bassist Shawn Economaki had left the tour for personal reasons.", "Jason Christopher, who had played with Corey Taylor previously during his solo performances and with the Junk Beer Kidnap Band, filled in for the tour.", "In May 2011, Stone Sour canceled the remaining dates from their headline tour as drummer, Roy Mayorga suffered a minor stroke.", "The band played their last show of 2011 at the second day of the Rock in Rio IV festival, which took place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,", "Stone Sour live DVD will be released, filmed at the Brighton Centre in the United Kingdom.", "He made a full recovery.", "Drummer Roy Mayorga was not present at the show as he was expecting his first child back home," ] }

[]

[ "Audio Secrecy is the third album by the band Stone Sour, released on September 7, 2010.", "The context does not provide information on what singles were released from the album Audio Secrecy.", "The album Audio Secrecy was released on September 7, 2010.", "Yes, Stone Sour toured during this time period. They played at several events like the first annual Rockstar Energy Drink Uproar Festival, Soundwave Festival in Australia, The Avalanche Tour, \"Nightmare After Christmas Tour\", and the Rock in Rio IV festival.", "The article mentions a few interesting aspects such as bassist Shawn Economaki leaving the tour for personal reasons, and being replaced by Jason Christopher for the tour. Additionally, the band had to cancel the remaining dates from their headline tour as drummer, Roy Mayorga suffered a minor stroke. The band's last show of 2011 was performed without Mayorga and Economaki, and Mike Portnoy filled in for Mayorga.", "Jason Christopher took the place of bassist Shawn Economaki on tour. At the Rock in Rio IV festival, ex-Dream Theater and The Winery Dogs drummer Mike Portnoy filled in for the drummer Roy Mayorga, who was expecting his first child back home.", "During this time frame, in addition to touring, the band also announced that they would be releasing a live DVD, which was filmed at the Brighton Centre in the United Kingdom. Furthermore, they were forced to cancel the remaining dates of their headline tour after their drummer, Roy Mayorga, suffered a minor stroke, from which he fully recovered. Stone Sour played their last show of 2011 at the Rock in Rio IV festival in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. They performed there without their drummer Roy Mayorga and bassist Shawn Economaki. Ex-Dream Theater and The Winery Dogs drummer Mike Portnoy filled-in for Roy Mayorga at this event.", "Stone Sour participated in the first annual Rockstar Energy Drink Uproar Festival with Avenged Sevenfold and Hollywood Undead among others, and were part of the Soundwave Festival in late February/early March in Australia 2011. They also headlined The Avalanche Tour, which was supported by Theory of a Deadman, Skillet, Halestorm and Art of Dying, and toured with Avenged Sevenfold, New Medicine and Hollywood Undead on the \"Nightmare After Christmas Tour\" 2011. Specific locations or cities visited are not mentioned in the context.", "The context does not provide information on any other albums or songs released by Stone Sour between 2009 and 2011 apart from the album Audio Secrecy.", "Yes, the drummer Roy Mayorga made a full recovery after suffering a minor stroke.", "The context does not provide information on whether drummer Roy Mayorga rejoined the band after his recovery from a minor stroke." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes", "no" ]

[ "C_d3598cdf63114915bfebd9d071e42bda_0_q#0", "C_d3598cdf63114915bfebd9d071e42bda_0_q#1", "C_d3598cdf63114915bfebd9d071e42bda_0_q#2", "C_d3598cdf63114915bfebd9d071e42bda_0_q#3", "C_d3598cdf63114915bfebd9d071e42bda_0_q#4", "C_d3598cdf63114915bfebd9d071e42bda_0_q#5", "C_d3598cdf63114915bfebd9d071e42bda_0_q#6", "C_d3598cdf63114915bfebd9d071e42bda_0_q#7", "C_d3598cdf63114915bfebd9d071e42bda_0_q#8", "C_d3598cdf63114915bfebd9d071e42bda_0_q#9", "C_d3598cdf63114915bfebd9d071e42bda_0_q#10", "C_d3598cdf63114915bfebd9d071e42bda_0_q#11" ]

[ "When was the album released?", "Were there any singles?", "Did the single reach the charts?", "Did the band tour?", "Who did they tour with?", "What else is notable about this time?", "Did fans like the song?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Who replaced him?", "Did they tour after?", "Did they record anything else at that time?", "Was the album a success?" ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 1, 0, 2, 2, 2, 1 ]

[ 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 953 ], [ 1211 ], [ 2468 ], [ 1756 ], [ 2410 ], [ 0 ], [ 2468 ], [ 350 ], [ 474 ], [ 1915 ], [ 1365 ], [ 2468 ] ], "texts": [ [ "October 23, 2012," ], [ "The first two songs from Part 1, \"Gone Sovereign\" and the first official single, \"Absolute Zero\"" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "On October 5, 2012, Johny Chow of Fireball Ministry and Cavalera Conspiracy was announced as the bassist for the band on the House of Gold & Bones tour cycle." ], [ "Christian Martucci filled in for Root during that period." ], [ "The band released a song called \"The Pessimist\" as a free download on their Facebook page on March 27, 2012." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "It was announced via Instagram on May 3, 2012 that bassist Shawn Economaki had parted ways with the band on amicable terms." ], [ "He was replaced in the studio by current Skid Row bassist Rachel Bolan." ], [ "Stone Sour subsequently played Soundwave Festival 2013 in Australia" ], [ "The first single from House of Gold & Bones Part 2 was \"Do Me a Favor" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 953, 1211, 2468, 1756, 2410, 0, 2468, 350, 474, 1915, 1365, 2468 ], "texts": [ "October 23, 2012,", "The first two songs from Part 1, \"Gone Sovereign\" and the first official single, \"Absolute Zero\"", "CANNOTANSWER", "On October 5, 2012, Johny Chow of Fireball Ministry and Cavalera Conspiracy was announced as the bassist for the band on the House of Gold & Bones tour cycle.", "Christian Martucci filled in for Root during that period.", "The band released a song called \"The Pessimist\" as a free download on their Facebook page on March 27, 2012.", "CANNOTANSWER", "It was announced via Instagram on May 3, 2012 that bassist Shawn Economaki had parted ways with the band on amicable terms.", "He was replaced in the studio by current Skid Row bassist Rachel Bolan.", "Stone Sour subsequently played Soundwave Festival 2013 in Australia", "The first single from House of Gold & Bones Part 2 was \"Do Me a Favor", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "The first album, House of Gold & Bones - Part 1 was released worldwide on October 23, 2012, and the second album House of Gold & Bones - Part 2 was released worldwide on April 9, 2013.", "Yes, there were singles. The first two songs from House of Gold & Bones - Part 1, \"Gone Sovereign\" and the first official single, \"Absolute Zero\" were released for radio airplay in mid/late August 2012. The first single from House of Gold & Bones Part 2 was \"Do Me a Favor,\" which was released digitally on February 12.", "The context does not provide information on whether any of the singles from the albums House of Gold & Bones - Part 1 or House of Gold & Bones - Part 2 reached the charts.", "Yes, the band went on tour for the House of Gold & Bones cycle, with Johny Chow of Fireball Ministry and Cavalera Conspiracy announced as the bassist for the band on the tour. They performed at Soundwave Festival 2013 in Australia and at Download Festival 2013.", "The text does not provide information on who Stone Sour toured with during the House of Gold & Bones tour cycle.", "Notably during this time, bassist Shawn Economaki parted ways with the band and was replaced in the studio by Skid Row's bassist Rachel Bolan. The band was recording their fourth studio album which they described as \"Pink Floyd's The Wall meets Alice in Chains's Dirt\". It was decided that the album would be released as two separate albums: House of Gold & Bones - Part 1 and House of Gold & Bones - Part 2. They also released a 4-part graphic novel series that accompanies the albums. Guitarist James Root did not tour with Stone Sour in the winter of 2013 as he was working on another project but was later revealed to have been fired from the band due to musical differences. Christian Martucci filled in for Root during that period.", "The context does not provide information on whether fans liked the songs from the albums House of Gold & Bones - Part 1 or House of Gold & Bones - Part 2.", "Other interesting aspects of this context could be the decision to release a song, \"The Pessimist,\" as a free download on their Facebook page, and the release of their first DVD, Live at Brighton. The creation and release of a 4-part graphic novel series to accompany the albums was also a unique venture. Additionally, guitarist Josh Rand reveals that a song recorded for Part 1 was deemed 'not up to par' by the band, creating potential anticipation for its future release once it is refined. Lastly, the departure of guitarist James Root due to musical differences and his subsequent replacement with Christian Martucci also presents a significant band development.", "Christian Martucci replaced guitarist James Root in Stone Sour.", "Yes, after the replacement of James Root by Christian Martucci, Stone Sour continued with their House of Gold & Bones tour.", "The text does not provide information on any additional recordings by Stone Sour during that specific time.", "The text does not provide information on the commercial or critical success of the albums House of Gold & Bones - Part 1 or House of Gold & Bones - Part 2." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes", "no", "Yes" ]

[ "C_34b3948073934ecca37408d407d480e4_0_q#0", "C_34b3948073934ecca37408d407d480e4_0_q#1", "C_34b3948073934ecca37408d407d480e4_0_q#2", "C_34b3948073934ecca37408d407d480e4_0_q#3", "C_34b3948073934ecca37408d407d480e4_0_q#4", "C_34b3948073934ecca37408d407d480e4_0_q#5", "C_34b3948073934ecca37408d407d480e4_0_q#6", "C_34b3948073934ecca37408d407d480e4_0_q#7", "C_34b3948073934ecca37408d407d480e4_0_q#8", "C_34b3948073934ecca37408d407d480e4_0_q#9", "C_34b3948073934ecca37408d407d480e4_0_q#10", "C_34b3948073934ecca37408d407d480e4_0_q#11" ]

[ "What did Belinda do in 2001?", "What singles did they release?", "Was the album well received?", "What else was said about the music?", "Did the album do well on the charts?", "What was going on with Belinda during this time?", "Did Belinda release any more albums?", "What was the name of the album?", "Who worked on this album?", "What did this album sound like?", "What covers were on the album?", "What did she do at this point in her career?" ]

[ 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 152 ], [ 192 ], [ 251 ], [ 855 ], [ 1011 ], [ 1126 ], [ 1163 ], [ 1244 ], [ 1321 ], [ 1404 ], [ 1564 ] ], "texts": [ [ "In 2001, The Go-Go's reunited again and released an album of new material," ], [ "the only released single \"Unforgiven\"." ], [ "God Bless The Go-Go's received mixed reviews from critics." ], [ "Peter Fawthrop of AllMusic wrote \"Every bit as Go-Go's, that is, as their non-hits and less remarkable material." ], [ "In spite of the mixed reviews, the album charted in the US Billboard 200, peaking at number No. 57." ], [ "Carlisle appeared nude for the cover feature and a full pictorial of the August 2001 edition of Playboy." ], [ "Carlisle released her seventh album," ], [ "Voila," ], [ "The album was produced by John Reynolds and included Brian Eno on keyboards." ], [ "Consisting of a mix of French pop tunes and chanson standards, including covers" ], [ "Francoise Hardy and Edith Piaf classics," ], [ "In early 2009, Carlisle was on the eighth season of Dancing with the Stars," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 152, 192, 251, 855, 1011, 1126, 1163, 1244, 1321, 1404, 1564 ], "texts": [ "In 2001, The Go-Go's reunited again and released an album of new material,", "the only released single \"Unforgiven\".", "God Bless The Go-Go's received mixed reviews from critics.", "Peter Fawthrop of AllMusic wrote \"Every bit as Go-Go's, that is, as their non-hits and less remarkable material.", "In spite of the mixed reviews, the album charted in the US Billboard 200, peaking at number No. 57.", "Carlisle appeared nude for the cover feature and a full pictorial of the August 2001 edition of Playboy.", "Carlisle released her seventh album,", "Voila,", "The album was produced by John Reynolds and included Brian Eno on keyboards.", "Consisting of a mix of French pop tunes and chanson standards, including covers", "Francoise Hardy and Edith Piaf classics,", "In early 2009, Carlisle was on the eighth season of Dancing with the Stars," ] }

[ { "text": "This is a list of recording artists who have reached number one on Billboard magazine's weekly singles chart(s). This list spans from the issue dated January 1, 1955 to the present. Prior to the creation of the Billboard Hot 100, Billboard published four weekly singles charts: \"Best Sellers in Stores\", \"Most Played by Jockeys\", \"Most Played in Jukeboxes\" and \"The Top 100\" (an early version of the Hot 100). The Hot 100 began with the issue dated August 4, 1958, and is currently the standard music popularity chart in the United States.\n\nList inclusions\nAll acts are listed alphabetically, solo artists by last name, groups by group name excluding \"A\", \"An\", and \"The\".\nEach act's total of number-one hits is shown after their name.\nAll artists who are officially namechecked in song credits are listed here; this includes one-time pairings of otherwise solo artists and those appearing as \"featuring\". Exceptions to this rule:\n Paul McCartney's hits with Wings are credited to \"Wings\" even though many of them were released as \"Paul McCartney & Wings\". McCartney's total is only from hits not attributed to Wings nor the Beatles. If entries from The Beatles, Wings and McCartney were combined, his total of number one hits would be 29, making him the most successful artist in the history of the chart.\n Diana Ross, as some number-one hits credited to \"Diana Ross and the Supremes\", are attributed to The Supremes only. If Ross's solo entries here were combined with those of The Supremes, it would bring her total of number one hits to 18, making her the female artist with the second most total number one hits, after only Mariah Carey with 19.\n \"That's What Friends Are For\" charted as \"Dionne & Friends\". Each vocalist on the recording (Dionne Warwick, Elton John, Gladys Knight and Stevie Wonder) are given individual credit for a number-one song.\n Both Wham! and George Michael get one credit for \"Careless Whisper\". Technically the song is a solo recording and was released as such in many parts of the world except the U.S., where it charted as \"Wham! featuring George Michael\".\n \"We Are the World\" is credited to \"USA for Africa\", and not the individual artists who participated in the recording.\nDouble A-sides are counted as one number-one single.\nArtists associated with a group who reached number one, yet have their own solo page in Wikipedia, are not listed here unless they hit number one as a solo artist.\nArtists who hit number one prior to the start of the Hot 100 are included here.\nA song that topped multiple pre-Hot 100 charts is counted only once towards the artist's total.\nThe ° symbol indicates that all or part of an artist's total includes number-ones occurring on any of the pre-Hot 100 chart(s) listed above (January 1, 1955 through July 28, 1958).\n\n0-9\n112 (1)\n21 Savage (2)\n24kGoldn (1)\n50 Cent (4)\n6ix9ine (1)\n98 Degrees (1)\n\nA\n\nB\n\nC\n\nD\n\nE\n\nF\n\nG\n\nH\n\nI\nBilly Idol (1)\nEnrique Iglesias (2)\nJames Ingram (2)\nINXS (1)\n\nJ\n\nK\n\nL\n\nM\n\nN\n\nO\n\nP\n\nQ\nQuavo (1)\nQueen (2)\nQuestion Mark & the Mysterians (1)\n\nR\n\nS\n\nT\n\nU–V\n\nW\n\nX–Z\n\nSee also\nList of number-one hits (United States)\nList of best-selling music artists\nList of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart\nList of Billboard Hot 100 number-ones by British artists\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nFred Bronson's Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits, 5th Edition ()\nJoel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-2008, 12 Edition ()\nJoel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Pop Charts, 1955-1959 ()\nJoel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Sixties ()\nJoel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Seventies ()\nJoel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Eighties ()\nJoel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Nineties ()\nAdditional information obtained can be verified within Billboard's online archive services and print editions of the magazine.", "title": "List of artists who reached number one in the United States" }, { "text": "This is a list of artists who have reached number one on the UK Singles Chart as recorded by the Official Charts Company since November 1952.\n\nArtists are listed alphabetically.\nSolo artists are listed by surname and groups are listed by full names excluding \"the\" or any foreign translations of \"the\".\nArtists are credited separately if more than one artist is credited on a song (e.g. John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John each get separate credits for their duets from Grease). \nArtists who performed on a song but are not credited individually are not included, although notable cases may be recorded in the Notes column. Featured artists are listed if they are specifically credited on the single's cover. \nArtists who appear as part of a group who reached number one are not individually mentioned unless they have scored a solo number one (e.g. Paul McCartney's number one singles with The Beatles and Wings are not counted as his own, only those credited to himself are counted).\n\n0–9\n\nA\n\nBack to top\n\nB\n\nBack to top\n\nC\n\nBack to top\n\nD\n\nBack to top\n\nE\n\nBack to top\n\nF\n\nBack to top\n\nG\n\nBack to top\n\nH\n\nBack to top\n\nI\n\nBack to top\n\nJ\n\nBack to top\n\nK\n\nBack to top\n\nL\n\nBack to top\n\nM\n\nBack to top\n\nN\n\nBack to top\n\nO\n\nBack to top\n\nP\n\nBack to top\n\nQ\n\nBack to top\n\nR\n\nBack to top\n\nS\n\nBack to top\n\nT\n\nBack to top\n\nU\n\nBack to top\n\nV\n\nBack to top\n\nW\n\nBack to top\n\nX\n\nBack to top\n\nY\n\nBack to top\n\nZ\n\nBack to top\n\nSee also\n\n List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Downloads Chart\n\nReferences \n\nUK singles chart, number one artists\nArtists who reached number one", "title": "List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart" }, { "text": "This is an list of recording artists who have reached number one on the Irish Singles Chart.\n\nAll acts are listed alphabetically.\nSolo artists are alphabetised by last name, Groups by group name excluding \"A,\" \"An\" and \"The.\".\nEach act's total of number-one singles is shown after their name.\nFeatured artists that have been given credit on the record are included\n\n0–9\n112 (1)\n2 Unlimited (1)\n4 Non Blondes (1)\n5 Seconds Of Summer (2)\n10cc (3)\n21 Demands (2)\n21 Savage (1)\n24kGoldn (1)\n50 Cent (1)\n070 Shake (1)\n\nA\n\nB\n\nC\n\nD\n\nE\nEamon (1)\nEast 17 (2)\nEiffel 65 (1)\nELO (1)\nBillie Eilish (3)\nSophie Ellis-Bextor (1)\nEminem (9)\nEmmet Spiceland Ballad Group (1)\nEnigma (2)\nEnya (1) \nErasure (1)\nEurope (1)\nFaith Evans (1)\nEve (1)\nExample (1)\nGeorge Ezra (1)\n\nF\n\nG\n\nH\n\nI\nFrank Ifield (3)\nEnrique Iglesias (1)\nIndustry (2)\nIrish World Cup Squad (2002) (1)\n\nJ\n\nK\n\nL\n\nM\n\nN\n\nO\n\nP\n\nQ\nSuzi Quatro (1)\nQueen (3)\n\nR\n\nS\n\nT\n\nU\nU2 (21)\nUB40 (2)\nTracey Ullman (1)\nUltravox (1)\nMidge Ure (1)\nUsher (2)\n\nV\nVanilla Ice (2)\n(A Song for Lily Mae) Various Artists – \"Tiny Dancer\" (2012) (1)\nVarious Artists – \"The Rocky Road to Poland\" (2012) (1)\nVarious Artists – \"The Ballad of Ronnie Drew\" (2008) (1)\nVarious Artists – \"Candle For Kosovo\" (1999) (1)\nVarious Artists – \"Perfect Day\" (1997) (1)\nVarious Artists – \"The Brits Mix 1990\" (1990) (1)\nThe Veronicas (1)\nVika Jigulina (1)\nVillage People (1)\n\nW\n\nX\nXTM & DJ Chucky presents Annia (1)\n\nY\nDaddy Yankee (1)\nYazz & The Plastic Population (2)\nYolanda Be Cool (1)\nPaul Young (2)\nWill Young (1)\n\nZ\nZager and Evans (1)\nZayn (1)\nZig & Zag (2)\nZoo (an Irish band, not the J-Pop or Norwegian bands of the same name) (1)\n\nSee also \nIrish Singles Chart\nList of songs that reached number one on the Irish Singles Chart\nList of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart\n\nExternal links \nIRMA Official Site\nChart archive to 1964\n\nReferences\n\nNumber one\nIrish record chart\nCategory:Irish music-related lists", "title": "List of artists who reached number one in Ireland" }, { "text": "RPM was a Canadian magazine that published the best-performing singles of Canada from 1964 to 2000. In 1986, forty-one songs peaked at number one on the magazine's chart. Lionel Richie's \"Say You, Say Me\" was the first chart-topper of the year while Bruce Hornsby and the Range stayed at number one into 1987 with \"The Way It Is\". Only twelve musical acts had peaked at number one in Canada before this year: Lionel Richie, Corey Hart, Billy Ocean, Mr. Mister, Starship, Madonna, George Michael, Huey Lewis and the News, Cyndi Lauper, The Human League, and Elton John and Stevie Wonder (credited as \"Friends\" on \"That's What Friends Are For\").\n\nTwo Canadian acts—Corey Hart and Glass Tiger—reached number one during 1986, and four singers peaked atop the chart with multiple singles: Whitney Houston, Billy Ocean, Madonna, and Peter Cetera. Of these four, Madonna attained both the most number-one hits (three) and the highest total of weeks at number one (five). Cetera spent three weeks at number one while Houston and Ocean each topped the chart for two weeks. The best-performing record of the year was \"The Power of Love\" by American singer Jennifer Rush, which topped the listing on the issues of 29 April and 3 May. Besides Houston, Ocean, and Rush, the other acts that peaked atop the magazine's chart for more than one week were Lionel Richie, Mr. Mister, Glass Tiger, Patti LaBelle, Michael McDonald, Peter Gabriel, Timex Social Club, and Chris de Burgh.\n\nChart history\n\nNotes\n\nSee also\n1986 in music\nList of number-one albums of 1986 (Canada)\nList of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1986\nList of Cash Box Top 100 number-one singles of 1986\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Read about RPM Magazine at the AV Trust\n Search RPM charts here at Library and Archives Canada\n\n \nCategory:1986 record charts\n1986", "title": "List of number-one singles of 1986 (Canada)" } ]

[ "In 2001, Belinda Carlisle, a member of The Go-Go's, reunited with the band to release an album of new material titled God Bless The Go-Go's. She also appeared nude for the cover feature and a full pictorial of the August 2001 edition of Playboy.", "The Go-Go's only released a single called \"Unforgiven\" from their album God Bless The Go-Go's.", "The album God Bless The Go-Go's received mixed reviews from critics. It also charted in the US Billboard 200, peaking at number 57.", "Peter Fawthrop of AllMusic wrote that the album was \"Every bit as Go-Go's,\" comparable to their non-hits and less remarkable material. He noted that whie the Go-Go's signature sound was preserved, there were no standout tracks comparable to previous hits like \"We Got the Beat\" or \"Head Over Heels\". Fawthrop appreciated that the band did not attempt to update their sound with hip-hop or electronic elements. He also mentioned that their influence remained strong, as evidenced by Green Day's Billie Joe Armstrong co-writing a song in their style.", "Yes, despite the mixed reviews, the album God Bless The Go-Go's charted in the US Billboard 200, peaking at number 57.", "Around the time of The Go-Go's reunion and album release in 2001, Belinda Carlisle appeared nude for the cover feature and a full pictorial of the August 2001 edition of Playboy.", "Yes, Belinda Carlisle released her seventh album, Voila, in 2007. This was her first full-length solo studio album in more than ten years. It was a mix of French pop tunes and chanson standards, featuring covers of Francoise Hardy and Edith Piaf classics. It was produced by John Reynolds with Brian Eno on keyboards.", "The name of the album Belinda Carlisle released in 2007 is \"Voila\".", "Voila, Belinda Carlisle's 2007 album, was produced by John Reynolds and included Brian Eno on keyboards.", "The album \"Voila\" consisted of a mix of French pop tunes and chanson standards, including covers of Francoise Hardy and Edith Piaf classics.", "The album \"Voila\" included covers of Francoise Hardy and Edith Piaf classics.", "Following the release of her album, Belinda Carlisle appeared on the eighth season of Dancing with the Stars in early 2009, however, she was the first star to be eliminated from the competition. In October of the same year, she took over the role of Velma Von Tussle in London's West End production of Hairspray at the Shaftesbury Theatre. She remained with the show until late January 2010." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_34b3948073934ecca37408d407d480e4_1_q#0", "C_34b3948073934ecca37408d407d480e4_1_q#1", "C_34b3948073934ecca37408d407d480e4_1_q#2", "C_34b3948073934ecca37408d407d480e4_1_q#3", "C_34b3948073934ecca37408d407d480e4_1_q#4", "C_34b3948073934ecca37408d407d480e4_1_q#5", "C_34b3948073934ecca37408d407d480e4_1_q#6", "C_34b3948073934ecca37408d407d480e4_1_q#7", "C_34b3948073934ecca37408d407d480e4_1_q#8", "C_34b3948073934ecca37408d407d480e4_1_q#9", "C_34b3948073934ecca37408d407d480e4_1_q#10" ]

[ "How did she get started?", "Did they have an album?", "Why did they split up?", "Did she go on to join another band?", "Was GoGos her next venture?", "What was a big hit of theirs?", "But what were their hits?", "Did they have others?", "Did they tour?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Did they make any videos?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 1 ]

[ 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 123 ], [ 249 ], [ 384 ], [ 724 ], [ 1287 ], [ 1551 ], [ 1654 ], [ 1951 ], [ 1761 ], [ 1833 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Carlisle's first venture into music was in 1977 as drummer for the punk rock band the Germs, under the name Dottie Danger." ], [ "She was recruited into the band by Lorna Doom, whom she had met in an art class while a student at Thousand Oaks High School." ], [ "However, her time in the band was short due to her contracting mononucleosis, and she never recorded or performed live with the Germs." ], [ "According to Pat Smear, upon quitting, she introduced her friend, Donna Rhia, who became her replacement. Carlisle does appear on one recording" ], [ "Soon after leaving the Germs, she co-founded The Go-Go's (originally named the Misfits), with friends and fellow musicians Margot Olavarria, Elissa Bello, and Jane Wiedlin." ], [ "The Go-Go's would go on to become one of the most successful American bands of the 1980s," ], [ "No. 1 album, Beauty and the Beat, which featured the hits \"We Got the Beat\" and \"Our Lips Are Sealed\"." ], [ "The Go-Go's recorded two more studio albums on I.R.S. Records, including 1982's Vacation, which went gold." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "\"Head over Heels\", from their 1984 album Talk Show, made it to No. 11." ], [ "In 1984, Carlisle made a foray into acting in the movie Swing Shift, starring alongside Goldie Hawn and Kurt Russell." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 123, 249, 384, 724, 1287, 1551, 1654, 1951, 1761, 1833 ], "texts": [ "Carlisle's first venture into music was in 1977 as drummer for the punk rock band the Germs, under the name Dottie Danger.", "She was recruited into the band by Lorna Doom, whom she had met in an art class while a student at Thousand Oaks High School.", "However, her time in the band was short due to her contracting mononucleosis, and she never recorded or performed live with the Germs.", "According to Pat Smear, upon quitting, she introduced her friend, Donna Rhia, who became her replacement. Carlisle does appear on one recording", "Soon after leaving the Germs, she co-founded The Go-Go's (originally named the Misfits), with friends and fellow musicians Margot Olavarria, Elissa Bello, and Jane Wiedlin.", "The Go-Go's would go on to become one of the most successful American bands of the 1980s,", "No. 1 album, Beauty and the Beat, which featured the hits \"We Got the Beat\" and \"Our Lips Are Sealed\".", "The Go-Go's recorded two more studio albums on I.R.S. Records, including 1982's Vacation, which went gold.", "CANNOTANSWER", "\"Head over Heels\", from their 1984 album Talk Show, made it to No. 11.", "In 1984, Carlisle made a foray into acting in the movie Swing Shift, starring alongside Goldie Hawn and Kurt Russell." ] }

[ { "text": "This is a list of recording artists who have reached number one on Billboard magazine's weekly singles chart(s). This list spans from the issue dated January 1, 1955 to the present. Prior to the creation of the Billboard Hot 100, Billboard published four weekly singles charts: \"Best Sellers in Stores\", \"Most Played by Jockeys\", \"Most Played in Jukeboxes\" and \"The Top 100\" (an early version of the Hot 100). The Hot 100 began with the issue dated August 4, 1958, and is currently the standard music popularity chart in the United States.\n\nList inclusions\nAll acts are listed alphabetically, solo artists by last name, groups by group name excluding \"A\", \"An\", and \"The\".\nEach act's total of number-one hits is shown after their name.\nAll artists who are officially namechecked in song credits are listed here; this includes one-time pairings of otherwise solo artists and those appearing as \"featuring\". Exceptions to this rule:\n Paul McCartney's hits with Wings are credited to \"Wings\" even though many of them were released as \"Paul McCartney & Wings\". McCartney's total is only from hits not attributed to Wings nor the Beatles. If entries from The Beatles, Wings and McCartney were combined, his total of number one hits would be 29, making him the most successful artist in the history of the chart.\n Diana Ross, as some number-one hits credited to \"Diana Ross and the Supremes\", are attributed to The Supremes only. If Ross's solo entries here were combined with those of The Supremes, it would bring her total of number one hits to 18, making her the female artist with the second most total number one hits, after only Mariah Carey with 19.\n \"That's What Friends Are For\" charted as \"Dionne & Friends\". Each vocalist on the recording (Dionne Warwick, Elton John, Gladys Knight and Stevie Wonder) are given individual credit for a number-one song.\n Both Wham! and George Michael get one credit for \"Careless Whisper\". Technically the song is a solo recording and was released as such in many parts of the world except the U.S., where it charted as \"Wham! featuring George Michael\".\n \"We Are the World\" is credited to \"USA for Africa\", and not the individual artists who participated in the recording.\nDouble A-sides are counted as one number-one single.\nArtists associated with a group who reached number one, yet have their own solo page in Wikipedia, are not listed here unless they hit number one as a solo artist.\nArtists who hit number one prior to the start of the Hot 100 are included here.\nA song that topped multiple pre-Hot 100 charts is counted only once towards the artist's total.\nThe ° symbol indicates that all or part of an artist's total includes number-ones occurring on any of the pre-Hot 100 chart(s) listed above (January 1, 1955 through July 28, 1958).\n\n0-9\n112 (1)\n21 Savage (2)\n24kGoldn (1)\n50 Cent (4)\n6ix9ine (1)\n98 Degrees (1)\n\nA\n\nB\n\nC\n\nD\n\nE\n\nF\n\nG\n\nH\n\nI\nBilly Idol (1)\nEnrique Iglesias (2)\nJames Ingram (2)\nINXS (1)\n\nJ\n\nK\n\nL\n\nM\n\nN\n\nO\n\nP\n\nQ\nQuavo (1)\nQueen (2)\nQuestion Mark & the Mysterians (1)\n\nR\n\nS\n\nT\n\nU–V\n\nW\n\nX–Z\n\nSee also\nList of number-one hits (United States)\nList of best-selling music artists\nList of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart\nList of Billboard Hot 100 number-ones by British artists\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nFred Bronson's Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits, 5th Edition ()\nJoel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-2008, 12 Edition ()\nJoel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Pop Charts, 1955-1959 ()\nJoel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Sixties ()\nJoel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Seventies ()\nJoel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Eighties ()\nJoel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Nineties ()\nAdditional information obtained can be verified within Billboard's online archive services and print editions of the magazine.", "title": "List of artists who reached number one in the United States" }, { "text": "This is a list of artists who have reached number one on the UK Singles Chart as recorded by the Official Charts Company since November 1952.\n\nArtists are listed alphabetically.\nSolo artists are listed by surname and groups are listed by full names excluding \"the\" or any foreign translations of \"the\".\nArtists are credited separately if more than one artist is credited on a song (e.g. John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John each get separate credits for their duets from Grease). \nArtists who performed on a song but are not credited individually are not included, although notable cases may be recorded in the Notes column. Featured artists are listed if they are specifically credited on the single's cover. \nArtists who appear as part of a group who reached number one are not individually mentioned unless they have scored a solo number one (e.g. Paul McCartney's number one singles with The Beatles and Wings are not counted as his own, only those credited to himself are counted).\n\n0–9\n\nA\n\nBack to top\n\nB\n\nBack to top\n\nC\n\nBack to top\n\nD\n\nBack to top\n\nE\n\nBack to top\n\nF\n\nBack to top\n\nG\n\nBack to top\n\nH\n\nBack to top\n\nI\n\nBack to top\n\nJ\n\nBack to top\n\nK\n\nBack to top\n\nL\n\nBack to top\n\nM\n\nBack to top\n\nN\n\nBack to top\n\nO\n\nBack to top\n\nP\n\nBack to top\n\nQ\n\nBack to top\n\nR\n\nBack to top\n\nS\n\nBack to top\n\nT\n\nBack to top\n\nU\n\nBack to top\n\nV\n\nBack to top\n\nW\n\nBack to top\n\nX\n\nBack to top\n\nY\n\nBack to top\n\nZ\n\nBack to top\n\nSee also\n\n List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Downloads Chart\n\nReferences \n\nUK singles chart, number one artists\nArtists who reached number one", "title": "List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart" }, { "text": "This is an list of recording artists who have reached number one on the Irish Singles Chart.\n\nAll acts are listed alphabetically.\nSolo artists are alphabetised by last name, Groups by group name excluding \"A,\" \"An\" and \"The.\".\nEach act's total of number-one singles is shown after their name.\nFeatured artists that have been given credit on the record are included\n\n0–9\n112 (1)\n2 Unlimited (1)\n4 Non Blondes (1)\n5 Seconds Of Summer (2)\n10cc (3)\n21 Demands (2)\n21 Savage (1)\n24kGoldn (1)\n50 Cent (1)\n070 Shake (1)\n\nA\n\nB\n\nC\n\nD\n\nE\nEamon (1)\nEast 17 (2)\nEiffel 65 (1)\nELO (1)\nBillie Eilish (3)\nSophie Ellis-Bextor (1)\nEminem (9)\nEmmet Spiceland Ballad Group (1)\nEnigma (2)\nEnya (1) \nErasure (1)\nEurope (1)\nFaith Evans (1)\nEve (1)\nExample (1)\nGeorge Ezra (1)\n\nF\n\nG\n\nH\n\nI\nFrank Ifield (3)\nEnrique Iglesias (1)\nIndustry (2)\nIrish World Cup Squad (2002) (1)\n\nJ\n\nK\n\nL\n\nM\n\nN\n\nO\n\nP\n\nQ\nSuzi Quatro (1)\nQueen (3)\n\nR\n\nS\n\nT\n\nU\nU2 (21)\nUB40 (2)\nTracey Ullman (1)\nUltravox (1)\nMidge Ure (1)\nUsher (2)\n\nV\nVanilla Ice (2)\n(A Song for Lily Mae) Various Artists – \"Tiny Dancer\" (2012) (1)\nVarious Artists – \"The Rocky Road to Poland\" (2012) (1)\nVarious Artists – \"The Ballad of Ronnie Drew\" (2008) (1)\nVarious Artists – \"Candle For Kosovo\" (1999) (1)\nVarious Artists – \"Perfect Day\" (1997) (1)\nVarious Artists – \"The Brits Mix 1990\" (1990) (1)\nThe Veronicas (1)\nVika Jigulina (1)\nVillage People (1)\n\nW\n\nX\nXTM & DJ Chucky presents Annia (1)\n\nY\nDaddy Yankee (1)\nYazz & The Plastic Population (2)\nYolanda Be Cool (1)\nPaul Young (2)\nWill Young (1)\n\nZ\nZager and Evans (1)\nZayn (1)\nZig & Zag (2)\nZoo (an Irish band, not the J-Pop or Norwegian bands of the same name) (1)\n\nSee also \nIrish Singles Chart\nList of songs that reached number one on the Irish Singles Chart\nList of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart\n\nExternal links \nIRMA Official Site\nChart archive to 1964\n\nReferences\n\nNumber one\nIrish record chart\nCategory:Irish music-related lists", "title": "List of artists who reached number one in Ireland" }, { "text": "RPM was a Canadian magazine that published the best-performing singles of Canada from 1964 to 2000. In 1986, forty-one songs peaked at number one on the magazine's chart. Lionel Richie's \"Say You, Say Me\" was the first chart-topper of the year while Bruce Hornsby and the Range stayed at number one into 1987 with \"The Way It Is\". Only twelve musical acts had peaked at number one in Canada before this year: Lionel Richie, Corey Hart, Billy Ocean, Mr. Mister, Starship, Madonna, George Michael, Huey Lewis and the News, Cyndi Lauper, The Human League, and Elton John and Stevie Wonder (credited as \"Friends\" on \"That's What Friends Are For\").\n\nTwo Canadian acts—Corey Hart and Glass Tiger—reached number one during 1986, and four singers peaked atop the chart with multiple singles: Whitney Houston, Billy Ocean, Madonna, and Peter Cetera. Of these four, Madonna attained both the most number-one hits (three) and the highest total of weeks at number one (five). Cetera spent three weeks at number one while Houston and Ocean each topped the chart for two weeks. The best-performing record of the year was \"The Power of Love\" by American singer Jennifer Rush, which topped the listing on the issues of 29 April and 3 May. Besides Houston, Ocean, and Rush, the other acts that peaked atop the magazine's chart for more than one week were Lionel Richie, Mr. Mister, Glass Tiger, Patti LaBelle, Michael McDonald, Peter Gabriel, Timex Social Club, and Chris de Burgh.\n\nChart history\n\nNotes\n\nSee also\n1986 in music\nList of number-one albums of 1986 (Canada)\nList of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1986\nList of Cash Box Top 100 number-one singles of 1986\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Read about RPM Magazine at the AV Trust\n Search RPM charts here at Library and Archives Canada\n\n \nCategory:1986 record charts\n1986", "title": "List of number-one singles of 1986 (Canada)" } ]

[ "Carlisle's first venture into music was in 1977 when she played as a drummer for the punk rock band the Germs, under the name Dottie Danger. She was recruited into the band by Lorna Doom who she met in an art class. After leaving the Germs, due to contracting mononucleosis, she co-founded The Go-Go's with her friends and fellow musicians.", "Yes, The Go-Go's had several albums. Their first number 1 album was \"Beauty and the Beat\" which featured the hits \"We Got the Beat\" and \"Our Lips Are Sealed\". They also recorded two more studio albums on I.R.S. Records, one of which was 1982's \"Vacation\" that went gold. Their 1984 album \"Talk Show\" featured the song \"Head over Heels\" which made it to No. 11.", "The context does not provide information on why The Go-Go's split up.", "The context does not provide information on whether Carlisle joined another band after The Go-Go's.", "Yes, after leaving the punk rock band the Germs, Carlisle co-founded The Go-Go's.", "The Go-Go's had several big hits. Their No. 1 album \"Beauty and the Beat\" featured the hits \"We Got the Beat\" and \"Our Lips Are Sealed\". Another popular song was \"Head over Heels\" from their 1984 album \"Talk Show\", which made it to No. 11.", "The Go-Go's had several hits. Their first No. 1 album, \"Beauty and the Beat,\" included the hit songs \"We Got the Beat\" and \"Our Lips Are Sealed\". Additionally, the song \"Head over Heels\" from their 1984 album \"Talk Show\" was a hit, reaching No. 11.", "The context does not provide information on any other hits by The Go-Go's besides \"We Got the Beat\", \"Our Lips Are Sealed\", and \"Head over Heels\".", "The context does not provide information on whether The Go-Go's toured.", "One interesting aspect about this article is that The Go-Go's became the first all-female band who wrote their own music and played their own instruments to achieve a No. 1 album. Furthermore, all five women in the band were largely untrained musicians. Another interesting fact is that Carlisle made a foray into acting in the movie Swing Shift in 1984, starring alongside Goldie Hawn and Kurt Russell.", "The context does not provide information on whether The Go-Go's made any videos." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No", "No" ]

[ "C_c3fd3279648546569f6c717494476825_1_q#0", "C_c3fd3279648546569f6c717494476825_1_q#1", "C_c3fd3279648546569f6c717494476825_1_q#2", "C_c3fd3279648546569f6c717494476825_1_q#3", "C_c3fd3279648546569f6c717494476825_1_q#4", "C_c3fd3279648546569f6c717494476825_1_q#5", "C_c3fd3279648546569f6c717494476825_1_q#6", "C_c3fd3279648546569f6c717494476825_1_q#7", "C_c3fd3279648546569f6c717494476825_1_q#8", "C_c3fd3279648546569f6c717494476825_1_q#9" ]

[ "What was it about Your Story That was interesting?", "Was Come closer a hit single?", "Was Leave Ms. Kim another album?", "did Leave Ms. Kim have any singles released?", "Was there any other singles released from that album?", "did they go on tour with any of these two albums?", "is there any interesting fact that you found interesting in this article?", "any other interesting facts?", "what was your favorite fact of the article?", "did the band do good with the new members?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 1094 ], [ 1366 ], [ 1793 ], [ 1915 ], [ 2056 ], [ 2884 ], [ 2331 ], [ 2536 ], [ 0 ], [ 866 ] ], "texts": [ [ "the Brown Eyed Girls released their debut album Your Story in South Korea on March 2, 2006, with the ballad track, \"Come Closer\" as their single." ], [ "The album was well received by critics but did not do as well as expected commercially." ], [ "After a short break, the group went back into the studio to work on their second album Leave Ms. Kim (ddeonara miseugim)," ], [ "which included their R&B title track \"You Got Me Fooled\" (neoege sogassda). Subsequent singles were \"Oasis" ], [ "and \"It's Mine\" (naeggeoya), a collaboration with fellow group SeeYa." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "The first two albums contained typical R&B ballads which had been very popular in the K-pop scene. However, the commercial success was relatively higher" ], [ "Moreover, the second album containing \"You Got Me Fooled\" (neoege sogassda) was released at nearly the same time as Wonder Girls' \"" ], [ "The group's leader, Jea, was the one responsible of the group's creation and was actively involved in the selection of the other members, picking out Miryo," ], [ "The four members held several small size concerts, and was actually known as \"Crescendo\" before officially debuting as \"Brown Eyed Girls." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 1094, 1366, 1793, 1915, 2056, 2884, 2331, 2536, 0, 866 ], "texts": [ "the Brown Eyed Girls released their debut album Your Story in South Korea on March 2, 2006, with the ballad track, \"Come Closer\" as their single.", "The album was well received by critics but did not do as well as expected commercially.", "After a short break, the group went back into the studio to work on their second album Leave Ms. Kim (ddeonara miseugim),", "which included their R&B title track \"You Got Me Fooled\" (neoege sogassda). Subsequent singles were \"Oasis", "and \"It's Mine\" (naeggeoya), a collaboration with fellow group SeeYa.", "CANNOTANSWER", "The first two albums contained typical R&B ballads which had been very popular in the K-pop scene. However, the commercial success was relatively higher", "Moreover, the second album containing \"You Got Me Fooled\" (neoege sogassda) was released at nearly the same time as Wonder Girls' \"", "The group's leader, Jea, was the one responsible of the group's creation and was actively involved in the selection of the other members, picking out Miryo,", "The four members held several small size concerts, and was actually known as \"Crescendo\" before officially debuting as \"Brown Eyed Girls." ] }

[]

[ "The context does not provide information on what was interesting about \"Your Story.\"", "The context does not provide information on whether \"Come Closer\" was a hit single.", "Yes, \"Leave Ms. Kim\" was the second album by the Brown Eyed Girls.", "Yes, from the album \"Leave Ms. Kim,\" the Brown Eyed Girls released the singles \"You Got Me Fooled\" (neoege sogassda), \"Oasis\" (oasiseu) featuring Lee Jae Hoon, and \"It's Mine\" (naeggeoya).", "According to the context, \"You Got Me Fooled\" (neoege sogassda), \"Oasis\" (oasiseu) featuring Lee Jae Hoon, and \"It's Mine\" (naeggeoya) were the singles released from \"Leave Ms. Kim\" album. No other singles from that album are mentioned in the context.", "The context does not provide information on whether the Brown Eyed Girls went on tour with any of these two albums.", "As an AI, I don't have personal feelings or interests. However, one notable fact from the provided context is that the Brown Eyed Girls debuted as a \"faceless group\", choosing not to appear on any visual media or even in their own music video.", "Another notable fact from the context is that their song \"Hold the Line\" samples \"Push The Button\" by British girl band Sugababes and \"Technologic\" by Daft Punk. It became a hit and was included in the game Pump it Up, which gained them worldwide recognition.", "As an artificial intelligence, I don't have personal opinions or favorites. However, a unique aspect from the context is that the group initially trained and held small concerts under the name \"Crescendo\" before debuting as \"Brown Eyed Girls.\"", "The context does not provide information on how the Brown Eyed Girls performed after adding new members." ]

[ "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No", "No", "No", "No" ]

[ "C_35c6caf485784cd8ab3cb852827e7c3c_0_q#0", "C_35c6caf485784cd8ab3cb852827e7c3c_0_q#1", "C_35c6caf485784cd8ab3cb852827e7c3c_0_q#2", "C_35c6caf485784cd8ab3cb852827e7c3c_0_q#3" ]

[ "What kind of work did Margaret Sanger do with the African-American community?", "Was she arrested for her work with the African-American community?", "What other facts can you tell me about how she worked with the african-american community?", "When did she stop working with birth control federation of america?" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 960 ], [ 2193 ], [ 978 ], [ 973 ] ], "texts": [ [ "From 1939 to 1942 Sanger was an honorary delegate of the Birth Control Federation of America, which included a supervisory role" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Sanger was an honorary delegate of the Birth Control Federation of America, which included a supervisory role" ], [ "1942" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 960, 2193, 978, 973 ], "texts": [ "From 1939 to 1942 Sanger was an honorary delegate of the Birth Control Federation of America, which included a supervisory role", "CANNOTANSWER", "Sanger was an honorary delegate of the Birth Control Federation of America, which included a supervisory role", "1942" ] }

