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Transperth fare zone

A Transperth fare zone is an area that is used by Transperth to determine fares. The fare zones are determined by their distance from Perth City. List of fare zones Notes:. All Mandurah line stations have a purpose built bus interchange area . All Joondalup line stations have a purpose built bus interchange area except Leederville, Glendalough, & Edgewater . Patrons may board and alight any bus free of charge within the free transit zone. Patrons holding a SmartRider card may also travel on trains free of charge within this zone. . Bus transfer . Bus transfer, Thornlie line spur diverges here . Bus transfer, end of Thornlie line . Bus station . Bus transfer . Bus station, Avonlink and Prospector service . Bus station . Bus station . Bus station, Australind stop

Bibiani-Anhwiaso-Bekwai (Ghana parliament constituency)

Christopher Addae is the member of parliament for the constituency. He was elected on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party (NPP) and won a majority of 2227 votes to become the MP. He was also the incumbent MP during the 2008 parliamentary elections of Ghana.

Sulimierz, West Pomeranian Voivodeship

Sulimierz (formerly German Adamsdorf) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Myślibórz, within Myślibórz County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately east of Myślibórz and south-east of the regional capital Szczecin. Before 1945 the area was part of Germany. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania. The village has a population of 740.

Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2015

The Royal Challengers Bangalore (RCB) is a franchise cricket team based in Bangalore, India, which plays in the Indian Premier League (IPL). They were one of the eight teams that competed in the 2015 Indian Premier League. They were captained by Virat Kohli. Royal Challengers Bangalore finished third in the IPL. Squad Players with international caps are listed in bold. denotes a player who was unavailable for the season. Indian Premier League season Standings Royal Challengers Bangalore finished third in the league stage of IPL 2015. Top 4 teams were qualified for the playoffs advanced to the Qualifier advanced to the Eliminator Match log

Sam Gerson

Samuel Norton "Sam" Gerson (November 30, 1895 – September 30, 1972) was a Ukrainian-born American wrestler. He was born in Tymky, Poltava Oblast, Russian Empire, and died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Career He competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics, for the United States. He won the Olympic silver medal in the freestyle wrestling featherweight class after losing the final to Charles Ackerly. Gerson also graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1920. One of the organizers of Philadelphia's Maccabi Sports Club, Gerson was inducted into the Philadelphia Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in the class of 2006. Dr. George Eisen of Nazareth College included Rybak on his list of Jewish Olympic Medalists. Gerson contended that discrimination against him because of his Jewish background cost him the gold medal, based on what he said he had been told by a competition official at the games. A determined supporter of the Olympics as a means of fostering peace between nations, Gerson's death from a heart attack on September 30, 1972, was said to have been precipitated by the Munich Massacre of 11 members of the Israeli Olympic team at the 1972 Summer Olympics by members of the Black September organization.

Working class education

Working class education is the education of working-class people. History Prior to the 19th century, education for most members of society was elementary and only an elite received advanced education. This was intended to provide members of each social class with an education befitting their expected future status—toil or leadership. Children of the working class have a different educational experience than children of the middle and upper classes. Because of this, working class children can start out life at a disadvantage. Their educational experience may be hindered for several reasons, including influences from their parents, the schools they attend, and their expectations and attitudes, all of which are strongly affected by previous generations Schools The schools in the lower income districts are characterized by overcrowding and lack of resources. This is because the funding of American public schools comes mostly from their district's property taxes. Residential segregation occurs when people segregate themselves based on class and race. This leaves schools in the low income school districts with little because those who are capable of paying higher property taxes move to districts where there are higher taxes and schools are receiving more. For example, in New York City, where efforts are being made to level the playing field, students in the wealthiest school districts are given almost twice as much as students in the poorest district, an annual amount of $13,974 compared to $7,457. When schools lack funding, programs such as special education classes and extracurricular activities are cut back. This causes some working class children to not get the attention and help they require. When schools and teachers are not receiving the goods required to fulfill their duty, students cannot be expected to display the motivation to learn in a flawed system. Parental influences The way parents act in the home and raise their children has a large effect on how children will interact in social institutions. Many social scientists claim that middle class parents practice concerted cultivation, meaning a child's life is filled with organized activities and social interactions with adults. Due to the extent of their interactions outside of the home, the children of concerted cultivation develop a greater mastery of language and are instilled with a sense of entitlement, both of which allows them to become more comfortable when interacting with institutions. On the other hand, many working-class parents practice the accomplishment of natural growth, where children have more control over their free time and are exposed to fewer interactions with adults that are outside of the home. These children are usually left to occupy themselves with activities such as watching TV, playing video games, or playing outside. Working-class parents put less emphasis on planned activities, than their middle class counterparts, because they are less likely to have the funds to pay for them. The problem that comes with these differences in parenting practices is that schools, along with other institutions, are more harmonious with concerted cultivation, the parenting practice of the middle class. Teachers want parents and children to engage and be proactive, but parents and children of the working class feel a sense of constraint that leaves them confused on how to "work the system" and often causes them to become hostile towards schooling. Because working-class parents are often uncomfortable around authority figures, they are less likely to communicate with their child's teacher or become involved in the school. As a result of this, low income school districts have lower involvement in parent teacher conferences. This could also be attributed to the fact that working-class parents often have to hold down more than one job and do not have very much time to help their children with homework or attend school functions. As a consequence, working-class children mature in narrow social settings, receive fewer resources, and feel less entitlement. Attitudes The children of the working class approach school with a different attitude than those of higher class. This is because their sense of entitlement is lower than that of their middle class counterparts. Working-class students sometimes feel unentitled or that they do not belong in affluent high schools or colleges. Instead of viewing education as a way up in the world, the working class views it as valuable but not as a reality for them. For working-class parents, they are more consumed with the tasks of simply getting by and providing for their children than they are with good grades and higher education. Parents pass this survival mentality onto their children and cause a cycle where working class children do not have the same aspirations instilled in them that the middle class does. Only 54% of students whose parents only received their high school diploma go on to pursue their bachelor's degree. This statistic is compared to the 82% of students whose parents received their bachelor's degree that go on to college. First generation students who do on go to college experience a culture shock once they get there because they are not as comfortable and sure of themselves as those that have come from a family that has received higher education. A 2012 review of the literature has shown that working-class students have a greater risk of being excluded from social life at universities, including formal activities such as campus-based clubs, societies, and organizations and informal activities such as parties and nonclassroom conversations. This is an important problem because social integration predicts student retention, and working class students are twice as likely as middle class students to drop out before their second year of college because they lack the persistence they need to face challenges and succeed in college. The attitude of children born into the working class strongly reflects the way their parents raise them. The outlook and importance of education is not the same as families with wealth. Inheritance plays a strong role in the way parents and children view and value education. Solving the problem There are some ways that this may be changed. In order to break this cycle, working class students might be taught the values of the middle class or the schooling system develop programs that help those students that are not receiving the support and guidance they need from home. The middle class values are the same values that are felt by the authority figures at school; therefore, through teaching working class students to value education and be more involved they will be able to navigate social institutions with greater purpose and poise. The problem could be that working-class parents did not have these values instilled in them; therefore, they are less likely to pass these values on to their children. Schools have been left with the responsibility of being the only places for some children to learn the rules and values that are present in most institutions. Solving the problem of racism within these institutions, causing perpetual problems and nearly impossible change, would take large steps towards rectifying problems within the education system. As long as institutionalized racism exists, problems within the educational system will continue to exist. Due to the lack of resources in needy schools, educational facilities are forced to develop support systems that do not have any additional costs. Programs that have been introduced into lower income schools include the following: A specified amount of time set aside everyday for homework can help the child better understand. Often working-class parents have neither the time nor the knowledge to help their children with their homework. By providing time for homework during the school day, students who are not receiving the help they need at home are able to receive supplemental instruction. Keeping the same teachers for a few years or having separate schools within schools can strengthen relationships. This program allows children and parents to become more familiar with teachers and to form stronger bonds. By strengthening the student and teacher relationship, students are able to receive more guidance from their teachers and grow more comfortable, which may be a lacking opportunity in the home. The setting of daily goals can help children learn how to face challenges and deadlines. By setting the goals in writing at the beginning of every day or week, children learn how to manage and prioritize tasks in order to feel a sense of achievement when the goals are met.

2019 Magyar Kupa (women's basketball)

The 2019 László Killik Női Magyar Kupa is the 62nd season of the Hungarian Basketball Cup. Qualification Eight highest ranked teams after the first half of the 2018–19 NB I/A regular season qualified to the tournament. Sopron Basket Aluinvent DVTK ZTE Női Kosárlabda Klub Atomerőmű KSC Szekszárd PEAC-Pécs CMB CARGO UNI GYÔR NKE-Csata ELTE BEAC Újbuda Bracket Semifinals Bronze match Final Final standings

William H. Cunningham

William H. Cunningham (born ) is an American academic administrator and businessman. He served as the 24th president of the University of Texas at Austin from 1985 to 1992. He holds the James L. Bayless Chair for Free Enterprise at UT Austin's McCombs School of Business, and he is a director of Southwest Airlines.