[ { "text": "Historiography is the study of the methods of historians in developing history as an academic discipline, and by extension is any body of historical work on a particular subject. The historiography of a specific topic covers how historians have studied that topic by using particular sources, techniques, and theoretical approaches. Scholars discuss historiography by topic—such as the historiography of the United Kingdom, that of WWII, the pre-Columbian Americas, early Islam, and China—and different approaches and genres, such as political history and social history. Beginning in the nineteenth century, with the development of academic history, there developed a body of historiographic literature. The extent to which historians are influenced by their own groups and loyalties—such as to their nation state—remains a debated question. \n\nIn the ancient world, chronological annals were produced in civilizations such as ancient Egypt and Ancient Near East. The discipline of historiography was established in the 5th century BC with the Histories of Herodotus, the founder of historiography. The Roman statesman Cato the Elder produced the first Roman historiography, the Origines, in the 2nd century BCE. His near contemporaries Sima Tan and Sima Qian in the Han Empire of China established Chinese historiography, compiling the Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian). During the Middle Ages, medieval historiography included the works of chronicles in medieval Europe, Islamic histories by Muslim historians, and the Korean and Japanese historical writings based on the existing Chinese model. During the 18th-century Age of Enlightenment, historiography in the Western world was shaped and developed by figures such as Voltaire, David Hume, and Edward Gibbon, who among others set the foundations for the modern discipline.\n\nThe research interests of historians change over time, and there has been a shift away from traditional diplomatic, economic, and political history toward newer approaches, especially social and cultural studies. From 1975 to 1995 the proportion of professors of history in American universities identifying with social history increased from 31 to 41 percent, while the proportion of political historians decreased from 40 to 30 percent. In 2007, of 5,723 faculty in the departments of history at British universities, 1,644 (29 percent) identified themselves with social history and 1,425 (25 percent) identified themselves with political history. Since the 1980s there has been a special interest in the memories and commemoration of past events—the histories as remembered and presented for popular celebration.\n\nTerminology\nIn the early modern period, the term historiography meant \"the writing of history\", and historiographer meant \"historian\". In that sense certain official historians were given the title \"Historiographer Royal\" in Sweden (from 1618), England (from 1660), and Scotland (from 1681). The Scottish post is still in existence.\n\nHistoriography was more recently defined as \"the study of the way history has been and is written – the history of historical writing\", which means that, \"When you study 'historiography' you do not study the events of the past directly, but the changing interpretations of those events in the works of individual historians.\"\n\nAntiquity\n\nUnderstanding the past appears to be a universal human need, and the \"telling of history\" has emerged independently in civilizations around the world. \nWhat constitutes history is a philosophical question (see philosophy of history).\n\nThe earliest chronologies date back to Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, in the form of chronicles and annals. However, no historical writers in these early civilizations were known by name. By contrast, the term \"historiography\" is taken to refer to written history recorded in a narrative format for the purpose of informing future generations about events. In this limited sense, \"ancient history\" begins with the early historiography of Classical Antiquity, in about the 5th century BC.\n\nEurope\n\nGreece\n\nThe earliest known systematic historical thought emerged in ancient Greece, a development which would be an important influence on the writing of history elsewhere around the Mediterranean region. Greek historians greatly contributed to the development of historical methodology. The earliest known critical historical works were The Histories, composed by Herodotus of Halicarnassus (484–425 BC) who became known as the \"father of history\". Herodotus attempted to distinguish between more and less reliable accounts, and personally conducted research by travelling extensively, giving written accounts of various Mediterranean cultures. Although Herodotus' overall emphasis lay on the actions and characters of men, he also attributed an important role to divinity in the determination of historical events.\n\nThe generation following Herodotus witnessed a spate of local histories of the individual city-states (poleis), written by the first of the local historians who employed the written archives of city and sanctuary. Dionysius of Halicarnassus characterized these historians as the forerunners of Thucydides, and these local histories continued to be written into Late Antiquity, as long as the city-states survived. Two early figures stand out: Hippias of Elis, who produced the lists of winners in the Olympic Games that provided the basic chronological framework as long as the pagan classical tradition lasted, and Hellanicus of Lesbos, who compiled more than two dozen histories from civic records, all of them now lost.\n\nThucydides largely eliminated divine causality in his account of the war between Athens and Sparta, establishing a rationalistic element which set a precedent for subsequent Western historical writings. He was also the first to distinguish between cause and immediate origins of an event, while his successor Xenophon ( – 355 BC) introduced autobiographical elements and character studies in his Anabasis.\n\nThe proverbial Philippic attacks of the Athenian orator Demosthenes (384–322 BC) on Philip II of Macedon marked the height of ancient political agitation. The now lost history of Alexander's campaigns by the diadoch Ptolemy I (367–283 BC) may represent the first historical work composed by a ruler. Polybius ( – 120 BC) wrote on the rise of Rome to world prominence, and attempted to harmonize the Greek and Roman points of view.\n\nThe Chaldean priest Berossus ( BC) composed a Greek-language History of Babylonia for the Seleucid king Antiochus I, combining Hellenistic methods of historiography and Mesopotamian accounts to form a unique composite. Reports exist of other near-eastern histories, such as that of the Phoenician historian Sanchuniathon; but he is considered semi-legendary and writings attributed to him are fragmentary, known only through the later historians Philo of Byblos and Eusebius, who asserted that he wrote before even the Trojan war.\n\nRome\n\nThe Romans adopted the Greek tradition, writing at first in Greek, but eventually chronicling their history in a freshly non-Greek language. While early Roman works were still written in Greek, the Origines, composed by the Roman statesman Cato the Elder (234–149 BC), was written in Latin, in a conscious effort to counteract Greek cultural influence. It marked the beginning of Latin historical writings. Hailed for its lucid style, Julius Caesar's (103–44 BC) de Bello Gallico exemplifies autobiographical war coverage. The politician and orator Cicero (106–43 BCE) introduced rhetorical elements in his political writings.\n\nStrabo (63 BC –  AD) was an important exponent of the Greco-Roman tradition of combining geography with history, presenting a descriptive history of peoples and places known to his era. Livy (59 BC – 17 AD) records the rise of Rome from city-state to empire. His speculation about what would have happened if Alexander the Great had marched against Rome represents the first known instance of alternate history.\n\nBiography, although popular throughout antiquity, was introduced as a branch of history by the works of Plutarch ( – 125 CE) and Suetonius ( – after 130 CE) who described the deeds and characters of ancient personalities, stressing their human side. Tacitus ( CE) denounces Roman immorality by praising German virtues, elaborating on the topos of the Noble savage.\n\nEast Asia\n\nChina\n\nThe Han dynasty eunuch Sima Qian (around 100 BCE) was the first in China to lay the groundwork for professional historical writing. His work superseded the older style of the Spring and Autumn Annals, compiled in the 5th century BC, the Bamboo Annals and other court and dynastic annals that recorded history in a chronological form that abstained from analysis. Sima's Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian) pioneered the \"Annals-biography\" format, which would become the standard for prestige history writing in China. In this genre a history opens with a chronological outline of court affairs, and then continues with detailed biographies of prominent people who lived during the period in question. The scope of his work extended as far back as the 16th century BC, and included many treatises on specific subjects and individual biographies of prominent people. He also explored the lives and deeds of commoners, both contemporary and those of previous eras.\n\nWhereas Sima's had been a universal history from the beginning of time down to the time of writing, his successor Ban Gu wrote an annals-biography history limiting its coverage to only the Western Han dynasty, the Book of Han (96 AD). This established the notion of using dynastic boundaries as start- and end-points, and most later Chinese histories would focus on a single dynasty or group of dynasties.\n\nThe Records of the Grand Historian and Book of Han were eventually joined by the Book of the Later Han (488 CE) (replacing the earlier, and now only partially extant, Han Records from the Eastern Pavilion) and the Records of the Three Kingdoms (297 CE) to form the \"Four Histories\". These became mandatory reading for the Imperial Examinations and have therefore exerted an influence on Chinese culture comparable to the Confucian Classics. More annals-biography histories were written in subsequent dynasties, eventually bringing the number to between twenty-four and twenty-six, but none ever reached the popularity and impact of the first four.\n\nTraditional Chinese historiography describes history in terms of dynastic cycles. In this view, each new dynasty is founded by a morally righteous founder. Over time, the dynasty becomes morally corrupt and dissolute. Eventually, the dynasty becomes so weak as to allow its replacement by a new dynasty.\n\nIn 281 AD the tomb of King Xiang of Wei (d. 296 BC) was opened, inside of which was found a historical text called the Bamboo Annals, after the writing material. It is similar in style to the Spring and Autumn Annals and covers the time from the Yellow Emperor to 299 BC. Opinions on the authenticity of the text has varied throughout the centuries, and in any event it was re-discovered too late to gain anything like the same status as the Spring and Autumn.\n\nMiddle Ages to Renaissance\n\nChristendom\n\nChristian historical writing arguably begins with the narrative sections of the New Testament, particularly Luke-Acts, which is the primary source for the Apostolic Age, though its historical reliability is disputed. The first tentative beginnings of a specifically Christian historiography can be seen in Clement of Alexandria in the second century.\nThe growth of Christianity and its enhanced status in the Roman Empire after Constantine I (see State church of the Roman Empire) led to the development of a distinct Christian historiography, influenced by both Christian theology and the nature of the Christian Bible, encompassing new areas of study and views of history. The central role of the Bible in Christianity is reflected in the preference of Christian historians for written sources, compared to the classical historians' preference for oral sources and is also reflected in the inclusion of politically unimportant people. Christian historians also focused on development of religion and society. This can be seen in the extensive inclusion of written sources in the Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius of Caesarea around 324 and in the subjects it covers. Christian theology considered time as linear, progressing according to divine plan. As God's plan encompassed everyone, Christian histories in this period had a universal approach. For example, Christian writers often included summaries of important historical events prior to the period covered by the work.\n\nWriting history was popular among Christian monks and clergy in the Middle Ages. They wrote about the history of Jesus Christ, that of the Church and that of their patrons, the dynastic history of the local rulers. In the Early Middle Ages historical writing often took the form of annals or chronicles recording events year by year, but this style tended to hamper the analysis of events and causes. An example of this type of writing is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which was the work of several different writers: it was started during the reign of Alfred the Great in the late 9th century, but one copy was still being updated in 1154. Some writers in the period did construct a more narrative form of history. These included Gregory of Tours and more successfully Bede, who wrote both secular and ecclesiastical history and who is known for writing the Ecclesiastical History of the English People.\n\nDuring the Renaissance, history was written about states or nations. The study of history changed during the Enlightenment and Romanticism. Voltaire described the history of certain ages that he considered important, rather than describing events in chronological order. History became an independent discipline. It was not called philosophia historiae anymore, but merely history (historia).\n\nIslamic world\n\nMuslim historical writings first began to develop in the 7th century, with the reconstruction of the Prophet Muhammad's life in the centuries following his death. With numerous conflicting narratives regarding Muhammad and his companions from various sources, it was necessary to verify which sources were more reliable. In order to evaluate these sources, various methodologies were developed, such as the \"science of biography\", \"science of hadith\" and \"Isnad\" (chain of transmission). These methodologies were later applied to other historical figures in the Islamic civilization. Famous historians in this tradition include Urwah (d. 712), Wahb ibn Munabbih (d. 728), Ibn Ishaq (d. 761), al-Waqidi (745–822), Ibn Hisham (d. 834), Muhammad al-Bukhari (810–870) and Ibn Hajar (1372–1449). Historians of the medieval Islamic world also developed an interest in world history. Islamic historical writing eventually culminated in the works of the Arab Muslim historian Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406), who published his historiographical studies in the Muqaddimah (translated as Prolegomena) and Kitab al-I'bar (Book of Advice). His work was forgotten until it was rediscovered in the late 19th century.\n\nEast Asia\n\nJapan\n\nThe earliest works of history produced in Japan were the Rikkokushi (Six National Histories), a corpus of six national histories covering the history of Japan from its mythological beginnings until the 9th century. The first of these works were the Nihon Shoki, compiled by Prince Toneri in 720.\n\nKorea\n\nThe tradition of Korean historiography was established with the Samguk Sagi, a history of Korea from its allegedly earliest times. It was compiled by Goryeo court historian Kim Busik after its commission by King Injong of Goryeo (r. 1122–1146). It was completed in 1145 and relied not only on earlier Chinese histories for source material, but also on the Hwarang Segi written by the Silla historian Kim Daemun in the 8th century. The latter work is now lost.\n\nChina\nIn 1084 the Song dynasty official Sima Guang completed the Zizhi Tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government), which laid out the entire history of China from the beginning of the Warring States period (403 BCE) to the end of the Five Dynasties period (959 CE) in chronological annals form, rather than in the traditional annals-biography form. This work is considered much more accessible than the \"Official Histories\" for the Six dynasties, Tang dynasty, and Five Dynasties, and in practice superseded those works in the mind of the general reader.\n\nThe great Song Neo-Confucian Zhu Xi found the Mirror to be overly long for the average reader, as well as too morally nihilist, and therefore prepared a didactic summary of it called the Zizhi Tongjian Gangmu (Digest of the Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government), posthumously published in 1219. It reduced the original's 249 chapters to just 59, and for the rest of imperial Chinese history would be the first history book most people ever read.\n\nSouth East Asia\n\nPhilippines\n\nHistoriography of the Philippines refers to the studies, sources, critical methods and interpretations used by scholars to study the history of the Philippines. It includes historical and archival research and writing on the history of the Philippine archipelago including the islands of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The Philippine archipelago was part of many empires before the Spanish Empire arrived in the 16th century.\n\nBefore the arrival of Spanish colonial powers, the Philippines did not actually exist. Southeast Asia is classified as part of the Indosphere and the Sinosphere. The archipelago had direct contact with China during the Song dynasty (960-1279), and was a part of the Srivijaya and Majapahit empires.\n\nThe pre-colonial Philippines widely used the Abugida system in writing and seals on documents, though it was for communication and no recorded writings of early literature or history. Ancient Filipinos usually wrote documents on bamboo, bark, and leaves, which did not survive, unlike inscriptions on clay, metal, and ivory did, such as the Laguna Copperplate Inscription and Butuan Ivory Seal. The discovery of the Butuan Ivory Seal also proves the use of paper documents in ancient Philippines.\n\nThe arrival of the Spanish colonizers, pre-colonial Filipino manuscripts and documents were gathered and burned to eliminate pagan beliefs. This has been the burden of historians in the accumulation of data and the development of theories that gave historians many aspects of Philippine history that were left unexplained. The interplay of pre-colonial events and the use of secondary sources written by historians to evaluate the primary sources, do not provide a critical examination of the methodology of the early Philippine historical study.\n\nEnlightenment\n\nDuring the Age of Enlightenment, the modern development of historiography through the application of scrupulous methods began. Among the many Italians who contributed to this were Leonardo Bruni (c. 1370–1444), Francesco Guicciardini (1483–1540), and Cesare Baronio (1538–1607).\n\nVoltaire\nFrench philosophe Voltaire (1694–1778) had an enormous influence on the development of historiography during the Age of Enlightenment through his demonstration of fresh new ways to look at the past. Guillaume de Syon argues:\n\nVoltaire's best-known histories are The Age of Louis XIV (1751), and his Essay on the Customs and the Spirit of the Nations (1756). He broke from the tradition of narrating diplomatic and military events, and emphasized customs, social history and achievements in the arts and sciences. He was the first scholar to make a serious attempt to write the history of the world, eliminating theological frameworks, and emphasizing economics, culture and political history. Although he repeatedly warned against political bias on the part of the historian, he did not miss many opportunities to expose the intolerance and frauds of the church over the ages. Voltaire advised scholars that anything contradicting the normal course of nature was not to be believed. Although he found evil in the historical record, he fervently believed reason and educating the illiterate masses would lead to progress.\n\nVoltaire explains his view of historiography in his article on \"History\" in Diderot's Encyclopédie: \"One demands of modern historians more details, better ascertained facts, precise dates, more attention to customs, laws, mores, commerce, finance, agriculture, population.\" Already in 1739 he had written: \"My chief object is not political or military history, it is the history of the arts, of commerce, of civilization – in a word, – of the human mind.\" Voltaire's histories used the values of the Enlightenment to evaluate the past. He helped free historiography from antiquarianism, Eurocentrism, religious intolerance and a concentration on great men, diplomacy, and warfare. Peter Gay says Voltaire wrote \"very good history\", citing his \"scrupulous concern for truths\", \"careful sifting of evidence\", \"intelligent selection of what is important\", \"keen sense of drama\", and \"grasp of the fact that a whole civilization is a unit of study\".\n\nDavid Hume\n\nAt the same time, philosopher David Hume was having a similar effect on the study of history in Great Britain. In 1754 he published The History of England, a 6-volume work which extended \"From the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution in 1688\". Hume adopted a similar scope to Voltaire in his history; as well as the history of Kings, Parliaments, and armies, he examined the history of culture, including literature and science, as well. His short biographies of leading scientists explored the process of scientific change and he developed new ways of seeing scientists in the context of their times by looking at how they interacted with society and each other – he paid special attention to Francis Bacon, Robert Boyle, Isaac Newton and William Harvey.\n\nHe also argued that the quest for liberty was the highest standard for judging the past, and concluded that after considerable fluctuation, England at the time of his writing had achieved \"the most entire system of liberty, that was ever known amongst mankind\".\n\nEdward Gibbon\n\nThe apex of Enlightenment history was reached with Edward Gibbon's monumental six-volume work, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, published on 17 February 1776. Because of its relative objectivity and heavy use of primary sources, its methodology became a model for later historians. This has led to Gibbon being called the first \"modern historian\". The book sold impressively, earning its author a total of about £9000. Biographer Leslie Stephen wrote that thereafter, \"His fame was as rapid as it has been lasting.\"\n\nGibbon's work has been praised for its style, its piquant epigrams and its effective irony. Winston Churchill memorably noted, \"I set out upon ... Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire [and] was immediately dominated both by the story and the style. ... I devoured Gibbon. I rode triumphantly through it from end to end and enjoyed it all.\" Gibbon was pivotal in the secularizing and 'desanctifying' of history, remarking, for example, on the \"want of truth and common sense\" of biographies composed by Saint Jerome. Unusually for an 18th-century historian, Gibbon was never content with secondhand accounts when the primary sources were accessible (though most of these were drawn from well-known printed editions). He said, \"I have always endeavoured to draw from the fountain-head; that my curiosity, as well as a sense of duty, has always urged me to study the originals; and that, if they have sometimes eluded my search, I have carefully marked the secondary evidence, on whose faith a passage or a fact were reduced to depend.\" In this insistence upon the importance of primary sources, Gibbon broke new ground in the methodical study of history:\n\nIn accuracy, thoroughness, lucidity, and comprehensive grasp of a vast subject, the 'History' is unsurpassable. It is the one English history which may be regarded as definitive. ... Whatever its shortcomings the book is artistically imposing as well as historically unimpeachable as a vast panorama of a great period.\n\n19th century\n\nThe tumultuous events surrounding the French Revolution inspired much of the historiography and analysis of the early 19th century. Interest in the 1688 Glorious Revolution was also rekindled by the Great Reform Act of 1832 in England. Nineteenth century historiography, especially among American historians, featured conflicting viewpoints that represented the times. According to 20th-century historian Richard Hofstadter:\n\nThomas Carlyle\nThomas Carlyle published his three-volume The French Revolution: A History, in 1837. The first volume was accidentally burned by John Stuart Mill's maid. Carlyle rewrote it from scratch. Carlyle's style of historical writing stressed the immediacy of action, often using the present tense. He emphasised the role of forces of the spirit in history and thought that chaotic events demanded what he called 'heroes' to take control over the competing forces erupting within society. He considered the dynamic forces of history as being the hopes and aspirations of people that took the form of ideas, and were often ossified into ideologies. Carlyle's The French Revolution was written in a highly unorthodox style, far removed from the neutral and detached tone of the tradition of Gibbon. Carlyle presented the history as dramatic events unfolding in the present as though he and the reader were participants on the streets of Paris at the famous events. Carlyle's invented style was epic poetry combined with philosophical treatise. It is rarely read or cited in the last century.\n\nFrench historians: Michelet and Taine\n\nIn his main work Histoire de France (1855), French historian Jules Michelet (1798–1874) coined the term Renaissance (meaning \"rebirth\" in French), as a period in Europe's cultural history that represented a break from the Middle Ages, creating a modern understanding of humanity and its place in the world. The 19-volume work covered French history from Charlemagne to the outbreak of the French Revolution. His inquiry into manuscript and printed authorities was most laborious, but his lively imagination, and his strong religious and political prejudices, made him regard all things from a singularly personal point of view.\n\nMichelet was one of the first historians to shift the emphasis of history to the common people, rather than the leaders and institutions of the country. He had a decisive impact on scholars. Gayana Jurkevich argues that led by Michelet:\n\nHippolyte Taine (1828–1893), although unable to secure an academic position, was the chief theoretical influence of French naturalism, a major proponent of sociological positivism, and one of the first practitioners of historicist criticism. He pioneered the idea of \"the milieu\" as an active historical force which amalgamated geographical, psychological, and social factors. Historical writing for him was a search for general laws. His brilliant style kept his writing in circulation long after his theoretical approaches were passé.\n\nCultural and constitutional history\nOne of the major progenitors of the history of culture and art, was the Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt. Siegfried Giedion described Burckhardt's achievement in the following terms: \"The great discoverer of the age of the Renaissance, he first showed how a period should be treated in its entirety, with regard not only for its painting, sculpture and architecture, but for the social institutions of its daily life as well.\"\n\nHis most famous work was The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, published in 1860; it was the most influential interpretation of the Italian Renaissance in the nineteenth century and is still widely read. According to John Lukacs, he was the first master of cultural history, which seeks to describe the spirit and the forms of expression of a particular age, a particular people, or a particular place. His innovative approach to historical research stressed the importance of art and its inestimable value as a primary source for the study of history. He was one of the first historians to rise above the narrow nineteenth-century notion that \"history is past politics and politics current history.\n\nBy the mid-19th century, scholars were beginning to analyse the history of institutional change, particularly the development of constitutional government. William Stubbs's Constitutional History of England (3 vols., 1874–1878) was an important influence on this developing field. The work traced the development of the English constitution from the Teutonic invasions of Britain until 1485, and marked a distinct step in the advance of English historical learning. He argued that the theory of the unity and continuity of history should not remove distinctions between ancient and modern history. He believed that, though work on ancient history is a useful preparation for the study of modern history, either may advantageously be studied apart. He was a good palaeographer, and excelled in textual criticism, in examination of authorship, and other such matters, while his vast erudition and retentive memory made him second to none in interpretation and exposition.\n\nVon Ranke and professionalization in Germany\n\nThe modern academic study of history and methods of historiography were pioneered in 19th-century German universities, especially the University of Göttingen. Leopold von Ranke (1795–1886) at Berlin was a pivotal influence in this regard, and was the founder of modern source-based history. According to Caroline Hoefferle, \"Ranke was probably the most important historian to shape historical profession as it emerged in Europe and the United States in the late 19th century.\"\n\nSpecifically, he implemented the seminar teaching method in his classroom, and focused on archival research and analysis of historical documents. Beginning with his first book in 1824, the History of the Latin and Teutonic Peoples from 1494 to 1514, Ranke used an unusually wide variety of sources for a historian of the age, including \"memoirs, diaries, personal and formal missives, government documents, diplomatic dispatches and first-hand accounts of eye-witnesses\". Over a career that spanned much of the century, Ranke set the standards for much of later historical writing, introducing such ideas as reliance on primary sources, an emphasis on narrative history and especially international politics (). Sources had to be solid, not speculations and rationalizations. His credo was to write history the way it was. He insisted on primary sources with proven authenticity.\n\nRanke also rejected the 'teleological approach' to history, which traditionally viewed each period as inferior to the period which follows. In Ranke's view, the historian had to understand a period on its own terms, and seek to find only the general ideas which animated every period of history. In 1831 and at the behest of the Prussian government, Ranke founded and edited the first historical journal in the world, called .\n\nAnother important German thinker was Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, whose theory of historical progress ran counter to Ranke's approach. In Hegel's own words, his philosophical theory of \"World history ... represents the development of the spirit's consciousness of its own freedom and of the consequent realization of this freedom.\" This realization is seen by studying the various cultures that have developed over the millennia, and trying to understand the way that freedom has worked itself out through them:\n\nWorld history is the record of the spirit's efforts to attain knowledge of what it is in itself. The Orientals do not know that the spirit or man as such are free in themselves. And because they do not know that, they are not themselves free. They only know that One is free. ... The consciousness of freedom first awoke among the Greeks, and they were accordingly free; but, like the Romans, they only knew that Some, and not all men as such, are free. ... The Germanic nations, with the rise of Christianity, were the first to realize that All men are by nature free, and that freedom of spirit is his very essence.\n\nKarl Marx introduced the concept of historical materialism into the study of world historical development. In his conception, the economic conditions and dominant modes of production determined the structure of society at that point. In his view five successive stages in the development of material conditions would occur in Western Europe. The first stage was primitive communism where property was shared and there was no concept of \"leadership\". This progressed to a slave society where the idea of class emerged and the State developed. Feudalism was characterized by an aristocracy working in partnership with a theocracy and the emergence of the nation-state. Capitalism appeared after the bourgeois revolution when the capitalists (or their merchant predecessors) overthrew the feudal system and established a market economy, with\nprivate property and parliamentary democracy. Marx then predicted the eventual proletarian revolution that would result in the attainment of socialism, followed by communism, where property would be communally owned.\n\nPrevious historians had focused on cyclical events of the rise and decline of rulers and nations. Process of nationalization of history, as part of national revivals in the 19th century, resulted with separation of \"one's own\" history from common universal history by such way of perceiving, understanding and treating the past that constructed history as history of a nation. A new discipline, sociology, emerged in the late 19th century and analyzed and compared these perspectives on a larger scale.\n\nMacaulay and Whig history\n\nThe term \"Whig history\", coined by Herbert Butterfield in his short book The Whig Interpretation of History in 1931, means the approach to historiography which presents the past as an inevitable progression towards ever greater liberty and enlightenment, culminating in modern forms of liberal democracy and constitutional monarchy. In general, Whig historians emphasized the rise of constitutional government, personal freedoms and scientific progress. The term has been also applied widely in historical disciplines outside of British history (the history of science, for example) to criticize any teleological (or goal-directed), hero-based, and transhistorical narrative.\n\nPaul Rapin de Thoyras's history of England, published in 1723, became \"the classic Whig history\" for the first half of the 18th century. It was later supplanted by the immensely popular The History of England by David Hume. Whig historians emphasized the achievements of the Glorious Revolution of 1688. This included James Mackintosh's History of the Revolution in England in 1688, William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England, and Henry Hallam's Constitutional History of England.\n\nThe most famous exponent of 'Whiggery' was Thomas Babington Macaulay. His writings are famous for their ringing prose and for their confident, sometimes dogmatic, emphasis on a progressive model of British history, according to which the country threw off superstition, autocracy and confusion to create a balanced constitution and a forward-looking culture combined with freedom of belief and expression. This model of human progress has been called the Whig interpretation of history. He published the first volumes of his most famous work of history, The History of England from the Accession of James II, in 1848. It proved an immediate success and replaced Hume's history to become the new orthodoxy. His 'Whiggish convictions' are spelled out in his first chapter:\n\nHis legacy continues to be controversial; Gertrude Himmelfarb wrote that \"most professional historians have long since given up reading Macaulay, as they have given up writing the kind of history he wrote and thinking about history as he did.\" However, J. R. Western wrote that: \"Despite its age and blemishes, Macaulay's History of England has still to be superseded by a full-scale modern history of the period\".\n\nThe Whig consensus was steadily undermined during the post-World War I re-evaluation of European history, and Butterfield's critique exemplified this trend. Intellectuals no longer believed the world was automatically getting better and better. Subsequent generations of academic historians have similarly rejected Whig history because of its presentist and teleological assumption that history is driving toward some sort of goal. Other criticized 'Whig' assumptions included viewing the British system as the apex of human political development, assuming that political figures in the past held current political beliefs (anachronism), considering British history as a march of progress with inevitable outcomes and presenting political figures of the past as heroes, who advanced the cause of this political progress, or villains, who sought to hinder its inevitable triumph. J. Hart says \"a Whig interpretation requires human heroes and villains in the story.\"\n\n20th century\n\n20th-century historiography in major countries is characterized by a move to universities and academic research centers. Popular history continued to be written by self-educated amateurs, but scholarly history increasingly became the province of PhD's trained in research seminars at a university. The training emphasized working with primary sources in archives. Seminars taught graduate students how to review the historiography of the topics, so that they could understand the conceptual frameworks currently in use, and the criticisms regarding their strengths and weaknesses. Western Europe and the United States took leading roles in this development. The emergence of area studies of other regions also developed historiographical practices.\n\nFrance: Annales school\n\nThe French Annales school radically changed the focus of historical research in France during the 20th century by stressing long-term social history, rather than political or diplomatic themes. The school emphasized the use of quantification and the paying of special attention to geography.\n\nThe Annales d'histoire économique et sociale journal was founded in 1929 in Strasbourg by Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre. These authors, the former a medieval historian and the latter an early modernist, quickly became associated with the distinctive Annales approach, which combined geography, history, and the sociological approaches of the Année Sociologique (many members of which were their colleagues at Strasbourg) to produce an approach which rejected the predominant emphasis on politics, diplomacy and war of many 19th and early 20th-century historians as spearheaded by historians whom Febvre called Les Sorbonnistes. Instead, they pioneered an approach to a study of long-term historical structures (la longue durée) over events and political transformations. Geography, material culture, and what later Annalistes called mentalités, or the psychology of the epoch, are also characteristic areas of study. The goal of the Annales was to undo the work of the Sorbonnistes, to turn French historians away from the narrowly political and diplomatic toward the new vistas in social and economic history. For early modern Mexican history, the work of Marc Bloch's student François Chevalier on the formation of landed estates (haciendas) from the sixteenth century to the seventeenth had a major impact on Mexican history and historiography, setting off an important debate about whether landed estates were basically feudal or capitalistic.\n\nAn eminent member of this school, Georges Duby, described his approach to history as one that relegated the sensational to the sidelines and was reluctant to give a simple accounting of events, but strived on the contrary to pose and solve problems and, neglecting surface disturbances, to observe the long and medium-term evolution of economy, society and civilisation. The Annalistes, especially Lucien Febvre, advocated a histoire totale, or histoire tout court, a complete study of a historical problem.\n\nThe second era of the school was led by Fernand Braudel and was very influential throughout the 1960s and 1970s, especially for his work on the Mediterranean region in the era of Philip II of Spain. Braudel developed the idea, often associated with Annalistes, of different modes of historical time: l'histoire quasi immobile (motionless history) of historical geography, the history of social, political and economic structures (la longue durée), and the history of men and events, in the context of their structures. His 'longue durée' approach stressed slow, and often imperceptible effects of space, climate and technology on the actions of human beings in the past. The Annales historians, after living through two world wars and major political upheavals in France, were deeply uncomfortable with the notion that multiple ruptures and discontinuities created history. They preferred to stress slow change and the longue durée. They paid special attention to geography, climate, and demography as long-term factors. They considered the continuities of the deepest structures were central to history, beside which upheavals in institutions or the superstructure of social life were of little significance, for history lies beyond the reach of conscious actors, especially the will of revolutionaries.\n\nNoting the political upheavals in Europe and especially in France in 1968, Eric Hobsbawm argued that \"in France the virtual hegemony of Braudelian history and the Annales came to an end after 1968, and the international influence of the journal dropped steeply.\" Multiple responses were attempted by the school. Scholars moved in multiple directions, covering in disconnected fashion the social, economic, and cultural history of different eras and different parts of the globe. By the time of crisis the school was building a vast publishing and research network reaching across France, Europe, and the rest of the world. Influence indeed spread out from Paris, but few new ideas came in. Much emphasis was given to quantitative data, seen as the key to unlocking all of social history. However, the Annales ignored the developments in quantitative studies underway in the U.S. and Britain, which reshaped economic, political and demographic research.\n\nMarxist historiography\n\nMarxist historiography developed as a school of historiography influenced by the chief tenets of Marxism, including the centrality of social class and economic constraints in determining historical outcomes (historical materialism). Friedrich Engels wrote The Peasant War in Germany, which analysed social warfare in early Protestant Germany in terms of emerging capitalist classes. Although it lacked a rigorous engagement with archival sources, it indicated an early interest in history from below and class analysis, and it attempts a dialectical analysis. Another treatise of Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, was salient in creating the socialist impetus in British politics from then on, e.g. the Fabian Society.\n\nR. H. Tawney was an early historian working in this tradition. The Agrarian Problem in the Sixteenth Century (1912) and Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (1926), reflected his ethical concerns and preoccupations in economic history. He was profoundly interested in the issue of the enclosure of land in the English countryside in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and in Max Weber's thesis on the connection between the appearance of Protestantism and the rise of capitalism. His belief in the rise of the gentry in the century before the outbreak of the Civil War in England provoked the 'Storm over the Gentry' in which his methods were subjected to severe criticisms by Hugh Trevor-Roper and John Cooper.\n\nHistoriography in the Soviet Union was greatly influenced by Marxist historiography, as historical materialism was extended into the Soviet version of dialectical materialism.\n\nA circle of historians inside the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) formed in 1946 and became a highly influential cluster of British Marxist historians, who contributed to history from below and class structure in early capitalist society. While some members of the group (most notably Christopher Hill and E. P. Thompson) left the CPGB after the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, the common points of British Marxist historiography continued in their works. They placed a great emphasis on the subjective determination of history.\n\nChristopher Hill's studies on 17th-century English history were widely acknowledged and recognised as representative of this school. His books include Puritanism and Revolution (1958), Intellectual Origins of the English Revolution (1965 and revised in 1996), The Century of Revolution (1961), AntiChrist in 17th-century England (1971), The World Turned Upside Down (1972) and many others.\n\nE. P. Thompson pioneered the study of history from below in his work, The Making of the English Working Class, published in 1963. It focused on the forgotten history of the first working-class political left in the world in the late-18th and early-19th centuries. In his preface to this book, Thompson set out his approach to writing history from below:\n\nThompson's work was also significant because of the way he defined \"class\". He argued that class was not a structure, but a relationship that changed over time. He opened the gates for a generation of labor historians, such as David Montgomery and Herbert Gutman, who made similar studies of the American working classes.\n\nOther important Marxist historians included Eric Hobsbawm, C. L. R. James, Raphael Samuel, A. L. Morton and Brian Pearce.\n\nBiography\n\nBiography has been a major form of historiography since the days when Plutarch wrote the parallel lives of great Roman and Greek leaders. It is a field especially attractive to nonacademic historians, and often to the spouses or children of famous people, who have access to the trove of letters and documents. Academic historians tend to downplay biography because it pays too little attention to broad social, cultural, political and economic forces, and perhaps too much attention to popular psychology. The \"Great Man\" tradition in Britain originated in the multi-volume Dictionary of National Biography (which originated in 1882 and issued updates into the 1970s); it continues to this day in the new Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. In the United States, the Dictionary of American Biography was planned in the late 1920s and appeared with numerous supplements into the 1980s. It has now been displaced by the American National Biography as well as numerous smaller historical encyclopedias that give thorough coverage to Great Persons. Bookstores do a thriving business in biographies, which sell far more copies than the esoteric monographs based on post-structuralism, cultural, racial or gender history. Michael Holroyd says the last forty years \"may be seen as a golden age of biography\", but nevertheless calls it the \"shallow end of history\". Nicolas Barker argues that \"more and more biographies command an ever larger readership\", as he speculates that biography has come \"to express the spirit of our age\".\n\nDaniel R. Meister argues that:\n\nBritish debates\n\nMarxist historian E. H. Carr developed a controversial theory of history in his 1961 book What Is History?, which proved to be one of the most influential books ever written on the subject. He presented a middle-of-the-road position between the empirical or (Rankean) view of history and R. G. Collingwood's idealism, and rejected the empirical view of the historian's work being an accretion of \"facts\" that they have at their disposal as nonsense. He maintained that there is such a vast quantity of information that the historian always chooses the \"facts\" they decide to make use of. In Carr's famous example, he claimed that millions had crossed the Rubicon, but only Julius Caesar's crossing in 49 BC is declared noteworthy by historians. For this reason, Carr argued that Leopold von Ranke's famous dictum wie es eigentlich gewesen (show what actually happened) was wrong because it presumed that the \"facts\" influenced what the historian wrote, rather than the historian choosing what \"facts of the past\" they intended to turn into \"historical facts\". At the same time, Carr argued that the study of the facts may lead the historian to change his or her views. In this way, Carr argued that history was \"an unending dialogue between the past and present\".\n\nCarr is held by some critics to have had a deterministic outlook in history. Others have modified or rejected this use of the label \"determinist\". He took a hostile view of those historians who stress the workings of chance and contingency in the workings of history. In Carr's view, no individual is truly free of the social environment in which they live, but contended that within those limitations, there was room, albeit very narrow room for people to make decisions that affect history. Carr emphatically contended that history was a social science, not an art, because historians like scientists seek generalizations that helped to broaden the understanding of one's subject.\n\nOne of Carr's most forthright critics was Hugh Trevor-Roper, who argued that Carr's dismissal of the \"might-have-beens of history\" reflected a fundamental lack of interest in examining historical causation. Trevor-Roper asserted that examining possible alternative outcomes of history was far from being a \"parlour-game\" was rather an essential part of the historians' work, as only by considering all possible outcomes of a given situation could a historian properly understand the period.\n\nThe controversy inspired Sir Geoffrey Elton to write his 1967 book The Practice of History. Elton criticized Carr for his \"whimsical\" distinction between the \"historical facts\" and the \"facts of the past\", arguing that it reflected \"...an extraordinarily arrogant attitude both to the past and to the place of the historian studying it\". Elton, instead, strongly defended the traditional methods of history and was also appalled by the inroads made by postmodernism. Elton saw the duty of historians as empirically gathering evidence and objectively analyzing what the evidence has to say. As a traditionalist, he placed great emphasis on the role of individuals in history instead of abstract, impersonal forces. Elton saw political history as the highest kind of history. Elton had no use for those who seek history to make myths, to create laws to explain the past, or to produce theories such as Marxism.\n\nU.S. approaches\n\nClassical and European history was part of the 19th-century grammar curriculum. American history became a topic later in the 19th century.\n\nIn the historiography of the United States, there were a series of major approaches in the 20th century. In 2009–2012, there were an average of 16,000 new academic history books published in the U.S. every year.\n\nProgressive historians\n\nThe Progressive historians were a group of 20th century historians of the United States associated with a historiographical tradition that embraced an economic interpretation of American history. Most prominent among these was Charles A. Beard, who was influential in academia and with the general public.\n\nConsensus history\n\nConsensus history emphasizes the basic unity of American values and downplays conflict as superficial. It was especially attractive in the 1950s and 1960s. Prominent leaders included Richard Hofstadter, Louis Hartz, Daniel Boorstin, Allan Nevins, Clinton Rossiter, Edmund Morgan, and David M. Potter. In 1948 Hofstadter made a compelling statement of the consensus model of the U.S. political tradition:\n\nNew Left history\nConsensus history was rejected by New Left viewpoints that attracted a younger generation of radical historians in the 1960s. These viewpoints stress conflict and emphasize the central roles of class, race and gender. The history of dissent, and the experiences of racial minorities and disadvantaged classes was central to the narratives produced by New Left historians.\n\nQuantification and new approaches to history\n\nSocial history, sometimes called the \"new social history\", is a broad branch that studies the experiences of ordinary people in the past. It had major growth as a field in the 1960s and 1970s, and still is well represented in history departments. However, after 1980 the \"cultural turn\" directed the next generation to new topics. In the two decades from 1975 to 1995, the proportion of professors of history in U.S. universities identifying with social history rose from 31 to 41 percent, while the proportion of political historians fell from 40 to 30 percent.\n\nThe growth was enabled by the social sciences, computers, statistics, new data sources such as individual census information, and summer training programs at the Newberry Library and the University of Michigan. The New Political History saw the application of social history methods to politics, as the focus shifted from politicians and legislation to voters and elections.\n\nThe Social Science History Association was formed in 1976 as an interdisciplinary group with a journal Social Science History and an annual convention. The goal was to incorporate in historical studies perspectives from all the social sciences, especially political science, sociology and economics. The pioneers shared a commitment to quantification. However, by the 1980s the first blush of quantification had worn off, as traditional historians counterattacked. Harvey J. Graff says:\n\nMeanwhile, quantitative history became well-established in other disciplines, especially economics (where they called it \"cliometrics\"), as well as in political science. In history, however, quantification remained central to demographic studies, but slipped behind in political and social history as traditional narrative approaches made a comeback.\n\nLatin America\n\nLatin America is the former Spanish American empire in the Western Hemisphere plus Portuguese Brazil. Professional historians pioneered the creation of this field, starting in the late nineteenth century. The term \"Latin America\" did not come into general usage until the twentieth century and in some cases it was rejected. The historiography of the field has been more fragmented than unified, with historians of Spanish America and Brazil generally remaining in separate spheres. Another standard division within the historiography is the temporal factor, with works falling into either the early modern period (or \"colonial era\") or the post-independence (or \"national\") period, from the early nineteenth onward. Relatively few works span the two eras and few works except textbooks unite Spanish America and Brazil. There is a tendency to focus on histories of particular countries or regions (the Andes, the Southern Cone, the Caribbean) with relatively little comparative work.\n\nHistorians of Latin America have contributed to various types of historical writing, but one major, innovative development in Spanish American history is the emergence of ethnohistory, the history of indigenous peoples, especially in Mexico based on alphabetic sources in Spanish or in indigenous languages.\n\nFor the early modern period, the emergence of Atlantic history, based on comparisons and linkages of Europe, the Americas, and Africa from 1450 to 1850 that developed as a field in its own right has integrated early modern Latin American history into a larger framework. For all periods, global or world history have focused on the connections between areas, likewise integrating Latin America into a larger perspective. Latin America's importance to world history is notable but often overlooked. \"Latin America's central, and sometimes pioneering, role in the development of globalization and modernity did not cease with the end of colonial rule and the early modern period. Indeed, the region's political independence places it at the forefront of two trends that are regularly considered thresholds of the modern world. The first is the so-called liberal revolution, the shift from monarchies of the ancien régime, where inheritance legitimated political power, to constitutional republics... The second, and related, trend consistently considered a threshold of modern history that saw Latin America in the forefront is the development of nation-states.\"\n\nHistorical research appears in a number of specialized journals. These include Hispanic American Historical Review (est. 1918), published by the Conference on Latin American History; The Americas, (est. 1944); Journal of Latin American Studies (1969); Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies,(est.1976) Bulletin of Latin American Research, (est. 1981); Colonial Latin American Review (1992); and Colonial Latin American Historical Review (est. 1992). Latin American Research Review (est. 1969), published by the Latin American Studies Association, does not focus primarily on history, but it has often published historiographical essays on particular topics.\t\n\nGeneral works on Latin American history have appeared since the 1950s, when the teaching of Latin American history expanded in U.S. universities and colleges. Most attempt full coverage of Spanish America and Brazil from the conquest to the modern era, focusing on institutional, political, social and economic history. An important, eleven volume treatment of Latin American history is The Cambridge History of Latin America, with separate volumes on the colonial era, nineteenth century, and the twentieth century. There is a small number of general works that have gone through multiple editions. Major trade publishers have also issued edited volumes on Latin American history and historiography. Reference works include the Handbook of Latin American Studies, which publishes articles by area experts, with annotated bibliographic entries, and the Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture.\n\nWorld history\nWorld history, as a distinct field of historical study, emerged as an independent academic field in the 1980s. It focused on the examination of history from a global perspective and looked for common patterns that emerged across all cultures. The basic thematic approach of this field was to analyse two major focal points: integration – (how processes of world history have drawn people of the world together), and difference – (how patterns of world history reveal the diversity of the human experience).\n\nArnold J. Toynbee's ten-volume A Study of History, took an approach that was widely discussed in the 1930s and 1940s. By the 1960s his work was virtually ignored by scholars and the general public. He compared 26 independent civilizations and argued that they displayed striking parallels in their origin, growth, and decay. He proposed a universal model to each of these civilizations, detailing the stages through which they all pass: genesis, growth, time of troubles, universal state, and disintegration. The later volumes gave too much emphasis on spirituality to satisfy critics.\n\nChicago historian William H. McNeill wrote The Rise of the West (1965) to show how the separate civilizations of Eurasia interacted from the very beginning of their history, borrowing critical skills from one another, and thus precipitating still further change as adjustment between traditional old and borrowed new knowledge and practice became necessary. He then discusses the dramatic effect of Western civilization on others in the past 500 years of history. McNeill took a broad approach organized around the interactions of peoples across the globe. Such interactions have become both more numerous and more continual and substantial in recent times. Before about 1500, the network of communication between cultures was that of Eurasia. The term for these areas of interaction differ from one world historian to another and include world-system and ecumene. His emphasis on cultural fusions influenced historical theory significantly.\n\nThe cultural turn\nThe \"cultural turn\" of the 1980s and 1990s affected scholars in most areas of history. Inspired largely by anthropology, it turned away from leaders, ordinary people and famous events to look at the use of language and cultural symbols to represent the changing values of society.\n\nThe British historian Peter Burke finds that cultural studies has numerous spinoffs, or topical themes it has strongly influenced. The most important include gender studies and postcolonial studies, as well as memory studies, and film studies.\n\nDiplomatic historian Melvyn P. Leffler finds that the problem with the \"cultural turn\" is that the culture concept is imprecise, and may produce excessively broad interpretations, because it:\n\nMemory studies\n\nMemory studies is a new field, focused on how nations and groups (and historians) construct and select their memories of the past in order to celebrate (or denounce) key features, thus making a statement of their current values and beliefs. Historians have played a central role in shaping the memories of the past as their work is diffused through popular history books and school textbooks. French sociologist Maurice Halbwachs, opened the field with La mémoire collective (Paris: 1950).\n\nMany historians examine how the memory of the past has been constructed, memorialized or distorted. Historians examine how legends are invented. For example, there are numerous studies of the memory of atrocities from World War II, notably the Holocaust in Europe and Japanese war crimes in Asia. British historian Heather Jones argues that the historiography of the First World War in recent years has been reinvigorated by the cultural turn. Scholars have raised entirely new questions regarding military occupation, radicalization of politics, race, and the male body.\n\nRepresentative of recent scholarship is a collection of studies on the \"Dynamics of Memory and Identity in Contemporary Europe\". SAGE has published the scholarly journal Memory Studies since 2008, and the book series \"Memory Studies\" was launched by Palgrave Macmillan in 2010 with 5–10 titles a year.\n\nScholarly journals\nThe historical journal, a forum where academic historians could exchange ideas and publish newly discovered information, came into being in the 19th century. The early journals were similar to those for the physical sciences, and were seen as a means for history to become more professional. Journals also helped historians to establish various historiographical approaches, the most notable example of which was Annales. Économies, sociétés, civilisations, a publication of the Annales school in France. Journals now typically have one or more editors and associate editors, an editorial board, and a pool of scholars to whom articles that are submitted are sent for confidential evaluation. The editors will send out new books to recognized scholars for reviews that usually run 500 to 1000 words. The vetting and publication process often takes months or longer. Publication in a prestigious journal (which accept 10 percent or fewer of the articles submitted) is an asset in the academic hiring and promotion process. Publication demonstrates that the author is conversant with the scholarly field. Page charges and fees for publication are uncommon in history. Journals are subsidized by universities or historical societies, scholarly associations, and subscription fees from libraries and scholars. Increasingly they are available through library pools that allow many academic institutions to pool subscriptions to online versions. Most libraries have a system for obtaining specific articles through inter-library loan.\n\nSome major historical journals\n\n 1839 Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro (Brazil)\n 1840 Historisk tidsskrift (Denmark)\n 1859 Historische Zeitschrift (Germany)\n 1866 Archivum historicum, later Historiallinen arkisto (Finland, published in Finnish)\n 1867 Századok (Hungary)\n 1869 Časopis Matice moravské (Czech republic – then part of Austria-Hungary)\n 1871 Historisk tidsskrift (Norway)\n 1876 Revue Historique (France)\n 1880 Historisk tidskrift (Sweden)\n 1886 English Historical Review (England)\n 1887 Kwartalnik Historyczny (Poland – then part of Austria-Hungary)\n 1892 William and Mary Quarterly (US)\n 1894 Ons Hémecht (Luxembourg)\n 1895 American Historical Review (US)\n 1895 Český časopis historický (Czech republic – then part of Austria-Hungary)\n 1914 Mississippi Valley Historical Review (renamed in 1964 the Journal of American History) (US)\n 1915 The Catholic Historical Review (US)\n 1916 The Journal of Negro History (renamed in 2001 The Journal of African American History) (US)\n 1916 Historisk Tidskrift för Finland (Finland, published in Swedish)\n 1918 Hispanic American Historical Review (US)\n 1920 Canadian Historical Review (Canada)\n 1922 Slavonic and East European Review (SEER), (England)\n 1928 Scandia (Sweden)\n 1929 Annales d'histoire économique et sociale (France)\n 1935 Journal of Southern History (USA)\n 1941 The Journal of Economic History (US)\n 1944 The Americas (US)\n 1951 Historia Mexicana (Mexico)\n 1952 Past & present: a journal of historical studies (England)\n 1953 Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte (Germany)\n 1954 Ethnohistory (US)\n 1956 Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria (Nigeria)\n 1957 Victorian Studies (US)\n 1960 Journal of African History (England)\n 1960 Technology and culture: the international quarterly of the Society for the History of Technology (US)\n 1960 History and Theory (US)\n 1967 Indian Church History Review (India) (earlier published as the Bulletin of Church History Association of India)\n 1967 The Journal of Social History (US)\n 1969 Journal of Interdisciplinary History (US)\n 1969 Journal of Latin American Studies (UK)\n 1975 Geschichte und Gesellschaft. Zeitschrift für historische Sozialwissenschaft (Germany)\n 1975 Signs (US)\n 1976 Journal of Family History (US)\n 1978 The Public Historian (US)\n 1981 Bulletin of Latin American Research (UK)\n 1982 Storia della Storiografia – History of Historiography – Histoire de l'Historiographie – Geschichte der Geschichtsschreibung\n 1982 Subaltern Studies (Oxford University Press)\n 1986 Zeitschrift für Sozialgeschichte des 20. und 21. Jahrhunderts, new title since 2003: Sozial.Geschichte. Zeitschrift für historische Analyse des 20. und 21. Jahrhunderts (Germany)\n 1990 Gender and History (US)\n 1990 Journal of World History (US)\n 1990 L'Homme. Zeitschrift für feministische Geschichtswissenschaft (Austria)\n 1990 Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften (ÖZG)\n 1992 Women's History Review\n 1992 Colonial Latin American Historical Review (US)\n 1992 Colonial Latin American Review\n 1996 Environmental History (US)\n 2011 International Journal for the Historiography of Education\n\nNarrative\nAccording to Lawrence Stone, narrative has traditionally been the main rhetorical device used by historians. In 1979, at a time when the new Social History was demanding a social-science model of analysis, Stone detected a move back toward the narrative. Stone defined narrative as follows: it is organized chronologically; it is focused on a single coherent story; it is descriptive rather than analytical; it is concerned with people not abstract circumstances; and it deals with the particular and specific rather than the collective and statistical. He reported that, \"More and more of the 'new historians' are now trying to discover what was going on inside people's heads in the past, and what it was like to live in the past, questions which inevitably lead back to the use of narrative.\"\n\nHistorians committed to a social science approach, however, have criticized the narrowness of narrative and its preference for anecdote over analysis, and its use of clever examples rather than statistically verified empirical regularities.\n\nTopics studied\nSome of the common topics in historiography are:\n\n Reliability of the sources used, in terms of authorship, credibility of the author, and the authenticity or corruption of the text. (See also source criticism.)\n Historiographical tradition or framework. Every historian uses one (or more) historiographical traditions, for example Marxist, Annales school, \"total history\", or political history.\n Moral issues, guilt assignment, and praise assignment\n Revisionism versus orthodox interpretations\n Historical metanarratives and metahistory.\n\nApproaches\nHow a historian approaches historical events is one of the most important decisions within historiography. Historians commonly recognise that individual historical facts – dealing with names, dates and places – are not particularly meaningful in themselves. Such facts only become useful/informative when assembled with other historical evidence, and the process of assembling this evidence is understood as a particular historiographical approach.\n\nSome of the most influential historiographical approaches include:\n\n Big history\n Black history\n Business history\n Chronology\n Comparative history\n Cultural history\n Diplomatic history\n Economic history (history of capitalism), (cliometrics)\n Environmental history, a relatively new field\n Ethnohistory\n Gender history including women's history, family history, feminist history\n History of medicine\n History of religion and church history; the history of theology is usually handled under theology\n Indigenous history\n Industrial history and the history of technology\n Intellectual history and the history of ideas\n Labor history\n Legendary history - important in pre-modern contexts\n Local history and microhistory\n Marxist historiography and historical materialism\n Military history, including naval and air history\n Mythistory - history incorporating elements of myth\n National history - comforting myths of individual peoples\n Oral history\n Political history\n Public history, especially museums and historic preservation\n Quantitative history (prosopography using statistics to study biographies)\n History of religions\n Historiography of science \n Social history and people's history; along with the French version the Annales school and the German Bielefeld School\n Subaltern Studies, regarding post-colonial India\n Urban history\n American urban history\n Whig history, history interpreted as the story of continuous progress\n World history\n\nRelated fields\nImportant related fields include:\n Antiquarianism\n Genealogy\n Intellectual history\n Numismatics\n Paleography\n Philosophy of history\n Pseudohistory\n\nSee also \n\n List of historians by area of study\n Historical significance\n National memory\n\nMethods\n Archival research\n Auxiliary sciences of history\n Historical method\n List of historians, inclusive of most major historians\n List of historians by area of study\n List of history journals\n Philosophy of history\n Popular history\n Primary source – documents, correspondence, diaries\n Secondary source – interpretations, written history\n Tertiary source – textbooks and encyclopedias\n Periodization\n Public history, including museums and historical preservation\n Historical revisionism\n Shared historical authority\n Historiography at Wikiversity, where it is part of the School of History\n\nTopics\n African historiography\n Historiography of Argentina\n Atlantic history\n Historiography of Canada\n Chinese historiography\n Historiography of the Cold War\n Historiography of early Christianity\n Historiography of the French Revolution\n Annales school, in France\n Historiography of Germany \n Bielefeld School, in Germany\n Greek historiography\n Historiography of Alexander the Great\n Classics\n History of India#Historiography\n Historiography of the fall of the Mughal Empire\n Historiography of Islam\n Historiography of early Islam\n Historiography of Japan\n Historiography of Korea\n Korean nationalist historiography\n Latin American History\n Middle Ages\n Historiography of feudalism\n Dark Ages (historiography)\n Historiography of the Crusades\n Historiography and nationalism\n Roman historiography \n Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire\n Historiography of Switzerland\n Historiography in the Soviet Union\n Historiography of the United Kingdom\n Historiography of Scotland\n Historiography of the British Empire\n Historiography of the United States\n Frontier thesis\n World history\n Historiography of the causes of World War I\n Historiography of World War II\n Historiography of the Battle of France, 1940\n\nBibliography\n\nTheory\n Appleby, Joyce, Lynn Hunt & Margaret Jacob, Telling the Truth About History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1994.\n Bentley, Michael. Modern Historiography: An Introduction, 1999 \n Marc Bloch, The Historian's Craft (1940)\n Burke, Peter. History and Social Theory, Polity Press, Oxford, 1992\n David Cannadine (editor), What is History Now, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002\n E. H. Carr, What is History? 1961, \n R.G. Collingwood, The Idea of History, 1936, \n Deluermoz, Quentin, and Singaravélou, Pierre: A Past of Possibilities: A History of What Could Have Been’’ ; Yale University Press, 2021\n Doran, Robert. ed. Philosophy of History After Hayden White. London: Bloomsbury, 2013.\n Geoffrey Elton, The Practice of History, 1969, \n Richard J. Evans In Defence of History, 1997, \n Fischer, David Hackett. Historians' Fallacies: Towards a Logic of Historical Thought, Harper & Row, 1970\n Gardiner, Juliet (ed) What is History Today...? London: MacMillan Education Ltd., 1988.\n Harlaftis, Gelina, ed. The New Ways of History: Developments in Historiography (I.B. Tauris, 2010) 260 pp; trends in historiography since 1990\n Hewitson, Mark, History and Causality, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014\n Jenkins, Keith ed. The Postmodern History Reader (2006)\n Jenkins, Keith. Rethinking History, 1991, \n Arthur Marwick, The New Nature of History: knowledge, evidence, language, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001, \n Munslow, Alan. The Routledge Companion to Historical Studies (2000), an encyclopedia of concepts, methods and historians\n Olstein, Diego. Thinking History Globally (2025), summary\n Spalding, Roger & Christopher Parker, Historiography: An Introduction, 2008, \n Sreedharan, E, \"A Textbook of Historiography: 500 BC to AD 2000\". New Delhi, Oreient Black Swan, 2004, \n Sreedharan, E, \"A Manual of Historical Research Methodology\". Trivandrum, Centre for South Indian Studies, 2007, \n Tosh, John. The Pursuit of History, 2002, \n Tucker, Aviezer, ed. A Companion to the Philosophy of History and Historiography Malden: Blackwell, 2009\n White, Hayden. The Fiction of Narrative: Essays on History, Literature, and Theory, 1957–2007, Johns Hopkins, 2010. Ed. Robert Doran\n\nGuides to scholarship\n The American Historical Association's Guide to Historical Literature, ed. by Mary Beth Norton and Pamela Gerardi (3rd ed. 2 vol, Oxford U.P. 1995) 2064 pages; annotated guide to 27,000 of the most important English language history books in all fields and topics vol 1 online, vol 2 online\n Allison, William Henry et al. eds. A guide to historical literature (1931) comprehensive bibliography for scholarship to 1930 as selected by scholars from the American Historical Association online edition, free; \n Backhouse, Roger E. and Philippe Fontaine, eds. A Historiography of the Modern Social Sciences (Cambridge University Press, 2014) pp. ix, 248; essays on the ways in which the histories of psychology, anthropology, sociology, economics, history, and political science have been written since 1945\n Black, Jeremy. Clio's Battles: Historiography in Practice (Indiana University Press, 2015.) xvi, 323 pp. \n Boyd, Kelly, ed. Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writers (2 Vol 1999), 1600 pp covering major historians and themes\n Cline, Howard F. ed. Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources, Handbook of Middle American Indians (4 vols U of Texas Press 1973.\n Gray, Wood. Historian's Handbook, 2nd ed. (Houghton-Miffin Co., cop. 1964), vii, 88 pp; a primer\n Elton, G.R. Modern Historians on British History 1485–1945: A Critical Bibliography 1945–1969 (1969), annotated guide to 1000 history books on every major topic, plus book reviews and major scholarly articles. online\n Loades, David, ed. Reader's Guide to British History (Routledge; 2 vol 2003) 1760 pp; highly detailed guide to British historiography excerpt and text search\n \n Parish, Peter, ed. Reader's Guide to American History (Routledge, 1997), 880 pp; detailed guide to historiography of American topics excerpt and text search\n Popkin, Jeremy D. From Herodotus to H-Net: The Story of Historiography (Oxford UP, 2015).\n Woolf, Daniel et al. The Oxford History of Historical Writing (5 vol 2011–r12), covers all major historians since AD 600 \n The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 1: Beginnings to AD 600 online at DOI:10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199218158.001.0001\n The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 3: 1400–1800 online at DOI:10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199219179.001.0001\n The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 4: 1800–1945 online at DOI:10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199533091.001.0001\n\nHistories of historical writing\n Arnold, John H. History: A Very Short Introduction (2000). New York: Oxford University Press. \n Barnes, Harry Elmer. A history of historical writing (1962)\n Barraclough, Geoffrey. History: Main Trends of Research in the Social and Human Sciences, (1978)\n Bauer, Stefan. The Invention of Papal History: Onofrio Panvinio between Renaissance and Catholic Reform (Oxford University Press, 2020).\n Bentley, Michael. ed., Companion to Historiography, Routledge, 1997, , 39 chapters by experts\n Boyd, Kelly, ed. Encyclopedia of historians and historical writing (2 vol. Taylor & Francis, 1999), 1562 pp\n Breisach, Ernst. Historiography: Ancient, Medieval and Modern, 3rd edition, 2007, \n Budd, Adam, ed. The Modern Historiography Reader: Western Sources. (Routledge, 2009).\n Cline, Howard F., ed.Latin American History: Essays on Its Study and Teaching, 1898–1965. 2 vols. Austin: University of Texas Press 1965.\n Cohen, H. Floris The Scientific Revolution: A Historiographical Inquiry, (1994), \n Conrad, Sebastian. The Quest for the Lost Nation: Writing History in Germany and Japan in the American Century (2010)\n Crymble, Adam. Technology and the Historian: Transformations in the Digital Age (University of Illinois, 2021), 241 pp\n Fitzsimons, M.A. et al. eds. The development of historiography (1954) 471 pages; comprehensive global coverage; online free\n Gilderhus, Mark T. History and Historians: A Historiographical Introduction, 2002, \n Iggers, Georg G. Historiography in the 20th Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge (2005)\n Kramer, Lloyd, and Sarah Maza, eds. A Companion to Western Historical Thought Blackwell 2006. 520 pp; .\n Momigliano, Arnaldo. The Classical Foundation of Modern Historiography, 1990, \n The Oxford History of Historical Writing (5 vol 2011), Volume 1: Beginnings to AD 600; Volume 2: 600–1400; Volume 3: 1400–1800; Volume 4: 1800–1945; Volume 5: Historical Writing since 1945 catalog\n Rahman, M. M. ed. Encyclopaedia of Historiography (2006) Excerpt and text search\n Soffer, Reba. History, Historians, and Conservatism in Britain and America: From the Great War to Thatcher and Reagan (2009) excerpt and text search\n Thompson, James Westfall. A History of Historical Writing. vol 1: From the earliest Times to the End of the 17th Century (1942); A History of Historical Writing. vol 2: The 18th and 19th Centuries (1942)\n Woolf, Daniel, ed. A Global Encyclopedia of Historical Writing (2 vol. 1998)\n Woolf, Daniel. \"Historiography\", in New Dictionary of the History of Ideas, ed. M.C. Horowitz, (2005), vol. I.\n Woolf, Daniel. A Global History of History (Cambridge University Press, 2011)\n Woolf, Daniel, ed. The Oxford History of Historical Writing. 5 vols. (Oxford University Press, 2011–12).2011)\n Woolf, Daniel, A Concise History Of History (Cambridge University Press, 2019)\n\nFeminist historiography\n Bonnie G. Smith, The Gender of History: Men, Women, and Historical Practice, Harvard University Press 2000\n Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds its Past: Placing Women in History, New York: Oxford University Press 1979\n Judith M. Bennett, History Matters: Patriarchy and the Challenge of Feminism, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006\n Julie Des Jardins, Women and the Historical Enterprise in America, University of North Carolina Press, 2002\n Donna Guy, \"Gender and Sexuality in Latin America\" in The Oxford Handbook of Latin American History, José C. Moya, ed. New York: Oxford University Press 2011, pp. 367–81.\n Asunción Lavrin, \"Sexuality in Colonial Spanish America\" in The Oxford Handbook of Latin American History, José C. Moya, ed. New York: Oxford University Press 2011, pp. 132–54.\n Mary Ritter Beard, Woman as force in history: A study in traditions and realities Mary Spongberg, Writing women's history since the Renaissance, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002\n Clare Hemmings, \"Why Stories Matter: The Political Grammar of Feminist Theory\", Duke University Press 2011\n\nNational and regional studies\n Berger, Stefan et al., eds. Writing National Histories: Western Europe Since 1800 (1999) excerpt and text search; how history has been used in Germany, France & Italy to legitimize the nation-state against socialist, communist and Catholic internationalism\n Iggers, Georg G. A new Directions and European Historiography (1975)\n LaCapra, Dominic, and Stephen L. Kaplan, eds. Modern European Intellectual History: Reappraisals and New Perspective (1982)\n\nAsia and Africa\n Cohen, Paul. Discovering History in China: American Historical Writing on the Recent Chinese Past. New York, London:: Columbia University Press, Studies of the East Asian Institute, 1984. 237p. Reprinted: 2010, with a New Introduction by the Author. .\n R.C. Majumdar, Historiography in Modem India (Bombay, 1970) \n Marcinkowski, M. Ismail. Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India and Early Ottoman Turkey (Singapore: Pustaka Nasional, 2003)\n Martin, Thomas R. Herodotus and Sima Qian: The First Great Historians of Greece and China: A Brief History with Documents (2009)\n E. Sreedharan, A Textbook of Historiography, 500 B.C. to A.D. 2000 (2004)\n Arvind Sharma, Hinduism and Its Sense of History (Oxford University Press, 2003) \n Shourie, Arun (2014). Eminent historians: Their technology, their line, their fraud. Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India : HarperCollins Publishers. \n Yerxa, Donald A. Recent Themes in the History of Africa and the Atlantic World: Historians in Conversation (2008) excerpt and text search\n\nBritain\n Bann, Stephen. Romanticism and the Rise of History (Twayne Publishers, 1995)\n Bentley, Michael. Modernizing England's Past: English Historiography in the Age of Modernism, 1870–1970 (2006) excerpt and text search\n Cannadine, David. In Churchill's Shadow: Confronting the Passed in Modern Britain (2003)\n Furber, Elizabeth, ed. Changing Views on British History; Essays on Historical Writing Since 1939 (1966); 418pp; essays by scholars\n \n \n Hale, John Rigby, ed. The evolution of British historiography: from Bacon to Namier (1967).\n Hexter, J. H. On Historians: Reappraisals of some of the makers of modern history (1979); covers Carl Becker, Wallace Ferguson, Fernan Braudel, Lawrence Stone, Christopher Hill, and J.G.A. Pocock\n Howsam, Leslie. \"Academic Discipline or Literary Genre?: The Establishment of Boundaries in Historical Writing\". Victorian Literature and Culture 32.02 (2004): 525–545. online\n Jann, Rosemary. The Art and Science of Victorian History (1985)\n Jann, Rosemary. \"From Amateur to Professional: The Case of the Oxbridge Historians\". Journal of British Studies (1983) 22#2 pp: 122–47.\n Kenyon, John. The History Men: The Historical Profession in England since the Renaissance (1983)\n Loades, David. Reader's Guide to British History (2 vol. 2003) 1700pp; 1600-word-long historiographical essays on about 1000 topics\n Mitchell, Rosemary. Picturing the Past: English History in Text and Image 1830–1870 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000)\n Philips, Mark Salber. Society and Sentiment: Genres of Historical Writing in Britain, 1740–1820 (Princeton University Press, 2000).\n Richardson, Roger Charles, ed. The debate on the English Revolution (2nd ed. Manchester University Press, 1998)\n Schlatter, Richard, ed. Recent Views on British History: Essays on Historical Writing Since 1966 (1984) 525 pp; 13 topics essays by scholars\n\nBritish Empire\n Berger, Carl. Writing Canadian History: Aspects of English Canadian Historical Writing since 1900, (2nd ed. 1986)\n Bhattacharjee, J. B. Historians and Historiography of North East India (2012)\n Davison, Graeme. The Use and Abuse of Australian History (2000)\n Farrell, Frank. Themes in Australian History: Questions, Issues and Interpretation in an Evolving Historiography (1990)\n Gare, Deborah. \"Britishness in Recent Australian Historiography\", The Historical Journal, Vol. 43, No. 4 (Dec., 2000), pp. 1145–1155 in JSTOR\n Guha, Ranajiit. Dominance Without Hegemony: History and Power in Colonial India (Harvard UP, 1998)\n Granatstein, J. L. Who Killed Canadian History? (1998)\n Mittal, S. C India distorted: A study of British historians on India (1995), on 19th century writers\n Saunders, Christopher. The making of the South African past: major historians on race and class, (1988)\n Winks, Robin, ed. The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume V: Historiography (2001)\n\nFrance\n\n Burke, Peter. The French Historical Revolution: The Annales School 1929–2014 (John Wiley & Sons, 2015).\n \n Daileader, Philip and Philip Whalen, eds. French Historians 1900–2000: New Historical Writing in Twentieth-Century France (2010) 40 long essays by experts. excerpt\n Revel, Jacques, and Lynn Hunt, eds. Histories: French Constructions of the Past, (1995). 654pp; 65 essays by French historians\n Stoianovich, Traian. French Historical Method: The Annales Paradigm (1976)\n\nGermany\n\n Fletcher, Roger. \"Recent developments in West German Historiography: the Bielefeld School and its critics\". German Studies Review (1984): 451–480. in JSTOR\n Hagemann, Karen, and Jean H. Quataert, eds. Gendering Modern German History: Rewriting Historiography (2008)\n Iggers, Georg G. The German Conception of History: The National Tradition of Historical Thought from Herder to the Present (2nd ed. 1983)\n Rüger, Jan, and Nikolaus Wachsmann, eds. Rewriting German history: new perspectives on modern Germany (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015). excerpt\n Sheehan, James J. \"What is German history? Reflections on the role of the nation in German history and historiography\". Journal of Modern History (1981): 2–23. in JSTOR\n Sperber, Jonathan. \"Master Narratives of Nineteenth-century German History\". Central European History (1991) 24#1: 69–91. online\n Stuchtey, Benedikt, and Peter Wende, eds. British and German historiography, 1750–1950: traditions, perceptions, and transfers (2000).\n\nLatin America\n Adelman, Jeremy, ed. Colonial Legacies. New York: Routledge 1999.\n Coatsworth, John. \"Cliometrics and Mexican History\", Historical Methods18:1 (Winter 1985)31–37.\n \n \n Lockhart, James. \"The Social History of Early Latin America\". Latin American Research Review 1972.\n Moya, José C. The Oxford Handbook of Latin American History. New York: Oxford University Press 2011.\n \n \n\nUnited States\n Hofstadter, Richard. The Progressive Historians: Turner, Beard, Parrington (1968)\n Novick, Peter. That Noble Dream: The \"Objectivity Question\" and the American Historical Profession (1988), \n Palmer, William W. \"All Coherence Gone? A Cultural History of Leading History Departments in the United States, 1970–2010\", Journal of The Historical Society (2012), 12: 111–53. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5923.2012.00360.x\n Palmer, William. Engagement with the Past: The Lives and Works of the World War II Generation of Historians (2001)\n Parish, Peter J., ed. Reader's Guide to American History (1997), historiographical overview of 600 topics\n Wish, Harvey. The American Historian (1960), covers pre-1920\n\nThemes, organizations, and teaching\n Carlebach, Elishiva, et al. eds. Jewish History and Jewish Memory: Essays in Honor of Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi (1998) excerpt and text search\n Charlton, Thomas L. History of Oral History: Foundations and Methodology (2007)\n Darcy, R. and Richard C. Rohrs, A Guide to Quantitative History (1995)\n Dawidowicz, Lucy S. The Holocaust and Historians. (1981).\n Ernest, John. Liberation Historiography: African American Writers and the Challenge of History, 1794–1861. (2004)\n Evans, Ronald W. The Hope for American School Reform: The Cold War Pursuit of Inquiry Learning in Social Studies(Palgrave Macmillan; 2011) 265 pages\n Ferro, Marc, Cinema and History (1988)\n Green, Anna, and Kathleeen Troup. The Houses of History: A Critical Reader in Twentieth Century History and Theory. 2 ed. Manchester University Press, 2016.\n Hudson, Pat. History by Numbers: An Introduction to Quantitative Approaches (2002)\n Keita, Maghan. Race and the Writing of History. Oxford UP (2000)\n Leavy, Patricia. Oral History: Understanding Qualitative Research (2011) excerpt and text search\n Loewen, James W. Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong, (1996)\nManning, Patrick, ed. World History: Global And Local Interactions (2006)\n Maza, Sarah. Thinking About History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226109473.001.0001.\n Meister, Daniel R. \"The biographical turn and the case for historical biography\" History Compass (Dec. 2017) DOI: 10.1111/hic3.12436 abstract\n Morris-Suzuki, Tessa. The Past Within Us: Media, Memory, History (2005), \n Ritchie, Donald A. The Oxford Handbook of Oral History (2010) excerpt and text search\n Tröhler, Daniel \"History and Historiography. Approaches to Historical Research in Education\" T. Fitzgerald (ed.), THandbook of Historical Studies in Education'' (2019);\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n International Commission for the History and Theory of Historiography\n short guide to Historiographical terms\n Basic guide to historiography research for undergraduates\n Cromohs – cyber review of modern historiography open-access electronic scholarly journal \n History of Historiography scholarly journal in several languages\n\n \nCategory:Philosophy of history", "title": "Historiography" } ]

[ "Margaret Sanger worked with African American leaders and professionals to address the need for birth control within their communities. She opened a birth control clinic in Harlem that was staffed by black doctors and directed by an advisory board of black professionals. This clinic was promoted in the African-American press and in black churches. She also played a supervisory role in the Negro Project, an initiative to deliver birth control to poor black people, and advocated for the hiring of black ministers in leadership positions within this project.", "The context does not provide any information on Margaret Sanger being arrested for her work with the African-American community.", "Margaret Sanger worked closely with African American leaders and professionals who identified a need for birth control in their communities. James H. Hubert, a black social worker and the leader of New York's Urban League, asked Sanger to open a clinic in Harlem. Funded by the Julius Rosenwald Fund, Sanger opened a clinic in 1930 with a fully black staff including doctors. The clinic was overseen by a 15 member advisory board that included black doctors, nurses, clergy, journalists, and social workers. This clinic was publicly endorsed by African-American press and black churches, and was supported by prominent figures such as W. E. B. Du Bois, a co-founder of the NAACP and the editor of its magazine, The Crisis. Sanger was firmly against any form of discrimination within her staff and insisted on work within interracial projects. Between 1939 and 1942, Sanger acted as an honorary delegate of the Birth Control Federation of America and supervised the Negro Project, an initiative aiming to provide birth control to poor black people. She also advocated hiring black ministers in important roles in the project, emphasizing the value of hiring black community leaders to represent the project.", "The context does not provide information on when Margaret Sanger stopped working with the Birth Control Federation of America." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No" ]

[ "C_ee52e32c45b44bc7bd5330f4157507a6_0_q#0", "C_ee52e32c45b44bc7bd5330f4157507a6_0_q#1", "C_ee52e32c45b44bc7bd5330f4157507a6_0_q#2", "C_ee52e32c45b44bc7bd5330f4157507a6_0_q#3", "C_ee52e32c45b44bc7bd5330f4157507a6_0_q#4", "C_ee52e32c45b44bc7bd5330f4157507a6_0_q#5", "C_ee52e32c45b44bc7bd5330f4157507a6_0_q#6" ]

[ "What types of things has Stallone done other than act?", "Who else was in the movie?", "Was it a success?", "Is directing the only type of things he has done, other than act?", "How did the book do?", "What types of advice did he give in Sly Moves?", "What was his biggest success as a director?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2 ]

[ 2, 2, 0, 1, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 1606 ], [ 114 ], [ 269 ], [ 1606 ], [ 328 ], [ 1606 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Stallone's debut as a director came in 1978 with Paradise Alley, which he also wrote and starred in." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "he directed Staying Alive, the sequel to Saturday Night Fever, along with Rocky II, Rocky III, Rocky IV, Rocky Balboa, and Rambo." ], [ "released his book Sly Moves which claimed to be a guide to fitness and nutrition as well as a candid insight into his life and works from his own perspective." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "fitness and nutrition" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 1606, 114, 269, 1606, 328, 1606 ], "texts": [ "Stallone's debut as a director came in 1978 with Paradise Alley, which he also wrote and starred in.", "CANNOTANSWER", "he directed Staying Alive, the sequel to Saturday Night Fever, along with Rocky II, Rocky III, Rocky IV, Rocky Balboa, and Rambo.", "released his book Sly Moves which claimed to be a guide to fitness and nutrition as well as a candid insight into his life and works from his own perspective.", "CANNOTANSWER", "fitness and nutrition", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "Stallone has directed several films, including Paradise Alley, Staying Alive, and the Rocky series. He has been a writer on multiple film scripts including Cobra, Driven, Rambo, and the first three Rambo films. Stallone has also co-written several films, with one of his last major successes being 1993's Cliffhanger. He has written a book on fitness and nutrition, called Sly Moves. Stallone has also expressed interest in directing a film on Edgar Allan Poe's life and has plans to adapt Nelson DeMille's novel The Lion's Game and James Byron Huggins's novel Hunter into films. He has also provided voice acting for the film Zookeeper.", "The context does not provide information on who else was in a specific movie with Stallone.", "The context does not provide information on whether a specific movie with Stallone was a success.", "No, directing isn't the only thing Stallone has done apart from acting. He has also written multiple film scripts, co-written several films, written a book on fitness and nutrition called \"Sly Moves\", provided voice acting for the film \"Zookeeper\", and expressed interest in adapting novels into films.", "The context does not provide information on how well Stallone's book \"Sly Moves\" performed in terms of sales or reception.", "According to the context, the book \"Sly Moves\" by Stallone is a guide to fitness and nutrition, and also provides a candid insight into his life and works from his own perspective.", "The context does not provide information on what Stallone's biggest success as a director was." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_a480ed1acd1247668898d4f4dbb371b3_1_q#0", "C_a480ed1acd1247668898d4f4dbb371b3_1_q#1", "C_a480ed1acd1247668898d4f4dbb371b3_1_q#2", "C_a480ed1acd1247668898d4f4dbb371b3_1_q#3", "C_a480ed1acd1247668898d4f4dbb371b3_1_q#4" ]

[ "When was the band formed?", "Did Day of the Dead perform live?", "Did they do collaborations?", "What is the name of one of their songs?", "Who is 4AD?" ]

[ 1, 1, 2, 0, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 2550 ], [ 2550 ], [ 103 ], [ 453 ], [ 2550 ] ], "texts": [ [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "The album features contributions from various guest artists, including Sufjan Stevens and Doveman." ], [ "The song \"Start a War\" was featured on the international science fiction series Defying Gravity," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 2550, 2550, 103, 453, 2550 ], "texts": [ "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER", "The album features contributions from various guest artists, including Sufjan Stevens and Doveman.", "The song \"Start a War\" was featured on the international science fiction series Defying Gravity,", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "The text does not provide information on when the band was formed.", "The text does not provide information on whether Day of the Dead performed live.", "Yes, the band collaborated with various guest artists like Sufjan Stevens and Doveman for their fourth album, Boxer. They also collaborated with filmmaker Vincent Moon for their documentary titled A Skin, a Night.", "One of the songs by the band is \"Slow Show.\"", "The text does not provide information on who or what 4AD is.\n" ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes" ]

[ "C_59e99b9b46e44d24a78bee0859d4058a_0_q#0", "C_59e99b9b46e44d24a78bee0859d4058a_0_q#1", "C_59e99b9b46e44d24a78bee0859d4058a_0_q#2", "C_59e99b9b46e44d24a78bee0859d4058a_0_q#3", "C_59e99b9b46e44d24a78bee0859d4058a_0_q#4", "C_59e99b9b46e44d24a78bee0859d4058a_0_q#5", "C_59e99b9b46e44d24a78bee0859d4058a_0_q#6" ]

[ "What is domino?", "why did he replace it?", "What was the result of this?", "Did he actually die?", "how did they know where he was?", "did his mother survive?", "Where did they go?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 1327 ], [ 0 ], [ 213 ], [ 466 ], [ 161 ], [ 961 ], [ 693 ] ], "texts": [ [ "President George W. Bush made a personal visit and replaced the National Medal of Arts that President Bill Clinton had previously awarded Domino." ], [ "As Hurricane Katrina approached New Orleans in August 2005, Domino chose to stay at home with his family, partly because his wife, Rosemary, was in poor health." ], [ "Domino was rumored to have died, and his home was vandalized when someone spray-painted the message \"RIP Fats. You will be missed\"." ], [ "Later that day, CNN reported that Domino had been rescued by a Coast Guard helicopter." ], [ "His house was in an area that was heavily flooded." ], [ "The Washington Post reported that on September 2, they had left Russell's apartment after sleeping three nights on the couch." ], [ "The family was then taken to a shelter in Baton Rouge, after which they were picked up by JaMarcus Russell," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 1327, 0, 213, 466, 161, 961, 693 ], "texts": [ "President George W. Bush made a personal visit and replaced the National Medal of Arts that President Bill Clinton had previously awarded Domino.", "As Hurricane Katrina approached New Orleans in August 2005, Domino chose to stay at home with his family, partly because his wife, Rosemary, was in poor health.", "Domino was rumored to have died, and his home was vandalized when someone spray-painted the message \"RIP Fats. You will be missed\".", "Later that day, CNN reported that Domino had been rescued by a Coast Guard helicopter.", "His house was in an area that was heavily flooded.", "The Washington Post reported that on September 2, they had left Russell's apartment after sleeping three nights on the couch.", "The family was then taken to a shelter in Baton Rouge, after which they were picked up by JaMarcus Russell," ] }

[]

[ "Domino in this context refers to a person, specifically a musician named Fats Domino.", "President George W. Bush replaced the National Medal of Arts that Fats Domino had been awarded by President Bill Clinton, likely because it had been lost in the devastation of Hurricane Katrina.", "The result of the devastation by the Hurricane was extensive damage to Fats Domino's house and loss of his belongings, including his award and gold records. President George W. Bush replaced the National Medal of Arts, and the gold records were replaced by the RIAA and Capitol Records. Reconstruction and repair work began on Domino's home and office by January 2006, and in the meantime, the Domino family lived in Harvey, Louisiana.", "No, Fats Domino did not die in the Hurricane Katrina. It was initially rumored that he had died because no one had heard from him since the hurricane, but later it was confirmed that he and his family had been rescued by a Coast Guard helicopter.", "The text does not provide specific details on how rescuers knew where to find Fats Domino during Hurricane Katrina. It was reported that he was rescued by a Coast Guard helicopter, but the process used to locate him is not mentioned.", "The text does not provide information about the survival of Fats Domino's mother during Hurricane Katrina.", "After being rescued, Fats Domino and his family were taken to a shelter in Baton Rouge. They were then picked up by JaMarcus Russell, Domino's granddaughter's boyfriend, and stayed in his apartment for several nights. After leaving the apartment, they resided in Harvey, Louisiana while repair and reconstruction work began on Domino's home." ]

[ "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "no", "Yes" ]

[ "C_59e99b9b46e44d24a78bee0859d4058a_1_q#0", "C_59e99b9b46e44d24a78bee0859d4058a_1_q#1", "C_59e99b9b46e44d24a78bee0859d4058a_1_q#2", "C_59e99b9b46e44d24a78bee0859d4058a_1_q#3", "C_59e99b9b46e44d24a78bee0859d4058a_1_q#4", "C_59e99b9b46e44d24a78bee0859d4058a_1_q#5", "C_59e99b9b46e44d24a78bee0859d4058a_1_q#6" ]

[ "What is Fats most famous song?", "What did he leave Imperial?", "Where did he go after he left Imperial?", "What songs did he release through Mercury?", "Did he win any awards?", "Was her very famous during this time?", "Is there any other interesting information on Fats?" ]

[ 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 644 ], [ 1875 ], [ 891 ], [ 1347 ], [ 1875 ], [ 1501 ], [ 1410 ] ], "texts": [ [ "40 (\"Red Sails in the Sunset\", 1963)." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "1970, leaving ABC-Paramount in mid-1965 and recording for Mercury Records," ], [ "had a Top 100 single, a cover of the Beatles' \"Lady Madonna\"." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "He continued to be popular as a performer for several decades." ], [ "Domino appeared in the Monkees' television special 33 1/3 Revolutions per Monkee in 1969." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 644, 1875, 891, 1347, 1875, 1501, 1410 ], "texts": [ "40 (\"Red Sails in the Sunset\", 1963).", "CANNOTANSWER", "1970, leaving ABC-Paramount in mid-1965 and recording for Mercury Records,", "had a Top 100 single, a cover of the Beatles' \"Lady Madonna\".", "CANNOTANSWER", "He continued to be popular as a performer for several decades.", "Domino appeared in the Monkees' television special 33 1/3 Revolutions per Monkee in 1969." ] }

[]

[ "The text does not provide information on what Fats Domino's most famous song is.", "The text does not provide information on why Fats Domino left Imperial.", "After leaving Imperial, Fats Domino moved to ABC-Paramount Records in 1963.", "The text does not provide specific names of the songs Fats Domino released through Mercury Records.", "The text does not provide information on whether Fats Domino won any awards.", "The text does not provide information on whether Fats Domino was very famous during this time.", "Some interesting information about Fats Domino from the text includes that he recorded for Mercury Records after leaving ABC-Paramount in mid-1965 and delivered a live album and two singles there. He also had a Top 100 single, a cover of the Beatles' \"Lady Madonna\". Additionally, he appeared in the Monkees' television special 33 1/3 Revolutions per Monkee in 1969, made a cameo appearance in Clint Eastwood's movie Any Which Way You Can, and his life and career were showcased in Joe Lauro's 2015 documentary The Big Beat: Fats Domino and the Birth of Rock 'n' Roll." ]

[ "No", "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes", "No", "No" ]

[ "C_bb1e211d06aa49389368bc272fa9930e_0_q#0", "C_bb1e211d06aa49389368bc272fa9930e_0_q#1", "C_bb1e211d06aa49389368bc272fa9930e_0_q#2", "C_bb1e211d06aa49389368bc272fa9930e_0_q#3", "C_bb1e211d06aa49389368bc272fa9930e_0_q#4", "C_bb1e211d06aa49389368bc272fa9930e_0_q#5", "C_bb1e211d06aa49389368bc272fa9930e_0_q#6", "C_bb1e211d06aa49389368bc272fa9930e_0_q#7", "C_bb1e211d06aa49389368bc272fa9930e_0_q#8", "C_bb1e211d06aa49389368bc272fa9930e_0_q#9" ]

[ "What was giant killer?", "when was his unmasking?", "what happened after that?", "did he win any titles?", "did he set any records?", "did he do anything else that gained him fame?", "did he have any conflicts?", "was he ever injured?", "did his career end?", "was his unmasking popular?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 2, 1 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 478 ], [ 0 ], [ 478 ], [ 1098 ], [ 2267 ], [ 1688 ], [ 1509 ], [ 2417 ], [ 2417 ], [ 405 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Mysterio later became a \"giant killer\" by defeating large opponents such as Kevin Nash, Bam Bam Bigelow, and Scott Norton." ], [ "In 1999, after the two factions of nWo reformed, they demanded that the LWO disband." ], [ "Mysterio later became a \"giant killer\" by defeating large opponents such as Kevin Nash, Bam Bam Bigelow, and Scott Norton." ], [ "he defeated Billy Kidman to win his fifth Cruiserweight Championship." ], [ "Mysterio and Kidman lost the World Tag Team titles to Raven and Perry Saturn in a Triangle match," ], [ "Mysterio and Kidman teamed with each other and defeated Flair's Four Horsemen stablemates Chris Benoit and Dean Malenko to win the WCW World Tag" ], [ "The match ended with a disqualification win for Flair, even though Arn Anderson's interference on Flair's behalf should have theoretically disqualified Flair." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Mysterio has publicly expressed his disappointment over being unmasked:" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 478, 0, 478, 1098, 2267, 1688, 1509, 2417, 2417, 405 ], "texts": [ "Mysterio later became a \"giant killer\" by defeating large opponents such as Kevin Nash, Bam Bam Bigelow, and Scott Norton.", "In 1999, after the two factions of nWo reformed, they demanded that the LWO disband.", "Mysterio later became a \"giant killer\" by defeating large opponents such as Kevin Nash, Bam Bam Bigelow, and Scott Norton.", "he defeated Billy Kidman to win his fifth Cruiserweight Championship.", "Mysterio and Kidman lost the World Tag Team titles to Raven and Perry Saturn in a Triangle match,", "Mysterio and Kidman teamed with each other and defeated Flair's Four Horsemen stablemates Chris Benoit and Dean Malenko to win the WCW World Tag", "The match ended with a disqualification win for Flair, even though Arn Anderson's interference on Flair's behalf should have theoretically disqualified Flair.", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER", "Mysterio has publicly expressed his disappointment over being unmasked:" ] }

[]

[ "\"Giant killer\" was a title used to describe Mysterio after he began defeating large opponents such as Kevin Nash, Bam Bam Bigelow, and Scott Norton.", "Mysterio was unmasked after losing a \"Hair vs. Mask match\" at SuperBrawl IX in 1999.", "After losing his mask, Mysterio became a \"giant killer\" by defeating large opponents like Kevin Nash, Bam Bam Bigelow, and Scott Norton. He also faced Nash at Uncensored in a match where Lex Luger interfered and helped Nash win. Mysterio got a shot at the WCW World Heavyweight Championship against Ric Flair but did not win. He later teamed up with Billy Kidman to win the WCW World Tag Team Championship, making him a double champion.", "Yes, Mysterio won several titles. He became a double champion when he won the WCW World Tag Team Championship alongside Billy Kidman and also held the Cruiserweight Championship five times. However, he lost both titles–the Cruiserweight Championship to Psicosis and the WCW World Tag Team Championship to the team of Raven and Perry Saturn.", "The context does not provide information on any records set by Mysterio.", "Yes, in addition to winning titles, Mysterio gained fame through a number of notable achievements. He was known as a 'giant killer' for defeating large opponents such as Kevin Nash, Bam Bam Bigelow, and Scott Norton. He also made headlines by refusing to disband the LWO when demanded by the nWo, leading to a high-profile conflict and match. Despite being a cruiserweight, he got a shot at the WCW World Heavyweight Championship against Ric Flair, which was a significant event. These actions and events contributed to his fame.", "Yes, Mysterio had several conflicts. One of the notable ones was with the two factions of nWo, who demanded that the LWO (which included Mysterio) disband. When Mysterio refused, he was attacked by the nWo. This led to a match at SuperBrawl IX. He also played against large opponents such as Kevin Nash, Bam Bam Bigelow, and Scott Norton, earning him the title of 'giant killer'. Furthermore, he had matches with heavyweight wrestlers where it was made clear to him that he would not be a main eventer due to the WCW's specific usage of their cruiserweight talent.", "The context does not provide information on whether Mysterio was ever injured.", "The context does not provide information on whether Mysterio's career ended.", "The context does not provide information on whether Mysterio's unmasking was popular. However, it does mention that Mysterio has publicly expressed his disappointment over being unmasked." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "no", "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_bb1e211d06aa49389368bc272fa9930e_1_q#0", "C_bb1e211d06aa49389368bc272fa9930e_1_q#1", "C_bb1e211d06aa49389368bc272fa9930e_1_q#2", "C_bb1e211d06aa49389368bc272fa9930e_1_q#3", "C_bb1e211d06aa49389368bc272fa9930e_1_q#4", "C_bb1e211d06aa49389368bc272fa9930e_1_q#5", "C_bb1e211d06aa49389368bc272fa9930e_1_q#6", "C_bb1e211d06aa49389368bc272fa9930e_1_q#7", "C_bb1e211d06aa49389368bc272fa9930e_1_q#8", "C_bb1e211d06aa49389368bc272fa9930e_1_q#9", "C_bb1e211d06aa49389368bc272fa9930e_1_q#10" ]

[ "What happened in this division?", "Was he champion wrestler during this time?", "was there any other titles?", "During this time was he on tv for this division?", "Was he successful in this division?", "Where there many matches during this time?", "What were some others if any that he did?", "Did he receive any belts for his wins?", "Did he lose any matches ?", "Were there any other losses during this time frame?", "Did he end his career after this?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1 ]

[ 2, 0, 2, 2, 1, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 205 ], [ 413 ], [ 857 ], [ 3283 ], [ 945 ], [ 1057 ], [ 2867 ], [ 2150 ], [ 3151 ], [ 1776 ], [ 3283 ] ], "texts": [ [ "In July at Bash at the Beach, he defeated longtime rival Psicosis in a number one contender's match to earn" ], [ "Nitro, he defeated Malenko to win his first Cruiserweight Championship." ], [ "In early 1997, he feuded with Prince Iaukea over the WCW World Television Championship." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Mysterio was defeated in his title match against Iaukea at SuperBrawl VII after Lord Steven Regal attacked him." ], [ "Mysterio also lost a championship rematch at Uncensored in March." ], [ "His alliance with Kidman was formed after Mysterio helped Kidman defeat Juventud for the Cruiserweight Championship at World War 3." ], [ "The next night, however, the result was overturned and the belt returned to Jericho due to Dean Malenko interfering." ], [ "Kidman once again defeated Mysterio for the title at Souled Out in a fatal four-way match that also included Psicosis and Juventud." ], [ "but lost it nine days later to Chris Jericho at Souled Out." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 205, 413, 857, 3283, 945, 1057, 2867, 2150, 3151, 1776, 3283 ], "texts": [ "In July at Bash at the Beach, he defeated longtime rival Psicosis in a number one contender's match to earn", "Nitro, he defeated Malenko to win his first Cruiserweight Championship.", "In early 1997, he feuded with Prince Iaukea over the WCW World Television Championship.", "CANNOTANSWER", "Mysterio was defeated in his title match against Iaukea at SuperBrawl VII after Lord Steven Regal attacked him.", "Mysterio also lost a championship rematch at Uncensored in March.", "His alliance with Kidman was formed after Mysterio helped Kidman defeat Juventud for the Cruiserweight Championship at World War 3.", "The next night, however, the result was overturned and the belt returned to Jericho due to Dean Malenko interfering.", "Kidman once again defeated Mysterio for the title at Souled Out in a fatal four-way match that also included Psicosis and Juventud.", "but lost it nine days later to Chris Jericho at Souled Out.", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "C_a480ed1acd1247668898d4f4dbb371b3_0_q#0", "C_a480ed1acd1247668898d4f4dbb371b3_0_q#1", "C_a480ed1acd1247668898d4f4dbb371b3_0_q#2", "C_a480ed1acd1247668898d4f4dbb371b3_0_q#3", "C_a480ed1acd1247668898d4f4dbb371b3_0_q#4", "C_a480ed1acd1247668898d4f4dbb371b3_0_q#5" ]

[ "What is the Day of the Dead", "What artists worked on DOD", "What year was DOD done?", "Why did they make this album with a group?", "Was DOD popular?", "How many people bought the album?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 709 ], [ 796 ], [ 3 ], [ 1853 ], [ 1588 ], [ 1853 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Day of the Dead features collaborations and recordings from a diverse group of artists" ], [ "including Wilco, Flaming Lips, Bruce Hornsby, Justin Vernon, the National, The War on Drugs, Kurt Vile, Lee Renaldo of Sonic Youth, Ira Kaplan of Yo La Tengo," ], [ "March 17, 2016" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "performance took place in August 2016 at the second annual Eaux Claires Festival (" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 709, 796, 3, 1853, 1588, 1853 ], "texts": [ "Day of the Dead features collaborations and recordings from a diverse group of artists", "including Wilco, Flaming Lips, Bruce Hornsby, Justin Vernon, the National, The War on Drugs, Kurt Vile, Lee Renaldo of Sonic Youth, Ira Kaplan of Yo La Tengo,", "March 17, 2016", "CANNOTANSWER", "performance took place in August 2016 at the second annual Eaux Claires Festival (", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "Day of the Dead is a charity tribute album to the Grateful Dead released by 4AD on May 20, 2016. The album features collaborations and recordings from a diverse group of artists and includes 59 tracks. The album was produced, curated, and created by Aaron and Bryce and is a tribute to the songwriting and experimentalism of the Dead. Profits from the album are used to help fight for AIDS/ HIV and related health issues around the world through the Red Hot Organization.", "Artists who worked on Day of the Dead include Wilco, Flaming Lips, Bruce Hornsby, Justin Vernon, the National, The War on Drugs, Kurt Vile, Lee Renaldo of Sonic Youth, Ira Kaplan of Yo La Tengo, Jenny Lewis, The Tallest Man on Earth, Unknown Mortal Orchestra, Perfume Genius, Jim James of My Morning Jacket, Orchestra Baobob, Terry Riley and his son Gyan Riley, Tim Hecker, So Percussion, Vijay Iyer, Bela Fleck.\nThe house band on many of the tracks included Aaron, Bryce, Scott and Bryan Devendorf, Josh Kaufman, Conrad Doucette, Sam Cohen and Walter Martin.", "Day of the Dead was released on May 20, 2016.", "The album was created as a wide-ranging tribute to the songwriting and experimentalism of the Grateful Dead. It involved a diverse group of artists from varied musical backgrounds to cover 59 of the Grateful Dead's tracks. All profits from the album are used to help fight for AIDS/ HIV and related health issues around the world through the Red Hot Organization.", "The text does not provide information on the popularity of the Day of the Dead album.", "The text does not provide information on how many people bought the Day of the Dead album." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "No", "Yes" ]

[ "C_a9f143386f8e44fea051a74680f8d4ea_1_q#0", "C_a9f143386f8e44fea051a74680f8d4ea_1_q#1", "C_a9f143386f8e44fea051a74680f8d4ea_1_q#2", "C_a9f143386f8e44fea051a74680f8d4ea_1_q#3" ]

[ "What makes this album special?", "How many songs are on it?", "What label was this produced on?", "How long did it take to record?" ]

[ 1, 1, 0, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 2829 ], [ 2829 ], [ 2385 ], [ 2829 ] ], "texts": [ [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Atlantic Records" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 2829, 2829, 2385, 2829 ], "texts": [ "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER", "Atlantic Records", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "The album \"Food & Liquor II: The Great American Rap Album Pt. 1\" is special as it featured Fiasco's first number one single \"Battle Scars.\" It received generally positive reviews, with an average score of 70 on Metacritic, indicating generally favorable reviews from mainstream critics, and it was nominated for Best Rap Album at the 55th Grammy Awards. Additionally, it stirred controversy due to the use of a sample from Pete Rock's \"They Reminisce Over You (T.R.O.Y.)\" in its lead single.", "The context does not provide information on the number of songs included in the album \"Food & Liquor II: The Great American Rap Album Pt. 1\".", "The context does not provide information on which label produced the album \"Food & Liquor II: The Great American Rap Album Pt. 1\".", "The context does not provide information on how long it took to record the album \"Food & Liquor II: The Great American Rap Album Pt. 1\"." ]

[ "No", "Yes", "no", "Yes" ]

[ "C_5b700544ca354d49bc528c90a703d0dc_1_q#0", "C_5b700544ca354d49bc528c90a703d0dc_1_q#1", "C_5b700544ca354d49bc528c90a703d0dc_1_q#2", "C_5b700544ca354d49bc528c90a703d0dc_1_q#3" ]

[ "Who is Everton?", "Why did they meet at Woodside Hotel?", "When he went to that game who won?", "When did he start playing himself?" ]

[ 2, 0, 1, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 83 ], [ 0 ], [ 2455 ], [ 344 ] ], "texts": [ [ "old. It was a dream come true for Dean when Everton secretary Thomas H. McIntosh arranged to meet him at the Woodside Hotel in 1925." ], [ "His father had taken him to a league game at Goodison Park when he was eight years old." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "He signed for Everton in March 1925 having just turned 18." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 83, 0, 2455, 344 ], "texts": [ "old. It was a dream come true for Dean when Everton secretary Thomas H. McIntosh arranged to meet him at the Woodside Hotel in 1925.", "His father had taken him to a league game at Goodison Park when he was eight years old.", "CANNOTANSWER", "He signed for Everton in March 1925 having just turned 18." ] }

[]

[ "Everton is a football club based in Liverpool, England.", "The text does not provide specific reasons why they met at the Woodside Hotel.", "The text does not provide information on who won the league game that Dean attended with his father at Goodison Park.", "Dean signed for Everton and presumably started playing for them in March 1925." ]

[ "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_5b700544ca354d49bc528c90a703d0dc_0_q#0", "C_5b700544ca354d49bc528c90a703d0dc_0_q#1", "C_5b700544ca354d49bc528c90a703d0dc_0_q#2", "C_5b700544ca354d49bc528c90a703d0dc_0_q#3", "C_5b700544ca354d49bc528c90a703d0dc_0_q#4" ]

[ "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Did he have any other awards?", "When was he inducted?", "Was his number retired?", "Why was he inducted to the hall of fame?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 2, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 656 ], [ 942 ], [ 933 ], [ 1944 ], [ 1481 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Dean's 1933 FA Cup winners medal sold for PS18,213 at auction in March 2001." ], [ "Dean was an inaugural inductee to the English Football Hall of Fame." ], [ "In 2002," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "In total, Dean scored 383 goals for Everton in 433 appearances--an exceptional strike-rate" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 656, 942, 933, 1944, 1481 ], "texts": [ "Dean's 1933 FA Cup winners medal sold for PS18,213 at auction in March 2001.", "Dean was an inaugural inductee to the English Football Hall of Fame.", "In 2002,", "CANNOTANSWER", "In total, Dean scored 383 goals for Everton in 433 appearances--an exceptional strike-rate" ] }

[]

[ "As an AI, I don't form opinions, but some readers might find it interesting that despite rough treatment and provocation from opponents, Dean was known as a sporting player who was never booked or sent off during his career. In addition, it may be interesting to note that his 1933 FA Cup winners medal was auctioned off for PS18,213 in March 2001. Furthermore, the international recognition of Dean was illustrated by an Italian prisoner of war's comment during the Second World War. In terms of statistics, only Arthur Rowley has scored more English-league career goals than Dean, but Dean had a higher goals per game rate.", "The text does not provide information on any other awards that Dean may have received.", "Dean was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2002.", "The text does not provide information on whether Dean's number was retired or not.", "The text does not provide specific reasons for Dean's induction into the English Football Hall of Fame." ]

[ "Neutral", "no", "Yes", "Yes", "no" ]

[ "C_f2610fb3d05b44c7985ecb34f1dfd53a_1_q#0", "C_f2610fb3d05b44c7985ecb34f1dfd53a_1_q#1", "C_f2610fb3d05b44c7985ecb34f1dfd53a_1_q#2", "C_f2610fb3d05b44c7985ecb34f1dfd53a_1_q#3", "C_f2610fb3d05b44c7985ecb34f1dfd53a_1_q#4", "C_f2610fb3d05b44c7985ecb34f1dfd53a_1_q#5", "C_f2610fb3d05b44c7985ecb34f1dfd53a_1_q#6", "C_f2610fb3d05b44c7985ecb34f1dfd53a_1_q#7", "C_f2610fb3d05b44c7985ecb34f1dfd53a_1_q#8" ]

[ "When did Jack start performing", "What did he do in the Jack Benny Program", "What was the show about", "What else can you tell me about his history", "What did he do for the NBC department", "What else did he do in radio", "What did he do for Canada Dry", "Did he work for any other radio shows", "What was the Chevrolet program" ]

[ 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1 ]

[ 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 83 ], [ 1818 ], [ 252 ], [ 444 ], [ 827 ], [ 681 ], [ 1110 ], [ 1818 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Benny had been a minor vaudeville performer before becoming a national figure with The Jack Benny Program, a weekly radio show that ran from 1932" ], [ "The Jack Benny Program, a weekly radio show that ran from 1932 to 1948 on NBC and from 1949 to 1955 on CBS." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Benny's long radio career began on April 6, 1932, when the NBC Commercial Program Department auditioned him for the N.W. Ayer agency and their client," ], [ "head of the division, said, \"We think Mr. Benny is excellent for radio and, while the audition was unassisted as far as orchestra was concerned," ], [ "With Canada Dry ginger ale as a sponsor, Benny came to radio on The Canada Dry Program," ], [ "Benny said Ed Sullivan had invited him to guest on his program (1932), and \"the agency for Canada Dry ginger ale heard me and offered me a job.\"" ], [ "Arriving at NBC on March 17, Benny did The Chevrolet Program until April 1, 1934." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 83, 1818, 252, 444, 827, 681, 1110, 1818 ], "texts": [ "Benny had been a minor vaudeville performer before becoming a national figure with The Jack Benny Program, a weekly radio show that ran from 1932", "The Jack Benny Program, a weekly radio show that ran from 1932 to 1948 on NBC and from 1949 to 1955 on CBS.", "CANNOTANSWER", "Benny's long radio career began on April 6, 1932, when the NBC Commercial Program Department auditioned him for the N.W. Ayer agency and their client,", "head of the division, said, \"We think Mr. Benny is excellent for radio and, while the audition was unassisted as far as orchestra was concerned,", "With Canada Dry ginger ale as a sponsor, Benny came to radio on The Canada Dry Program,", "Benny said Ed Sullivan had invited him to guest on his program (1932), and \"the agency for Canada Dry ginger ale heard me and offered me a job.\"", "Arriving at NBC on March 17, Benny did The Chevrolet Program until April 1, 1934.", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[ { "text": "Audio most commonly refers to sound, as it is transmitted in signal form. It may also refer to:\n\nSound\nAudio signal, an electrical representation of sound\nAudio frequency, a frequency in the audio spectrum\nDigital audio, representation of sound in a form processed and/or stored by computers or digital electronics\nAudio, audible content (media) in audio production and publishing\nSemantic audio, extraction of symbols or meaning from audio\nStereophonic audio, method of sound reproduction that creates an illusion of multi-directional audible perspective\nAudio equipment\n\nEntertainment\nAUDIO (group), an American R&B band of 5 brothers formerly known as TNT Boyz and as B5\nAudio (album), an album by the Blue Man Group\nAudio (magazine), a magazine published from 1947 to 2000\nAudio (musician), British drum and bass artist\n\"Audio\" (song), a song by LSD\n\nComputing\n, an HTML element, see HTML5 audio\n\nSee also\nAcoustic (disambiguation)\nAudible (disambiguation)\nAudiobook\nRadio broadcasting\nSound recording and reproduction\nSound reinforcement", "title": "Audio" }, { "text": "Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback, broadcasting, and display of moving visual media. Video was first developed for mechanical television systems, which were quickly replaced by cathode-ray tube (CRT) systems which, in turn, were replaced by flat panel displays of several types.\n\nVideo systems vary in display resolution, aspect ratio, refresh rate, color capabilities and other qualities. Analog and digital variants exist and can be carried on a variety of media, including radio broadcasts, magnetic tape, optical discs, computer files, and network streaming.\n\nEtymology \nVideo comes from the root video of Latin video (\"I see\").\n\nHistory\n\nAnalog video\n\nVideo technology was first developed for mechanical television systems, which were quickly replaced by cathode-ray tube (CRT) television systems, but several new technologies for video display devices have since been invented. Video was originally exclusively a live technology. Charles Ginsburg led an Ampex research team developing one of the first practical video tape recorders (VTR). In 1951, the first VTR captured live images from television cameras by writing the camera's electrical signal onto magnetic videotape.\n\nVideo recorders were sold for US$50,000 in 1956, and videotapes cost US$300 per one-hour reel. However, prices gradually dropped over the years; in 1971, Sony began selling videocassette recorder (VCR) decks and tapes into the consumer market.\n\nDigital video\n\nDigital video is capable of higher quality and, eventually, much lower cost than earlier analog technology. After the invention of the DVD in 1997, and later the Blu-ray Disc in 2006, sales of videotape and recording equipment plummeted. Advances in computer technology allows even inexpensive personal computers and smartphones to capture, store, edit and transmit digital video, further reducing the cost of video production, allowing program-makers and broadcasters to move to tapeless production. The advent of digital broadcasting and the subsequent digital television transition is in the process of relegating analog video to the status of a legacy technology in most parts of the world. The development of high-resolution video cameras with improved dynamic range and color gamuts, along with the introduction of high-dynamic-range digital intermediate data formats with improved color depth, has caused digital video technology to converge with film technology. the usage of digital cameras in Hollywood has surpassed use of film cameras.\n\nCharacteristics of video streams\n\nNumber of frames per second\nFrame rate, the number of still pictures per unit of time of video, ranges from six or eight frames per second (frame/s) for old mechanical cameras to 120 or more frames per second for new professional cameras. PAL standards (Europe, Asia, Australia, etc.) and SECAM (France, Russia, parts of Africa etc.) specify 25 frame/s, while NTSC standards (United States, Canada, Japan, etc.) specify 29.97 frame/s. Film is shot at the slower frame rate of 24 frames per second, which slightly complicates the process of transferring a cinematic motion picture to video. The minimum frame rate to achieve a comfortable illusion of a moving image is about sixteen frames per second.\n\nInterlaced vs progressive\nVideo can be interlaced or progressive. In progressive scan systems, each refresh period updates all scan lines in each frame in sequence. When displaying a natively progressive broadcast or recorded signal, the result is optimum spatial resolution of both the stationary and moving parts of the image. Interlacing was invented as a way to reduce flicker in early mechanical and CRT video displays without increasing the number of complete frames per second. Interlacing retains detail while requiring lower bandwidth compared to progressive scanning.\n\nIn interlaced video, the horizontal scan lines of each complete frame are treated as if numbered consecutively, and captured as two fields: an odd field (upper field) consisting of the odd-numbered lines and an even field (lower field) consisting of the even-numbered lines. Analog display devices reproduce each frame, effectively doubling the frame rate as far as perceptible overall flicker is concerned. When the image capture device acquires the fields one at a time, rather than dividing up a complete frame after it is captured, the frame rate for motion is effectively doubled as well, resulting in smoother, more lifelike reproduction of rapidly moving parts of the image when viewed on an interlaced CRT display.\n\nNTSC, PAL and SECAM are interlaced formats. Abbreviated video resolution specifications often include an i to indicate interlacing. For example, PAL video format is often described as 576i50, where 576 indicates the total number of horizontal scan lines, i indicates interlacing, and 50 indicates 50 fields (half-frames) per second.\n\nWhen displaying a natively interlaced signal on a progressive scan device, overall spatial resolution is degraded by simple line doubling—artifacts such as flickering or \"comb\" effects in moving parts of the image which appear unless special signal processing eliminates them. A procedure known as deinterlacing can optimize the display of an interlaced video signal from an analog, DVD or satellite source on a progressive scan device such as an LCD television, digital video projector or plasma panel. Deinterlacing cannot, however, produce video quality that is equivalent to true progressive scan source material.\n\nAspect ratio\n\nAspect ratio describes the proportional relationship between the width and height of video screens and video picture elements. All popular video formats are rectangular, and so can be described by a ratio between width and height. The ratio width to height for a traditional television screen is 4:3, or about 1.33:1. High definition televisions use an aspect ratio of 16:9, or about 1.78:1. The aspect ratio of a full 35 mm film frame with soundtrack (also known as the Academy ratio) is 1.375:1.\n\nPixels on computer monitors are usually square, but pixels used in digital video often have non-square aspect ratios, such as those used in the PAL and NTSC variants of the CCIR 601 digital video standard, and the corresponding anamorphic widescreen formats. The 720 by 480 pixel raster uses thin pixels on a 4:3 aspect ratio display and fat pixels on a 16:9 display.\n\nThe popularity of viewing video on mobile phones has led to the growth of vertical video. Mary Meeker, a partner at Silicon Valley venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, highlighted the growth of vertical video viewing in her 2015 Internet Trends Report growing from 5% of video viewing in 2010 to 29% in 2015. Vertical video ads like Snapchat’s are watched in their entirety nine times more frequently than landscape video ads.\n\nColor model and depth\n\nThe color model the video color representation and maps encoded color values to visible colors reproduced by the system. There are several such representations in common use: typically YIQ is used in NTSC television, YUV is used in PAL television, YDbDr is used by SECAM television and YCbCr is used for digital video.\n\nThe number of distinct colors a pixel can represent depends on color depth expressed in the number of bits per pixel. A common way to reduce the amount of data required in digital video is by chroma subsampling (e.g., 4:4:4, 4:2:2, etc.). Because the human eye is less sensitive to details in color than brightness, the luminance data for all pixels is maintained, while the chrominance data is averaged for a number of pixels in a block and that same value is used for all of them. For example, this results in a 50% reduction in chrominance data using 2-pixel blocks (4:2:2) or 75% using 4-pixel blocks (4:2:0). This process does not reduce the number of possible color values that can be displayed, but it reduces the number of distinct points at which the color changes.\n\nVideo quality\nVideo quality can be measured with formal metrics like Peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) or through subjective video quality assessment using expert observation. Many subjective video quality methods are described in the ITU-T recommendation BT.500. One of the standardized methods is the Double Stimulus Impairment Scale (DSIS). In DSIS, each expert views an unimpaired reference video followed by an impaired version of the same video. The expert then rates the impaired video using a scale ranging from \"impairments are imperceptible\" to \"impairments are very annoying\".\n\nVideo compression method (digital only)\n\nUncompressed video delivers maximum quality, but at a very high data rate. A variety of methods are used to compress video streams, with the most effective ones using a group of pictures (GOP) to reduce spatial and temporal redundancy. Broadly speaking, spatial redundancy is reduced by registering differences between parts of a single frame; this task is known as intraframe compression and is closely related to image compression. Likewise, temporal redundancy can be reduced by registering differences between frames; this task is known as interframe compression, including motion compensation and other techniques. The most common modern compression standards are MPEG-2, used for DVD, Blu-ray and satellite television, and MPEG-4, used for AVCHD, Mobile phones (3GP) and Internet.\n\nStereoscopic\nStereoscopic video for 3d film and other applications can be displayed using several different methods:\n Two channels: a right channel for the right eye and a left channel for the left eye. Both channels may be viewed simultaneously by using light-polarizing filters 90 degrees off-axis from each other on two video projectors. These separately polarized channels are viewed wearing eyeglasses with matching polarization filters.\n Anaglyph 3D where one channel is overlaid with two color-coded layers. This left and right layer technique is occasionally used for network broadcast or recent anaglyph releases of 3D movies on DVD. Simple red/cyan plastic glasses provide the means to view the images discretely to form a stereoscopic view of the content.\n One channel with alternating left and right frames for the corresponding eye, using LCD shutter glasses that synchronize to the video to alternately block the image to each eye, so the appropriate eye sees the correct frame. This method is most common in computer virtual reality applications such as in a Cave Automatic Virtual Environment, but reduces effective video framerate by a factor of two.\n\nFormats\nDifferent layers of video transmission and storage each provide their own set of formats to choose from.\n\nFor transmission, there is a physical connector and signal protocol (see List of video connectors). A given physical link can carry certain display standards that specify a particular refresh rate, display resolution, and color space.\n\nMany analog and digital recording formats are in use, and digital video clips can also be stored on a computer file system as files, which have their own formats. In addition to the physical format used by the data storage device or transmission medium, the stream of ones and zeros that is sent must be in a particular digital video coding format, of which a number are available.\n\nAnalog video\nAnalog video is a video signal represented by one or more analog signals. Analog color video signals include luminance, brightness (Y) and chrominance (C). When combined into one channel, as is the case, among others with NTSC, PAL and SECAM it is called composite video. Analog video may be carried in separate channels, as in two channel S-Video (YC) and multi-channel component video formats.\n\nAnalog video is used in both consumer and professional television production applications.\n\nDigital video\nDigital video signal formats have been adopted, including serial digital interface (SDI), Digital Visual Interface (DVI), High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) and DisplayPort Interface.\n\nTransport medium\nVideo can be transmitted or transported in a variety of ways including wireless terrestrial television as an analog or digital signal, coaxial cable in a closed-circuit system as an analog signal. Broadcast or studio cameras use a single or dual coaxial cable system using serial digital interface (SDI). See List of video connectors for information about physical connectors and related signal standards.\n\nVideo may be transported over networks and other shared digital communications links using, for instance, MPEG transport stream, SMPTE 2022 and SMPTE 2110.\n\nDisplay standards\n\nDigital television\nDigital television broadcasts use the MPEG-2 and other video coding formats and include:\n ATSC – United States, Canada, Mexico, Korea\n Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) – Europe\n ISDB – Japan\n ISDB-Tb – uses the MPEG-4 video coding format – Brazil, Argentina\n Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB) – Korea\n\nAnalog television\nAnalog television broadcast standards include:\n Field-sequential color system (FCS) – US, Russia; obsolete\n Multiplexed Analogue Components (MAC) – Europe; obsolete\n Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding (MUSE) – Japan\n NTSC – United States, Canada, Japan\n EDTV-II \"Clear-Vision\" - NTSC extension, Japan\n PAL – Europe, Asia, Oceania\n PAL-M – PAL variation, Brazil\n PAL-N – PAL variation, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay\n PALplus – PAL extension, Europe\n RS-343 (military)\n SECAM – France, former Soviet Union, Central Africa\n CCIR System A\n CCIR System B\n CCIR System G\n CCIR System H\n CCIR System I\n CCIR System M\n\nAn analog video format consists of more information than the visible content of the frame. Preceding and following the image are lines and pixels containing metadata and synchronization information. This surrounding margin is known as a blanking interval or blanking region; the horizontal and vertical front porch and back porch are the building blocks of the blanking interval.\n\nComputer displays\nComputer display standards specify a combination of aspect ratio, display size, display resolution, color depth, and refresh rate. A list of common resolutions is available.\n\nRecording\n\nEarly television was almost exclusively a live medium with some programs recorded to film for distribution of historical purposes using Kinescope. The analog video tape recorder was commercially introduced in 1951. The following list is in rough chronological order. All formats listed were sold to and used by broadcasters, video producers or consumers; or were important historically.\n\n 2\" Quadruplex videotape (Ampex 1956)\n VERA (BBC experimental format ca. 1958)\n 1\" Type A videotape (Ampex)\n 1/2\" EIAJ (1969)\n U-matic 3/4\" (Sony)\n 1/2\" Cartrivision (Avco)\n VCR, VCR-LP, SVR\n 1\" Type B videotape (Robert Bosch GmbH)\n 1\" Type C videotape (Ampex, Marconi and Sony)\n Betamax (Sony)\n VHS (JVC)\n Video 2000 (Philips)\n 2\" Helical Scan Videotape (IVC)\n 1/4\" CVC (Funai)\n Betacam (Sony)\n HDVS (Sony)\n Betacam SP (Sony)\n Video8 (Sony) (1986)\n S-VHS (JVC) (1987)\n VHS-C (JVC)\n Pixelvision (Fisher-Price)\n UniHi 1/2\" HD (Sony)\n Hi8 (Sony) (mid-1990s)\n W-VHS (JVC) (1994)\n\nDigital video tape recorders offered improved quality compared to analog recorders.\n\n Betacam IMX (Sony)\n D-VHS (JVC)\n D-Theater\n D1 (Sony)\n D2 (Sony)\n D3\n D5 HD\n D6 (Philips)\n Digital-S D9 (JVC)\n Digital Betacam (Sony)\n Digital8 (Sony)\n DV (including DVC-Pro)\n HDCAM (Sony)\n HDV\n ProHD (JVC)\n MicroMV\n MiniDV\n\nOptical storage mediums offered an alternative, especially in consumer applications, to bulky tape formats.\n Blu-ray Disc (Sony)\n China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD)\n DVD (was Super Density Disc, DVD Forum)\n Professional Disc\n Universal Media Disc (UMD) (Sony)\n Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD, Chinese government-sponsored)\n HD DVD (NEC and Toshiba)\n HD-VMD\n Capacitance Electronic Disc\n Laserdisc (MCA and Philips)\n Television Electronic Disc (Teldec and Telefunken)\n VHD (JVC)\n\nDigital encoding formats\nA video codec is software or hardware that compresses and decompresses digital video. In the context of video compression, codec is a portmanteau of encoder and decoder, while a device that only compresses is typically called an encoder, and one that only decompresses is a decoder.\n\nThe compressed data format usually conforms to a standard video coding format. The compression is typically lossy, meaning that the compressed video lacks some information present in the original video. A consequence of this is that decompressed video has lower quality than the original, uncompressed video because there is insufficient information to accurately reconstruct the original video.\n CCIR 601 (ITU-T)\n H.261 (ITU-T)\n H.263 (ITU-T)\n H.264/MPEG-4 AVC (ITU-T + ISO)\n H.265\n M-JPEG (ISO)\n MPEG-1 (ISO)\n MPEG-2 (ITU-T + ISO)\n MPEG-4 (ISO)\n Ogg-Theora\n VP8-WebM\n VC-1 (SMPTE)\n\nSee also\nGeneral\n\n Index of video-related articles\n Sound recording and reproduction\n Video editing\n Videography\n\nVideo format\n\n 360-degree video\n Cable television\n Color television\n Telecine\n Timecode\n Volumetric video\n\nVideo usage\n\n Closed-circuit television\n Fulldome video\n Interactive video\n Video art\n Video feedback\n Video sender\n Video synthesizer\n Videotelephony\n\nVideo screen recording software\n\n Bandicam\n CamStudio\n Camtasia\n CloudApp\n Fraps\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n Programmer's Guide to Video Systems: in-depth technical info on 480i, 576i, 1080i, 720p, etc.\n Format Descriptions for Moving Images\n\nCategory:Video\nCategory:Digital television\nCategory:High-definition television\nCategory:Display technology\nCategory:Television terminology\nCategory:History of television\nCategory:Media formats", "title": "Video" } ]

[ "The text does not provide information on when Jack Benny started performing.", "The text does not provide specific information about what Jack Benny did in The Jack Benny Program.", "The text does not provide information on what The Jack Benny Program was about.", "Based on the provided text, Jack Benny started his long radio career on April 6, 1932 when he was auditioned by the NBC Commercial Program Department for the N.W. Ayer agency and their client, Canada Dry. Benny's radio debut was on The Canada Dry Program on May 2, 1932. The program moved to CBS on October 30, 1932 and he stayed with CBS until January 26, 1933. He then switched to NBC on March 17, where he did The Chevrolet Program until April 1, 1934. Benny continued with sponsor General Tire until the end of the season. In October 1934, Benny gained a new sponsor, General Foods, who remained a sponsor for 10 years. American Tobacco's Lucky Strike was Benny's longest-lasting radio sponsor, sponsoring him from October 1944 until the end of his original radio series. The Benny show moved to CBS on January 2, 1949 and remained there until its end on May 22, 1955. CBS aired repeat episodes from 1956 to 1958 as The Best of Benny.", "Jack Benny had an audition with the NBC Commercial Program Department. This audition led to him being offered a role on The Canada Dry Program, which was his debut radio program. He did not work for the NBC department; he was auditioned by them for a role on a radio program they were producing.", "Jack Benny performed on several radio programs. After his debut on The Canada Dry Program, he also worked on The Chevrolet Program when he joined NBC in March 17. Benny worked with several sponsors including General Tire, General Foods - the makers of Jell-O and Grape-Nuts, and American Tobacco's Lucky Strike, with the latter being his longest-lasting radio sponsor. The Jack Benny Program, his most popular show moved networks from NBC to CBS on January 2, 1949, and stayed there until the end of its radio run on May 22, 1955. After the original airing of the show, CBS aired repeat episodes from 1956 to 1958 under the name The Best of Benny.", "Jack Benny made his radio debut on The Canada Dry Program, which was sponsored by Canada Dry. However, the text does not provide specific details about what Benny did for Canada Dry.", "Yes, Jack Benny worked on several radio shows. Other than The Canada Dry Program, he also worked on The Chevrolet Program after joining NBC, and The Jack Benny Program which was initially broadcast on NBC and later switched to CBS. He stayed with The Jack Benny Program until the end of its original radio run.", "The text does not provide information on what The Chevrolet Program was." ]

[ "no", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_f2610fb3d05b44c7985ecb34f1dfd53a_0_q#0", "C_f2610fb3d05b44c7985ecb34f1dfd53a_0_q#1", "C_f2610fb3d05b44c7985ecb34f1dfd53a_0_q#2", "C_f2610fb3d05b44c7985ecb34f1dfd53a_0_q#3", "C_f2610fb3d05b44c7985ecb34f1dfd53a_0_q#4", "C_f2610fb3d05b44c7985ecb34f1dfd53a_0_q#5", "C_f2610fb3d05b44c7985ecb34f1dfd53a_0_q#6", "C_f2610fb3d05b44c7985ecb34f1dfd53a_0_q#7", "C_f2610fb3d05b44c7985ecb34f1dfd53a_0_q#8", "C_f2610fb3d05b44c7985ecb34f1dfd53a_0_q#9" ]

[ "What can you tell me about Jack's characters?", "what other Persona did he have?", "Did he like the characters that he played?", "What show did he do?", "Who did he work with?", "Was she as his wife on the show as well?", "How did the audience feel about his shows?", "Were there other critics?", "who else did he work with?", "did he do other characters during his time?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 2 ]

[ 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 107 ], [ 593 ], [ 2197 ], [ 1387 ], [ 1467 ], [ 212 ], [ 2197 ], [ 1614 ], [ 2197 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Benny's comic persona changed over the course of his career. At some point he developed a miserly persona." ], [ "This stage character was everything that Jack Benny was not: cheap, petty, vain and self-congratulatory." ], [ "Benny said: \"I don't care who gets the laughs on my show, as long as the show is funny.\"" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Mary Livingstone, his wife, was a supporting character, as his wisecracking and not especially deferential female friend." ], [ "not especially deferential female friend. She was not quite his girlfriend, since Benny would often try to date movie stars like Barbara Stanwyck," ], [ "His comic rendering of these traits was the linchpin to the success of his show." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "and occasionally had stage girlfriends, such as \"Gladys Zybisco\". Don Wilson, the rotund announcer, also appeared on the show. He also announced for Fanny Brice's hit Baby Snooks." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 107, 593, 2197, 1387, 1467, 212, 2197, 1614, 2197 ], "texts": [ "Benny's comic persona changed over the course of his career. At some point he developed a miserly persona.", "This stage character was everything that Jack Benny was not: cheap, petty, vain and self-congratulatory.", "Benny said: \"I don't care who gets the laughs on my show, as long as the show is funny.\"", "CANNOTANSWER", "Mary Livingstone, his wife, was a supporting character, as his wisecracking and not especially deferential female friend.", "not especially deferential female friend. She was not quite his girlfriend, since Benny would often try to date movie stars like Barbara Stanwyck,", "His comic rendering of these traits was the linchpin to the success of his show.", "CANNOTANSWER", "and occasionally had stage girlfriends, such as \"Gladys Zybisco\". Don Wilson, the rotund announcer, also appeared on the show. He also announced for Fanny Brice's hit Baby Snooks.", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[ { "text": "Audio most commonly refers to sound, as it is transmitted in signal form. It may also refer to:\n\nSound\nAudio signal, an electrical representation of sound\nAudio frequency, a frequency in the audio spectrum\nDigital audio, representation of sound in a form processed and/or stored by computers or digital electronics\nAudio, audible content (media) in audio production and publishing\nSemantic audio, extraction of symbols or meaning from audio\nStereophonic audio, method of sound reproduction that creates an illusion of multi-directional audible perspective\nAudio equipment\n\nEntertainment\nAUDIO (group), an American R&B band of 5 brothers formerly known as TNT Boyz and as B5\nAudio (album), an album by the Blue Man Group\nAudio (magazine), a magazine published from 1947 to 2000\nAudio (musician), British drum and bass artist\n\"Audio\" (song), a song by LSD\n\nComputing\n, an HTML element, see HTML5 audio\n\nSee also\nAcoustic (disambiguation)\nAudible (disambiguation)\nAudiobook\nRadio broadcasting\nSound recording and reproduction\nSound reinforcement", "title": "Audio" }, { "text": "Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback, broadcasting, and display of moving visual media. Video was first developed for mechanical television systems, which were quickly replaced by cathode-ray tube (CRT) systems which, in turn, were replaced by flat panel displays of several types.\n\nVideo systems vary in display resolution, aspect ratio, refresh rate, color capabilities and other qualities. Analog and digital variants exist and can be carried on a variety of media, including radio broadcasts, magnetic tape, optical discs, computer files, and network streaming.\n\nEtymology \nVideo comes from the root video of Latin video (\"I see\").\n\nHistory\n\nAnalog video\n\nVideo technology was first developed for mechanical television systems, which were quickly replaced by cathode-ray tube (CRT) television systems, but several new technologies for video display devices have since been invented. Video was originally exclusively a live technology. Charles Ginsburg led an Ampex research team developing one of the first practical video tape recorders (VTR). In 1951, the first VTR captured live images from television cameras by writing the camera's electrical signal onto magnetic videotape.\n\nVideo recorders were sold for US$50,000 in 1956, and videotapes cost US$300 per one-hour reel. However, prices gradually dropped over the years; in 1971, Sony began selling videocassette recorder (VCR) decks and tapes into the consumer market.\n\nDigital video\n\nDigital video is capable of higher quality and, eventually, much lower cost than earlier analog technology. After the invention of the DVD in 1997, and later the Blu-ray Disc in 2006, sales of videotape and recording equipment plummeted. Advances in computer technology allows even inexpensive personal computers and smartphones to capture, store, edit and transmit digital video, further reducing the cost of video production, allowing program-makers and broadcasters to move to tapeless production. The advent of digital broadcasting and the subsequent digital television transition is in the process of relegating analog video to the status of a legacy technology in most parts of the world. The development of high-resolution video cameras with improved dynamic range and color gamuts, along with the introduction of high-dynamic-range digital intermediate data formats with improved color depth, has caused digital video technology to converge with film technology. the usage of digital cameras in Hollywood has surpassed use of film cameras.\n\nCharacteristics of video streams\n\nNumber of frames per second\nFrame rate, the number of still pictures per unit of time of video, ranges from six or eight frames per second (frame/s) for old mechanical cameras to 120 or more frames per second for new professional cameras. PAL standards (Europe, Asia, Australia, etc.) and SECAM (France, Russia, parts of Africa etc.) specify 25 frame/s, while NTSC standards (United States, Canada, Japan, etc.) specify 29.97 frame/s. Film is shot at the slower frame rate of 24 frames per second, which slightly complicates the process of transferring a cinematic motion picture to video. The minimum frame rate to achieve a comfortable illusion of a moving image is about sixteen frames per second.\n\nInterlaced vs progressive\nVideo can be interlaced or progressive. In progressive scan systems, each refresh period updates all scan lines in each frame in sequence. When displaying a natively progressive broadcast or recorded signal, the result is optimum spatial resolution of both the stationary and moving parts of the image. Interlacing was invented as a way to reduce flicker in early mechanical and CRT video displays without increasing the number of complete frames per second. Interlacing retains detail while requiring lower bandwidth compared to progressive scanning.\n\nIn interlaced video, the horizontal scan lines of each complete frame are treated as if numbered consecutively, and captured as two fields: an odd field (upper field) consisting of the odd-numbered lines and an even field (lower field) consisting of the even-numbered lines. Analog display devices reproduce each frame, effectively doubling the frame rate as far as perceptible overall flicker is concerned. When the image capture device acquires the fields one at a time, rather than dividing up a complete frame after it is captured, the frame rate for motion is effectively doubled as well, resulting in smoother, more lifelike reproduction of rapidly moving parts of the image when viewed on an interlaced CRT display.\n\nNTSC, PAL and SECAM are interlaced formats. Abbreviated video resolution specifications often include an i to indicate interlacing. For example, PAL video format is often described as 576i50, where 576 indicates the total number of horizontal scan lines, i indicates interlacing, and 50 indicates 50 fields (half-frames) per second.\n\nWhen displaying a natively interlaced signal on a progressive scan device, overall spatial resolution is degraded by simple line doubling—artifacts such as flickering or \"comb\" effects in moving parts of the image which appear unless special signal processing eliminates them. A procedure known as deinterlacing can optimize the display of an interlaced video signal from an analog, DVD or satellite source on a progressive scan device such as an LCD television, digital video projector or plasma panel. Deinterlacing cannot, however, produce video quality that is equivalent to true progressive scan source material.\n\nAspect ratio\n\nAspect ratio describes the proportional relationship between the width and height of video screens and video picture elements. All popular video formats are rectangular, and so can be described by a ratio between width and height. The ratio width to height for a traditional television screen is 4:3, or about 1.33:1. High definition televisions use an aspect ratio of 16:9, or about 1.78:1. The aspect ratio of a full 35 mm film frame with soundtrack (also known as the Academy ratio) is 1.375:1.\n\nPixels on computer monitors are usually square, but pixels used in digital video often have non-square aspect ratios, such as those used in the PAL and NTSC variants of the CCIR 601 digital video standard, and the corresponding anamorphic widescreen formats. The 720 by 480 pixel raster uses thin pixels on a 4:3 aspect ratio display and fat pixels on a 16:9 display.\n\nThe popularity of viewing video on mobile phones has led to the growth of vertical video. Mary Meeker, a partner at Silicon Valley venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, highlighted the growth of vertical video viewing in her 2015 Internet Trends Report growing from 5% of video viewing in 2010 to 29% in 2015. Vertical video ads like Snapchat’s are watched in their entirety nine times more frequently than landscape video ads.\n\nColor model and depth\n\nThe color model the video color representation and maps encoded color values to visible colors reproduced by the system. There are several such representations in common use: typically YIQ is used in NTSC television, YUV is used in PAL television, YDbDr is used by SECAM television and YCbCr is used for digital video.\n\nThe number of distinct colors a pixel can represent depends on color depth expressed in the number of bits per pixel. A common way to reduce the amount of data required in digital video is by chroma subsampling (e.g., 4:4:4, 4:2:2, etc.). Because the human eye is less sensitive to details in color than brightness, the luminance data for all pixels is maintained, while the chrominance data is averaged for a number of pixels in a block and that same value is used for all of them. For example, this results in a 50% reduction in chrominance data using 2-pixel blocks (4:2:2) or 75% using 4-pixel blocks (4:2:0). This process does not reduce the number of possible color values that can be displayed, but it reduces the number of distinct points at which the color changes.\n\nVideo quality\nVideo quality can be measured with formal metrics like Peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) or through subjective video quality assessment using expert observation. Many subjective video quality methods are described in the ITU-T recommendation BT.500. One of the standardized methods is the Double Stimulus Impairment Scale (DSIS). In DSIS, each expert views an unimpaired reference video followed by an impaired version of the same video. The expert then rates the impaired video using a scale ranging from \"impairments are imperceptible\" to \"impairments are very annoying\".\n\nVideo compression method (digital only)\n\nUncompressed video delivers maximum quality, but at a very high data rate. A variety of methods are used to compress video streams, with the most effective ones using a group of pictures (GOP) to reduce spatial and temporal redundancy. Broadly speaking, spatial redundancy is reduced by registering differences between parts of a single frame; this task is known as intraframe compression and is closely related to image compression. Likewise, temporal redundancy can be reduced by registering differences between frames; this task is known as interframe compression, including motion compensation and other techniques. The most common modern compression standards are MPEG-2, used for DVD, Blu-ray and satellite television, and MPEG-4, used for AVCHD, Mobile phones (3GP) and Internet.\n\nStereoscopic\nStereoscopic video for 3d film and other applications can be displayed using several different methods:\n Two channels: a right channel for the right eye and a left channel for the left eye. Both channels may be viewed simultaneously by using light-polarizing filters 90 degrees off-axis from each other on two video projectors. These separately polarized channels are viewed wearing eyeglasses with matching polarization filters.\n Anaglyph 3D where one channel is overlaid with two color-coded layers. This left and right layer technique is occasionally used for network broadcast or recent anaglyph releases of 3D movies on DVD. Simple red/cyan plastic glasses provide the means to view the images discretely to form a stereoscopic view of the content.\n One channel with alternating left and right frames for the corresponding eye, using LCD shutter glasses that synchronize to the video to alternately block the image to each eye, so the appropriate eye sees the correct frame. This method is most common in computer virtual reality applications such as in a Cave Automatic Virtual Environment, but reduces effective video framerate by a factor of two.\n\nFormats\nDifferent layers of video transmission and storage each provide their own set of formats to choose from.\n\nFor transmission, there is a physical connector and signal protocol (see List of video connectors). A given physical link can carry certain display standards that specify a particular refresh rate, display resolution, and color space.\n\nMany analog and digital recording formats are in use, and digital video clips can also be stored on a computer file system as files, which have their own formats. In addition to the physical format used by the data storage device or transmission medium, the stream of ones and zeros that is sent must be in a particular digital video coding format, of which a number are available.\n\nAnalog video\nAnalog video is a video signal represented by one or more analog signals. Analog color video signals include luminance, brightness (Y) and chrominance (C). When combined into one channel, as is the case, among others with NTSC, PAL and SECAM it is called composite video. Analog video may be carried in separate channels, as in two channel S-Video (YC) and multi-channel component video formats.\n\nAnalog video is used in both consumer and professional television production applications.\n\nDigital video\nDigital video signal formats have been adopted, including serial digital interface (SDI), Digital Visual Interface (DVI), High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) and DisplayPort Interface.\n\nTransport medium\nVideo can be transmitted or transported in a variety of ways including wireless terrestrial television as an analog or digital signal, coaxial cable in a closed-circuit system as an analog signal. Broadcast or studio cameras use a single or dual coaxial cable system using serial digital interface (SDI). See List of video connectors for information about physical connectors and related signal standards.\n\nVideo may be transported over networks and other shared digital communications links using, for instance, MPEG transport stream, SMPTE 2022 and SMPTE 2110.\n\nDisplay standards\n\nDigital television\nDigital television broadcasts use the MPEG-2 and other video coding formats and include:\n ATSC – United States, Canada, Mexico, Korea\n Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) – Europe\n ISDB – Japan\n ISDB-Tb – uses the MPEG-4 video coding format – Brazil, Argentina\n Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB) – Korea\n\nAnalog television\nAnalog television broadcast standards include:\n Field-sequential color system (FCS) – US, Russia; obsolete\n Multiplexed Analogue Components (MAC) – Europe; obsolete\n Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding (MUSE) – Japan\n NTSC – United States, Canada, Japan\n EDTV-II \"Clear-Vision\" - NTSC extension, Japan\n PAL – Europe, Asia, Oceania\n PAL-M – PAL variation, Brazil\n PAL-N – PAL variation, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay\n PALplus – PAL extension, Europe\n RS-343 (military)\n SECAM – France, former Soviet Union, Central Africa\n CCIR System A\n CCIR System B\n CCIR System G\n CCIR System H\n CCIR System I\n CCIR System M\n\nAn analog video format consists of more information than the visible content of the frame. Preceding and following the image are lines and pixels containing metadata and synchronization information. This surrounding margin is known as a blanking interval or blanking region; the horizontal and vertical front porch and back porch are the building blocks of the blanking interval.\n\nComputer displays\nComputer display standards specify a combination of aspect ratio, display size, display resolution, color depth, and refresh rate. A list of common resolutions is available.\n\nRecording\n\nEarly television was almost exclusively a live medium with some programs recorded to film for distribution of historical purposes using Kinescope. The analog video tape recorder was commercially introduced in 1951. The following list is in rough chronological order. All formats listed were sold to and used by broadcasters, video producers or consumers; or were important historically.\n\n 2\" Quadruplex videotape (Ampex 1956)\n VERA (BBC experimental format ca. 1958)\n 1\" Type A videotape (Ampex)\n 1/2\" EIAJ (1969)\n U-matic 3/4\" (Sony)\n 1/2\" Cartrivision (Avco)\n VCR, VCR-LP, SVR\n 1\" Type B videotape (Robert Bosch GmbH)\n 1\" Type C videotape (Ampex, Marconi and Sony)\n Betamax (Sony)\n VHS (JVC)\n Video 2000 (Philips)\n 2\" Helical Scan Videotape (IVC)\n 1/4\" CVC (Funai)\n Betacam (Sony)\n HDVS (Sony)\n Betacam SP (Sony)\n Video8 (Sony) (1986)\n S-VHS (JVC) (1987)\n VHS-C (JVC)\n Pixelvision (Fisher-Price)\n UniHi 1/2\" HD (Sony)\n Hi8 (Sony) (mid-1990s)\n W-VHS (JVC) (1994)\n\nDigital video tape recorders offered improved quality compared to analog recorders.\n\n Betacam IMX (Sony)\n D-VHS (JVC)\n D-Theater\n D1 (Sony)\n D2 (Sony)\n D3\n D5 HD\n D6 (Philips)\n Digital-S D9 (JVC)\n Digital Betacam (Sony)\n Digital8 (Sony)\n DV (including DVC-Pro)\n HDCAM (Sony)\n HDV\n ProHD (JVC)\n MicroMV\n MiniDV\n\nOptical storage mediums offered an alternative, especially in consumer applications, to bulky tape formats.\n Blu-ray Disc (Sony)\n China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD)\n DVD (was Super Density Disc, DVD Forum)\n Professional Disc\n Universal Media Disc (UMD) (Sony)\n Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD, Chinese government-sponsored)\n HD DVD (NEC and Toshiba)\n HD-VMD\n Capacitance Electronic Disc\n Laserdisc (MCA and Philips)\n Television Electronic Disc (Teldec and Telefunken)\n VHD (JVC)\n\nDigital encoding formats\nA video codec is software or hardware that compresses and decompresses digital video. In the context of video compression, codec is a portmanteau of encoder and decoder, while a device that only compresses is typically called an encoder, and one that only decompresses is a decoder.\n\nThe compressed data format usually conforms to a standard video coding format. The compression is typically lossy, meaning that the compressed video lacks some information present in the original video. A consequence of this is that decompressed video has lower quality than the original, uncompressed video because there is insufficient information to accurately reconstruct the original video.\n CCIR 601 (ITU-T)\n H.261 (ITU-T)\n H.263 (ITU-T)\n H.264/MPEG-4 AVC (ITU-T + ISO)\n H.265\n M-JPEG (ISO)\n MPEG-1 (ISO)\n MPEG-2 (ITU-T + ISO)\n MPEG-4 (ISO)\n Ogg-Theora\n VP8-WebM\n VC-1 (SMPTE)\n\nSee also\nGeneral\n\n Index of video-related articles\n Sound recording and reproduction\n Video editing\n Videography\n\nVideo format\n\n 360-degree video\n Cable television\n Color television\n Telecine\n Timecode\n Volumetric video\n\nVideo usage\n\n Closed-circuit television\n Fulldome video\n Interactive video\n Video art\n Video feedback\n Video sender\n Video synthesizer\n Videotelephony\n\nVideo screen recording software\n\n Bandicam\n CamStudio\n Camtasia\n CloudApp\n Fraps\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n Programmer's Guide to Video Systems: in-depth technical info on 480i, 576i, 1080i, 720p, etc.\n Format Descriptions for Moving Images\n\nCategory:Video\nCategory:Digital television\nCategory:High-definition television\nCategory:Display technology\nCategory:Television terminology\nCategory:History of television\nCategory:Media formats", "title": "Video" } ]

[ "C_5da7f3603703439eb6a891ffa4b872b7_1_q#0", "C_5da7f3603703439eb6a891ffa4b872b7_1_q#1", "C_5da7f3603703439eb6a891ffa4b872b7_1_q#2", "C_5da7f3603703439eb6a891ffa4b872b7_1_q#3", "C_5da7f3603703439eb6a891ffa4b872b7_1_q#4", "C_5da7f3603703439eb6a891ffa4b872b7_1_q#5", "C_5da7f3603703439eb6a891ffa4b872b7_1_q#6", "C_5da7f3603703439eb6a891ffa4b872b7_1_q#7" ]

[ "what kind of music did they play?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "what happened after this?", "did anything bad happen in these years?", "did they break up?", "who were some of these players?", "did they do anything else?", "what was their top hit?" ]

[ 2, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 51 ], [ 2226 ], [ 2392 ], [ 1255 ], [ 1425 ], [ 1352 ], [ 1983 ], [ 360 ] ], "texts": [ [ "rock" ], [ "Rolling Stone magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, being inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame and being added to the National Recording Registry." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "the band was falling apart as the result of various substance abuse problems and tension between Arthur Lee and Bryan MacLean," ], [ "The band recorded the album in only 64 hours, though many professional session players were utilized, including some who replaced the actual band members in some songs." ], [ "Arthur Lee and Bryan MacLean," ], [ "Love were far more popular in the UK, where the album reached No. 24, than in their home country, where it could only reach No. 154." ], [ "7 and 7 Is" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 51, 2226, 2392, 1255, 1425, 1352, 1983, 360 ], "texts": [ "rock", "Rolling Stone magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, being inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame and being added to the National Recording Registry.", "CANNOTANSWER", "the band was falling apart as the result of various substance abuse problems and tension between Arthur Lee and Bryan MacLean,", "The band recorded the album in only 64 hours, though many professional session players were utilized, including some who replaced the actual band members in some songs.", "Arthur Lee and Bryan MacLean,", "Love were far more popular in the UK, where the album reached No. 24, than in their home country, where it could only reach No. 154.", "7 and 7 Is" ] }

[]

[ "The text does not provide specific information on the kind of music the band played.", "Yes, there are several interesting aspects in the article. One is the story of the band's evolving lineup, with members joining, leaving, and switching instruments. Another interesting detail is the tension within the band during the recording of their album \"Forever Changes\", as a result of substance abuse problems and disagreements between Arthur Lee and Bryan MacLean. The article also notes that despite the band's struggles, the album \"Forever Changes\" was recorded in only 64 hours, though many professional session players were brought in. Finally, the article mentions that this album has been recognized as one of the greatest rock albums of all time, received various accolades and is more popular in the UK than in their home country.", "The text does not provide information on what happened after the events mentioned.", "The text mentions that the band was falling apart as the result of various substance abuse problems and tension between Arthur Lee and Bryan MacLean during the recording of the album \"Forever Changes\" in 1967.", "The text does not provide information on whether the band broke up.", "The text does not provide specific information on who the professional session players were that were utilized during the recording of their album \"Forever Changes\".", "The text does not provide information on any other activities or achievements of the band beyond the ones mentioned.", "The band's highest-charting single was \"7 and 7 Is\", written by Arthur Lee, which reached No. 33 on the Billboard Hot 100." ]

[ "no", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "no", "Yes" ]

[ "C_5da7f3603703439eb6a891ffa4b872b7_0_q#0", "C_5da7f3603703439eb6a891ffa4b872b7_0_q#1", "C_5da7f3603703439eb6a891ffa4b872b7_0_q#2", "C_5da7f3603703439eb6a891ffa4b872b7_0_q#3", "C_5da7f3603703439eb6a891ffa4b872b7_0_q#4", "C_5da7f3603703439eb6a891ffa4b872b7_0_q#5", "C_5da7f3603703439eb6a891ffa4b872b7_0_q#6", "C_5da7f3603703439eb6a891ffa4b872b7_0_q#7" ]

[ "Did they have any hit albums during this period?", "Did they win any awards during this period?", "Did they have any live performances during this period?", "Was there anything significant that happened in this period?", "Did the band members get along?", "Where did the band perform?", "What happened to the band members?", "Is there anything else interesting that happens in this period?" ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 0, 2, 1, 2, 2, 0 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 517 ], [ 2953 ], [ 701 ], [ 795 ], [ 1511 ], [ 1605 ], [ 1669 ], [ 1700 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Forever Changes album" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Forever Changes 35th Anniversary Tour performance at Royce Hall," ], [ "Lee and the band continued to tour throughout 2003 and 2004," ], [ "angry, confused reactions." ], [ "perform at the venues of the last tour" ], [ "under the name The Love Band." ], [ "At the end of September 2005, Lee moved to Memphis, Tennessee," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 517, 2953, 701, 795, 1511, 1605, 1669, 1700 ], "texts": [ "Forever Changes album", "CANNOTANSWER", "Forever Changes 35th Anniversary Tour performance at Royce Hall,", "Lee and the band continued to tour throughout 2003 and 2004,", "angry, confused reactions.", "perform at the venues of the last tour", "under the name The Love Band.", "At the end of September 2005, Lee moved to Memphis, Tennessee," ] }

[]

[ "The text does not provide information on whether they had any hit albums during this period.", "The text does not provide information on whether they won any awards during this period.", "Yes, they had many live performances during this period. They performed throughout Europe, North America, and Australia, including many concerts in and around hometown Los Angeles. They also performed at venues like the Sunset Junction festival, the San Diego Street Scene, the Ebell Theatre, and the Fillmore in San Francisco.", "Yes, several significant events happened during this period. Arthur Lee began touring under the name \"Love with Arthur Lee\", performing with the band Baby Lemonade. They performed the Forever Changes album in its entirety, often with a string and horn section, and released a live CD and DVD of this material in 2003. Johnny Echols joined the new group for a special performance and continued with them for the final tours of 2004 to 2005. However, Arthur Lee's illness (acute myeloid leukemia) led him to withdraw from the final tour in July 2005, causing confusion and anger among those unaware of his condition. The rest of the band continued to perform without him under the name The Love Band. Later in 2005, Lee moved to Memphis, Tennessee, planning to continue making music with a new lineup, but his health deteriorated before this could happen. Arthur Lee ultimately died of his leukemia in August 2006.", "The text does not provide information on whether the band members got along.", "The band performed in numerous places, including Europe, North America, and Australia. Specific venues mentioned include Raji's club in Hollywood, Royce Hall at UCLA, the outdoor Sunset Junction festival, the San Diego Street Scene, the Ebell Theatre, and the Fillmore in San Francisco.", "Arthur Lee, after spending six years in prison from 1995 to 2001 for firearms offenses, began touring under the name \"Love with Arthur Lee.\" However, he was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia and eventually died from the disease in August 2006. Ken Forssi died in 1998 of a suspected brain tumor. Bryan MacLean died of a heart attack in 1998. Michael Stuart, also known as Michael Stuart-Ware, wrote a book about his experiences with the band in 2002. Johnny Echols joined Arthur Lee during various performances and continued performing with the remaining band members after Lee's withdrawal due to illness.", "One interesting event during this period was the release of a live CD and DVD of the group's performances of the Forever Changes album in its entirety, often with a string and horn section. This occurred in 2003. Another notable event was their performance at the Royce Hall, UCLA for the Forever Changes 35th Anniversary Tour, which brought back Johnny Echols, a member from the original Love lineup. In 2002 Michael Stuart-Ware, the drummer on the Love albums Da Capo and Forever Changes, wrote an acclaimed book about his time with the band. These events suggest a period of both reflection on past successes and continued innovation and performance." ]

[ "No", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "No", "No", "No" ]

[ "C_fb470b225eed47138c37446b16b6431c_1_q#0", "C_fb470b225eed47138c37446b16b6431c_1_q#1", "C_fb470b225eed47138c37446b16b6431c_1_q#2", "C_fb470b225eed47138c37446b16b6431c_1_q#3", "C_fb470b225eed47138c37446b16b6431c_1_q#4", "C_fb470b225eed47138c37446b16b6431c_1_q#5", "C_fb470b225eed47138c37446b16b6431c_1_q#6", "C_fb470b225eed47138c37446b16b6431c_1_q#7" ]

[ "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "How well did he play?", "Why did he leave the team?", "What else happened during the season he played for them?", "Did he play in any notable games?", "Did he receive any comments about his performance?", "Where did he go after that season?", "How else was his playing characterized?" ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2 ]

[ 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 1162 ], [ 1620 ], [ 820 ], [ 695 ], [ 1048 ], [ 1620 ], [ 532 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Shankly had a single season, 1932-33, at Carlisle United," ], [ "he was \"earmarked as a key young player capable of taking Carlisle on to greater things\"." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "At the end of the season, the reserves won the North Eastern League Cup, defeating Newcastle United reserves 1-0 in the final." ], [ "Shankly made his senior debut on 31 December 1932 in a 2-2 draw against Rochdale" ], [ "Shankly was assessed as \"a hard running, gritty right-half\" whose displays brought him much praise and credit" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "A local newspaper report said that \"Shankly played strenuously and might develop into a useful left back\"" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 1162, 1620, 820, 695, 1048, 1620, 532 ], "texts": [ "Shankly had a single season, 1932-33, at Carlisle United,", "he was \"earmarked as a key young player capable of taking Carlisle on to greater things\".", "CANNOTANSWER", "At the end of the season, the reserves won the North Eastern League Cup, defeating Newcastle United reserves 1-0 in the final.", "Shankly made his senior debut on 31 December 1932 in a 2-2 draw against Rochdale", "Shankly was assessed as \"a hard running, gritty right-half\" whose displays brought him much praise and credit", "CANNOTANSWER", "A local newspaper report said that \"Shankly played strenuously and might develop into a useful left back\"" ] }

[ { "text": "Specific may refer to:\n\n Specificity (disambiguation)\n Specific, a cure or therapy for a specific illness\n\nLaw \n Specific deterrence, focussed on an individual\n Specific finding, intermediate verdict used by a jury in determining the final verdict\n Specific jurisdiction over an out-of-state party, specific to cases that have a substantial connection to the party's in-state activity\n Order of specific performance, court order to perform a specific act\n\nEconomics, finance, and accounting\n Asset specificity, the extent to which the investments made to support a particular transaction have a higher value to that transaction than they would have if they were redeployed for any other purpose\n Specific identification (inventories), summing purchase costs of all inventory items\n Specific rate duty, duty paid at a specific amount per unit\n Specific risk, risk that affects a very small number of assets\n\nPsychology \n Domain specificity, theory that many aspects of cognition are supported by specialized, presumably evolutionarily specified, learning devices\n Specific developmental disorder, disorders in which development is delayed in one specific area or areas, and in which basically all other areas of development are not affected\n Specific learning disability\n Specific phobia, phobia of a specific thing or situation\n Specific social phobia, triggered only by specific social situations\n\nBiology \n pertaining to a species\n Specific name (botany), species name of a plant\n Specific name (zoology), species name of an animal\n Specific appetite, drive to eat foods with specific flavors or other characteristics\n Specific granule, secretory vesicle in granulocytes\n Specific immunity, to a particular pathogen\n Specific Pathogen Free, of a laboratory animal guaranteed free of particular (i.e., specific and named) pathogens\n\nOther fields \n A specific quantity generally means a physical quantity normalized \"per unit\" of something (often mass).\n SPECIFIC, The Sustainable Product Engineering Centre for Innovative Functional Industrial Coatings\n Specific creation, creationism as opposed to evolution\n Specific interval, shortest possible clockwise distance between pitch classes on the chromatic circle\n Specific integral, in calculus, eliminates the constant of integration\n Specific Physical Preparedness, being prepared for the movements in a specific physical activity (usually a sport)\n\nSee also \n Species (disambiguation)\n Specification (disambiguation)\n Specialty (disambiguation)\n Site-specific (disambiguation)\n Language for specific purposes, has been primarily used to refer to two areas within applied linguistics", "title": "Specific" } ]

[ "C_fb470b225eed47138c37446b16b6431c_0_q#0", "C_fb470b225eed47138c37446b16b6431c_0_q#1", "C_fb470b225eed47138c37446b16b6431c_0_q#2", "C_fb470b225eed47138c37446b16b6431c_0_q#3", "C_fb470b225eed47138c37446b16b6431c_0_q#4", "C_fb470b225eed47138c37446b16b6431c_0_q#5", "C_fb470b225eed47138c37446b16b6431c_0_q#6", "C_fb470b225eed47138c37446b16b6431c_0_q#7" ]

[ "Did he play or manage for Carlisle?", "When did he become manager?", "How did he do in his first season?", "Did he make any big changes to the team?", "Did he bring in any new players?", "How long did he manage Carlisle?", "When did that happen?", "Did he win any trophies in his time as manager at Carlisle?" ]

[ 0, 2, 0, 0, 1, 0, 2, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 115 ], [ 325 ], [ 828 ], [ 587 ], [ 1824 ], [ 510 ], [ 1981 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Shankly began his managerial career at the club" ], [ "1948-49 season" ], [ "Shankly's work ethic transformed the team who finished 15th in 1948-49 after he had been in charge for only the last few matches." ], [ "Shankly used psychology to motivate his players," ], [ "Geoff Twentyman, then a promising young centre half, who was later transferred to Liverpool." ], [ "Shankly resigned and took up an offer from Grimsby Town." ], [ "1950-51" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 115, 325, 828, 587, 1824, 510, 1981 ], "texts": [ "Shankly began his managerial career at the club", "1948-49 season", "Shankly's work ethic transformed the team who finished 15th in 1948-49 after he had been in charge for only the last few matches.", "Shankly used psychology to motivate his players,", "Geoff Twentyman, then a promising young centre half, who was later transferred to Liverpool.", "Shankly resigned and took up an offer from Grimsby Town.", "1950-51", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[ { "text": "Specific may refer to:\n\n Specificity (disambiguation)\n Specific, a cure or therapy for a specific illness\n\nLaw \n Specific deterrence, focussed on an individual\n Specific finding, intermediate verdict used by a jury in determining the final verdict\n Specific jurisdiction over an out-of-state party, specific to cases that have a substantial connection to the party's in-state activity\n Order of specific performance, court order to perform a specific act\n\nEconomics, finance, and accounting\n Asset specificity, the extent to which the investments made to support a particular transaction have a higher value to that transaction than they would have if they were redeployed for any other purpose\n Specific identification (inventories), summing purchase costs of all inventory items\n Specific rate duty, duty paid at a specific amount per unit\n Specific risk, risk that affects a very small number of assets\n\nPsychology \n Domain specificity, theory that many aspects of cognition are supported by specialized, presumably evolutionarily specified, learning devices\n Specific developmental disorder, disorders in which development is delayed in one specific area or areas, and in which basically all other areas of development are not affected\n Specific learning disability\n Specific phobia, phobia of a specific thing or situation\n Specific social phobia, triggered only by specific social situations\n\nBiology \n pertaining to a species\n Specific name (botany), species name of a plant\n Specific name (zoology), species name of an animal\n Specific appetite, drive to eat foods with specific flavors or other characteristics\n Specific granule, secretory vesicle in granulocytes\n Specific immunity, to a particular pathogen\n Specific Pathogen Free, of a laboratory animal guaranteed free of particular (i.e., specific and named) pathogens\n\nOther fields \n A specific quantity generally means a physical quantity normalized \"per unit\" of something (often mass).\n SPECIFIC, The Sustainable Product Engineering Centre for Innovative Functional Industrial Coatings\n Specific creation, creationism as opposed to evolution\n Specific interval, shortest possible clockwise distance between pitch classes on the chromatic circle\n Specific integral, in calculus, eliminates the constant of integration\n Specific Physical Preparedness, being prepared for the movements in a specific physical activity (usually a sport)\n\nSee also \n Species (disambiguation)\n Specification (disambiguation)\n Specialty (disambiguation)\n Site-specific (disambiguation)\n Language for specific purposes, has been primarily used to refer to two areas within applied linguistics", "title": "Specific" } ]

[ "C_1889cdd7dbbb4e31b0c0664842e4ec24_0_q#0", "C_1889cdd7dbbb4e31b0c0664842e4ec24_0_q#1", "C_1889cdd7dbbb4e31b0c0664842e4ec24_0_q#2", "C_1889cdd7dbbb4e31b0c0664842e4ec24_0_q#3", "C_1889cdd7dbbb4e31b0c0664842e4ec24_0_q#4", "C_1889cdd7dbbb4e31b0c0664842e4ec24_0_q#5" ]

[ "What happened during the 1991-1995 Second World Series title?", "How many games were won during this time?", "What are some important aspects during this time?", "What else happened after winning their respective home games?", "Were they further successful after this took place?", "Can you tell me how many points that they got?" ]

[ 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 2478 ], [ 722 ], [ 830 ], [ 1063 ], [ 2478 ] ], "texts": [ [ "In 1991, the Twins got back on the winning track and Puckett led the way by batting .319," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Going into Game 6, the Twins trailed three games to two with each team winning their respective home games." ], [ "Puckett gave the Twins an early lead by driving in Chuck Knoblauch with a triple in the first inning." ], [ "The game went into extra innings, and in the first at-bat of the bottom of the 11th, Puckett hit a dramatic game-winning home run" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 2478, 722, 830, 1063, 2478 ], "texts": [ "In 1991, the Twins got back on the winning track and Puckett led the way by batting .319,", "CANNOTANSWER", "Going into Game 6, the Twins trailed three games to two with each team winning their respective home games.", "Puckett gave the Twins an early lead by driving in Chuck Knoblauch with a triple in the first inning.", "The game went into extra innings, and in the first at-bat of the bottom of the 11th, Puckett hit a dramatic game-winning home run", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "In the 1991 World Series, the Minnesota Twins, led by Puckett, played against the Atlanta Braves, with the series being ranked by ESPN as the best ever played. Going into Game 6, the Twins trailed three games to two, but Puckett led the Twins to victory by driving in Chuck Knoblauch with a triple in the first inning and hitting a dramatic game-winning home run in the 11th inning, sending the series to Game 7. This game was widely remembered as the high point in Puckett's career. Game 7 was won 1-0 by the Twins, with Jack Morris throwing a 10-inning complete game, securing their second World Series crown in five years. However, the Twins did not make it back to the postseason during the rest of Puckett's career. From 1994, Puckett was switched to right field and won his first league RBI title by driving in 112 runs. He was having a brilliant season in 1995 before having his jaw broken by a Dennis Martinez fastball on September 28.", "The text does not provide the specific number of games won by the Twins or Puckett during the 1991-1995 period. However, it mentions that the Twins won Games 6 and 7 of the 1991 World Series.", "Some significant aspects during this period include the Minnesota Twins' comeback in the 1991 World Series where Puckett played a pivotal role. His performance in Game 6 is considered a career highlight. In the final game of the series, Jack Morris’s 10-inning complete game helped secure the Twins' second World Series title in five years. After the World Series win, the Twins didn't make it back to the postseason during the rest of Puckett's career. Puckett switched to right field in 1994 and won his first league RBI title by driving in 112 runs. However, his 1995 season was cut short when he suffered a broken jaw from a Dennis Martinez fastball in September.", "After winning their respective home games in the 1991 World Series, the Minnesota Twins and Atlanta Braves entered Game 6 with the Twins trailing three games to two. In that game, Puckett drove in Chuck Knoblauch with a triple in the first inning and hit a dramatic game-winning home run in the bottom of the 11th, sending the series to Game 7. In Game 7, the Twins clinched the title with a 1-0 victory, courtesy of Jack Morris’s 10-inning complete game. The high point of Game 6 became a career highlight for Puckett. The seat back and bottom where his walk-off home run ball was caught were replaced with gold colored set and the original and replacement parts were preserved as memorabilia.", "After winning the 1991 World Series, the Twins did not make it back to the postseason during the rest of Puckett's career. However, Puckett himself continued to perform well. He switched to playing right field in 1994 and won his first league RBI title by driving in 112 runs. His strong season in 1995 was halted when he suffered a broken jaw after being hit by a fastball. Thus, while the Twins as a team seem to have had limited success after the 1991 season, Puckett individually continued to have a strong career until his injury in 1995.", "The context does not provide information about how many points the Twins or Puckett scored from 1991 to 1995." ]

[ "No", "Yes", "No", "No", "No", "Yes" ]

[ "C_44518f355985498bbd96fb1c44c83021_1_q#0", "C_44518f355985498bbd96fb1c44c83021_1_q#1", "C_44518f355985498bbd96fb1c44c83021_1_q#2", "C_44518f355985498bbd96fb1c44c83021_1_q#3", "C_44518f355985498bbd96fb1c44c83021_1_q#4", "C_44518f355985498bbd96fb1c44c83021_1_q#5", "C_44518f355985498bbd96fb1c44c83021_1_q#6", "C_44518f355985498bbd96fb1c44c83021_1_q#7" ]

[ "What is the plot about?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Was marge mentioned at all in this episode?", "Was any of Barts friends mentioned in the plot?", "What happens to Homer?", "Does Marge rescue her husband, Homer?", "Does Marge do anything in the plot?", "Anything else you can tell me about the plot?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 144 ], [ 1029 ], [ 1412 ], [ 1156 ], [ 1533 ], [ 1029 ], [ 1872 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Lisa wakes up Bart to remind him that her birthday is nearing, and that he forgets it every year. Bart promises to get her a present this year." ], [ "Meanwhile, Homer discovers that all of his white shirts have turned pink because Bart put his red hat in with the laundry." ], [ "Marge, upon hearing what has happened, comes to the institution and is able to convince Homer's doctors that he is not insane." ], [ "Bart tells his friend Milhouse and soon all of Springfield turns up outside of the Simpson family's home to see Michael." ], [ "Homer bids farewell to Michael, who reveals that he is in the mental institution voluntarily. Homer decides to let him stay in the family home." ], [ "The level of excitement is deflated when Homer introduces Michael and they realize he is an impostor." ], [ "Marge, upon hearing what has happened, comes to the institution and is able to convince Homer's doctors that he is not insane." ], [ "After overhearing Lisa write in a letter that she is disowning Bart as a brother, the faux Michael convinces Bart to let him help. Together" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 144, 1029, 1412, 1156, 1533, 1029, 1872 ], "texts": [ "Lisa wakes up Bart to remind him that her birthday is nearing, and that he forgets it every year. Bart promises to get her a present this year.", "Meanwhile, Homer discovers that all of his white shirts have turned pink because Bart put his red hat in with the laundry.", "Marge, upon hearing what has happened, comes to the institution and is able to convince Homer's doctors that he is not insane.", "Bart tells his friend Milhouse and soon all of Springfield turns up outside of the Simpson family's home to see Michael.", "Homer bids farewell to Michael, who reveals that he is in the mental institution voluntarily. Homer decides to let him stay in the family home.", "The level of excitement is deflated when Homer introduces Michael and they realize he is an impostor.", "Marge, upon hearing what has happened, comes to the institution and is able to convince Homer's doctors that he is not insane.", "After overhearing Lisa write in a letter that she is disowning Bart as a brother, the faux Michael convinces Bart to let him help. Together" ] }

[ { "text": "Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is \"the study of books as physical objects\" and \"the systematic description of books as objects\" (or descriptive bibliography).\n\nEtymology \nThe word was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for \"the intellectual activity of composing books.\" The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books. Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object. Bibliography, in its systematic pursuit of understanding the past and the present through written and printed documents, describes a way and means of extracting information from this material. Bibliographers are interested in comparing versions of texts to each other rather than in interpreting their meaning or assessing their significance.\n\nField of study \nBibliography is a specialized aspect of library science (or library and information science, LIS) and documentation science. It was established by a Belgian, named Paul Otlet (1868–1944), who was the founder of the field of documentation, as a branch of the information sciences, who wrote about \"the science of bibliography.\" However, there have recently been voices claiming that \"the bibliographical paradigm\" is obsolete, and it is not today common in LIS. A defence of the bibliographical paradigm was provided by Hjørland (2007).\n\nThe quantitative study of bibliographies is known as bibliometrics, which is today an influential subfield in LIS and is used for major collection decisions such as the cancellation of big deals, through data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals.\n\nBranches \nCarter and Barker describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography). These two distinct concepts and practices have separate rationales and serve differing purposes. Innovators and originators in the field include W. W. Greg, Fredson Bowers, Philip Gaskell and G. Thomas Tanselle.\n\nBowers (1949) refers to enumerative bibliography as a procedure that identifies books in “specific collections or libraries,” in a specific discipline, by an author, printer, or period of production (3). He refers to descriptive bibliography as the systematic description of a book as a material or physical artefact. Analytical bibliography, the cornerstone of descriptive bibliography, investigates the printing and all physical features of a book that yield evidence establishing a book's history and transmission (Feather 10). It is the preliminary phase of bibliographic description and provides the vocabulary, principles and techniques of analysis that descriptive bibliographers apply and on which they base their descriptive practice.\n\nDescriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions and associated classification in their description. Titles and title pages are transcribed in a quasi-facsimile style and representation. Illustration, typeface, binding, paper, and all physical elements related to identifying a book follow formulaic conventions, as Bowers established in his foundational opus, The Principles of Bibliographic Description. The thought expressed in this book expands substantively on W. W. Greg's groundbreaking theory that argued for the adoption of formal bibliographic principles (Greg 29). Fundamentally, analytical bibliography is concerned with objective, physical analysis and history of a book while descriptive bibliography employs all data that analytical bibliography furnishes and then codifies it with a view to identifying the ideal copy or form of a book that most nearly represents the printer's initial conception and intention in printing.\n\nIn addition to viewing bibliographic study as being composed of four interdependent approaches (enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical bibliography and aesthetic bibliography. Both historical bibliography, which involves the investigation of printing practices, tools, and related documents, and aesthetic bibliography, which examines the art of designing type and books, are often employed by analytical bibliographers.\n\nD. F. McKenzie extended previous notions of bibliography as set forth by Greg, Bowers, Gaskell and Tanselle. He describes the nature of bibliography as \"the discipline that studies texts as recorded forms, and the processes of their transmission, including their production and reception\" (1999 12). This concept broadens the scope of bibliography to include \"non-book texts\" and an accounting for their material form and structure, as well as textual variations, technical and production processes that bring sociocultural context and effects into play. McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artefacts with sociological and technical factors that have an effect on production, transmission and, ultimately, ideal copy (2002 14). Bibliography, generally, concerns the material conditions of books [as well as other texts] how they are designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted, collected.\n\nBibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose and can generally be divided into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which results in an overview of publications in a particular category and analytical or critical bibliography, which studies the production of books. In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other media including audio recordings, motion pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs and websites.\n\nEnumerative bibliography \n\nAn enumerative bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works such as journal articles. Bibliographies range from \"works cited\" lists at the end of books and articles, to complete and independent publications. A notable example of a complete, independent publication is Gow's A. E. Housman: A Sketch, Together with a List of His Classical Papers (1936). As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown on the right, or computerized bibliographic databases. A library catalog, while not referred to as a \"bibliography,\" is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be tertiary sources.\n\nEnumerative bibliographies are based on a unifying principle such as creator, subject, date, topic or other characteristic. An entry in an enumerative bibliography provides the core elements of a text resource including a title, the creator(s), publication date and place of publication. Belanger (1977) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography from other bibliographic forms such as descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography or textual bibliography in that its function is to record and list, rather than describe a source in detail or with any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission. The enumerative list may be comprehensive or selective. One noted example would be Tanselle's bibliography that exhaustively enumerates topics and sources related to all forms of bibliography. A more common and particular instance of an enumerative bibliography relates to specific sources used or considered in preparing a scholarly paper or academic term paper.\n\nCitation styles vary.\nAn entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following elements:\n creator(s)\n title\n place of publication\n publisher or printer\n date of publication\n\nAn entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains:\n creator(s)\n article title\n journal title\n volume\n pages\n date of publication\n\nA bibliography may be arranged by author, topic, or some other scheme. Annotated bibliographies give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions, usually a few sentences long, provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. Reference management software may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required.\n\nBibliographies differ from library catalogs by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However, the catalogs of some national libraries effectively serve as national bibliographies, as the national libraries own almost all their countries' publications.\n\nDescriptive bibliography \nFredson Bowers described and formulated a standardized practice of descriptive bibliography in his Principles of Bibliographical Description\n(1949). Scholars to this day treat Bowers' scholarly guide as authoritative. In this classic text, Bowers describes the basic function of bibliography as, \"[providing] sufficient data so that a reader may identify the book described, understand the printing, and recognize the precise contents\" (124).\n\nDescriptive bibliographies as scholarly product \nDescriptive bibliographies as a scholarly product usually include information on the following aspect of a given book as a material object:\nFormat and Collation/Pagination Statement—a conventional, symbolic formula that describes the book block in terms of sheets, folds, quires, signatures, and pages\n\nAccording to Bowers (193), the format of a book is usually abbreviated in the collation formula:\nBroadsheet: I° or b.s. or bs.\nFolio: 2° or fol.\nQuarto: 4° or 4to or Q° or Q\nOctavo: 8° or 8vo\nDuodecimo: 12° or 12mo\nSexto-decimo: 16° or 16mo\nTricesimo-secundo: 32° or 32mo\nSexagesimo-quarto: 64° or 64mo\nThe collation, which follows the format, is the statement of the order and size of the gatherings.\nFor example, a quarto that consists of the signed gatherings:\n2 leaves signed A, 4 leaves signed B, 4 leaves signed C, and 2 leaves signed D\nwould be represented in the collation formula:\n4°: A2B-C4D2\nBinding—a description of the binding techniques (generally for books printed after 1800)\nTitle Page Transcription—a transcription of the title page, including rule lines and ornaments\nContents—a listing of the contents (by section) in the book\nPaper—a description of the physical properties of the paper, including production process, an account of chain-line measurements, and a description of watermarks (if present)\nIllustrations—a description of the illustrations found in the book, including printing process (e.g. woodblock, intaglio, etc.), measurements, and locations in the text\nPresswork—miscellaneous details gleaned from the text about its production\nCopies Examined—an enumeration of the copies examined, including those copies' location (i.e. belonging to which library or collector)\n\nAnalytical bibliography \nThis branch of the bibliographic discipline examines the material features of a textual artefact—such as type, ink, paper, imposition, format, impressions and states of a book—to essentially recreate the conditions of its production. Analytical bibliography often uses collateral evidence—such as general printing practices, trends in format, responses and non-responses to design, etc.—to scrutinize the historical conventions and influences underlying the physical appearance of a text. The bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained from the investigation of physical evidence in the form of a descriptive bibliography or textual bibliography. Descriptive bibliography is the close examination and cataloging of a text as a physical object, recording its size, format, binding, and so on, while textual bibliography (or textual criticism) identifies variations—and the aetiology of variations—in a text with a view to determining \"the establishment of the most correct form of [a] text\" (Bowers 498[1]).\n\nBibliographers \n\nA bibliographer is a person who describes and lists books and other publications, with particular attention to such characteristics as authorship, publication date, edition, typography, etc. A person who limits such efforts to a specific field or discipline is a subject bibliographer.\"\n\nA bibliographer, in the technical meaning of the word, is anyone who writes about books. But the accepted meaning since at least the 18th century is a person who attempts a comprehensive account—sometimes just a list, sometimes a fuller reckoning—of the books written on a particular subject. In the present, bibliography is no longer a career, generally speaking; bibliographies tend to be written on highly specific subjects and by specialists in the field.\n\nThe term bibliographer is sometimes—in particular subject bibliographer—today used about certain roles performed in libraries and bibliographic databases.\n\nOne of the first bibliographers was Conrad Gessner who sought to list all books printed in Latin, Greek and Hebrew in Bibliotheca Universalis (1545).\n\nNon-book material \nSystematic lists of media other than books can be referred to with terms formed analogously to bibliography:\n Discography—recorded music\n Filmography—films\n Webography (or webliography)—websites\n Arachniography, a term coined by NASA research historian Andrew J. Butrica, which means a reference list of URLs about a particular subject. It is equivalent to a bibliography in a book. The name derives from arachne in reference to a spider and its web.\n\nSee also \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (in Wikipedia)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Blum, Rudolf. (1980) Bibliographia. An Inquiry in Its Definition and Designations, Dawson, American Library Association.\n Bowers, Fredson. (1995) Principles of Bibliographical Description, Oak Knoll Press.\n Duncan, Paul Shaner. (1973) How to Catalog a Rare Book, 2nd ed., rev., American Library Association.\n \n Gaskell, Philip. (2000) A New Introduction to Bibliography, Oak Knoll Press.\n McKerrow, R. B. (1927) An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students, Oxford: Clarendon Press\n Schneider, Georg. (1934) Theory and History of Bibliography, New York: Scarecrow Press.\n National Library of Canada, Committee on Bibliography and Information Services for the Social Sciences and Humanities, Guidelines for the Compilation of a Bibliography (National Library of Canada, 1987). N.B.: This is a brief guide to accurately practical bibliography, not a study concerning more precise and systematic bibliography.\n \nRobinson, A. M. Lewin (1966) Systematic Bibliography; rev. ed. London: Clive Bingley\n\nExternal links \n\n Oxford Bibliographies Online, in-depth annotated bibliographies by scholars in selected fields\n Introduction to Bibliography, a comprehensive syllabus by G. Thomas Tanselle\n The Bibliographical Society of America, a resource for information about current work in the field of bibliography\n Studies in Bibliography, the journal of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia\n A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology, (University of Zaragoza) includes thousands of listings on literary, philological and other subjects\n\n \nCategory:Book design\nCategory:Book terminology\nCategory:Textual scholarship", "title": "Bibliography" } ]

[ "The plot revolves around Homer being suspected of being insane and sent to a mental institution, where he befriends a large white man who believes he is Michael Jackson. After Homer is released, the faux Michael Jackson comes to stay in the Simpson's household, causing a frenzy in Springfield. The story climaxes when Bart fails to acknowledge Lisa's birthday due to his excitement over Michael Jackson's arrival. The faux Michael helps Bart write a song in celebration of Lisa's birthday, which greatly pleases Lisa. The man later reveals his true identity and departs from the Simpson's house.", "The plot also involves an interesting subplot of Bart forgetting Lisa's birthday every year, and how this year due to his excitement over Michael Jackson's faux arrival, he forgets again. However, the faux Michael helps Bart write a touching birthday song for Lisa, which turns out to be the best gift she's ever received. Another interesting aspect is the character of the faux Michael Jackson/Leon Kompowsky who uses the persona to spread happiness and calm his own anger. His character adds a unique twist to the storyline.", "Yes, Marge was mentioned in this episode. She came to the mental institution and was able to convince Homer's doctors that he was not insane.", "Yes, Bart's friend Milhouse was mentioned in the plot. Bart told Milhouse that Homer was bringing Michael to stay for a few days, despite Homer and Michael's wishes to keep it a secret.", "Homer's co-workers poke fun at him for wearing a pink shirt to work after Bart accidentally dyed his shirts pink. Mr. Burns, his employer, suspects him of being a \"free-thinking anarchist,\" and sends him home with a psychiatric quiz. Bart fills it in for Homer, which leads Dr. Monroe to declare Homer insane. Homer is then sent to a mental institution, where he befriends a man who claims to be Michael Jackson. After Marge convinces the doctors that Homer is not insane, Homer brings his new friend home, causing a frenzy in Springfield.", "Yes, Marge manages to convince the doctors at the mental institution that Homer is not insane, leading to his release.", "Yes, Marge plays an important role in the plot. After Homer is mistakenly declared insane and sent to a mental institution, Marge manages to convince the doctors there that Homer is not actually insane, leading to his release.", "The plot involves several interesting subplots involving characters' identities, promises, and disappointments. Bart fails to remember his sister Lisa's birthday every year and this time it's due to the excitement of Michael Jackson's arrival. However, the man who Homer brings home from the mental institution is not actually Michael Jackson, but Leon Kompowsky, a bricklayer from New Jersey who impersonates Jackson to make people around him happy. The faux Michael Jackson helps Bart prepare a special birthday present for Lisa, a song called \"Happy Birthday Lisa,\" which ends up making her extremely happy despite Bart's initial forgetfulness. The plot combines humor, unexpected friendships, and heartfelt family moments." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_44518f355985498bbd96fb1c44c83021_0_q#0", "C_44518f355985498bbd96fb1c44c83021_0_q#1", "C_44518f355985498bbd96fb1c44c83021_0_q#2", "C_44518f355985498bbd96fb1c44c83021_0_q#3", "C_44518f355985498bbd96fb1c44c83021_0_q#4", "C_44518f355985498bbd96fb1c44c83021_0_q#5", "C_44518f355985498bbd96fb1c44c83021_0_q#6", "C_44518f355985498bbd96fb1c44c83021_0_q#7" ]

[ "what were the alternate openings?", "what was the alternate opening?", "what was different about it?", "what can you tell me about the different opening?", "was there any controversy?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "what happens in the living orom?", "what did they do after bush's speech?" ]

[ 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1 ]

[ 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 1698 ], [ 1698 ], [ 677 ], [ 1559 ], [ 1295 ], [ 1295 ], [ 1439 ] ], "texts": [ [ "The January 30, 1992 rerun of the episode featured a brief alternate opening," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "we are going to keep on trying to strengthen the American family, to make American families a lot more like the Waltons and a lot less like the Simpsons." ], [ "Hey, we're just like the Waltons. We're praying for an end to the Depression, too." ], [ "The broadcast included a new tongue-in-cheek opening. The scene begins in the Simpsons' living room where the family is watching Bush's speech." ], [ "The broadcast included a new tongue-in-cheek opening." ], [ "When Bush says \"to make American families a lot more like the Waltons and a lot less like the Simpsons\"," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 1698, 1698, 677, 1559, 1295, 1295, 1439 ], "texts": [ "The January 30, 1992 rerun of the episode featured a brief alternate opening,", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER", "we are going to keep on trying to strengthen the American family, to make American families a lot more like the Waltons and a lot less like the Simpsons.", "Hey, we're just like the Waltons. We're praying for an end to the Depression, too.", "The broadcast included a new tongue-in-cheek opening. The scene begins in the Simpsons' living room where the family is watching Bush's speech.", "The broadcast included a new tongue-in-cheek opening.", "When Bush says \"to make American families a lot more like the Waltons and a lot less like the Simpsons\"," ] }

[ { "text": "Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is \"the study of books as physical objects\" and \"the systematic description of books as objects\" (or descriptive bibliography).\n\nEtymology \nThe word was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for \"the intellectual activity of composing books.\" The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books. Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object. Bibliography, in its systematic pursuit of understanding the past and the present through written and printed documents, describes a way and means of extracting information from this material. Bibliographers are interested in comparing versions of texts to each other rather than in interpreting their meaning or assessing their significance.\n\nField of study \nBibliography is a specialized aspect of library science (or library and information science, LIS) and documentation science. It was established by a Belgian, named Paul Otlet (1868–1944), who was the founder of the field of documentation, as a branch of the information sciences, who wrote about \"the science of bibliography.\" However, there have recently been voices claiming that \"the bibliographical paradigm\" is obsolete, and it is not today common in LIS. A defence of the bibliographical paradigm was provided by Hjørland (2007).\n\nThe quantitative study of bibliographies is known as bibliometrics, which is today an influential subfield in LIS and is used for major collection decisions such as the cancellation of big deals, through data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals.\n\nBranches \nCarter and Barker describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography). These two distinct concepts and practices have separate rationales and serve differing purposes. Innovators and originators in the field include W. W. Greg, Fredson Bowers, Philip Gaskell and G. Thomas Tanselle.\n\nBowers (1949) refers to enumerative bibliography as a procedure that identifies books in “specific collections or libraries,” in a specific discipline, by an author, printer, or period of production (3). He refers to descriptive bibliography as the systematic description of a book as a material or physical artefact. Analytical bibliography, the cornerstone of descriptive bibliography, investigates the printing and all physical features of a book that yield evidence establishing a book's history and transmission (Feather 10). It is the preliminary phase of bibliographic description and provides the vocabulary, principles and techniques of analysis that descriptive bibliographers apply and on which they base their descriptive practice.\n\nDescriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions and associated classification in their description. Titles and title pages are transcribed in a quasi-facsimile style and representation. Illustration, typeface, binding, paper, and all physical elements related to identifying a book follow formulaic conventions, as Bowers established in his foundational opus, The Principles of Bibliographic Description. The thought expressed in this book expands substantively on W. W. Greg's groundbreaking theory that argued for the adoption of formal bibliographic principles (Greg 29). Fundamentally, analytical bibliography is concerned with objective, physical analysis and history of a book while descriptive bibliography employs all data that analytical bibliography furnishes and then codifies it with a view to identifying the ideal copy or form of a book that most nearly represents the printer's initial conception and intention in printing.\n\nIn addition to viewing bibliographic study as being composed of four interdependent approaches (enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical bibliography and aesthetic bibliography. Both historical bibliography, which involves the investigation of printing practices, tools, and related documents, and aesthetic bibliography, which examines the art of designing type and books, are often employed by analytical bibliographers.\n\nD. F. McKenzie extended previous notions of bibliography as set forth by Greg, Bowers, Gaskell and Tanselle. He describes the nature of bibliography as \"the discipline that studies texts as recorded forms, and the processes of their transmission, including their production and reception\" (1999 12). This concept broadens the scope of bibliography to include \"non-book texts\" and an accounting for their material form and structure, as well as textual variations, technical and production processes that bring sociocultural context and effects into play. McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artefacts with sociological and technical factors that have an effect on production, transmission and, ultimately, ideal copy (2002 14). Bibliography, generally, concerns the material conditions of books [as well as other texts] how they are designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted, collected.\n\nBibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose and can generally be divided into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which results in an overview of publications in a particular category and analytical or critical bibliography, which studies the production of books. In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other media including audio recordings, motion pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs and websites.\n\nEnumerative bibliography \n\nAn enumerative bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works such as journal articles. Bibliographies range from \"works cited\" lists at the end of books and articles, to complete and independent publications. A notable example of a complete, independent publication is Gow's A. E. Housman: A Sketch, Together with a List of His Classical Papers (1936). As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown on the right, or computerized bibliographic databases. A library catalog, while not referred to as a \"bibliography,\" is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be tertiary sources.\n\nEnumerative bibliographies are based on a unifying principle such as creator, subject, date, topic or other characteristic. An entry in an enumerative bibliography provides the core elements of a text resource including a title, the creator(s), publication date and place of publication. Belanger (1977) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography from other bibliographic forms such as descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography or textual bibliography in that its function is to record and list, rather than describe a source in detail or with any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission. The enumerative list may be comprehensive or selective. One noted example would be Tanselle's bibliography that exhaustively enumerates topics and sources related to all forms of bibliography. A more common and particular instance of an enumerative bibliography relates to specific sources used or considered in preparing a scholarly paper or academic term paper.\n\nCitation styles vary.\nAn entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following elements:\n creator(s)\n title\n place of publication\n publisher or printer\n date of publication\n\nAn entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains:\n creator(s)\n article title\n journal title\n volume\n pages\n date of publication\n\nA bibliography may be arranged by author, topic, or some other scheme. Annotated bibliographies give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions, usually a few sentences long, provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. Reference management software may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required.\n\nBibliographies differ from library catalogs by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However, the catalogs of some national libraries effectively serve as national bibliographies, as the national libraries own almost all their countries' publications.\n\nDescriptive bibliography \nFredson Bowers described and formulated a standardized practice of descriptive bibliography in his Principles of Bibliographical Description\n(1949). Scholars to this day treat Bowers' scholarly guide as authoritative. In this classic text, Bowers describes the basic function of bibliography as, \"[providing] sufficient data so that a reader may identify the book described, understand the printing, and recognize the precise contents\" (124).\n\nDescriptive bibliographies as scholarly product \nDescriptive bibliographies as a scholarly product usually include information on the following aspect of a given book as a material object:\nFormat and Collation/Pagination Statement—a conventional, symbolic formula that describes the book block in terms of sheets, folds, quires, signatures, and pages\n\nAccording to Bowers (193), the format of a book is usually abbreviated in the collation formula:\nBroadsheet: I° or b.s. or bs.\nFolio: 2° or fol.\nQuarto: 4° or 4to or Q° or Q\nOctavo: 8° or 8vo\nDuodecimo: 12° or 12mo\nSexto-decimo: 16° or 16mo\nTricesimo-secundo: 32° or 32mo\nSexagesimo-quarto: 64° or 64mo\nThe collation, which follows the format, is the statement of the order and size of the gatherings.\nFor example, a quarto that consists of the signed gatherings:\n2 leaves signed A, 4 leaves signed B, 4 leaves signed C, and 2 leaves signed D\nwould be represented in the collation formula:\n4°: A2B-C4D2\nBinding—a description of the binding techniques (generally for books printed after 1800)\nTitle Page Transcription—a transcription of the title page, including rule lines and ornaments\nContents—a listing of the contents (by section) in the book\nPaper—a description of the physical properties of the paper, including production process, an account of chain-line measurements, and a description of watermarks (if present)\nIllustrations—a description of the illustrations found in the book, including printing process (e.g. woodblock, intaglio, etc.), measurements, and locations in the text\nPresswork—miscellaneous details gleaned from the text about its production\nCopies Examined—an enumeration of the copies examined, including those copies' location (i.e. belonging to which library or collector)\n\nAnalytical bibliography \nThis branch of the bibliographic discipline examines the material features of a textual artefact—such as type, ink, paper, imposition, format, impressions and states of a book—to essentially recreate the conditions of its production. Analytical bibliography often uses collateral evidence—such as general printing practices, trends in format, responses and non-responses to design, etc.—to scrutinize the historical conventions and influences underlying the physical appearance of a text. The bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained from the investigation of physical evidence in the form of a descriptive bibliography or textual bibliography. Descriptive bibliography is the close examination and cataloging of a text as a physical object, recording its size, format, binding, and so on, while textual bibliography (or textual criticism) identifies variations—and the aetiology of variations—in a text with a view to determining \"the establishment of the most correct form of [a] text\" (Bowers 498[1]).\n\nBibliographers \n\nA bibliographer is a person who describes and lists books and other publications, with particular attention to such characteristics as authorship, publication date, edition, typography, etc. A person who limits such efforts to a specific field or discipline is a subject bibliographer.\"\n\nA bibliographer, in the technical meaning of the word, is anyone who writes about books. But the accepted meaning since at least the 18th century is a person who attempts a comprehensive account—sometimes just a list, sometimes a fuller reckoning—of the books written on a particular subject. In the present, bibliography is no longer a career, generally speaking; bibliographies tend to be written on highly specific subjects and by specialists in the field.\n\nThe term bibliographer is sometimes—in particular subject bibliographer—today used about certain roles performed in libraries and bibliographic databases.\n\nOne of the first bibliographers was Conrad Gessner who sought to list all books printed in Latin, Greek and Hebrew in Bibliotheca Universalis (1545).\n\nNon-book material \nSystematic lists of media other than books can be referred to with terms formed analogously to bibliography:\n Discography—recorded music\n Filmography—films\n Webography (or webliography)—websites\n Arachniography, a term coined by NASA research historian Andrew J. Butrica, which means a reference list of URLs about a particular subject. It is equivalent to a bibliography in a book. The name derives from arachne in reference to a spider and its web.\n\nSee also \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (in Wikipedia)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Blum, Rudolf. (1980) Bibliographia. An Inquiry in Its Definition and Designations, Dawson, American Library Association.\n Bowers, Fredson. (1995) Principles of Bibliographical Description, Oak Knoll Press.\n Duncan, Paul Shaner. (1973) How to Catalog a Rare Book, 2nd ed., rev., American Library Association.\n \n Gaskell, Philip. (2000) A New Introduction to Bibliography, Oak Knoll Press.\n McKerrow, R. B. (1927) An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students, Oxford: Clarendon Press\n Schneider, Georg. (1934) Theory and History of Bibliography, New York: Scarecrow Press.\n National Library of Canada, Committee on Bibliography and Information Services for the Social Sciences and Humanities, Guidelines for the Compilation of a Bibliography (National Library of Canada, 1987). N.B.: This is a brief guide to accurately practical bibliography, not a study concerning more precise and systematic bibliography.\n \nRobinson, A. M. Lewin (1966) Systematic Bibliography; rev. ed. London: Clive Bingley\n\nExternal links \n\n Oxford Bibliographies Online, in-depth annotated bibliographies by scholars in selected fields\n Introduction to Bibliography, a comprehensive syllabus by G. Thomas Tanselle\n The Bibliographical Society of America, a resource for information about current work in the field of bibliography\n Studies in Bibliography, the journal of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia\n A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology, (University of Zaragoza) includes thousands of listings on literary, philological and other subjects\n\n \nCategory:Book design\nCategory:Book terminology\nCategory:Textual scholarship", "title": "Bibliography" } ]

[ "The alternate opening was a brief response from the Simpsons to a comment made by then President George Bush. It begins in the Simpsons' living room where the family is watching Bush's speech, who says \"to make American families a lot more like the Waltons and a lot less like the Simpsons\". Bart, voiced by Nancy Cartwright, then replies, \"Hey, we're just like the Waltons. We're praying for an end to the Depression, too.\"", "The alternate opening was a scene in the Simpsons' living room where the family is watching a speech by then President George Bush. When Bush says \"to make American families a lot more like the Waltons and a lot less like the Simpsons\", Bart replies, \"Hey, we're just like the Waltons. We're praying for an end to the Depression, too.\"", "The difference in this alternate opening was the addition of a new scene in response to a comment made by then President George Bush. In this scene, the family is watching Bush's speech and Bart gives a tongue-in-cheek reply to a comparison made by Bush that suggested the American families should be more like the Waltons and less like the Simpsons. This was a departure from their usual show openings and allowed for a real-time response to a current event.", "The different opening was a brief tongue-in-cheek response to a comment made by then President George Bush. In this alternate opening, the Simpsons are watching Bush's speech in their living room. When Bush says that he wants American families to be more like the Waltons and less like the Simpsons, Bart responds with, \"Hey, we're just like the Waltons. We're praying for an end to the Depression, too.\" This new opening, which was an exception to the usual, allowed the writers of The Simpsons to address a contemporary event, despite the lengthy production time of each episode.", "The context does not provide any information about any controversy related to the alternate opening of the episode.", "The article is interesting for a variety of reasons. It depicts how The Simpsons, despite its prolonged production timeline of over six months per episode, managed to keep relevant and timely by responding quickly to comments made by President George Bush. It also provides an insight into the \"feud\" that the show had with Barbara Bush, the President's wife, who had earlier referred to The Simpsons as \"the dumbest thing\" she had ever seen. Another interesting aspect is the unusual letter-writing campaign where the writers posed as Marge Simpson to send a polite response to Barbara Bush, and received an apology from her. Lastly, it interestingly showcases how real-world politics sometimes intersect with pop culture and television.", "In the living room, the Simpson family is watching a speech by George Bush. When Bush suggests that American families should be more like the Waltons and less like the Simpsons, Bart responds by saying, \"Hey, we're just like the Waltons. We're praying for an end to the Depression, too.\" This is the brief alternate opening created in response to Bush's comments.", "After Bush's speech, the writers of The Simpsons created an alternate opening for the next broadcast of the show, which was a rerun of \"Stark Raving Dad.\" This new opening featured a scene of the Simpson family in their living room, watching Bush's speech. When Bush suggests that American families should be more like the Waltons and less like the Simpsons, Bart replies, \"Hey, we're just like the Waltons. We're praying for an end to the Depression, too.\"\n" ]

[ "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes", "No", "No", "No", "Yes" ]

[ "C_04be97353a2c41469cce24af4cbfcb97_1_q#0", "C_04be97353a2c41469cce24af4cbfcb97_1_q#1", "C_04be97353a2c41469cce24af4cbfcb97_1_q#2", "C_04be97353a2c41469cce24af4cbfcb97_1_q#3", "C_04be97353a2c41469cce24af4cbfcb97_1_q#4", "C_04be97353a2c41469cce24af4cbfcb97_1_q#5", "C_04be97353a2c41469cce24af4cbfcb97_1_q#6" ]