NGC 4318

NGC 4318 is a small lenticular galaxy located about 72 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. It was discovered by astronomer John Herschel on January 18, 1828. NGC 4318 is a member of the Virgo W′ group, a group of galaxies in the background of the Virgo Cluster that is centered on the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 4365. Physical characteristics NGC 4318 contains a small, classical bulge and a nuclear stellar disc with a diameter of ~. Outside the nuclear stellar disc lies a sharply bounded, low surface brightness region with a diameter of ~ beyond which lies a larger outer disk. Black Hole NGC 4318 harbors a supermassive black hole with an estimated mass of 4 million ( M☉) solar masses. Globular clusters NGC 4318 is surrounded by 18 globular clusters.

Maurice Le Guilloux

Maurice Le Guilloux (born 14 May 1950) is a former French racing cyclist. He rode in eleven Grand Tours between 1975 and 1984. He spent much of his career as a domestique for fellow Breton cyclist Bernard Hinault and subsequently became a directeur sportif at La Vie Claire. However Le Guilloux and Hinault's friendship was damaged by the events of the 1986 Tour de France, where Le Guilloux was the directeur sportif responsible for Hinault's rival and team-mate at La Vie Claire, Greg LeMond.

Football West State League Division 1

The Football West State League Division 1 is a regional Australian semi-professional association football league comprising teams from Western Australia. The league sits at Level 2 on the Western Australian league system (Level 3 of the overall Australian league system). The competition is administered by Football West, the governing body of the sport in the state. The league has been officially called the All Flags State League Division 1 due to sponsorship arrangements since 2011. Format The league operates with a promotion and relegation system. Promotion for the Champion of the Division to the National Premier Leagues Western Australia (NPL WA) was introduced for the 2015 season, but is subject to eligibility criteria. Mandurah City were the 2015 champions but did not meet all of the Football West eligibility criteria to be promoted to the 2016 National Premier Leagues WA. Mandurah City and Joondalup United were promoted after the 2016 season to the National Premier Leagues Western Australia (NPL WA) to make it a 14 team division, Mandurah City were relegated in 2017 after being defeated by Forrestfield United in a promotion/releation play off. After review by Football West the 2019 NPLWA season was decided to return to a 12 team competition, as a result, Subiaco AFC, Forrestfield United and Joondalup United were relegated and Rockingham City were promoted. The team that finishes bottom of the table is relegated to the Football West State League Division 2, with the 2nd bottom team competing in a promotion/relegation playoff series with the teams that finished 2nd, 3rd and 4th in the Football West State League Division 2. Clubs The following 11 clubs will compete in the 2019 WA State League Division 1 season. Originally it was planned to be 12 teams, but South West Phoenix withdrew from the league 9 days before the start of the season:

Newburyport/Rockport Line

The Newburyport/Rockport Line is a branch of the MBTA Commuter Rail system, running northeast from downtown Boston, Massachusetts towards Cape Ann and the Merrimack Valley, serving the North Shore. The first leg serves Chelsea, Lynn, Swampscott, Salem, and Beverly. From there, a northern branch of the line serves Hamilton, Ipswich, Rowley, and Newburyport. The line also branches east from Beverly, serving Manchester, Gloucester, and Rockport. A bicycle coach is offered on the Rockport branch during the summer. History The Eastern Route main line between Boston and Portsmouth, New Hampshire opened in 1836 as the Eastern Railroad. Ferries were used to transport passengers between the East Boston terminal and Boston proper. The line was extended to Portland, Maine, in 1842 under a track-sharing agreement with the Boston and Maine Railroad. The Gloucester Branch was constructed in 1847, but despite local support, it was not extended to Rockport until November 1861. In 1854, with the opening of the Grand Junction Railroad, the Eastern Railroad acquired direct access to downtown Boston. This access was more convenient than its previous access, which required using the Saugus Branch or the South Reading Branch Railroad. The Boston & Maine leased the Eastern Railroad in 1884, and in 1893 the new North Union Station became the terminus of the B&M, its subsidiaries the Eastern Railroad and Boston & Lowell Railroad, and the Fitchburg Railroad. In the 1970s, the B&M's passenger services - which, by that time, were almost exclusively commuter services - began to become financially unviable until the MBTA subsidized, and then acquired, the services. The line beyond Newburyport was abandoned in 1982; however, commuter service had been cut back from Newburyport to Ipswich in 1976. In 1998, service was restored to Newburyport at a cost of $46 million. In the late 1980s, the MBTA planned to construct a park and ride relief station off Route 107 in Saugus. A $400,000 planning study was funded in February 1988; the proposed $11 million station would have had 1,000 parking spaces and opened in late 1991. The station was not built; instead, a high-level platform and parking garage opened at Lynn in January 1992. In July 2019, Wynn Resorts proposed a combination commuter rail and Silver Line station in Everett to serve the newly-owned Encore Boston Harbor casino and proposed surrounding development. Movable bridges and replacements Owing to its position along the North Shore coastline, the Newburyport/Rockport Line has a large number of river crossings, including movable bridges over the Saugus River and Danvers River on the mainline as well as Days Creek and the Annisquam River on the Rockport Branch. Draw Number 7 over the Mystic River between Somerville and Everett, built in 1877, was the oldest horizontally folding drawbridge in the country until it was replaced by a fixed high-level concrete span on August 26, 1989. The new $34.2 million bridge, which was completed nine months ahead of schedule, eliminated the speed restriction on the old bridge. The Beverly Drawbridge spanning the Danvers River was replaced in 2017. The abutments of the approach spans were repaired, followed by a 21-day service shutdown from July 17 to August 13, 2017, for the complete replacement of the swing bridge section. The MBTA Board approved the $16.2 million contract in February 2016; work will last from March 2016 to December 2017. The line was shut down on weekends from July 8 through August 27, 2017, for the installation of Positive Train Control equipment in order to meet a 2020 federal deadline; four of those weekends overlapped with the already planned service curtailments for drawbridge work. The Gloucester Drawbridge over the Annisquam River consists of a steel drawbridge and western approach span with a timber trestle for the eastern approach. It was built in 1911, modified in 1932, and substantially repaired in 1984-85. It will be completely replaced with a modern box beam bridge on steel piles. By February 2016, bidding was planned to begin by June for the four-year, then-$34 million project, though funding had not been allotted. The MBTA Board approved a $56.9 million contract in October 2017; funding is split between federal and state funds. The 44-month project will require 10 weekend shutdowns of the branch. All service between West Gloucester and Rockport was replaced by buses from June 1 to June 30, 2019 to allow for construction. South Salem In February 2001, the MBTA began two parallel planning processes for the North Shore region: a Draft Environment Impact Statement for the Blue Line Extension (DEIS), and a Major Investment Study (MIS) for other projects primarily north of Salem. The MIS, released in 2004, identified a number of possible improvements to the Newburyport/Rockport Line, including upgrades to current stations, grade crossing eliminations, signal system improvements, increased frequencies, a second Salem tunnel, a branch line to Danvers, and new stations at Revere and South Salem. A South Salem station would serve Salem State University, the North Shore Medical Center, and residential areas south of downtown Salem - some of which were served by the pre-1987 station, but only by the and 459 buses thereafter. The station was estimated to cost $12.2 to $13.8 million, with a single island platform serving the line's two tracks, and would draw about 600 daily riders. Two possible locations were considered: one with access from Laurel Street and the platform running to the north, and one with access from Ocean Avenue and the platform running to the south. None of the projects in the DEIS or MIS was actually built due to lack of funding, except for parking structures at Salem and Beverly which were mandated as Big Dig mitigation. In January 2015, Salem mayor Kim Driscoll indicated her support for a South Salem station in her State of the City address. A feasibility study, released in March 2016, analyzed four possible station locations, including three sites near the MIS locations plus one at Jefferson Avenue to the south. The station would have two side platforms and cost between $15 million and $20 million depending on the site. The study received mixed reactions from Salem residents, including concerns about construction, lights, and trains idling near a residential area but also hope for improved transit accessibility and higher property values. , a site off Canal Street near Lauren Street was considered the preferred alternative. Part or all of an adjacent industrial property could be purchased to provide pedestrian access and possibly a small parking lot on the west side of the tracks, improving access to the nearby North Shore Medical Center. Station listing Gallery

Hino Kumawaka

(14th century), born , childhood name , was the son of Hino Suketomo, the dainagon (high counselor) to Emperor Go-Daigo. Kumawaka himself was also an attendant to Emperor Go-Daigo, with whom he is sometimes thought to have had a pederastic relationship. He is best known for avenging his father by killing the lay monk Homma Saburō, who had Suketomo executed. Later, Kumawaka was sometimes portrayed in art as an example of filial piety. Chronicle Much of what is known about Kumawaka comes from the 14th century chronicle Taiheiki. As the story goes, Kumawaka's father, Suketomo dainagon, had been exiled to the island of Sado. Suspecting a conspiracy by the Imperial court, the Kamakura shogunate named Suketomo a major co-conspirator, and called for his execution. This order was relayed to the lay monk Homma Saburō, who presided over Sado island. The thirteen-year-old Kumawaka, who was in hiding at Ninna-ji, a main buddhist temple, caught wind of this news and traveled to Sado to be with his father one final time. Having arrived at Sado island, he was granted an audience with Homma Saburō. However, Homma would not let Kumawaka see his father, but instead had him lodged in a nearby residence. Eventually, Suketomo was beheaded before Kumawaka got the chance to meet him. Kumawaka was entrusted with his father's cremated remains, and he had them delivered to Mount Kōya. Following this, Kumawaka feigned illness, and lay for several days in Homma's residence. During this time, he plotted his father's revenge. Revenge One night, Kumawaka sneaked out unarmed, expecting to kill Homma's son. Instead, he came upon Homma himself, asleep in a different room. In the room, a lamp was burning brightly, and Kumawaka feared that disturbing the light would wake the monk. To solve this, he opened the door slightly, allowing moths to swarm in and extinguish the light. He picked up Homma's sword, but kicked his pillow to awaken the monk, thinking, "...to kill a sleeping man is no different than stabbing a corpse". When Homma woke up, Kumawaka stabbed him in the chest and throat, and fled to hide in a bamboo grove. The guards, seeing small bloodstained footprints, went out in search of him. Faced with a deep moat, Kumawaka climbed onto a bamboo, and weighed down the tip of the plant, allowing him to drop over on the other side. He then headed for the harbor for a ship to take him back to the main islands. Escape During the day, he hid in a field of hemp, where he observed over a hundred mounted men searching for him. Eventually, he came across an old monk, who, after listening to Kumawaka's story, carried him on his back to the harbor. At the harbor, the pair had great difficulty in finding a boat. When one vessel refused to heed the old monk's pleas for passage, the monk began chanting a prayer for the vessel to return. According to the text, a violent wind then appeared, threatening to capsize the boat. Seeing this, the boatmen cried out to the old monk to save them, and rowed back to shore. When they reached the shore, the winds calmed, and Kumawaka and the old monk got on the boat. The mounted pursuers had now caught up with them, and rode out onto shallow water in pursuit. However, the boat crew, ignoring their shouts, raised sails and journeyed safely to Echigo province.

Joel Luani

Joel Luani (born 16 February 1992) is a professional rugby league footballer who last played for the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs in the Intrust Super Premiership. He plays as a and previously played for the Wests Tigers in the NRL. Background Luani was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. He is of American Samoan and Tongan descent. He was educated at his father's alma mater Newington College (2008–2010) and he played in the rugby union 1st XV for three years. In his final year of school he was a member of Newington's GPS Championship-winning rugby union team and played for the Australian Schoolboys rugby union team. He also played junior football for Five Dock before being signed by the Wests Tigers. Playing career Luani played for the Tigers' NYC team in 2011 and 2012, playing second row in the 2012 premiership-winning team. Coach Todd Payten said, "Joel played in the back row, which was not his preferred position and not once did he complain. He just went out and did the job each week." On 29 July 2013, Luani re-signed with the Tigers on a 2-year contract. After being 18th man a number of times in the 2013 NRL season, Luani made his NRL debut for the Tigers against the Parramatta Eels in round 22. He played 3 games in a period when Robbie Farah was unavailable due to injury, scoring one try. At the end of the season, Luani was chosen to be a member of the United States 2013 World Cup squad. He made his international debut playing at hooker in the side that defeated the Cook Islands 32-20, in the country's first ever World Cup match. Luani made his debut for Tonga at the end of 2014. In 2015, he played halfback in a mid-season test against Samoa, and was described as one of, "the halves changing perceptions of Pacific rugby league teams having an inability to produce quality playmakers." He represented Tonga again at the conclusion of the 2015 season in the Asia-Pacific Qualifier match against the Cook Islands for the 2017 Rugby League World Cup, but he played this game in his usual position of hooker, with usual hooker Pat Politoni starting at five-eighth. Luani didn't play in any first-grade games for the Tigers in 2015 and at the end of the season, was not re-signed by the club.

Hans Wilhelm Hammerbacher

Hans Wilhelm Hammerbacher (2 November 1903 – 1980) was a German author and, in Nazi Germany, a member of the Sturmabteilung. Biography Hammerbacher was born in Nuremberg; he was the younger brother of architect Herta Hammerbacher. A physically weak child, he studied social sciences and gained his Ph.D. Having regained his health, in 1928 he bought a house in the mountain resort of Lech (Vorarlberg), Austria, with his father's inheritance. He was living in Lech when he joined the NSDAP on 25 April 1933. On 28 February 1934 he joined the SA; since the party was legally banned in Austria, he was imprisoned for five months and then deported to Germany. In 1938, following the Anschluss, he was made Kreisleiter for Feldkirch and then in early 1939 for Bregenz. He joined the Wehrmacht in mid-1940 and served in Norway, after which he was appointed to the party council in Munich. In 1943 he was a Bereichsleiter in Wieluń in the Reichsgau Wartheland, where he stayed until the end of the war. He was imprisoned until 1948 and then retreated into obscurity, with his wife and children, and died in 1980. He wrote a dozen books promoting a kind of Germanism, in which he proposed that ancient Germanic polytheism had been destroyed by Christian missionaries, particularly Saint Boniface, whose destruction of the Donar Oak was the subject of his Die Donar Eiche: Geschichte eines Heiligtums.

Irvington High School (Fremont, California)