[ "how did he control Louisiana after his governorship?", "what else did he do during 1932?", "what did he declare?", "what followed this declaration?", "how did he finally leave he governor's mansion?", "what was significant about 1934?", "what was the outcome of this ?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 3555 ], [ 3656 ], [ 3779 ], [ 7740 ], [ 6190 ], [ 7740 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Once in office as governor on May 21, 1928, Long moved quickly to consolidate his power, firing hundreds of opponents in the state bureaucracy," ], [ "Long completed most of his four-year term as governor, which did not end until May 1932. He declared that leaving" ], [ "that leaving the seat vacant for so long would not hurt Louisiana; \"with Ransdell as Senator, the seat was vacant anyway.\"" ], [ "By not leaving the governor's mansion until January 25, 1932, Long prevented Lieutenant Governor Paul N. Cyr, a former ally, from succeeding to the office." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Long inserted himself into the New Orleans mayoral election of 1934." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 3555, 3656, 3779, 7740, 6190, 7740 ], "texts": [ "Once in office as governor on May 21, 1928, Long moved quickly to consolidate his power, firing hundreds of opponents in the state bureaucracy,", "Long completed most of his four-year term as governor, which did not end until May 1932. He declared that leaving", "that leaving the seat vacant for so long would not hurt Louisiana; \"with Ransdell as Senator, the seat was vacant anyway.\"", "By not leaving the governor's mansion until January 25, 1932, Long prevented Lieutenant Governor Paul N. Cyr, a former ally, from succeeding to the office.", "CANNOTANSWER", "Long inserted himself into the New Orleans mayoral election of 1934.", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[ { "text": "Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is \"the study of books as physical objects\" and \"the systematic description of books as objects\" (or descriptive bibliography).\n\nEtymology \nThe word was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for \"the intellectual activity of composing books.\" The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books. Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object. Bibliography, in its systematic pursuit of understanding the past and the present through written and printed documents, describes a way and means of extracting information from this material. Bibliographers are interested in comparing versions of texts to each other rather than in interpreting their meaning or assessing their significance.\n\nField of study \nBibliography is a specialized aspect of library science (or library and information science, LIS) and documentation science. It was established by a Belgian, named Paul Otlet (1868–1944), who was the founder of the field of documentation, as a branch of the information sciences, who wrote about \"the science of bibliography.\" However, there have recently been voices claiming that \"the bibliographical paradigm\" is obsolete, and it is not today common in LIS. A defence of the bibliographical paradigm was provided by Hjørland (2007).\n\nThe quantitative study of bibliographies is known as bibliometrics, which is today an influential subfield in LIS and is used for major collection decisions such as the cancellation of big deals, through data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals.\n\nBranches \nCarter and Barker describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography). These two distinct concepts and practices have separate rationales and serve differing purposes. Innovators and originators in the field include W. W. Greg, Fredson Bowers, Philip Gaskell and G. Thomas Tanselle.\n\nBowers (1949) refers to enumerative bibliography as a procedure that identifies books in “specific collections or libraries,” in a specific discipline, by an author, printer, or period of production (3). He refers to descriptive bibliography as the systematic description of a book as a material or physical artefact. Analytical bibliography, the cornerstone of descriptive bibliography, investigates the printing and all physical features of a book that yield evidence establishing a book's history and transmission (Feather 10). It is the preliminary phase of bibliographic description and provides the vocabulary, principles and techniques of analysis that descriptive bibliographers apply and on which they base their descriptive practice.\n\nDescriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions and associated classification in their description. Titles and title pages are transcribed in a quasi-facsimile style and representation. Illustration, typeface, binding, paper, and all physical elements related to identifying a book follow formulaic conventions, as Bowers established in his foundational opus, The Principles of Bibliographic Description. The thought expressed in this book expands substantively on W. W. Greg's groundbreaking theory that argued for the adoption of formal bibliographic principles (Greg 29). Fundamentally, analytical bibliography is concerned with objective, physical analysis and history of a book while descriptive bibliography employs all data that analytical bibliography furnishes and then codifies it with a view to identifying the ideal copy or form of a book that most nearly represents the printer's initial conception and intention in printing.\n\nIn addition to viewing bibliographic study as being composed of four interdependent approaches (enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical bibliography and aesthetic bibliography. Both historical bibliography, which involves the investigation of printing practices, tools, and related documents, and aesthetic bibliography, which examines the art of designing type and books, are often employed by analytical bibliographers.\n\nD. F. McKenzie extended previous notions of bibliography as set forth by Greg, Bowers, Gaskell and Tanselle. He describes the nature of bibliography as \"the discipline that studies texts as recorded forms, and the processes of their transmission, including their production and reception\" (1999 12). This concept broadens the scope of bibliography to include \"non-book texts\" and an accounting for their material form and structure, as well as textual variations, technical and production processes that bring sociocultural context and effects into play. McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artefacts with sociological and technical factors that have an effect on production, transmission and, ultimately, ideal copy (2002 14). Bibliography, generally, concerns the material conditions of books [as well as other texts] how they are designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted, collected.\n\nBibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose and can generally be divided into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which results in an overview of publications in a particular category and analytical or critical bibliography, which studies the production of books. In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other media including audio recordings, motion pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs and websites.\n\nEnumerative bibliography \n\nAn enumerative bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works such as journal articles. Bibliographies range from \"works cited\" lists at the end of books and articles, to complete and independent publications. A notable example of a complete, independent publication is Gow's A. E. Housman: A Sketch, Together with a List of His Classical Papers (1936). As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown on the right, or computerized bibliographic databases. A library catalog, while not referred to as a \"bibliography,\" is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be tertiary sources.\n\nEnumerative bibliographies are based on a unifying principle such as creator, subject, date, topic or other characteristic. An entry in an enumerative bibliography provides the core elements of a text resource including a title, the creator(s), publication date and place of publication. Belanger (1977) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography from other bibliographic forms such as descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography or textual bibliography in that its function is to record and list, rather than describe a source in detail or with any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission. The enumerative list may be comprehensive or selective. One noted example would be Tanselle's bibliography that exhaustively enumerates topics and sources related to all forms of bibliography. A more common and particular instance of an enumerative bibliography relates to specific sources used or considered in preparing a scholarly paper or academic term paper.\n\nCitation styles vary.\nAn entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following elements:\n creator(s)\n title\n place of publication\n publisher or printer\n date of publication\n\nAn entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains:\n creator(s)\n article title\n journal title\n volume\n pages\n date of publication\n\nA bibliography may be arranged by author, topic, or some other scheme. Annotated bibliographies give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions, usually a few sentences long, provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. Reference management software may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required.\n\nBibliographies differ from library catalogs by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However, the catalogs of some national libraries effectively serve as national bibliographies, as the national libraries own almost all their countries' publications.\n\nDescriptive bibliography \nFredson Bowers described and formulated a standardized practice of descriptive bibliography in his Principles of Bibliographical Description\n(1949). Scholars to this day treat Bowers' scholarly guide as authoritative. In this classic text, Bowers describes the basic function of bibliography as, \"[providing] sufficient data so that a reader may identify the book described, understand the printing, and recognize the precise contents\" (124).\n\nDescriptive bibliographies as scholarly product \nDescriptive bibliographies as a scholarly product usually include information on the following aspect of a given book as a material object:\nFormat and Collation/Pagination Statement—a conventional, symbolic formula that describes the book block in terms of sheets, folds, quires, signatures, and pages\n\nAccording to Bowers (193), the format of a book is usually abbreviated in the collation formula:\nBroadsheet: I° or b.s. or bs.\nFolio: 2° or fol.\nQuarto: 4° or 4to or Q° or Q\nOctavo: 8° or 8vo\nDuodecimo: 12° or 12mo\nSexto-decimo: 16° or 16mo\nTricesimo-secundo: 32° or 32mo\nSexagesimo-quarto: 64° or 64mo\nThe collation, which follows the format, is the statement of the order and size of the gatherings.\nFor example, a quarto that consists of the signed gatherings:\n2 leaves signed A, 4 leaves signed B, 4 leaves signed C, and 2 leaves signed D\nwould be represented in the collation formula:\n4°: A2B-C4D2\nBinding—a description of the binding techniques (generally for books printed after 1800)\nTitle Page Transcription—a transcription of the title page, including rule lines and ornaments\nContents—a listing of the contents (by section) in the book\nPaper—a description of the physical properties of the paper, including production process, an account of chain-line measurements, and a description of watermarks (if present)\nIllustrations—a description of the illustrations found in the book, including printing process (e.g. woodblock, intaglio, etc.), measurements, and locations in the text\nPresswork—miscellaneous details gleaned from the text about its production\nCopies Examined—an enumeration of the copies examined, including those copies' location (i.e. belonging to which library or collector)\n\nAnalytical bibliography \nThis branch of the bibliographic discipline examines the material features of a textual artefact—such as type, ink, paper, imposition, format, impressions and states of a book—to essentially recreate the conditions of its production. Analytical bibliography often uses collateral evidence—such as general printing practices, trends in format, responses and non-responses to design, etc.—to scrutinize the historical conventions and influences underlying the physical appearance of a text. The bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained from the investigation of physical evidence in the form of a descriptive bibliography or textual bibliography. Descriptive bibliography is the close examination and cataloging of a text as a physical object, recording its size, format, binding, and so on, while textual bibliography (or textual criticism) identifies variations—and the aetiology of variations—in a text with a view to determining \"the establishment of the most correct form of [a] text\" (Bowers 498[1]).\n\nBibliographers \n\nA bibliographer is a person who describes and lists books and other publications, with particular attention to such characteristics as authorship, publication date, edition, typography, etc. A person who limits such efforts to a specific field or discipline is a subject bibliographer.\"\n\nA bibliographer, in the technical meaning of the word, is anyone who writes about books. But the accepted meaning since at least the 18th century is a person who attempts a comprehensive account—sometimes just a list, sometimes a fuller reckoning—of the books written on a particular subject. In the present, bibliography is no longer a career, generally speaking; bibliographies tend to be written on highly specific subjects and by specialists in the field.\n\nThe term bibliographer is sometimes—in particular subject bibliographer—today used about certain roles performed in libraries and bibliographic databases.\n\nOne of the first bibliographers was Conrad Gessner who sought to list all books printed in Latin, Greek and Hebrew in Bibliotheca Universalis (1545).\n\nNon-book material \nSystematic lists of media other than books can be referred to with terms formed analogously to bibliography:\n Discography—recorded music\n Filmography—films\n Webography (or webliography)—websites\n Arachniography, a term coined by NASA research historian Andrew J. Butrica, which means a reference list of URLs about a particular subject. It is equivalent to a bibliography in a book. The name derives from arachne in reference to a spider and its web.\n\nSee also \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (in Wikipedia)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Blum, Rudolf. (1980) Bibliographia. An Inquiry in Its Definition and Designations, Dawson, American Library Association.\n Bowers, Fredson. (1995) Principles of Bibliographical Description, Oak Knoll Press.\n Duncan, Paul Shaner. (1973) How to Catalog a Rare Book, 2nd ed., rev., American Library Association.\n \n Gaskell, Philip. (2000) A New Introduction to Bibliography, Oak Knoll Press.\n McKerrow, R. B. (1927) An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students, Oxford: Clarendon Press\n Schneider, Georg. (1934) Theory and History of Bibliography, New York: Scarecrow Press.\n National Library of Canada, Committee on Bibliography and Information Services for the Social Sciences and Humanities, Guidelines for the Compilation of a Bibliography (National Library of Canada, 1987). N.B.: This is a brief guide to accurately practical bibliography, not a study concerning more precise and systematic bibliography.\n \nRobinson, A. M. Lewin (1966) Systematic Bibliography; rev. ed. London: Clive Bingley\n\nExternal links \n\n Oxford Bibliographies Online, in-depth annotated bibliographies by scholars in selected fields\n Introduction to Bibliography, a comprehensive syllabus by G. Thomas Tanselle\n The Bibliographical Society of America, a resource for information about current work in the field of bibliography\n Studies in Bibliography, the journal of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia\n A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology, (University of Zaragoza) includes thousands of listings on literary, philological and other subjects\n\n \nCategory:Book design\nCategory:Book terminology\nCategory:Textual scholarship", "title": "Bibliography" }, { "text": "Huey, used as a given name, is a variant of Hughie. It may refer to:\n\nPeople\n Huey (rapper) (1987–2020), American rapper\n Huey Dunbar, Puerto Rican salsa singer\n Huey Johnson (1933–2020), American environmentalist and politician\n Huey Lewis, rock musician, of the band Huey Lewis & the News\n Huey Long (1893–1935), American politician, governor and U.S. Senator from Louisiana, known as \"The Kingfish\"\n Huey Long (singer) (1904–2009), American musician\n Huey P. Newton (1942–1989), co-founder of the Black Panther Party\n Huey \"Piano\" Smith (1934–2023), American R&B pianist\n Hugh Morgan of the Fun Lovin' Criminals, known as Huey\n Iain Hewitson, New Zealand-born chef, nicknamed \"Huey\"\n Laurence Markham Huey (1892–1963), American zoologist\n Michael Huey (disambiguation), multiple people\n Raymond B. Huey (born 1944), American biologist\n Treat Huey, Filipino tennis player\n\nPlaces\n Huey, Illinois, a village in the United States\n Huey Creek, a glacial meltwater stream in Antarctica\n\nMilitary\n Bell UH-1 Iroquois, U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps utility helicopter nicknamed the \"Huey\"\n Bell Huey family, helicopters related to the UH-1\n AH-1 Cobra (\"HueyCobra\"), attack helicopter derived from the UH-1\n\nIn fiction\n Huey, Dewey and Louie, Walt Disney characters\n Baby Huey, cartoon character\n Hamster Huey and the Gooey Kablooie, an apocryphal children's book in the comic strip Calvin and Hobbes\n Huey Freeman, the main character in the TV show/comic strip The Boondocks\n Huey Emmerich, a character in the Metal Gear series\n Huey Laforet, a character in the Baccano! series\n Huey, a character in Paper Mario: Color Splash\n\nOther uses\n Huey, a color calibration device from Pantone\n\nSee also\n Hughey (disambiguation)", "title": "Huey" } ]

[ "After his governorship, Huey P. Long maintained effective control of Louisiana while serving as a senator by continuing to draft and press bills through the Louisiana State Legislature, which was in the hands of his allies. He made frequent trips to Baton Rouge to pressure the Legislature into enacting his legislation. While in Louisiana, he often stayed at the Roosevelt Hotel in New Orleans. His loyal lieutenant, Governor Oscar K. Allen, enacted Long's policies. Long would take over the governor's office when visiting Baton Rouge and even entered the legislative chambers to assert his positions. He used patronage and state funding to reinforce his control.\n", "The text does not provide specific events or actions taken by Huey P. Long during the year 1932.", "Huey P. Long declared that leaving a vacant Senate seat would not hurt Louisiana because in his opinion, \"with Ransdell as Senator, the seat was vacant anyway.\" He also declared, upon announcing his intention to run for the U.S. Senate, that if he won, he would take it as a mandate from the public supporting his programs over the opposition of the legislature. If he lost, he promised to resign.", "Following this declaration, Huey P. Long went on to win the election against incumbent Senator Joseph E. Ransdell by a margin of 57.3 percent to 42.7 percent. He completed most of his four-year term as governor, which did not end until May 1932, despite his Senate term officially beginning on March 4, 1931. It wasn't until January 25, 1932, that he left the governor's mansion and by doing so he prevented the lieutenant governor Paul N. Cyr from succeeding to the office. Long continued to maintain effective control of Louisiana while he was a senator.", "Huey P. Long finally left the governor's mansion on January 25, 1932. By not leaving until then, he was able to prevent Lieutenant Governor Paul N. Cyr, a former ally, from succeeding to the office.", "In 1934, a number of significant events happened in Huey P. Long's political career. He began a reorganization of the state government that reduced the authority of local governments in anti-Long strongholds New Orleans, Baton Rouge, and Alexandria. He managed to pass a tax on newspaper advertising revenue and created a special force of plainclothes police answerable only to him. He also enacted the same tax on refined oil that nearly led to his impeachment in 1929. In addition, in 1934, Long and James A. Noe formed the controversial Win or Lose Oil Company. Furthermore, he inserted himself into the New Orleans mayoral election of 1934, effectively opening up a second rift with the city government.", "The outcomes of Huey P. Long's actions in 1934 were significant, but the text does not provide specific details on all of them. His reorganization of the state government gave him considerable control, reducing the authority of local governments in key cities and enabling the governor to appoint all state employees. His tax on newspaper advertising revenue, colloquially called \"a tax on lying,\" added to his income. However, his involvement in the New Orleans mayoral election led to a lasting rift with the city government. Additionally, his creation of the Win or Lose Oil Company, done in secret, allowed him to profit by reselling state leases. However, the public was not aware of the stockholders' identity. Despite this, his refunding of tax revenues to Standard Oil after they agreed to drill predominantly in Louisiana suggests a level of negotiation and compromise." ]

[ "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "No" ]

[ "C_04be97353a2c41469cce24af4cbfcb97_0_q#0", "C_04be97353a2c41469cce24af4cbfcb97_0_q#1", "C_04be97353a2c41469cce24af4cbfcb97_0_q#2", "C_04be97353a2c41469cce24af4cbfcb97_0_q#3", "C_04be97353a2c41469cce24af4cbfcb97_0_q#4", "C_04be97353a2c41469cce24af4cbfcb97_0_q#5" ]

[ "What lead up to the increase in tensions?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "What laws were implemented?", "Were there any other policies?", "What would the new board of election supervisors do?", "What did they strip away?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 1143 ], [ 1261 ], [ 1381 ], [ 1462 ], [ 1579 ] ], "texts": [ [ "By 1935, Long's most recent consolidation of personal power led to talk of armed opposition from his enemies. Opponents increasingly invoked" ], [ "The new laws further centralized Long's control over the state by creating several new Long-appointed state agencies:" ], [ "a state bond and tax board holding sole authority to approve all loans to parish and municipal governments, a new state printing board which could withhold \"" ], [ "printing board which could withhold \"official printer\" status from uncooperative newspapers, a new board of election supervisors which would" ], [ "newspapers, a new board of election supervisors which would appoint all poll watchers, and a State Board of Censors. They also stripped away" ], [ "They also stripped away the remaining lucrative powers of the mayor of New Orleans to cripple" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 1143, 1261, 1381, 1462, 1579 ], "texts": [ "By 1935, Long's most recent consolidation of personal power led to talk of armed opposition from his enemies. Opponents increasingly invoked", "The new laws further centralized Long's control over the state by creating several new Long-appointed state agencies:", "a state bond and tax board holding sole authority to approve all loans to parish and municipal governments, a new state printing board which could withhold \"", "printing board which could withhold \"official printer\" status from uncooperative newspapers, a new board of election supervisors which would", "newspapers, a new board of election supervisors which would appoint all poll watchers, and a State Board of Censors. They also stripped away", "They also stripped away the remaining lucrative powers of the mayor of New Orleans to cripple" ] }

[ { "text": "Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is \"the study of books as physical objects\" and \"the systematic description of books as objects\" (or descriptive bibliography).\n\nEtymology \nThe word was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for \"the intellectual activity of composing books.\" The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books. Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object. Bibliography, in its systematic pursuit of understanding the past and the present through written and printed documents, describes a way and means of extracting information from this material. Bibliographers are interested in comparing versions of texts to each other rather than in interpreting their meaning or assessing their significance.\n\nField of study \nBibliography is a specialized aspect of library science (or library and information science, LIS) and documentation science. It was established by a Belgian, named Paul Otlet (1868–1944), who was the founder of the field of documentation, as a branch of the information sciences, who wrote about \"the science of bibliography.\" However, there have recently been voices claiming that \"the bibliographical paradigm\" is obsolete, and it is not today common in LIS. A defence of the bibliographical paradigm was provided by Hjørland (2007).\n\nThe quantitative study of bibliographies is known as bibliometrics, which is today an influential subfield in LIS and is used for major collection decisions such as the cancellation of big deals, through data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals.\n\nBranches \nCarter and Barker describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography). These two distinct concepts and practices have separate rationales and serve differing purposes. Innovators and originators in the field include W. W. Greg, Fredson Bowers, Philip Gaskell and G. Thomas Tanselle.\n\nBowers (1949) refers to enumerative bibliography as a procedure that identifies books in “specific collections or libraries,” in a specific discipline, by an author, printer, or period of production (3). He refers to descriptive bibliography as the systematic description of a book as a material or physical artefact. Analytical bibliography, the cornerstone of descriptive bibliography, investigates the printing and all physical features of a book that yield evidence establishing a book's history and transmission (Feather 10). It is the preliminary phase of bibliographic description and provides the vocabulary, principles and techniques of analysis that descriptive bibliographers apply and on which they base their descriptive practice.\n\nDescriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions and associated classification in their description. Titles and title pages are transcribed in a quasi-facsimile style and representation. Illustration, typeface, binding, paper, and all physical elements related to identifying a book follow formulaic conventions, as Bowers established in his foundational opus, The Principles of Bibliographic Description. The thought expressed in this book expands substantively on W. W. Greg's groundbreaking theory that argued for the adoption of formal bibliographic principles (Greg 29). Fundamentally, analytical bibliography is concerned with objective, physical analysis and history of a book while descriptive bibliography employs all data that analytical bibliography furnishes and then codifies it with a view to identifying the ideal copy or form of a book that most nearly represents the printer's initial conception and intention in printing.\n\nIn addition to viewing bibliographic study as being composed of four interdependent approaches (enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical bibliography and aesthetic bibliography. Both historical bibliography, which involves the investigation of printing practices, tools, and related documents, and aesthetic bibliography, which examines the art of designing type and books, are often employed by analytical bibliographers.\n\nD. F. McKenzie extended previous notions of bibliography as set forth by Greg, Bowers, Gaskell and Tanselle. He describes the nature of bibliography as \"the discipline that studies texts as recorded forms, and the processes of their transmission, including their production and reception\" (1999 12). This concept broadens the scope of bibliography to include \"non-book texts\" and an accounting for their material form and structure, as well as textual variations, technical and production processes that bring sociocultural context and effects into play. McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artefacts with sociological and technical factors that have an effect on production, transmission and, ultimately, ideal copy (2002 14). Bibliography, generally, concerns the material conditions of books [as well as other texts] how they are designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted, collected.\n\nBibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose and can generally be divided into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which results in an overview of publications in a particular category and analytical or critical bibliography, which studies the production of books. In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other media including audio recordings, motion pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs and websites.\n\nEnumerative bibliography \n\nAn enumerative bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works such as journal articles. Bibliographies range from \"works cited\" lists at the end of books and articles, to complete and independent publications. A notable example of a complete, independent publication is Gow's A. E. Housman: A Sketch, Together with a List of His Classical Papers (1936). As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown on the right, or computerized bibliographic databases. A library catalog, while not referred to as a \"bibliography,\" is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be tertiary sources.\n\nEnumerative bibliographies are based on a unifying principle such as creator, subject, date, topic or other characteristic. An entry in an enumerative bibliography provides the core elements of a text resource including a title, the creator(s), publication date and place of publication. Belanger (1977) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography from other bibliographic forms such as descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography or textual bibliography in that its function is to record and list, rather than describe a source in detail or with any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission. The enumerative list may be comprehensive or selective. One noted example would be Tanselle's bibliography that exhaustively enumerates topics and sources related to all forms of bibliography. A more common and particular instance of an enumerative bibliography relates to specific sources used or considered in preparing a scholarly paper or academic term paper.\n\nCitation styles vary.\nAn entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following elements:\n creator(s)\n title\n place of publication\n publisher or printer\n date of publication\n\nAn entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains:\n creator(s)\n article title\n journal title\n volume\n pages\n date of publication\n\nA bibliography may be arranged by author, topic, or some other scheme. Annotated bibliographies give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions, usually a few sentences long, provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. Reference management software may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required.\n\nBibliographies differ from library catalogs by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However, the catalogs of some national libraries effectively serve as national bibliographies, as the national libraries own almost all their countries' publications.\n\nDescriptive bibliography \nFredson Bowers described and formulated a standardized practice of descriptive bibliography in his Principles of Bibliographical Description\n(1949). Scholars to this day treat Bowers' scholarly guide as authoritative. In this classic text, Bowers describes the basic function of bibliography as, \"[providing] sufficient data so that a reader may identify the book described, understand the printing, and recognize the precise contents\" (124).\n\nDescriptive bibliographies as scholarly product \nDescriptive bibliographies as a scholarly product usually include information on the following aspect of a given book as a material object:\nFormat and Collation/Pagination Statement—a conventional, symbolic formula that describes the book block in terms of sheets, folds, quires, signatures, and pages\n\nAccording to Bowers (193), the format of a book is usually abbreviated in the collation formula:\nBroadsheet: I° or b.s. or bs.\nFolio: 2° or fol.\nQuarto: 4° or 4to or Q° or Q\nOctavo: 8° or 8vo\nDuodecimo: 12° or 12mo\nSexto-decimo: 16° or 16mo\nTricesimo-secundo: 32° or 32mo\nSexagesimo-quarto: 64° or 64mo\nThe collation, which follows the format, is the statement of the order and size of the gatherings.\nFor example, a quarto that consists of the signed gatherings:\n2 leaves signed A, 4 leaves signed B, 4 leaves signed C, and 2 leaves signed D\nwould be represented in the collation formula:\n4°: A2B-C4D2\nBinding—a description of the binding techniques (generally for books printed after 1800)\nTitle Page Transcription—a transcription of the title page, including rule lines and ornaments\nContents—a listing of the contents (by section) in the book\nPaper—a description of the physical properties of the paper, including production process, an account of chain-line measurements, and a description of watermarks (if present)\nIllustrations—a description of the illustrations found in the book, including printing process (e.g. woodblock, intaglio, etc.), measurements, and locations in the text\nPresswork—miscellaneous details gleaned from the text about its production\nCopies Examined—an enumeration of the copies examined, including those copies' location (i.e. belonging to which library or collector)\n\nAnalytical bibliography \nThis branch of the bibliographic discipline examines the material features of a textual artefact—such as type, ink, paper, imposition, format, impressions and states of a book—to essentially recreate the conditions of its production. Analytical bibliography often uses collateral evidence—such as general printing practices, trends in format, responses and non-responses to design, etc.—to scrutinize the historical conventions and influences underlying the physical appearance of a text. The bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained from the investigation of physical evidence in the form of a descriptive bibliography or textual bibliography. Descriptive bibliography is the close examination and cataloging of a text as a physical object, recording its size, format, binding, and so on, while textual bibliography (or textual criticism) identifies variations—and the aetiology of variations—in a text with a view to determining \"the establishment of the most correct form of [a] text\" (Bowers 498[1]).\n\nBibliographers \n\nA bibliographer is a person who describes and lists books and other publications, with particular attention to such characteristics as authorship, publication date, edition, typography, etc. A person who limits such efforts to a specific field or discipline is a subject bibliographer.\"\n\nA bibliographer, in the technical meaning of the word, is anyone who writes about books. But the accepted meaning since at least the 18th century is a person who attempts a comprehensive account—sometimes just a list, sometimes a fuller reckoning—of the books written on a particular subject. In the present, bibliography is no longer a career, generally speaking; bibliographies tend to be written on highly specific subjects and by specialists in the field.\n\nThe term bibliographer is sometimes—in particular subject bibliographer—today used about certain roles performed in libraries and bibliographic databases.\n\nOne of the first bibliographers was Conrad Gessner who sought to list all books printed in Latin, Greek and Hebrew in Bibliotheca Universalis (1545).\n\nNon-book material \nSystematic lists of media other than books can be referred to with terms formed analogously to bibliography:\n Discography—recorded music\n Filmography—films\n Webography (or webliography)—websites\n Arachniography, a term coined by NASA research historian Andrew J. Butrica, which means a reference list of URLs about a particular subject. It is equivalent to a bibliography in a book. The name derives from arachne in reference to a spider and its web.\n\nSee also \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (in Wikipedia)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Blum, Rudolf. (1980) Bibliographia. An Inquiry in Its Definition and Designations, Dawson, American Library Association.\n Bowers, Fredson. (1995) Principles of Bibliographical Description, Oak Knoll Press.\n Duncan, Paul Shaner. (1973) How to Catalog a Rare Book, 2nd ed., rev., American Library Association.\n \n Gaskell, Philip. (2000) A New Introduction to Bibliography, Oak Knoll Press.\n McKerrow, R. B. (1927) An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students, Oxford: Clarendon Press\n Schneider, Georg. (1934) Theory and History of Bibliography, New York: Scarecrow Press.\n National Library of Canada, Committee on Bibliography and Information Services for the Social Sciences and Humanities, Guidelines for the Compilation of a Bibliography (National Library of Canada, 1987). N.B.: This is a brief guide to accurately practical bibliography, not a study concerning more precise and systematic bibliography.\n \nRobinson, A. M. Lewin (1966) Systematic Bibliography; rev. ed. London: Clive Bingley\n\nExternal links \n\n Oxford Bibliographies Online, in-depth annotated bibliographies by scholars in selected fields\n Introduction to Bibliography, a comprehensive syllabus by G. Thomas Tanselle\n The Bibliographical Society of America, a resource for information about current work in the field of bibliography\n Studies in Bibliography, the journal of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia\n A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology, (University of Zaragoza) includes thousands of listings on literary, philological and other subjects\n\n \nCategory:Book design\nCategory:Book terminology\nCategory:Textual scholarship", "title": "Bibliography" }, { "text": "Huey, used as a given name, is a variant of Hughie. It may refer to:\n\nPeople\n Huey (rapper) (1987–2020), American rapper\n Huey Dunbar, Puerto Rican salsa singer\n Huey Johnson (1933–2020), American environmentalist and politician\n Huey Lewis, rock musician, of the band Huey Lewis & the News\n Huey Long (1893–1935), American politician, governor and U.S. Senator from Louisiana, known as \"The Kingfish\"\n Huey Long (singer) (1904–2009), American musician\n Huey P. Newton (1942–1989), co-founder of the Black Panther Party\n Huey \"Piano\" Smith (1934–2023), American R&B pianist\n Hugh Morgan of the Fun Lovin' Criminals, known as Huey\n Iain Hewitson, New Zealand-born chef, nicknamed \"Huey\"\n Laurence Markham Huey (1892–1963), American zoologist\n Michael Huey (disambiguation), multiple people\n Raymond B. Huey (born 1944), American biologist\n Treat Huey, Filipino tennis player\n\nPlaces\n Huey, Illinois, a village in the United States\n Huey Creek, a glacial meltwater stream in Antarctica\n\nMilitary\n Bell UH-1 Iroquois, U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps utility helicopter nicknamed the \"Huey\"\n Bell Huey family, helicopters related to the UH-1\n AH-1 Cobra (\"HueyCobra\"), attack helicopter derived from the UH-1\n\nIn fiction\n Huey, Dewey and Louie, Walt Disney characters\n Baby Huey, cartoon character\n Hamster Huey and the Gooey Kablooie, an apocryphal children's book in the comic strip Calvin and Hobbes\n Huey Freeman, the main character in the TV show/comic strip The Boondocks\n Huey Emmerich, a character in the Metal Gear series\n Huey Laforet, a character in the Baccano! series\n Huey, a character in Paper Mario: Color Splash\n\nOther uses\n Huey, a color calibration device from Pantone\n\nSee also\n Hughey (disambiguation)", "title": "Huey" } ]

[ "The increase in tensions was led by Long's recent consolidation of personal power by 1935, which led to talk of armed opposition from his enemies. His opponents started recalling the memory of the Battle of Liberty Place of 1874, an uprising against Louisiana's Reconstruction-era government led by the White League. This resulted in the formation of an anti-Long paramilitary organization, the Square Deal Association, which included notable figures like former governors and the New Orleans Mayor. The Square Dealers took over the courthouse of East Baton Rouge Parish, which escalated the situation further.", "Yes, several interesting aspects could be noted from this article. For instance, it depicts how political power was consolidated by Long by using special sessions of the legislature to rapidly pass laws without discussions, creating several new state agencies appointed by him. These laws centralized his control over the state of Louisiana. Another intriguing detail is his conflict with former State Senator Henry E. Hardtner, who died in a car-train accident while on his way to confront the state government over a tax matter. Additionally, Long's bragging about his control over all boards and commissions in New Orleans, with the exception of the Community Chest and the Red Cross, is notable.", "Several laws were passed in the summer of 1935 that further centralized Long's control over the state. These included the establishment of several new Long-appointed state agencies: a state bond and tax board holding sole authority to approve all loans to parish and municipal governments, a new state printing board which could withhold \"official printer\" status from uncooperative newspapers, a board of election supervisors which would appoint all poll watchers, and a State Board of Censors. The laws also stripped away the remaining lucrative powers of the mayor of New Orleans in an attempt to cripple the entrenched opposition.", "The context does not provide information on any other policies implemented during this period.", "The new board of election supervisors, established as part of the laws implemented by Long, would have the power to appoint all poll watchers.", "The new laws stripped away the remaining lucrative powers of the mayor of New Orleans. This move was made in order to cripple the entrenched opposition in the city." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "no", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_8749333037ac4ec18fd3b6c2a1ba5a72_1_q#0", "C_8749333037ac4ec18fd3b6c2a1ba5a72_1_q#1", "C_8749333037ac4ec18fd3b6c2a1ba5a72_1_q#2", "C_8749333037ac4ec18fd3b6c2a1ba5a72_1_q#3", "C_8749333037ac4ec18fd3b6c2a1ba5a72_1_q#4", "C_8749333037ac4ec18fd3b6c2a1ba5a72_1_q#5", "C_8749333037ac4ec18fd3b6c2a1ba5a72_1_q#6", "C_8749333037ac4ec18fd3b6c2a1ba5a72_1_q#7", "C_8749333037ac4ec18fd3b6c2a1ba5a72_1_q#8", "C_8749333037ac4ec18fd3b6c2a1ba5a72_1_q#9", "C_8749333037ac4ec18fd3b6c2a1ba5a72_1_q#10" ]

[ "What is the Reformation about?", "what kind of songs did they play?", "how long was their tour?", "What did they do after the tour?", "did they create separate albums?", "How did they do on this album?", "did they have any other albums?", "what happened to them?", "did the band stay together?", "is there any other interesting fact about the article?", "Why did they have friction?" ]

[ 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 1, 0, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 164 ], [ 2917 ], [ 187 ], [ 454 ], [ 593 ], [ 690 ], [ 2349 ], [ 2545 ], [ 2808 ], [ 890 ], [ 1266 ] ], "texts": [ [ "The trio embarked on a reunion tour of North America" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "reunion tour of North America from July to October 2009, with a European trek following" ], [ "DeLonge recorded at his studio in San Diego while Hoppus and Barker recorded in Los Angeles--" ], [ "The self-produced album--their first without producer Jerry Finn--was released" ], [ "and peaked at number two on the Billboard 200." ], [ "I'd do interviews and I just felt awful for fans because they were promised albums for years and we couldn't do it," ], [ "DeLonge's manager informed the band he intended to spend more time on \"non-musical activities" ], [ "Barker summarized the band's reunion: \"Why Blink even got back together in the first place is questionable.\"" ], [ "\"Despite growing evidence of remaining friction between the members,\" the band continued to tour in the early 2010s." ], [ "Brooks Wackerman replaced Barker on drums as Barker was unwilling to fly after his plane crash." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 164, 2917, 187, 454, 593, 690, 2349, 2545, 2808, 890, 1266 ], "texts": [ "The trio embarked on a reunion tour of North America", "CANNOTANSWER", "reunion tour of North America from July to October 2009, with a European trek following", "DeLonge recorded at his studio in San Diego while Hoppus and Barker recorded in Los Angeles--", "The self-produced album--their first without producer Jerry Finn--was released", "and peaked at number two on the Billboard 200.", "I'd do interviews and I just felt awful for fans because they were promised albums for years and we couldn't do it,", "DeLonge's manager informed the band he intended to spend more time on \"non-musical activities", "Barker summarized the band's reunion: \"Why Blink even got back together in the first place is questionable.\"", " \"Despite growing evidence of remaining friction between the members,\" the band continued to tour in the early 2010s.", "Brooks Wackerman replaced Barker on drums as Barker was unwilling to fly after his plane crash." ] }

[ { "text": "Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is \"the study of books as physical objects\" and \"the systematic description of books as objects\" (or descriptive bibliography).\n\nEtymology \nThe word was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for \"the intellectual activity of composing books.\" The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books. Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object. Bibliography, in its systematic pursuit of understanding the past and the present through written and printed documents, describes a way and means of extracting information from this material. Bibliographers are interested in comparing versions of texts to each other rather than in interpreting their meaning or assessing their significance.\n\nField of study \nBibliography is a specialized aspect of library science (or library and information science, LIS) and documentation science. It was established by a Belgian, named Paul Otlet (1868–1944), who was the founder of the field of documentation, as a branch of the information sciences, who wrote about \"the science of bibliography.\" However, there have recently been voices claiming that \"the bibliographical paradigm\" is obsolete, and it is not today common in LIS. A defence of the bibliographical paradigm was provided by Hjørland (2007).\n\nThe quantitative study of bibliographies is known as bibliometrics, which is today an influential subfield in LIS and is used for major collection decisions such as the cancellation of big deals, through data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals.\n\nBranches \nCarter and Barker describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography). These two distinct concepts and practices have separate rationales and serve differing purposes. Innovators and originators in the field include W. W. Greg, Fredson Bowers, Philip Gaskell and G. Thomas Tanselle.\n\nBowers (1949) refers to enumerative bibliography as a procedure that identifies books in “specific collections or libraries,” in a specific discipline, by an author, printer, or period of production (3). He refers to descriptive bibliography as the systematic description of a book as a material or physical artefact. Analytical bibliography, the cornerstone of descriptive bibliography, investigates the printing and all physical features of a book that yield evidence establishing a book's history and transmission (Feather 10). It is the preliminary phase of bibliographic description and provides the vocabulary, principles and techniques of analysis that descriptive bibliographers apply and on which they base their descriptive practice.\n\nDescriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions and associated classification in their description. Titles and title pages are transcribed in a quasi-facsimile style and representation. Illustration, typeface, binding, paper, and all physical elements related to identifying a book follow formulaic conventions, as Bowers established in his foundational opus, The Principles of Bibliographic Description. The thought expressed in this book expands substantively on W. W. Greg's groundbreaking theory that argued for the adoption of formal bibliographic principles (Greg 29). Fundamentally, analytical bibliography is concerned with objective, physical analysis and history of a book while descriptive bibliography employs all data that analytical bibliography furnishes and then codifies it with a view to identifying the ideal copy or form of a book that most nearly represents the printer's initial conception and intention in printing.\n\nIn addition to viewing bibliographic study as being composed of four interdependent approaches (enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical bibliography and aesthetic bibliography. Both historical bibliography, which involves the investigation of printing practices, tools, and related documents, and aesthetic bibliography, which examines the art of designing type and books, are often employed by analytical bibliographers.\n\nD. F. McKenzie extended previous notions of bibliography as set forth by Greg, Bowers, Gaskell and Tanselle. He describes the nature of bibliography as \"the discipline that studies texts as recorded forms, and the processes of their transmission, including their production and reception\" (1999 12). This concept broadens the scope of bibliography to include \"non-book texts\" and an accounting for their material form and structure, as well as textual variations, technical and production processes that bring sociocultural context and effects into play. McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artefacts with sociological and technical factors that have an effect on production, transmission and, ultimately, ideal copy (2002 14). Bibliography, generally, concerns the material conditions of books [as well as other texts] how they are designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted, collected.\n\nBibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose and can generally be divided into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which results in an overview of publications in a particular category and analytical or critical bibliography, which studies the production of books. In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other media including audio recordings, motion pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs and websites.\n\nEnumerative bibliography \n\nAn enumerative bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works such as journal articles. Bibliographies range from \"works cited\" lists at the end of books and articles, to complete and independent publications. A notable example of a complete, independent publication is Gow's A. E. Housman: A Sketch, Together with a List of His Classical Papers (1936). As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown on the right, or computerized bibliographic databases. A library catalog, while not referred to as a \"bibliography,\" is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be tertiary sources.\n\nEnumerative bibliographies are based on a unifying principle such as creator, subject, date, topic or other characteristic. An entry in an enumerative bibliography provides the core elements of a text resource including a title, the creator(s), publication date and place of publication. Belanger (1977) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography from other bibliographic forms such as descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography or textual bibliography in that its function is to record and list, rather than describe a source in detail or with any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission. The enumerative list may be comprehensive or selective. One noted example would be Tanselle's bibliography that exhaustively enumerates topics and sources related to all forms of bibliography. A more common and particular instance of an enumerative bibliography relates to specific sources used or considered in preparing a scholarly paper or academic term paper.\n\nCitation styles vary.\nAn entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following elements:\n creator(s)\n title\n place of publication\n publisher or printer\n date of publication\n\nAn entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains:\n creator(s)\n article title\n journal title\n volume\n pages\n date of publication\n\nA bibliography may be arranged by author, topic, or some other scheme. Annotated bibliographies give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions, usually a few sentences long, provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. Reference management software may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required.\n\nBibliographies differ from library catalogs by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However, the catalogs of some national libraries effectively serve as national bibliographies, as the national libraries own almost all their countries' publications.\n\nDescriptive bibliography \nFredson Bowers described and formulated a standardized practice of descriptive bibliography in his Principles of Bibliographical Description\n(1949). Scholars to this day treat Bowers' scholarly guide as authoritative. In this classic text, Bowers describes the basic function of bibliography as, \"[providing] sufficient data so that a reader may identify the book described, understand the printing, and recognize the precise contents\" (124).\n\nDescriptive bibliographies as scholarly product \nDescriptive bibliographies as a scholarly product usually include information on the following aspect of a given book as a material object:\nFormat and Collation/Pagination Statement—a conventional, symbolic formula that describes the book block in terms of sheets, folds, quires, signatures, and pages\n\nAccording to Bowers (193), the format of a book is usually abbreviated in the collation formula:\nBroadsheet: I° or b.s. or bs.\nFolio: 2° or fol.\nQuarto: 4° or 4to or Q° or Q\nOctavo: 8° or 8vo\nDuodecimo: 12° or 12mo\nSexto-decimo: 16° or 16mo\nTricesimo-secundo: 32° or 32mo\nSexagesimo-quarto: 64° or 64mo\nThe collation, which follows the format, is the statement of the order and size of the gatherings.\nFor example, a quarto that consists of the signed gatherings:\n2 leaves signed A, 4 leaves signed B, 4 leaves signed C, and 2 leaves signed D\nwould be represented in the collation formula:\n4°: A2B-C4D2\nBinding—a description of the binding techniques (generally for books printed after 1800)\nTitle Page Transcription—a transcription of the title page, including rule lines and ornaments\nContents—a listing of the contents (by section) in the book\nPaper—a description of the physical properties of the paper, including production process, an account of chain-line measurements, and a description of watermarks (if present)\nIllustrations—a description of the illustrations found in the book, including printing process (e.g. woodblock, intaglio, etc.), measurements, and locations in the text\nPresswork—miscellaneous details gleaned from the text about its production\nCopies Examined—an enumeration of the copies examined, including those copies' location (i.e. belonging to which library or collector)\n\nAnalytical bibliography \nThis branch of the bibliographic discipline examines the material features of a textual artefact—such as type, ink, paper, imposition, format, impressions and states of a book—to essentially recreate the conditions of its production. Analytical bibliography often uses collateral evidence—such as general printing practices, trends in format, responses and non-responses to design, etc.—to scrutinize the historical conventions and influences underlying the physical appearance of a text. The bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained from the investigation of physical evidence in the form of a descriptive bibliography or textual bibliography. Descriptive bibliography is the close examination and cataloging of a text as a physical object, recording its size, format, binding, and so on, while textual bibliography (or textual criticism) identifies variations—and the aetiology of variations—in a text with a view to determining \"the establishment of the most correct form of [a] text\" (Bowers 498[1]).\n\nBibliographers \n\nA bibliographer is a person who describes and lists books and other publications, with particular attention to such characteristics as authorship, publication date, edition, typography, etc. A person who limits such efforts to a specific field or discipline is a subject bibliographer.\"\n\nA bibliographer, in the technical meaning of the word, is anyone who writes about books. But the accepted meaning since at least the 18th century is a person who attempts a comprehensive account—sometimes just a list, sometimes a fuller reckoning—of the books written on a particular subject. In the present, bibliography is no longer a career, generally speaking; bibliographies tend to be written on highly specific subjects and by specialists in the field.\n\nThe term bibliographer is sometimes—in particular subject bibliographer—today used about certain roles performed in libraries and bibliographic databases.\n\nOne of the first bibliographers was Conrad Gessner who sought to list all books printed in Latin, Greek and Hebrew in Bibliotheca Universalis (1545).\n\nNon-book material \nSystematic lists of media other than books can be referred to with terms formed analogously to bibliography:\n Discography—recorded music\n Filmography—films\n Webography (or webliography)—websites\n Arachniography, a term coined by NASA research historian Andrew J. Butrica, which means a reference list of URLs about a particular subject. It is equivalent to a bibliography in a book. The name derives from arachne in reference to a spider and its web.\n\nSee also \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (in Wikipedia)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Blum, Rudolf. (1980) Bibliographia. An Inquiry in Its Definition and Designations, Dawson, American Library Association.\n Bowers, Fredson. (1995) Principles of Bibliographical Description, Oak Knoll Press.\n Duncan, Paul Shaner. (1973) How to Catalog a Rare Book, 2nd ed., rev., American Library Association.\n \n Gaskell, Philip. (2000) A New Introduction to Bibliography, Oak Knoll Press.\n McKerrow, R. B. (1927) An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students, Oxford: Clarendon Press\n Schneider, Georg. (1934) Theory and History of Bibliography, New York: Scarecrow Press.\n National Library of Canada, Committee on Bibliography and Information Services for the Social Sciences and Humanities, Guidelines for the Compilation of a Bibliography (National Library of Canada, 1987). N.B.: This is a brief guide to accurately practical bibliography, not a study concerning more precise and systematic bibliography.\n \nRobinson, A. M. Lewin (1966) Systematic Bibliography; rev. ed. London: Clive Bingley\n\nExternal links \n\n Oxford Bibliographies Online, in-depth annotated bibliographies by scholars in selected fields\n Introduction to Bibliography, a comprehensive syllabus by G. Thomas Tanselle\n The Bibliographical Society of America, a resource for information about current work in the field of bibliography\n Studies in Bibliography, the journal of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia\n A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology, (University of Zaragoza) includes thousands of listings on literary, philological and other subjects\n\n \nCategory:Book design\nCategory:Book terminology\nCategory:Textual scholarship", "title": "Bibliography" } ]

[ "The text does not provide information on what the Reformation is about.", "The text does not provide specific information on what kind of songs the band played.", "The text does not provide specific durations for the band's tours. It mentions multiple tours between 2009 and 2014, but does not specify the exact length of each tour.", "After their tours, the band engaged in various activities such as recording new music, releasing an album and an EP, and celebrating the tenth anniversary of their self-titled album. For instance, after the 2009 and 2010 tours, they worked on their sixth studio album, \"Neighborhoods,\" which was released in 2011. Following this, they headlined the 10th Annual Honda Civic Tour in North America in 2011, toured Europe in 2012, and subsequently, left their record label, Interscope Records, in October 2012, and released an EP called \"Dogs Eating Dogs\" in December 2012. The band also played a series of shows in celebration of the tenth anniversary of their self-titled album, and organized a European tour in August 2014. They planned to begin writing their seventh album in January 2015, but this saw continual delays.", "Yes, the text states that after their reunion, the band created an album titled \"Neighborhoods\" which was released in 2011, followed by an EP termed \"Dogs Eating Dogs\" released in December 2012. However, during the recording process for \"Neighborhoods\", the band members recorded separately - DeLonge recorded at his studio in San Diego while Hoppus and Barker recorded in Los Angeles.", "The band's album \"Neighborhoods\" was released in September 2011 and peaked at number two on the Billboard 200. Its singles - \"Up All Night\" and \"After Midnight\" - only attracted modest chart success, and the band's label, Interscope, was reportedly disappointed with the album sales.", "Yes, the band had albums before and after \"Neighborhoods.\" However, the context does not provide specific details on these other albums. After \"Neighborhoods,\" they released an EP called \"Dogs Eating Dogs\" in December 2012. They also planned to start work on their seventh album in January 2015, but this saw continual delays.", "The band experienced a series of tensions and changes after their reunion. Following their European tour in 2014, Barker and DeLonge characterized the band's reunion as \"dysfunctional,\" with DeLonge reportedly quitting and rejoining the band in mid-2014. The band intended to start writing their seventh album in 2015, but their plans were delayed. Eventually, DeLonge's manager informed the band that DeLonge intended to spend more time on \"non-musical activities\" and effectively leave the group indefinitely. Barker later summarized the band's reunion saying: \"Why Blink even got back together in the first place is questionable.\"", "According to the provided text, the band has experienced some fragmentation. DeLonge's manager informed the band that DeLonge would be focusing more on \"non-musical activities\" and leaving the group indefinitely. However, it isn't clear if the remaining band members continued to work together after this.", "One interesting fact in the article is that drummer Barker was replaced with Brooks Wackerman to tour Australia in 2013 because Barker was not willing to fly following his plane crash. Another interesting point is that despite the band's increasingly strained relationship and disappointing album sales, they headlined the prestigious Reading and Leeds Festivals in 2014 -- marking their fourth appearance at the festival and their second time headlining.", "The text indicates that their friction was partly due to strained communication and different personal commitments. When recording their album \"Neighborhoods,\" DeLonge recorded at his own studio in San Diego while Hoppus and Barker recorded in Los Angeles. They also had different managers and personal projects that stalled the recording process. Barker claimed in his memoir, Can I Say, that DeLonge's behavior on tour was introverted until money started coming in and then he'd get excited about the band. Barker also reported that DeLonge abruptly quit the band at one point in mid-2014, only to rejoin the following day. These situations may have contributed to the friction among the band members." ]

[ "No", "Yes", "No", "No", "No", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Neutral", "No", "No" ]

[ "C_8749333037ac4ec18fd3b6c2a1ba5a72_0_q#0", "C_8749333037ac4ec18fd3b6c2a1ba5a72_0_q#1", "C_8749333037ac4ec18fd3b6c2a1ba5a72_0_q#2", "C_8749333037ac4ec18fd3b6c2a1ba5a72_0_q#3", "C_8749333037ac4ec18fd3b6c2a1ba5a72_0_q#4", "C_8749333037ac4ec18fd3b6c2a1ba5a72_0_q#5", "C_8749333037ac4ec18fd3b6c2a1ba5a72_0_q#6", "C_8749333037ac4ec18fd3b6c2a1ba5a72_0_q#7", "C_8749333037ac4ec18fd3b6c2a1ba5a72_0_q#8", "C_8749333037ac4ec18fd3b6c2a1ba5a72_0_q#9", "C_8749333037ac4ec18fd3b6c2a1ba5a72_0_q#10", "C_8749333037ac4ec18fd3b6c2a1ba5a72_0_q#11" ]

[ "When did the lineup change", "what were the changes", "who did they replace him with", "what happened after those 3 shows", "did it work well for them", "what where the legal battles for", "Did Skiba stay with the band", "What album did they release", "How popular was the album", "where there any singles off of it", "Where there other singles released", "what do they have planned for the future" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 1, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 147 ], [ 0 ], [ 58 ], [ 159 ], [ 300 ], [ 2286 ], [ 350 ], [ 433 ], [ 1028 ], [ 1192 ], [ 1435 ], [ 2060 ] ], "texts": [ [ "March 2015." ], [ "Hoppus and Barker decided to continue on without DeLonge," ], [ "and enlisted Alkaline Trio vocalist/guitarist Matt Skiba to \"fill in\" for three shows" ], [ "Hoppus and Skiba had been wanting to work together musically for several years," ], [ "After legal battles with DeLonge were worked out, Skiba joined Blink-182 as an official member and began preparations for new music." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Skiba joined Blink-182 as an official member and began preparations for new music." ], [ "The resulting album, California, was produced by John Feldmann." ], [ "California became the band's second number-one album on the Billboard 200," ], [ "Its lead single, \"Bored to Death\", became the group's first number one single in 12 years." ], [ "A deluxe edition of California--" ], [ "The band signed a 16-date residency deal with the Palms Casino Resort in Las Vegas." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 147, 0, 58, 159, 300, 2286, 350, 433, 1028, 1192, 1435, 2060 ], "texts": [ "March 2015.", "Hoppus and Barker decided to continue on without DeLonge,", "and enlisted Alkaline Trio vocalist/guitarist Matt Skiba to \"fill in\" for three shows", "Hoppus and Skiba had been wanting to work together musically for several years,", "After legal battles with DeLonge were worked out, Skiba joined Blink-182 as an official member and began preparations for new music.", "CANNOTANSWER", "Skiba joined Blink-182 as an official member and began preparations for new music.", "The resulting album, California, was produced by John Feldmann.", "California became the band's second number-one album on the Billboard 200,", "Its lead single, \"Bored to Death\", became the group's first number one single in 12 years.", "A deluxe edition of California--", "The band signed a 16-date residency deal with the Palms Casino Resort in Las Vegas." ] }

[ { "text": "Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is \"the study of books as physical objects\" and \"the systematic description of books as objects\" (or descriptive bibliography).\n\nEtymology \nThe word was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for \"the intellectual activity of composing books.\" The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books. Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object. Bibliography, in its systematic pursuit of understanding the past and the present through written and printed documents, describes a way and means of extracting information from this material. Bibliographers are interested in comparing versions of texts to each other rather than in interpreting their meaning or assessing their significance.\n\nField of study \nBibliography is a specialized aspect of library science (or library and information science, LIS) and documentation science. It was established by a Belgian, named Paul Otlet (1868–1944), who was the founder of the field of documentation, as a branch of the information sciences, who wrote about \"the science of bibliography.\" However, there have recently been voices claiming that \"the bibliographical paradigm\" is obsolete, and it is not today common in LIS. A defence of the bibliographical paradigm was provided by Hjørland (2007).\n\nThe quantitative study of bibliographies is known as bibliometrics, which is today an influential subfield in LIS and is used for major collection decisions such as the cancellation of big deals, through data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals.\n\nBranches \nCarter and Barker describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography). These two distinct concepts and practices have separate rationales and serve differing purposes. Innovators and originators in the field include W. W. Greg, Fredson Bowers, Philip Gaskell and G. Thomas Tanselle.\n\nBowers (1949) refers to enumerative bibliography as a procedure that identifies books in “specific collections or libraries,” in a specific discipline, by an author, printer, or period of production (3). He refers to descriptive bibliography as the systematic description of a book as a material or physical artefact. Analytical bibliography, the cornerstone of descriptive bibliography, investigates the printing and all physical features of a book that yield evidence establishing a book's history and transmission (Feather 10). It is the preliminary phase of bibliographic description and provides the vocabulary, principles and techniques of analysis that descriptive bibliographers apply and on which they base their descriptive practice.\n\nDescriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions and associated classification in their description. Titles and title pages are transcribed in a quasi-facsimile style and representation. Illustration, typeface, binding, paper, and all physical elements related to identifying a book follow formulaic conventions, as Bowers established in his foundational opus, The Principles of Bibliographic Description. The thought expressed in this book expands substantively on W. W. Greg's groundbreaking theory that argued for the adoption of formal bibliographic principles (Greg 29). Fundamentally, analytical bibliography is concerned with objective, physical analysis and history of a book while descriptive bibliography employs all data that analytical bibliography furnishes and then codifies it with a view to identifying the ideal copy or form of a book that most nearly represents the printer's initial conception and intention in printing.\n\nIn addition to viewing bibliographic study as being composed of four interdependent approaches (enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical bibliography and aesthetic bibliography. Both historical bibliography, which involves the investigation of printing practices, tools, and related documents, and aesthetic bibliography, which examines the art of designing type and books, are often employed by analytical bibliographers.\n\nD. F. McKenzie extended previous notions of bibliography as set forth by Greg, Bowers, Gaskell and Tanselle. He describes the nature of bibliography as \"the discipline that studies texts as recorded forms, and the processes of their transmission, including their production and reception\" (1999 12). This concept broadens the scope of bibliography to include \"non-book texts\" and an accounting for their material form and structure, as well as textual variations, technical and production processes that bring sociocultural context and effects into play. McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artefacts with sociological and technical factors that have an effect on production, transmission and, ultimately, ideal copy (2002 14). Bibliography, generally, concerns the material conditions of books [as well as other texts] how they are designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted, collected.\n\nBibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose and can generally be divided into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which results in an overview of publications in a particular category and analytical or critical bibliography, which studies the production of books. In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other media including audio recordings, motion pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs and websites.\n\nEnumerative bibliography \n\nAn enumerative bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works such as journal articles. Bibliographies range from \"works cited\" lists at the end of books and articles, to complete and independent publications. A notable example of a complete, independent publication is Gow's A. E. Housman: A Sketch, Together with a List of His Classical Papers (1936). As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown on the right, or computerized bibliographic databases. A library catalog, while not referred to as a \"bibliography,\" is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be tertiary sources.\n\nEnumerative bibliographies are based on a unifying principle such as creator, subject, date, topic or other characteristic. An entry in an enumerative bibliography provides the core elements of a text resource including a title, the creator(s), publication date and place of publication. Belanger (1977) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography from other bibliographic forms such as descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography or textual bibliography in that its function is to record and list, rather than describe a source in detail or with any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission. The enumerative list may be comprehensive or selective. One noted example would be Tanselle's bibliography that exhaustively enumerates topics and sources related to all forms of bibliography. A more common and particular instance of an enumerative bibliography relates to specific sources used or considered in preparing a scholarly paper or academic term paper.\n\nCitation styles vary.\nAn entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following elements:\n creator(s)\n title\n place of publication\n publisher or printer\n date of publication\n\nAn entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains:\n creator(s)\n article title\n journal title\n volume\n pages\n date of publication\n\nA bibliography may be arranged by author, topic, or some other scheme. Annotated bibliographies give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions, usually a few sentences long, provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. Reference management software may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required.\n\nBibliographies differ from library catalogs by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However, the catalogs of some national libraries effectively serve as national bibliographies, as the national libraries own almost all their countries' publications.\n\nDescriptive bibliography \nFredson Bowers described and formulated a standardized practice of descriptive bibliography in his Principles of Bibliographical Description\n(1949). Scholars to this day treat Bowers' scholarly guide as authoritative. In this classic text, Bowers describes the basic function of bibliography as, \"[providing] sufficient data so that a reader may identify the book described, understand the printing, and recognize the precise contents\" (124).\n\nDescriptive bibliographies as scholarly product \nDescriptive bibliographies as a scholarly product usually include information on the following aspect of a given book as a material object:\nFormat and Collation/Pagination Statement—a conventional, symbolic formula that describes the book block in terms of sheets, folds, quires, signatures, and pages\n\nAccording to Bowers (193), the format of a book is usually abbreviated in the collation formula:\nBroadsheet: I° or b.s. or bs.\nFolio: 2° or fol.\nQuarto: 4° or 4to or Q° or Q\nOctavo: 8° or 8vo\nDuodecimo: 12° or 12mo\nSexto-decimo: 16° or 16mo\nTricesimo-secundo: 32° or 32mo\nSexagesimo-quarto: 64° or 64mo\nThe collation, which follows the format, is the statement of the order and size of the gatherings.\nFor example, a quarto that consists of the signed gatherings:\n2 leaves signed A, 4 leaves signed B, 4 leaves signed C, and 2 leaves signed D\nwould be represented in the collation formula:\n4°: A2B-C4D2\nBinding—a description of the binding techniques (generally for books printed after 1800)\nTitle Page Transcription—a transcription of the title page, including rule lines and ornaments\nContents—a listing of the contents (by section) in the book\nPaper—a description of the physical properties of the paper, including production process, an account of chain-line measurements, and a description of watermarks (if present)\nIllustrations—a description of the illustrations found in the book, including printing process (e.g. woodblock, intaglio, etc.), measurements, and locations in the text\nPresswork—miscellaneous details gleaned from the text about its production\nCopies Examined—an enumeration of the copies examined, including those copies' location (i.e. belonging to which library or collector)\n\nAnalytical bibliography \nThis branch of the bibliographic discipline examines the material features of a textual artefact—such as type, ink, paper, imposition, format, impressions and states of a book—to essentially recreate the conditions of its production. Analytical bibliography often uses collateral evidence—such as general printing practices, trends in format, responses and non-responses to design, etc.—to scrutinize the historical conventions and influences underlying the physical appearance of a text. The bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained from the investigation of physical evidence in the form of a descriptive bibliography or textual bibliography. Descriptive bibliography is the close examination and cataloging of a text as a physical object, recording its size, format, binding, and so on, while textual bibliography (or textual criticism) identifies variations—and the aetiology of variations—in a text with a view to determining \"the establishment of the most correct form of [a] text\" (Bowers 498[1]).\n\nBibliographers \n\nA bibliographer is a person who describes and lists books and other publications, with particular attention to such characteristics as authorship, publication date, edition, typography, etc. A person who limits such efforts to a specific field or discipline is a subject bibliographer.\"\n\nA bibliographer, in the technical meaning of the word, is anyone who writes about books. But the accepted meaning since at least the 18th century is a person who attempts a comprehensive account—sometimes just a list, sometimes a fuller reckoning—of the books written on a particular subject. In the present, bibliography is no longer a career, generally speaking; bibliographies tend to be written on highly specific subjects and by specialists in the field.\n\nThe term bibliographer is sometimes—in particular subject bibliographer—today used about certain roles performed in libraries and bibliographic databases.\n\nOne of the first bibliographers was Conrad Gessner who sought to list all books printed in Latin, Greek and Hebrew in Bibliotheca Universalis (1545).\n\nNon-book material \nSystematic lists of media other than books can be referred to with terms formed analogously to bibliography:\n Discography—recorded music\n Filmography—films\n Webography (or webliography)—websites\n Arachniography, a term coined by NASA research historian Andrew J. Butrica, which means a reference list of URLs about a particular subject. It is equivalent to a bibliography in a book. The name derives from arachne in reference to a spider and its web.\n\nSee also \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (in Wikipedia)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Blum, Rudolf. (1980) Bibliographia. An Inquiry in Its Definition and Designations, Dawson, American Library Association.\n Bowers, Fredson. (1995) Principles of Bibliographical Description, Oak Knoll Press.\n Duncan, Paul Shaner. (1973) How to Catalog a Rare Book, 2nd ed., rev., American Library Association.\n \n Gaskell, Philip. (2000) A New Introduction to Bibliography, Oak Knoll Press.\n McKerrow, R. B. (1927) An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students, Oxford: Clarendon Press\n Schneider, Georg. (1934) Theory and History of Bibliography, New York: Scarecrow Press.\n National Library of Canada, Committee on Bibliography and Information Services for the Social Sciences and Humanities, Guidelines for the Compilation of a Bibliography (National Library of Canada, 1987). N.B.: This is a brief guide to accurately practical bibliography, not a study concerning more precise and systematic bibliography.\n \nRobinson, A. M. Lewin (1966) Systematic Bibliography; rev. ed. London: Clive Bingley\n\nExternal links \n\n Oxford Bibliographies Online, in-depth annotated bibliographies by scholars in selected fields\n Introduction to Bibliography, a comprehensive syllabus by G. Thomas Tanselle\n The Bibliographical Society of America, a resource for information about current work in the field of bibliography\n Studies in Bibliography, the journal of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia\n A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology, (University of Zaragoza) includes thousands of listings on literary, philological and other subjects\n\n \nCategory:Book design\nCategory:Book terminology\nCategory:Textual scholarship", "title": "Bibliography" } ]

[ "The lineup change occurred in March 2015 when Matt Skiba was enlisted to \"fill in\" for Tom DeLonge. After legal battles with DeLonge were worked out, Skiba officially joined Blink-182.", "The changes in the lineup were Tom DeLonge leaving the band and Matt Skiba, the vocalist/guitarist from Alkaline Trio, joining Blink-182 in place of DeLonge.", "Tom DeLonge was replaced with Matt Skiba, the vocalist/guitarist from Alkaline Trio.", "After the three shows in March 2015, legal battles with Tom DeLonge were worked out, then Matt Skiba officially joined Blink-182 and the band began preparations for new music. They went on to record the album, \"California,\" between January and March 2016.", "The lineup change appears to have worked well for the band. The resulting album, \"California,\" became the band's second number-one album on the Billboard 200 and their first number one album in the United Kingdom in 15 years. Its lead single, \"Bored to Death,\" became the group's first number one single in 12 years. The album also earned the band their first nomination for Best Rock Album at the Grammy Awards.", "The context doesn't provide specific information about the nature of the legal battles with Tom DeLonge.", "Yes, after the legal battles with Tom DeLonge were worked out, Matt Skiba officially joined Blink-182.", "They released the album \"California\" after Matt Skiba joined the band.", "The album \"California\" was very popular. It became the band's second number-one album on the Billboard 200 and their first number one album in the United Kingdom in 15 years. Its lead single, \"Bored to Death,\" became the group's first number one single in 12 years. The album also received a nomination for Best Rock Album at the Grammy Awards.", "Yes, the lead single from the album \"California\" was \"Bored to Death\", which became the group's first number one single in 12 years.", "The context does not provide information about any other singles released from the album \"California\".", "The band has planned to record their eighth studio album. They also signed a 16-date residency deal with the Palms Casino Resort in Las Vegas. The shows, known as \"Kings of the Weekend,\" were scheduled to take place on select weekends beginning May 26, 2018, and ending November 17, 2018." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_60a7a468107c4bf1b28957821ca24054_1_q#0", "C_60a7a468107c4bf1b28957821ca24054_1_q#1", "C_60a7a468107c4bf1b28957821ca24054_1_q#2", "C_60a7a468107c4bf1b28957821ca24054_1_q#3", "C_60a7a468107c4bf1b28957821ca24054_1_q#4", "C_60a7a468107c4bf1b28957821ca24054_1_q#5", "C_60a7a468107c4bf1b28957821ca24054_1_q#6", "C_60a7a468107c4bf1b28957821ca24054_1_q#7", "C_60a7a468107c4bf1b28957821ca24054_1_q#8", "C_60a7a468107c4bf1b28957821ca24054_1_q#9" ]

[ "Where was he born?", "Who were his parents?", "Where did he go to school?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "what was his stats?", "Did he play for any one else before the wings?", "what is professional", "Anything else about his early years?", "Did he play for anyone other than them?", "what was his best season" ]

[ 0, 2, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 1496 ], [ 137 ], [ 1123 ], [ 1271 ], [ 170 ], [ 392 ], [ 341 ], [ 231 ], [ 1162 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Yzerman was born in Cranbrook, British Columbia," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "he attended Bell High School" ], [ "Yzerman tallied 39 goals and 87 points in his rookie season and finished second in Calder Memorial Trophy (rookie of the year) voting." ], [ "Yzerman also became the first 18-year-old to play in an NHL All-Star Game (18 years, 267 days)" ], [ "played for his hometown Nepean Raiders Junior A hockey team." ], [ "The 1983 NHL Entry Draft was the first for Mike and Marian Ilitch, who had purchased the Detroit Red Wings in the summer of 1982." ], [ "he played centre for the Petes from 1981 to 1983." ], [ "After one season with the Raiders," ], [ "in his rookie season and finished second in Calder Memorial Trophy (rookie of the year) voting." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 1496, 137, 1123, 1271, 170, 392, 341, 231, 1162 ], "texts": [ "Yzerman was born in Cranbrook, British Columbia,", "CANNOTANSWER", "he attended Bell High School", "Yzerman tallied 39 goals and 87 points in his rookie season and finished second in Calder Memorial Trophy (rookie of the year) voting.", "Yzerman also became the first 18-year-old to play in an NHL All-Star Game (18 years, 267 days)", "played for his hometown Nepean Raiders Junior A hockey team.", "The 1983 NHL Entry Draft was the first for Mike and Marian Ilitch, who had purchased the Detroit Red Wings in the summer of 1982.", "he played centre for the Petes from 1981 to 1983.", "After one season with the Raiders,", "in his rookie season and finished second in Calder Memorial Trophy (rookie of the year) voting." ] }