Irvington High School is an American public secondary school located in the Irvington district of Fremont, California, United States. It is one of the five public high schools in the Fremont Unified School District. Since 2011, Irvington has received full accreditation from the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. Campus The campus is located in the Irvington district. Opened in 1961, it underwent major construction in 1968, resulting in the addition of a 150-seat theater, a second gymnasium, and ten and a half classrooms. Irvington underwent further campus beautification in 2009, with the installation of the prototypical solar panel on the southwest corner and re-sodding of the varsity and JV baseball fields. In the summer of 2010, further improvements were made to the main parking lot on the east side of campus. A two-story building was added in 2016 for math and science classes. Academics Irvington is a National Blue Ribbon School and California Distinguished School. In April 2017 U.S. News & World Report ranked Irvington as 78th in California, 468th in the United States, and 66th in the United States for STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics). 63% of Irvington students take at least one Advanced Placement (AP) exam, and 88% score a passing score of 3 or above. In 2013, Irvington's API score was 884. Its API score for 2012 was 874. Its API score for 2011 was 869. Awards California Distinguished School National Blue Ribbon School New American High School America's Greenest School Ladies' Home Journal Ten Most Amazing Schools in the United States Civic Learning Award of Excellence Benchmarks Students must complete special benchmark projects at Irvington. Currently, IHS has three benchmarks, one at the 9th grade level called Change Project, one at the 10th grade level called World Issues Project, and one at the 12th grade level called QUEST. Benchmarks are long-term projects that allow students to demonstrate progress toward or mastery of the four School-Wide Outcomes: Communication, Critical Thinking, Personal Responsibility, and Social Responsibility. Benchmarks are intended to be consistently evaluated, "authentic," real life assessment projects which provide students, parents, and teachers information about student achievement across a range of important lifelong learning skills. CHANGE Project Freshmen complete a "Change" project in which they become introduced to the Irvington culture by working in teams of three to four to make a positive change regarding an environmental problem that they identify in the local community. They have approximately six months to complete the service project, volunteer at a local organization, write three drafts of a research report, and create a Powerpoint presentation to present near the end of the school year to their peers and teachers. World Issues Project Formerly known as "UN", World Issues adds a service component to Irvington education. Changes have been made to the process and objective of the project. Now, students are put into groups of four and are assigned a global issue. After covering a background of the issue in a group, students complete the rest of the project individually. The first half of the year is devoted to understanding and describing the issue, and the second half is spent proposing ways to fix the problem. Each student must research their assigned issue, write two papers on their topic, and participate in two discussions on their assigned topic. These topics include lack of access to clean water, refugee crisis, terrorism, child labor, climate change, infectious diseases, and inequality for women. QUEST Project QUEST is a five-component project designed and must be completed by all Irvington seniors in order to graduate, if not all completed, the student will not graduate. QUEST benchmark was established in 1996. The student starts with a "Question," associated with "providing benefits to the community." Through "Understanding," an answer to the Question starts to develop through research, reading, writing, and hands-on activities. Students must then find a professional to act as their consultant and guide them through their experience and service hours. The student and his or her consultant then create an "Experience" plan related to the Question, which may include a variety of jobs that the student-chosen jobs that relate to the Question. Through "Service," the student designs and implements an activity which will allow the student to share his or her new knowledge with the greater community in a way that serves a real need in the community. They must write a paper consisting o all their findings throughout the year presenting their social contemporary issue with background information, research, and hands on experience on their QUEST topic. Finally, at the "Testimony," the student will present his or her entire QUEST experience to a panel consisting of staff, parents and experienced community members. Demographics According to US News and World Report, 84% of Irvington's student body is "of color," with 13% of the student body coming from economically disadvantaged households, determined by student eligibility for California's reduced-price meal program. 5.23% of Irvington's students are English Language Learners. Attendance area The attendance area includes the Fremont districts of Irvington, Warm Springs, and part of Mission San Jose. Along with Irvington High School, the attendance area also includes six elementary schools — Grimmer, Harvey Green, Hirsch, James Leitch, Warm Springs, and Weibel, as well as Horner Jr. High School. Students choosing to enter the high school who live outside the district lines may apply for a lottery or a transfer into the Irvington Arts Magnet Program. Applying for the Center For The Creative Arts Program (CCA) is an art-oriented method of getting in the school if a student does not live within the boundaries. CCA has modified English, social studies, and science classes that are grouped together in a family that includes more artistic guidelines. Extracurricular Athletics Irvington's varsity baseball program has been strong over the last twenty-four years, placing first in league in 2008 and winning an MVAL title in 2009. In recent years, the JV baseball program has won two league titles and placed second twice. Irvington's badminton team has placed second and third in the MVAL between 2005-2010. It placed second at the 2006 NCS tournament. That same year, the badminton team won second place in the MVALs. Irvington's cross country team often places high at MVALs. During the 2005-2006 season, the boys' varsity team placed second at the MVAL championships, and during the 2006-2007 season, the girls' varsity team placed second at the MVAL championships. Varsity and JV girls were 07-08 and 08-09 MVAL Champions, and varsity girls placed fourth at NCS. However, in recent years (2009 and 2010), the varsity team has been lacking, with a fifth place (out of seven) finish at the 2010 MVAL finals. Irvington's varsity football team took first place in the MVALs in 2005, beating out top competitor Logan High School in Union City, and moving on to the NCS finals. They took second place in 2006 MVALs and moved on to the NCS semi-finals. Robert Turbin (RB), who played during this period, was selected in the NFL Draft by the Seattle Seahawks. Irvington's volleyball team made it to NCS in the 2008-2009 season, eventually losing to Mission San Jose High School. The team also qualified for NCS in the 2009-2010 season, but lost to Liberty in the first round. In the 2010-2011 season, the team took first in the MVAL, and made it past the first round of NCS, beating San Leandro, but lost to California High School in the second round. Irvington's 2018 boys' water polo team tied for first place in the MVAL and made it into the NCS tournament. Two players were named First Team All-League and one player was named the MVAL League MVP. Irvington's varsity tennis team placed second in MVALs for four years in a row. The tennis team has made it to NCS twice. Irvington's 2009 gymnastics team was undefeated during the regular season, becoming the season champions. At MVALs, Irvington placed first overall, with an Irvington gymnast taking first overall in each of the three levels: JV, varsity, and varsity elite. Irvington's 2016 gymnastics team was undefeated. Irvington's 2016/17 Varsity soccer team remained undefeated, winning every single game, resulting in a first-place finish in MVAL, for the first time in over 40 years. The 14 game winning streak finally came to an end when Irvington played De La Salle in the NCS playoffs where they lost 2-0. Band Irvington has six concert band groups on campus: a freshman symphonic band, two symphonic bands, an orchestra, and two wind ensembles. Irvington also has a jazz ensemble which meets before school during zero period and several independent ensembles on campus. Wind ensembles have earned the prestigious Unanimous Superior ranking at multiple CMEA competitions. In addition, wind ensembles frequently send their members to California's All-State Honor Band and Northern California's All-Northern Honor Band. The entire ensemble was invited to perform at the Chabot Invitational since 2007. A wind ensemble placed first in the Class A concert competition at the 2007 Lincoln Tournament of Champions. In 2013, freshman symphonic band received unanimous superior during the CMEA Band Festival. Irvington's marching band was composed of approximately 186 members during the year of 2013–2014 and has been steadily growing. During the 2014–2015 season, the band consisted of almost 250 members. In 2005, the marching band won first place in the Division B competition at the Tournament of Champions at Lincoln High School in Stockton. The color guard also took first place at Lincoln as well as at the 35th Annual Santa Cruz Band Review. In 2006, the marching band and color guard took second place for Division B at Lincoln. In 2007, the marching band and color guard took second place again for Division B at Lincoln, and the drum major placed 3rd in the Mace category. Irvington finished the 2009 season capturing first place in Marching Band, first place in Concert Band (wind ensemble), and third place overall in Drumline at the Tournament of Champions at Lincoln High School in Stockton. In 2011, the marching band and color guard took sweepstakes in three of four categories competing in Division AA including music, showmanship, and overall parade. The color guard took first place in Division AA, and the drum major placed 2nd in the Mace category. The 2011 accomplishments at the Lincoln Tournament of Champions were the highest ever achieved by the Irvington marching band and color guard in the history of Irvington. In 2012, Irvington also took sweepstakes at the Feste Del Mar Band Review, with a score of 92.6. In 2012, the color guard also took sweepstakes at the Tournament of Champions at Lincoln High School in Stockton, and in 2014, the marching band took parade sweepstakes with a score of 92.55, beating Golden Valley, who are well known for their marching band and consistently place highly at band reviews. Owing to a large number of students in the marching band, it was split into two, JV and varsity, with auditions required to join varsity. At the 2017 Lincoln Band Review varsity marching band received music and overall sweepstakes. At the 2018 Santa Cruz Boardwalk band review Varsity Marching band earned overall and music sweepstakes. Irvington's Marching Band also has an active drumline. In 2005, the drumline placed fourth at the Lincoln Tournament of Champions. In 2007, the drumline again placed fourth at the Lincoln Tournament of Champions and fifth at the Santa Cruz Boardwalk band review. In 2009, the drumline placed sixth at the Santa Cruz Boardwalk band review and second at the Lodi Grape Bowl Classic Band Review. They finished the 2009 season placing third overall at the Lincoln Tournament of Champions. In 2011, the drumline placed third overall at the Tournament of Champions. In 2012, drumline placed first overall at the Santa Cruz Band Review. Journalism Irvington's school newspaper, The Voice, reaches over 2,000 students a month. It contains seven sections (News, Student Life, Opinions, Arts and Entertainment, Sports, Humor, and Photos) and is the only school newspaper in the Fremont Unified School District to have a Humor section. The journalism class is advised by English teacher Matthew Phillips. The staff is composed of over 25 students, with one or two editors for each section, a business manager, and two editors-in-chief. Their website, redesigned in 2014, contains online editions of the paper as well as regular news and school updates. The Voice also has a broadcast news channel, VTV, and an Instagram account (@ihsvoice) that documents daily life on campus. The website is currently headed by a single web editor. Lamda Irvington houses a Lamda program named the Irvington Conservatory Theater in the Valhalla theater. The school holds a partnership with the local community college, Ohlone College. Recent productions include: She Kills Monsters - fall 2018 Fiddler On The Roof - spring 2018 As You Like It - fall 2017 Wizard of Oz - spring 2017 It's a Wonderful Life - fall 2016 Urinetown - spring 2016 Almost, Maine - fall 2015 Into the Woods - spring 2015 Out of the Frying Pan - fall 2014 Anything Goes - spring 2014 A Midsummer Night's Dream - fall 2013 Bye Bye Birdie - spring 2013 The Diviners - fall 2012 Beauty and the Beast - spring 2012 Moon Over Buffalo - fall 2011 Starmites - spring 2011 A Christmas Carol - fall 2010 Aida - spring 2010 The Hobbit - fall 2009 Grease - spring 2009 Alice in Wonderland - fall 2008 Footloose - spring 2008 A Midsummer Night's Dream - fall 2007 Seussical - spring 2007 Wind in the Willows - fall 2006 Little Shop of Horrors - spring 2006 A Christmas Carol - fall 2005 Kiss Me, Kate - spring 2005 Cinderella - fall 2004 Once on This Island - spring 2004 Robotics The Irvington High School Robotics Club, founded in February 2010, is an information technology club. The club's first-time participation in the 2010 Northern California Botball Tournament held in San Mateo earned first place in the Alliance Competition and won a plaque for Outstanding Documentation. In the fall of 2010, the club expanded from a single competition team to three teams: Team Bluescreens, EndOfLines, and the Red HoloRAMs. In its first year of participation, the Red HoloRAMs dominated the FTC Regional Qualifiers, winning first place in the Fremont Qualifier. All teams advanced to the 2011 Northern California FTC Championships, winning eighth, 10th, and 19th place out of 26 teams. The club returned to Botball in the spring of 2011, with Team Bluescreens winning the Judge's Choice Award for Most Creative Design for using an "Omni-wheel" for steering its robot. EndOfLines won second place in the Alliance Competition. In fall 2011, the newly formed Team Terrorbotics received second place at Brentwood qualifications. They advanced to regionals, placing 19th. As of 2012, Team Bluescreens won first place at the Brentwood qualifiers. Team EndOfLines was replaced by Team NuclearEndermen. As of 2015, Team Bluescreens (split into subteams A and B) is the only competition team remaining in the club, and has withdrawn from FTC. For the current season, the team is participating in the VEX competition. In the fall of 2016, the club decided to form two VEX competition teams, one regular team and one "varsity" team, which utilizes techniques taught in Project Lead the Way's engineering courses. In February 2018, the club hosted its first-ever VEX Robotics Competition qualifier, the winner of which qualified for the Northern California state championships. The club also makes annual trips to Maker Faire, which are highly anticipated within the club. On occasion, the club has hosted the FLL (First Lego League) competitions on campus. Student life On June 12, 2017, the Senior prank required seniors to clean up for preventing vandalism. On May 4, 2019, MechA's Mr. IHS celebrated 10th anniversary of success. The performance ended over an hour late at 10:40pm instead of 9:30pm, and most of the audience remained in anticipation to hear the final winner. Notable alumni Noah Delgado, professional soccer player PJ Hirabayashi, musician Kupono Low, professional soccer player Dick Ruthven, former Major League Baseball player Alberto Torrico, politician Robert Turbin, NFL running back