[ { "text": "__NOTOC__\n\nSkaters\nThe statistics listed include the 2021–22 NHL regular season and 2022 playoffs.\n\nAll-time leaders (skaters)\nActive skaters (during 2022–23 NHL season) are listed in boldface.\n\nRegular season: Points\n\nRegular season: Points per game\n\nMinimum 500 points\n\n Wayne Gretzky, 1.921\n Mario Lemieux, 1.883\n Mike Bossy, 1.497\n Connor McDavid, 1.431\n Bobby Orr, 1.393\n Marcel Dionne, 1.314\n Sidney Crosby, 1.272\n Peter Stastny, 1.268\n Peter Forsberg, 1.250\n Kent Nilsson, 1.241\n Phil Esposito, 1.240\n Guy Lafleur, 1.202\n Joe Sakic, 1.191\n Dale Hawerchuk, 1.186\n Pat LaFontaine, 1.171\n Evgeni Malkin, 1.168\n Steve Yzerman, 1.159\n Eric Lindros, 1.138\n Bernie Federko, 1.130\n Artemi Panarin, 1.120\n Denis Savard, 1.119\n Jari Kurri, 1.118\n Bryan Trottier, 1.114\n Gilbert Perreault, 1.113\n Pavel Bure, 1.110\n\nRegular season: Goals\n\nRegular season: Goals per game\n\nMinimum: 200 goals\n\n Mike Bossy, 0.762\n Mario Lemieux, 0.754\n Cy Denneny, 0.751\n Babe Dye, 0.742\n Pavel Bure, 0.623\n Alexander Ovechkin, 0.612\n Wayne Gretzky, 0.601\n Brett Hull, 0.584\n Bobby Hull, 0.574\n Tim Kerr, 0.565\n Rick Martin, 0.561\n Phil Esposito, 0.559\n Maurice Richard, 0.556\n Cam Neely, 0.544\n Marcel Dionne, 0.542\n Pat LaFontaine, 0.541\n Steven Stamkos, 0.522\n Rick Vaive, 0.503\n Michel Goulet, 0.503\n Nels Stewart, 0.498\n Guy Lafleur, 0.497\n Mike Gartner, 0.494\n Dino Ciccarelli, 0.493\n Howie Morenz, 0.493\n Blaine Stoughton, 0.490\n\nRegular season: Power Play goals\n\n Alexander Ovechkin, 285\n Dave Andreychuk, 274\n Brett Hull, 265\n Teemu Selanne, 255\n Luc Robitaille, 247\n Phil Esposito, 246\n Brendan Shanahan, 237\n Mario Lemieux, 236\n Marcel Dionne, 234\n Dino Ciccarelli, 232\n Mike Gartner, 217 Jaromir Jagr, 217\n Joe Nieuwendyk, 215\n Keith Tkachuk, 212\n Gordie Howe, 211\n Joe Sakic, 205\n Wayne Gretzky, 204\n Steve Yzerman, 202\n Mark Recchi, 200\n Brian Bellows, 198\n Jarome Iginla, 197\n Pierre Turgeon, 190\n Ron Francis, 188\n Pat Verbeek, 186\n Jeremy Roenick, 184\n\nRegular season: Short-handed goals\n\n Wayne Gretzky, 73\n Mark Messier, 63\n Steve Yzerman, 50\n Mario Lemieux, 49\n Butch Goring, 39 Dave Poulin, 39 Jari Kurri, 39\n Sergei Fedorov, 36\n Theoren Fleury, 35 Dirk Graham, 35\n Pavel Bure, 34 Derek Sanderson, 34 Marian Hossa, 34\n Brian Rolston, 33 Guy Carbonneau, 33 Brad Marchand, 33\n Peter Bondra, 32 Bobby Clarke, 32 Joe Sakic, 32 Dave Keon, 32\n Bill Barber, 31 Mats Sundin, 31\n Bob Pulford, 30\n Martin St. Louis, 29 Russ Courtnall, 29 Craig MacTavish, 29 Mike Modano, 29 Esa Tikkanen, 29\n\nRegular season: Game-winning goals\n\nJaromir Jagr, 135\n Alexander Ovechkin, 121\n Gordie Howe, 121\n Phil Esposito, 118\n Brett Hull, 110 Teemu Selanne, 110\n Patrick Marleau, 109 Brendan Shanahan, 109\n Jarome Iginla, 101\n Guy Lafleur, 98 Bobby Hull, 98 \n Mats Sundin, 96\n Steve Yzerman, 94 \n Sergei Fedorov, 93 Joe Nieuwendyk, 93\n Mark Messier, 92 Mike Modano, 92 Jeremy Roenick, 92 Johnny Bucyk, 92 \n Wayne Gretzky, 91 Mark Recchi, 91\n Mike Gartner, 90\n Luc Robitaille, 89\n Joe Sakic, 86 Pierre Turgeon, 86 Daniel Sedin, 86\n\nRegular season: Overtime goals\nIf a game is tied after regulation time (which lasts three 20-minute periods), there will be a period of \"overtime\" to decide the winner. The player who scores during these extra five minutes is given the overtime goal. All overtime in the NHL is sudden death—meaning the first team to score is the winner—so the player who scores in overtime also has the game-winning goal.\n\nAlexander Ovechkin, 24\nJaromir Jagr, 19 \nSidney Crosby, 18\n Ilya Kovalchuk, 17 Brad Marchand, 17 \n Max Pacioretty, 16 Patrik Elias, 16 Daniel Sedin, 16\n John Tavares, 15 Jonathan Toews, 15 Brent Burns, 15 Sergei Fedorov, 15 Marian Hossa, 15 Mats Sundin, 15 Jeff Carter, 15\n Olli Jokinen, 13 Steve Thomas, 13 Scott Niedermayer, 13 Evgeni Malkin, 13 Connor McDavid, 13\n Ryan O'Reilly, 12 Daniel Briere, 12 Brett Hull, 12 Brendan Shanahan, 12 Taylor Hall, 12 Jakub Voracek, 12 Nels Stewart, 12\n\nRegular season: Empty net goals\n\n Wayne Gretzky, 56\n Marian Hossa, 40\n Alexander Ovechkin, 39\n Mario Lemieux, 33\n Jarome Iginla, 32\n Eric Staal, 31\nJoe Thornton, 29\n Brad Marchand''', 28 Pavel Bure, 28 Bryan Trottier, 28\n Teemu Selanne, 26\n Mark Messier, 25 Blake Wheeler, 25 Patrick Kane, 25 Patrice Bergeron, 25\n Zach Parise, 24 Keith Tkachuk, 24\n David Backes, 23 Evgeni Malkin, 23 Sidney Crosby, 23 Ilya Kovalchuk, 23 Daniel Alfredsson, 23 Marcel Dionne, 23\n Rick Nash, 22 Jaromir Jagr, 22 Steve Yzerman, 22\n\nRegular season: Assists\n\n Wayne Gretzky, 1,963\n Ron Francis, 1,249\n Mark Messier, 1,193\n Ray Bourque, 1,169\n Jaromir Jagr, 1,155\n Paul Coffey, 1,135\n Joe Thornton, 1,109\n Adam Oates, 1,079\n Steve Yzerman, 1,063\n Gordie Howe, 1,049\n Marcel Dionne, 1,040\n Mario Lemieux, 1,033\n Joe Sakic, 1,016\n Doug Gilmour, 964\n Mark Recchi, 956\n Al MacInnis, 934\n Larry Murphy, 929\n Stan Mikita, 926\n Bryan Trottier, 901\n Phil Housley, 894\n Sidney Crosby, 892\n Dale Hawerchuk, 891\n Nicklas Lidstrom, 878\n Phil Esposito, 873\n Denis Savard, 865\n Bobby Clarke, 852\n Henrik Sedin, 830\n Alex Delvecchio, 825\n Gilbert Perreault, 814\n Johnny Bucyk, 813 Mike Modano, 813\n Pierre Turgeon, 812\n Jari Kurri, 797\n Guy Lafleur, 793\n Peter Stastny, 789\n Mats Sundin, 785\n Brian Leetch, 781\n Jean Ratelle, 776\n Vincent Damphousse, 773 Teemu Selanne, 773\n Chris Chelios, 763\n Bernie Federko, 761\n Doug Weight, 755\n Patrick Kane, 750\n Larry Robinson, 750\n Nicklas Backstrom, 747\n Denis Potvin, 742\n Norm Ullman, 739\n Ryan Getzlaf, 737\n Bernie Nicholls, 734\n\nRegular season: Assists per game\n\nMinimum: 300 assists\n\n Wayne Gretzky, 1.320\n Mario Lemieux, 1.129\n Bobby Orr, 0.982\n Connor McDavid, 0.931\n Peter Forsberg, 0.898\n Peter Stastny, 0.808\n Adam Oates, 0.807\n Paul Coffey, 0.806\n Sidney Crosby, 0.805\n Marcel Dionne, 0.772\n Kent Nilsson, 0.763\n Bernie Federko, 0.761\n Dale Hawerchuk, 0.750\n Bobby Clarke, 0.745\n Craig Janney, 0.741\n Joe Sakic, 0.737\n Mike Bossy, 0.735\n Ray Bourque, 0.725\n Denis Savard, 0.723\n Evgeni Malkin, 0.723\n Ron Francis, 0.722\n Nicklas Backstrom, 0.714\n Artemi Panarin, 0.711\n Bryan Trottier, 0.704\n Guy Lafleur, 0.704\n\nRegular season: Games played (skaters)\n\n Patrick Marleau, 1,779\n Gordie Howe, 1,767\n Mark Messier, 1,756\n Jaromir Jagr, 1,733\n Ron Francis, 1,731\n Joe Thornton, 1,714\n Zdeno Chara, 1,680\n Mark Recchi, 1,652\n Chris Chelios, 1,651\n Dave Andreychuk, 1,639\n Scott Stevens, 1,635\n Larry Murphy, 1,615\n Ray Bourque, 1,612\n Nicklas Lidstrom, 1,564\n Jarome Iginla, 1,554\n Alex Delvecchio, 1,549\n Johnny Bucyk, 1,540 Shane Doan, 1,540\n Brendan Shanahan, 1,524\n Matt Cullen, 1,516\n Steve Yzerman, 1,514\n Mike Modano, 1,499\n Phil Housley, 1,495\n Wayne Gretzky, 1,487\n Rod Brind'Amour, 1,484\n\nRegular season: Penalty minutes\n\n Tiger Williams, 3,971\n Dale Hunter, 3,565\n Tie Domi, 3,515\n Marty McSorley, 3,381\n Bob Probert, 3,300\n Robert Ray, 3,207\n Craig Berube, 3,149\n Tim Hunter, 3,146\n Chris Nilan, 3,043\n Rick Tocchet, 2,972\n Pat Verbeek, 2,905\n Chris Chelios, 2,891\n Dave Manson, 2,792\n Scott Stevens, 2,785\n Donald Brashear, 2,634\n Willi Plett, 2,572\n Gino Odjick, 2,567\n Matthew Barnaby, 2,562\n Gary Roberts, 2,560\n Joe Kocur, 2,519\n Kenneth Daneyko, 2,516\n Brendan Shanahan, 2,489\n Scott Mellanby, 2,479\n Chris Neil, 2,459\n Basil McRae, 2,457\n\nRegular season: Plus-minus\n\n Larry Robinson, +722\n Bobby Orr, +582\n Ray Bourque, +527\n Wayne Gretzky, +520\n Bobby Clarke, +507\n Serge Savard, +462\n Denis Potvin, +456\n Nicklas Lidstrom, +450\n Bryan Trottier, +449\n Guy Lafleur, +446\n Brad McCrimmon, +444\n Mark Howe, +400\n Scott Stevens, +395\n Steve Shutt, +394\n Mike Bossy, +380\n Al MacInnis, +371\n Brad Park, +363\n Chris Chelios, +351\n Jacques Lemaire, +344\n Guy Lapointe, +329 Stan Mikita, +329\nCraig Ramsay, +324\n Jaromir Jagr, +322\n Bill Hajt, +321\n Dallas Smith, +318\n\nRegular season: Shots on goal\n\n Ray Bourque, 6,209\n Alexander Ovechkin, 6,061\n Jaromir Jagr, 5,637\n Marcel Dionne, 5,363\n Phil Esposito, 5,166\n Al MacInnis, 5,157\n Mike Gartner, 5,090\n Wayne Gretzky, 5,088\n Brendan Shanahan, 5,086\n Brett Hull, 4,876\n Jarome Iginla, 4,759\n Joe Sakic, 4,621\n Steve Yzerman, 4,602\n Bobby Hull, 4,577\n Dave Andreychuk, 4,556\n Teemu Selanne, 4,540\n Stan Mikita, 4,482\n Paul Coffey, 4,389\n Patrick Marleau, 4,333\n Mike Modano, 4,273\n Marian Hossa, 4,229\n Mark Messier, 4,221\n Mats Sundin, 4,015\n Sergei Fedorov, 3,985\n Luc Robitaille, 3,961\n\nRegular season: Shooting percentage\nShooting percentage is the percentage of shots on goal which result in a goal.\n\nMinimum 800 shots\n\n Craig Simpson, 23.66%\n Charlie Simmer, 22.34%\n Paul MacLean, 21.41%\n Mike Bossy, 21.18%\n Yvon Lambert, 19.85%\n Rick Middleton, 19.69%\n Blaine Stoughton, 19.52%\n Darryl Sutter, 19.42%\n Rob Brown, 19.41%\n Mike Ridley, 19.30%\n Steve Vickers, 19.28%\n Kent Nilsson, 19.21%\n Tom McCarthy, 19.16%\n Jari Kurri, 19.13%\n Johnny Bucyk, 19.09%\n Mario Lemieux, 18.99%\n Peter Stastny, 18.96%\n Ray Ferraro, 18.85%\n Mark Hunter, 18.78%\n Tim Kerr, 18.77%\n\nPlayoff: Points\n\n Wayne Gretzky, 382\n Mark Messier, 295\n Jari Kurri, 233\n Glenn Anderson, 214\n Sidney Crosby, 201\n Jaromir Jagr, 201\n Paul Coffey, 196\n Brett Hull, 190\n Doug Gilmour, 188 Joe Sakic, 188\n Steve Yzerman, 185 \n Nicklas Lidstrom, 183\n Bryan Trottier, 182 \n Ray Bourque, 180 Evgeni Malkin, 180\n Jean Beliveau, 176 Sergei Fedorov, 176\n Denis Savard, 175\n Mario Lemieux, 172\n Peter Forsberg, 171\n Denis Potvin, 165\n Mike Bossy, 160 Gordie Howe, 160 Al MacInnis, 160 Bobby Smith, 160\n\nPlayoff: Points per game\nMinimum: 50 points\n\n Wayne Gretzky, 1.837\n Mario Lemieux, 1.608\n Nathan MacKinnon, 1.329\n Mark Messier, 1.250\n Bobby Orr, 1.243\n Mike Bossy, 1.240\n Mikko Rantanen, 1.222\n Jari Kurri, 1.165\n Gilbert Perreault, 1.144\n Peter Forsberg, 1.133\n Nikita Kucherov, 1.132\n Peter Stastny, 1.129\n Sidney Crosby, 1.117\n Bernie Federko, 1.110\n Pavel Bure, 1.094\n Joe Sakic, 1.093\n Cale Makar, 1.091\n Jean Beliveau, 1.086\n Bobby Hull, 1.084\n Eric Lindros, 1.076\n Toe Blake, 1.069\n Ken Linseman, 1.062\n David Pastrnak, 1.057\n Phil Esposito, 1.054\n Guy Lafleur, 1.047\n\nPlayoff: Goals\n\n Wayne Gretzky, 122\n Mark Messier, 109\n Jari Kurri, 106\n Brett Hull, 103\n Glenn Anderson, 93\n Mike Bossy, 85\n Joe Sakic, 84\n Maurice Richard, 82\n Claude Lemieux, 80\n Jean Beliveau, 79\n Jaromir Jagr, 78\n Mario Lemieux, 76\n Dino Ciccarelli, 73\n Esa Tikkanen, 72 Patrick Marleau, 72 Alexander Ovechkin, 72\n Bryan Trottier, 71 Sidney Crosby, 71\n Steve Yzerman, 70\n Gordie Howe, 68\n Evgeni Malkin, 67\n Joe Nieuwendyk, 66 Denis Savard, 66\n Yvan Cournoyer, 64 Peter Forsberg, 64 Brian Propp, 64 Bobby Smith, 64 Joe Pavelski, 64\n\nPlayoff: Goals per game\n\nMinimum 20 goals\n\n Mario Lemieux, 0.710\n Mike Bossy, 0.659\n Barry Pederson, 0.647\n Maurice Richard, 0.621\n Cam Neely, 0.613\n Wayne Gretzky, 0.587\n Nathan MacKinnon, 0.560\n Pavel Bure, 0.547\n Craig Simpson, 0.537\n Brayden Point, 0.537\n Jari Kurri, 0.530\n Bobby Hull, 0.521\n Gordie Drillon, 0.520\n Dino Ciccarelli, 0.518\n Brett Hull, 0.510\n Jake Guentzel, 0.510\n Steve Shutt, 0.505\n Alexander Ovechkin, 0.504\n Reggie Leach, 0.500\n Rick Vaive, 0.500\n Tim Kerr, 0.494\n Steve Payne, 0.493\n Joe Sakic, 0.488\n Jean Beliveau, 0.488\n Rick MacLeish, 0.474\n\nPlayoff: Power Play goals\n\n Brett Hull, 38\n Mike Bossy, 35 Wayne Gretzky, 35\n Dino Ciccarelli, 34\n Nicklas Lidstrom, 30\n Mario Lemieux, 29\n Evgeni Malkin, 28 Denis Potvin, 28 Alexander Ovechkin, 28\n Brian Propp, 27 Joe Sakic, 27 Steve Yzerman, 27\n Al MacInnis, 26 Jean Beliveau, 26 [[Joe Pavelski]], 26\n [[Cam Neely]], 25 <br /> [[Daniel Alfredsson]], 25 <br /> [[Jari Kurri]], 25 <br />\n <li value=\"19\"> [[Jaromír Jágr|Jaromir Jagr]], 24 <br /> [[Mike Modano]], 24 <br /> [[Denis Savard]], 24 <br /> [[Bobby Smith (ice hockey)|Bobby Smith]], 24 <br /> [[Patrick Marleau]], 24 <br /> [[Bobby Hull]], 24 <br /> [[Mark Messier]], 24\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Short-handed goals\n\n{{Div col}}\n [[Mark Messier]], 14\n [[Wayne Gretzky]], 12\n [[Jari Kurri]], 10\n [[Håkan Loob|Hakan Loob]], 8 <br /> [[Ed Westfall]], 8\n<li value=\"6\"> [[Mario Lemieux]], 7\n [[Dave Poulin]], 6 <br /> [[Wayne Presley]], 6 <br /> [[Brian Rolston]], 6 <br /> [[Derek Sanderson]], 6 <br /> [[Dave Keon]], 6 <br /> [[Guy Carbonneau]], 6 <br /> [[Paul Coffey]], 6\n<li value=\"14\"> [[Bill Barber]], 5 <br /> [[Bob Bourne]], 5 <br /> [[Sergei Fedorov]], 5 <br /> [[Lorne Henning]], 5 <br /> [[Anders Kallur]], 5 <br /> [[Kirk Maltby]], 5 <br /> [[Kelly Miller (ice hockey b. 1963)|Kelly Miller]], 5\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Game-winning goals\n{{Div col}}\n [[Wayne Gretzky]], 24 <br /> [[Brett Hull]], 24\n<li value=\"3\"> [[Claude Lemieux]], 19 <br /> [[Joe Sakic]], 19\n<li value=\"5\"> [[Maurice Richard]], 18\n [[Glenn Anderson]], 17 <br /> [[Mike Bossy]], 17 <br /> [[Chris Drury]], 17\n<li value=\"9\"> [[Jaromír Jágr|Jaromir Jagr]], 16 <br /> [[Patrick Marleau]], 16\n<li value=\"11\"> [[Mike Modano]], 15 <br /> [[Yvan Cournoyer]], 15 <br /> [[Jean Béliveau|Jean Beliveau]], 15\n<li value=\"14\"> [[Peter Forsberg]], 14 <br /> [[Jari Kurri]], 14 <br /> [[Guy Lafleur]], 14 <br /> [[Joe Nieuwendyk]], 14 <br /> [[Mark Messier]], 14 <br /> [[Bernie Geoffrion]], 14 <br /> '''[[Joe Pavelski]]''', 14\n<li value=\"21\"> [[Daniel Brière|Daniel Briere]], 13 <br /> [[Dino Ciccarelli]], 13 <br /> [[Doug Gilmour]], 13 <br /> [[Stéphane Richer (ice hockey forward)|Stephane Richer]], 13 <br /> [[Bobby Smith (ice hockey)|Bobby Smith]], 13 <br /> '''[[Evgeni Malkin]]''', 13\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Overtime goals\nIf a game is tied after regulation time (which lasts three 20-minutes periods), there will be as many 20-minute periods of \"[[Overtime (ice hockey)|overtime]]\" as necessary during the playoffs to determine a winner. The player who scores during this extra time is given the overtime goal. All overtime in the NHL is [[Sudden death (sport)|sudden death]]—meaning the first team to score is the winner—so the player who scores in overtime also has the game-winning goal.\n{{Div col}}\n [[Joe Sakic]], 8\n [[Maurice Richard]], 6\n [[Glenn Anderson]], 5 <br/> '''[[Patrick Kane]]''', 5 <br /> '''[[Corey Perry]]''', 5\n<li value=\"6\"> [[Martin St. Louis]], 4 <br /> [[Joe Murphy (ice hockey)|Joe Murphy]], 4 <br /> [[Kirk Muller]], 4 <br /> '''[[Nicklas Bäckström|Nicklas Backstrom]]''', 4 <br /> [[Stéphane Richer (ice hockey forward)|Stephane Richer]], 4 <br /> [[Chris Drury]], 4 <br /> [[Jamie Langenbrunner]], 4 <br /> [[Jeremy Roenick]], 4 <br /> [[Bob Nystrom]], 4 <br /> '''[[Patrice Bergeron]]''', 4 <br /> [[Dale Hunter]], 4 <br /> [[Esa Tikkanen]], 4 <br /> [[Patrick Marleau]], 4 <br /> [[Wayne Gretzky]], 4 <br /> [[Jaromír Jágr|Jaromir Jagr]], 4\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Assists\n{{Further|Assist (ice hockey)}}\n{{Div col}}\n [[Wayne Gretzky]], 260\n [[Mark Messier]], 186\n [[Ray Bourque]], 139\n [[Paul Coffey]], 137\n '''[[Sidney Crosby]]''', 130\n [[Nicklas Lidström|Nicklas Lidstrom]], 129\n [[Doug Gilmour]], 128\n [[Jari Kurri]], 127\n [[Sergei Fedorov]], 124\n [[Jaromír Jágr|Jaromir Jagr]], 123\n [[Glenn Anderson]], 121 <br /> [[Al MacInnis]], 121\n <li value=\"13\"> [[Larry Robinson]], 116\n [[Larry Murphy (ice hockey)|Larry Murphy]], 115 <br /> [[Steve Yzerman]], 115\n <li value=\"16\"> [[Adam Oates]], 114\n [[Chris Chelios]], 113 <br /> '''[[Evgeni Malkin]]''', 113\n <li value=\"19\"> [[Bryan Trottier]], 111\n [[Denis Savard]], 109 <br /> [[Denis Potvin]], 109\n [[Peter Forsberg]], 107\n [[Joe Sakic]], 104\n '''[[Joe Thornton]]''', 102 <br /> '''[[Nikita Kucherov]]''', 102\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Assists per game\n\n''Minimum 30 assists''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Wayne Gretzky]], 1.250\n [[Mario Lemieux]], 0.897\n [[Bobby Orr]], 0.892\n [[Barry Pederson]], 0.882\n '''[[Nathan MacKinnon]]''', 0.820\n '''[[Mikko Rantanen]]''', 0.791\n [[Mark Messier]], 0.788\n [[Gilbert Perreault]], 0.778\n [[Peter Šťastný|Peter Stastny]], 0.774\n '''[[Nikita Kucherov]]''', 0.735\n [[Brian Leetch]], 0.726\n [[Bernie Federko]], 0.725\n [[Craig Janney]] 0.717\n [[Dale Hawerchuk]], 0.711\n [[Peter Forsberg]], 0.709\n [[Paul Coffey]], 0.706\n [[Doug Gilmour]], 0.703\n '''[[Sidney Crosby]]''', 0.701\n [[Adam Oates]], 0.699\n [[Kent Nilsson]], 0.695\n [[Al MacInnis]], 0.684\n [[Ken Linseman]], 0.681\n [[Sergei Fedorov]], 0.678\n '''[[Erik Karlsson]]''', 0.672\n '''[[Ryan Getzlaf]]''', 0.664\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Games played (skaters)\n{{further|Games played}}\n{{Div col}}\n [[Chris Chelios]], 266\n [[Nicklas Lidström|Nicklas Lidstrom]], 263\n [[Mark Messier]], 236\n [[Claude Lemieux]], 234\n [[Scott Stevens]], 233\n [[Guy Carbonneau]], 231\n [[Larry Robinson]], 227\n [[Glenn Anderson]], 225\n [[Kris Draper]], 222\n [[Bryan Trottier]], 221\n [[Mike Keane]], 220\n [[Larry Murphy (ice hockey)|Larry Murphy]], 215\n [[Ray Bourque]], 214 <br /> [[Kevin Lowe]], 214\n<li value=\"15\"> [[Wayne Gretzky]], 208 <br /> [[Jaromír Jágr|Jaromir Jagr]], 208\n<li value=\"17\"> [[Marián Hossa|Marian Hossa]], 205\n [[Brett Hull]], 202 <br /> [[Scott Niedermayer]], 202\n<li value=\"20\"> [[Jari Kurri]], 200 <br /> [[Zdeno Chára|Zdeno Chara]], 200\n<li value=\"22\"> [[Steve Yzerman]], 196\n [[Patrick Marleau]], 195\n [[Paul Coffey]], 194\n [[Craig MacTavish]], 193\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Penalty minutes\nA [[Penalty (ice hockey)|penalty]] is given to a player for committing an infraction during the game. The length of the penalty varies depending on the severity of the offence. The amount of penalty minutes recorded for statistical purposes are:\n ''minor'' – 2 minutes\n ''double minor'' – 4 minutes\n ''major'' – 5 minutes\n ''misconduct'' – 10 minutes\n ''game misconduct'' – 10 minutes\n{{Div col}}\n [[Dale Hunter]], 731\n [[Chris Nilan]], 541\n [[Claude Lemieux]], 529\n [[Rick Tocchet]], 471\n [[Willi Plett]], 466\n [[Tiger Williams]], 455\n [[Glenn Anderson]], 442\n [[Tim Hunter (ice hockey)|Tim Hunter]], 426\n [[Chris Chelios]], 423\n [[Dave Schultz (ice hockey)|Dave Schultz]], 412\n [[Duane Sutter]], 405\n [[Scott Stevens]], 402\n [[Jim Peplinski]], 382 <br /> [[Al Secord]], 382\n <li value=\"15\"> [[Marty McSorley]], 374\n [[André Dupont|Andre Dupont]], 352\n [[Basil McRae]], 349\n [[Dave Manson]], 343\n [[Terry O'Reilly]], 335\n [[Gary Roberts (ice hockey)|Gary Roberts]], 332\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Plus-minus\n[[Plus-minus (ice hockey)|Plus-minus]] is a statistic that indicates the relative goal differential when a player is on the ice. If the player is on the ice when his team scores [[even-strength]] or [[short-handed]], he is given +1; if he is on the ice when the opposing team scores even-strength or short-handed, he is given -1.\n{{Div col}}\n [[Jari Kurri]], +101\n [[Larry Robinson]], +100\n [[Charlie Huddy]], +98\n [[Wayne Gretzky]], +91\n [[Randy Gregg (ice hockey)|Randy Gregg]], +81\n [[Denis Potvin]], +64\n [[Glenn Anderson]], +63\n [[Nicklas Lidström|Nicklas Lidstrom]], +61\n [[Bobby Orr]], +60\n [[Jacques Lemaire]], +54 <br /> [[Peter Forsberg]], +54\n<li value=\"12\"> [[Paul Coffey]], +53\n [[Mark Messier]], +52\n [[Guy Lafleur]], +50\n [[Zdeno Chára|Zdeno Chara]], +49 <br /> [[Steve Smith (ice hockey, born in Scotland)|Steve Smith]], +49 <br /> [[Ken Linseman]], +49\n<li value=\"18\"> [[Kevin Lowe]], +48 <br /> [[Jimmy Watson (ice hockey)|Jimmy Watson]], +48 <br /> [[Chris Chelios]], +48''' <br /> [[Patrice Bergeron]]''', +48\n<li value=\"22\"> [[Serge Savard]], +47\n [[Steve Shutt]], +46\n [[Scott Stevens]], +44\n [[Dallas Smith (ice hockey)|Dallas Smith]], +43 <br /> [[Carol Vadnais]], +43\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Shots on goal\n{{further|Shot on goal (ice hockey)}}\n{{Div col}}\n [[Ray Bourque]], 812\n [[Brett Hull]], 803\n [[Claude Lemieux]], 730\n [[Marián Hossa|Marian Hossa]], 712\n [[Wayne Gretzky]], 699\n [[Jaromír Jágr|Jaromir Jagr]], 682\n [[Mark Messier]], 671\n [[Al MacInnis]], 663\n [[Nicklas Lidström|Nicklas Lidstrom]], 656\n '''[[Alexander Ovechkin]]''', 637\n [[Brendan Shanahan]], 622\n [[Paul Coffey]], 616\n '''[[Evgeni Malkin]]''', 608\n [[Sergei Fedorov]], 603\n [[Chris Chelios]], 587\n [[Steve Yzerman]], 584\n [[Joe Sakic]], 582\n [[Denis Potvin]], 578\n [[Glenn Anderson]], 554\n '''[[Patrice Bergeron]]''', 549\n '''[[Sidney Crosby]]''', 542\n [[Phil Esposito]], 535\n [[Bobby Hull]], 531\n [[Jari Kurri]], 527\n [[Jacques Lemaire]], 521\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Shooting percentage\nShooting percentage is the percentage of [[shot on goal (ice hockey)|shots on goal]] which result in a [[Goal (ice hockey)|goal]].\n\n''Minimum 80 shots''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Craig Simpson]], 33.64%\n [[Peter Šťastný|Peter Stastny]], 21.71%\n [[Darryl Sutter]], 21.62%\n [[Andrew Brunette]], 21.25%\n [[Thomas Gradin]], 21.25%\n [[Barry Pederson]], 21.15%\n '''[[Brayden Point]]''', 20.77%\n [[Rick Middleton]], 20.74%\n [[Jari Kurri]], 20.11%\n [[Steve Vickers (ice hockey)|Steve Vickers]], 20.00%\n [[Cam Neely]], 19.79%\n [[Tim Kerr]], 19.70%\n '''[[Jake Guentzel]]''', 19.54%\n [[Mike Bossy]], 19.50%\n [[Paul MacLean (ice hockey)|Paul MacLean]], 19.44%\n [[Ray Ferraro]], 19.27%\n [[Bernie Federko]], 19.13%\n [[Jussi Jokinen]], 19.10%\n [[Tom Fergus]], 19.09%\n [[Mario Lemieux]], 18.91%\n [[Kevin Dineen]], 18.85%\n [[Peter Forsberg]], 18.13%\n [[Steve Shutt]], 18.05%\n [[Orest Kindrachuk]], 18.02% \n [[Anton Šťastný|Anton Stastny]], 18.02%\n{{Div col end}}\n\nActive leaders (skaters)\n\nRegular season: Points (active)\n{{Further|Point (ice hockey)}}\n{{Div col}}\n [[Joe Thornton]], 1,539\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 1,410\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 1,409\n [[Patrick Kane]], 1,180\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 1,146\n [[Anže Kopitar|Anze Kopitar]], 1,067\n [[Ryan Getzlaf]], 1,019\n [[Nicklas Bäckström|Nicklas Backstrom]], 1,011\n [[Jason Spezza]], 995\n [[Patrice Bergeron]], 982\n [[Steven Stamkos]], 972\n [[Phil Kessel]], 956\n [[Joe Pavelski]], 924\n [[Claude Giroux]], 923\n [[John Tavares]], 895\n [[Blake Wheeler]], 867\n [[Corey Perry]], 858\n [[Jonathan Toews]], 852\n [[Zach Parise]], 845\n [[Jeff Carter]], 807\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Points per game (active)\n''Minimum 500 points''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Connor McDavid]], 1.431\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 1.272\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 1.168\n [[Artemi Panarin]], 1.120\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 1.107\n [[Leon Draisaitl]], 1.104\n [[Nikita Kucherov]], 1.096\n [[Patrick Kane]], 1.066\n [[Steven Stamkos]], 1.054\n [[Nathan MacKinnon]], 1.016\n [[Johnny Gaudreau]], 1.012\n [[David Pastrnak]], 0.988\n [[Nicklas Bäckström|Nicklas Backstrom]], 0.956\n [[John Tavares]], 0.943\n [[Aleksander Barkov]], 0.928\n [[Jonathan Huberdeau]], 0.914\n [[Brad Marchand]], 0.910\n [[Claude Giroux]], 0.907\n [[Mark Scheifele]], 0.899\n [[Joe Thornton]], 0.898\n [[Anže Kopitar|Anze Kopitar]], 0.882\n [[Ryan Getzlaf]], 0.881\n [[Vladimir Tarasenko]], 0.865\n [[Taylor Hall]], 0.863\n [[Jonathan Toews]], 0.840\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Goals (active)\n{{Further|Goal (ice hockey)}}\n{{Div col}}\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 780\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 517\n [[Steven Stamkos]], 481\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 444\n [[Patrick Kane]], 430\n [[Joe Thornton]], 430\n [[Joe Pavelski]], 421\n [[Jeff Carter]], 418\n [[Zach Parise]], 408\n [[Corey Perry]], 405\n [[Patrice Bergeron]], 400\n [[Phil Kessel]], 399\n [[John Tavares]], 391\n [[Anže Kopitar|Anze Kopitar]], 365\n [[Jason Spezza]], 363\n [[Jonathan Toews]], 357\n [[Brad Marchand]], 351\n [[Jamie Benn]], 329\n [[Dustin Brown (ice hockey)|Dustin Brown]], 325\n [[Max Pacioretty]], 323\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Goals per game (active)\n\n''Minimum 200 goals''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 0.610\n [[Steven Stamkos]], 0.522\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 0.468\n [[David Pastrňák|David Pastrnak]], 0.457\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 0.451\n [[Nikita Kucherov]], 0.429\n [[John Tavares]], 0.418\n [[Vladimir Tarasenko]], 0.411\n [[Brad Marchand]], 0.397\n [[Patrick Kane]], 0.393\n [[Tyler Seguin]], 0.378\n [[Max Pacioretty]], 0.375\n [[Zach Parise]], 0.371\n [[Nathan MacKinnon]], 0.366\n [[Jonathan Toews]], 0.366\n [[Jeff Carter]], 0.365\n [[Joe Pavelski]], 0.363\n [[Jamie Benn]], 0.359\n [[Logan Couture]], 0.355\n [[Corey Perry]], 0.353\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Power Play goals (active)\nWhen a team is given a [[Penalty (ice hockey)|penalty]] for committing an infraction (such as [[Tripping (ice hockey)|tripping]] another player), the offending player must sit in the [[penalty box]], and his team must play with one fewer player on the ice. The penalized team is said to be \"[[short-handed]]\", while the other team has a \"[[Power play (sport)|powerplay]]\". If a player scores while his team is on the powerplay, this is recorded as a powerplay goal.\n{{Div col}}\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 285\n [[Steven Stamkos]], 181\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 162\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 153\n [[Joe Pavelski]], 152\n [[Joe Thornton]], 146\n [[Patrice Bergeron]], 122 <br /> [[Zach Parise]], 122\n <li value=\"9\"> [[Patrick Kane]], 120\n [[Phil Kessel]], 117 <br /> [[Jeff Carter]], 117 <br />\n <li value=\"12\">[[John Tavares]], 116\n [[Corey Perry]], 111\n [[Dustin Brown (ice hockey)|Dustin Brown]], 106 <br /> [[Shea Weber]], 106\n <li value=\"16\"> [[Anže Kopitar|Anze Kopitar]], 104\n [[Wayne Simmonds]], 102\n [[Patric Hornqvist]], 95\n [[Leon Draisaitl]], 93 <br />\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Short-handed goals (active)\nWhen a team is given a [[Penalty (ice hockey)|penalty]] for committing an infraction (such as [[Tripping (ice hockey)|tripping]] another player), the offending player must sit in the [[penalty box]], and his team must play with one fewer player on the ice. The penalized team is said to be \"[[short-handed]]\", while the other team has a \"[[Power play (sport)|powerplay]]\". If a player scores while his team is short handed, this is recorded as a short-handed goal.\n{{Div col}}\n [[Brad Marchand]], 33\n [[Andrew Cogliano]], 21\n [[Patrice Bergeron]], 20\n [[Jeff Carter]], 19 <br /> [[Cam Atkinson]], 19 \n <li value=\"6\">[[Jordan Staal]], 17 <br /> [[Cal Clutterbuck]], 17 <br /> [[Jonathan Toews]], 17\n <li value=\"9\"> [[Evander Kane]], 16 <br /> [[Jean-Gabriel Pageau]], 16\n <li value=\"11\"> [[Brad Richardson]], 15 <br /> [[Mikael Backlund]], 15\n <li value=\"13\"> [[Adam Henrique]], 14 <br /> [[Brandon Sutter]], 14 <br /> [[Darren Helm]], 14 <br /> [[Blake Wheeler]], 14 \n <li value=\"17\"> [[Jamie Benn]], 13 <br /> [[Sebastian Aho (ice hockey, born 1997)|Sebastian Aho]], 13 <br /> [[Derek Stepan]], 13 <br /> [[Logan Couture]], 13 <br /> [[Anze Kopitar]], 13\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Game-winning goals (active)\n{{Div col}}\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 121\n [[Jeff Carter]], 86\n [[Zach Parise]], 80\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 78 <br /> [[Sidney Crosby]], 78\n <li value=\"6\"> [[Patrice Bergeron]], 74\n [[Steven Stamkos]], 73\n [[Phil Kessel]], 70\n [[Joe Pavelski]], 69 <br /> [[Corey Perry]], 69\n <li value=\"11\"> [[Jonathan Toews]], 68 <br /> [[Joe Thornton]], 68\n <li value=\"13\"> [[Patrick Kane]], 67 <br /> [[Brad Marchand]], 67\n <li value=\"15\"> [[Max Pacioretty]], 65 \n [[Anze Kopitar]], 61\n [[John Tavares]], 59\n [[Ryan Getzlaf]], 57\n [[Jason Spezza]], 55\n [[Tyler Seguin]], 54\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Overtime goals (active)\nIf a game is tied after regulation time (which lasts three 20-minutes periods), there will be a period of \"[[Overtime (ice hockey)|overtime]]\" to decide the winner. The player who scores during this extra time is given the overtime goal. All overtime in the NHL is [[Sudden death (sport)|sudden death]]—meaning the first team to score is the winner—so the player who scores in overtime also has the game-winning goal.\n{{Div col}}\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 22\n [[Jeff Carter]], 13 <br /> [[Sidney Crosby]], 13\n <li value=\"4\"> [[Brad Marchand]], 12 <br /> [[Brent Burns]], 12 <br /> [[Evgeni Malkin]], 12\n <li value=\"7\"> [[John Tavares]], 11 \n <li value=\"8\"> [[Sean Monahan]], 10 <br /> [[Max Pacioretty]], 10 <br /> [[Taylor Hall]], 10 <br /> [[Jonathan Toews]], 10 <br /> [[Claude Giroux]], 10 <br /> [[Patrick Marleau]], 10\n <li value=\"14\"> [[Vladimir Tarasenko]], 9 <br /> [[Mike Green (ice hockey, born 1985)|Mike Green]], 9 <br /> [[Loui Eriksson]], 9 <br /> [[Jakub Voráček|Jakub Voracek]], 9 <br /> [[Joe Thornton]], 9 \n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Empty net goals (active)\n\n{{Div col}}\n [[Eric Staal]], 30\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 29\n [[Joe Thornton]], 27\n [[Ilya Kovalchuk]], 22\n <li value=\"6\"> [[Patrick Marleau]], 21\n [[Michael Grabner]], 20 <br /> [[Brad Marchand]], 20 <br /> [[John Tavares]], 20 <br /> [[Zach Parise]], 20 <br /> [[Evgeni Malkin]], 20\n <li value=\"12\"> [[Blake Wheeler]], 19\n [[Patrick Kane]], 18 \n <li value=\"14\"> [[Max Pacioretty]], 17 <br /> [[Sidney Crosby]], 17\n <li value=\"16\"> [[Jeff Carter]], 16\n <li value=\"17\"> [[Andrew Cogliano]], 14 <br /> [[Milan Lucic]], 14 <br /> [[Dustin Brown (ice hockey)|Dustin Brown]], 14 <br /> [[Patrice Bergeron]], 14 <br /> [[Corey Perry]], 14\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Assists (active)\n{{Further|Assist (ice hockey)}}\n{{Div col}}\n [[Joe Thornton]], 1,109\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 892\n [[Patrick Kane]], 750\n [[Nicklas Bäckström|Nicklas Backstrom]], 747\n [[Ryan Getzlaf]], 737\n [[Anže Kopitar|Anze Kopitar]], 702\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 702\n [[Jason Spezza]], 632\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 630\n [[Claude Giroux]], 629\n [[Patrice Bergeron]], 582\n [[Jakub Voracek]], 578\n [[Blake Wheeler]], 571\n [[Phil Kessel]], 557\n [[Brent Burns]], 550\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Assists per game (active)\n\n''Minimum 300 assists''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Connor McDavid]], 0.940\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 0.816\n [[Nicklas Bäckström|Nicklas Backstrom]], 0.724\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 0.714\n [[Joe Thornton]], 0.690\n [[Ryan Getzlaf]], 0.685\n [[Patrick Kane]], 0.628\n [[Claude Giroux]], 0.627\n [[Erik Karlsson]], 0.625\n [[Anže Kopitar|Anze Kopitar]], 0.584\n [[Jason Spezza]], 0.570\n [[John Tavares]], 0.522\n [[Jakub Voráček|Jakub Voracek]], 0.518\n [[Paul Stastny]], 0.517\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 0.514 \n [[Jamie Benn]], 0.513\n [[Kris Letang]], 0.500\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Games played (skaters, active)\n{{further|Games played}}\n{{Div col}}\n [[Joe Thornton]], 1,714\n [[Dustin Brown (ice hockey)|Dustin Brown]], 1,296\n [[Ryan Suter]], 1,280\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 1,274\n [[Brent Burns]], 1,251\n [[Patrice Bergeron]], 1,216\n [[Anze Kopitar]], 1,210\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Penalty minutes (active)\nA [[Penalty (ice hockey)|penalty]] is given to a player for committing an infraction during the game. The length of the penalty varies depending on the severity of the offence. The amount of penalty minutes recorded for statistical purposes are:\n ''minor'' – 2 minutes\n ''double minor'' – 4 minutes\n ''major'' – 5 minutes\n ''misconduct'' – 10 minutes\n ''game misconduct'' – 10 minutes\n{{Div col}}\n [[Corey Perry]], 1,285\n [[Joe Thornton]], 1,272\n [[Wayne Simmonds]], 1,266\n [[Milan Lucic]], 1,256\n [[Tom Wilson (ice hockey)|Tom Wilson]], 1,221\n [[Antoine Roussel]], 1,063\n [[Matt Martin (ice hockey, born 1989)|Matt Martin]], 1,052\n [[Evander Kane]], 1,048\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 1,008\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Plus-minus (active)\n[[Plus-minus (ice hockey)|Plus-minus]] is a statistic that indicates the relative goal differential when a player is on the ice. If the player is on the ice when his team scores [[even-strength]] or [[short-handed]], he is given +1; if he is on the ice when the opposing team scores even-strength or they score a goal while he is on the powerplay, he is given -1.\n{{Div col}}\n [[Brad Marchand]], +263\n [[Patrice Bergeron]], +254\n [[Ryan McDonagh]], +215\n [[Sidney Crosby]], +202\n [[Joe Thornton]], +182\n [[Jonathan Toews]], +179\n [[Duncan Keith]], +159\n [[Ondrej Palat]], +147 <br /> [[Victor Hedman]], +147 <br /> [[Joe Pavelski]], +147\n <li value=\"11\"> [[Artemi Panarin]], +134\n [[Ian Cole]], +131\n [[Nikita Kucherov]], +129\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Shots on goal (active)\n{{further|Shot on goal (ice hockey)}}\n{{Div col}}\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 6,061\n [[Jeff Carter]], 3,738\n [[Patrice Bergeron]], 3,725\n [[Phil Kessel]], 3,700\n [[Patrick Kane]], 3,684\n [[Zach Parise]], 3,544\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 3,539\n [[Brent Burns]], 3,437\n [[Dustin Brown (ice hockey)|Dustin Brown]], 3,360\n [[Joe Pavelski]], 3,328\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 3,246\n [[Corey Perry]], 3,162\n [[Joe Thornton]], 3,068\n [[John Tavares]], 2,993\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Shooting percentage (active)\nShooting percentage is the percentage of [[shot on goal (ice hockey)|shots on goal]] which result in a [[Goal (ice hockey)|goal]].\n\n''Minimum 800 shots''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Leon Draisaitl]], 17.6%\n [[Brayden Point]], 17.1%\n [[Steven Stamkos]], 17.0%\n [[Auston Matthews]], 16.4%\n [[Mark Scheifele]], 16.3%\n [[Jake Guentzel]], 15.9%\n [[Brad Marchand]], 15.8%\n [[Mikko Rantanen]], 15.7%\n [[Mark Stone (ice hockey)|Mark Stone]], 15.6%\n [[Alex DeBrincat]], 15.5%\n [[Kyle Connor]], 15.3%\n [[Adam Henrique]], 15.2%\n [[Patrik Laine]], 15.1%\n [[Nikita Kucherov]], 15.0%\n [[Connor McDavid]], 15.0%\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Points (active)\n{{Further|Point (ice hockey)}}\n{{Div col}}\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 201\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 180\n [[Nikita Kucherov]], 154\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 141\n [[Joe Thornton]], 134\n [[Patrick Kane]], 132\n [[Patrice Bergeron]], 127\n [[Joe Pavelski]], 125\n [[Ryan Getzlaf]], 120\n [[Jonathan Toews]], 119 <br /> [[Corey Perry]], 119\n <li value=\"12\"> [[Brad Marchand]], 118\n [[Nicklas Bäckström|Nicklas Backstrom]], 114\n [[Victor Hedman]], 107\n [[Logan Couture]], 101\n [[Ondrej Palat]], 94\n [[Nathan MacKinnon]], 93\n [[Steven Stamkos]], 91 <br /> [[Duncan Keith]], 91\n <li value=\"20\">[[Kris Letang]], 90\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Points per game (active)\n''Minimum 50 points''\n\n{{Div col}}\n [[Leon Draisaitl]], 1.59\n [[Connor McDavid]], 1.49\n [[Nathan MacKinnon]], 1.33\n [[Mikko Rantanen]], 1.22\n [[Nikita Kucherov]], 1.13\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 1.12\n [[Cale Makar]], 1.09\n [[David Pastrnak]], 1.06\n [[Brayden Point]], 1.03\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 1.02\n [[Jake Guentzel]], 1.00\n [[Gabriel Landeskog]], 0.97\n [[Patrick Kane]], 0.97\n [[Ryan Getzlaf]], 0.96\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 0.96\n [[Ryan O'Reilly]], 0.88\n [[Logan Couture]], 0.87\n [[Jonathan Toews]], 0.87\n [[Claude Giroux]], 0.85\n [[Brad Marchand]], 0.85\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Goals (active)\n{{Further|Goal (ice hockey)}}\n{{Div col}}\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 72\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 71\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 67\n [[Joe Pavelski]], 64\n [[Patrick Kane]], 52\n [[Nikita Kucherov]], 52\n [[Corey Perry]], 51\n [[Brad Marchand]], 49\n [[Patrice Bergeron]], 49\n [[Ondrej Palat]], 48\n [[Logan Couture]], 48\n [[Jeff Carter]], 47\n [[Jonathan Toews]], 45\n [[Steven Stamkos]], 43\n [[Nathan MacKinnon]], 41\n [[Vladimir Tarasenko]], 41\n [[Brayden Point]], 38\n [[Nicklas Bäckström|Nicklas Backstrom]], 38\n [[Ryan Getzlaf]], 37\n [[Zach Parise]], 37\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Goals per game (active)\n\n''Minimum 20 goals''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Jake Guentzel]], 0.622\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 0.504\n [[Vladimir Tarasenko]], 0.500\n [[Nikita Kucherov]], 0.468\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 0.413\n [[Filip Forsberg]], 0.400\n [[Patrick Kane]], 0.394\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 0.392\n [[Patrick Marleau]], 0.391\n [[Phil Kessel]], 0.386\n [[Tyler Johnson (ice hockey)|Tyler Johnson]], 0.375\n [[Evgeny Kuznetsov]], 0.365\n [[Joe Pavelski]], 0.364\n [[Zach Parise]], 0.361\n [[Logan Couture]], 0.354\n [[Claude Giroux]], 0.348\n [[Eric Staal]], 0.345\n [[Steven Stamkos]], 0.333\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Power Play goals (active)\nWhen a team is given a [[Penalty (ice hockey)|penalty]] for committing an infraction (such as [[Tripping (ice hockey)|tripping]] another player), the offending player must sit in the [[penalty box]], and his team must play with one fewer player on the ice. The penalized team is said to be \"[[short-handed]],\" while the other team has a \"[[Power play (sport)|powerplay]].\" If a player scores while his team is on the powerplay, this is recorded as a powerplay goal.\n{{Div col}}\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 28\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 28\n [[Joe Pavelski]], 26\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 20\n [[Jonathan Toews]], 19\n [[Nikita Kucherov]], 18\n [[T. J. Oshie]], 18\n [[Jeff Carter]], 18\n [[Steven Stamkos]], 17\n [[Corey Perry]], 17\n [[Logan Couture]], 16\n [[Patrice Bergeron]], 16\n [[Ryan Getzlaf]], 15\n [[Brayden Point]], 14\n [[Nathan MacKinnon]], 13\n [[Zach Parise]], 13\n [[Vladimir Tarasenko]], 13\n [[Brad Marchand]], 13\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Short-handed goals (active)\nWhen a team is given a [[Penalty (ice hockey)|penalty]] for committing an infraction (such as [[Tripping (ice hockey)|tripping]] another player), the offending player must sit in the [[penalty box]], and his team must play with one fewer player on the ice. The penalized team is said to be \"[[short-handed]]\", while the other team has a \"[[Power play (sport)|powerplay]]\". If a player scores while his team is short handed, this is recorded as a short-handed goal.\n{{Div col}}\n [[Jonathan Toews]], 3 <br /> [[Patrice Bergeron]], 3\n <li value=\"3\"> [[Claude Giroux]], 2 <br /> [[Ryan Getzlaf]], 2 <br /> [[Carl Hagelin]], 2 <br /> [[Anže Kopitar|Anze Kopitar]], 2 <br /> [[Zach Parise]], 2 <br /> [[Jamie Benn]], 2 \n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Game-winning goals (active)\n{{Div col}}\n [[Joe Pavelski]], 14\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 13\n [[Ondrej Palat]], 12\n [[Patrick Kane]], 11\n [[Jonathan Toews]], 11\n [[Brad Marchand]], 10\n [[Patrice Bergeron]], 10\n [[Corey Perry]], 10\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 10\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 9\n [[Tyler Johnson (ice hockey)|Tyler Johnson]], 9\n [[Paul Stastny]], 9\n [[Chris Kreider]], 9\n [[Joe Thornton]], 8\n [[Jake Guentzel]], 8\n [[Logan Couture]], 8\n [[Nikita Kucherov]], 8\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Overtime goals (active)\nIf a game is tied after regulation time (which lasts three 20-minutes periods), there will be a period of \"[[Overtime (ice hockey)|overtime]]\" to decide the winner. The player who scores during this extra time is given the overtime goal. All overtime in the NHL is [[Sudden death (sport)|sudden death]]—meaning the first team to score is the winner—so the player who scores in overtime also has the game-winning goal.\n{{Div col}}\n [[Patrick Kane]], 5 <br /> [[Corey Perry]], 4\n <li value=\"3\"> [[Patrice Bergeron]], 4 <br /> [[Nicklas Bäckström|Nicklas Backstrom]], 4\n <li value=\"5\"> [[Brayden Point]], 3 <br /> [[Jordan Staal]], 3 <br /> [[Brad Marchand]], 3 <br /> [[Joe Pavelski]], 3\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Assists (active)\n{{Further|Assist (ice hockey)}}\n{{Div col}}\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 130\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 113\n [[Joe Thornton]], 102\n [[Nikita Kucherov]], 102\n [[Victor Hedman]], 85\n [[Ryan Getzlaf]], 83\n [[Patrick Kane]], 80\n [[Patrice Bergeron]], 78\n [[Nicklas Bäckström|Nicklas Backstrom]], 76\n [[Jonathan Toews]], 74\n [[Duncan Keith]], 72\n [[Brad Marchand]], 69\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 69\n [[Corey Perry]], 68\n [[Kris Letang]], 67\n [[Joe Pavelski]], 61\n [[Mikko Rantanen]], 54\n [[John Carlson (ice hockey)|John Carlson]], 54\n [[Logan Couture]], 53\n [[Claude Giroux]], 53\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Assists per game (active)\n\n''Minimum 30 assists''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 0.744\n [[Ryan Getzlaf]], 0.664\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 0.652\n [[Erik Karlsson]], 0.646\n [[Jason Spezza]], 0.623\n [[Joe Thornton]], 0.600\n [[Claude Giroux]], 0.594\n [[Nicklas Bäckström|Nicklas Backstrom]], 0.578\n [[Patrick Kane]], 0.575\n [[Anže Kopitar|Anze Kopitar]], 0.570\n [[Jonathan Toews]], 0.547\n [[Phil Kessel]], 0.518\n [[Duncan Keith]], 0.500 <br /> [[Victor Hedman]], 0.500\n <li value=\"15\"> [[Patrice Bergeron]], 0.491\n [[Logan Couture]], 0.490\n [[Nikita Kucherov]], 0.484\n [[P. K. Subban]], 0.467\n [[Brad Marchand]], 0.464\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Games played (skaters, active)\n{{further|Games played}}\n{{Div col}}\n [[Corey Perry]], 190\n [[Joe Thornton]], 187\n [[Ryan McDonagh]], 185\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 180\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 177\n [[Joe Pavelski]], 168\n [[Patrice Bergeron]], 167\n [[Victor Hedman]], 155\n [[Duncan Keith]], 151\n [[Kris Letang]], 149\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 147\n [[Pat Maroon]], 144\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 141\n [[Nicklas Backstrom]], 139\n [[Brad Marchand]], 139\n [[Ondrej Palat]], 138\n [[Jonathan Toews]], 137\n [[Nikita Kucherov]], 136\n [[Patrick Kane]], 136\n [[Milan Lucic]], 136\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Penalty minutes (active)\nA [[Penalty (ice hockey)|penalty]] is given to a player for committing an infraction during the game. The length of the penalty varies depending on the severity of the offence. The amount of penalty minutes recorded for statistical purposes are:\n ''minor'' – 2 minutes\n ''double minor'' – 4 minutes\n ''major'' – 5 minutes\n ''misconduct'' – 10 minutes\n ''game misconduct'' – 10 minutes\n{{Div col}}\n [[Corey Perry]], 264\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 242\n [[Milan Lucic]], 229\n [[Pat Maroon]], 218\n [[Kris Letang]], 142\n [[Brad Marchand]], 141\n [[Ryan Getzlaf]], 137\n [[Joe Thornton]], 134\n [[P. K. Subban]], 133 <br /> [[Ryan Kesler]], 133\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Plus-minus (active)\n[[Plus-minus (ice hockey)|Plus-minus]] is a statistic that indicates the relative goal differential when a player is on the ice. If the player is on the ice when his team scores [[even-strength]] or [[short-handed]], he is given +1; if he is on the ice when the opposing team scores even-strength or short-handed, he is given -1.\n{{Div col}}\n [[Patrice Bergeron]], +48\n [[Nikita Kucherov]], +38\n [[Ondrej Palat]], +35\n [[Brad Marchand]], +33\n [[Milan Lucic]], +32\n [[Reilly Smith]], +27\n [[Nathan MacKinnon]], +26\n [[Cale Makar]], +22\n [[Victor Hedman]], +21\n [[Phil Kessel]], +21 \n [[Duncan Keith]], +20\n [[Anže Kopitar|Anze Kopitar]], +18\n [[Sidney Crosby]], +18\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Shots on goal (active)\n{{further|Shot on goal (ice hockey)}}\n{{Div col}}\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 637\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 608\n [[Patrice Bergeron]], 549 \n [[Sidney Crosby]], 542\n [[Joe Pavelski]], 493\n [[Corey Perry]], 468\n [[Jeff Carter]], 428\n [[Patrick Kane]], 422\n [[Nikita Kucherov]], 412\n [[Victor Hedman]], 392\n [[James Neal (ice hockey)|James Neal]], 372\n [[Kris Letang]], 367\n [[Brad Marchand]], 364\n [[Joe Thornton]], 360\n [[Jonathan Toews]], 350\n [[John Carlson (ice hockey)|John Carlson]], 347\n [[Zach Parise]], 343\n [[Ryan Getzlaf]], 328\n [[Logan Couture]], 326\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Shooting percentage (active)\nShooting percentage is the percentage of [[shot on goal (ice hockey)|shots on goal]] which result in a [[Goal (ice hockey)|goal]].\n\n''Minimum 80 shots''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Brayden Point]], 20.8%\n [[Jake Guentzel]], 19.5%\n [[Joonas Donskoi]], 17.7%\n [[Leon Draisaitl]], 17.5%\n [[Connor McDavid]], 16.9%\n [[Chris Kreider]], 16.8%\n [[Ondřej Palát|Ondrej Palat]], 16.6%\n [[Andre Burakovsky]], 16.1%\n [[Mark Stone (ice hockey)|Mark Stone]], 16.1%\n [[Ryan Johansen]], 15.8%\n [[Ryan O'Reilly]], 15.6%\n [[T.J. Oshie]], 15.5%\n [[Brock Nelson]], 15.3%\n [[Steven Stamkos]], 15.0%\n [[Bryan Rust]], 14.8%\n{{Div col end}}\n\nGoaltenders\nThe statistics listed include the [[2021–22 NHL season|2021–22 NHL regular season]] and [[2022 Stanley Cup playoffs|2022 playoffs]].\n\nAll-time leaders (goaltenders)\nActive goaltenders (during 2021–22 NHL season) are listed in '''boldface'''.\n\nRegular season: Games played\n{{Div col}}\n [[Martin Brodeur]], 1266\n [[Roberto Luongo]], 1044\n [[Patrick Roy]], 1029\n [[Terry Sawchuk]], 971\n [[Ed Belfour]], 963\n [[Curtis Joseph]], 943\n '''[[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]]''', 939\n [[Glenn Hall]], 906\n [[Henrik Lundqvist]], 887\n [[Tony Esposito]], 886\n [[John Vanbiesbrouck]], 882\n [[Grant Fuhr]], 868\n [[Gump Worsley]], 860\n [[Jacques Plante]], 837\n [[Sean Burke]], 820\n [[Harry Lumley (ice hockey)|Harry Lumley]], 803\n [[Nikolai Khabibulin]], 799\n [[Ryan Miller]], 796\n [[Rogie Vachon]], 795\n [[Gilles Meloche]], 788\n [[Mike Vernon (ice hockey)|Mike Vernon]], 782\n [[Tom Barrasso]], 777\n [[Chris Osgood]], 744\n [[Dominik Hašek|Dominik Hasek]], 735\n [[Olaf Kölzig|Olaf Kolzig]], 719\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Wins\n{{Div col}}\n [[Martin Brodeur]], 691\n [[Patrick Roy]], 551\n '''[[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]]''', 520\n [[Roberto Luongo]], 489\n [[Ed Belfour]], 484\n [[Henrik Lundqvist]], 459\n [[Curtis Joseph]], 454\n [[Terry Sawchuk]], 445\n [[Jacques Plante]], 437\n [[Tony Esposito]], 423\n [[Glenn Hall]], 407\n [[Grant Fuhr]], 403\n [[Chris Osgood]], 401\n [[Ryan Miller]], 391\n [[Dominik Hašek|Dominik Hasek]], 389\n [[Mike Vernon (ice hockey)|Mike Vernon]], 385\n [[John Vanbiesbrouck]], 374\n [[Andy Moog]], 372\n [[Tom Barrasso]], 369 <br /> [[Pekka Rinne]], 369\n <li value=\"21\"> '''[[Carey Price]]''', 361\n '''[[Jonathan Quick]]''', 359\n [[Evgeni Nabokov]], 353 <br /> [[Rogie Vachon]], 353\n '''[[Sergei Bobrovsky]]''', 336\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Shutouts\nA goaltender achieves a [[shutout]] when he does not allow a goal against him, and plays the full game.\n{{Div col}}\n [[Martin Brodeur]], 125\n [[Terry Sawchuk]], 103\n [[George Hainsworth]], 94\n [[Glenn Hall]], 84\n [[Jacques Plante]], 82\n [[Dominik Hašek|Dominik Hasek]], 81 <br /> [[Alex Connell]], 81 <br /> [[Tiny Thompson]], 81\n <li value=\"9\"> [[Roberto Luongo]], 77\n [[Ed Belfour]], 76 <br /> [[Tony Esposito]]\n <li value=\"12\"> [[Harry Lumley (ice hockey)|Harry Lumley]], 71 <br /> [[Lorne Chabot]], 71 <br /> '''[[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]]''', 71\n <li value=\"15\"> [[Roy Worters]], 67 \n [[Patrick Roy]], 66\n [[Henrik Lundqvist]], 64\n [[Turk Broda]], 61\n [[Pekka Rinne]], 60\n [[Evgeni Nabokov]], 59\n [[John Ross Roach]], 58\n [[Clint Benedict]], 57\n '''[[Jonathan Quick]]''', 56\n <li value=\"24\"> [[Eddie Giacomin]], 54 <br /> [[Bernie Parent]], 54\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Goals against average\n[[Goals against average]] is the average number of goals a goaltender allows over a 60-minute period (the regulation length of a game). It is calculated by multiplying the ''goals against'' by 60 minutes, then dividing by the total minutes played.\n\n''Minimum 250 games played''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Alec Connell]], 1.92\n [[George Hainsworth]], 1.93\n [[Lorne Chabot]], 2.02\n [[Charlie Gardiner (ice hockey)|Chuck Gardiner]], 2.02\n [[Tiny Thompson]], 2.07\n [[Dave Kerr]], 2.14\n [[Dominik Hašek|Dominik Hasek]], 2.20\n [[Ken Dryden]], 2.24\n [[Martin Brodeur]], 2.24\n [[Tuukka Rask]], 2.27\n [[Roy Worters]], 2.28\n [[Roman Turek]], 2.31\n [[Clint Benedict]], 2.32\n [[Ben Bishop]], 2.32\n [[Gerry McNeil]], 2.34\n [[Bill Durnan]], 2.36\n [[Marty Turco]], 2.36\n [[Jacques Plante]], 2.38\n [[Manny Legace]], 2.41\n '''[[Jonathan Quick]]''', 2.42\n [[Pekka Rinne]], 2.43\n [[Henrik Lundqvist]], 2.43\n '''[[Cory Schneider]]''', 2.43\n [[Evgeni Nabokov]], 2.44\n [[Corey Crawford]], 2.45\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Saves\n{{Div col}}\n [[Martin Brodeur]], 28,928\n [[Roberto Luongo]], 28,409\n [[Patrick Roy]], 25,800\n [[Tony Esposito]], 24,761\n [[Glenn Hall]], 24,611\n '''[[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]]''', 24,400\n [[Curtis Joseph]], 24,279\n [[Henrik Lundqvist]], 23,509\n [[Ed Belfour]], 22,433\n [[John Vanbiesbrouck]], 22,203\n [[Gump Worsley]], 21,766\n [[Ryan Miller]], 21,665\n [[Grant Fuhr]], 21,615\n [[Gilles Meloche]], 21,138\n [[Sean Burke]], 21,003\n [[Jacques Plante]], 20,889\n [[Nikolai Khabibulin]], 20,258\n [[Rogie Vachon]], 19,882\n [[Tom Barrasso]], 19,694\n '''[[Carey Price]]''', 19,304\n '''[[Craig Anderson (ice hockey)|Craig Anderson]]''', 19,099\n [[Dominik Hašek|Dominik Hasek]], 18,648\n [[Tomáš Vokoun|Tomas Vokoun]], 18,625\n [[Cam Ward]], 18,259\n [[Olaf Kölzig|Olaf Kolzig]], 18,233\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Save percentage\n[[Save percentage]] is the percentage of [[shot on goal (ice hockey)|shots on goal]] that a goaltender stops. It is calculated by dividing the number of saves by the number of shots on goal.\n\n''Minimum 250 games played''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Dominik Hašek|Dominik Hasek]], .922\n [[Ken Dryden]], .922\n [[Tuukka Rask]], .921\n [[Ben Bishop]], .921\n [[Tim Thomas (ice hockey, born 1974)|Tim Thomas]], .920\n '''[[Andrei Vasilevskiy]]''', .919\n [[Roberto Luongo]], .919\n [[Henrik Lundqvist]], .918\n '''[[Cory Schneider]]''', .918\n '''[[Darcy Kuemper]]''', .918\n [[Corey Crawford]], .918\n [[Tomáš Vokoun|Tomas Vokoun]], .917\n [[Pekka Rinne]], .917\n '''[[Carey Price]]''', .917\n '''[[Robin Lehner]]''', .917\n '''[[Anton Khudobin]]''', .916\n '''[[Frederik Andersen]]''', .916\n '''[[Sergei Bobrovsky]]''', .916\n '''[[Semyon Varlamov]]''', .916\n '''[[Jaroslav Halák|Jaroslav Halak]]''', .916\n '''[[Connor Hellebuyck]]''', .916\n [[Bernie Parent]], .915\n '''[[Cam Talbot]]''', .915\n '''[[Braden Holtby]]''', .915\n '''[[John Gibson (ice hockey, born 1993)|John Gibson]]''', .915\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Minutes\n{{Div col}}\n [[Martin Brodeur]], 74,439\n [[Patrick Roy]], 60,215\n [[Roberto Luongo]], 59,879\n [[Terry Sawchuk]], 57,156\n [[Ed Belfour]], 55,696\n '''[[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]]''', 54,392\n [[Curtis Joseph]], 54,055\n [[Glenn Hall]], 53,447\n [[Tony Esposito]], 52,476\n [[Henrik Lundqvist]], 51,817\n [[John Vanbiesbrouck]], 50,455\n [[Gump Worsley]], 50,156\n [[Jacques Plante]], 49,514\n [[Grant Fuhr]], 48,928\n [[Harry Lumley (ice hockey)|Harry Lumley]], 48,039\n [[Sean Burke]], 46,441\n [[Rogie Vachon]], 46,207\n [[Ryan Miller]], 46,146\n [[Nikolai Khabibulin]], 45,607\n [[Gilles Meloche]], 45,323\n [[Mike Vernon (ice hockey)|Mike Vernon]], 44,503\n [[Tom Barrasso]], 44,136\n [[Dominik Hašek|Dominik Hasek]], 42,837\n [[Chris Osgood]], 42,563\n '''[[Carey Price]]''', 42,006\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Games played\n{{Div col}}\n [[Patrick Roy]], 247\n [[Martin Brodeur]], 205\n '''[[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]]''', 167\n [[Ed Belfour]], 161\n [[Grant Fuhr]], 150\n [[Mike Vernon (ice hockey)|Mike Vernon]], 138\n [[Curtis Joseph]], 133\n [[Andy Moog]], 132 <br /> [[Billy Smith (ice hockey)|Billy Smith]], 132\n <li value=\"10\"> [[Henrik Lundqvist]], 130\n [[Chris Osgood]], 129\n [[Tom Barrasso]], 119 <br /> [[Dominik Hašek|Dominik Hasek]], 119\n <li value=\"14\"> [[Glenn Hall]], 115\n [[Jacques Plante]], 112 <br /> [[Ken Dryden]], 112\n <li value=\"17\"> [[Terry Sawchuk]], 106\n [[Pekka Rinne]], 104\n '''[[Andrei Vasilevskiy]]''', 104\n [[Turk Broda]], 101\n [[Tony Esposito]], 99\n '''[[Braden Holtby]]''', 97\n [[Corey Crawford]], 96\n [[Ron Hextall]], 93\n '''[[Carey Price]]''', 92\n '''[[Jonathan Quick]]''', 92\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Wins\n{{Div col}}\n [[Patrick Roy]], 151\n [[Martin Brodeur]], 113\n '''[[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]]''', 92\n [[Grant Fuhr]], 92\n [[Ed Belfour]], 88 <br /> [[Billy Smith (ice hockey)|Billy Smith]], 88\n <li value=\"7\"> [[Ken Dryden]], 80\n [[Mike Vernon (ice hockey)|Mike Vernon]], 77\n [[Chris Osgood]], 74\n [[Jacques Plante]], 71\n [[Andy Moog]], 68\n [[Dominik Hašek|Dominik Hasek]], 65\n '''[[Andrei Vasilevskiy]]''', 63 <br /> [[Curtis Joseph]], 63\n <li value=\"15\"> [[Tom Barrasso]], 61 <br /> [[Henrik Lundqvist]], 61\n <li value=\"17\"> [[Turk Broda]], 60\n [[Tuukka Rask]], 57\n [[Terry Sawchuk]], 54\n [[Gerry Cheevers]], 53\n [[Corey Crawford]], 52\n '''[[Braden Holtby]]''', 50\n [[Glenn Hall]], 49 <br /> '''[[Jonathan Quick]]''', 49\n <li value=\"25\"> [[Ron Hextall]], 47\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Shutouts\nA goaltender achieves a [[shutout]] when he does not allow a goal against him, and plays the full game.\n{{Div col}}\n [[Martin Brodeur]], 24\n [[Patrick Roy]], 23\n [[Curtis Joseph]], 16 <br /> '''[[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]]''', 16\n <li value=\"5\"> [[Chris Osgood]], 15\n [[Ed Belfour]], 14 <br /> [[Dominik Hašek|Dominik Hasek]], 14 <br /> [[Jacques Plante]], 14\n <li value=\"9\"> [[Turk Broda]], 13\n [[Terry Sawchuk]], 12\n [[Ken Dryden]], 10 <br /> [[Henrik Lundqvist]], 10\n <li value=\"13\"> '''[[Jonathan Quick]]''', 9 <br /> [[Mike Richter]], 9 <br /> [[Clint Benedict]], 9\n <li value=\"16\"> [[Gerry Cheevers]], 8 <br /> [[George Hainsworth]], 8 <br /> [[Dave Kerr]], 8 <br /> [[Félix Potvin|Felix Potvin]], 8 <br /> '''[[Carey Price]]''', 8\n <li value=\"21\"> [[Harry Lumley (ice hockey)|Harry Lumley]], 7 <br /> [[Evgeni Nabokov]], 7 <br /> [[Tiny Thompson]], 7 <br /> [[John Ross Roach]], 7 <br /> '''[[Braden Holtby]]''', 7 <br /> [[Tuukka Rask]], 7 <br /> '''[[Andrei Vasilevskiy]]''', 7\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Goals against average\n[[Goals against average]] is the average number of goals a goaltender allows over a 60-minute period (the regulation length of a game). It is calculated by multiplying the ''goals against'' by 60 minutes, then dividing by the total minutes played.\n\n''Minimum 25 games played''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Lorne Chabot]], 1.53\n [[Dave Kerr]], 1.74\n [[Patrick Lalime]], 1.77\n [[Gerry McNeil]], 1.84\n [[Clint Benedict]], 1.86\n [[Tiny Thompson]], 1.88\n [[John Ross Roach]], 1.89\n [[George Hainsworth]], 1.93\n [[Turk Broda]], 1.98\n [[Dominik Hašek|Dominik Hasek]], 2.02\n [[Martin Brodeur]], 2.02\n '''[[Jake Allen (ice hockey)|Jake Allen]]''', 2.06\n [[Bill Durnan]], 2.07\n [[Tim Thomas (ice hockey, born 1974)|Tim Thomas]], 2.08\n [[Jean-Sébastien Giguère|Jean-Sebastien Giguere]], 2.08\n [[Chris Osgood]], 2.09\n [[Jacques Plante]], 2.12\n '''[[Braden Holtby]]''', 2.13\n [[Olaf Kölzig|Olaf Kolzig]], 2.14\n [[Marty Turco]], 2.17\n [[Ed Belfour]], 2.17\n '''[[Matt Murray (ice hockey, born 1994)|Matt Murray]]''', 2.18\n '''[[Robin Lehner]]''', 2.19\n [[Tuukka Rask]], 2.22\n [[Ron Tugnutt]], 2.27\n [[Ben Bishop]], 2.27\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Saves\n{{Div col}}\n [[Patrick Roy]], 6,559\n [[Martin Brodeur]], 4,830\n '''[[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]]''', 4,410\n [[Ed Belfour]], 4,117\n [[Grant Fuhr]], 3,777\n [[Curtis Joseph]], 3,599\n [[Henrik Lundqvist]], 3,567\n [[Billy Smith (ice hockey)|Billy Smith]], 3,306\n [[Glenn Hall]], 3,285\n [[Tom Barrasso]], 3,218\n [[Mike Vernon (ice hockey)|Mike Vernon]], 3,154\n [[Andy Moog]], 3,046\n [[Dominik Hašek|Dominik Hasek]], 3,037\n [[Tuukka Rask]], 2,992\n [[Ken Dryden]], 2,953\n [[Chris Osgood]], 2,918\n '''[[Andrei Vasilevskiy]]''', 2,902\n [[Tony Esposito]], 2,867\n [[Jacques Plante]], 2,790\n [[Corey Crawford]], 2,676\n '''[[Braden Holtby]]''', 2,675\n '''[[Jonathan Quick]]''', 2,514\n '''[[Carey Price]]''', 2,489\n [[Ron Hextall]], 2,392\n [[Pekka Rinne]], 2,351\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Save percentage\n[[Save percentage]] is the percentage of [[shot on goal (ice hockey)|shots on goal]] that a goaltender stops. It is calculated by dividing the number of saves by the number of shots on goal.\n\n''Minimum 25 games played''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Tim Thomas (ice hockey, born 1974)|Tim Thomas]], .933\n [[Jonas Hiller]], .930\n '''[[Craig Anderson (ice hockey)|Craig Anderson]]''', .929\n [[Olaf Kölzig|Olaf Kolzig]], .927\n [[Patrick Lalime]], .926\n '''[[Braden Holtby]]''', .926\n [[Jean-Sébastien Giguère|Jean-Sebastien Giguere]], .925\n [[Tuukka Rask]], .925\n [[Dominik Hašek|Dominik Hasek]], .925\n '''[[Mike Smith (ice hockey, born 1982)|Mike Smith]]''', .924\n [[Ben Bishop]], .924\n '''[[Jake Allen (ice hockey)|Jake Allen]]''', .924\n [[Johnny Bower]], .924\n '''[[Andrei Vasilevskiy]]''', .923\n [[Henrik Lundqvist]], .921\n '''[[Cam Talbot]]''', .921\n [[Miikka Kiprusoff]], .921\n '''[[Matt Murray (ice hockey, born 1994)|Matt Murray]]''', .921\n '''[[Connor Hellebuyck]]''', .921\n '''[[Jonathan Quick]]''', .921\n [[Ed Belfour]], .920\n [[Ron Tugnutt]], .919\n '''[[Robin Lehner]]''', .919\n '''[[Jaroslav Halák|Jaroslav Halak]]''', .919\n '''[[Carey Price]]''', .919\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Minutes\n{{Div col}}\n [[Patrick Roy]], 15,205\n [[Martin Brodeur]], 12,717\n '''[[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]]''', 10,106\n [[Ed Belfour]], 9,943\n [[Grant Fuhr]], 8,825\n [[Mike Vernon (ice hockey)|Mike Vernon]], 8,208\n [[Curtis Joseph]], 8,105\n [[Henrik Lundqvist]], 7,936\n [[Chris Osgood]], 7,651\n [[Billy Smith (ice hockey)|Billy Smith]], 7,637\n [[Andy Moog]], 7,444\n [[Dominik Hašek|Dominik Hasek]], 7,317\n [[Tom Barrasso]], 6,952\n [[Glenn Hall]], 6,892\n [[Ken Dryden]], 6,826\n [[Jacques Plante]], 6,646\n [[Tuukka Rask]], 6,541\n [[Turk Broda]], 6,387\n [[Terry Sawchuk]], 6,289\n '''[[Andrei Vasilevskiy]]''', 6,283\n [[Corey Crawford]], 6,053\n '''[[Braden Holtby]]''', 6,013\n [[Tony Esposito]], 5,991\n '''[[Jonathan Quick]]''', 5,635\n '''[[Carey Price]]''', 5,522\n{{Div col end}}\n\nActive leaders (goaltenders)\n\nRegular season: Games played (active)\n{{Div col}}\n [[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]], 939\n [[Jonathan Quick]], 712\n [[Carey Price]], 712\n [[Craig Anderson (ice hockey)|Craig Anderson]], 683\n [[Mike Smith (ice hockey, born 1982)|Mike Smith]], 670\n [[Sergei Bobrovsky]], 592\n [[Semyon Varlamov]], 560\n [[Jaroslav Halák|Jaroslav Halak]], 556\n [[Brian Elliott]], 521\n [[Braden Holtby]], 513\n [[Frederik Andersen]], 445\n [[James Reimer]], 433\n [[Cory Schneider]], 410\n [[Jonathan Bernier]], 404\n [[Cam Talbot]], 396\n [[Martin Jones (ice hockey)|Martin Jones]], 396\n [[Connor Hellebuyck]], 381\n [[John Gibson (ice hockey, born 1993)|John Gibson]], 378\n [[Jacob Markström|Jacob Markstrom]], 378\n [[Andrei Vasilevskiy]], 365\n [[Robin Lehner]], 364\n [[Jake Allen (ice hockey)|Jake Allen]], 353\n [[Thomas Greiss]], 347\n [[Darcy Kuemper]], 299\n [[Petr Mrazek]], 295\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Wins (active)\n{{Div col}}\n [[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]], 520\n [[Carey Price]], 361\n [[Jonathan Quick]], 359\n [[Sergei Bobrovsky]], 336\n [[Craig Anderson (ice hockey)|Craig Anderson]], 308\n [[Braden Holtby]], 299\n [[Mike Smith (ice hockey, born 1982)|Mike Smith]], 299\n [[Jaroslav Halák|Jaroslav Halak]], 285\n [[Brian Elliott]], 267\n [[Semyon Varlamov]], 261\n [[Frederik Andersen]], 261\n [[Andrei Vasilevskiy]], 229\n [[Connor Hellebuyck]], 201\n [[Cam Talbot]], 201\n [[Martin Jones (ice hockey)|Martin Jones]], 198\n [[James Reimer]], 192\n [[Cory Schneider]], 171\n [[Jacob Markström|Jacob Markstrom]], 169\n [[Jake Allen (ice hockey)|Jake Allen]], 168\n [[John Gibson (ice hockey, born 1993)|John Gibson]], 166\n [[Jonathan Bernier]], 165\n [[Thomas Greiss]], 155\n [[Robin Lehner]], 152\n [[Darcy Kuemper]], 143\n [[Petr Mrazek]], 140\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Shutouts (active)\nA goaltender achieves a [[shutout]] when he does not allow a goal against him, and plays the full game.\n{{Div col}}\n [[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]], 71\n [[Jonathan Quick]], 56\n [[Jaroslav Halák|Jaroslav Halak]], 52\n [[Carey Price]], 49\n [[Mike Smith (ice hockey, born 1982)|Mike Smith]], 44\n [[Brian Elliott]], 43\n [[Craig Anderson (ice hockey)|Craig Anderson]], 42\n [[Sergei Bobrovsky]], 37\n [[Semyon Varlamov]], 36\n [[Braden Holtby]], 35\n [[Connor Hellebuyck]], 28 <br /> [[Andrei Vasilevskiy]], 28\n <li value=\"13\"> [[Cam Talbot]], 27\n [[Cory Schneider]], 26\n [[Martin Jones (ice hockey)|Martin Jones]], 25 <br /> [[James Reimer]], 25 <br /> [[Darcy Kuemper]], 25\n <li value=\"18\"> [[Petr Mrazek]], 24\n [[John Gibson (ice hockey, born 1993)|John Gibson]], 23 <br /> [[Frederik Andersen]], 23 <br /> [[Jake Allen (ice hockey)|Jake Allen]], 23\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Saves (active)\n{{Div col}}\n [[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]], 24,400\n [[Carey Price]], 19,304\n [[Craig Anderson (ice hockey)|Craig Anderson]], 19,099\n [[Mike Smith (ice hockey, born 1982)|Mike Smith]], 17,869\n [[Jonathan Quick]], 17,489\n [[Sergei Bobrovsky]], 15,911\n [[Semyon Varlamov]], 15,423\n [[Jaroslav Halák|Jaroslav Halak]], 14,390\n [[Braden Holtby]], 13,610\n [[Brian Elliott]], 12,347\n [[Frederik Andersen]], 12,094\n [[James Reimer]], 11,538\n [[Cam Talbot]], 10,677\n [[Connor Hellebuyck]], 10,658\n [[Jonathan Bernier]], 10,640\n [[Cory Schneider]], 10,568\n [[John Gibson (ice hockey, born 1993)|John Gibson]], 10,319\n [[Robin Lehner]], 10,202\n [[Andrei Vasilevskiy]], 10,147\n [[Jacob Markström|Jacob Markstrom]], 10,003\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Save percentage (active)\n[[Save percentage]] is the percentage of [[shot on goal (ice hockey)|shots on goal]] that a goaltender stops. It is calculated by dividing the number of saves by the number of shots on goal.\n\n''Minimum 250 games played''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Andrei Vasilevskiy]], .919\n [[Cory Schneider]], .918\n [[Darcy Kuemper]], .918\n [[Carey Price]], .917\n [[Robin Lehner]], .917\n [[Anton Khudobin]], .916\n [[Frederik Andersen]], .916\n [[Sergei Bobrovsky]], .916\n [[Semyon Varlamov]], .916\n [[Jaroslav Halák|Jaroslav Halak]], .916\n [[Connor Hellebuyck]], .916\n [[Cam Talbot]], .915\n [[Braden Holtby]], .915\n [[John Gibson (ice hockey, born 1993)|John Gibson]], .915\n [[Philipp Grubauer]] .914\n [[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]], .913\n [[James Reimer]], .913\n [[Jonathan Quick]], .913\n [[Jonathan Bernier]], .912\n [[Thomas Greiss]], .912\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Goals against average (active)\n[[Goals against average]] is the average number of goals a goaltender allows over a 60-minute period (the regulation length of a game). It is calculated by multiplying the ''goals against'' by 60 minutes, then dividing by the total minutes played.\n\n''Minimum 250 games played''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Jonathan Quick]], 2.42\n [[Cory Schneider]], 2.43\n [[Darcy Kuemper]], 2.48\n [[Jaroslav Halák|Jaroslav Halak]], 2.49\n [[Andrei Vasilevskiy]], 2.50\n [[Anton Khudobin]], 2.50\n [[Carey Price]], 2.51\n [[Philipp Grubauer]] 2.51\n [[Brian Elliott]], 2.53\n [[Sergei Bobrovsky]], 2.57\n [[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]], 2.57\n [[Frederik Andersen]], 2.59\n [[Braden Holtby]], 2.59\n [[Jake Allen (ice hockey)|Jake Allen]], 2.60\n [[Cam Talbot]], 2.63\n [[Petr Mrazek]], 2.64\n [[Semyon Varlamov]], 2.64\n [[John Gibson (ice hockey, born 1993)|John Gibson]], 2.67\n [[Martin Jones (ice hockey)|Martin Jones]], 2.68\n [[Connor Hellebuyck]], 2.69\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Minutes\n{{Div col}}\n [[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]], 54,392\n [[Carey Price]], 42,006\n [[Jonathan Quick]], 41,518\n [[Craig Anderson (ice hockey)|Craig Anderson]], 38,738\n [[Mike Smith (ice hockey, born 1982)|Mike Smith]], 38,260\n [[Sergei Bobrovsky]], 34,077\n [[Semyon Varlamov]], 32,098\n [[Jaroslav Halák|Jaroslav Halak]], 31,849\n [[Braden Holtby]], 29,408\n [[Brian Elliott]], 28,816\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Games played (active)\n{{Div col}}\n [[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]], 167\n [[Andrei Vasilevskiy]], 104\n [[Braden Holtby]], 97\n [[Jonathan Quick]], 92\n [[Carey Price]], 92\n [[Martin Jones (ice hockey)|Martin Jones]], 62\n [[Semyon Varlamov]], 60\n [[Frederik Andersen]], 53\n [[Matt Murray (ice hockey, born 1994)|Matt Murray]], 51\n [[Sergei Bobrovsky]], 51\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Wins (active)\n{{Div col}}\n [[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]], 92\n [[Andrei Vasilevskiy]], 63\n [[Braden Holtby]], 50\n [[Jonathan Quick]], 49\n [[Carey Price]], 45\n [[Martin Jones (ice hockey)|Martin Jones]], 32\n [[Semyon Varlamov]], 31\n [[Matt Murray (ice hockey, born 1994)|Matt Murray]], 29\n [[Frederik Andersen]], 27\n [[Craig Anderson (ice hockey)|Craig Anderson]], 24\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Shutouts (active)\nA goaltender achieves a [[shutout]] when he does not allow a goal against him, and plays the full game.\n{{Div col}}\n [[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]], 16\n [[Jonathan Quick]], 10\n [[Carey Price]], 8\n [[Andrei Vasilevskiy]], 7\n [[Braden Holtby]], 7\n [[Matt Murray (ice hockey, born 1994)|Matt Murray]], 6 <br /> [[Cam Talbot]], 6 <br /> [[Martin Jones (ice hockey)|Martin Jones]], 6 <br /> [[Mike Smith (ice hockey, born 1982)|Mike Smith]], 6 \n <li value=\"10\"> [[Petr Mrázek|Petr Mrazek]], 5\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Goals against average (active)\n[[Goals against average]] is the average number of goals a goaltender allows over a 60-minute period (the regulation length of a game). It is calculated by multiplying the ''goals against'' by 60 minutes, then dividing by the total minutes played.\n''Minimum 25 games played''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Jake Allen (ice hockey)|Jake Allen]], 2.06\n [[Braden Holtby]], 2.13\n [[Matt Murray (ice hockey, born 1994)|Matt Murray]], 2.18\n [[Robin Lehner]], 2.19\n [[Andrei Vasilevskiy]], 2.30\n [[Jonathan Quick]], 2.31\n [[Craig Anderson (ice hockey)|Craig Anderson]], 2.36\n [[Martin Jones (ice hockey)|Martin Jones]], 2.37\n [[Carey Price]], 2.39\n [[Semyon Varlamov]], 2.42\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Saves (active)\n{{Div col}}\n [[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]]''', 4,410\n [[Andrei Vasilevskiy]], 2,902\n [[Braden Holtby]], 2,675\n [[Jonathan Quick]], 2,514\n [[Carey Price]], 2,489\n [[Semyon Varlamov]], 1,625\n [[Martin Jones (ice hockey)|Martin Jones]], 1,586\n [[Frederik Andersen]], 1,489\n [[Craig Anderson (ice hockey)|Craig Anderson]], 1,487\n [[Mike Smith (ice hockey, born 1982)|Mike Smith]], 1,455 \n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Save percentage (active)\n[[Save percentage]] is the percentage of [[shot on goal (ice hockey)|shots on goal]] that a goaltender stops. It is calculated by dividing the number of saves by the number of shots on goal.\n''Minimum 25 games played''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Craig Anderson (ice hockey)|Craig Anderson]], .929\n [[Braden Holtby]], .926\n [[Mike Smith (ice hockey, born 1982)|Mike Smith]], .924\n [[Jake Allen (ice hockey)|Jake Allen]], .924\n [[Andrei Vasilevskiy]], .923\n [[Cam Talbot]], .921\n [[Matt Murray (ice hockey, born 1994)|Matt Murray]], .921\n [[Connor Hellebuyck]], .921\n [[Jonathan Quick]], .921\n [[Robin Lehner]], .919\n [[Jaroslav Halák|Jaroslav Halak]], .919\n [[Carey Price]], .919\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Minutes (active)\n{{Div col}}\n [[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]], 10,106\n [[Andrei Vasilevskiy]], 6,283\n [[Braden Holtby]], 6,013\n [[Jonathan Quick]], 5,635\n [[Carey Price]], 5,522\n [[Martin Jones (ice hockey)|Martin Jones]], 3,646\n [[Semyon Varlamov]], 3,570\n [[Frederik Andersen]], 3,226\n [[Matt Murray (ice hockey, born 1994)|Matt Murray]], 3,083\n [[Craig Anderson (ice hockey)|Craig Anderson]], 2,901\n{{Div col end}}\n\nCoaches\nThe statistics listed include the [[2021–22 NHL season|2021–22 NHL regular season]] and the [[2022 Stanley Cup playoffs|2022 playoffs]].\n\nAll-time leaders (coaches)\nActive coaches (during 2021–22 NHL season) are listed in '''boldface'''.\n\nRegular season: Games coached\n{{Div col}}\n [[Scotty Bowman]], 2,141\n [[Barry Trotz]], 1,812\n [[Joel Quenneville]], 1,768\n '''[[Paul Maurice]]''', 1,684\n '''[[Lindy Ruff]]''', 1,631\n [[Al Arbour]], 1,607\n [[Ken Hitchcock]], 1,598\n [[Dick Irvin|Dick Irvin, Sr.]], 1,448\n [[Ron Wilson (ice hockey, born 1955)|Ron Wilson]], 1,401\n [[Pat Quinn (ice hockey)|Pat Quinn]], 1,400\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Coaching wins\n{{Div col}}\n [[Scotty Bowman]], 1,244\n [[Joel Quenneville]], 969\n [[Barry Trotz]], 914\n [[Ken Hitchcock]], 849\n [[Al Arbour]], 782 <br> '''[[Lindy Ruff]]''', 782\n <li value=\"7\">'''[[Paul Maurice]]''', 775\n [[Alain Vigneault]], 722\n '''[[Peter Laviolette]]''', 717\n [[Mike Babcock]], 700\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Coaching points percentage\n[[Winning percentage#National Hockey League|Points percentage]] is determined by the number of points a team earns (equal to the number of ties and overtime losses, plus twice the number of wins) divided by the total possible points (equal to twice the number of games).\n\n''Minimum 200 games coached''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Tom Johnson (ice hockey)|Tom Johnson]], .738\n [[Scotty Bowman]], .657\n '''[[Rod Brind'Amour]]''', .653\n '''[[Jon Cooper (ice hockey)|Jon Cooper]]''', .650\n [[Claude Ruel]], .648\n '''[[Bruce Boudreau]]''', .635\n '''[[Bruce Cassidy]]''', .635\n [[Toe Blake]], .634\n [[Floyd Smith]], .626\n '''[[Mike Sullivan (ice hockey)|Mike Sullivan]]''', .615\n [[Dan Bylsma]], .615\n [[Joel Quenneville]], .612\n [[Fred Shero]], .612\n [[Mike Babcock]], .608\n '''[[Craig Berube]]''', .607\n [[Gerry Cheevers]], .604\n [[Glen Sather]], .602\n [[Don Cherry (ice hockey)|Don Cherry]], .601\n [[Dave Lewis (ice hockey)|Dave Lewis]], .600\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Games coached\n{{Div col}}\n [[Scotty Bowman]], 353\n [[Joel Quenneville]], 225\n [[Al Arbour]], 209\n [[Dick Irvin|Dick Irvin, Sr.]], 190\n [[Pat Quinn (ice hockey)|Pat Quinn]], 183\n '''[[Darryl Sutter]]''', 182\n [[Mike Keenan]], 173\n [[Ken Hitchcock]], 168\n [[Mike Babcock]], 164\n [[Barry Trotz]], 162\n [[Alain Vigneault]], 155\n '''[[Peter Laviolette]]''', 154\n [[Pat Burns]], 149\n '''[[Jon Cooper (ice hockey)|Jon Cooper]]''', 139\n [[Glen Sather]], 126\n [[Claude Julien (ice hockey)|Claude Julien]], 124\n '''[[Peter DeBoer]]''', 123\n '''[[Lindy Ruff]]''', 120\n '''[[John Tortorella]]''', 120\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Coaching wins\n{{Div col}}\n [[Scotty Bowman]], 223\n [[Al Arbour]], 123\n [[Joel Quenneville]], 121\n [[Dick Irvin]], 100\n [[Mike Keenan]], 96\n [[Pat Quinn (ice hockey)|Pat Quinn]], 94\n '''[[Darryl Sutter]]''', 94\n [[Mike Babcock]], 90\n [[Glen Sather]], 89\n '''[[Ken Hitchcock]]''', 86\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Coaching win percentage\n''Minimum 25 games coached''\n\n{{Div col}}\n [[Glen Sather]], .706\n [[Toe Blake]], .689\n [[Claude Ruel]], .667\n '''[[Jared Bednar]]''', .635\n [[Scotty Bowman]], .632\n [[Jean Perron]], .625\n [[Hap Day]], .613\n '''[[Jon Cooper (ice hockey)|Jon Cooper]]''', .604\n [[Larry Robinson]], .596\n [[Guy Boucher]], .595\n{{Div col end}}\n\nStanley Cups\n{{Div col}}\n [[Scotty Bowman]], 9\n [[Toe Blake]], 8\n [[Hap Day]], 5\n [[Al Arbour]], 4 <br /> [[Punch Imlach]], 4 <br /> [[Dick Irvin]], 4 <br /> [[Glen Sather]], 4\n<li value=\"8\"> [[Jack Adams]], 3 <br /> [[Pete Green (ice hockey)|Pete Green]], 3 <br /> [[Tommy Ivan]], 3 <br /> [[Joel Quenneville]], 3\n{{Div col end}}\n\nActive leaders (coaches)\n\nActive Leaders section updated to end of 2021–22 season\n\nRegular season: Games coached (active)\n{{Div col}}\n [[Paul Maurice]], 1,684\n [[Lindy Ruff]], 1,631\n [[Darryl Sutter]], 1,397\n [[John Tortorella]], 1,383\n [[Peter Laviolette]], 1,348\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Coaching wins (active)\n{{Div col}}\n [[Lindy Ruff]], 782\n [[Paul Maurice]], 775\n [[Peter Laviolette]], 717\n [[Darryl Sutter]], 699\n [[John Tortorella]], 673\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Coaching points percentage (active)\n[[Winning percentage#National Hockey League|Points percentage]] is determined by the number of points a team earns (equal to the number of ties and overtime losses, plus twice the number of wins) divided by the total possible points (equal to twice the number of games).\n\n''Minimum 200 games coached''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Todd McLellan]], .657\n [[Rod Brind'Amour]], .653\n [[Jon Cooper (ice hockey)|Jon Cooper]], .650\n [[Bruce Boudreau]], .635\n [[Bruce Cassidy]], .635\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Games coached (active)\n{{Div col}}\n [[Darryl Sutter]], 182\n [[Peter Laviolette]], 154\n [[Jon Cooper (ice hockey)|Jon Cooper]], 139\n [[Peter DeBoer]], 123\n [[Lindy Ruff]], 120\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Coaching wins (active)\n{{Div col}}\n [[Darryl Sutter]], 94\n [[Jon Cooper (ice hockey)|Jon Cooper]], 84\n [[Peter Laviolette]], 78\n [[Peter DeBoer]], 68\n [[Lindy Ruff]], 66\n{{Div col end}}\n\nStanley Cups (active)\n{{Div col}}\n [[Jon Cooper (ice hockey)|Jon Cooper]], 2 <br /> [[Mike Sullivan (ice hockey)|Mike Sullivan]], 2 <br /> [[Darryl Sutter]], 2\n <li value=\"4\"> [[Craig Berube]], 1 <br /> [[Jared Bednar]], 1 <br /> [[Peter Laviolette]], 1 <br /> [[John Tortorella]], 1\n{{Div col end}}\n\nNotes\n{{Reflist}}\n\nExternal links\n [http://www.nhl.com/ice/careerstats.htm?navid=NAV|STS|Career Career player statistics tables] from NHL.com\n [https://www.hockey-reference.com/leaders/ Leaders and Records Index] from hockey-reference.com\n [https://www.hockey-reference.com/coaches/NHL_stats.html NHL Coach Register] from hockey-reference.com\n\n{{NHL topics}}\n\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Statistical Leaders}}\n[[Category:National Hockey League statistical records]]\n[[Category:National Hockey League lists]]", "title": "List of NHL statistical leaders" }, { "text": "In ice hockey, the captain is the player designated by a team as the only person authorized to speak with the game officials regarding rule interpretations when the captain is on the ice. At most levels of play each team must designate one captain and a number of alternate captains (usually two or three) who speak to the officials when the captain is on the bench. Captains wear a \"C\" on their sweaters, while alternate captains wear an \"A\".\n\nOfficially captains have no other responsibility or authority, although they may, depending on the league or individual team, have various informal duties, such as participation in pre-game ceremonies or other events outside the game. As with most team sports that designate captains, the captain is usually a well-respected player and a de facto team leader.\n\nResponsibilities and importance\n\nAccording to International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) and National Hockey League (NHL) rules, the only player allowed to speak with referees about rule interpretations is the captain, or, if the captain is not on the ice, an alternate captain.\n\nAlthough the rules do not specify any other distinction between the captain and his teammates, the captain has numerous responsibilities to the team, particularly in North American professional hockey. The captain is a dressing room leader, and also represents the players' concerns to management.\n\nThe captain is often considered the primary representative of the team to the public, and sometimes is responsible for organizing the team's social functions and performing ceremonial on-ice functions, such as award presentations or ceremonial faceoffs.\n\nSelection\nNHL teams need not designate the same player as captain from game to game, though most teams do. For instance, in the 1985–86, when Boston Bruins captain Terry O'Reilly retired, Ray Bourque and Rick Middleton were named as co-captains of the team. Middleton wore the \"C\" during home games and Bourque for road games during the season's first half, and the two switched for the second half. This arrangement continued until Middleton retired in 1988 and Bourque became the sole captain. Some teams name two (such as the Buffalo Sabres during the 2005–06 and 2006–07 NHL seasons) or three (such as the Vancouver Canucks during the 1990–91 season) captains for a season. Some teams rotate captains rather than keep one for an extended period of time (the Minnesota Wild rotated captaincy every one or two months until the 2009–10 season, when Mikko Koivu was named the first permanent captain since the franchise's inception). During each NHL game, however, only one player can officially be designated as captain.\n\nCaptains are usually veteran players, though on occasion younger players are chosen. The selection is often seen as an important moment for a team, and one that can affect the team's (and newly appointed captain's) performance. Captains are selected by different means: in some instances, teams have held votes among their players to choose a team captain, while on other occasions, the choice was made by team management. Captains are often chosen due to their seniority in the game and years of service with their current club. However, franchise players—current or emerging stars—have also been named captains. Though not required, many captains have previously served as alternate captains of their team. Some selections or removals of NHL captaincies have been controversial, more so than the other North American professional sports leagues. For instance, in Canada men's national ice hockey team, then-General Manager Bobby Clarke selected Eric Lindros for the 1998 Winter Olympics, considered somewhat controversial as Lindros was chosen over longer-tenured NHL captains such as Steve Yzerman, Ray Bourque and Wayne Gretzky, Clarke was also general manager of the Philadelphia Flyers whom Lindros played for professionally. In 2000, when the relationship between Clarke and Lindros deteriorated during contentious contract negotiations and the team's handling of Lindros' injuries, the team captaincy was issued to Eric Desjardins. Tampa Bay Lightning head coach John Tortorella stripped the captaincy from Vincent Lecavalier for failing to meet on-ice performance expectations. In 1980, Darryl Sittler angrily resigned the captaincy by cutting off the \"C\" from his Toronto Maple Leafs jersey with scissors, in protest of Harold Ballard's trade of his best friend Lanny McDonald, Ballard likened Sittler's actions to flag burning.\n\nThe rules of the IIHF, NHL and Hockey Canada do not permit goaltenders to be designated as on-ice captains, due to the logistical challenge of having the goaltender relay rules discussions between referees and coaches and then return to the crease. The NHL introduced a rule prohibiting the goaltender from being a captain following the 1947–48 season (see § Goaltender captains below). In the NCAA, there is no position-based restriction on the team captain.\n\nAlternate captains\n\nTeams may designate alternate captains often erroneously called \"assistant captains\". Alternate captains wear the letter \"A\" on their jerseys in the same manner that team captains wear the \"C\".\n\nIn the NHL, teams may appoint a captain and up to two alternate captains, or they may appoint three alternate captains and thus no captain. A team commonly has three alternate captains when the team has not selected a captain, or when the serving captain is injured and misses a game. In the National Hockey League, it is common for a team to have three alternate captains if no one is assigned captain, the current captain is absent, or a goaltender is named as the captain. International and USA amateur rules do not allow this; they stipulate that \"each team must appoint a captain and not more than two alternate captains\" In the Ontario Hockey League (OHL), Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL), Western Hockey League (WHL) and minor leagues under the jurisdiction of Hockey Canada, teams are allowed to have a captain with up to three alternate captains.\nIf the team chooses to not appoint a captain, they are not permitted to appoint a fourth alternate captain. When the captain is off the ice or unavailable for the game, any alternate captain on the ice is responsible for fulfilling the captain's official role as liaison to the referees.\n\nNHL teams may choose alternate captains from game to game or appoint regular alternate captains for the season. In North America, alternate captains perform many of the same leadership and team building roles as the captain. In the 1969–70 season, the Boston Bruins had three alternate captains (Johnny Bucyk, Phil Esposito and Ed Westfall) instead of a captain sporting the \"C\". However, as Bucyk was the most senior of the alternate captains, he was first one to be presented the Stanley Cup when the team won the championship in 1970 and 1972.\n\nIn the NCAA, a team can designate a single alternate captain to assume the role of captain, should the captain be unavailable due to injury or penalty.\n\nDesignation on uniform\n\nThe letter \"C\" or \"A\" is attached to the jersey of the team's captain and alternate captains (commonly sewn at higher levels of play, though removable insignia exist so the \"C\" or \"A\" designation can be easily changed). The designation is traditionally placed on the left side of the sweater, though the IIHF, NHL and NCAA rules specify only that it must be in a \"conspicuous location on the front\" of the player's sweater. Four teams in the NHL have sweaters where the positioning of the crest on the front leaves insufficient space on the left for the letter: the Detroit Red Wings, who place the letter on the right side of the home and road jerseys since the 2007–08 season, while the Arizona Coyotes, Carolina Hurricanes, and New Jersey Devils all have alternate jerseys where the captain's patch is on the right.\n\nIn the World Hockey Association's final season of 1978-79, Paul Shmyr, the captain of the Edmonton Oilers, wore a \"K\" (for kapitan) on his sweater instead of a \"C\", as a salute to both his personal, and the city of Edmonton's, Ukrainian heritage.\n\nNHL captains\n\nRecords\nSteve Yzerman served as the captain of the Detroit Red Wings for 20 years/19 seasons (1986–87 to 2005–06) and 1,303 games during that time, the longest term in the history of the NHL by both years and games. The Boston Bruins' Ray Bourque was previously the longest-tenured captain in NHL history from 1985–86 to 1999–00, being co-captain for the first three seasons. Daniel Alfredsson holds the record as the longest-serving European captain serving for 14 years/13 seasons (1999–00 to 2012–13) as captain of the Ottawa Senators. Alfredsson's record was tied by Zdeno Chara, who served as the captain of the Boston Bruins also for 14 seasons between 2006-07 and 2019-20. Brian Bellows was the youngest captain in NHL history, serving as the interim captain of the Minnesota North Stars from January to May 1984, during Craig Hartsburg's absence from the lineup, due to injury. The youngest permanent NHL captain in history is Connor McDavid, announced as captain by the Edmonton Oilers on October 5, 2016, at the age of 19 years and 266 days.\n\n Player is still active as captain of their team.\n\nTable Notes:\n\n† An exact date for Brian Bellows' interim captaincy has not yet been determined. The North Stars captain, Craig Hartsburg, was injured on January 3, 1984, and Bellows became interim captain shortly thereafter in January 1984.\n\n** Stan Smyl resigned as Canucks captain at the end of the 1989-90 season. Trevor Linden, Dan Quinn, and Doug Lidster were named \"Tri-Captain\" for the 1990-91 season. Dan Quinn would be traded to the St. Louis Blues at the 1991 trade deadline. Trevor Linden would retain captaincy and became permanent captain for the start of the 1991-92 season. Exact dates for announcements and first game wearing the \"C\" in \"Tri-Captaincy\" rotation could not be determined. Date listed is Linden's first game of the 1991-92 regular season as permanent captain.\n\nStanley Cup Finals\nJean Beliveau is the only one to have captained his team to win five Stanley Cup Championships, doing so with the Montreal Canadiens between 1961 and 1971. The following captains all won four, three of them in consecutive years: Maurice Richard (1957-58-59-60) with the Canadiens, George Armstrong with the Toronto Maple Leafs, Yvan Cournoyer (1976-77-78-79) with the Canadiens, Denis Potvin (1980-81-82-83) with the New York Islanders and Wayne Gretzky with the Edmonton Oilers. Charlie Gardiner was the first NHL captain born in Europe to lead his team to a Stanley Cup title (1934). Derian Hatcher became the first American-born captain to win the Stanley Cup in 1999. Daniel Alfredsson was the first European-born and trained captain to lead an NHL team to the Stanley Cup Final (2007), while Nicklas Lidstrom was the first captain born and trained in Europe to lead an NHL team to a Stanley Cup title (2008). Mark Messier was the first NHL player to win the Stanley Cup as captain of two different teams: the Edmonton Oilers in 1990 and the New York Rangers in 1994. Sidney Crosby became the youngest captain in the NHL to win the Stanley Cup in 2009 at 21 years 10 months. The youngest captain to lead his team to the Stanley Cup in the history of the trophy is Mike Grant of the 1895 Montreal Victorias, who was 21 years and 2 months at the time.\n\nMinority captains\nDirk Graham became the first NHL captain of African descent when he was named captain of the Chicago Blackhawks in March 1989. Jarome Iginla, who became captain of the Calgary Flames in 2003, has been cited by ESPN as the first black captain in NHL history.\nKyle Okposo was named the captain of the Buffalo Sabres for the 2022-2023 season.\n\nGoaltender captains\nIn NHL history, there have been six goaltenders who served as official team captains:\n\n John Ross Roach (Toronto St. Patricks): 1924–25 season\n George Hainsworth (Montreal Canadiens): 1932–33 season\n Roy Worters (New York Americans): 1932–33 season\n Alex Connell (Ottawa Senators): 1932–33 season\n Charlie Gardiner (Chicago Black Hawks): 1933–34 season\n Bill Durnan (Montreal Canadiens): latter half of 1947–48 season\n\nThe Hockey Hall of Fame displays a picture of Toronto Maple Leafs goaltender Turk Broda wearing the captain's \"C,\" but he never actually served in that capacity, and he was actually wearing Toronto team Captain Syl Apps' sweater.\n\nPrior to the 1948–49 season, the NHL made a change to the rules, prohibiting goaltenders from being captains or alternate captains. This was in response to complaints from opponents of the Montreal Canadiens, who complained that Durnan left his crease to argue with the referee at strategic points during games, resulting in unscheduled timeouts. This rule is sometimes referred to as the \"Durnan Rule.\"\n\nAlthough the Canucks appointed goaltender Roberto Luongo as team captain for the 2008–09 and 2009–10 seasons, since he could not be his team's official captain during games, Willie Mitchell was the on-ice captain, serving as liaison to the officials, and Henrik Sedin and Mattias Ohlund performed ceremonial aspects of the position such as pre-game faceoffs.\n\nJapanese goaltender Yutaka Fukufuji is currently designated an alternate captain of an Asia League Ice Hockey team, the Nikkō Ice Bucks.\n\nSee also\nCaptain (sports)\nList of current NHL captains and alternate captains\nList of current AHL captains\nList of current SHL captains and alternate captains\nList of Team Canada captains\n\nReferences\n \n\nNotes\n\nCategory:Ice hockey people\nCategory:Ice hockey terminology\nCategory:Leadership positions in sports\n \nCategory:Sports captains", "title": "Captain (ice hockey)" }, { "text": "The List of National Hockey League (NHL) players with 1,000 points is a list of the individual players who have scored at least 1,000 regular season points during their career in the NHL. A point in the NHL is awarded to a player for scoring a goal or to the player(s) that assists a player to score the goal; a maximum of two assists can be awarded per goal.\n\nAs of the season — the 104th regular season of play of the NHL — 97 different ice hockey players have scored at least 1,000 regular season points in their NHL career.\n\nA 1,000-point career was first achieved in the 44th year of the NHL (), when Gordie Howe scored his 1,000th point in his 938th game. The first (of only eight) defenceman to reach 1,000 points was Denis Potvin, playing in his 987th game during the 70th year of the NHL ().\n\nThe most recent player to reach 1,000 points was Joe Pavelski, on April 10, 2023.\n\nSeason achievements\nThe 1997–98 NHL season saw the largest number of players (six) achieve their 1,000th point. A total of five players scored their 1,000th point in the season.\n\nBeginning with Gordie Howe's achievement in , and ignoring the cancelled (lockout) season of , there have been 16 seasons in which no player happened to score their 1,000th career point. Of these 16, there were six seasons between Gordie Howe and the second player, Jean Beliveau, to make it to the 1,000-point mark.\n\nPlayer achievements\nThe fewest NHL games required to reach the mark was 424, set by Wayne Gretzky. Second quickest was Mario Lemieux, achieving the mark in his 513th game. In a sense, Gretzky was the fastest and the second fastest, as he scored his second 1,000 points (the NHL's only player ever to score 2,000 points in regular-season play) only 433 games after scoring his first 1,000 points. Of the eight defenseman to score 1,000 points, the fewest NHL games required was 770, set by Paul Coffey.\n\nThe slowest player to achieve 1,000 points was Patrick Marleau with 1,349 games followed by Nicklas Lidstrom with 1,336.\n\nOf the 95 players to score at least 1,000 points in their career, 56 reached the mark in fewer than 1,000 career games played.\n\nDave Andreychuk came closest to the statistical coincidence of scoring 1,000 points in exactly 1,000 games, scoring his 1,000th point in the 998th game he played.\n\nOf those on the list, Brian Propp came closest to 'not' achieving 1,000 points — reaching the mark with only eight games remaining in his final NHL season. Lanny McDonald scored his 1,000th point with only ten games remaining in his final season.\n\nThirteen players could have made the list on assists alone. Wayne Gretzky, Ron Francis, Mark Messier, Ray Bourque, Paul Coffey, Adam Oates, Steve Yzerman, Jaromir Jagr, Gordie Howe, Marcel Dionne, Mario Lemieux, Joe Sakic and Joe Thornton have had at least 1,000 regular season assists in their NHL careers.\n\nTeam achievements\nA total of 24 different NHL franchises have had a player score their 1,000th point while playing for the franchise. Including three franchises that have changed cities, there have been 27 different teams that have celebrated a player's 1,000th point.\n\nSeven players scored their 1,000th point while playing for the Detroit Red Wings and Pittsburgh Penguins, and six have done so with the New York Rangers, Toronto Maple Leafs, Chicago Blackhawks and the Boston Bruins.\n\nOnly three times have multiple players reached 1,000 points on the same team in the same season. The Washington Capitals had three teammates score their career 1,000th point during the season—Adam Oates, Phil Housley and Dale Hunter. The Toronto Maple Leafs had two teammates, Doug Gilmour and Larry Murphy, achieve the mark during the season. The Ottawa Senators had two teammates, Daniel Alfredsson and Alexei Kovalev, reach the mark during the season.\n\n1,000-point scorers\n\nLegend\nTeam – Team for which the player scored 1,000th point\nHHOF – Year of membership into the Hockey Hall of Fame (Note: after retirement there is a three year minimum waiting period)\nGame No. – Number of career games played when 1,000th point was scored\nDate – Date of 1,000th point\nGP – Career games played\nG – Career goals\nA – Career assists\nPts – Career points\n(D) – Defenceman\n\n(Table updated as of the end of the 2022–23 season)\n\n † This was Gretzky's 857th game overall, but only his 433rd game after achieving his first 1,000 points.\n\nActive players within 100 points\n\nThe following players are within 100 points of reaching 1,000 career points, as of the end of the 2022–23 season.\n\nRetired players within 100 points\nThese are players who are now retired that came within 100 points of reaching 1,000 for their career. They are listed with the NHL team for which they played the most games.\n\nReferences\n\n2005 NHL Official Guide & Record Book \n\nCategory:National Hockey League statistical records\nCategory:Lists of National Hockey League players", "title": "List of NHL players with 1,000 points" }, { "text": "For ice hockey players in the National Hockey League (NHL), scoring 500 regular season goals is considered a highly significant achievement.\n\nAs of the completion of the 2021–22 NHL season — the 104th regular season of play of the National Hockey League — a total of 46 players have scored at least 500 regular season goals in their NHL career.\n\nA 500-goal career was first achieved in , the 41st season of the NHL, when Maurice Richard scored his 500th goal in his 863rd game played. The most recent player, the 47th, to score 500 goals is Steven Stamkos who did so on January 18, 2023.\n\nSeason achievements\n\nThe 2006–07 NHL season saw the largest number of players (five) achieve their 500th goal (Teemu Selanne, Mike Modano, Mark Recchi, Mats Sundin, and Peter Bondra). A total of four players scored their 500th goal in (Mario Lemieux, Steve Yzerman, Mark Messier, and Dale Hawerchuk).\n\nStarting with Maurice Richard's achievement in the 1957–58 NHL season, the greatest stretch between 500 goal scorers was the eight seasons between Gordie Howe in and Bobby Hull in .\n\nPlayer achievements\nThe 47 players to score 500 goals consist of 34 Canadians, five Americans (Brett Hull, Joe Mullen, Mike Modano, Jeremy Roenick, and Keith Tkachuk), three Slovaks (Stan Mikita, Peter Bondra and Marian Hossa), two Finns (Jari Kurri and Teemu Selanne), one Czech (Jaromir Jagr), one Swede (Mats Sundin), and one Russian (Alexander Ovechkin). Stan Mikita was the first player not born in Canada to score 500 goals (he was born in the Slovak Republic, but represented Canada internationally); Jari Kurri was the first 500-goal scorer who never played for the Canadian national team.\n\nThe fewest NHL games required to reach the mark is 575, set by Wayne Gretzky. Second-quickest is Mario Lemieux, achieving the mark in his 605th game. With Mike Bossy (647) and Brett Hull (693) following, only these four players needed fewer than 800 games to score their first 500 goals.\n\nOf the 47 players to score at least 500 goals in their career, 19 reached the mark in fewer than 1000 career games played.\n\nOf those on the list, Lanny McDonald came closest to not achieving 500 goals; he reached the mark with only four games left in his final NHL season. Similarly, Joe Mullen scored his 500th goal with only ten games left in his final season. Glenn Anderson was the closest player to never reach the mark, retiring in 1996 with 498 career NHL goals.\n\nFour players have scored their 500th goal on an empty net: Mike Bossy, Wayne Gretzky, Jari Kurri and Keith Tkachuk.\n\nMaurice Richard and Peter Bondra are the only players with over 500 goals but fewer than 1000 points.\n\nPatrick Roy is the only goaltender to concede more than one opponent's 500th career goal: Steve Yzerman in 1996, Joe Mullen in 1997 and Brendan Shanahan in 2002. A contributing factor for this statistical coincidence is Roy playing the second-most games ever by a goaltender, at 1,029.\n\nIn 2006, on Hockey Night in Canada, Mats Sundin scored his 500th goal short handed, in overtime, to finish off a hat trick and to win the game for the Toronto Maple Leafs.\n\nTeam achievements\n\nA total of 20 franchises have had a player score their 500th goal while playing for the franchise. Both the Detroit Red Wings and Chicago Blackhawks have had five players score their 500th goal while playing for the team.\n\nTo date, no team has had multiple players reaching 500 goals on the same team in the same season. The 2001–02 Detroit Red Wings were the first team to have three 500+ goal scorers on the roster (Steve Yzerman, Brett Hull and Luc Robitaille), and would finish the season with four players in the club after Brendan Shanahan scored his 500th.\n\n500-goal scorers\n\nList of members updated as of April 13, 2023. Goals and games played of active players may not be current.\nLegend\nRank - Ranking on all-time goals list\nGoals – Career regular season goals\nWith team – Team for which the player scored their 500th goal\nGame no. – Number of career regular season games played when 500th goal was scored\nGP – Career regular season games played\nHHOF – Year of induction into the Hockey Hall of Fame or eligibility\n\nFewest games to reach 500 goals\n\nReferences \n Footnotes\n\n Citations\n\n General\n \n \n\nCategory:National Hockey League statistical records\nCategory:Lists of National Hockey League players", "title": "List of NHL players with 500 goals" }, { "text": "The National Hockey League (NHL) is a major professional ice hockey league which operates in Canada and the United States. Since its inception in , 357 players have played at least 1,000 regular season games, varying in amounts between Patrick Marleau's 1,779 and counting to Bernie Federko's 1,000. Of these players, a number have been inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. From 1961 until being surpassed by Marleau on April 19, 2021, the record for most games played was held by Gordie Howe, who played 1,767 games. A player who reaches the milestone is awarded a silver stick.\n\nForty-six of the listed players have played for only one franchise (of which 14 are still playing in the current ). Five of those players played exclusively for the Detroit Red Wings and four played for the Montreal Canadiens, those teams having the most such players. The record for most teams played for by a player who has competed in over 1,000 games is held by Mike Sillinger, who played for 12 teams in his career; Sillinger played his 1,000th game with his 12th and final NHL team, the New York Islanders. Patrick Roy, Martin Brodeur and Roberto Luongo are the only goaltenders with at least 1,000 games played. The first 1,000 game goaltender was Roy, marked in the 2002–03 season while Brodeur has a goaltender-leading 1,266 games.\n\nOnly 21 players have played in over 1,500 games; of those, 14 have been inducted into the Hall of Fame and three more are not yet eligible for induction. Three of those 21 (Nicklas Lidstrom, Alex Delvecchio and Steve Yzerman) played their entire careers with Detroit; Shane Doan, of the Winnipeg/Phoenix/Arizona franchise, is the only player to play over 1,500 games with a single franchise other than Detroit. In addition, eight of the 18 spent at least some portion of their career with the Red Wings, also more than any other team. Lidstrom's 1,564 games is the most for any player in a career spent with only one franchise. The record for most teams played for by a player who has competed in over 1,500 games is held by Jaromir Jagr, who has played for nine teams in his career. Jagr played his 1,500th game with New Jersey, his seventh NHL team.\n\nDue to the much greater number of teams, the greater salaries paid to today's players, and the greater number of games played in a season, the list is dominated by post-expansion players. No NHL player surpassed 1,000 games before Gordie Howe on November 26, 1961, against the Chicago Black Hawks. Only 17 players in the top 100 started their careers before the expansion era, and only two players—Red Kelly and Bill Gadsby—played in more than 1,000 games and finished their careers before the expansion era.\n\nKey\nThis list is updated at the end of the season, except for the list of a player's teams, and if the all-time record is broken.\n\nNote: There have been two different NHL franchises carrying the Winnipeg Jets name: one that played from 1979–96 and that is now the Arizona Coyotes, and one from 2011 onward, formerly the Atlanta Thrashers. Players with the first franchise are marked as having played with Winnipeg (original).\n\n1,500 or more games played\n\n1,250–1,499 games played\n\n1,100–1,249 games played\n\n1,050–1,099 games played\n\n1,000–1,049 games played\n\n1,000th game played during the 2022–23 NHL season\n\nPlayers with 1,000 games played by franchise\n\nThe following is an index of players who have played at least 1,000 games with a single NHL franchise, as of the conclusion of the 2022–23 NHL season.\n\nAnaheim Ducks\n\nThe Ducks' active leader in games played is Cam Fowler, who has played 893 games with the team.\n\nArizona Coyotes\n\nThe Coyotes' active leader in games played is Clayton Keller, who has played 442 games with the team.\n\nBoston Bruins\n\nBuffalo Sabres\n\nThe Sabres' active leader in games played is Zemgus Girgensons, who has played 624 games with the team.\n\nCalgary Flames\n\nThe Flames' active leader in games played is Mikael Backlund, who has played 908 games with the team.\n\nCarolina Hurricanes\n\nThe Hurricanes' active leader in games played is Jordan Staal, who has played 742 games with the team.\n\nChicago Blackhawks\n\nColorado Avalanche\n\nThe Avalanche's active leader in games played is Gabriel Landeskog, who has played 738 games with the team.\n\nColumbus Blue Jackets\nNo player has played 1,000 games with the franchise. The Blue Jackets' all-time leader in games played is Rick Nash, who played 674 games with the team. The Blue Jackets' active leader in games played is Boone Jenner, who has played 657 games with the team.\n\nDallas Stars\n\nDetroit Red Wings\n\nThe Red Wings' active leader in games played is Dylan Larkin, who has played 584 games with the team.\n\nEdmonton Oilers\n\nThe Oilers' active leader in games played is Ryan Nugent-Hopkins, who has played 801 games with the team.\n\nFlorida Panthers\nNo player has played 1,000 games with the franchise. The Panthers' all-time leader in games played is Jonathan Huberdeau, who played 671 games with the team. The Panthers' active leader in games played is Aleksander Barkov, who has played 664 games with the team.\n\nLos Angeles Kings\n\nMinnesota Wild\n\nThe Wild's active leader in games played is Jared Spurgeon, who has played 851 games with the team.\n\nMontreal Canadiens\n\nThe Canadiens' active leader in games played is Brendan Gallagher, who has played 675 games with the team.\n\nNashville Predators\nNo player has played 1,000 games with the franchise. The Predators' all-time leader in games played is David Legwand, who played 956 games with the team. The Predators' active leader in games played is Roman Josi, who has played 827 games with the team.\n\nNew Jersey Devils\n\nThe Devils' active leader in games played is Damon Severson, who has played 647 games with the team.\n\nNew York Islanders\n\nNew York Rangers\n\nThe Rangers' active leader in games played is Chris Kreider, who has played 733 games with the team.\n\nOttawa Senators\n\nThe Senators' active leader in games played is Thomas Chabot, who has played 381 games with the team.\n\nPhiladelphia Flyers\n\nThe Flyers' active leader in games played is Sean Couturier, who has played 721 games with the team.\n\nPittsburgh Penguins\n\nSan Jose Sharks\n\nSeattle Kraken\nAdded to the NHL for the , the Kraken have not yet existed for 1,000 games. The Kraken's active and all-time leader in games played is Adam Larsson, who has played 164 games with the team.\n\nSt. Louis Blues\nNo player has played 1,000 games with the franchise. The Blues' current leader in games played is Bernie Federko, who played 927 games with the team. The Blues' active leader in games played is Colton Parayko, who has played 577 games with the team.\n\nTampa Bay Lightning\n\nToronto Maple Leafs\n\nThe Maple Leafs' active leader in games played is Morgan Rielly, who has played 719 games with the team.\n\nVancouver Canucks\n\nThe Canucks' active leader in games played is Brock Boeser, who has played 398 games with the team.\n\nVegas Golden Knights\nAdded to the NHL for the , the Golden Knights have not yet existed for 1,000 games.\nThe Golden Knights' active and all-time leaders in games played are William Karlsson and Jonathan Marchessault, who have played 432 games with the team.\n\nWashington Capitals\n\nWinnipeg Jets\nNo player has played 1,000 games with the franchise. The Jets' all-time and active leader in games played is Blake Wheeler, who has played 897 games with the team. The franchise was originally known as the Atlanta Thrashers from 1999 to 2011.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nCareer games played leaders at Hockey-Reference\n\nCategory:National Hockey League statistical records\nCategory:Lists of National Hockey League players", "title": "List of NHL players with 1,000 games played" }, { "text": "The following is a list of retired National Hockey League (NHL) players who played their entire NHL career—in at least ten seasons—exclusively for one team. As of the end of the 2020–21 season, 120 players have accomplished this feat, of which the Montreal Canadiens have had the most, with 19. Of players who have spent their career with one franchise, Alex Delvecchio of the Detroit Red Wings holds the record of the greatest number of seasons, with 24. Delvecchio beat out former Detroit Red Wings teammate Gordie Howe for the record in the 1979-80 season when Howe’s World Hockey Association team, the Hartford Whalers, became an NHL team, thus disqualifying Howe from this list, which indefinitely made Delvecchio the all time leader. Howe broke the old record in the 1966-67 NHL Season by beating out Dit Clapper of whom spent 20 seasons with the Boston Bruins. Howe went on to holding the previous record (before Delvecchio) for 13 seasons, extending the old record to 25 seasons until the events mentioned above.\n\nList\nKey\n\nCounts by franchise\n\nPotential future candidates\n\nThe following active players have played at least ten seasons exclusively for one team to date. Table updated .\n\nSee also\n List of one-club men in association football\n List of one-club men in rugby league\n List of Major League Baseball players who spent their entire career with one franchise\n List of NBA players who have spent their entire career with one franchise\n List of National Football League players who spent their entire career with one franchise\n\nReferences\n\n1 franchise\nHockey, NHL", "title": "List of NHL players who spent their entire career with one franchise" } ]