São Vicente Regional Football Association

São Vicente Regional Football Association (Portuguese: Associação Regional de Futebol de São Vicente, abbreviation: ARFSV) is a football (soccer) association covering the island of São Vicente. It is headquartered in the city of Mindelo, the island capital. About the Island/Regional League The area includes the northwest central part of Cape Verde (especially the three islands of Santa Luzia, Ilhéu Branco and Ilhéu Raso which are not populated today are included in area, though the name of other isles are not used, also there are no clubs in that area). Organization The association also organizes and functions the São Vicente Regional Championships, the Cup, the Super Cup, the Association Cup and now the Champions' Cup (equivalent to the Champions' Trophy). The association has 14 registered clubs, Mindelense and Derby are pro-clubs and Académica Mindelo could be a semi-pro club. The regional champion competes in the National Championships each season, once did in the cup (2007) and super cup (2014) competition who competed at the national level. The regional championships has two divisions. São Vicente Premier Division (8 clubs) São Vicente Second Division (6 clubs) History The island league was founded in 1938 and is the oldest and existing association in Cape Verde. In the founding years, the league formerly included much of the Barlavento Islands, when more clubs were created even the other islands, it reduced the area to only the northwestern and then the northwestcentral part of the country. None of the clubs outside the island participated in the island division before their island divisions were created. In its first three seasons, only a single match existed, Académica and GD Amarantes were founded later and the number of clubs risen to four. The two island competitions were the highest level local championship in Cape Verde. The island had the second largest championships in the country in 1953 which lasted to the late 2000s. The 1953 island champion who was Académica would compete in the first colonial championship and claimed the first colonial title. The only entrant was a club from the island of São Vicente up to the end of colonial rule. Some clubs were created years later including Castilho and Falcões do Norte in the 1960s and increased its clubs to six, the points system was introduced and featured a ten-match season that started in the early of the year. After Batuque was founded, the club number rise to eight and nine in around 1990 after Corinthians who was the first Brazilian based club on the island was founded in 1988, it started a sixteen match season and had a two-year season. In 1999, the São Vicente Opening Tournament was founded, later in 2001 the São Vicente Cup was founded and in 2004, its Super Cup competitions were founded. In 2007, the Opening Tournament became labelled as the Association Cup. In 2009, the Association Cup would have two divisions featuring clubs that also feature in a division of the championships. After Santiago Island League South or Fogo, it would be the next league to have a second division in 2008. Once the clubs were only around Mindelo and was the remaining one in Cape Verde, a few clubs were added and are based in other parts of the island including Calhau in the east, Salamansa in the north and São Pedro in the southwest. Also Corinthians São Vicente competed in that division for the first time. Recently of club participations in the Premier Division, since May 8, 2016, only four are unrelegated and are Mindelense, Batuque, Derby and Falcões do Norte. Calhau, Corinthians and São Pedro are the only clubs who appeared only in the Second Division. Between the late 2000s and 2015, the Championship had the third largest number of clubs, currently the League has the fourth most number of clubs in the country. Registered clubs The region's registered clubs as of 2014 include: Presidents Benvindo Leston (up to 2014-15 season) Júlio do Rosário (since the end of the 2014-15 season) Notes

Macrostomus trifidus

Macrostomus trifidus is a species of dance flies, in the fly family Empididae.

Jacob Casson Geiger

Jacob Casson Geiger (18 November 1885 - 7 November 1981) was city director of public health in San Francisco and Oakland, California, and the president of the San Francisco Medical Society in 1935. Geiger was a native of Alexandria, Rapides Parish, in the U.S. state of Louisiana, and was a graduate of Tulane University. For his research in public-health medicine (e.g., malaria and botulism), he received numerous awards from the U.S. and foreign governments as well as several honorary academic degrees. Among others he was made Officer of the Legion of Honor (France), Commander of the Order of Jade (China) and Commander of the Order of Quissam Aloute Cherifien (Morocco).

Kitami Station (Hokkaido)

is a railway station in Kitami, Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan. Its station number is A60. Lines Hokkaido Railway Company Sekihoku Main Line Adjacent stations

Monument Park Historic District

The Monument Park Historic District is a historic district centered on Monument Park in downtown Fitchburg, Massachusetts. The district has one of the city's finest assemblages of high-quality architecture, including a number of civic, religious, and commercial buildings near the park. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. Description and history Fitchburg's Monument Park is located near the center of its downtown Main Street commercial area, flanked by Wallace Avenue (west), Elm Street (north), Hartwell Street (east), and Main Street (south). It is 2/3 acre in size, and is a basically flat and rectangular parcel, with grass and mature maple trees encircled by shrubs and a low iron fence. At its center is a statue of a winged figure depicting Victory, which was created by sculptor Martin Milmore and is dedicated to the city's American Civil War military. The park was established by the city in 1874. The west side of the park is flanked by two buildings. The southern building is a modern construction whose facade faces Main Street; when the district was created, a heavily altered Greek Revival church building stood here. The northern building is Fitchburg's state armory, designed by Wait and Cutter and completed in 1891, with an addition by noted Fitchburg architect H.M. Francis in 1914. It is a brick building with Gothic towers and parapets. At the northwest corner of the park stands the old post office, a large Classical Revival building completed in 1903 and enlarged in the 1930s. The north side of the square is faced by the High Victorian Gothic district courthouse, designed by Worcester architect Elbridge Boyden, and completed in 1871. To its right stands the district's only (formerly) residential property, a fashionable Queen Anne Victorian designed by H.M. Francis. The east side of the square is completely taken up by the Gothic Christ Church, designed by Richard Upjohn and built in 1868 with numerous later sympathetic additions. To its east, facing Main Street one block away from the square, is the former 1894 YMCA building, another H.M. Francis design. The original submission for the district included several buildings on the south side of Main Street, including the Modernist library designed by Carl Koch and several non-contributing commercial buildings; these elements were rejected by the National Park Service because they were out of character with the rest of the district.

Claro

Claro or CLARO may refer to: Companies Claro (company) or Claro Americanas, a mobile and fixed voice and data communications company Claro Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay Claro Brasil Claro Colombia Claro El Salvador Claro Guatemala Claro Jamaica Claro Puerto Rico Claro (Dominican Republic) Claro fair trade, a sustainable company established by EvB and based in Switzerland Claro TV, a Latin American operator of Pay television Places Claro, Switzerland, a place in the canton of Ticino Claro Wapentake, the former district of Yorkshire Other uses Clarion (instrument), a medieval brass instrument also called Claro CLARO (political party), a political party in Orihuela, Spain Claro (surname), a surname (includes a list) Claro TV, a Latin American pay television operator Claro, a light-colored cigar wrapper The wood of the Juglans hindsii, sometimes called claro walnut

Moray and Nairn (UK Parliament constituency)

Moray and Nairn was a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1918 to 1983. It was formed by the amalgamation of the county constituency of Elginshire and Nairnshire with the parliamentary burghs of Elgin, previously part of Elgin Burghs, and Nairn and Forres, previously part of Inverness Burghs. It was split for the 1983 general election and incorporated into Moray and Inverness, Nairn and Lochaber. Members of Parliament Election results Elections in the 1910s Elections in the 1920s Elections in the 1930s Elections in the 1940s Elections in the 1950s Elections in the 1960s Elections in the 1970s

2014 South Kivu attack

On the night of June 6–7, 2014, the village of Mutarule, near Luberizi, in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo, was attacked. Around 35 people were killed in the attack, with the exact count varying. It is thought the attack was revenge for the death of a cattle herder who died in a failed robbery. The attack may have also been ethnically motivated. Background The South Kivu region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo hosts people who fled Burundi during the civil war and multiple rebel groups including the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) and the National Liberation Forces (FNL). There are often conflicts in the area between ethnic Barundi, who emigrated from Burundi a couple of generations ago, and ethnic Bafuliru. In August 2013, eight residents of Mutarule were killed in an attack by unidentified armed men. An armed militia is stationed about from the village, but the perpetrators of the attack were never determined. Attack During the evening of June 6–7, 2014, the village of Mutarule in South Kivu was attacked. According to eyewitnesses, gunmen surrounded a local Protestant church and began firing indiscriminately. Other victims, all of whom were ethnic Bafuliru, were stabbed or burned in their homes. Several pregnant women were among the dead, which numbered 27 according to South Kivu governor Marcellin Cishambo. However, a government spokesperson said 34 people had died in the attack. A Reuters cameraman counted 37 bodies. An eyewitness reported 33 deaths: 9 men, 14 women, and 10 children. A different eyewitness report said 18 women and 8 children were among 33 dead. An additional 20 to 30 people were injured, 10 seriously. Cause and aftermath Government officials said the attack was part of a dispute over cattle. Earlier a cattle herder had been killed while attempting to take cattle from another farmer. The community of the deceased then organized a revenge attack, according to a government spokesperson. A United Nations (UN) statement said "fierce fighting" between the Bafuliru and Barundi had taken place the night before the attack. Some locals blamed the FNL for the attack, or said a local politician was to blame for "stoking ethnic tension." The government quickly denied foreigners, such as the FNL, were involved. "Congolese [have] carried out these attacks," remarked Cishambo. "The problem is that everyone in this area carries a weapon." After the attack, some Mutarule natives packed up their belongings and moved away. A village elder commented "The first massacre took place, then the second one has just happened - and we did not even get to know what happened with the first massacre. We wonder why the killings should go on while the government is watching." The UN said it would send MONUSCO peacekeeping troops to the area to protect the population. "These violent acts are unacceptable and need to stop immediately," said mission head Martin Kobler. The local army commander was fired for a slow response to the attack. A man suspected of organizing the attack was arrested.

Frederick Bayer

Frederick Merkle Bayer (October 31, 1921 – October 2, 2007) was an emeritus curator of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History, as well as a prominent marine biologist who specialized in the study of soft corals. Early life Frederick Bayer was born on Halloween night 1921, in Asbury Park, New Jersey, but spent much of his childhood in south Florida, where he collected seashells and became an amateur naturalist. Bayer joined the Army Air Forces from December 1942 to December 1945. While in the Army Air Forces, he was a photographic technician with the 36th Photo Reconnaissance unit in the Pacific War during World War II. While in the military, he often sketched and collected fish, shells and butterflies throughout New Guinea, the Philippines, and Okinawa. Bayer received his bachelor's degree from the University of Miami. He continued his studies and obtained a master's degree in taxonomy from George Washington University in 1954. In 1958, he completed a doctorate in taxonomy from George Washington University. Career Bayer worked at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History from 1947 until 1961. He returned to work at the museum again from 1975 until 1996. He served as a professor at the University of Miami's marine science school between 1961 and 1975. While at Miami, Bayer participated in a number of soft coral-collecting expeditions in the Caribbean Sea and in the waters off West Africa. Following his arrival at the Smithsonian, Bayer was sent to Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean to study the effects of nuclear testing on the island's marine life, as part of the re-survey conducted one year after the Able and Baker tests of 1946 were carried out. Bayer also spent several months doing field research throughout the rest of Micronesia. Bayer wrote over 130 scholarly papers on the history and taxonomy of soft coral. He focused much of his soft coral research on octocorals, which include sea fans and sea whips. He discovered 170 new species of marine life, 40 new genera, and three new families. Japan's Emperor Hirohito, who was also a marine biologist, actually named a hydroid, Hydractinia bayeri, in honor of Frederick Bayer. Bayer returned the favor while Hirohito was on a state visit to Washington, D.C. in 1975. He presented Hirohito with a rare snail shell which was the "size of a hat." Bayer served as a member of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature from 1972 to 1995. He was also an accomplished bio-illustrator. Bayer painted and designed a total of fourteen scientifically accurate marine scenes. These particular scenes were used for a set of Haitian postage stamps in 1973. Death Frederick Bayer died of congestive heart failure on October 2, 2007, at the Washington Home hospice in Washington D.C. at the age of 85. Taxa named in honor Taxa named in honor of Frederick Bayer include: Bayerxenia Alderslade, 2001 Bayericerithium Petuch, 2001 Bayerotrochus Harasewych, 2002 Bayergorgia Williams & López-González, 2005 Hydractinia bayeri Hirohito, 1984 Taxa named by him Taxa named by Frederick Bayer include: gastropods: Babelomurex fax (F. M. Bayer, 1971) Babelomurex sentix (Bayer, 1971) Bayerotrochus midas (Bayer, 1965) Bayerotrochus pyramus (Bayer, 1967) Cyomesus chaunax (Bayer, 1971) and Teramachia chaunax Bayer, 1971 are synonyms of Latiromitra cryptodon (P. Fischer, 1882) Lyria cordis Bayer, 1971 Peristarium Bayer, 1971 Peristarium aurora (Bayer, 1971) Peristarium electra (Bayer, 1971) Peristarium merope (Bayer, 1971) Perotrochus amabilis (Bayer, 1963) Perotrochus lucaya Bayer, 1965 Scaphella evelina Bayer, 1971 Siphonochelus tityrus (Bayer, 1971) Thelyssa Bayer, 1971 Thelyssa callisto Bayer, 1971 Volutomitra erebus Bayer, 1971 Volutomitra persephone Bayer, 1971 bivalves: Amphichama inezae (F. M. Bayer, 1943)

Daphnella corimbensis

Daphnella corimbensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.

Luca Bottazzi

Luca Bottazzi (born 1 April 1963) is a former professional tennis player from Italy. Career Bottazzi was twice a quarter-finalist in the French Open boys' singles during his junior career, in both 1980 and 1981. He reached the round of 16 in the US Open boys' singles in 1980 and in the Wimbledon boys' singles in 1981. When he returned to the French Open in 1982, it was in the men's draw, beside Raúl Viver in the doubles competition. They defeated the Swedish combination of Anders Järryd and Hans Simonsson in the first round but were then beaten by Brad Guan and Derek Tarr. In 1984, he made the quarter-finals of the Palermo Grand Prix tournament, with wins over the world's 50th ranked player Blaine Willenborg and Argentina's Alejandro Ganzábal. The Italian was beaten by Marko Ostoja in the opening round of the 1985 French Open. After his tennis career, Bottazzi co-founded the Italian Tennis Research Association (RITA). He developed new scientific methods to teach tennis to young pupils, that were presented at the ITF Tennis Science and Technology Congress in 2003. Bottazzi currently works as a tennis coach and television commentator for Eurosport and Sky Italia. Challenger titles Singles: (2) Doubles: (1)

First Methodist Episcopal Church (Kensett, Iowa)

First Methodist Episcopal Church, also known as Kensett United Methodist Church, is a historic church building located in Kensett, Iowa, United States. The church was designed by local architect F.W. Kinney and built by local builders. The frame structure was completed in 1899 in the Gothic Revival style. The interior walls and ceiling are covered with a pressed decorative metal. On top of the gable roof above the main facade is a small belfry. Circular windows are located on both ends of the church. A small polygonal apse is located on the far end, and wings are located on both sides of the structure. It was founded by an English speaking congregation as opposed to the many Norwegian Protestant congregations in and around Kensett. The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

1935 Uruguayan Primera División

Statistics of Primera División Uruguaya for the 1935 season. Overview It was contested by 10 teams, and Peñarol won the championship. League standings

Prince Nyarko

Prince Nyarko (born ) is a Ghanaian male weightlifter, competing in the 85 kg category and representing Ghana at international competitions. He participated at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in the 85 kg event. Major competitions

Goulden Cove

Goulden Cove () is the southern of two coves at the head of Ezcurra Inlet, Admiralty Bay, on King George Island, in the South Shetland Islands. It was probably named by the French Antarctic Expedition under Jean-Baptiste Charcot, who surveyed Admiralty Bay in December 1909.

Catholic Biblical Association

The Catholic Biblical Association of America (CBA) is an American learned society dedicated to the academic study of the Bible. It was founded in Washington, D.C., in 1936 and began with fifty charter members. Membership now numbers more than 1,200. Those who hold an advanced degree in biblical studies are eligible to be elected to membership, irrespective of any religious affiliation. Since 1939, the CBA has published the Catholic Biblical Quarterly, a peer-reviewed, academic journal. Other publications include Old Testament Abstracts. NAB New Testament Revision Project In 2012, the USCCB "announced a plan to revise the New Testament of the New American Bible Revised Edition so a single version can be used for individual prayer, catechesis and liturgy." The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) approved the initiation of a revision of the New American Bible New Testament (NAB NT) and entrusted the work to the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine (CCD). After they developed a plan and budget for the revision project, work began in 2013 with the creation of an editorial board made up of five people from the Catholic Biblical Association (CBA), to which additional members of the revision team were added in 2014. Once approved by the bishops and the Vatican, the revised NAB will serve as a single translation for use in the liturgy, for study, and for catechism. The work is expected to be completed around the year 2025.