[ "Yzerman was born in Cranbrook, British Columbia.", "The context does not provide information on Yzerman's parents.", "He attended Bell High School in Nepean, Ontario.", "Yes, the article provides several interesting facts about Steve Yzerman's professional hockey career. He was drafted fourth overall in the 1983 NHL Entry Draft by the Detroit Red Wings and he quickly showed promise, scoring 39 goals and earning 87 points in his rookie season. He also became the first 18-year-old to play in an NHL All-Star Game since 1969, a record that stood for 27 years.", "In his rookie season, Yzerman tallied 39 goals and 87 points.", "Before playing for the Detroit Red Wings, Yzerman played for the Peterborough Petes of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) and for his hometown Nepean Raiders Junior A hockey team.", "Professional refers to a person engaged or qualified in a profession, typically one that requires specialized knowledge and often long and intensive academic training. In the context of the sport, a professional athlete is someone who plays a sport as a full-time job rather than as a hobby, earning income from their performance, sponsorships, and endorsements.", "The context does not provide any more information about Yzerman's early years.", "The context does not provide information about Yzerman playing for any team other than the Peterborough Petes of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL), his hometown Nepean Raiders Junior A hockey team, and the Detroit Red Wings.", "The context does not provide information on what was Steve Yzerman's best season in hockey." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No", "no", "No", "No" ]

[ "C_60a7a468107c4bf1b28957821ca24054_0_q#0", "C_60a7a468107c4bf1b28957821ca24054_0_q#1", "C_60a7a468107c4bf1b28957821ca24054_0_q#2", "C_60a7a468107c4bf1b28957821ca24054_0_q#3", "C_60a7a468107c4bf1b28957821ca24054_0_q#4", "C_60a7a468107c4bf1b28957821ca24054_0_q#5", "C_60a7a468107c4bf1b28957821ca24054_0_q#6", "C_60a7a468107c4bf1b28957821ca24054_0_q#7", "C_60a7a468107c4bf1b28957821ca24054_0_q#8", "C_60a7a468107c4bf1b28957821ca24054_0_q#9" ]

[ "Was he a Hockey captian?", "Which team did he played for?", "Which team did he played for apart from Red Wings ?", "What game is he playing?", "Is there any intresting thing", "What competition did he win?", "What other achievement does he have?", "What teammate did he played with?", "is there any other member apart from scotty?", "Who was his coach?" ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 74 ], [ 27 ], [ 2322 ], [ 621 ], [ 1290 ], [ 383 ], [ 2112 ], [ 747 ], [ 514 ], [ 45 ] ], "texts": [ [ "season, then-Head Coach Jacques Demers named Yzerman captain" ], [ "Red Wings" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Hockey" ], [ "In 1995, Yzerman led Detroit to its first Stanley Cup finals series since 1966," ], [ "During the 1988-89 season, Yzerman recorded 155 points (65 goals and 90 assists), finishing third" ], [ "to win the Western Conference" ], [ "Scotty Bowman" ], [ "Mario Lemieux and Wayne Gretzky" ], [ "Danny Gare after" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 74, 27, 2322, 621, 1290, 383, 2112, 747, 514, 45 ], "texts": [ "season, then-Head Coach Jacques Demers named Yzerman captain", "Red Wings", "CANNOTANSWER", "Hockey", "In 1995, Yzerman led Detroit to its first Stanley Cup finals series since 1966,", "During the 1988-89 season, Yzerman recorded 155 points (65 goals and 90 assists), finishing third", "to win the Western Conference", "Scotty Bowman", "Mario Lemieux and Wayne Gretzky", "Danny Gare after" ] }