Hillsborough City School District

The Hillsborough City School District is a public school district in Hillsborough, California, United States. Currently, the district serves over 1530 students who live in the town of Hillsborough. In 1851, Hillsborough opened its first classroom within George Howard's home to educate six enrolled students. In 1917, South Hillsborough School was built to serve students within grades K–8. It serves the whole town as the only middle school. It currently enrolls about 550 students in grades sixth, seventh and eighth. North and West Hillsborough Schools were built in the early 1950s to accommodate the growth within the town. William X. Crocker Middle School opened in 1959. After the passage of the Measure B bond in 2002, each of the Hillsborough schools were renovated and modernized. Schools There are four schools within the Hillsborough City School District: three elementary schools and one middle school. William H. Crocker Middle School North Hillsborough Elementary School South Hillsborough Elementary School West Hillsborough Elementary School External links Hillsborough City School District website

Melissa Gohing

Melissa Gohing is a Filipino volleyball athlete. She is set to play for the Creamline Cool Smashers in the Premier Volleyball League. Early life Born in Bacolod, Negros Occidental, to a Filipino-Chinese-Spanish family. She's the third among five kids, has one brother and three sisters. Early in her childhood, she already exhibited signs of being a fashionista. Her mom said, when she was in preschool, she always wants to wear footwear that matches her dress (it must be color coordinated). She attended preschool in Tay Tung High School. She transferred to Hope Christian High School during her elementary years, where she joined the Chinese folk dance troupe and street dance group. Career She found her calling in sports, and started training in volleyball since grade six. She continued playing for Hope Christian High School, under the watchful eye of Coach Jerry Yee, until she graduated. She played as a libero for DLSU Lady Spikers. In her five years in the UAAP, she won 4 UAAP championships under the guidance of Coach Ramil De Jesus and was hailed as UAAP Season 71 Rookie of the Year in both indoor and beach volleyball. She played for Mane 'n Tail Lady Stallions in 2014 and the name changes to Philips Gold Lady Slammers in 2015 where they bagged the bronze medal in All-Filipino and Grand Prix Conference. In 2016, her team transferred in the Premier Volleyball League as Pocari Sweat Lady Warriors and bagged three straight championships and a silver finish in the Premier Volleyball League 1st Season Open Conference. Clubs Mane 'n Tail Lady Stallions (2014) Philips Gold Lady Slammers (2015) Pocari Sweat Lady Warriors (2016-2017) Creamline Cool Smashers (2018) Awards Individuals 2008 Dan Landry Invitational Volleyball League "Most Valuable Player" 2008 Shakey's Girls' Volleyball League - NCR Leg Division 1 "Best Receiver" UAAP Season 71 Seniors' Indoor Volleyball "Rookie of the Year" UAAP Season 71 Seniors' Beach Volleyball "Rookie of the Year" Shakey's V-League 10th Season Open Conference "Best Digger" Shakey's V-League 13th Season Open Conference "Best Libero" Premier Volleyball League 1st Season Reinforced Open Conference "Best Libero" Premier Volleyball League 1st Season Open Conference "Best Libero" Collegiate UAAP Season 71 volleyball tournaments – Champions, with DLSU Lady Spikers UAAP Season 72 volleyball tournaments – Silver Medal, with DLSU Lady Spikers UAAP Season 73 volleyball tournaments – Champions, with DLSU Lady Spikers UAAP Season 74 volleyball tournaments – Champions, with DLSU Lady Spikers UAAP Season 75 volleyball tournaments – Champions, with DLSU Lady Spikers Club 2013 Shakey's V-League League Open Conference – Silver Medal, with Smart-Maynilad Net Spikers 2015 PSL Grand Prix Conference – Bronze Medal, with Philips Gold Lady Slammers 2015 PSL All-Filipino Conference – Bronze Medal, with Philips Gold Lady Slammers 2016 Shakey's V-League League Open Conference – Champions, with Pocari Sweat Lady Warriors 2016 Shakey's V-League League Reinforced Conference – Champions, with Pocari Sweat Lady Warriors 2017 Premier Volleyball League Reinforced Conference – Champions, with Pocari Sweat Lady Warriors 2017 Premier Volleyball League Open Conference – Silver Medal, with Pocari Sweat Lady Warriors 2018 Premier Volleyball League Reinforced Conference – Champions, with Creamline Cool Smashers 2018 Premier Volleyball League Open Conference – Champions, with Creamline Cool Smashers

Mathematical visualization

Mathematical visualization is an aspect of Mathematics which allows one to understand and explore mathematical phenomena via visualization. Classically this consisted of two-dimensional drawings or building three-dimensional models (particularly plaster models in the 19th and early 20th century), while today it most frequently consists of using computers to make static two or three dimensional drawings, animations, or interactive programs. Writing programs to visualize mathematics is an aspect of computational geometry. Applications Mathematical visualization is used throughout mathematics, particularly in the fields of geometry and analysis. Notable examples include plane curves, space curves, polyhedra, ordinary differential equations, partial differential equations (particularly numerical solutions, as in fluid dynamics or minimal surfaces such as soap films), conformal maps, fractals, and chaos. Examples Proofs without words have existed since antiquity, as in the Pythagorean theorem proof found in the Zhoubi Suanjing Chinese text which dates from 1046 BC to 256 BC. The Clebsch diagonal surface demonstrates the 27 lines on a cubic surface. Sphere eversion – that a sphere can be turned inside out in 3 dimension if allowed to pass through itself, but without kinks – was a startling and counter-intuitive result, originally proven via abstract means, later demonstrated graphically, first in drawings, later in computer animation. The cover of the journal The Notices of the American Mathematical Society regularly features a mathematical visualization.

Littleton Purnell Dennis

Littleton Purnell Dennis (July 21, 1786 – April 14, 1834) was an American politician. Born at "Beverly" in Pocomoke City, Worcester County, Maryland, Dennis attended Washington Academy of Somerset County, Maryland, and graduated from Yale College in 1803. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice. In 1815, 1816, and from 1819 to 1827, Dennis served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, and was a member of the executive council of Maryland in 1829. He also served as an elector of the Maryland State Senate in 1831. Dennis was elected as an Anti-Jacksonian to the Twenty-third Congress and served from March 4, 1833, until his death in Washington, D.C.. He is interred in the Congressional Cemetery. Littleton Dennis was a nephew of John Dennis (1771–1806) and cousin of John Dennis (1807–1859).

Canal Lauca

The Canal Lauca is an artificial channel to divert the waters of the Lauca River westward through a canal and tunnel into the Azapa Valley for purposes of irrigation in the valley and hydroelectric-power generation. Its construction began 1948 and water diversion began 14 years later from a dam located about 16 miles southwest of Lago Cotacotani Lake. The canal lies in the commune of Putre in the Arica y Parinacota Region of Chile. It is long and has a capacity of . It transfers water from the Lauca River into the Rio San Jose for irrigation and hydropower purposes; the endpoint of the canal includes the Chapiquiña power plant which produces . Typically about are transferred; a plan to transfer additional water from Lake Chungara was blocked after litigation by an environmentalist group. The canal was put into service in 1962 and is owned by the government of Chile. As a consequence of the construction of the canal, the surface of irrigated land in the Azapa valley increased. This also led to increased immigration from Bolivia into Chile. The construction of the canal led to protests by Bolivians. The Lauca River originates at the Laguna Cotacotani, which in turn receives seepage water from Lake Chungara. It first flows due westward before turning south and later back east into Bolivia. After draining a watershed of , the river ends in the Salar de Coipasa of Bolivia.

Hey, I'm Just Like You

Hey, I'm Just Like You is the ninth studio album by Canadian indie pop duo Tegan and Sara, released via Sire Records on September 27, 2019. The album contains re-recordings of unreleased demo songs that the duo recorded as teenagers, and marks a partial return to their original rock-influenced sound. The lead single, "I'll Be Back Someday", was released on July 25, 2019. The second single "Don't Believe the Things They Tell You (They Lie)" was released on September 20, 2019. It was released three days after the publication of their memoir, High School. Background While working on their memoir High School, the duo found dozens of cassette recordings of songs they wrote between the ages of 15 and 17. From April 2019, they began rewriting parts of the lyrics but kept the "essence" of each song, and said: "This is the record we never could have made as teenagers, full of songs we never could have written as adults." With the announcement, the duo said the album would contain elements of their "rock and punk roots, with a punch of pop production", and that it is the first "Tegan and Sara album produced, performed, engineered, mixed, and mastered by a team of all women". Promotion Tegan and Sara announced the album on July 9, with a trailer showing home videos of themselves as teenagers playing guitar mixed with new footage of them working on the new versions of the songs. On July 22, the first single from the album, "I'll Be Back Someday", was announced. It was released on July 25. The second single released was the title track, on September 6th, along with a lyric video consisting of footage of the two as teenagers. A tour in support of the album and their memoir High School was announced on July 24. It will consist of largely acoustic renditions of songs from the album, as well as older songs and clips of the two in high school. Track listing Adapted from Apple Music. All tracks produced by Alex Hope. All tracks written by Tegan Quin and Sara Quin, except where noted. Personnel Adapted from Instagram. Musicians Tegan Quin – vocals, guitar Sara Quin – vocals, guitar, glockenspiel Alex Hope – guitar, keyboards, piano, synths, programming, backing vocals Carla Azar – drums Catherine Hiltz – bass Production Alex Hope – producer Rachael Findlen – engineer Beatriz Artola – mixing Emily Lazar – mastering Annie Kennedy – assistant engineer Design Emy Storey – art direction Trevor Brady – photography Charts