[ { "text": "__NOTOC__\n\nSkaters\nThe statistics listed include the 2021–22 NHL regular season and 2022 playoffs.\n\nAll-time leaders (skaters)\nActive skaters (during 2022–23 NHL season) are listed in boldface.\n\nRegular season: Points\n\nRegular season: Points per game\n\nMinimum 500 points\n\n Wayne Gretzky, 1.921\n Mario Lemieux, 1.883\n Mike Bossy, 1.497\n Connor McDavid, 1.431\n Bobby Orr, 1.393\n Marcel Dionne, 1.314\n Sidney Crosby, 1.272\n Peter Stastny, 1.268\n Peter Forsberg, 1.250\n Kent Nilsson, 1.241\n Phil Esposito, 1.240\n Guy Lafleur, 1.202\n Joe Sakic, 1.191\n Dale Hawerchuk, 1.186\n Pat LaFontaine, 1.171\n Evgeni Malkin, 1.168\n Steve Yzerman, 1.159\n Eric Lindros, 1.138\n Bernie Federko, 1.130\n Artemi Panarin, 1.120\n Denis Savard, 1.119\n Jari Kurri, 1.118\n Bryan Trottier, 1.114\n Gilbert Perreault, 1.113\n Pavel Bure, 1.110\n\nRegular season: Goals\n\nRegular season: Goals per game\n\nMinimum: 200 goals\n\n Mike Bossy, 0.762\n Mario Lemieux, 0.754\n Cy Denneny, 0.751\n Babe Dye, 0.742\n Pavel Bure, 0.623\n Alexander Ovechkin, 0.612\n Wayne Gretzky, 0.601\n Brett Hull, 0.584\n Bobby Hull, 0.574\n Tim Kerr, 0.565\n Rick Martin, 0.561\n Phil Esposito, 0.559\n Maurice Richard, 0.556\n Cam Neely, 0.544\n Marcel Dionne, 0.542\n Pat LaFontaine, 0.541\n Steven Stamkos, 0.522\n Rick Vaive, 0.503\n Michel Goulet, 0.503\n Nels Stewart, 0.498\n Guy Lafleur, 0.497\n Mike Gartner, 0.494\n Dino Ciccarelli, 0.493\n Howie Morenz, 0.493\n Blaine Stoughton, 0.490\n\nRegular season: Power Play goals\n\n Alexander Ovechkin, 285\n Dave Andreychuk, 274\n Brett Hull, 265\n Teemu Selanne, 255\n Luc Robitaille, 247\n Phil Esposito, 246\n Brendan Shanahan, 237\n Mario Lemieux, 236\n Marcel Dionne, 234\n Dino Ciccarelli, 232\n Mike Gartner, 217 Jaromir Jagr, 217\n Joe Nieuwendyk, 215\n Keith Tkachuk, 212\n Gordie Howe, 211\n Joe Sakic, 205\n Wayne Gretzky, 204\n Steve Yzerman, 202\n Mark Recchi, 200\n Brian Bellows, 198\n Jarome Iginla, 197\n Pierre Turgeon, 190\n Ron Francis, 188\n Pat Verbeek, 186\n Jeremy Roenick, 184\n\nRegular season: Short-handed goals\n\n Wayne Gretzky, 73\n Mark Messier, 63\n Steve Yzerman, 50\n Mario Lemieux, 49\n Butch Goring, 39 Dave Poulin, 39 Jari Kurri, 39\n Sergei Fedorov, 36\n Theoren Fleury, 35 Dirk Graham, 35\n Pavel Bure, 34 Derek Sanderson, 34 Marian Hossa, 34\n Brian Rolston, 33 Guy Carbonneau, 33 Brad Marchand, 33\n Peter Bondra, 32 Bobby Clarke, 32 Joe Sakic, 32 Dave Keon, 32\n Bill Barber, 31 Mats Sundin, 31\n Bob Pulford, 30\n Martin St. Louis, 29 Russ Courtnall, 29 Craig MacTavish, 29 Mike Modano, 29 Esa Tikkanen, 29\n\nRegular season: Game-winning goals\n\nJaromir Jagr, 135\n Alexander Ovechkin, 121\n Gordie Howe, 121\n Phil Esposito, 118\n Brett Hull, 110 Teemu Selanne, 110\n Patrick Marleau, 109 Brendan Shanahan, 109\n Jarome Iginla, 101\n Guy Lafleur, 98 Bobby Hull, 98 \n Mats Sundin, 96\n Steve Yzerman, 94 \n Sergei Fedorov, 93 Joe Nieuwendyk, 93\n Mark Messier, 92 Mike Modano, 92 Jeremy Roenick, 92 Johnny Bucyk, 92 \n Wayne Gretzky, 91 Mark Recchi, 91\n Mike Gartner, 90\n Luc Robitaille, 89\n Joe Sakic, 86 Pierre Turgeon, 86 Daniel Sedin, 86\n\nRegular season: Overtime goals\nIf a game is tied after regulation time (which lasts three 20-minute periods), there will be a period of \"overtime\" to decide the winner. The player who scores during these extra five minutes is given the overtime goal. All overtime in the NHL is sudden death—meaning the first team to score is the winner—so the player who scores in overtime also has the game-winning goal.\n\nAlexander Ovechkin, 24\nJaromir Jagr, 19 \nSidney Crosby, 18\n Ilya Kovalchuk, 17 Brad Marchand, 17 \n Max Pacioretty, 16 Patrik Elias, 16 Daniel Sedin, 16\n John Tavares, 15 Jonathan Toews, 15 Brent Burns, 15 Sergei Fedorov, 15 Marian Hossa, 15 Mats Sundin, 15 Jeff Carter, 15\n Olli Jokinen, 13 Steve Thomas, 13 Scott Niedermayer, 13 Evgeni Malkin, 13 Connor McDavid, 13\n Ryan O'Reilly, 12 Daniel Briere, 12 Brett Hull, 12 Brendan Shanahan, 12 Taylor Hall, 12 Jakub Voracek, 12 Nels Stewart, 12\n\nRegular season: Empty net goals\n\n Wayne Gretzky, 56\n Marian Hossa, 40\n Alexander Ovechkin, 39\n Mario Lemieux, 33\n Jarome Iginla, 32\n Eric Staal, 31\nJoe Thornton, 29\n Brad Marchand''', 28 Pavel Bure, 28 Bryan Trottier, 28\n Teemu Selanne, 26\n Mark Messier, 25 Blake Wheeler, 25 Patrick Kane, 25 Patrice Bergeron, 25\n Zach Parise, 24 Keith Tkachuk, 24\n David Backes, 23 Evgeni Malkin, 23 Sidney Crosby, 23 Ilya Kovalchuk, 23 Daniel Alfredsson, 23 Marcel Dionne, 23\n Rick Nash, 22 Jaromir Jagr, 22 Steve Yzerman, 22\n\nRegular season: Assists\n\n Wayne Gretzky, 1,963\n Ron Francis, 1,249\n Mark Messier, 1,193\n Ray Bourque, 1,169\n Jaromir Jagr, 1,155\n Paul Coffey, 1,135\n Joe Thornton, 1,109\n Adam Oates, 1,079\n Steve Yzerman, 1,063\n Gordie Howe, 1,049\n Marcel Dionne, 1,040\n Mario Lemieux, 1,033\n Joe Sakic, 1,016\n Doug Gilmour, 964\n Mark Recchi, 956\n Al MacInnis, 934\n Larry Murphy, 929\n Stan Mikita, 926\n Bryan Trottier, 901\n Phil Housley, 894\n Sidney Crosby, 892\n Dale Hawerchuk, 891\n Nicklas Lidstrom, 878\n Phil Esposito, 873\n Denis Savard, 865\n Bobby Clarke, 852\n Henrik Sedin, 830\n Alex Delvecchio, 825\n Gilbert Perreault, 814\n Johnny Bucyk, 813 Mike Modano, 813\n Pierre Turgeon, 812\n Jari Kurri, 797\n Guy Lafleur, 793\n Peter Stastny, 789\n Mats Sundin, 785\n Brian Leetch, 781\n Jean Ratelle, 776\n Vincent Damphousse, 773 Teemu Selanne, 773\n Chris Chelios, 763\n Bernie Federko, 761\n Doug Weight, 755\n Patrick Kane, 750\n Larry Robinson, 750\n Nicklas Backstrom, 747\n Denis Potvin, 742\n Norm Ullman, 739\n Ryan Getzlaf, 737\n Bernie Nicholls, 734\n\nRegular season: Assists per game\n\nMinimum: 300 assists\n\n Wayne Gretzky, 1.320\n Mario Lemieux, 1.129\n Bobby Orr, 0.982\n Connor McDavid, 0.931\n Peter Forsberg, 0.898\n Peter Stastny, 0.808\n Adam Oates, 0.807\n Paul Coffey, 0.806\n Sidney Crosby, 0.805\n Marcel Dionne, 0.772\n Kent Nilsson, 0.763\n Bernie Federko, 0.761\n Dale Hawerchuk, 0.750\n Bobby Clarke, 0.745\n Craig Janney, 0.741\n Joe Sakic, 0.737\n Mike Bossy, 0.735\n Ray Bourque, 0.725\n Denis Savard, 0.723\n Evgeni Malkin, 0.723\n Ron Francis, 0.722\n Nicklas Backstrom, 0.714\n Artemi Panarin, 0.711\n Bryan Trottier, 0.704\n Guy Lafleur, 0.704\n\nRegular season: Games played (skaters)\n\n Patrick Marleau, 1,779\n Gordie Howe, 1,767\n Mark Messier, 1,756\n Jaromir Jagr, 1,733\n Ron Francis, 1,731\n Joe Thornton, 1,714\n Zdeno Chara, 1,680\n Mark Recchi, 1,652\n Chris Chelios, 1,651\n Dave Andreychuk, 1,639\n Scott Stevens, 1,635\n Larry Murphy, 1,615\n Ray Bourque, 1,612\n Nicklas Lidstrom, 1,564\n Jarome Iginla, 1,554\n Alex Delvecchio, 1,549\n Johnny Bucyk, 1,540 Shane Doan, 1,540\n Brendan Shanahan, 1,524\n Matt Cullen, 1,516\n Steve Yzerman, 1,514\n Mike Modano, 1,499\n Phil Housley, 1,495\n Wayne Gretzky, 1,487\n Rod Brind'Amour, 1,484\n\nRegular season: Penalty minutes\n\n Tiger Williams, 3,971\n Dale Hunter, 3,565\n Tie Domi, 3,515\n Marty McSorley, 3,381\n Bob Probert, 3,300\n Robert Ray, 3,207\n Craig Berube, 3,149\n Tim Hunter, 3,146\n Chris Nilan, 3,043\n Rick Tocchet, 2,972\n Pat Verbeek, 2,905\n Chris Chelios, 2,891\n Dave Manson, 2,792\n Scott Stevens, 2,785\n Donald Brashear, 2,634\n Willi Plett, 2,572\n Gino Odjick, 2,567\n Matthew Barnaby, 2,562\n Gary Roberts, 2,560\n Joe Kocur, 2,519\n Kenneth Daneyko, 2,516\n Brendan Shanahan, 2,489\n Scott Mellanby, 2,479\n Chris Neil, 2,459\n Basil McRae, 2,457\n\nRegular season: Plus-minus\n\n Larry Robinson, +722\n Bobby Orr, +582\n Ray Bourque, +527\n Wayne Gretzky, +520\n Bobby Clarke, +507\n Serge Savard, +462\n Denis Potvin, +456\n Nicklas Lidstrom, +450\n Bryan Trottier, +449\n Guy Lafleur, +446\n Brad McCrimmon, +444\n Mark Howe, +400\n Scott Stevens, +395\n Steve Shutt, +394\n Mike Bossy, +380\n Al MacInnis, +371\n Brad Park, +363\n Chris Chelios, +351\n Jacques Lemaire, +344\n Guy Lapointe, +329 Stan Mikita, +329\nCraig Ramsay, +324\n Jaromir Jagr, +322\n Bill Hajt, +321\n Dallas Smith, +318\n\nRegular season: Shots on goal\n\n Ray Bourque, 6,209\n Alexander Ovechkin, 6,061\n Jaromir Jagr, 5,637\n Marcel Dionne, 5,363\n Phil Esposito, 5,166\n Al MacInnis, 5,157\n Mike Gartner, 5,090\n Wayne Gretzky, 5,088\n Brendan Shanahan, 5,086\n Brett Hull, 4,876\n Jarome Iginla, 4,759\n Joe Sakic, 4,621\n Steve Yzerman, 4,602\n Bobby Hull, 4,577\n Dave Andreychuk, 4,556\n Teemu Selanne, 4,540\n Stan Mikita, 4,482\n Paul Coffey, 4,389\n Patrick Marleau, 4,333\n Mike Modano, 4,273\n Marian Hossa, 4,229\n Mark Messier, 4,221\n Mats Sundin, 4,015\n Sergei Fedorov, 3,985\n Luc Robitaille, 3,961\n\nRegular season: Shooting percentage\nShooting percentage is the percentage of shots on goal which result in a goal.\n\nMinimum 800 shots\n\n Craig Simpson, 23.66%\n Charlie Simmer, 22.34%\n Paul MacLean, 21.41%\n Mike Bossy, 21.18%\n Yvon Lambert, 19.85%\n Rick Middleton, 19.69%\n Blaine Stoughton, 19.52%\n Darryl Sutter, 19.42%\n Rob Brown, 19.41%\n Mike Ridley, 19.30%\n Steve Vickers, 19.28%\n Kent Nilsson, 19.21%\n Tom McCarthy, 19.16%\n Jari Kurri, 19.13%\n Johnny Bucyk, 19.09%\n Mario Lemieux, 18.99%\n Peter Stastny, 18.96%\n Ray Ferraro, 18.85%\n Mark Hunter, 18.78%\n Tim Kerr, 18.77%\n\nPlayoff: Points\n\n Wayne Gretzky, 382\n Mark Messier, 295\n Jari Kurri, 233\n Glenn Anderson, 214\n Sidney Crosby, 201\n Jaromir Jagr, 201\n Paul Coffey, 196\n Brett Hull, 190\n Doug Gilmour, 188 Joe Sakic, 188\n Steve Yzerman, 185 \n Nicklas Lidstrom, 183\n Bryan Trottier, 182 \n Ray Bourque, 180 Evgeni Malkin, 180\n Jean Beliveau, 176 Sergei Fedorov, 176\n Denis Savard, 175\n Mario Lemieux, 172\n Peter Forsberg, 171\n Denis Potvin, 165\n Mike Bossy, 160 Gordie Howe, 160 Al MacInnis, 160 Bobby Smith, 160\n\nPlayoff: Points per game\nMinimum: 50 points\n\n Wayne Gretzky, 1.837\n Mario Lemieux, 1.608\n Nathan MacKinnon, 1.329\n Mark Messier, 1.250\n Bobby Orr, 1.243\n Mike Bossy, 1.240\n Mikko Rantanen, 1.222\n Jari Kurri, 1.165\n Gilbert Perreault, 1.144\n Peter Forsberg, 1.133\n Nikita Kucherov, 1.132\n Peter Stastny, 1.129\n Sidney Crosby, 1.117\n Bernie Federko, 1.110\n Pavel Bure, 1.094\n Joe Sakic, 1.093\n Cale Makar, 1.091\n Jean Beliveau, 1.086\n Bobby Hull, 1.084\n Eric Lindros, 1.076\n Toe Blake, 1.069\n Ken Linseman, 1.062\n David Pastrnak, 1.057\n Phil Esposito, 1.054\n Guy Lafleur, 1.047\n\nPlayoff: Goals\n\n Wayne Gretzky, 122\n Mark Messier, 109\n Jari Kurri, 106\n Brett Hull, 103\n Glenn Anderson, 93\n Mike Bossy, 85\n Joe Sakic, 84\n Maurice Richard, 82\n Claude Lemieux, 80\n Jean Beliveau, 79\n Jaromir Jagr, 78\n Mario Lemieux, 76\n Dino Ciccarelli, 73\n Esa Tikkanen, 72 Patrick Marleau, 72 Alexander Ovechkin, 72\n Bryan Trottier, 71 Sidney Crosby, 71\n Steve Yzerman, 70\n Gordie Howe, 68\n Evgeni Malkin, 67\n Joe Nieuwendyk, 66 Denis Savard, 66\n Yvan Cournoyer, 64 Peter Forsberg, 64 Brian Propp, 64 Bobby Smith, 64 Joe Pavelski, 64\n\nPlayoff: Goals per game\n\nMinimum 20 goals\n\n Mario Lemieux, 0.710\n Mike Bossy, 0.659\n Barry Pederson, 0.647\n Maurice Richard, 0.621\n Cam Neely, 0.613\n Wayne Gretzky, 0.587\n Nathan MacKinnon, 0.560\n Pavel Bure, 0.547\n Craig Simpson, 0.537\n Brayden Point, 0.537\n Jari Kurri, 0.530\n Bobby Hull, 0.521\n Gordie Drillon, 0.520\n Dino Ciccarelli, 0.518\n Brett Hull, 0.510\n Jake Guentzel, 0.510\n Steve Shutt, 0.505\n Alexander Ovechkin, 0.504\n Reggie Leach, 0.500\n Rick Vaive, 0.500\n Tim Kerr, 0.494\n Steve Payne, 0.493\n Joe Sakic, 0.488\n Jean Beliveau, 0.488\n Rick MacLeish, 0.474\n\nPlayoff: Power Play goals\n\n Brett Hull, 38\n Mike Bossy, 35 Wayne Gretzky, 35\n Dino Ciccarelli, 34\n Nicklas Lidstrom, 30\n Mario Lemieux, 29\n Evgeni Malkin, 28 Denis Potvin, 28 Alexander Ovechkin, 28\n Brian Propp, 27 Joe Sakic, 27 Steve Yzerman, 27\n Al MacInnis, 26 Jean Beliveau, 26 [[Joe Pavelski]], 26\n [[Cam Neely]], 25 <br /> [[Daniel Alfredsson]], 25 <br /> [[Jari Kurri]], 25 <br />\n <li value=\"19\"> [[Jaromír Jágr|Jaromir Jagr]], 24 <br /> [[Mike Modano]], 24 <br /> [[Denis Savard]], 24 <br /> [[Bobby Smith (ice hockey)|Bobby Smith]], 24 <br /> [[Patrick Marleau]], 24 <br /> [[Bobby Hull]], 24 <br /> [[Mark Messier]], 24\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Short-handed goals\n\n{{Div col}}\n [[Mark Messier]], 14\n [[Wayne Gretzky]], 12\n [[Jari Kurri]], 10\n [[Håkan Loob|Hakan Loob]], 8 <br /> [[Ed Westfall]], 8\n<li value=\"6\"> [[Mario Lemieux]], 7\n [[Dave Poulin]], 6 <br /> [[Wayne Presley]], 6 <br /> [[Brian Rolston]], 6 <br /> [[Derek Sanderson]], 6 <br /> [[Dave Keon]], 6 <br /> [[Guy Carbonneau]], 6 <br /> [[Paul Coffey]], 6\n<li value=\"14\"> [[Bill Barber]], 5 <br /> [[Bob Bourne]], 5 <br /> [[Sergei Fedorov]], 5 <br /> [[Lorne Henning]], 5 <br /> [[Anders Kallur]], 5 <br /> [[Kirk Maltby]], 5 <br /> [[Kelly Miller (ice hockey b. 1963)|Kelly Miller]], 5\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Game-winning goals\n{{Div col}}\n [[Wayne Gretzky]], 24 <br /> [[Brett Hull]], 24\n<li value=\"3\"> [[Claude Lemieux]], 19 <br /> [[Joe Sakic]], 19\n<li value=\"5\"> [[Maurice Richard]], 18\n [[Glenn Anderson]], 17 <br /> [[Mike Bossy]], 17 <br /> [[Chris Drury]], 17\n<li value=\"9\"> [[Jaromír Jágr|Jaromir Jagr]], 16 <br /> [[Patrick Marleau]], 16\n<li value=\"11\"> [[Mike Modano]], 15 <br /> [[Yvan Cournoyer]], 15 <br /> [[Jean Béliveau|Jean Beliveau]], 15\n<li value=\"14\"> [[Peter Forsberg]], 14 <br /> [[Jari Kurri]], 14 <br /> [[Guy Lafleur]], 14 <br /> [[Joe Nieuwendyk]], 14 <br /> [[Mark Messier]], 14 <br /> [[Bernie Geoffrion]], 14 <br /> '''[[Joe Pavelski]]''', 14\n<li value=\"21\"> [[Daniel Brière|Daniel Briere]], 13 <br /> [[Dino Ciccarelli]], 13 <br /> [[Doug Gilmour]], 13 <br /> [[Stéphane Richer (ice hockey forward)|Stephane Richer]], 13 <br /> [[Bobby Smith (ice hockey)|Bobby Smith]], 13 <br /> '''[[Evgeni Malkin]]''', 13\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Overtime goals\nIf a game is tied after regulation time (which lasts three 20-minutes periods), there will be as many 20-minute periods of \"[[Overtime (ice hockey)|overtime]]\" as necessary during the playoffs to determine a winner. The player who scores during this extra time is given the overtime goal. All overtime in the NHL is [[Sudden death (sport)|sudden death]]—meaning the first team to score is the winner—so the player who scores in overtime also has the game-winning goal.\n{{Div col}}\n [[Joe Sakic]], 8\n [[Maurice Richard]], 6\n [[Glenn Anderson]], 5 <br/> '''[[Patrick Kane]]''', 5 <br /> '''[[Corey Perry]]''', 5\n<li value=\"6\"> [[Martin St. Louis]], 4 <br /> [[Joe Murphy (ice hockey)|Joe Murphy]], 4 <br /> [[Kirk Muller]], 4 <br /> '''[[Nicklas Bäckström|Nicklas Backstrom]]''', 4 <br /> [[Stéphane Richer (ice hockey forward)|Stephane Richer]], 4 <br /> [[Chris Drury]], 4 <br /> [[Jamie Langenbrunner]], 4 <br /> [[Jeremy Roenick]], 4 <br /> [[Bob Nystrom]], 4 <br /> '''[[Patrice Bergeron]]''', 4 <br /> [[Dale Hunter]], 4 <br /> [[Esa Tikkanen]], 4 <br /> [[Patrick Marleau]], 4 <br /> [[Wayne Gretzky]], 4 <br /> [[Jaromír Jágr|Jaromir Jagr]], 4\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Assists\n{{Further|Assist (ice hockey)}}\n{{Div col}}\n [[Wayne Gretzky]], 260\n [[Mark Messier]], 186\n [[Ray Bourque]], 139\n [[Paul Coffey]], 137\n '''[[Sidney Crosby]]''', 130\n [[Nicklas Lidström|Nicklas Lidstrom]], 129\n [[Doug Gilmour]], 128\n [[Jari Kurri]], 127\n [[Sergei Fedorov]], 124\n [[Jaromír Jágr|Jaromir Jagr]], 123\n [[Glenn Anderson]], 121 <br /> [[Al MacInnis]], 121\n <li value=\"13\"> [[Larry Robinson]], 116\n [[Larry Murphy (ice hockey)|Larry Murphy]], 115 <br /> [[Steve Yzerman]], 115\n <li value=\"16\"> [[Adam Oates]], 114\n [[Chris Chelios]], 113 <br /> '''[[Evgeni Malkin]]''', 113\n <li value=\"19\"> [[Bryan Trottier]], 111\n [[Denis Savard]], 109 <br /> [[Denis Potvin]], 109\n [[Peter Forsberg]], 107\n [[Joe Sakic]], 104\n '''[[Joe Thornton]]''', 102 <br /> '''[[Nikita Kucherov]]''', 102\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Assists per game\n\n''Minimum 30 assists''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Wayne Gretzky]], 1.250\n [[Mario Lemieux]], 0.897\n [[Bobby Orr]], 0.892\n [[Barry Pederson]], 0.882\n '''[[Nathan MacKinnon]]''', 0.820\n '''[[Mikko Rantanen]]''', 0.791\n [[Mark Messier]], 0.788\n [[Gilbert Perreault]], 0.778\n [[Peter Šťastný|Peter Stastny]], 0.774\n '''[[Nikita Kucherov]]''', 0.735\n [[Brian Leetch]], 0.726\n [[Bernie Federko]], 0.725\n [[Craig Janney]] 0.717\n [[Dale Hawerchuk]], 0.711\n [[Peter Forsberg]], 0.709\n [[Paul Coffey]], 0.706\n [[Doug Gilmour]], 0.703\n '''[[Sidney Crosby]]''', 0.701\n [[Adam Oates]], 0.699\n [[Kent Nilsson]], 0.695\n [[Al MacInnis]], 0.684\n [[Ken Linseman]], 0.681\n [[Sergei Fedorov]], 0.678\n '''[[Erik Karlsson]]''', 0.672\n '''[[Ryan Getzlaf]]''', 0.664\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Games played (skaters)\n{{further|Games played}}\n{{Div col}}\n [[Chris Chelios]], 266\n [[Nicklas Lidström|Nicklas Lidstrom]], 263\n [[Mark Messier]], 236\n [[Claude Lemieux]], 234\n [[Scott Stevens]], 233\n [[Guy Carbonneau]], 231\n [[Larry Robinson]], 227\n [[Glenn Anderson]], 225\n [[Kris Draper]], 222\n [[Bryan Trottier]], 221\n [[Mike Keane]], 220\n [[Larry Murphy (ice hockey)|Larry Murphy]], 215\n [[Ray Bourque]], 214 <br /> [[Kevin Lowe]], 214\n<li value=\"15\"> [[Wayne Gretzky]], 208 <br /> [[Jaromír Jágr|Jaromir Jagr]], 208\n<li value=\"17\"> [[Marián Hossa|Marian Hossa]], 205\n [[Brett Hull]], 202 <br /> [[Scott Niedermayer]], 202\n<li value=\"20\"> [[Jari Kurri]], 200 <br /> [[Zdeno Chára|Zdeno Chara]], 200\n<li value=\"22\"> [[Steve Yzerman]], 196\n [[Patrick Marleau]], 195\n [[Paul Coffey]], 194\n [[Craig MacTavish]], 193\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Penalty minutes\nA [[Penalty (ice hockey)|penalty]] is given to a player for committing an infraction during the game. The length of the penalty varies depending on the severity of the offence. The amount of penalty minutes recorded for statistical purposes are:\n ''minor'' – 2 minutes\n ''double minor'' – 4 minutes\n ''major'' – 5 minutes\n ''misconduct'' – 10 minutes\n ''game misconduct'' – 10 minutes\n{{Div col}}\n [[Dale Hunter]], 731\n [[Chris Nilan]], 541\n [[Claude Lemieux]], 529\n [[Rick Tocchet]], 471\n [[Willi Plett]], 466\n [[Tiger Williams]], 455\n [[Glenn Anderson]], 442\n [[Tim Hunter (ice hockey)|Tim Hunter]], 426\n [[Chris Chelios]], 423\n [[Dave Schultz (ice hockey)|Dave Schultz]], 412\n [[Duane Sutter]], 405\n [[Scott Stevens]], 402\n [[Jim Peplinski]], 382 <br /> [[Al Secord]], 382\n <li value=\"15\"> [[Marty McSorley]], 374\n [[André Dupont|Andre Dupont]], 352\n [[Basil McRae]], 349\n [[Dave Manson]], 343\n [[Terry O'Reilly]], 335\n [[Gary Roberts (ice hockey)|Gary Roberts]], 332\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Plus-minus\n[[Plus-minus (ice hockey)|Plus-minus]] is a statistic that indicates the relative goal differential when a player is on the ice. If the player is on the ice when his team scores [[even-strength]] or [[short-handed]], he is given +1; if he is on the ice when the opposing team scores even-strength or short-handed, he is given -1.\n{{Div col}}\n [[Jari Kurri]], +101\n [[Larry Robinson]], +100\n [[Charlie Huddy]], +98\n [[Wayne Gretzky]], +91\n [[Randy Gregg (ice hockey)|Randy Gregg]], +81\n [[Denis Potvin]], +64\n [[Glenn Anderson]], +63\n [[Nicklas Lidström|Nicklas Lidstrom]], +61\n [[Bobby Orr]], +60\n [[Jacques Lemaire]], +54 <br /> [[Peter Forsberg]], +54\n<li value=\"12\"> [[Paul Coffey]], +53\n [[Mark Messier]], +52\n [[Guy Lafleur]], +50\n [[Zdeno Chára|Zdeno Chara]], +49 <br /> [[Steve Smith (ice hockey, born in Scotland)|Steve Smith]], +49 <br /> [[Ken Linseman]], +49\n<li value=\"18\"> [[Kevin Lowe]], +48 <br /> [[Jimmy Watson (ice hockey)|Jimmy Watson]], +48 <br /> [[Chris Chelios]], +48''' <br /> [[Patrice Bergeron]]''', +48\n<li value=\"22\"> [[Serge Savard]], +47\n [[Steve Shutt]], +46\n [[Scott Stevens]], +44\n [[Dallas Smith (ice hockey)|Dallas Smith]], +43 <br /> [[Carol Vadnais]], +43\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Shots on goal\n{{further|Shot on goal (ice hockey)}}\n{{Div col}}\n [[Ray Bourque]], 812\n [[Brett Hull]], 803\n [[Claude Lemieux]], 730\n [[Marián Hossa|Marian Hossa]], 712\n [[Wayne Gretzky]], 699\n [[Jaromír Jágr|Jaromir Jagr]], 682\n [[Mark Messier]], 671\n [[Al MacInnis]], 663\n [[Nicklas Lidström|Nicklas Lidstrom]], 656\n '''[[Alexander Ovechkin]]''', 637\n [[Brendan Shanahan]], 622\n [[Paul Coffey]], 616\n '''[[Evgeni Malkin]]''', 608\n [[Sergei Fedorov]], 603\n [[Chris Chelios]], 587\n [[Steve Yzerman]], 584\n [[Joe Sakic]], 582\n [[Denis Potvin]], 578\n [[Glenn Anderson]], 554\n '''[[Patrice Bergeron]]''', 549\n '''[[Sidney Crosby]]''', 542\n [[Phil Esposito]], 535\n [[Bobby Hull]], 531\n [[Jari Kurri]], 527\n [[Jacques Lemaire]], 521\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Shooting percentage\nShooting percentage is the percentage of [[shot on goal (ice hockey)|shots on goal]] which result in a [[Goal (ice hockey)|goal]].\n\n''Minimum 80 shots''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Craig Simpson]], 33.64%\n [[Peter Šťastný|Peter Stastny]], 21.71%\n [[Darryl Sutter]], 21.62%\n [[Andrew Brunette]], 21.25%\n [[Thomas Gradin]], 21.25%\n [[Barry Pederson]], 21.15%\n '''[[Brayden Point]]''', 20.77%\n [[Rick Middleton]], 20.74%\n [[Jari Kurri]], 20.11%\n [[Steve Vickers (ice hockey)|Steve Vickers]], 20.00%\n [[Cam Neely]], 19.79%\n [[Tim Kerr]], 19.70%\n '''[[Jake Guentzel]]''', 19.54%\n [[Mike Bossy]], 19.50%\n [[Paul MacLean (ice hockey)|Paul MacLean]], 19.44%\n [[Ray Ferraro]], 19.27%\n [[Bernie Federko]], 19.13%\n [[Jussi Jokinen]], 19.10%\n [[Tom Fergus]], 19.09%\n [[Mario Lemieux]], 18.91%\n [[Kevin Dineen]], 18.85%\n [[Peter Forsberg]], 18.13%\n [[Steve Shutt]], 18.05%\n [[Orest Kindrachuk]], 18.02% \n [[Anton Šťastný|Anton Stastny]], 18.02%\n{{Div col end}}\n\nActive leaders (skaters)\n\nRegular season: Points (active)\n{{Further|Point (ice hockey)}}\n{{Div col}}\n [[Joe Thornton]], 1,539\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 1,410\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 1,409\n [[Patrick Kane]], 1,180\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 1,146\n [[Anže Kopitar|Anze Kopitar]], 1,067\n [[Ryan Getzlaf]], 1,019\n [[Nicklas Bäckström|Nicklas Backstrom]], 1,011\n [[Jason Spezza]], 995\n [[Patrice Bergeron]], 982\n [[Steven Stamkos]], 972\n [[Phil Kessel]], 956\n [[Joe Pavelski]], 924\n [[Claude Giroux]], 923\n [[John Tavares]], 895\n [[Blake Wheeler]], 867\n [[Corey Perry]], 858\n [[Jonathan Toews]], 852\n [[Zach Parise]], 845\n [[Jeff Carter]], 807\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Points per game (active)\n''Minimum 500 points''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Connor McDavid]], 1.431\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 1.272\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 1.168\n [[Artemi Panarin]], 1.120\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 1.107\n [[Leon Draisaitl]], 1.104\n [[Nikita Kucherov]], 1.096\n [[Patrick Kane]], 1.066\n [[Steven Stamkos]], 1.054\n [[Nathan MacKinnon]], 1.016\n [[Johnny Gaudreau]], 1.012\n [[David Pastrnak]], 0.988\n [[Nicklas Bäckström|Nicklas Backstrom]], 0.956\n [[John Tavares]], 0.943\n [[Aleksander Barkov]], 0.928\n [[Jonathan Huberdeau]], 0.914\n [[Brad Marchand]], 0.910\n [[Claude Giroux]], 0.907\n [[Mark Scheifele]], 0.899\n [[Joe Thornton]], 0.898\n [[Anže Kopitar|Anze Kopitar]], 0.882\n [[Ryan Getzlaf]], 0.881\n [[Vladimir Tarasenko]], 0.865\n [[Taylor Hall]], 0.863\n [[Jonathan Toews]], 0.840\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Goals (active)\n{{Further|Goal (ice hockey)}}\n{{Div col}}\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 780\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 517\n [[Steven Stamkos]], 481\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 444\n [[Patrick Kane]], 430\n [[Joe Thornton]], 430\n [[Joe Pavelski]], 421\n [[Jeff Carter]], 418\n [[Zach Parise]], 408\n [[Corey Perry]], 405\n [[Patrice Bergeron]], 400\n [[Phil Kessel]], 399\n [[John Tavares]], 391\n [[Anže Kopitar|Anze Kopitar]], 365\n [[Jason Spezza]], 363\n [[Jonathan Toews]], 357\n [[Brad Marchand]], 351\n [[Jamie Benn]], 329\n [[Dustin Brown (ice hockey)|Dustin Brown]], 325\n [[Max Pacioretty]], 323\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Goals per game (active)\n\n''Minimum 200 goals''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 0.610\n [[Steven Stamkos]], 0.522\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 0.468\n [[David Pastrňák|David Pastrnak]], 0.457\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 0.451\n [[Nikita Kucherov]], 0.429\n [[John Tavares]], 0.418\n [[Vladimir Tarasenko]], 0.411\n [[Brad Marchand]], 0.397\n [[Patrick Kane]], 0.393\n [[Tyler Seguin]], 0.378\n [[Max Pacioretty]], 0.375\n [[Zach Parise]], 0.371\n [[Nathan MacKinnon]], 0.366\n [[Jonathan Toews]], 0.366\n [[Jeff Carter]], 0.365\n [[Joe Pavelski]], 0.363\n [[Jamie Benn]], 0.359\n [[Logan Couture]], 0.355\n [[Corey Perry]], 0.353\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Power Play goals (active)\nWhen a team is given a [[Penalty (ice hockey)|penalty]] for committing an infraction (such as [[Tripping (ice hockey)|tripping]] another player), the offending player must sit in the [[penalty box]], and his team must play with one fewer player on the ice. The penalized team is said to be \"[[short-handed]]\", while the other team has a \"[[Power play (sport)|powerplay]]\". If a player scores while his team is on the powerplay, this is recorded as a powerplay goal.\n{{Div col}}\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 285\n [[Steven Stamkos]], 181\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 162\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 153\n [[Joe Pavelski]], 152\n [[Joe Thornton]], 146\n [[Patrice Bergeron]], 122 <br /> [[Zach Parise]], 122\n <li value=\"9\"> [[Patrick Kane]], 120\n [[Phil Kessel]], 117 <br /> [[Jeff Carter]], 117 <br />\n <li value=\"12\">[[John Tavares]], 116\n [[Corey Perry]], 111\n [[Dustin Brown (ice hockey)|Dustin Brown]], 106 <br /> [[Shea Weber]], 106\n <li value=\"16\"> [[Anže Kopitar|Anze Kopitar]], 104\n [[Wayne Simmonds]], 102\n [[Patric Hornqvist]], 95\n [[Leon Draisaitl]], 93 <br />\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Short-handed goals (active)\nWhen a team is given a [[Penalty (ice hockey)|penalty]] for committing an infraction (such as [[Tripping (ice hockey)|tripping]] another player), the offending player must sit in the [[penalty box]], and his team must play with one fewer player on the ice. The penalized team is said to be \"[[short-handed]]\", while the other team has a \"[[Power play (sport)|powerplay]]\". If a player scores while his team is short handed, this is recorded as a short-handed goal.\n{{Div col}}\n [[Brad Marchand]], 33\n [[Andrew Cogliano]], 21\n [[Patrice Bergeron]], 20\n [[Jeff Carter]], 19 <br /> [[Cam Atkinson]], 19 \n <li value=\"6\">[[Jordan Staal]], 17 <br /> [[Cal Clutterbuck]], 17 <br /> [[Jonathan Toews]], 17\n <li value=\"9\"> [[Evander Kane]], 16 <br /> [[Jean-Gabriel Pageau]], 16\n <li value=\"11\"> [[Brad Richardson]], 15 <br /> [[Mikael Backlund]], 15\n <li value=\"13\"> [[Adam Henrique]], 14 <br /> [[Brandon Sutter]], 14 <br /> [[Darren Helm]], 14 <br /> [[Blake Wheeler]], 14 \n <li value=\"17\"> [[Jamie Benn]], 13 <br /> [[Sebastian Aho (ice hockey, born 1997)|Sebastian Aho]], 13 <br /> [[Derek Stepan]], 13 <br /> [[Logan Couture]], 13 <br /> [[Anze Kopitar]], 13\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Game-winning goals (active)\n{{Div col}}\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 121\n [[Jeff Carter]], 86\n [[Zach Parise]], 80\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 78 <br /> [[Sidney Crosby]], 78\n <li value=\"6\"> [[Patrice Bergeron]], 74\n [[Steven Stamkos]], 73\n [[Phil Kessel]], 70\n [[Joe Pavelski]], 69 <br /> [[Corey Perry]], 69\n <li value=\"11\"> [[Jonathan Toews]], 68 <br /> [[Joe Thornton]], 68\n <li value=\"13\"> [[Patrick Kane]], 67 <br /> [[Brad Marchand]], 67\n <li value=\"15\"> [[Max Pacioretty]], 65 \n [[Anze Kopitar]], 61\n [[John Tavares]], 59\n [[Ryan Getzlaf]], 57\n [[Jason Spezza]], 55\n [[Tyler Seguin]], 54\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Overtime goals (active)\nIf a game is tied after regulation time (which lasts three 20-minutes periods), there will be a period of \"[[Overtime (ice hockey)|overtime]]\" to decide the winner. The player who scores during this extra time is given the overtime goal. All overtime in the NHL is [[Sudden death (sport)|sudden death]]—meaning the first team to score is the winner—so the player who scores in overtime also has the game-winning goal.\n{{Div col}}\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 22\n [[Jeff Carter]], 13 <br /> [[Sidney Crosby]], 13\n <li value=\"4\"> [[Brad Marchand]], 12 <br /> [[Brent Burns]], 12 <br /> [[Evgeni Malkin]], 12\n <li value=\"7\"> [[John Tavares]], 11 \n <li value=\"8\"> [[Sean Monahan]], 10 <br /> [[Max Pacioretty]], 10 <br /> [[Taylor Hall]], 10 <br /> [[Jonathan Toews]], 10 <br /> [[Claude Giroux]], 10 <br /> [[Patrick Marleau]], 10\n <li value=\"14\"> [[Vladimir Tarasenko]], 9 <br /> [[Mike Green (ice hockey, born 1985)|Mike Green]], 9 <br /> [[Loui Eriksson]], 9 <br /> [[Jakub Voráček|Jakub Voracek]], 9 <br /> [[Joe Thornton]], 9 \n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Empty net goals (active)\n\n{{Div col}}\n [[Eric Staal]], 30\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 29\n [[Joe Thornton]], 27\n [[Ilya Kovalchuk]], 22\n <li value=\"6\"> [[Patrick Marleau]], 21\n [[Michael Grabner]], 20 <br /> [[Brad Marchand]], 20 <br /> [[John Tavares]], 20 <br /> [[Zach Parise]], 20 <br /> [[Evgeni Malkin]], 20\n <li value=\"12\"> [[Blake Wheeler]], 19\n [[Patrick Kane]], 18 \n <li value=\"14\"> [[Max Pacioretty]], 17 <br /> [[Sidney Crosby]], 17\n <li value=\"16\"> [[Jeff Carter]], 16\n <li value=\"17\"> [[Andrew Cogliano]], 14 <br /> [[Milan Lucic]], 14 <br /> [[Dustin Brown (ice hockey)|Dustin Brown]], 14 <br /> [[Patrice Bergeron]], 14 <br /> [[Corey Perry]], 14\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Assists (active)\n{{Further|Assist (ice hockey)}}\n{{Div col}}\n [[Joe Thornton]], 1,109\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 892\n [[Patrick Kane]], 750\n [[Nicklas Bäckström|Nicklas Backstrom]], 747\n [[Ryan Getzlaf]], 737\n [[Anže Kopitar|Anze Kopitar]], 702\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 702\n [[Jason Spezza]], 632\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 630\n [[Claude Giroux]], 629\n [[Patrice Bergeron]], 582\n [[Jakub Voracek]], 578\n [[Blake Wheeler]], 571\n [[Phil Kessel]], 557\n [[Brent Burns]], 550\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Assists per game (active)\n\n''Minimum 300 assists''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Connor McDavid]], 0.940\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 0.816\n [[Nicklas Bäckström|Nicklas Backstrom]], 0.724\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 0.714\n [[Joe Thornton]], 0.690\n [[Ryan Getzlaf]], 0.685\n [[Patrick Kane]], 0.628\n [[Claude Giroux]], 0.627\n [[Erik Karlsson]], 0.625\n [[Anže Kopitar|Anze Kopitar]], 0.584\n [[Jason Spezza]], 0.570\n [[John Tavares]], 0.522\n [[Jakub Voráček|Jakub Voracek]], 0.518\n [[Paul Stastny]], 0.517\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 0.514 \n [[Jamie Benn]], 0.513\n [[Kris Letang]], 0.500\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Games played (skaters, active)\n{{further|Games played}}\n{{Div col}}\n [[Joe Thornton]], 1,714\n [[Dustin Brown (ice hockey)|Dustin Brown]], 1,296\n [[Ryan Suter]], 1,280\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 1,274\n [[Brent Burns]], 1,251\n [[Patrice Bergeron]], 1,216\n [[Anze Kopitar]], 1,210\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Penalty minutes (active)\nA [[Penalty (ice hockey)|penalty]] is given to a player for committing an infraction during the game. The length of the penalty varies depending on the severity of the offence. The amount of penalty minutes recorded for statistical purposes are:\n ''minor'' – 2 minutes\n ''double minor'' – 4 minutes\n ''major'' – 5 minutes\n ''misconduct'' – 10 minutes\n ''game misconduct'' – 10 minutes\n{{Div col}}\n [[Corey Perry]], 1,285\n [[Joe Thornton]], 1,272\n [[Wayne Simmonds]], 1,266\n [[Milan Lucic]], 1,256\n [[Tom Wilson (ice hockey)|Tom Wilson]], 1,221\n [[Antoine Roussel]], 1,063\n [[Matt Martin (ice hockey, born 1989)|Matt Martin]], 1,052\n [[Evander Kane]], 1,048\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 1,008\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Plus-minus (active)\n[[Plus-minus (ice hockey)|Plus-minus]] is a statistic that indicates the relative goal differential when a player is on the ice. If the player is on the ice when his team scores [[even-strength]] or [[short-handed]], he is given +1; if he is on the ice when the opposing team scores even-strength or they score a goal while he is on the powerplay, he is given -1.\n{{Div col}}\n [[Brad Marchand]], +263\n [[Patrice Bergeron]], +254\n [[Ryan McDonagh]], +215\n [[Sidney Crosby]], +202\n [[Joe Thornton]], +182\n [[Jonathan Toews]], +179\n [[Duncan Keith]], +159\n [[Ondrej Palat]], +147 <br /> [[Victor Hedman]], +147 <br /> [[Joe Pavelski]], +147\n <li value=\"11\"> [[Artemi Panarin]], +134\n [[Ian Cole]], +131\n [[Nikita Kucherov]], +129\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Shots on goal (active)\n{{further|Shot on goal (ice hockey)}}\n{{Div col}}\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 6,061\n [[Jeff Carter]], 3,738\n [[Patrice Bergeron]], 3,725\n [[Phil Kessel]], 3,700\n [[Patrick Kane]], 3,684\n [[Zach Parise]], 3,544\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 3,539\n [[Brent Burns]], 3,437\n [[Dustin Brown (ice hockey)|Dustin Brown]], 3,360\n [[Joe Pavelski]], 3,328\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 3,246\n [[Corey Perry]], 3,162\n [[Joe Thornton]], 3,068\n [[John Tavares]], 2,993\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Shooting percentage (active)\nShooting percentage is the percentage of [[shot on goal (ice hockey)|shots on goal]] which result in a [[Goal (ice hockey)|goal]].\n\n''Minimum 800 shots''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Leon Draisaitl]], 17.6%\n [[Brayden Point]], 17.1%\n [[Steven Stamkos]], 17.0%\n [[Auston Matthews]], 16.4%\n [[Mark Scheifele]], 16.3%\n [[Jake Guentzel]], 15.9%\n [[Brad Marchand]], 15.8%\n [[Mikko Rantanen]], 15.7%\n [[Mark Stone (ice hockey)|Mark Stone]], 15.6%\n [[Alex DeBrincat]], 15.5%\n [[Kyle Connor]], 15.3%\n [[Adam Henrique]], 15.2%\n [[Patrik Laine]], 15.1%\n [[Nikita Kucherov]], 15.0%\n [[Connor McDavid]], 15.0%\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Points (active)\n{{Further|Point (ice hockey)}}\n{{Div col}}\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 201\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 180\n [[Nikita Kucherov]], 154\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 141\n [[Joe Thornton]], 134\n [[Patrick Kane]], 132\n [[Patrice Bergeron]], 127\n [[Joe Pavelski]], 125\n [[Ryan Getzlaf]], 120\n [[Jonathan Toews]], 119 <br /> [[Corey Perry]], 119\n <li value=\"12\"> [[Brad Marchand]], 118\n [[Nicklas Bäckström|Nicklas Backstrom]], 114\n [[Victor Hedman]], 107\n [[Logan Couture]], 101\n [[Ondrej Palat]], 94\n [[Nathan MacKinnon]], 93\n [[Steven Stamkos]], 91 <br /> [[Duncan Keith]], 91\n <li value=\"20\">[[Kris Letang]], 90\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Points per game (active)\n''Minimum 50 points''\n\n{{Div col}}\n [[Leon Draisaitl]], 1.59\n [[Connor McDavid]], 1.49\n [[Nathan MacKinnon]], 1.33\n [[Mikko Rantanen]], 1.22\n [[Nikita Kucherov]], 1.13\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 1.12\n [[Cale Makar]], 1.09\n [[David Pastrnak]], 1.06\n [[Brayden Point]], 1.03\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 1.02\n [[Jake Guentzel]], 1.00\n [[Gabriel Landeskog]], 0.97\n [[Patrick Kane]], 0.97\n [[Ryan Getzlaf]], 0.96\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 0.96\n [[Ryan O'Reilly]], 0.88\n [[Logan Couture]], 0.87\n [[Jonathan Toews]], 0.87\n [[Claude Giroux]], 0.85\n [[Brad Marchand]], 0.85\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Goals (active)\n{{Further|Goal (ice hockey)}}\n{{Div col}}\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 72\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 71\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 67\n [[Joe Pavelski]], 64\n [[Patrick Kane]], 52\n [[Nikita Kucherov]], 52\n [[Corey Perry]], 51\n [[Brad Marchand]], 49\n [[Patrice Bergeron]], 49\n [[Ondrej Palat]], 48\n [[Logan Couture]], 48\n [[Jeff Carter]], 47\n [[Jonathan Toews]], 45\n [[Steven Stamkos]], 43\n [[Nathan MacKinnon]], 41\n [[Vladimir Tarasenko]], 41\n [[Brayden Point]], 38\n [[Nicklas Bäckström|Nicklas Backstrom]], 38\n [[Ryan Getzlaf]], 37\n [[Zach Parise]], 37\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Goals per game (active)\n\n''Minimum 20 goals''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Jake Guentzel]], 0.622\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 0.504\n [[Vladimir Tarasenko]], 0.500\n [[Nikita Kucherov]], 0.468\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 0.413\n [[Filip Forsberg]], 0.400\n [[Patrick Kane]], 0.394\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 0.392\n [[Patrick Marleau]], 0.391\n [[Phil Kessel]], 0.386\n [[Tyler Johnson (ice hockey)|Tyler Johnson]], 0.375\n [[Evgeny Kuznetsov]], 0.365\n [[Joe Pavelski]], 0.364\n [[Zach Parise]], 0.361\n [[Logan Couture]], 0.354\n [[Claude Giroux]], 0.348\n [[Eric Staal]], 0.345\n [[Steven Stamkos]], 0.333\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Power Play goals (active)\nWhen a team is given a [[Penalty (ice hockey)|penalty]] for committing an infraction (such as [[Tripping (ice hockey)|tripping]] another player), the offending player must sit in the [[penalty box]], and his team must play with one fewer player on the ice. The penalized team is said to be \"[[short-handed]],\" while the other team has a \"[[Power play (sport)|powerplay]].\" If a player scores while his team is on the powerplay, this is recorded as a powerplay goal.\n{{Div col}}\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 28\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 28\n [[Joe Pavelski]], 26\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 20\n [[Jonathan Toews]], 19\n [[Nikita Kucherov]], 18\n [[T. J. Oshie]], 18\n [[Jeff Carter]], 18\n [[Steven Stamkos]], 17\n [[Corey Perry]], 17\n [[Logan Couture]], 16\n [[Patrice Bergeron]], 16\n [[Ryan Getzlaf]], 15\n [[Brayden Point]], 14\n [[Nathan MacKinnon]], 13\n [[Zach Parise]], 13\n [[Vladimir Tarasenko]], 13\n [[Brad Marchand]], 13\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Short-handed goals (active)\nWhen a team is given a [[Penalty (ice hockey)|penalty]] for committing an infraction (such as [[Tripping (ice hockey)|tripping]] another player), the offending player must sit in the [[penalty box]], and his team must play with one fewer player on the ice. The penalized team is said to be \"[[short-handed]]\", while the other team has a \"[[Power play (sport)|powerplay]]\". If a player scores while his team is short handed, this is recorded as a short-handed goal.\n{{Div col}}\n [[Jonathan Toews]], 3 <br /> [[Patrice Bergeron]], 3\n <li value=\"3\"> [[Claude Giroux]], 2 <br /> [[Ryan Getzlaf]], 2 <br /> [[Carl Hagelin]], 2 <br /> [[Anže Kopitar|Anze Kopitar]], 2 <br /> [[Zach Parise]], 2 <br /> [[Jamie Benn]], 2 \n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Game-winning goals (active)\n{{Div col}}\n [[Joe Pavelski]], 14\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 13\n [[Ondrej Palat]], 12\n [[Patrick Kane]], 11\n [[Jonathan Toews]], 11\n [[Brad Marchand]], 10\n [[Patrice Bergeron]], 10\n [[Corey Perry]], 10\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 10\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 9\n [[Tyler Johnson (ice hockey)|Tyler Johnson]], 9\n [[Paul Stastny]], 9\n [[Chris Kreider]], 9\n [[Joe Thornton]], 8\n [[Jake Guentzel]], 8\n [[Logan Couture]], 8\n [[Nikita Kucherov]], 8\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Overtime goals (active)\nIf a game is tied after regulation time (which lasts three 20-minutes periods), there will be a period of \"[[Overtime (ice hockey)|overtime]]\" to decide the winner. The player who scores during this extra time is given the overtime goal. All overtime in the NHL is [[Sudden death (sport)|sudden death]]—meaning the first team to score is the winner—so the player who scores in overtime also has the game-winning goal.\n{{Div col}}\n [[Patrick Kane]], 5 <br /> [[Corey Perry]], 4\n <li value=\"3\"> [[Patrice Bergeron]], 4 <br /> [[Nicklas Bäckström|Nicklas Backstrom]], 4\n <li value=\"5\"> [[Brayden Point]], 3 <br /> [[Jordan Staal]], 3 <br /> [[Brad Marchand]], 3 <br /> [[Joe Pavelski]], 3\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Assists (active)\n{{Further|Assist (ice hockey)}}\n{{Div col}}\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 130\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 113\n [[Joe Thornton]], 102\n [[Nikita Kucherov]], 102\n [[Victor Hedman]], 85\n [[Ryan Getzlaf]], 83\n [[Patrick Kane]], 80\n [[Patrice Bergeron]], 78\n [[Nicklas Bäckström|Nicklas Backstrom]], 76\n [[Jonathan Toews]], 74\n [[Duncan Keith]], 72\n [[Brad Marchand]], 69\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 69\n [[Corey Perry]], 68\n [[Kris Letang]], 67\n [[Joe Pavelski]], 61\n [[Mikko Rantanen]], 54\n [[John Carlson (ice hockey)|John Carlson]], 54\n [[Logan Couture]], 53\n [[Claude Giroux]], 53\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Assists per game (active)\n\n''Minimum 30 assists''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 0.744\n [[Ryan Getzlaf]], 0.664\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 0.652\n [[Erik Karlsson]], 0.646\n [[Jason Spezza]], 0.623\n [[Joe Thornton]], 0.600\n [[Claude Giroux]], 0.594\n [[Nicklas Bäckström|Nicklas Backstrom]], 0.578\n [[Patrick Kane]], 0.575\n [[Anže Kopitar|Anze Kopitar]], 0.570\n [[Jonathan Toews]], 0.547\n [[Phil Kessel]], 0.518\n [[Duncan Keith]], 0.500 <br /> [[Victor Hedman]], 0.500\n <li value=\"15\"> [[Patrice Bergeron]], 0.491\n [[Logan Couture]], 0.490\n [[Nikita Kucherov]], 0.484\n [[P. K. Subban]], 0.467\n [[Brad Marchand]], 0.464\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Games played (skaters, active)\n{{further|Games played}}\n{{Div col}}\n [[Corey Perry]], 190\n [[Joe Thornton]], 187\n [[Ryan McDonagh]], 185\n [[Sidney Crosby]], 180\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 177\n [[Joe Pavelski]], 168\n [[Patrice Bergeron]], 167\n [[Victor Hedman]], 155\n [[Duncan Keith]], 151\n [[Kris Letang]], 149\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 147\n [[Pat Maroon]], 144\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 141\n [[Nicklas Backstrom]], 139\n [[Brad Marchand]], 139\n [[Ondrej Palat]], 138\n [[Jonathan Toews]], 137\n [[Nikita Kucherov]], 136\n [[Patrick Kane]], 136\n [[Milan Lucic]], 136\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Penalty minutes (active)\nA [[Penalty (ice hockey)|penalty]] is given to a player for committing an infraction during the game. The length of the penalty varies depending on the severity of the offence. The amount of penalty minutes recorded for statistical purposes are:\n ''minor'' – 2 minutes\n ''double minor'' – 4 minutes\n ''major'' – 5 minutes\n ''misconduct'' – 10 minutes\n ''game misconduct'' – 10 minutes\n{{Div col}}\n [[Corey Perry]], 264\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 242\n [[Milan Lucic]], 229\n [[Pat Maroon]], 218\n [[Kris Letang]], 142\n [[Brad Marchand]], 141\n [[Ryan Getzlaf]], 137\n [[Joe Thornton]], 134\n [[P. K. Subban]], 133 <br /> [[Ryan Kesler]], 133\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Plus-minus (active)\n[[Plus-minus (ice hockey)|Plus-minus]] is a statistic that indicates the relative goal differential when a player is on the ice. If the player is on the ice when his team scores [[even-strength]] or [[short-handed]], he is given +1; if he is on the ice when the opposing team scores even-strength or short-handed, he is given -1.\n{{Div col}}\n [[Patrice Bergeron]], +48\n [[Nikita Kucherov]], +38\n [[Ondrej Palat]], +35\n [[Brad Marchand]], +33\n [[Milan Lucic]], +32\n [[Reilly Smith]], +27\n [[Nathan MacKinnon]], +26\n [[Cale Makar]], +22\n [[Victor Hedman]], +21\n [[Phil Kessel]], +21 \n [[Duncan Keith]], +20\n [[Anže Kopitar|Anze Kopitar]], +18\n [[Sidney Crosby]], +18\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Shots on goal (active)\n{{further|Shot on goal (ice hockey)}}\n{{Div col}}\n [[Alexander Ovechkin]], 637\n [[Evgeni Malkin]], 608\n [[Patrice Bergeron]], 549 \n [[Sidney Crosby]], 542\n [[Joe Pavelski]], 493\n [[Corey Perry]], 468\n [[Jeff Carter]], 428\n [[Patrick Kane]], 422\n [[Nikita Kucherov]], 412\n [[Victor Hedman]], 392\n [[James Neal (ice hockey)|James Neal]], 372\n [[Kris Letang]], 367\n [[Brad Marchand]], 364\n [[Joe Thornton]], 360\n [[Jonathan Toews]], 350\n [[John Carlson (ice hockey)|John Carlson]], 347\n [[Zach Parise]], 343\n [[Ryan Getzlaf]], 328\n [[Logan Couture]], 326\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Shooting percentage (active)\nShooting percentage is the percentage of [[shot on goal (ice hockey)|shots on goal]] which result in a [[Goal (ice hockey)|goal]].\n\n''Minimum 80 shots''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Brayden Point]], 20.8%\n [[Jake Guentzel]], 19.5%\n [[Joonas Donskoi]], 17.7%\n [[Leon Draisaitl]], 17.5%\n [[Connor McDavid]], 16.9%\n [[Chris Kreider]], 16.8%\n [[Ondřej Palát|Ondrej Palat]], 16.6%\n [[Andre Burakovsky]], 16.1%\n [[Mark Stone (ice hockey)|Mark Stone]], 16.1%\n [[Ryan Johansen]], 15.8%\n [[Ryan O'Reilly]], 15.6%\n [[T.J. Oshie]], 15.5%\n [[Brock Nelson]], 15.3%\n [[Steven Stamkos]], 15.0%\n [[Bryan Rust]], 14.8%\n{{Div col end}}\n\nGoaltenders\nThe statistics listed include the [[2021–22 NHL season|2021–22 NHL regular season]] and [[2022 Stanley Cup playoffs|2022 playoffs]].\n\nAll-time leaders (goaltenders)\nActive goaltenders (during 2021–22 NHL season) are listed in '''boldface'''.\n\nRegular season: Games played\n{{Div col}}\n [[Martin Brodeur]], 1266\n [[Roberto Luongo]], 1044\n [[Patrick Roy]], 1029\n [[Terry Sawchuk]], 971\n [[Ed Belfour]], 963\n [[Curtis Joseph]], 943\n '''[[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]]''', 939\n [[Glenn Hall]], 906\n [[Henrik Lundqvist]], 887\n [[Tony Esposito]], 886\n [[John Vanbiesbrouck]], 882\n [[Grant Fuhr]], 868\n [[Gump Worsley]], 860\n [[Jacques Plante]], 837\n [[Sean Burke]], 820\n [[Harry Lumley (ice hockey)|Harry Lumley]], 803\n [[Nikolai Khabibulin]], 799\n [[Ryan Miller]], 796\n [[Rogie Vachon]], 795\n [[Gilles Meloche]], 788\n [[Mike Vernon (ice hockey)|Mike Vernon]], 782\n [[Tom Barrasso]], 777\n [[Chris Osgood]], 744\n [[Dominik Hašek|Dominik Hasek]], 735\n [[Olaf Kölzig|Olaf Kolzig]], 719\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Wins\n{{Div col}}\n [[Martin Brodeur]], 691\n [[Patrick Roy]], 551\n '''[[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]]''', 520\n [[Roberto Luongo]], 489\n [[Ed Belfour]], 484\n [[Henrik Lundqvist]], 459\n [[Curtis Joseph]], 454\n [[Terry Sawchuk]], 445\n [[Jacques Plante]], 437\n [[Tony Esposito]], 423\n [[Glenn Hall]], 407\n [[Grant Fuhr]], 403\n [[Chris Osgood]], 401\n [[Ryan Miller]], 391\n [[Dominik Hašek|Dominik Hasek]], 389\n [[Mike Vernon (ice hockey)|Mike Vernon]], 385\n [[John Vanbiesbrouck]], 374\n [[Andy Moog]], 372\n [[Tom Barrasso]], 369 <br /> [[Pekka Rinne]], 369\n <li value=\"21\"> '''[[Carey Price]]''', 361\n '''[[Jonathan Quick]]''', 359\n [[Evgeni Nabokov]], 353 <br /> [[Rogie Vachon]], 353\n '''[[Sergei Bobrovsky]]''', 336\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Shutouts\nA goaltender achieves a [[shutout]] when he does not allow a goal against him, and plays the full game.\n{{Div col}}\n [[Martin Brodeur]], 125\n [[Terry Sawchuk]], 103\n [[George Hainsworth]], 94\n [[Glenn Hall]], 84\n [[Jacques Plante]], 82\n [[Dominik Hašek|Dominik Hasek]], 81 <br /> [[Alex Connell]], 81 <br /> [[Tiny Thompson]], 81\n <li value=\"9\"> [[Roberto Luongo]], 77\n [[Ed Belfour]], 76 <br /> [[Tony Esposito]]\n <li value=\"12\"> [[Harry Lumley (ice hockey)|Harry Lumley]], 71 <br /> [[Lorne Chabot]], 71 <br /> '''[[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]]''', 71\n <li value=\"15\"> [[Roy Worters]], 67 \n [[Patrick Roy]], 66\n [[Henrik Lundqvist]], 64\n [[Turk Broda]], 61\n [[Pekka Rinne]], 60\n [[Evgeni Nabokov]], 59\n [[John Ross Roach]], 58\n [[Clint Benedict]], 57\n '''[[Jonathan Quick]]''', 56\n <li value=\"24\"> [[Eddie Giacomin]], 54 <br /> [[Bernie Parent]], 54\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Goals against average\n[[Goals against average]] is the average number of goals a goaltender allows over a 60-minute period (the regulation length of a game). It is calculated by multiplying the ''goals against'' by 60 minutes, then dividing by the total minutes played.\n\n''Minimum 250 games played''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Alec Connell]], 1.92\n [[George Hainsworth]], 1.93\n [[Lorne Chabot]], 2.02\n [[Charlie Gardiner (ice hockey)|Chuck Gardiner]], 2.02\n [[Tiny Thompson]], 2.07\n [[Dave Kerr]], 2.14\n [[Dominik Hašek|Dominik Hasek]], 2.20\n [[Ken Dryden]], 2.24\n [[Martin Brodeur]], 2.24\n [[Tuukka Rask]], 2.27\n [[Roy Worters]], 2.28\n [[Roman Turek]], 2.31\n [[Clint Benedict]], 2.32\n [[Ben Bishop]], 2.32\n [[Gerry McNeil]], 2.34\n [[Bill Durnan]], 2.36\n [[Marty Turco]], 2.36\n [[Jacques Plante]], 2.38\n [[Manny Legace]], 2.41\n '''[[Jonathan Quick]]''', 2.42\n [[Pekka Rinne]], 2.43\n [[Henrik Lundqvist]], 2.43\n '''[[Cory Schneider]]''', 2.43\n [[Evgeni Nabokov]], 2.44\n [[Corey Crawford]], 2.45\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Saves\n{{Div col}}\n [[Martin Brodeur]], 28,928\n [[Roberto Luongo]], 28,409\n [[Patrick Roy]], 25,800\n [[Tony Esposito]], 24,761\n [[Glenn Hall]], 24,611\n '''[[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]]''', 24,400\n [[Curtis Joseph]], 24,279\n [[Henrik Lundqvist]], 23,509\n [[Ed Belfour]], 22,433\n [[John Vanbiesbrouck]], 22,203\n [[Gump Worsley]], 21,766\n [[Ryan Miller]], 21,665\n [[Grant Fuhr]], 21,615\n [[Gilles Meloche]], 21,138\n [[Sean Burke]], 21,003\n [[Jacques Plante]], 20,889\n [[Nikolai Khabibulin]], 20,258\n [[Rogie Vachon]], 19,882\n [[Tom Barrasso]], 19,694\n '''[[Carey Price]]''', 19,304\n '''[[Craig Anderson (ice hockey)|Craig Anderson]]''', 19,099\n [[Dominik Hašek|Dominik Hasek]], 18,648\n [[Tomáš Vokoun|Tomas Vokoun]], 18,625\n [[Cam Ward]], 18,259\n [[Olaf Kölzig|Olaf Kolzig]], 18,233\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Save percentage\n[[Save percentage]] is the percentage of [[shot on goal (ice hockey)|shots on goal]] that a goaltender stops. It is calculated by dividing the number of saves by the number of shots on goal.\n\n''Minimum 250 games played''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Dominik Hašek|Dominik Hasek]], .922\n [[Ken Dryden]], .922\n [[Tuukka Rask]], .921\n [[Ben Bishop]], .921\n [[Tim Thomas (ice hockey, born 1974)|Tim Thomas]], .920\n '''[[Andrei Vasilevskiy]]''', .919\n [[Roberto Luongo]], .919\n [[Henrik Lundqvist]], .918\n '''[[Cory Schneider]]''', .918\n '''[[Darcy Kuemper]]''', .918\n [[Corey Crawford]], .918\n [[Tomáš Vokoun|Tomas Vokoun]], .917\n [[Pekka Rinne]], .917\n '''[[Carey Price]]''', .917\n '''[[Robin Lehner]]''', .917\n '''[[Anton Khudobin]]''', .916\n '''[[Frederik Andersen]]''', .916\n '''[[Sergei Bobrovsky]]''', .916\n '''[[Semyon Varlamov]]''', .916\n '''[[Jaroslav Halák|Jaroslav Halak]]''', .916\n '''[[Connor Hellebuyck]]''', .916\n [[Bernie Parent]], .915\n '''[[Cam Talbot]]''', .915\n '''[[Braden Holtby]]''', .915\n '''[[John Gibson (ice hockey, born 1993)|John Gibson]]''', .915\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Minutes\n{{Div col}}\n [[Martin Brodeur]], 74,439\n [[Patrick Roy]], 60,215\n [[Roberto Luongo]], 59,879\n [[Terry Sawchuk]], 57,156\n [[Ed Belfour]], 55,696\n '''[[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]]''', 54,392\n [[Curtis Joseph]], 54,055\n [[Glenn Hall]], 53,447\n [[Tony Esposito]], 52,476\n [[Henrik Lundqvist]], 51,817\n [[John Vanbiesbrouck]], 50,455\n [[Gump Worsley]], 50,156\n [[Jacques Plante]], 49,514\n [[Grant Fuhr]], 48,928\n [[Harry Lumley (ice hockey)|Harry Lumley]], 48,039\n [[Sean Burke]], 46,441\n [[Rogie Vachon]], 46,207\n [[Ryan Miller]], 46,146\n [[Nikolai Khabibulin]], 45,607\n [[Gilles Meloche]], 45,323\n [[Mike Vernon (ice hockey)|Mike Vernon]], 44,503\n [[Tom Barrasso]], 44,136\n [[Dominik Hašek|Dominik Hasek]], 42,837\n [[Chris Osgood]], 42,563\n '''[[Carey Price]]''', 42,006\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Games played\n{{Div col}}\n [[Patrick Roy]], 247\n [[Martin Brodeur]], 205\n '''[[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]]''', 167\n [[Ed Belfour]], 161\n [[Grant Fuhr]], 150\n [[Mike Vernon (ice hockey)|Mike Vernon]], 138\n [[Curtis Joseph]], 133\n [[Andy Moog]], 132 <br /> [[Billy Smith (ice hockey)|Billy Smith]], 132\n <li value=\"10\"> [[Henrik Lundqvist]], 130\n [[Chris Osgood]], 129\n [[Tom Barrasso]], 119 <br /> [[Dominik Hašek|Dominik Hasek]], 119\n <li value=\"14\"> [[Glenn Hall]], 115\n [[Jacques Plante]], 112 <br /> [[Ken Dryden]], 112\n <li value=\"17\"> [[Terry Sawchuk]], 106\n [[Pekka Rinne]], 104\n '''[[Andrei Vasilevskiy]]''', 104\n [[Turk Broda]], 101\n [[Tony Esposito]], 99\n '''[[Braden Holtby]]''', 97\n [[Corey Crawford]], 96\n [[Ron Hextall]], 93\n '''[[Carey Price]]''', 92\n '''[[Jonathan Quick]]''', 92\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Wins\n{{Div col}}\n [[Patrick Roy]], 151\n [[Martin Brodeur]], 113\n '''[[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]]''', 92\n [[Grant Fuhr]], 92\n [[Ed Belfour]], 88 <br /> [[Billy Smith (ice hockey)|Billy Smith]], 88\n <li value=\"7\"> [[Ken Dryden]], 80\n [[Mike Vernon (ice hockey)|Mike Vernon]], 77\n [[Chris Osgood]], 74\n [[Jacques Plante]], 71\n [[Andy Moog]], 68\n [[Dominik Hašek|Dominik Hasek]], 65\n '''[[Andrei Vasilevskiy]]''', 63 <br /> [[Curtis Joseph]], 63\n <li value=\"15\"> [[Tom Barrasso]], 61 <br /> [[Henrik Lundqvist]], 61\n <li value=\"17\"> [[Turk Broda]], 60\n [[Tuukka Rask]], 57\n [[Terry Sawchuk]], 54\n [[Gerry Cheevers]], 53\n [[Corey Crawford]], 52\n '''[[Braden Holtby]]''', 50\n [[Glenn Hall]], 49 <br /> '''[[Jonathan Quick]]''', 49\n <li value=\"25\"> [[Ron Hextall]], 47\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Shutouts\nA goaltender achieves a [[shutout]] when he does not allow a goal against him, and plays the full game.\n{{Div col}}\n [[Martin Brodeur]], 24\n [[Patrick Roy]], 23\n [[Curtis Joseph]], 16 <br /> '''[[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]]''', 16\n <li value=\"5\"> [[Chris Osgood]], 15\n [[Ed Belfour]], 14 <br /> [[Dominik Hašek|Dominik Hasek]], 14 <br /> [[Jacques Plante]], 14\n <li value=\"9\"> [[Turk Broda]], 13\n [[Terry Sawchuk]], 12\n [[Ken Dryden]], 10 <br /> [[Henrik Lundqvist]], 10\n <li value=\"13\"> '''[[Jonathan Quick]]''', 9 <br /> [[Mike Richter]], 9 <br /> [[Clint Benedict]], 9\n <li value=\"16\"> [[Gerry Cheevers]], 8 <br /> [[George Hainsworth]], 8 <br /> [[Dave Kerr]], 8 <br /> [[Félix Potvin|Felix Potvin]], 8 <br /> '''[[Carey Price]]''', 8\n <li value=\"21\"> [[Harry Lumley (ice hockey)|Harry Lumley]], 7 <br /> [[Evgeni Nabokov]], 7 <br /> [[Tiny Thompson]], 7 <br /> [[John Ross Roach]], 7 <br /> '''[[Braden Holtby]]''', 7 <br /> [[Tuukka Rask]], 7 <br /> '''[[Andrei Vasilevskiy]]''', 7\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Goals against average\n[[Goals against average]] is the average number of goals a goaltender allows over a 60-minute period (the regulation length of a game). It is calculated by multiplying the ''goals against'' by 60 minutes, then dividing by the total minutes played.\n\n''Minimum 25 games played''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Lorne Chabot]], 1.53\n [[Dave Kerr]], 1.74\n [[Patrick Lalime]], 1.77\n [[Gerry McNeil]], 1.84\n [[Clint Benedict]], 1.86\n [[Tiny Thompson]], 1.88\n [[John Ross Roach]], 1.89\n [[George Hainsworth]], 1.93\n [[Turk Broda]], 1.98\n [[Dominik Hašek|Dominik Hasek]], 2.02\n [[Martin Brodeur]], 2.02\n '''[[Jake Allen (ice hockey)|Jake Allen]]''', 2.06\n [[Bill Durnan]], 2.07\n [[Tim Thomas (ice hockey, born 1974)|Tim Thomas]], 2.08\n [[Jean-Sébastien Giguère|Jean-Sebastien Giguere]], 2.08\n [[Chris Osgood]], 2.09\n [[Jacques Plante]], 2.12\n '''[[Braden Holtby]]''', 2.13\n [[Olaf Kölzig|Olaf Kolzig]], 2.14\n [[Marty Turco]], 2.17\n [[Ed Belfour]], 2.17\n '''[[Matt Murray (ice hockey, born 1994)|Matt Murray]]''', 2.18\n '''[[Robin Lehner]]''', 2.19\n [[Tuukka Rask]], 2.22\n [[Ron Tugnutt]], 2.27\n [[Ben Bishop]], 2.27\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Saves\n{{Div col}}\n [[Patrick Roy]], 6,559\n [[Martin Brodeur]], 4,830\n '''[[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]]''', 4,410\n [[Ed Belfour]], 4,117\n [[Grant Fuhr]], 3,777\n [[Curtis Joseph]], 3,599\n [[Henrik Lundqvist]], 3,567\n [[Billy Smith (ice hockey)|Billy Smith]], 3,306\n [[Glenn Hall]], 3,285\n [[Tom Barrasso]], 3,218\n [[Mike Vernon (ice hockey)|Mike Vernon]], 3,154\n [[Andy Moog]], 3,046\n [[Dominik Hašek|Dominik Hasek]], 3,037\n [[Tuukka Rask]], 2,992\n [[Ken Dryden]], 2,953\n [[Chris Osgood]], 2,918\n '''[[Andrei Vasilevskiy]]''', 2,902\n [[Tony Esposito]], 2,867\n [[Jacques Plante]], 2,790\n [[Corey Crawford]], 2,676\n '''[[Braden Holtby]]''', 2,675\n '''[[Jonathan Quick]]''', 2,514\n '''[[Carey Price]]''', 2,489\n [[Ron Hextall]], 2,392\n [[Pekka Rinne]], 2,351\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Save percentage\n[[Save percentage]] is the percentage of [[shot on goal (ice hockey)|shots on goal]] that a goaltender stops. It is calculated by dividing the number of saves by the number of shots on goal.\n\n''Minimum 25 games played''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Tim Thomas (ice hockey, born 1974)|Tim Thomas]], .933\n [[Jonas Hiller]], .930\n '''[[Craig Anderson (ice hockey)|Craig Anderson]]''', .929\n [[Olaf Kölzig|Olaf Kolzig]], .927\n [[Patrick Lalime]], .926\n '''[[Braden Holtby]]''', .926\n [[Jean-Sébastien Giguère|Jean-Sebastien Giguere]], .925\n [[Tuukka Rask]], .925\n [[Dominik Hašek|Dominik Hasek]], .925\n '''[[Mike Smith (ice hockey, born 1982)|Mike Smith]]''', .924\n [[Ben Bishop]], .924\n '''[[Jake Allen (ice hockey)|Jake Allen]]''', .924\n [[Johnny Bower]], .924\n '''[[Andrei Vasilevskiy]]''', .923\n [[Henrik Lundqvist]], .921\n '''[[Cam Talbot]]''', .921\n [[Miikka Kiprusoff]], .921\n '''[[Matt Murray (ice hockey, born 1994)|Matt Murray]]''', .921\n '''[[Connor Hellebuyck]]''', .921\n '''[[Jonathan Quick]]''', .921\n [[Ed Belfour]], .920\n [[Ron Tugnutt]], .919\n '''[[Robin Lehner]]''', .919\n '''[[Jaroslav Halák|Jaroslav Halak]]''', .919\n '''[[Carey Price]]''', .919\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Minutes\n{{Div col}}\n [[Patrick Roy]], 15,205\n [[Martin Brodeur]], 12,717\n '''[[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]]''', 10,106\n [[Ed Belfour]], 9,943\n [[Grant Fuhr]], 8,825\n [[Mike Vernon (ice hockey)|Mike Vernon]], 8,208\n [[Curtis Joseph]], 8,105\n [[Henrik Lundqvist]], 7,936\n [[Chris Osgood]], 7,651\n [[Billy Smith (ice hockey)|Billy Smith]], 7,637\n [[Andy Moog]], 7,444\n [[Dominik Hašek|Dominik Hasek]], 7,317\n [[Tom Barrasso]], 6,952\n [[Glenn Hall]], 6,892\n [[Ken Dryden]], 6,826\n [[Jacques Plante]], 6,646\n [[Tuukka Rask]], 6,541\n [[Turk Broda]], 6,387\n [[Terry Sawchuk]], 6,289\n '''[[Andrei Vasilevskiy]]''', 6,283\n [[Corey Crawford]], 6,053\n '''[[Braden Holtby]]''', 6,013\n [[Tony Esposito]], 5,991\n '''[[Jonathan Quick]]''', 5,635\n '''[[Carey Price]]''', 5,522\n{{Div col end}}\n\nActive leaders (goaltenders)\n\nRegular season: Games played (active)\n{{Div col}}\n [[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]], 939\n [[Jonathan Quick]], 712\n [[Carey Price]], 712\n [[Craig Anderson (ice hockey)|Craig Anderson]], 683\n [[Mike Smith (ice hockey, born 1982)|Mike Smith]], 670\n [[Sergei Bobrovsky]], 592\n [[Semyon Varlamov]], 560\n [[Jaroslav Halák|Jaroslav Halak]], 556\n [[Brian Elliott]], 521\n [[Braden Holtby]], 513\n [[Frederik Andersen]], 445\n [[James Reimer]], 433\n [[Cory Schneider]], 410\n [[Jonathan Bernier]], 404\n [[Cam Talbot]], 396\n [[Martin Jones (ice hockey)|Martin Jones]], 396\n [[Connor Hellebuyck]], 381\n [[John Gibson (ice hockey, born 1993)|John Gibson]], 378\n [[Jacob Markström|Jacob Markstrom]], 378\n [[Andrei Vasilevskiy]], 365\n [[Robin Lehner]], 364\n [[Jake Allen (ice hockey)|Jake Allen]], 353\n [[Thomas Greiss]], 347\n [[Darcy Kuemper]], 299\n [[Petr Mrazek]], 295\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Wins (active)\n{{Div col}}\n [[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]], 520\n [[Carey Price]], 361\n [[Jonathan Quick]], 359\n [[Sergei Bobrovsky]], 336\n [[Craig Anderson (ice hockey)|Craig Anderson]], 308\n [[Braden Holtby]], 299\n [[Mike Smith (ice hockey, born 1982)|Mike Smith]], 299\n [[Jaroslav Halák|Jaroslav Halak]], 285\n [[Brian Elliott]], 267\n [[Semyon Varlamov]], 261\n [[Frederik Andersen]], 261\n [[Andrei Vasilevskiy]], 229\n [[Connor Hellebuyck]], 201\n [[Cam Talbot]], 201\n [[Martin Jones (ice hockey)|Martin Jones]], 198\n [[James Reimer]], 192\n [[Cory Schneider]], 171\n [[Jacob Markström|Jacob Markstrom]], 169\n [[Jake Allen (ice hockey)|Jake Allen]], 168\n [[John Gibson (ice hockey, born 1993)|John Gibson]], 166\n [[Jonathan Bernier]], 165\n [[Thomas Greiss]], 155\n [[Robin Lehner]], 152\n [[Darcy Kuemper]], 143\n [[Petr Mrazek]], 140\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Shutouts (active)\nA goaltender achieves a [[shutout]] when he does not allow a goal against him, and plays the full game.\n{{Div col}}\n [[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]], 71\n [[Jonathan Quick]], 56\n [[Jaroslav Halák|Jaroslav Halak]], 52\n [[Carey Price]], 49\n [[Mike Smith (ice hockey, born 1982)|Mike Smith]], 44\n [[Brian Elliott]], 43\n [[Craig Anderson (ice hockey)|Craig Anderson]], 42\n [[Sergei Bobrovsky]], 37\n [[Semyon Varlamov]], 36\n [[Braden Holtby]], 35\n [[Connor Hellebuyck]], 28 <br /> [[Andrei Vasilevskiy]], 28\n <li value=\"13\"> [[Cam Talbot]], 27\n [[Cory Schneider]], 26\n [[Martin Jones (ice hockey)|Martin Jones]], 25 <br /> [[James Reimer]], 25 <br /> [[Darcy Kuemper]], 25\n <li value=\"18\"> [[Petr Mrazek]], 24\n [[John Gibson (ice hockey, born 1993)|John Gibson]], 23 <br /> [[Frederik Andersen]], 23 <br /> [[Jake Allen (ice hockey)|Jake Allen]], 23\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Saves (active)\n{{Div col}}\n [[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]], 24,400\n [[Carey Price]], 19,304\n [[Craig Anderson (ice hockey)|Craig Anderson]], 19,099\n [[Mike Smith (ice hockey, born 1982)|Mike Smith]], 17,869\n [[Jonathan Quick]], 17,489\n [[Sergei Bobrovsky]], 15,911\n [[Semyon Varlamov]], 15,423\n [[Jaroslav Halák|Jaroslav Halak]], 14,390\n [[Braden Holtby]], 13,610\n [[Brian Elliott]], 12,347\n [[Frederik Andersen]], 12,094\n [[James Reimer]], 11,538\n [[Cam Talbot]], 10,677\n [[Connor Hellebuyck]], 10,658\n [[Jonathan Bernier]], 10,640\n [[Cory Schneider]], 10,568\n [[John Gibson (ice hockey, born 1993)|John Gibson]], 10,319\n [[Robin Lehner]], 10,202\n [[Andrei Vasilevskiy]], 10,147\n [[Jacob Markström|Jacob Markstrom]], 10,003\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Save percentage (active)\n[[Save percentage]] is the percentage of [[shot on goal (ice hockey)|shots on goal]] that a goaltender stops. It is calculated by dividing the number of saves by the number of shots on goal.\n\n''Minimum 250 games played''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Andrei Vasilevskiy]], .919\n [[Cory Schneider]], .918\n [[Darcy Kuemper]], .918\n [[Carey Price]], .917\n [[Robin Lehner]], .917\n [[Anton Khudobin]], .916\n [[Frederik Andersen]], .916\n [[Sergei Bobrovsky]], .916\n [[Semyon Varlamov]], .916\n [[Jaroslav Halák|Jaroslav Halak]], .916\n [[Connor Hellebuyck]], .916\n [[Cam Talbot]], .915\n [[Braden Holtby]], .915\n [[John Gibson (ice hockey, born 1993)|John Gibson]], .915\n [[Philipp Grubauer]] .914\n [[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]], .913\n [[James Reimer]], .913\n [[Jonathan Quick]], .913\n [[Jonathan Bernier]], .912\n [[Thomas Greiss]], .912\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Goals against average (active)\n[[Goals against average]] is the average number of goals a goaltender allows over a 60-minute period (the regulation length of a game). It is calculated by multiplying the ''goals against'' by 60 minutes, then dividing by the total minutes played.\n\n''Minimum 250 games played''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Jonathan Quick]], 2.42\n [[Cory Schneider]], 2.43\n [[Darcy Kuemper]], 2.48\n [[Jaroslav Halák|Jaroslav Halak]], 2.49\n [[Andrei Vasilevskiy]], 2.50\n [[Anton Khudobin]], 2.50\n [[Carey Price]], 2.51\n [[Philipp Grubauer]] 2.51\n [[Brian Elliott]], 2.53\n [[Sergei Bobrovsky]], 2.57\n [[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]], 2.57\n [[Frederik Andersen]], 2.59\n [[Braden Holtby]], 2.59\n [[Jake Allen (ice hockey)|Jake Allen]], 2.60\n [[Cam Talbot]], 2.63\n [[Petr Mrazek]], 2.64\n [[Semyon Varlamov]], 2.64\n [[John Gibson (ice hockey, born 1993)|John Gibson]], 2.67\n [[Martin Jones (ice hockey)|Martin Jones]], 2.68\n [[Connor Hellebuyck]], 2.69\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Minutes\n{{Div col}}\n [[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]], 54,392\n [[Carey Price]], 42,006\n [[Jonathan Quick]], 41,518\n [[Craig Anderson (ice hockey)|Craig Anderson]], 38,738\n [[Mike Smith (ice hockey, born 1982)|Mike Smith]], 38,260\n [[Sergei Bobrovsky]], 34,077\n [[Semyon Varlamov]], 32,098\n [[Jaroslav Halák|Jaroslav Halak]], 31,849\n [[Braden Holtby]], 29,408\n [[Brian Elliott]], 28,816\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Games played (active)\n{{Div col}}\n [[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]], 167\n [[Andrei Vasilevskiy]], 104\n [[Braden Holtby]], 97\n [[Jonathan Quick]], 92\n [[Carey Price]], 92\n [[Martin Jones (ice hockey)|Martin Jones]], 62\n [[Semyon Varlamov]], 60\n [[Frederik Andersen]], 53\n [[Matt Murray (ice hockey, born 1994)|Matt Murray]], 51\n [[Sergei Bobrovsky]], 51\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Wins (active)\n{{Div col}}\n [[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]], 92\n [[Andrei Vasilevskiy]], 63\n [[Braden Holtby]], 50\n [[Jonathan Quick]], 49\n [[Carey Price]], 45\n [[Martin Jones (ice hockey)|Martin Jones]], 32\n [[Semyon Varlamov]], 31\n [[Matt Murray (ice hockey, born 1994)|Matt Murray]], 29\n [[Frederik Andersen]], 27\n [[Craig Anderson (ice hockey)|Craig Anderson]], 24\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Shutouts (active)\nA goaltender achieves a [[shutout]] when he does not allow a goal against him, and plays the full game.\n{{Div col}}\n [[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]], 16\n [[Jonathan Quick]], 10\n [[Carey Price]], 8\n [[Andrei Vasilevskiy]], 7\n [[Braden Holtby]], 7\n [[Matt Murray (ice hockey, born 1994)|Matt Murray]], 6 <br /> [[Cam Talbot]], 6 <br /> [[Martin Jones (ice hockey)|Martin Jones]], 6 <br /> [[Mike Smith (ice hockey, born 1982)|Mike Smith]], 6 \n <li value=\"10\"> [[Petr Mrázek|Petr Mrazek]], 5\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Goals against average (active)\n[[Goals against average]] is the average number of goals a goaltender allows over a 60-minute period (the regulation length of a game). It is calculated by multiplying the ''goals against'' by 60 minutes, then dividing by the total minutes played.\n''Minimum 25 games played''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Jake Allen (ice hockey)|Jake Allen]], 2.06\n [[Braden Holtby]], 2.13\n [[Matt Murray (ice hockey, born 1994)|Matt Murray]], 2.18\n [[Robin Lehner]], 2.19\n [[Andrei Vasilevskiy]], 2.30\n [[Jonathan Quick]], 2.31\n [[Craig Anderson (ice hockey)|Craig Anderson]], 2.36\n [[Martin Jones (ice hockey)|Martin Jones]], 2.37\n [[Carey Price]], 2.39\n [[Semyon Varlamov]], 2.42\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Saves (active)\n{{Div col}}\n [[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]]''', 4,410\n [[Andrei Vasilevskiy]], 2,902\n [[Braden Holtby]], 2,675\n [[Jonathan Quick]], 2,514\n [[Carey Price]], 2,489\n [[Semyon Varlamov]], 1,625\n [[Martin Jones (ice hockey)|Martin Jones]], 1,586\n [[Frederik Andersen]], 1,489\n [[Craig Anderson (ice hockey)|Craig Anderson]], 1,487\n [[Mike Smith (ice hockey, born 1982)|Mike Smith]], 1,455 \n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Save percentage (active)\n[[Save percentage]] is the percentage of [[shot on goal (ice hockey)|shots on goal]] that a goaltender stops. It is calculated by dividing the number of saves by the number of shots on goal.\n''Minimum 25 games played''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Craig Anderson (ice hockey)|Craig Anderson]], .929\n [[Braden Holtby]], .926\n [[Mike Smith (ice hockey, born 1982)|Mike Smith]], .924\n [[Jake Allen (ice hockey)|Jake Allen]], .924\n [[Andrei Vasilevskiy]], .923\n [[Cam Talbot]], .921\n [[Matt Murray (ice hockey, born 1994)|Matt Murray]], .921\n [[Connor Hellebuyck]], .921\n [[Jonathan Quick]], .921\n [[Robin Lehner]], .919\n [[Jaroslav Halák|Jaroslav Halak]], .919\n [[Carey Price]], .919\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Minutes (active)\n{{Div col}}\n [[Marc-André Fleury|Marc-Andre Fleury]], 10,106\n [[Andrei Vasilevskiy]], 6,283\n [[Braden Holtby]], 6,013\n [[Jonathan Quick]], 5,635\n [[Carey Price]], 5,522\n [[Martin Jones (ice hockey)|Martin Jones]], 3,646\n [[Semyon Varlamov]], 3,570\n [[Frederik Andersen]], 3,226\n [[Matt Murray (ice hockey, born 1994)|Matt Murray]], 3,083\n [[Craig Anderson (ice hockey)|Craig Anderson]], 2,901\n{{Div col end}}\n\nCoaches\nThe statistics listed include the [[2021–22 NHL season|2021–22 NHL regular season]] and the [[2022 Stanley Cup playoffs|2022 playoffs]].\n\nAll-time leaders (coaches)\nActive coaches (during 2021–22 NHL season) are listed in '''boldface'''.\n\nRegular season: Games coached\n{{Div col}}\n [[Scotty Bowman]], 2,141\n [[Barry Trotz]], 1,812\n [[Joel Quenneville]], 1,768\n '''[[Paul Maurice]]''', 1,684\n '''[[Lindy Ruff]]''', 1,631\n [[Al Arbour]], 1,607\n [[Ken Hitchcock]], 1,598\n [[Dick Irvin|Dick Irvin, Sr.]], 1,448\n [[Ron Wilson (ice hockey, born 1955)|Ron Wilson]], 1,401\n [[Pat Quinn (ice hockey)|Pat Quinn]], 1,400\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Coaching wins\n{{Div col}}\n [[Scotty Bowman]], 1,244\n [[Joel Quenneville]], 969\n [[Barry Trotz]], 914\n [[Ken Hitchcock]], 849\n [[Al Arbour]], 782 <br> '''[[Lindy Ruff]]''', 782\n <li value=\"7\">'''[[Paul Maurice]]''', 775\n [[Alain Vigneault]], 722\n '''[[Peter Laviolette]]''', 717\n [[Mike Babcock]], 700\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Coaching points percentage\n[[Winning percentage#National Hockey League|Points percentage]] is determined by the number of points a team earns (equal to the number of ties and overtime losses, plus twice the number of wins) divided by the total possible points (equal to twice the number of games).\n\n''Minimum 200 games coached''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Tom Johnson (ice hockey)|Tom Johnson]], .738\n [[Scotty Bowman]], .657\n '''[[Rod Brind'Amour]]''', .653\n '''[[Jon Cooper (ice hockey)|Jon Cooper]]''', .650\n [[Claude Ruel]], .648\n '''[[Bruce Boudreau]]''', .635\n '''[[Bruce Cassidy]]''', .635\n [[Toe Blake]], .634\n [[Floyd Smith]], .626\n '''[[Mike Sullivan (ice hockey)|Mike Sullivan]]''', .615\n [[Dan Bylsma]], .615\n [[Joel Quenneville]], .612\n [[Fred Shero]], .612\n [[Mike Babcock]], .608\n '''[[Craig Berube]]''', .607\n [[Gerry Cheevers]], .604\n [[Glen Sather]], .602\n [[Don Cherry (ice hockey)|Don Cherry]], .601\n [[Dave Lewis (ice hockey)|Dave Lewis]], .600\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Games coached\n{{Div col}}\n [[Scotty Bowman]], 353\n [[Joel Quenneville]], 225\n [[Al Arbour]], 209\n [[Dick Irvin|Dick Irvin, Sr.]], 190\n [[Pat Quinn (ice hockey)|Pat Quinn]], 183\n '''[[Darryl Sutter]]''', 182\n [[Mike Keenan]], 173\n [[Ken Hitchcock]], 168\n [[Mike Babcock]], 164\n [[Barry Trotz]], 162\n [[Alain Vigneault]], 155\n '''[[Peter Laviolette]]''', 154\n [[Pat Burns]], 149\n '''[[Jon Cooper (ice hockey)|Jon Cooper]]''', 139\n [[Glen Sather]], 126\n [[Claude Julien (ice hockey)|Claude Julien]], 124\n '''[[Peter DeBoer]]''', 123\n '''[[Lindy Ruff]]''', 120\n '''[[John Tortorella]]''', 120\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Coaching wins\n{{Div col}}\n [[Scotty Bowman]], 223\n [[Al Arbour]], 123\n [[Joel Quenneville]], 121\n [[Dick Irvin]], 100\n [[Mike Keenan]], 96\n [[Pat Quinn (ice hockey)|Pat Quinn]], 94\n '''[[Darryl Sutter]]''', 94\n [[Mike Babcock]], 90\n [[Glen Sather]], 89\n '''[[Ken Hitchcock]]''', 86\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Coaching win percentage\n''Minimum 25 games coached''\n\n{{Div col}}\n [[Glen Sather]], .706\n [[Toe Blake]], .689\n [[Claude Ruel]], .667\n '''[[Jared Bednar]]''', .635\n [[Scotty Bowman]], .632\n [[Jean Perron]], .625\n [[Hap Day]], .613\n '''[[Jon Cooper (ice hockey)|Jon Cooper]]''', .604\n [[Larry Robinson]], .596\n [[Guy Boucher]], .595\n{{Div col end}}\n\nStanley Cups\n{{Div col}}\n [[Scotty Bowman]], 9\n [[Toe Blake]], 8\n [[Hap Day]], 5\n [[Al Arbour]], 4 <br /> [[Punch Imlach]], 4 <br /> [[Dick Irvin]], 4 <br /> [[Glen Sather]], 4\n<li value=\"8\"> [[Jack Adams]], 3 <br /> [[Pete Green (ice hockey)|Pete Green]], 3 <br /> [[Tommy Ivan]], 3 <br /> [[Joel Quenneville]], 3\n{{Div col end}}\n\nActive leaders (coaches)\n\nActive Leaders section updated to end of 2021–22 season\n\nRegular season: Games coached (active)\n{{Div col}}\n [[Paul Maurice]], 1,684\n [[Lindy Ruff]], 1,631\n [[Darryl Sutter]], 1,397\n [[John Tortorella]], 1,383\n [[Peter Laviolette]], 1,348\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Coaching wins (active)\n{{Div col}}\n [[Lindy Ruff]], 782\n [[Paul Maurice]], 775\n [[Peter Laviolette]], 717\n [[Darryl Sutter]], 699\n [[John Tortorella]], 673\n{{Div col end}}\n\nRegular season: Coaching points percentage (active)\n[[Winning percentage#National Hockey League|Points percentage]] is determined by the number of points a team earns (equal to the number of ties and overtime losses, plus twice the number of wins) divided by the total possible points (equal to twice the number of games).\n\n''Minimum 200 games coached''\n{{Div col}}\n [[Todd McLellan]], .657\n [[Rod Brind'Amour]], .653\n [[Jon Cooper (ice hockey)|Jon Cooper]], .650\n [[Bruce Boudreau]], .635\n [[Bruce Cassidy]], .635\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Games coached (active)\n{{Div col}}\n [[Darryl Sutter]], 182\n [[Peter Laviolette]], 154\n [[Jon Cooper (ice hockey)|Jon Cooper]], 139\n [[Peter DeBoer]], 123\n [[Lindy Ruff]], 120\n{{Div col end}}\n\nPlayoff: Coaching wins (active)\n{{Div col}}\n [[Darryl Sutter]], 94\n [[Jon Cooper (ice hockey)|Jon Cooper]], 84\n [[Peter Laviolette]], 78\n [[Peter DeBoer]], 68\n [[Lindy Ruff]], 66\n{{Div col end}}\n\nStanley Cups (active)\n{{Div col}}\n [[Jon Cooper (ice hockey)|Jon Cooper]], 2 <br /> [[Mike Sullivan (ice hockey)|Mike Sullivan]], 2 <br /> [[Darryl Sutter]], 2\n <li value=\"4\"> [[Craig Berube]], 1 <br /> [[Jared Bednar]], 1 <br /> [[Peter Laviolette]], 1 <br /> [[John Tortorella]], 1\n{{Div col end}}\n\nNotes\n{{Reflist}}\n\nExternal links\n [http://www.nhl.com/ice/careerstats.htm?navid=NAV|STS|Career Career player statistics tables] from NHL.com\n [https://www.hockey-reference.com/leaders/ Leaders and Records Index] from hockey-reference.com\n [https://www.hockey-reference.com/coaches/NHL_stats.html NHL Coach Register] from hockey-reference.com\n\n{{NHL topics}}\n\n{{DEFAULTSORT:Statistical Leaders}}\n[[Category:National Hockey League statistical records]]\n[[Category:National Hockey League lists]]", "title": "List of NHL statistical leaders" }, { "text": "In ice hockey, the captain is the player designated by a team as the only person authorized to speak with the game officials regarding rule interpretations when the captain is on the ice. At most levels of play each team must designate one captain and a number of alternate captains (usually two or three) who speak to the officials when the captain is on the bench. Captains wear a \"C\" on their sweaters, while alternate captains wear an \"A\".\n\nOfficially captains have no other responsibility or authority, although they may, depending on the league or individual team, have various informal duties, such as participation in pre-game ceremonies or other events outside the game. As with most team sports that designate captains, the captain is usually a well-respected player and a de facto team leader.\n\nResponsibilities and importance\n\nAccording to International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) and National Hockey League (NHL) rules, the only player allowed to speak with referees about rule interpretations is the captain, or, if the captain is not on the ice, an alternate captain.\n\nAlthough the rules do not specify any other distinction between the captain and his teammates, the captain has numerous responsibilities to the team, particularly in North American professional hockey. The captain is a dressing room leader, and also represents the players' concerns to management.\n\nThe captain is often considered the primary representative of the team to the public, and sometimes is responsible for organizing the team's social functions and performing ceremonial on-ice functions, such as award presentations or ceremonial faceoffs.\n\nSelection\nNHL teams need not designate the same player as captain from game to game, though most teams do. For instance, in the 1985–86, when Boston Bruins captain Terry O'Reilly retired, Ray Bourque and Rick Middleton were named as co-captains of the team. Middleton wore the \"C\" during home games and Bourque for road games during the season's first half, and the two switched for the second half. This arrangement continued until Middleton retired in 1988 and Bourque became the sole captain. Some teams name two (such as the Buffalo Sabres during the 2005–06 and 2006–07 NHL seasons) or three (such as the Vancouver Canucks during the 1990–91 season) captains for a season. Some teams rotate captains rather than keep one for an extended period of time (the Minnesota Wild rotated captaincy every one or two months until the 2009–10 season, when Mikko Koivu was named the first permanent captain since the franchise's inception). During each NHL game, however, only one player can officially be designated as captain.\n\nCaptains are usually veteran players, though on occasion younger players are chosen. The selection is often seen as an important moment for a team, and one that can affect the team's (and newly appointed captain's) performance. Captains are selected by different means: in some instances, teams have held votes among their players to choose a team captain, while on other occasions, the choice was made by team management. Captains are often chosen due to their seniority in the game and years of service with their current club. However, franchise players—current or emerging stars—have also been named captains. Though not required, many captains have previously served as alternate captains of their team. Some selections or removals of NHL captaincies have been controversial, more so than the other North American professional sports leagues. For instance, in Canada men's national ice hockey team, then-General Manager Bobby Clarke selected Eric Lindros for the 1998 Winter Olympics, considered somewhat controversial as Lindros was chosen over longer-tenured NHL captains such as Steve Yzerman, Ray Bourque and Wayne Gretzky, Clarke was also general manager of the Philadelphia Flyers whom Lindros played for professionally. In 2000, when the relationship between Clarke and Lindros deteriorated during contentious contract negotiations and the team's handling of Lindros' injuries, the team captaincy was issued to Eric Desjardins. Tampa Bay Lightning head coach John Tortorella stripped the captaincy from Vincent Lecavalier for failing to meet on-ice performance expectations. In 1980, Darryl Sittler angrily resigned the captaincy by cutting off the \"C\" from his Toronto Maple Leafs jersey with scissors, in protest of Harold Ballard's trade of his best friend Lanny McDonald, Ballard likened Sittler's actions to flag burning.\n\nThe rules of the IIHF, NHL and Hockey Canada do not permit goaltenders to be designated as on-ice captains, due to the logistical challenge of having the goaltender relay rules discussions between referees and coaches and then return to the crease. The NHL introduced a rule prohibiting the goaltender from being a captain following the 1947–48 season (see § Goaltender captains below). In the NCAA, there is no position-based restriction on the team captain.\n\nAlternate captains\n\nTeams may designate alternate captains often erroneously called \"assistant captains\". Alternate captains wear the letter \"A\" on their jerseys in the same manner that team captains wear the \"C\".\n\nIn the NHL, teams may appoint a captain and up to two alternate captains, or they may appoint three alternate captains and thus no captain. A team commonly has three alternate captains when the team has not selected a captain, or when the serving captain is injured and misses a game. In the National Hockey League, it is common for a team to have three alternate captains if no one is assigned captain, the current captain is absent, or a goaltender is named as the captain. International and USA amateur rules do not allow this; they stipulate that \"each team must appoint a captain and not more than two alternate captains\" In the Ontario Hockey League (OHL), Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL), Western Hockey League (WHL) and minor leagues under the jurisdiction of Hockey Canada, teams are allowed to have a captain with up to three alternate captains.\nIf the team chooses to not appoint a captain, they are not permitted to appoint a fourth alternate captain. When the captain is off the ice or unavailable for the game, any alternate captain on the ice is responsible for fulfilling the captain's official role as liaison to the referees.\n\nNHL teams may choose alternate captains from game to game or appoint regular alternate captains for the season. In North America, alternate captains perform many of the same leadership and team building roles as the captain. In the 1969–70 season, the Boston Bruins had three alternate captains (Johnny Bucyk, Phil Esposito and Ed Westfall) instead of a captain sporting the \"C\". However, as Bucyk was the most senior of the alternate captains, he was first one to be presented the Stanley Cup when the team won the championship in 1970 and 1972.\n\nIn the NCAA, a team can designate a single alternate captain to assume the role of captain, should the captain be unavailable due to injury or penalty.\n\nDesignation on uniform\n\nThe letter \"C\" or \"A\" is attached to the jersey of the team's captain and alternate captains (commonly sewn at higher levels of play, though removable insignia exist so the \"C\" or \"A\" designation can be easily changed). The designation is traditionally placed on the left side of the sweater, though the IIHF, NHL and NCAA rules specify only that it must be in a \"conspicuous location on the front\" of the player's sweater. Four teams in the NHL have sweaters where the positioning of the crest on the front leaves insufficient space on the left for the letter: the Detroit Red Wings, who place the letter on the right side of the home and road jerseys since the 2007–08 season, while the Arizona Coyotes, Carolina Hurricanes, and New Jersey Devils all have alternate jerseys where the captain's patch is on the right.\n\nIn the World Hockey Association's final season of 1978-79, Paul Shmyr, the captain of the Edmonton Oilers, wore a \"K\" (for kapitan) on his sweater instead of a \"C\", as a salute to both his personal, and the city of Edmonton's, Ukrainian heritage.\n\nNHL captains\n\nRecords\nSteve Yzerman served as the captain of the Detroit Red Wings for 20 years/19 seasons (1986–87 to 2005–06) and 1,303 games during that time, the longest term in the history of the NHL by both years and games. The Boston Bruins' Ray Bourque was previously the longest-tenured captain in NHL history from 1985–86 to 1999–00, being co-captain for the first three seasons. Daniel Alfredsson holds the record as the longest-serving European captain serving for 14 years/13 seasons (1999–00 to 2012–13) as captain of the Ottawa Senators. Alfredsson's record was tied by Zdeno Chara, who served as the captain of the Boston Bruins also for 14 seasons between 2006-07 and 2019-20. Brian Bellows was the youngest captain in NHL history, serving as the interim captain of the Minnesota North Stars from January to May 1984, during Craig Hartsburg's absence from the lineup, due to injury. The youngest permanent NHL captain in history is Connor McDavid, announced as captain by the Edmonton Oilers on October 5, 2016, at the age of 19 years and 266 days.\n\n Player is still active as captain of their team.\n\nTable Notes:\n\n† An exact date for Brian Bellows' interim captaincy has not yet been determined. The North Stars captain, Craig Hartsburg, was injured on January 3, 1984, and Bellows became interim captain shortly thereafter in January 1984.\n\n** Stan Smyl resigned as Canucks captain at the end of the 1989-90 season. Trevor Linden, Dan Quinn, and Doug Lidster were named \"Tri-Captain\" for the 1990-91 season. Dan Quinn would be traded to the St. Louis Blues at the 1991 trade deadline. Trevor Linden would retain captaincy and became permanent captain for the start of the 1991-92 season. Exact dates for announcements and first game wearing the \"C\" in \"Tri-Captaincy\" rotation could not be determined. Date listed is Linden's first game of the 1991-92 regular season as permanent captain.\n\nStanley Cup Finals\nJean Beliveau is the only one to have captained his team to win five Stanley Cup Championships, doing so with the Montreal Canadiens between 1961 and 1971. The following captains all won four, three of them in consecutive years: Maurice Richard (1957-58-59-60) with the Canadiens, George Armstrong with the Toronto Maple Leafs, Yvan Cournoyer (1976-77-78-79) with the Canadiens, Denis Potvin (1980-81-82-83) with the New York Islanders and Wayne Gretzky with the Edmonton Oilers. Charlie Gardiner was the first NHL captain born in Europe to lead his team to a Stanley Cup title (1934). Derian Hatcher became the first American-born captain to win the Stanley Cup in 1999. Daniel Alfredsson was the first European-born and trained captain to lead an NHL team to the Stanley Cup Final (2007), while Nicklas Lidstrom was the first captain born and trained in Europe to lead an NHL team to a Stanley Cup title (2008). Mark Messier was the first NHL player to win the Stanley Cup as captain of two different teams: the Edmonton Oilers in 1990 and the New York Rangers in 1994. Sidney Crosby became the youngest captain in the NHL to win the Stanley Cup in 2009 at 21 years 10 months. The youngest captain to lead his team to the Stanley Cup in the history of the trophy is Mike Grant of the 1895 Montreal Victorias, who was 21 years and 2 months at the time.\n\nMinority captains\nDirk Graham became the first NHL captain of African descent when he was named captain of the Chicago Blackhawks in March 1989. Jarome Iginla, who became captain of the Calgary Flames in 2003, has been cited by ESPN as the first black captain in NHL history.\nKyle Okposo was named the captain of the Buffalo Sabres for the 2022-2023 season.\n\nGoaltender captains\nIn NHL history, there have been six goaltenders who served as official team captains:\n\n John Ross Roach (Toronto St. Patricks): 1924–25 season\n George Hainsworth (Montreal Canadiens): 1932–33 season\n Roy Worters (New York Americans): 1932–33 season\n Alex Connell (Ottawa Senators): 1932–33 season\n Charlie Gardiner (Chicago Black Hawks): 1933–34 season\n Bill Durnan (Montreal Canadiens): latter half of 1947–48 season\n\nThe Hockey Hall of Fame displays a picture of Toronto Maple Leafs goaltender Turk Broda wearing the captain's \"C,\" but he never actually served in that capacity, and he was actually wearing Toronto team Captain Syl Apps' sweater.\n\nPrior to the 1948–49 season, the NHL made a change to the rules, prohibiting goaltenders from being captains or alternate captains. This was in response to complaints from opponents of the Montreal Canadiens, who complained that Durnan left his crease to argue with the referee at strategic points during games, resulting in unscheduled timeouts. This rule is sometimes referred to as the \"Durnan Rule.\"\n\nAlthough the Canucks appointed goaltender Roberto Luongo as team captain for the 2008–09 and 2009–10 seasons, since he could not be his team's official captain during games, Willie Mitchell was the on-ice captain, serving as liaison to the officials, and Henrik Sedin and Mattias Ohlund performed ceremonial aspects of the position such as pre-game faceoffs.\n\nJapanese goaltender Yutaka Fukufuji is currently designated an alternate captain of an Asia League Ice Hockey team, the Nikkō Ice Bucks.\n\nSee also\nCaptain (sports)\nList of current NHL captains and alternate captains\nList of current AHL captains\nList of current SHL captains and alternate captains\nList of Team Canada captains\n\nReferences\n \n\nNotes\n\nCategory:Ice hockey people\nCategory:Ice hockey terminology\nCategory:Leadership positions in sports\n \nCategory:Sports captains", "title": "Captain (ice hockey)" }, { "text": "The List of National Hockey League (NHL) players with 1,000 points is a list of the individual players who have scored at least 1,000 regular season points during their career in the NHL. A point in the NHL is awarded to a player for scoring a goal or to the player(s) that assists a player to score the goal; a maximum of two assists can be awarded per goal.\n\nAs of the season — the 104th regular season of play of the NHL — 97 different ice hockey players have scored at least 1,000 regular season points in their NHL career.\n\nA 1,000-point career was first achieved in the 44th year of the NHL (), when Gordie Howe scored his 1,000th point in his 938th game. The first (of only eight) defenceman to reach 1,000 points was Denis Potvin, playing in his 987th game during the 70th year of the NHL ().\n\nThe most recent player to reach 1,000 points was Joe Pavelski, on April 10, 2023.\n\nSeason achievements\nThe 1997–98 NHL season saw the largest number of players (six) achieve their 1,000th point. A total of five players scored their 1,000th point in the season.\n\nBeginning with Gordie Howe's achievement in , and ignoring the cancelled (lockout) season of , there have been 16 seasons in which no player happened to score their 1,000th career point. Of these 16, there were six seasons between Gordie Howe and the second player, Jean Beliveau, to make it to the 1,000-point mark.\n\nPlayer achievements\nThe fewest NHL games required to reach the mark was 424, set by Wayne Gretzky. Second quickest was Mario Lemieux, achieving the mark in his 513th game. In a sense, Gretzky was the fastest and the second fastest, as he scored his second 1,000 points (the NHL's only player ever to score 2,000 points in regular-season play) only 433 games after scoring his first 1,000 points. Of the eight defenseman to score 1,000 points, the fewest NHL games required was 770, set by Paul Coffey.\n\nThe slowest player to achieve 1,000 points was Patrick Marleau with 1,349 games followed by Nicklas Lidstrom with 1,336.\n\nOf the 95 players to score at least 1,000 points in their career, 56 reached the mark in fewer than 1,000 career games played.\n\nDave Andreychuk came closest to the statistical coincidence of scoring 1,000 points in exactly 1,000 games, scoring his 1,000th point in the 998th game he played.\n\nOf those on the list, Brian Propp came closest to 'not' achieving 1,000 points — reaching the mark with only eight games remaining in his final NHL season. Lanny McDonald scored his 1,000th point with only ten games remaining in his final season.\n\nThirteen players could have made the list on assists alone. Wayne Gretzky, Ron Francis, Mark Messier, Ray Bourque, Paul Coffey, Adam Oates, Steve Yzerman, Jaromir Jagr, Gordie Howe, Marcel Dionne, Mario Lemieux, Joe Sakic and Joe Thornton have had at least 1,000 regular season assists in their NHL careers.\n\nTeam achievements\nA total of 24 different NHL franchises have had a player score their 1,000th point while playing for the franchise. Including three franchises that have changed cities, there have been 27 different teams that have celebrated a player's 1,000th point.\n\nSeven players scored their 1,000th point while playing for the Detroit Red Wings and Pittsburgh Penguins, and six have done so with the New York Rangers, Toronto Maple Leafs, Chicago Blackhawks and the Boston Bruins.\n\nOnly three times have multiple players reached 1,000 points on the same team in the same season. The Washington Capitals had three teammates score their career 1,000th point during the season—Adam Oates, Phil Housley and Dale Hunter. The Toronto Maple Leafs had two teammates, Doug Gilmour and Larry Murphy, achieve the mark during the season. The Ottawa Senators had two teammates, Daniel Alfredsson and Alexei Kovalev, reach the mark during the season.\n\n1,000-point scorers\n\nLegend\nTeam – Team for which the player scored 1,000th point\nHHOF – Year of membership into the Hockey Hall of Fame (Note: after retirement there is a three year minimum waiting period)\nGame No. – Number of career games played when 1,000th point was scored\nDate – Date of 1,000th point\nGP – Career games played\nG – Career goals\nA – Career assists\nPts – Career points\n(D) – Defenceman\n\n(Table updated as of the end of the 2022–23 season)\n\n † This was Gretzky's 857th game overall, but only his 433rd game after achieving his first 1,000 points.\n\nActive players within 100 points\n\nThe following players are within 100 points of reaching 1,000 career points, as of the end of the 2022–23 season.\n\nRetired players within 100 points\nThese are players who are now retired that came within 100 points of reaching 1,000 for their career. They are listed with the NHL team for which they played the most games.\n\nReferences\n\n2005 NHL Official Guide & Record Book \n\nCategory:National Hockey League statistical records\nCategory:Lists of National Hockey League players", "title": "List of NHL players with 1,000 points" }, { "text": "For ice hockey players in the National Hockey League (NHL), scoring 500 regular season goals is considered a highly significant achievement.\n\nAs of the completion of the 2021–22 NHL season — the 104th regular season of play of the National Hockey League — a total of 46 players have scored at least 500 regular season goals in their NHL career.\n\nA 500-goal career was first achieved in , the 41st season of the NHL, when Maurice Richard scored his 500th goal in his 863rd game played. The most recent player, the 47th, to score 500 goals is Steven Stamkos who did so on January 18, 2023.\n\nSeason achievements\n\nThe 2006–07 NHL season saw the largest number of players (five) achieve their 500th goal (Teemu Selanne, Mike Modano, Mark Recchi, Mats Sundin, and Peter Bondra). A total of four players scored their 500th goal in (Mario Lemieux, Steve Yzerman, Mark Messier, and Dale Hawerchuk).\n\nStarting with Maurice Richard's achievement in the 1957–58 NHL season, the greatest stretch between 500 goal scorers was the eight seasons between Gordie Howe in and Bobby Hull in .\n\nPlayer achievements\nThe 47 players to score 500 goals consist of 34 Canadians, five Americans (Brett Hull, Joe Mullen, Mike Modano, Jeremy Roenick, and Keith Tkachuk), three Slovaks (Stan Mikita, Peter Bondra and Marian Hossa), two Finns (Jari Kurri and Teemu Selanne), one Czech (Jaromir Jagr), one Swede (Mats Sundin), and one Russian (Alexander Ovechkin). Stan Mikita was the first player not born in Canada to score 500 goals (he was born in the Slovak Republic, but represented Canada internationally); Jari Kurri was the first 500-goal scorer who never played for the Canadian national team.\n\nThe fewest NHL games required to reach the mark is 575, set by Wayne Gretzky. Second-quickest is Mario Lemieux, achieving the mark in his 605th game. With Mike Bossy (647) and Brett Hull (693) following, only these four players needed fewer than 800 games to score their first 500 goals.\n\nOf the 47 players to score at least 500 goals in their career, 19 reached the mark in fewer than 1000 career games played.\n\nOf those on the list, Lanny McDonald came closest to not achieving 500 goals; he reached the mark with only four games left in his final NHL season. Similarly, Joe Mullen scored his 500th goal with only ten games left in his final season. Glenn Anderson was the closest player to never reach the mark, retiring in 1996 with 498 career NHL goals.\n\nFour players have scored their 500th goal on an empty net: Mike Bossy, Wayne Gretzky, Jari Kurri and Keith Tkachuk.\n\nMaurice Richard and Peter Bondra are the only players with over 500 goals but fewer than 1000 points.\n\nPatrick Roy is the only goaltender to concede more than one opponent's 500th career goal: Steve Yzerman in 1996, Joe Mullen in 1997 and Brendan Shanahan in 2002. A contributing factor for this statistical coincidence is Roy playing the second-most games ever by a goaltender, at 1,029.\n\nIn 2006, on Hockey Night in Canada, Mats Sundin scored his 500th goal short handed, in overtime, to finish off a hat trick and to win the game for the Toronto Maple Leafs.\n\nTeam achievements\n\nA total of 20 franchises have had a player score their 500th goal while playing for the franchise. Both the Detroit Red Wings and Chicago Blackhawks have had five players score their 500th goal while playing for the team.\n\nTo date, no team has had multiple players reaching 500 goals on the same team in the same season. The 2001–02 Detroit Red Wings were the first team to have three 500+ goal scorers on the roster (Steve Yzerman, Brett Hull and Luc Robitaille), and would finish the season with four players in the club after Brendan Shanahan scored his 500th.\n\n500-goal scorers\n\nList of members updated as of April 13, 2023. Goals and games played of active players may not be current.\nLegend\nRank - Ranking on all-time goals list\nGoals – Career regular season goals\nWith team – Team for which the player scored their 500th goal\nGame no. – Number of career regular season games played when 500th goal was scored\nGP – Career regular season games played\nHHOF – Year of induction into the Hockey Hall of Fame or eligibility\n\nFewest games to reach 500 goals\n\nReferences \n Footnotes\n\n Citations\n\n General\n \n \n\nCategory:National Hockey League statistical records\nCategory:Lists of National Hockey League players", "title": "List of NHL players with 500 goals" }, { "text": "The National Hockey League (NHL) is a major professional ice hockey league which operates in Canada and the United States. Since its inception in , 357 players have played at least 1,000 regular season games, varying in amounts between Patrick Marleau's 1,779 and counting to Bernie Federko's 1,000. Of these players, a number have been inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. From 1961 until being surpassed by Marleau on April 19, 2021, the record for most games played was held by Gordie Howe, who played 1,767 games. A player who reaches the milestone is awarded a silver stick.\n\nForty-six of the listed players have played for only one franchise (of which 14 are still playing in the current ). Five of those players played exclusively for the Detroit Red Wings and four played for the Montreal Canadiens, those teams having the most such players. The record for most teams played for by a player who has competed in over 1,000 games is held by Mike Sillinger, who played for 12 teams in his career; Sillinger played his 1,000th game with his 12th and final NHL team, the New York Islanders. Patrick Roy, Martin Brodeur and Roberto Luongo are the only goaltenders with at least 1,000 games played. The first 1,000 game goaltender was Roy, marked in the 2002–03 season while Brodeur has a goaltender-leading 1,266 games.\n\nOnly 21 players have played in over 1,500 games; of those, 14 have been inducted into the Hall of Fame and three more are not yet eligible for induction. Three of those 21 (Nicklas Lidstrom, Alex Delvecchio and Steve Yzerman) played their entire careers with Detroit; Shane Doan, of the Winnipeg/Phoenix/Arizona franchise, is the only player to play over 1,500 games with a single franchise other than Detroit. In addition, eight of the 18 spent at least some portion of their career with the Red Wings, also more than any other team. Lidstrom's 1,564 games is the most for any player in a career spent with only one franchise. The record for most teams played for by a player who has competed in over 1,500 games is held by Jaromir Jagr, who has played for nine teams in his career. Jagr played his 1,500th game with New Jersey, his seventh NHL team.\n\nDue to the much greater number of teams, the greater salaries paid to today's players, and the greater number of games played in a season, the list is dominated by post-expansion players. No NHL player surpassed 1,000 games before Gordie Howe on November 26, 1961, against the Chicago Black Hawks. Only 17 players in the top 100 started their careers before the expansion era, and only two players—Red Kelly and Bill Gadsby—played in more than 1,000 games and finished their careers before the expansion era.\n\nKey\nThis list is updated at the end of the season, except for the list of a player's teams, and if the all-time record is broken.\n\nNote: There have been two different NHL franchises carrying the Winnipeg Jets name: one that played from 1979–96 and that is now the Arizona Coyotes, and one from 2011 onward, formerly the Atlanta Thrashers. Players with the first franchise are marked as having played with Winnipeg (original).\n\n1,500 or more games played\n\n1,250–1,499 games played\n\n1,100–1,249 games played\n\n1,050–1,099 games played\n\n1,000–1,049 games played\n\n1,000th game played during the 2022–23 NHL season\n\nPlayers with 1,000 games played by franchise\n\nThe following is an index of players who have played at least 1,000 games with a single NHL franchise, as of the conclusion of the 2022–23 NHL season.\n\nAnaheim Ducks\n\nThe Ducks' active leader in games played is Cam Fowler, who has played 893 games with the team.\n\nArizona Coyotes\n\nThe Coyotes' active leader in games played is Clayton Keller, who has played 442 games with the team.\n\nBoston Bruins\n\nBuffalo Sabres\n\nThe Sabres' active leader in games played is Zemgus Girgensons, who has played 624 games with the team.\n\nCalgary Flames\n\nThe Flames' active leader in games played is Mikael Backlund, who has played 908 games with the team.\n\nCarolina Hurricanes\n\nThe Hurricanes' active leader in games played is Jordan Staal, who has played 742 games with the team.\n\nChicago Blackhawks\n\nColorado Avalanche\n\nThe Avalanche's active leader in games played is Gabriel Landeskog, who has played 738 games with the team.\n\nColumbus Blue Jackets\nNo player has played 1,000 games with the franchise. The Blue Jackets' all-time leader in games played is Rick Nash, who played 674 games with the team. The Blue Jackets' active leader in games played is Boone Jenner, who has played 657 games with the team.\n\nDallas Stars\n\nDetroit Red Wings\n\nThe Red Wings' active leader in games played is Dylan Larkin, who has played 584 games with the team.\n\nEdmonton Oilers\n\nThe Oilers' active leader in games played is Ryan Nugent-Hopkins, who has played 801 games with the team.\n\nFlorida Panthers\nNo player has played 1,000 games with the franchise. The Panthers' all-time leader in games played is Jonathan Huberdeau, who played 671 games with the team. The Panthers' active leader in games played is Aleksander Barkov, who has played 664 games with the team.\n\nLos Angeles Kings\n\nMinnesota Wild\n\nThe Wild's active leader in games played is Jared Spurgeon, who has played 851 games with the team.\n\nMontreal Canadiens\n\nThe Canadiens' active leader in games played is Brendan Gallagher, who has played 675 games with the team.\n\nNashville Predators\nNo player has played 1,000 games with the franchise. The Predators' all-time leader in games played is David Legwand, who played 956 games with the team. The Predators' active leader in games played is Roman Josi, who has played 827 games with the team.\n\nNew Jersey Devils\n\nThe Devils' active leader in games played is Damon Severson, who has played 647 games with the team.\n\nNew York Islanders\n\nNew York Rangers\n\nThe Rangers' active leader in games played is Chris Kreider, who has played 733 games with the team.\n\nOttawa Senators\n\nThe Senators' active leader in games played is Thomas Chabot, who has played 381 games with the team.\n\nPhiladelphia Flyers\n\nThe Flyers' active leader in games played is Sean Couturier, who has played 721 games with the team.\n\nPittsburgh Penguins\n\nSan Jose Sharks\n\nSeattle Kraken\nAdded to the NHL for the , the Kraken have not yet existed for 1,000 games. The Kraken's active and all-time leader in games played is Adam Larsson, who has played 164 games with the team.\n\nSt. Louis Blues\nNo player has played 1,000 games with the franchise. The Blues' current leader in games played is Bernie Federko, who played 927 games with the team. The Blues' active leader in games played is Colton Parayko, who has played 577 games with the team.\n\nTampa Bay Lightning\n\nToronto Maple Leafs\n\nThe Maple Leafs' active leader in games played is Morgan Rielly, who has played 719 games with the team.\n\nVancouver Canucks\n\nThe Canucks' active leader in games played is Brock Boeser, who has played 398 games with the team.\n\nVegas Golden Knights\nAdded to the NHL for the , the Golden Knights have not yet existed for 1,000 games.\nThe Golden Knights' active and all-time leaders in games played are William Karlsson and Jonathan Marchessault, who have played 432 games with the team.\n\nWashington Capitals\n\nWinnipeg Jets\nNo player has played 1,000 games with the franchise. The Jets' all-time and active leader in games played is Blake Wheeler, who has played 897 games with the team. The franchise was originally known as the Atlanta Thrashers from 1999 to 2011.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nCareer games played leaders at Hockey-Reference\n\nCategory:National Hockey League statistical records\nCategory:Lists of National Hockey League players", "title": "List of NHL players with 1,000 games played" }, { "text": "The following is a list of retired National Hockey League (NHL) players who played their entire NHL career—in at least ten seasons—exclusively for one team. As of the end of the 2020–21 season, 120 players have accomplished this feat, of which the Montreal Canadiens have had the most, with 19. Of players who have spent their career with one franchise, Alex Delvecchio of the Detroit Red Wings holds the record of the greatest number of seasons, with 24. Delvecchio beat out former Detroit Red Wings teammate Gordie Howe for the record in the 1979-80 season when Howe’s World Hockey Association team, the Hartford Whalers, became an NHL team, thus disqualifying Howe from this list, which indefinitely made Delvecchio the all time leader. Howe broke the old record in the 1966-67 NHL Season by beating out Dit Clapper of whom spent 20 seasons with the Boston Bruins. Howe went on to holding the previous record (before Delvecchio) for 13 seasons, extending the old record to 25 seasons until the events mentioned above.\n\nList\nKey\n\nCounts by franchise\n\nPotential future candidates\n\nThe following active players have played at least ten seasons exclusively for one team to date. Table updated .\n\nSee also\n List of one-club men in association football\n List of one-club men in rugby league\n List of Major League Baseball players who spent their entire career with one franchise\n List of NBA players who have spent their entire career with one franchise\n List of National Football League players who spent their entire career with one franchise\n\nReferences\n\n1 franchise\nHockey, NHL", "title": "List of NHL players who spent their entire career with one franchise" } ]

[ "Yes, Yzerman was named captain of the Red Wings in 1986.", "He played for the Detroit Red Wings.", "The context does not provide information on Yzerman playing for a team other than the Detroit Red Wings.", "He is playing ice hockey.", "Yes, there are several interesting things about Yzerman's career. For instance, he became the youngest captain in the Detroit Red Wings' history in 1986. He led the Red Wings to their first division title in 23 years and his performance in the 1988-89 season was particularly impressive. Despite a difficult relationship with coach Scotty Bowman, Yzerman improved his defensive skills and went on to become considered one of the best two-way forwards in the history of the game. He led Detroit to its first Stanley Cup finals in 1995, and despite not winning, he scored a memorable goal in the 1996 playoffs. He achieved this despite facing rumors of a possible trade and dealing with leadership challenges.", "Yzerman won the Lester B. Pearson Award, which is given to the MVP as voted by the National Hockey League Players' Association.", "Apart from winning the Lester B. Pearson Award, Yzerman led the Red Wings to their first division title in 23 years. He also scored an unforgettable goal in the 1996 playoffs to win the Western Conference Semifinals in double overtime of Game 7. Moreover, he led Detroit to its first Stanley Cup finals since 1966. However, the Red Wings did not win the Stanley Cup in that year.", "The context does not provide information on specific teammates Yzerman played with on the Detroit Red Wings.", "The context mentions Jacques Demers, who was the head coach when Yzerman was named captain. However, it doesn't provide names for any of the players Yzerman played with on the Detroit Red Wings.", "Yzerman had at least two coaches during his career with the Detroit Red Wings: Jacques Demers, who named him as captain in 1986, and Scotty Bowman, who took over as coach in 1993." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "No", "No", "No" ]

[ "C_24082c3eea994ffcada7ed5c8a11004c_1_q#0", "C_24082c3eea994ffcada7ed5c8a11004c_1_q#1", "C_24082c3eea994ffcada7ed5c8a11004c_1_q#2", "C_24082c3eea994ffcada7ed5c8a11004c_1_q#3", "C_24082c3eea994ffcada7ed5c8a11004c_1_q#4", "C_24082c3eea994ffcada7ed5c8a11004c_1_q#5", "C_24082c3eea994ffcada7ed5c8a11004c_1_q#6" ]

[ "Is Formation to Coughing Up a Storm the name of an album?", "Was it popular?", "Where did they go on their national tour?", "Did aything happen on this national tour?", "What are some important aspects of the tour?", "What are some important points to know?", "Wow, what did people have to say about this song" ]

[ 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1 ]

[ 1, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 2167 ], [ 2526 ], [ 2724 ], [ 2735 ], [ 2735 ], [ 1864 ], [ 2735 ] ], "texts": [ [ "their first studio album, Coughing Up a Storm," ], [ "In mid-1995, the group supported NOFX on their national tour." ], [ "in the US." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "they released a single, \"Sorry About the Ruse\", on their own label, How Much Did I Fucking Pay For This Records?" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 2167, 2526, 2724, 2735, 2735, 1864, 2735 ], "texts": [ "their first studio album, Coughing Up a Storm,", "In mid-1995, the group supported NOFX on their national tour.", "in the US.", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER", "they released a single, \"Sorry About the Ruse\", on their own label, How Much Did I Fucking Pay For This Records?", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[ { "text": "Specific may refer to:\n\n Specificity (disambiguation)\n Specific, a cure or therapy for a specific illness\n\nLaw \n Specific deterrence, focussed on an individual\n Specific finding, intermediate verdict used by a jury in determining the final verdict\n Specific jurisdiction over an out-of-state party, specific to cases that have a substantial connection to the party's in-state activity\n Order of specific performance, court order to perform a specific act\n\nEconomics, finance, and accounting\n Asset specificity, the extent to which the investments made to support a particular transaction have a higher value to that transaction than they would have if they were redeployed for any other purpose\n Specific identification (inventories), summing purchase costs of all inventory items\n Specific rate duty, duty paid at a specific amount per unit\n Specific risk, risk that affects a very small number of assets\n\nPsychology \n Domain specificity, theory that many aspects of cognition are supported by specialized, presumably evolutionarily specified, learning devices\n Specific developmental disorder, disorders in which development is delayed in one specific area or areas, and in which basically all other areas of development are not affected\n Specific learning disability\n Specific phobia, phobia of a specific thing or situation\n Specific social phobia, triggered only by specific social situations\n\nBiology \n pertaining to a species\n Specific name (botany), species name of a plant\n Specific name (zoology), species name of an animal\n Specific appetite, drive to eat foods with specific flavors or other characteristics\n Specific granule, secretory vesicle in granulocytes\n Specific immunity, to a particular pathogen\n Specific Pathogen Free, of a laboratory animal guaranteed free of particular (i.e., specific and named) pathogens\n\nOther fields \n A specific quantity generally means a physical quantity normalized \"per unit\" of something (often mass).\n SPECIFIC, The Sustainable Product Engineering Centre for Innovative Functional Industrial Coatings\n Specific creation, creationism as opposed to evolution\n Specific interval, shortest possible clockwise distance between pitch classes on the chromatic circle\n Specific integral, in calculus, eliminates the constant of integration\n Specific Physical Preparedness, being prepared for the movements in a specific physical activity (usually a sport)\n\nSee also \n Species (disambiguation)\n Specification (disambiguation)\n Specialty (disambiguation)\n Site-specific (disambiguation)\n Language for specific purposes, has been primarily used to refer to two areas within applied linguistics", "title": "Specific" } ]

[ "No, \"Formation to Coughing Up a Storm\" is not mentioned as the name of an album in the context provided.", "The text does not provide information on the popularity of \"Formation to Coughing Up a Storm\".", "The text does not provide specific information on where Frenzal Rhomb went on their national tour.", "During the national tour, Frenzal Rhomb supported the band NOFX. Fat Mike, a member of NOFX also owned Fat Wreck Chords and subsequently signed Frenzal Rhomb to his label.", "An important aspect of the tour mentioned in the text is that during the national tour, Frenzal Rhomb supported the band NOFX. Another significant event on the tour was that Frenzal Rhomb was signed to Fat Wreck Chords, a label owned by Fat Mike who is a member of NOFX.", "Some important points about Frenzal Rhomb based on the text are:\n\n1. The band was formed in 1992 by Alexis 'Lex' Feltham and Jason Whalley.\n2. Jason Whalley was a philosophy student at the Sydney University when the band was formed.\n3. The band's name is a reference to a band member's pet rat and the Fresnel Rhomb device by Augustin-Jean Fresnel.\n4. By 1993, the group's lineup included Feltham, Whalley, Ben Costello, and Karl Perske.\n5. They issued a seven-track EP, \"Dick Sandwich\" in March 1994.\n6. The EP's cover and associated imagery caused the band to be banned from several venues.\n7. Radio station Triple J criticized the band's immature imagery and sound.\n8. Their first studio album \"Coughing Up a Storm\" was released in March 1995.\n9. Perske was replaced by Nat Nykyruj on drums before the album's release.\n10. The band was signed to Fat Wreck Chords after supporting NOFX on their national tour.", "The text does not provide specific information about the reactions or comments people had regarding a particular song by Frenzal Rhomb." ]

[ "No", "No", "no", "No", "No", "No", "Yes" ]

[ "C_c00d8331d29b434b808c293852762a03_1_q#0", "C_c00d8331d29b434b808c293852762a03_1_q#1", "C_c00d8331d29b434b808c293852762a03_1_q#2", "C_c00d8331d29b434b808c293852762a03_1_q#3", "C_c00d8331d29b434b808c293852762a03_1_q#4", "C_c00d8331d29b434b808c293852762a03_1_q#5", "C_c00d8331d29b434b808c293852762a03_1_q#6", "C_c00d8331d29b434b808c293852762a03_1_q#7" ]

[ "When was Chuck was born?", "Who are his parents?", "Does he have any siblings?", "Where did they grew up?", "On what school he went to?", "Is Chuck ever been married?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Did he make any songs?" ]

[ 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 1, 0, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 65 ], [ 235 ], [ 196 ], [ 2206 ], [ 2206 ], [ 1100 ], [ 2206 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Schuldiner was born on May 13, 1967," ], [ "a Jewish father of Austrian descent and a mother from the American South, a convert to Judaism. Both of his parents were teachers." ], [ "Schuldiner was the youngest of three children: he had an older brother named Frank and an older sister named Bethann." ], [ "In 1968, his family moved to Florida." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Schuldiner was originally inspired by Metallica, Iron Maiden, Kiss and classical jazz," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 65, 235, 196, 2206, 2206, 1100, 2206 ], "texts": [ "Schuldiner was born on May 13, 1967,", "a Jewish father of Austrian descent and a mother from the American South, a convert to Judaism. Both of his parents were teachers.", "Schuldiner was the youngest of three children: he had an older brother named Frank and an older sister named Bethann.", "In 1968, his family moved to Florida.", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER", "Schuldiner was originally inspired by Metallica, Iron Maiden, Kiss and classical jazz,", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[ { "text": "When describing popular music artists, honorific nicknames are used, most often in the media or by fans, to indicate the significance of an artist, and are often religious, familial, or most frequently royal and aristocratic titles, used metaphorically. Honorific nicknames were used in classical music in Europe even in the early 19th century, with figures such as Mozart being called \"The father of modern music\" and Bach \"The father of modern piano music\". They were also particularly prominent in African-American culture in the post-Civil War era, perhaps as a means of conferring status that had been negated by slavery, and as a result entered early jazz and blues music, including figures such as Duke Ellington and Count Basie.\n\nIn U.S. culture, despite its republican constitution and ideology, royalist honorific nicknames have been used to describe leading figures in various areas of activity, such as industry, commerce, sports, and the media; father or mother have been used for innovators, and royal titles such as king and queen for dominant figures in a field. In the 1930s and 1940s, as jazz and swing music were gaining popularity, it was the more commercially successful white artists Paul Whiteman and Benny Goodman who became known as \"the King of Jazz\" and \"the King of Swing\" respectively, despite there being more highly regarded contemporary African-American artists.\n\nThese patterns of naming were transferred to rock and roll when it emerged in the 1950s. There was a series of attempts to find—and a number of claimants to be—the \"King of Rock 'n' Roll\", a title that became most associated with Elvis Presley. This has been characterized as part of a process of the appropriation of credit for innovation of the then new music by a white establishment. Different honorifics have been taken or given for other leading figures in the genre, such as \"the Architect of Rock and Roll\", by Little Richard from the 1990s; this term, like many, is also used for other important figures, in this case including pioneer electric guitarist Les Paul.\n\nSimilar honorific nicknames have been given in other genres, including Aretha Franklin, who was literally crowned \"Queen of Soul\" by disk jockey Pervis Spann on stage in 1968. Michael Jackson and Madonna have been closely associated with the terms \"King and Queen of Pop\" since the 1980s. Some nicknames have been strongly promulgated and contested by various artists, and occasionally disowned or played down by their subjects. Some notable honorific nicknames are in general usage and commonly identified with particular individuals.\n\nIndividual titles\n\nA\n\nB\n\nC\n\nD\n\nE\n\nF\n\nG\n\nH\n\nI\n\nJ\n\nK\n\nL\n\nM\n\nN\n\nO\n\nP\n\nQ\n\nR\n\nS\n\nT\n\nU\n\nV\n\nW\n\nX\n\nY\n\nZ\n\nGroup titles\n\nCollective titles for multiple artists\n\nSee also \n\n Jazz royalty\n Lists of nicknames\n Madonna (nickname)\n Sobriquet\n Teen idol\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n \n \n\nCategory:Lists of nicknames\nCategory:Popular music\nCategory:Nicknames in music", "title": "Honorific nicknames in popular music" }, { "text": "The discography of Death consists of seven studio albums and four live albums. Death was an American death metal band formed in 1983. The band's founder, Chuck Schuldiner, is considered \"a pioneering force in death metal\". The band ceased to exist after Schuldiner died of brain cancer in 2001, though it remains an enduring death metal legacy.\n\n, Death have sold over 368,000 albums in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan, making them the sixth best-selling death metal band in the country.\n\nStudio albums\n\nLive albums\n\nCompilation albums\n\nDemo albums\nPrior to the release of the band's debut album in 1987, Death released many demos and rehearsal tapes. Below is a list of the band's official demos according to its website.\n Rehearsal tape -1- (rehearsal tape as Mantas, 1984)\n Rehearsal tape -2- (rehearsal tape as Mantas, 1984)\n Rehearsal tape -3- (rehearsal tape as Mantas, 1984)\n Live tape -1- (live, demo as Mantas, 1984)\n Live tape -2- (live, demo as Mantas, 1984)\n Live tape -3- (live, demo as Mantas, 1984)\n Live tape -4- (live, demo as Mantas, 1984)\n Live tape -5- (live, demo as Mantas, 1984)\n Death by Metal (demo as Mantas, 1984)\n Reign of Terror (demo, 1984)\n Rehearsal tape -4- (rehearsal tape, 1985)\n Rehearsal tape -5- (rehearsal tape, 1985)\n Rehearsal tape -6- (rehearsal tape, 1985)\n Rehearsal tape -7- (rehearsal tape, 1985)\n Rehearsal tape -8- (rehearsal tape, 1985)\n Rehearsal tape -9- (rehearsal tape, 1985)\n Rehearsal tape -10- (rehearsal tape, 1985)\n Rehearsal tape -11- (rehearsal tape, 1985)\n Live tape -6- (live demo, 1985)\n Live tape -7- (live demo, 1985)\n Live tape -8- (live demo, 1985)\n Infernal Death (demo, 1985)\n Rigor Mortis (demo, 1985)\n Back From The Dead (demo, 1985)\n Rehearsal tape -12- (live demo 1986)\n Mutilation (demo, 1986)\n\nSingles\n\nVideo albums\n Live in Combat Ultimate Revenge 2 (1988)\n Live in Houston (Bootleg, VHS, 04.02.1989)\n Lack of Comprehension (videoclip, 1991)\n The Philosopher (videoclip, 1993)\n Live in Florence (VHS, 10.12.1993)\n Live in Cottbus '98 (1998, Official Bootleg)\n Live in L.A. (Death & Raw) (Official Live, DVD/VHS, 05.12.1998)\n Live in Music Hall (1998, Virus Cable TV)\n Live in Eindhoven (Official Live, DVD, 2001, Nuclear Blast)\n\nMusic videos\n \"Lack of Comprehension\" (1991)\n \"The Philosopher\" (1993)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Discographies of American artists\nCategory:Heavy metal group discographies", "title": "Death discography" } ]

[ "Schuldiner was born on May 13, 1967.", "The text does not provide the names of Schuldiner's parents. It only mentions that both of his parents were teachers, his father was of Austrian descent and Jewish, and his mother was from the American South and a convert to Judaism.", "Yes, Schuldiner had two siblings, an older brother named Frank and an older sister named Bethann.", "Schuldiner and his family moved to Florida in 1968, so he grew up there.", "The text does not provide specific information on what school Schuldiner attended.", "The text does not provide any information about Schuldiner being married.", "Yes, the article highlights Schuldiner's musical journey and interests. It mentions that he started playing guitar at the age of 9 following the death of his older brother. His parents bought him his first guitar and later an electric guitar. Schuldiner was largely self-taught and spent countless hours practicing. His musical influences ranged from heavy metal bands like Metallica, Iron Maiden, Kiss to classical jazz, and he was particularly interested in the New Wave of British Heavy Metal movement. Later in his career, he took inspiration from progressive metal bands as well. Despite dropping out of school, which he later regretted, Schuldiner enjoyed a successful career in music. If he hadn't pursued music, he stated that he would have liked to become a veterinarian or a cook.", "The text does not provide specific information about Schuldiner making any songs. However, given that he was heavily involved in teaching himself to play the guitar, influenced by various bands, and applying those influences later to his own band, it is implied that he may have created music." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_0f737ae154554703a749cb4a2c752c78_0_q#0", "C_0f737ae154554703a749cb4a2c752c78_0_q#1", "C_0f737ae154554703a749cb4a2c752c78_0_q#2", "C_0f737ae154554703a749cb4a2c752c78_0_q#3" ]

[ "Who are some women DJs?", "How are they treated by their male counterparts?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Who is the most known female DJ?" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 2835 ], [ 445 ], [ 389 ], [ 3328 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Hannah Wants, Ellen Allien, Miss Kittin, Monika Kruse, Nicole Moudaber, B.Traits, Magda, Nina Kraviz, Nervo, and Annie Mac." ], [ "although there are female producers achieving great things in music, they are less well-known than their male counterparts.\"" ], [ "\"[n]inety-five percent of music producers are male," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 2835, 445, 389, 3328 ], "texts": [ "Hannah Wants, Ellen Allien, Miss Kittin, Monika Kruse, Nicole Moudaber, B.Traits, Magda, Nina Kraviz, Nervo, and Annie Mac.", "although there are female producers achieving great things in music, they are less well-known than their male counterparts.\"", "\"[n]inety-five percent of music producers are male,", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "C_0f737ae154554703a749cb4a2c752c78_1_q#0", "C_0f737ae154554703a749cb4a2c752c78_1_q#1", "C_0f737ae154554703a749cb4a2c752c78_1_q#2", "C_0f737ae154554703a749cb4a2c752c78_1_q#3" ]

[ "What are the DJ Techniques talked about in the article?", "Who created the techniques?", "What is the current view on the teachings of being a DJ?", "What school teaches DJ techniques?" ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 86 ], [ 1681 ], [ 1746 ], [ 1937 ] ], "texts": [ [ "These techniques primarily include the cueing, equalization and audio mixing of two or more sound sources." ], [ "In the past, being a DJ has largely been a self-taught craft" ], [ "with the complexities of new technologies and the convergence with music production methods, there are a growing number of schools and organizations that offer instruction on the techniques." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 86, 1681, 1746, 1937 ], "texts": [ "These techniques primarily include the cueing, equalization and audio mixing of two or more sound sources.", "In the past, being a DJ has largely been a self-taught craft", "with the complexities of new technologies and the convergence with music production methods, there are a growing number of schools and organizations that offer instruction on the techniques.", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "The DJ techniques talked about in the article include cueing, equalization and audio mixing of two or more sound sources, beatmatching, phrasing, slip-cueing, cutting, beat juggling, scratching, needle drops, phase shifting, back spinning, harmonic mixing, and automatic synchronization of sound recordings.", "The context does not provide information on who created the DJ techniques.", "According to the context, the current view on the teachings of being a DJ is evolving due to the complexities of new technologies and convergence with music production methods. More schools and organizations are now offering instruction on DJ techniques.", "The context does not provide information on specific schools that teach DJ techniques." ]

[ "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_1709cad453cb4d22be1bcfbba71a3121_1_q#0", "C_1709cad453cb4d22be1bcfbba71a3121_1_q#1", "C_1709cad453cb4d22be1bcfbba71a3121_1_q#2", "C_1709cad453cb4d22be1bcfbba71a3121_1_q#3", "C_1709cad453cb4d22be1bcfbba71a3121_1_q#4" ]

[ "where was weiman born?", "who is weiman father?", "what's his brother's name?", "what college did he go to?", "who was his coach" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 73 ], [ 451 ], [ 921 ], [ 1555 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Wieman was born in Tulare County, California, and raised in Los Angeles." ], [ "His father, William H. Wieman, was a native of Missouri and a Presbyterian minister." ], [ "Henry, \"Ink,\" Drury and \"Tabby\" Wieman." ], [ "to attend the University of Michigan." ], [ "Coach Featherstone" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 73, 451, 921, 1555 ], "texts": [ "Wieman was born in Tulare County, California, and raised in Los Angeles.", "His father, William H. Wieman, was a native of Missouri and a Presbyterian minister.", "Henry, \"Ink,\" Drury and \"Tabby\" Wieman.", "to attend the University of Michigan.", "Coach Featherstone" ] }

[]

[ "Wieman was born in Tulare County, California.", "Wieman's father is William H. Wieman.", "Wieman's brothers' names are Henry, \"Ink,\" Drury and \"Tabby\" Wieman.", "Wieman attended the University of Michigan.", "His coach was Featherstone from Los Angeles High." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_1709cad453cb4d22be1bcfbba71a3121_0_q#0", "C_1709cad453cb4d22be1bcfbba71a3121_0_q#1", "C_1709cad453cb4d22be1bcfbba71a3121_0_q#2", "C_1709cad453cb4d22be1bcfbba71a3121_0_q#3", "C_1709cad453cb4d22be1bcfbba71a3121_0_q#4" ]

[ "where did wieman go to school?", "did he play on the football team", "what other sport id he play?", "who followed his progress?", "what did they call wieman?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 9 ], [ 210 ], [ 142 ], [ 291 ], [ 586 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Wieman enrolled at Michigan." ], [ "Wieman played on Michigan's freshman football team." ], [ "Though he had only played rugby football before coming to Michigan," ], [ "the Los Angeles Times, followed his progress," ], [ "the big, raw-boned freshman from Southern California" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 9, 210, 142, 291, 586 ], "texts": [ "Wieman enrolled at Michigan.", "Wieman played on Michigan's freshman football team.", "Though he had only played rugby football before coming to Michigan,", "the Los Angeles Times, followed his progress,", "the big, raw-boned freshman from Southern California" ] }

[]

[ "Wieman went to school at Michigan.", "Yes, Wieman played on Michigan's freshman football team.", "The text mentions that Wieman had only played rugby football before coming to Michigan. It also mentions that he gives rugby and basketball the credit for his ability to catch the ball.", "Wieman's progress was followed by his hometown newspaper, the Los Angeles Times.", "They referred to Wieman as \"the big, raw-boned freshman from Southern California\"." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_0fe28ad9572349f8964399f82096dade_1_q#0", "C_0fe28ad9572349f8964399f82096dade_1_q#1", "C_0fe28ad9572349f8964399f82096dade_1_q#2", "C_0fe28ad9572349f8964399f82096dade_1_q#3" ]

[ "What was the Cyborg Manifesto?", "What was it about?", "What did the feminists do?", "Was it well received?" ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 344 ], [ 3618 ], [ 3449 ] ], "texts": [ [ "In 1985, Haraway published the essay \"Manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the 1980s\" in Socialist Review." ], [ "the Manifesto offered a response to the rising conservatism during the 1980s in the United States at a critical juncture at which feminists," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Haraway's \"Manifesto\" is a thought experiment, defining what people think is most important about being and what the future holds for increased artificial intelligence." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 344, 3618, 3449 ], "texts": [ "In 1985, Haraway published the essay \"Manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the 1980s\" in Socialist Review.", "the Manifesto offered a response to the rising conservatism during the 1980s in the United States at a critical juncture at which feminists,", "CANNOTANSWER", "Haraway's \"Manifesto\" is a thought experiment, defining what people think is most important about being and what the future holds for increased artificial intelligence." ] }

[]

[ "The Cyborg Manifesto was an essay published by Haraway in 1985, in which she provides a response to the rising conservatism during that time in the United States. In it, Haraway contends that feminists, to effect real-world change, must acknowledge their situation within the \"informatics of domination.\" Haraway proposes the concept of a cyborg as a means to escape the dualism of femininity and masculinity, suggesting that females are not naturally bound into a unified category and that 'being' female is a complex construction in itself. The cyborg in Haraway's vision is a genderless, race-less being that rejects Western humanist conceptions of personhood, advocating instead for a collective, peaceful civilization connected thoroughly to technology and characterized by limitless access to information. It deals more with consciousness and shared knowledge than physicality, and emphasizes the power of a collective consciousness towards creating significant socio-political change. Haraway refers to the cyborg as an ironic political myth, meant to propose future ways towards equality and ending dominating behavior.", "The Cyborg Manifesto by Donna Haraway deals with feminism and critiques the notion of a unified female identity. The cyborg in this work represents a refusal to accept traditional Western humanist conceptions of personhood, advocating instead for a genderless, race-less being with limitless access to information. Haraway argues against an essentialist identity for women, instead promoting the idea of coalitions based on \"affinity\". She uses the term \"cyborg\" to discuss a future where equality can be achieved through collective consciousness and shared knowledge, overcoming human biases. It's about the possibility of immense socio-political change through affinity and collective action, rather than biological unity. It also challenges the liberal human subject's disregard for collective desires, which allows for wide corruption and inequality.", "According to the context provided, Haraway's Cyborg Manifesto argues that feminists, in order to be relevant and make real-world contributions, had to understand their position within what she terms as \"informatics of domination.\" Therefore, the feminists in light of Haraway's manifesto had to grapple with the implications of being embedded, exploited, and complicit within a networked hegemony. She advocated for feminists to create coalitions based on \"affinity\" instead of forming politics based on identity. Furthermore, she challenged the traditional understanding of 'being female' as an identity category, suggesting that it is a complex construct created through sexual and scientific discourse.", "The text does not provide information on the reception of Haraway's Cyborg Manifesto." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No" ]

[ "C_0fe28ad9572349f8964399f82096dade_0_q#0", "C_0fe28ad9572349f8964399f82096dade_0_q#1", "C_0fe28ad9572349f8964399f82096dade_0_q#2", "C_0fe28ad9572349f8964399f82096dade_0_q#3" ]

[ "What were primate visions?", "What was written primate visions?", "How did she do this?", "What else did she write about in primate visions?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 146 ], [ 230 ], [ 691 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Haraway also writes about the history of science and biology. In Primate Visions:" ], [ "she focused on the metaphors and narratives that direct the science of primatology." ], [ "She asserted that there is a tendency to masculinize the stories about \"reproductive competition and sex between aggressive males and receptive females" ], [ "Drawing on examples of Western narratives and ideologies of gender, race and class, Haraway questioned the most fundamental constructions" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 146, 230, 691 ], "texts": [ "Haraway also writes about the history of science and biology. In Primate Visions:", "she focused on the metaphors and narratives that direct the science of primatology.", "She asserted that there is a tendency to masculinize the stories about \"reproductive competition and sex between aggressive males and receptive females", "Drawing on examples of Western narratives and ideologies of gender, race and class, Haraway questioned the most fundamental constructions" ] }

[]

[ "\"Primate Visions\" is a book written by Haraway in 1990, where she focused on the metaphors and narratives that direct the science of primatology. She questioned the constructions of scientific human nature stories based on primates, focusing on Western narratives and ideologies of gender, race, and class. She aimed to reveal the limits of the 'objectivity' of science and presented alternative perspectives to the accepted ideologies that shape story crafting in this field.", "Primate Visions is a book by Haraway that delved into the science of primatology. It discussed metaphors and narratives shaping this science, emphasizing specifically on how stories of reproductive competition are masculinized. Haraway also indicated how females in the field bring unique perspectives, focusing on communication and survival activities. Furthermore, she scrutinized Western ideologies of gender, race, and class, challenging conventional perceptions of human nature based on primates.", "Haraway achieved this by analyzing the metaphors and narratives that shape the science of primatology. She highlighted the tendency to masculinize these stories and drew attention to how female primatologists offered different perspectives that emphasized communication and survival. By referencing examples of Western narratives and ideologies of gender, race, and class, she critically examined and questioned the fundamental constructions of scientific human nature stories based on primates. She also proposed alternatives to these traditional narratives.", "Beyond the analysis of metaphors and narratives in primatology, Haraway in Primate Visions also extended her study into issues of sex, race, and class. She shed light on how these prevalent Western narratives shaped scientific human nature stories about primates, hinting at their inherent biases. Moreover, Haraway expressed her hopes that her work might lead to revisionings of these persistent narratives regarding racial and sexual differences, reproduction notably from the perspective of multiple parties involved, as well as survival as imagined within the western traditions." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_5c35b9b36d024706abd96e416c5f4184_1_q#0", "C_5c35b9b36d024706abd96e416c5f4184_1_q#1", "C_5c35b9b36d024706abd96e416c5f4184_1_q#2", "C_5c35b9b36d024706abd96e416c5f4184_1_q#3", "C_5c35b9b36d024706abd96e416c5f4184_1_q#4", "C_5c35b9b36d024706abd96e416c5f4184_1_q#5", "C_5c35b9b36d024706abd96e416c5f4184_1_q#6" ]

[ "what powers does drusilla have?", "what are the powers of a vampire?", "what other abilities does she have?", "what technique did she use?", "did she have any weapons?", "what else can you tell me about her powers?", "what kind of psychic abilities does she have?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 101 ], [ 203 ], [ 449 ], [ 1783 ], [ 827 ], [ 972 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Drusilla has all the standard powers and vulnerabilities of a vampire, plus minor psychic abilities." ], [ "She is immortal, regenerates damage, drains human blood to survive, and is stronger than most humans." ], [ "Drusilla's technique in combat, although awkward-looking, has allowed her to briefly hold her own in a fight against Angel (in \"Reunion\") and Spike (in \"Becoming, Part Two\")," ], [ "before using the hypnosis technique and then killing her." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Drusilla is also a seer with minor psychic abilities. However, since she had these before becoming a vampire their source and cause are unknown." ], [ "She receives vivid visions that contain possible glimpses of the future, and can also see into people's minds and project false imagery into them" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 101, 203, 449, 1783, 827, 972 ], "texts": [ "Drusilla has all the standard powers and vulnerabilities of a vampire, plus minor psychic abilities.", "She is immortal, regenerates damage, drains human blood to survive, and is stronger than most humans.", "Drusilla's technique in combat, although awkward-looking, has allowed her to briefly hold her own in a fight against Angel (in \"Reunion\") and Spike (in \"Becoming, Part Two\"),", "before using the hypnosis technique and then killing her.", "CANNOTANSWER", "Drusilla is also a seer with minor psychic abilities. However, since she had these before becoming a vampire their source and cause are unknown.", "She receives vivid visions that contain possible glimpses of the future, and can also see into people's minds and project false imagery into them" ] }

[]

[ "Drusilla has the standard powers and vulnerabilities of a vampire which includes immortality, regeneration of damage, stronger physical strength than most humans, and draining human blood to survive. She has also exhibited minor psychic abilities; she can see vivid visions of possible future events, explore people's minds and project false images into them, and hypnotize people. Her technique in combat, although seemingly awkward, is effective, allowing her to fight with opponents like Angel and Spike and defeat Kendra the Vampire Slayer. Drusilla also demonstrated that her fingernails are unusually sharp.", "According to the context, the powers of a vampire include immortality, the ability to regenerate damage, superior physical strength compared to humans, and the need to drain human blood to survive. They also appear to have sharp fingernails and a certain level of combat ability.", "Drusilla has minor psychic abilities, with which she can receive vivid visions of possible futures, see into people's minds, and project false imagery into them. She can also hypnotize people by catching their gazes and whispering to them. Furthermore, she has shown combat skills that allowed her to fight against beings like Angel and Spike, and even kill Kendra the Vampire Slayer. She also has sharper fingernails than one would expect.", "Drusilla uses hypnosis as a technique. She does this by catching the gaze of her victims, pointing her fingers towards their eyes and then to her own, whispering to them (\"Be in my eyes, Be in me\"). She applied this technique to kill Kendra in one of the episodes.", "The text does not mention Drusilla using any specific weapons. However, it does mention that her fingernails are sharper than expected and she uses them as a weapon, as evidenced in her fight with Kendra, whom she killed by slitting her throat with her nails.", "Drusilla, in addition to her vampire powers of immortality, superior strength, and regeneration, has minor psychic abilities that are unique. These psychic abilities allow her to see vivid possible glimpses of the future, read into people's minds and implant false imagery. This might be considered a form of mental manipulation. It's not clear if these abilities stem from her vampirism, as they were evident before she became a vampire. She can also hypnotize people by locking their gaze and whispering to them. Additionally, in combat, Drusilla has shown that her fingernails are unusually sharp, capable of slitting a person's throat. However, it is not known if this is a vampiric power or physical manipulation of the nails.", "Drusilla has minor psychic abilities including being a seer, receiving vivid visions that can offer possible glimpses of the future. She can also read into people's minds and implant false images into them. Drusilla can hypnotize people by capturing their gaze and whispering to them, a technique she used in one episode to kill Kendra. These psychic abilities were present even before she became a vampire." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_ca0853be1d2f4ee5a90537d2ae6c8d94_0_q#0", "C_ca0853be1d2f4ee5a90537d2ae6c8d94_0_q#1", "C_ca0853be1d2f4ee5a90537d2ae6c8d94_0_q#2", "C_ca0853be1d2f4ee5a90537d2ae6c8d94_0_q#3", "C_ca0853be1d2f4ee5a90537d2ae6c8d94_0_q#4" ]

[ "when did his retirement tour start?", "what did his tour consists of", "where did he tour", "was it successful", "what year was that" ]

[ 2, 0, 0, 2, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 103 ], [ 284 ], [ 178 ], [ 158 ] ], "texts": [ [ "After announcing that his retirement would come at the end of 2007, Corino began a retirement tour" ], [ "traveled to various federations as a part of the tour." ], [ "On November 3, 2007, Corino survived three rounds of an 8-man, single-night tournament in Toronto, Ontario, Canada" ], [ "Corino captured the B4W North American title in Morganville, New Jersey" ], [ "On October 6, 2007, Corino captured the B4W North American title in Morganville, New Jersey" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 103, 284, 178, 158 ], "texts": [ "After announcing that his retirement would come at the end of 2007, Corino began a retirement tour", "traveled to various federations as a part of the tour.", "On November 3, 2007, Corino survived three rounds of an 8-man, single-night tournament in Toronto, Ontario, Canada", "Corino captured the B4W North American title in Morganville, New Jersey", "On October 6, 2007, Corino captured the B4W North American title in Morganville, New Jersey" ] }

[]

[ "The text does not provide specific information on when Corino's retirement tour started.", "Corino's retirement tour consisted of traveling to various wrestling federations. During the tour, he competed and won multiple wrestling titles such as the B4W North American title, the Union of Independent Professional Wrestlers Heavyweight Championship, and the GSW Heavyweight Championship. He also participated in an 8-man, single-night tournament in Toronto, Canada. In his final matches, he lost the B4W North American title and won the Platinum Pro Wrestling Heavyweight Title. He wrestled his final match for the Showcase Wrestling Revolution in a fatal four-way elimination match. He also had a few try-out matches with WWE during his tour.", "Corino's retirement tour took him to various locations including Morganville, New Jersey; Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Oberhausen, Germany; Michigan City, Indiana; and Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He also wrestled in the Northeast for B4W and had try-out matches for WWE, though the specific locations for these events are not provided.", "Based on the context provided, Corino's retirement tour appears to have been successful as he won several titles including the B4W North American title, the Union of Independent Professional Wrestlers Heavyweight Championship, and the GSW Heavyweight Championship. He also survived three rounds of an 8-man, single-night tournament in Toronto and won the Platinum Pro Wrestling Heavyweight Title in Michigan City, Indiana. His last match was for the SWR International Championship. His only reported loss during this period was the B4W North American title to Jihad. However, he was not offered a contract after his try-out matches with WWE, expressing that he felt he was \"too old school for the company.\"", "Corino's retirement tour took place in the year 2007." ]

[ "no", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes" ]

[ "C_c65a42742c284aafb5d6943acfed3ae0_1_q#0", "C_c65a42742c284aafb5d6943acfed3ae0_1_q#1", "C_c65a42742c284aafb5d6943acfed3ae0_1_q#2", "C_c65a42742c284aafb5d6943acfed3ae0_1_q#3", "C_c65a42742c284aafb5d6943acfed3ae0_1_q#4", "C_c65a42742c284aafb5d6943acfed3ae0_1_q#5", "C_c65a42742c284aafb5d6943acfed3ae0_1_q#6", "C_c65a42742c284aafb5d6943acfed3ae0_1_q#7" ]

[ "What type of work was Richard involved in?", "What else did he accomplish?", "What else was he the first to do?", "What resulted from these discoveries?", "What happened to him next in his career?", "Did he publish any more of his research?", "What explanation did the paper talk about?", "Did he have any other important research?" ]

[ 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 23 ], [ 129 ], [ 309 ], [ 1827 ], [ 704 ], [ 1465 ], [ 563 ], [ 704 ] ], "texts": [ [ "both theoretical and experimental population genetics." ], [ "technology. He was the first person to do a computer simulation of the behavior of a single gene locus (previous simulation work having been of models with multiple loci)." ], [ "he and Ken-Ichi Kojima were the first population geneticists to give the equations for change of haplotype frequencies with interacting natural selection at two loci." ], [ "the discovery of high levels of molecular variability gave population geneticists ample material to work on, and gave them access to variation at single loci." ], [ "Lewontin later introduced the D' measure of linkage disequilibrium. (He also introduced the term \"linkage disequilibrium\", about which many population geneticists have been unenthusiastic." ], [ "Lewontin and Hubby's paper also discussed the possible explanation" ], [ "Their paper gave a theoretical derivation of the equilibria expected, and also investigated the dynamics of the model by computer iteration." ], [ "Lewontin later introduced the D' measure of linkage disequilibrium. (He also introduced the term \"linkage disequilibrium\", about which many population geneticists have been unenthusiastic." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 23, 129, 309, 1827, 704, 1465, 563, 704 ], "texts": [ "both theoretical and experimental population genetics.", "technology. He was the first person to do a computer simulation of the behavior of a single gene locus (previous simulation work having been of models with multiple loci).", "he and Ken-Ichi Kojima were the first population geneticists to give the equations for change of haplotype frequencies with interacting natural selection at two loci.", "the discovery of high levels of molecular variability gave population geneticists ample material to work on, and gave them access to variation at single loci.", "Lewontin later introduced the D' measure of linkage disequilibrium. (He also introduced the term \"linkage disequilibrium\", about which many population geneticists have been unenthusiastic.", "Lewontin and Hubby's paper also discussed the possible explanation", "Their paper gave a theoretical derivation of the equilibria expected, and also investigated the dynamics of the model by computer iteration.", "Lewontin later introduced the D' measure of linkage disequilibrium. (He also introduced the term \"linkage disequilibrium\", about which many population geneticists have been unenthusiastic." ] }

[]

[ "Richard Lewontin was involved in both theoretical and experimental population genetics.", "Lewontin was the first person to do a computer simulation of the behavior of a single gene locus. He, along with Ken-Ichi Kojima, were the first to give the equations for change of haplotype frequencies with interacting natural selection at two loci, which led to a wave of theoretical work on two-locus selection in the 1960s and 70s. Lewontin later introduced the D' measure of linkage disequilibrium, and even introduced the term \"linkage disequilibrium\". In 1966, he and Jack Hubby published a paper that used protein gel electrophoresis to survey loci in the fruit fly Drosophila pseudoobscura, revolutionizing population genetics. They reported that a large fraction of the loci were polymorphic, launching a new focus on the possible theoretical explanations of polymorphism in population genetics.", "In addition to being the first to conduct a computer simulation of a single gene locus, Lewontin was also the first to, along with Ken-Ichi Kojima, provide equations for the change of haplotype frequencies with interacting natural selection at two loci. Furthermore, he was the first to introduce the D' measure of linkage disequilibrium.", "The contributions and discoveries of Lewontin sparked a new wave of theoretical work in population genetics, especially on two-locus selection in the 1960s and 70s. His work with Jack Hubby on loci survey using protein gel electrophoresis revolutionized population genetics and revealed high levels of molecular variability, providing ample material for future population genetics research. This revelation also opened up a central focus on the possible theoretical explanations of this high level of polymorphism within species.", "The text does not provide information on what happened next in Richard Lewontin's career.", "The text does not provide information on whether Richard Lewontin published any more of his research after the mentioned accomplishments.", "The paper by Lewontin and Jack Hubby discussed the possible explanations for the high levels of variability they observed in their survey of loci in the fruit fly Drosophila pseudoobscura. They considered two possible explanations: balancing selection or neutral mutation. Although they did not choose to advocate for the neutral theory at that time, their discussion was the first clear statement of the neutral theory for levels of variability within species.", "The text does not provide information on whether Richard Lewontin had any other important research." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "No", "No" ]

[ "C_5c35b9b36d024706abd96e416c5f4184_0_q#0", "C_5c35b9b36d024706abd96e416c5f4184_0_q#1", "C_5c35b9b36d024706abd96e416c5f4184_0_q#2", "C_5c35b9b36d024706abd96e416c5f4184_0_q#3", "C_5c35b9b36d024706abd96e416c5f4184_0_q#4", "C_5c35b9b36d024706abd96e416c5f4184_0_q#5", "C_5c35b9b36d024706abd96e416c5f4184_0_q#6" ]

[ "what was his personality like?", "what accent did she have?", "did she end up doing it?", "what was special about her appearance?", "what kind of non sequiturs?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "did she have any other interests?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 232 ], [ 313 ], [ 447 ], [ 547 ], [ 848 ], [ 1006 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Actress Juliet Landau said that when she first received the script, it indicated that Drusilla's accent could be British or American." ], [ "Though she never considered portraying Drusilla with a Southern American accent," ], [ "as James Marsters had considered for Spike, she notes that invited comparisons with Blanche DuBois would also have been interesting." ], [ "Drusilla's madness is exhibited in her often-strange dialogue, which is peppered with non sequiturs like" ], [ "like \"Spike, do you love my insides? All the parts you can't see?\" Her behavior is girlish, accompanied by a dark, ironic twist." ], [ "She has a fondness for china dolls but keeps them blindfolded or gagged. She also loves flowers and cute animals," ], [ "she says, \"Do you like daisies? I plant them but they always die. Everything I put in the ground withers and dies.\"" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 232, 313, 447, 547, 848, 1006 ], "texts": [ "Actress Juliet Landau said that when she first received the script, it indicated that Drusilla's accent could be British or American.", "Though she never considered portraying Drusilla with a Southern American accent,", "as James Marsters had considered for Spike, she notes that invited comparisons with Blanche DuBois would also have been interesting.", "Drusilla's madness is exhibited in her often-strange dialogue, which is peppered with non sequiturs like", "like \"Spike, do you love my insides? All the parts you can't see?\" Her behavior is girlish, accompanied by a dark, ironic twist.", "She has a fondness for china dolls but keeps them blindfolded or gagged. She also loves flowers and cute animals,", "she says, \"Do you like daisies? I plant them but they always die. Everything I put in the ground withers and dies.\"" ] }

[]

[ "CANNOTANSWER", "Actress Juliet Landau felt that Drusilla's accent should really be Cockney.", "The text does not provide information on whether Juliet Landau ended up using a Cockney accent for the character Drusilla.", "Drusilla's costumes were a cross between a Victorian period look and the Kate Moss heroin chic fashion look.", "One example of Drusilla's non sequiturs is \"Spike, do you love my insides? All the parts you can't see?\"", "Other interesting aspects from the article include Drusilla's girlish but dark behaviour; she laughs and squeals like a child when happy, but she is happiest when committing torture or witnessing destruction. She also has a fondness for china dolls, flowers and animals but is not mentally stable enough to care for them. Additionally, she speaks in a soft, mellow voice which contrasts with her dialogue. All of \"white hats\" (both Scoobies and Angel's Investigations) are doubtful about how to deal with her, especially Angel.", "Yes, Drusilla had a fondness for china dolls, flowers, and cute animals. She also loved her Pekingese puppy." ]

[ "No", "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "No" ]

[ "C_5644bcfb6c79432898278883f81bdea7_0_q#0", "C_5644bcfb6c79432898278883f81bdea7_0_q#1", "C_5644bcfb6c79432898278883f81bdea7_0_q#2", "C_5644bcfb6c79432898278883f81bdea7_0_q#3", "C_5644bcfb6c79432898278883f81bdea7_0_q#4" ]

[ "Did Sergio play on any youth teams?", "How did his team do during those championships?", "Was that the first time a team did that?", "Did he play with any other notable players during this time?", "Did he win any awards?" ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 0 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 476 ], [ 544 ], [ 1823 ], [ 579 ], [ 1428 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Aguero represented Argentina at two FIFA World Youth Championships," ], [ "winning back-to-back world titles." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "He was part of the team that won the 2005 edition in the Netherlands, alongside his future 2008 Olympics squad teammates Fernando Gago and Lionel Messi." ], [ "Aguero won the Golden Boot of the tournament," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 476, 544, 1823, 579, 1428 ], "texts": [ "Aguero represented Argentina at two FIFA World Youth Championships,", "winning back-to-back world titles.", "CANNOTANSWER", "He was part of the team that won the 2005 edition in the Netherlands, alongside his future 2008 Olympics squad teammates Fernando Gago and Lionel Messi.", "Aguero won the Golden Boot of the tournament," ] }

[]

[ "Yes, Sergio Aguero played on the Argentina U17 team and represented Argentina at two FIFA World Youth Championships. He also played for the Argentine squad for the 2008 Beijing Olympics.", "During the 2004 U-16 South American Championship, Argentina finished top of their group but lost in the semi-final match against Colombia. Aguero also represented Argentina at two FIFA World Youth Championships, where they won back-to-back world titles. In the 2005 edition in the Netherlands Aguero was part of the winning team. In the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup, held in Canada, Argentina advanced through multiple rounds, ultimately facing the Czech Republic in the finals. The team won the final match 2-1. In the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Argentina won its second consecutive gold medal at the Olympic tournament.", "The text does not provide information on whether Argentina was the first team to win consecutively at the Olympic tournament.", "Yes, during the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship in the Netherlands, Sergio Aguero played alongside his future 2008 Olympics squad teammates Fernando Gago and Lionel Messi.", "Yes, during the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup, Sergio Aguero won the Golden Boot of the tournament, for scoring six goals in seven games, and the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_5644bcfb6c79432898278883f81bdea7_1_q#0", "C_5644bcfb6c79432898278883f81bdea7_1_q#1", "C_5644bcfb6c79432898278883f81bdea7_1_q#2", "C_5644bcfb6c79432898278883f81bdea7_1_q#3", "C_5644bcfb6c79432898278883f81bdea7_1_q#4", "C_5644bcfb6c79432898278883f81bdea7_1_q#5" ]

[ "what happened in 2017?", "did he win any awards?", "did he win any other awards?", "did he set any records?", "who did he play with?", "when did he stop playing?" ]

[ 2, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1 ]

[ 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 201 ], [ 1240 ], [ 1711 ], [ 701 ], [ 1711 ], [ 1711 ] ], "texts": [ [ "This was his 124th Premier League goal, and made him overtake Trinidadian Dwight Yorke as the top-scoring non-European in the competition's history." ], [ "He was later awarded the Premier League Player of the Month for January, claiming the award for the fifth time in his career." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Aguero scored his 177th goal for Manchester City in a 3-0 win over Burnley, equalling the record set by Eric Brook." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 201, 1240, 1711, 701, 1711, 1711 ], "texts": [ "This was his 124th Premier League goal, and made him overtake Trinidadian Dwight Yorke as the top-scoring non-European in the competition's history.", "He was later awarded the Premier League Player of the Month for January, claiming the award for the fifth time in his career.", "CANNOTANSWER", "Aguero scored his 177th goal for Manchester City in a 3-0 win over Burnley, equalling the record set by Eric Brook.", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "In 2017, football player Aguero achieved several successes and had one incident. He scored in Manchester City's opening fixture of the season against Brighton & Hove Albion and in a win against Liverpool. He scored his sixth Premier League hat-trick in a win at Watford, which put Manchester City at the top of the league. He was involved in a road accident in Amsterdam and suffered a fractured rib. He equalled the record set by Eric Brook by scoring his 177th goal for Manchester City in a win over Burnley and scored his record 178th goal for the team in a game against Napoli. Aguero was awarded the Premier League Player of the Month for January. He scored four goals in a home game against Leicester City, which was his third hat-trick of the season. Finally, Aguero opened the scoring in the 2018 EFL Cup Final and helped City secure a victory at Wembley Stadium.", "Yes, he was awarded the Premier League Player of the Month for January.", "The context only mentions that Aguero won the Premier League Player of the Month for January.", "Yes, he set a couple of records. He scored his 124th Premier League goal, which made him overtake Dwight Yorke as the top-scoring non-European in the competition's history. He also equalled the record set by Eric Brook by scoring his 177th goal for Manchester City. Later, he scored his record 178th goal for the team in a game against Napoli.", "Aguero played for Manchester City.", "The context does not provide information on when Aguero stopped playing." ]

[ "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes" ]

[ "C_84de9e5316c74f878c67146a49a89dbd_1_q#0", "C_84de9e5316c74f878c67146a49a89dbd_1_q#1", "C_84de9e5316c74f878c67146a49a89dbd_1_q#2", "C_84de9e5316c74f878c67146a49a89dbd_1_q#3", "C_84de9e5316c74f878c67146a49a89dbd_1_q#4", "C_84de9e5316c74f878c67146a49a89dbd_1_q#5" ]

[ "When was Take to the Skies released?", "How did Take to the Skies do for sales?", "Were there any singles on the album?", "Did they go on tour for the album Take to the Skies?", "Did the band do anything else in 2007 and 2008?", "Who played on the album Take to the Skies?" ]

[ 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 59 ], [ 1436 ], [ 580 ], [ 339 ], [ 833 ], [ 1436 ] ], "texts": [ [ "19 March 2007" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "\"Jonny Sniper\"" ], [ "they would be playing at Download Festival, Reading and Leeds Festivals, Give it a Name, Glastonbury Festival, Oxegen festival in Ireland and Rock am Ring in Germany." ], [ "On 14 May 2007, Enter Shikari started their first North America tour. This was followed by three more North American tours." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 59, 1436, 580, 339, 833, 1436 ], "texts": [ "19 March 2007", "CANNOTANSWER", "\"Jonny Sniper\"", "they would be playing at Download Festival, Reading and Leeds Festivals, Give it a Name, Glastonbury Festival, Oxegen festival in Ireland and Rock am Ring in Germany.", "On 14 May 2007, Enter Shikari started their first North America tour. This was followed by three more North American tours.", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "Take to the Skies was released on 19 March 2007.", "The context does not provide information on the sales of Take to the Skies.", "Yes, \"Jonny Sniper\" was mentioned as a single from the album.", "Yes, Enter Shikari started their first North America tour on 14 May 2007, which could be related to the album Take to the Skies.", "Yes, in 2007 the band announced they would be playing at several festivals such as the Download Festival, Reading and Leeds Festivals, Give it a Name, Glastonbury Festival, Oxegen festival in Ireland and Rock am Ring in Germany. In 2008, they released the first in a series of videos called \"Enter Shikari: In the 'Low\". The videos showcased the band as they recorded their new single, \"We Can Breathe In Space, They Just Don't Want Us To Escape\", and demoed new material.", "The context does not provide information on who played on the album Take to the Skies." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_84de9e5316c74f878c67146a49a89dbd_0_q#0", "C_84de9e5316c74f878c67146a49a89dbd_0_q#1", "C_84de9e5316c74f878c67146a49a89dbd_0_q#2", "C_84de9e5316c74f878c67146a49a89dbd_0_q#3", "C_84de9e5316c74f878c67146a49a89dbd_0_q#4", "C_84de9e5316c74f878c67146a49a89dbd_0_q#5" ]

[ "what was the mindsweep?", "did the album do well?", "did they go on tour?", "what else happened between 2014 and 2017?", "Did anything else happen?", "how did that album do ?" ]

[ 0, 2, 1, 0, 0, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 252 ], [ 387 ], [ 1614 ], [ 678 ], [ 939 ], [ 1614 ] ], "texts": [ [ "On 8 October 2014, the band announced that their fourth album would be titled The Mindsweep, and would be released on 19 January 2015." ], [ "The album was anticipated by singles \"The Last Garrison\" and \"Anaesthetist\"." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "In May 2015 they covered System of a Down's Chop Suey! for Rock Sound's compilation Worship and Tributes," ], [ "On 30 October they released their first remix album, The Mindsweep: Hospitalised, featuring remixes from drum and bass label Hospital Records artists." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 252, 387, 1614, 678, 939, 1614 ], "texts": [ "On 8 October 2014, the band announced that their fourth album would be titled The Mindsweep, and would be released on 19 January 2015.", "The album was anticipated by singles \"The Last Garrison\" and \"Anaesthetist\".", "CANNOTANSWER", "In May 2015 they covered System of a Down's Chop Suey! for Rock Sound's compilation Worship and Tributes,", "On 30 October they released their first remix album, The Mindsweep: Hospitalised, featuring remixes from drum and bass label Hospital Records artists.", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "The Mindsweep was the fourth album by the band Enter Shikari, released on 19 January 2015.", "The context does not provide information on how well the album \"The Mindsweep\" performed.", "The context does not provide information on whether the band Enter Shikari went on tour after releasing the album \"The Mindsweep\".", "Between 2014 and 2017, after the release of The Mindsweep, Enter Shikari released several singles, including \"The Last Garrison\", \"Anaesthetist\", \"Never Let Go of the Microscope\", \"Slipshod\", \"Redshift\", and \"Hoodwinker\". They covered System of a Down's \"Chop Suey!\" for Rock Sound's compilation Worship and Tributes and \"Know Your Enemy\" by Rage Against the Machine for the Ultimate Rock Heroes compilation by Kerrang! The band announced a live album in August 2016 and were announced as the headliners of the Slam Dunk Festival 2017 in November 2016. They also released their first remix album, The Mindsweep: Hospitalised, on 30 October, featuring remixes from Hospital Records artists.", "The context provided does not contain any other events that occurred between 2014 and 2017, and no other information can be made based on the text provided.", "The context does not provide information on how the album \"The Mindsweep\" performed." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "no", "Yes" ]

[ "C_220546961ba24066b1e9c3ce55dcefab_1_q#0", "C_220546961ba24066b1e9c3ce55dcefab_1_q#1", "C_220546961ba24066b1e9c3ce55dcefab_1_q#2", "C_220546961ba24066b1e9c3ce55dcefab_1_q#3" ]

[ "Who are the original band members?", "What was the band's original name?", "When did the name get changed to Kansas?", "When did some of the members leave the group?" ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 185 ], [ 1765 ], [ 812 ] ], "texts": [ [ "In 1969 Lynn Meredith, Don Montre, Dan Wright and Kerry Livgren (guitars, keyboards, synthesizers) were performing in a band called The Reasons Why" ], [ "After changing the band's name to Saratoga, they started playing Livgren's original material with Scott Kessler playing bass and Zeke Lowe on drums." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Ehart was replaced by Zeke Lowe and later Brad Schulz, Hope was replaced by Rod Mikinski on bass, and Baker was replaced by John Bolton on saxophone and flute. (" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 185, 1765, 812 ], "texts": [ "In 1969 Lynn Meredith, Don Montre, Dan Wright and Kerry Livgren (guitars, keyboards, synthesizers) were performing in a band called The Reasons Why", "After changing the band's name to Saratoga, they started playing Livgren's original material with Scott Kessler playing bass and Zeke Lowe on drums.", "CANNOTANSWER", "Ehart was replaced by Zeke Lowe and later Brad Schulz, Hope was replaced by Rod Mikinski on bass, and Baker was replaced by John Bolton on saxophone and flute. (" ] }

[]

[ "The original band members are Lynn Meredith, Don Montre, Dan Wright and Kerry Livgren.", "The band's original name was The Reasons Why.", "The name was changed to Kansas in 1970.", "Some of the members left the group in early 1971." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "No", "No" ]

[ "C_220546961ba24066b1e9c3ce55dcefab_0_q#0", "C_220546961ba24066b1e9c3ce55dcefab_0_q#1", "C_220546961ba24066b1e9c3ce55dcefab_0_q#2", "C_220546961ba24066b1e9c3ce55dcefab_0_q#3" ]

[ "What happened in 1985?", "what happened on the road?", "What was the reformation?", "what music did they make?" ]

[ 2, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 2322 ], [ 240 ], [ 698 ] ], "texts": [ [ "In July 1985 the band came back together with Ehart, Williams and Walsh (who had briefly played keyboards on the road for Cheap Trick" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "The new lineup included Streets bassist Billy Greer and guitarist Steve Morse (formerly of the Dixie Dregs)." ], [ "The first single, \"All I Wanted\", became the last Kansas single to hit the Billboard Top 40 chart," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 2322, 240, 698 ], "texts": [ "In July 1985 the band came back together with Ehart, Williams and Walsh (who had briefly played keyboards on the road for Cheap Trick", "CANNOTANSWER", "The new lineup included Streets bassist Billy Greer and guitarist Steve Morse (formerly of the Dixie Dregs).", "The first single, \"All I Wanted\", became the last Kansas single to hit the Billboard Top 40 chart," ] }

[]

[ "In 1985, the band Kansas came back together, including Ehart, Williams and Walsh, but not Livgren, Hope, or Steinhardt. The new lineup included Streets bassist Billy Greer and guitarist Steve Morse from Dixie Dregs. Walsh had briefly played keyboards for Cheap Trick after the breakup of Streets.", "On the road, the newly re-formed Kansas band toured US military bases in the US, Japan, Okinawa, the Philippines, Singapore, Iceland, and most parts of Europe as part of the third USO 1st Airborne Rock and Roll Division tour. This took place from the late summer through early October 1986.", "The reformation of the band Kansas occurred in July 1985. The band came back together with Ehart, Williams and Walsh. However, it did not include Livgren, Hope or Steinhardt. The new lineup included Streets' bassist Billy Greer and guitarist Steve Morse, who was formerly associated with the Dixie Dregs.", "The reformed Kansas band released the album \"Power\" in November 1986. The first single from the album, \"All I Wanted\", reached No. 19 on the Billboard Top 40 chart. Two more less successful singles from the album were \"Power\" and \"Can't Cry Anymore\". The band also released a second album, \"In the Spirit of Things\", in October 1988." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_2a6bbe85d9ac4ceb9b281ff28685e7ca_0_q#0", "C_2a6bbe85d9ac4ceb9b281ff28685e7ca_0_q#1", "C_2a6bbe85d9ac4ceb9b281ff28685e7ca_0_q#2", "C_2a6bbe85d9ac4ceb9b281ff28685e7ca_0_q#3" ]

[ "Did Lindsay Lohan ever go to jail?", "What crimes did she commit?", "What movies did she make in 2005-2008?", "Who else starred in Just My Luck with her?" ]

[ 2, 1, 0, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 3092 ], [ 3092 ], [ 1761 ], [ 3092 ] ], "texts": [ [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Lohan's next widely released film, the romantic comedy Just My Luck, opened in May 2006 and, according to Variety, earned her over $7 million." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 3092, 3092, 1761, 3092 ], "texts": [ "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER", "Lohan's next widely released film, the romantic comedy Just My Luck, opened in May 2006 and, according to Variety, earned her over $7 million.", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER", "The movies Lindsay Lohan made between 2005 and 2008 include \"Herbie: Fully Loaded\" in 2005, \"Just My Luck\" in 2006, \"A Prairie Home Companion\" in 2006, \"Bobby\" in 2006, and \"My Scene Goes Hollywood: The Movie\".", "CANNOTANSWER" ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_c925d358b34c499bacd41b955fb01d97_1_q#0", "C_c925d358b34c499bacd41b955fb01d97_1_q#1", "C_c925d358b34c499bacd41b955fb01d97_1_q#2", "C_c925d358b34c499bacd41b955fb01d97_1_q#3", "C_c925d358b34c499bacd41b955fb01d97_1_q#4", "C_c925d358b34c499bacd41b955fb01d97_1_q#5", "C_c925d358b34c499bacd41b955fb01d97_1_q#6" ]

[ "Where did Romo attend college?", "What year did he enroll?", "Was he a starter immediately?", "Did he break any school records during his college career?", "Did his team win any conference or divisional titles?", "Did he have any injuries during his college career?", "Did he graduate or enter the draft early?" ]

[ 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 1, 2 ]

[ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 180 ], [ 801 ], [ 593 ], [ 1642 ], [ 2126 ], [ 1551 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Romo attended Eastern Illinois University in Charleston, Illinois," ], [ "As a sophomore in 2000," ], [ "Romo became the first player in Eastern Illinois and Ohio Valley Conference history to win the Walter Payton Award," ], [ "Romo earned OVC Player of the Week honors on October 14, 2002," ], [ "he was selected All-Ohio Valley Conference and was named OVC Player of the Year for the third straight year." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Along with the Walter Payton Award, Romo earned consensus All-America honors." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 180, 801, 593, 1642, 2126, 1551 ], "texts": [ "Romo attended Eastern Illinois University in Charleston, Illinois,", "As a sophomore in 2000,", "Romo became the first player in Eastern Illinois and Ohio Valley Conference history to win the Walter Payton Award,", "Romo earned OVC Player of the Week honors on October 14, 2002,", "he was selected All-Ohio Valley Conference and was named OVC Player of the Year for the third straight year.", "CANNOTANSWER", "Along with the Walter Payton Award, Romo earned consensus All-America honors." ] }

[]

[ "Romo attended college at Eastern Illinois University in Charleston, Illinois.", "The text does not provide information on what year Romo enrolled at Eastern Illinois University.", "The text does not provide information on whether Romo was a starter immediately when he began playing football at Eastern Illinois University.", "Yes, Romo broke several school records during his college career at Eastern Illinois University. He finished his career holding school and conference records with 85 touchdown passes. As a senior, he also set school and conference records for completions with 258 in 407 attempts for 3,418 yards. His total offense of 3,149 yards also ranked third in school and conference history.", "The text does not provide information on whether Romo's team won any conference or divisional titles during his time at Eastern Illinois University.", "The text does not provide information on whether Romo had any injuries during his college career at Eastern Illinois University.", "The text does not provide information on whether Romo graduated from Eastern Illinois University or entered the draft early." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "No", "No", "No", "Yes", "No" ]

[ "C_5b769cda969442d09e325daed0aa95c7_0_q#0", "C_5b769cda969442d09e325daed0aa95c7_0_q#1", "C_5b769cda969442d09e325daed0aa95c7_0_q#2", "C_5b769cda969442d09e325daed0aa95c7_0_q#3", "C_5b769cda969442d09e325daed0aa95c7_0_q#4", "C_5b769cda969442d09e325daed0aa95c7_0_q#5", "C_5b769cda969442d09e325daed0aa95c7_0_q#6", "C_5b769cda969442d09e325daed0aa95c7_0_q#7" ]

[ "How many songs did he have in Spanish?", "What was his crossover to English?", "What album was this?", "What other countries was it number one in?", "What other Albums is he known for?", "What other awards did he in during this time?", "Has he worked with other artists?", "What other interesting facts do you have for me?" ]

[ 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 3027 ], [ 79 ], [ 1052 ], [ 1190 ], [ 1402 ], [ 2231 ], [ 555 ], [ 2247 ] ], "texts": [ [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Martin prepared his first English album in 1999 in an attempt to cross over to the United States market." ], [ "The first and most prominent single was \"Livin' la Vida Loca\", which reached number one in many countries around the world, including the United States," ], [ "United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Ireland and New Zealand. \"" ], [ "It was followed by \"She's All I Ever Had\" which peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100. Both tracks peaked at number one on the Hot Latin Songs." ], [ "She Bangs\" and \"Nobody Wants to Be Lonely\" (duet with Christina Aguilera) peaked at number twelve and thirteen on the Billboard Hot 100," ], [ "The album also featured special guests: Madonna on the Spanish-English duet \"Be Careful (" ], [ "Nobody Wants to Be Lonely\" (duet with Christina Aguilera) peaked at number twelve and thirteen on the Billboard Hot 100, respectively." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 3027, 79, 1052, 1190, 1402, 2231, 555, 2247 ], "texts": [ "CANNOTANSWER", "Martin prepared his first English album in 1999 in an attempt to cross over to the United States market.", "The first and most prominent single was \"Livin' la Vida Loca\", which reached number one in many countries around the world, including the United States,", "United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Ireland and New Zealand. \"", "It was followed by \"She's All I Ever Had\" which peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100. Both tracks peaked at number one on the Hot Latin Songs.", "She Bangs\" and \"Nobody Wants to Be Lonely\" (duet with Christina Aguilera) peaked at number twelve and thirteen on the Billboard Hot 100,", "The album also featured special guests: Madonna on the Spanish-English duet \"Be Careful (", "Nobody Wants to Be Lonely\" (duet with Christina Aguilera) peaked at number twelve and thirteen on the Billboard Hot 100, respectively." ] }

[]

[ "The text does not provide specific information on how many songs Ricky Martin had in Spanish.", "Ricky Martin's crossover to English was his self-titled album, released in 1999. This was his first English album and it was created in an attempt to cross over to the United States market. The most prominent single from the album was \"Livin' la Vida Loca\", which became a huge hit worldwide.", "The album that marked Ricky Martin's crossover to English was his self-titled album \"Ricky Martin\", released in 1999.", "The single \"Livin' la Vida Loca\" from Ricky Martin's 1999 self-titled album reached number one in many countries around the world, including the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand.", "Apart from his 1999 self-titled English album, Ricky Martin is also known for his album \"Sound Loaded\", which was released in November 2000. In addition, he released a Spanish greatest hits album entitled \"La Historia\" in February 2001, and an English-language greatest hits album, \"The Best of Ricky Martin\", in November 2001.", "The text does not provide information on any awards Ricky Martin may have won during this time.", "Yes, Ricky Martin has worked with several other artists. His self-titled 1999 album featured special guests Madonna on the Spanish-English duet \"Be Careful (Cuidado con mi Corazon)\" and Meja on \"Private Emotion\". Additionally, he collaborated with Janet Jackson for the Latin American version of \"Ask for More\", and he dueted with Christina Aguilera on the song \"Nobody Wants to Be Lonely\" from his album \"Sound Loaded\".", "The context does not provide additional interesting facts about Ricky Martin." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "no", "Yes", "No" ]

[ "C_c925d358b34c499bacd41b955fb01d97_0_q#0", "C_c925d358b34c499bacd41b955fb01d97_0_q#1", "C_c925d358b34c499bacd41b955fb01d97_0_q#2", "C_c925d358b34c499bacd41b955fb01d97_0_q#3", "C_c925d358b34c499bacd41b955fb01d97_0_q#4", "C_c925d358b34c499bacd41b955fb01d97_0_q#5", "C_c925d358b34c499bacd41b955fb01d97_0_q#6" ]

[ "What led Tony Romo to NFL?", "What is his longest passing yard?", "What are his winnings?", "Did he played in the playoff againts Cowboys?", "Did he lost any game?", "Did they won with Green Bay Packers in November 29?", "How much did he earned on his contract extension with the Cowboys?" ]

[ 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 2496 ], [ 199 ], [ 2004 ], [ 2496 ], [ 2375 ], [ 1505 ], [ 1397 ] ], "texts": [ [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "His 345 passing yards in Week 1 led the NFL." ], [ "The Cowboys finished the season with a 13-3 record." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "ensuring that the Cowboys were eliminated from the playoffs with a 21-17 loss to the eventual Super Bowl XLII champions." ], [ "On November 29 against the Green Bay Packers, in a game between 10-1 teams, Romo threw four touchdown passes" ], [ "On October 29, Romo reached an agreement to a six-year, $67.5 million contract extension with the Cowboys." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 2496, 199, 2004, 2496, 2375, 1505, 1397 ], "texts": [ "CANNOTANSWER", "His 345 passing yards in Week 1 led the NFL.", "The Cowboys finished the season with a 13-3 record.", "CANNOTANSWER", "ensuring that the Cowboys were eliminated from the playoffs with a 21-17 loss to the eventual Super Bowl XLII champions.", "On November 29 against the Green Bay Packers, in a game between 10-1 teams, Romo threw four touchdown passes", "On October 29, Romo reached an agreement to a six-year, $67.5 million contract extension with the Cowboys." ] }

[]

[ "The text does not provide information on what led Tony Romo to the NFL.", "The text does not provide information on Tony Romo's longest passing yard.", "The text doesn't provide specific information on Tony Romo's winnings. However, it mentions different games he won during the 2007 season, such as games against the New York Giants, Miami Dolphins, Chicago Bears, and St. Louis Rams, and that the Cowboys finished the season with a 13-3 record.", "No, Tony Romo did not play in the playoff against the Cowboys. As mentioned in the text, he was the quarterback of the Cowboys and he played against the New York Giants in the playoff.", "Yes, the text mentions that Tony Romo and the Dallas Cowboys lost a divisional playoff game against the New York Giants on January 13, 2008.", "The text does not provide information on whether the Dallas Cowboys won or lost the game against the Green Bay Packers on November 29.", "Tony Romo earned $67.5 million from his six-year contract extension with the Cowboys." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "Neutral", "no", "Yes", "No", "Yes" ]

[ "C_b9e262a7c56e49aaacb068abfba5a46b_1_q#0", "C_b9e262a7c56e49aaacb068abfba5a46b_1_q#1", "C_b9e262a7c56e49aaacb068abfba5a46b_1_q#2", "C_b9e262a7c56e49aaacb068abfba5a46b_1_q#3", "C_b9e262a7c56e49aaacb068abfba5a46b_1_q#4" ]

[ "What public appearances did she make?", "What did she speak about?", "Did she make any other public appearances with anyone of note?", "Did she receive any recognition for any of her public speeches and appearances?", "Did she make any public appearances in other countries?" ]

[ 0, 0, 2, 0, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 1703 ], [ 81 ], [ 1962 ], [ 811 ], [ 2416 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Jemison participated with First Lady, Michelle Obama, in a forum for promising girls in the Washington, D.C. public schools in March 2009." ], [ "promoting science and technology as well as providing an inspirational and educational message for young people." ], [ "In 2016, she partnered with Bayer Corporation to promote and advance science literacy in schools, emphasizing hands-on experimentation." ], [ "the 11th person in the 52-year history of Harvey Mudd College to be given an honorary degree." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 1703, 81, 1962, 811, 2416 ], "texts": [ "Jemison participated with First Lady, Michelle Obama, in a forum for promising girls in the Washington, D.C. public schools in March 2009.", "promoting science and technology as well as providing an inspirational and educational message for young people.", "In 2016, she partnered with Bayer Corporation to promote and advance science literacy in schools, emphasizing hands-on experimentation.", "the 11th person in the 52-year history of Harvey Mudd College to be given an honorary degree.", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "Jemison has made numerous public appearances. She is an active public speaker and appears before private and public groups promoting science and technology, and also inspires and educates young people. She appeared at charity events and, in 2007, she walked the runway at the Red Dress Heart Truth fashion show during Fashion Week in New York to raise money to fight heart disease. That same year, she was the graduation commencement speaker at Harvey Mudd College and was awarded an honorary doctor of engineering degree. On February 17, 2008, she was the featured speaker for the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority. She was interviewed by The Des Moines Register in 2008. In 2009, she participated with Michelle Obama in a forum for promising girls in the Washington, D.C. public schools. In 2014, she appeared at Wayne State University for their annual Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Tribute Luncheon. In 2016, she partnered with Bayer Corporation to promote science literacy in schools, emphasizing hands-on experimentation. She then participated in Michigan State University's lecture series, \"Slavery to Freedom: An American Odyssey,\" in February 2017. In May 2017, she gave the commencement speech at Rice University and discussed various topics at Western Michigan University.", "Jemison uses her platform to promote science and technology, and also to inspire and educate young people. She speaks out on the gap in the quality of health-care between the United States and the Third World. Jemison participated in a forum for promising girls in the Washington, D.C. public schools. She partnered with Bayer Corporation to promote and advance science literacy in schools, emphasizing hands-on experimentation. She also took part in the Michigan State University's lecture series, \"Slavery to Freedom: An American Odyssey.\" She discussed the 100 Year Plan, science, education, and other topics at Rice University and Western Michigan University.", "Yes, Jemison participated with First Lady, Michelle Obama, in a forum for promising girls in the Washington, D.C. public schools in March 2009.", "Yes, in May 2007, Jemison was only the 11th person in the 52-year history of Harvey Mudd College to be awarded an honorary degree. She was given a doctor of engineering degree.", "The text does not provide information on whether Jemison made any public appearances in other countries." ]

[ "No", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_b9e262a7c56e49aaacb068abfba5a46b_0_q#0", "C_b9e262a7c56e49aaacb068abfba5a46b_0_q#1", "C_b9e262a7c56e49aaacb068abfba5a46b_0_q#2", "C_b9e262a7c56e49aaacb068abfba5a46b_0_q#3", "C_b9e262a7c56e49aaacb068abfba5a46b_0_q#4", "C_b9e262a7c56e49aaacb068abfba5a46b_0_q#5" ]

[ "Did Mae encounter any hardships?", "What was the outcome of the complaint?", "What did she think was the reasoning behind the traffic stop?", "Why does Jemison think she was actually pulled?", "Did she have any other hardships?", "Who was elected instead?" ]

[ 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 1 ]

[ 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 1914 ], [ 228 ], [ 1914 ], [ 1194 ], [ 1914 ] ], "texts": [ [ "In the spring of 1996, Jemison filed a complaint against a Texas police officer, accusing him of police brutality during a traffic stop that ended in her arrest." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "allegedly making an illegal U-turn and arrested after Hughes learned of an outstanding warrant on Jemison" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Jemison had failed to be re-elected to the board in a vote of the shareholders of the company at the company's May 31 annual stockholders meeting." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 1914, 228, 1914, 1194, 1914 ], "texts": [ "In the spring of 1996, Jemison filed a complaint against a Texas police officer, accusing him of police brutality during a traffic stop that ended in her arrest.", "CANNOTANSWER", "allegedly making an illegal U-turn and arrested after Hughes learned of an outstanding warrant on Jemison", "CANNOTANSWER", "Jemison had failed to be re-elected to the board in a vote of the shareholders of the company at the company's May 31 annual stockholders meeting.", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "Yes, Mae Jemison encountered hardships including alleged police brutality during a traffic stop and arrest in Texas and later failing to be re-elected to the board of directors of Gen-Probe Inc. due to poor attendance at board meetings.", "The context does not provide information on the outcome of the complaint Jemison filed against the Texas police officer.", "The context does not provide information on what Jemison thought was the reason behind the traffic stop.", "The context does not provide information on why Jemison thinks she was actually pulled over by the police.", "The context mentions two primary hardships faced by Mae Jemison; the alleged police brutality incident and failing to be re-elected to the board of Gen-Probe Inc. because of poor attendance at board meetings. The context does not mention any other hardships.", "The context does not provide information on who was elected to the board of directors of Gen-Probe Inc. in place of Jemison." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "no", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_910c9eeadc024caca621940b695dbbd1_0_q#0", "C_910c9eeadc024caca621940b695dbbd1_0_q#1", "C_910c9eeadc024caca621940b695dbbd1_0_q#2", "C_910c9eeadc024caca621940b695dbbd1_0_q#3", "C_910c9eeadc024caca621940b695dbbd1_0_q#4", "C_910c9eeadc024caca621940b695dbbd1_0_q#5", "C_910c9eeadc024caca621940b695dbbd1_0_q#6", "C_910c9eeadc024caca621940b695dbbd1_0_q#7" ]

[ "Did Henry Molaison make any important contributions to science?", "What other contributions did he make to science?", "Did he win any awards for his contributions?", "Is there a lasting impact in the field of science today because of his contributions?", "What was different about his case that caused it to have such an impact?", "Do people with epilepsy today receive treatment like he did?", "Did the scientists who worked on him go on to do anything else significant?", "Did those scientists win any awards?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2 ]

[ 0, 2, 1, 0, 2, 2, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 367 ], [ 490 ], [ 1333 ], [ 1496 ], [ 2050 ], [ 1770 ], [ 1941 ] ], "texts": [ [ "The study of Molaison revolutionized the understanding of the organization of human memory. It has provided broad evidence for the rejection of old theories" ], [ "Molaison's brain was the subject of an anatomical study funded by the Dana Foundation and the National Science Foundation." ], [ "The aim of the project, headed by Jacopo Annese, of The Brain Observatory at UC San Diego, was to provide a complete microscopic survey of the entire brain to reveal" ], [ "Additionally, a previously unexpected discrete lesion was discovered in the prefrontal cortex. These findings suggest revisiting raw data from behavioral testing." ], [ "A three-dimensional virtual model of the brain allowed the dynamics of the surgery to be reconstructed;" ], [ "The digital atlas of HM's brain was made publicly available on the Internet free of charge; its \"permanence on the web relies on contributions from users\"." ], [ "The article also describes the general neuropathological state of the brain via multiple imaging modalities. As H.M. was 82 when he died, his brain had aged considerably." ], [ "Several pathological features were discovered, some severe, which had contributed to his cognitive decline." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 367, 490, 1333, 1496, 2050, 1770, 1941 ], "texts": [ "The study of Molaison revolutionized the understanding of the organization of human memory. It has provided broad evidence for the rejection of old theories", "Molaison's brain was the subject of an anatomical study funded by the Dana Foundation and the National Science Foundation.", "The aim of the project, headed by Jacopo Annese, of The Brain Observatory at UC San Diego, was to provide a complete microscopic survey of the entire brain to reveal", "Additionally, a previously unexpected discrete lesion was discovered in the prefrontal cortex. These findings suggest revisiting raw data from behavioral testing.", "A three-dimensional virtual model of the brain allowed the dynamics of the surgery to be reconstructed;", "The digital atlas of HM's brain was made publicly available on the Internet free of charge; its \"permanence on the web relies on contributions from users\".", "The article also describes the general neuropathological state of the brain via multiple imaging modalities. As H.M. was 82 when he died, his brain had aged considerably.", "Several pathological features were discovered, some severe, which had contributed to his cognitive decline." ] }

[]

[ "Yes, the study of Henry Molaison's brain revolutionized the understanding of the organization of human memory, providing evidence for new theories about its processes and underlying neural structures.", "The context does not provide additional information on any other contributions Henry Molaison made to science beyond his significant contributions to the understanding of human memory.", "The context does not provide information on Henry Molaison winning any awards for his contributions.", "Yes, the study of Henry Molaison's brain has had a lasting impact in the field of science, particularly in the understanding of human memory. His brain was even studied posthumously and a digital 3D reconstruction made, which was then made publicly available for further research. The surviving parts of his hippocampus found during this study and the previously unexpected lesion in the prefrontal cortex suggest revisiting raw data from behavioral testing. This shows that his contributions are still influencing ongoing research.", "What made Henry Molaison's case impactful was the unique opportunity it provided for studying the organization of human memory. Following a surgery in 1953 to treat severe epilepsy, Molaison experienced historical memory impairment, providing researchers with insights into the neural structures and processes of memory. After his death, a detailed study and digital 3D reconstruction of his brain revealed further surprises, including the survival of half of his hippocampus post-surgery and an unexpected lesion in the prefrontal cortex, prompting new interpretations and further research.", "The context does not provide information on whether people with epilepsy today receive treatment similar to what Henry Molaison received.", "The context does not provide information on any other significant work that the scientists who studied Henry Molaison's brain may have gone on to do.", "The context does not provide information on whether the scientists who studied Henry Molaison's brain won any awards." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes", "No", "No", "No", "No" ]