Iowa State Cyclones women's basketball

The Iowa State Cyclones women's basketball team represents Iowa State University (ISU) and competes in the Big 12 Conference of NCAA Division I. The team is coached by Bill Fennelly, he is in his 24th year at Iowa State. The Cyclones play their home games at Hilton Coliseum on Iowa State's campus. Overview Iowa State University is known for having one of the best women's basketball programs in the nation. Since the founding of the Big 12 in 1996, ISU has had only one losing season, has won three conference titles (1 regular season, 2 tournament), and has the best conference tournament record in the Big 12. Iowa State has made it to and won the Big 12 tournament championship game more times than any team except Oklahoma. Bill Fennelly is the coach of the women's team and largely responsible for building the program. In games played since the Big 12 was founded in 1996, ISU has a winning record against every Big 12 school except Baylor. On a national level, since 1996 the Cyclones have made the NCAA tournament eleven times, including advancing five times to the Sweet Sixteen and twice to the Elite Eight. Additionally, Iowa State has made the WNIT twice in that span. ISU was in the AP Top 25 poll for over four years and was in the Top 10 for 34 consecutive weeks starting in the 1999 season. ISU has been ranked in the top 10 for attendance for the past ten seasons, including a #3 ranking for the 2008–2009 season which led all Big 12 schools and #2 nationally for the 2012–2013 season. History Gloria Crosby (1973–1974) In 1973, Coach Gloria Crosby led the Iowa State Women's Basketball team through their first season as a Division I program. Prior to that, women were only able to play intramural basketball. The team, at that point known as the "Cagers", played their first game on January 12, 1974, losing to Northern Iowa by 73–38. Crosby and the Iowa State Women's Basketball team got their first win a week later over Wartburg, 51–38. Gloria Crosby coached just one season and finished her basketball coach career at ISU with an 8–8 record. She would become the head coach of the Iowa State Softball team. Lynn Wheeler (1974–1980) Lynn Wheeler took over as head coach for ISU's second season of women's basketball (1974). Wheeler coached for six seasons and had winning records in three of those seasons. In Wheeler's second season, she led Iowa State to its first 20 win season. Lynn Wheeler resigned after finishing with 14 straight defeats, stating "I've taken this team as far as I can." Deb Oing (1980–1984) In 1981, Deb Oing became Iowa State’s third coach. Over four seasons she coached ISU to a 31–80 record and was coach in 1984 for ISU's only winless conference season (0–14). She coached Iowa State to the program’s first official Big Eight conference win, an 80–76 decision over Oklahoma in Ames on November 27, 1982. In 1982, Oing served with Team USA as an assistant. Pam Wettig (1984–1992) Pam Wettig became Iowa State's fourth head coach in 1985. Wettig coached for eight years and finished a 100–121 record. Wettig coached Iowa State to their first win in the Big Eight Conference tournament in 1990 (the Big Eight switched to a single-elimination event in 1983). Wettig was named Big Eight Coach of the Year for the 1985–1986 season. Theresa Becker (1992–1995) Theresa Becker became Iowa State’s fifth coach (1993–1995), finishing a disappointing 18–63 over three seasons. Iowa State never finished better than a tie for 7th place in the Big Eight under Becker. Bill Fennelly (1995–Present) In 1995 (one year before inception of the Big 12), Iowa State hired former University of Toledo head women's basketball coach, Bill Fennelly. When Fennelly arrived, Iowa State hadn't had a winning season in seven years and only five winning seasons ever. In his first season, Fennelly led the Cyclones to a 17–10 record. That is nearly as many wins as Fennelly's predecessor, Theresa Becker, had in her career (18) at ISU in the three previous years. Fennelly came to Iowa State after building a successful program at Toledo (.758 overall winning percentage, three NCAA and three WNIT appearances). In nineteen seasons at Iowa State (1995–2014), Fennelly has continued that success, compiling a record of 410–184 overall and 177–118 in conference play. Under Fennelly, Iowa State advanced to its first NCAA appearance (1997), won its first NCAA game (1998), and hosted five consecutive NCAA first and second round games (1998–2002) when host sites were earned, not pre-determined. Fennelly was national runner-up for the Associated Press (AP) Coach of the Year and guided the Cyclones to their first national ranking, reaching #22 (both in 1998). Iowa State advanced to the Elite 8 in 1999 and again in 2009. The Cyclones have made it to the Sweet 16 five times (1999–2001, 2009, 2010). Stacy Frese became Iowa State’s first AP All-American (1999). Iowa State won the Big 12 regular season title (2000) and two Big 12 Conference tournament championships (2000–2001). Iowa State defeated its first #1 ranked team (Texas Tech, ESPN poll) and advanced to its first post-season Final Four in the WNIT (both 2004). Championships Conference Tournament seeds In their history of appearances in the Big Eight/Twelve Conference tournaments, they have been seeded in the top five spots 16 times, with the most common seed being 8th, which they have been placed eight times. Big Eight Conference Big 12 Conference NCAA Tournament history The Cyclones have a 18-18 record in the NCAA Tournament. Head coaching records Hilton Magic The Cyclones play at Hilton Coliseum, on the campus of Iowa State University, in Ames, Iowa. The Cyclones’ yearly attendance average has grown from 733 fans per game the season before Coach Fennelly came to ISU to over 10,000 per contest in 2011–2012. ISU’s attendance has ranked among the top 11 schools nationally in each of the last 17 seasons, including ranking fourth for three straight years from 1999 to 2002 and fourth or higher for seven straight years from 2007 to 2014. Iowa State was ranked 2nd in attendance in 2013 and 2014. The Cyclones enjoyed their first-ever sellout crowd in a 2004 WNIT/NIT doubleheader against Saint Joseph's. In 2009, Iowa State had a higher total attendance with over 156,000 than 16 of the 31 Division I conferences. Retired jerseys Retired Jerseys

Gadhi

Gadhi is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census, it had a population of 1063.

Keri Lynn Pratt

Keri Lynn Pratt (born September 23, 1978) is an American actress of film and television. She is best known for her role of Missy Belknap on Jack & Bobby and as Dee Vine in the film Drive Me Crazy, which was her debut role. Personal life Pratt, who was born in Concord, New Hampshire, graduated from Pinkerton Academy in Derry and in Boston. She married John Barneson in October 2011 at Hampstead Congregational Church in Hampstead, New Hampshire. Career Pratt was a student at the Hampstead Dance Academy, and after graduation began her career at the Broadway Dance Center. She was Miss New Hampshire Teen USA 1994 and competed in the Miss Teen USA 1994 pageant. She has guest starred on such series as CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, ER, House, Bones, Veronica Mars, Law and Order: Special Victims Unit, Nip/Tuck, 7th Heaven, That '70s Show, and Sabrina the Teenage Witch. In 2005, she portrayed a 16 year-old girl named Lauren Westley on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, even though Pratt was 27 at the time. In 2006 she appeared in four episodes of the ABC's television series Brothers & Sisters, as an intern to Calista Flockhart and Josh Hopkins's characters. In July 2008, Pratt was cast as Kristy in the 2009 film I Hope They Serve Beer In Hell. Between 2010 and 2011, she played reporter Cat Grant in four episodes of Smallville. Not as active since 2012, Pratt appeared in the 2014 webseries of four, two-minute long, webisodes The Originals: The Awakening. Filmography Film Television Web

All-New X-Factor

All-New X-Factor is an ongoing comic book series published by Marvel Comics which debuted in January 2014, as part of the All-New Marvel NOW! event and a relaunch of X-Factor. Publication History Focusing on a new iteration of the X-Factor superhero team, the series is written by Peter David and is a follow up to his previous book, X-Factor vol. 3, whose incarnation of X-Factor was a private investigation company. The opening storyline, which continues events from issue #260 of the previous series, sees a return to the corporate-sponsored version of the team that was the initial concept when the first version of X-Factor debuted in 1986, and initially featured six team members; Polaris, Quicksilver, Gambit, Danger, Warlock and Cypher. All New X-Factor was cancelled after 20 issues due to low sales. Fictional Team Biography Critical reception Peter David's writing of Quicksilver earned the character a 2014 award from Ain't It Cool News. AICN's Matt Adler commented that David writes the character best, and that the "arrogant, impatient speedster" made the title worth following. Collected editions References

Taboo (Don Omar song)

"Taboo" is the second single from Don Omar's collaborative album Meet the Orphans released in January 24, 2011 through Universal Latino. The song is re-adapted version from Los Kjarkas's song "Llorando se fue" most commonly known for its use in Kaoma's 1989 hit single "Lambada" fused with Latin beats. The song peaked at number one on the Billboard Latin Songs, becoming his third number one single on the chart. Background A low-quality preview of the song was posted on October 19, 2009 planned to be included on the now-unreleased album iDon 2.0, the re-release of his 2009 album iDon. The album was never released, and in 2010 the song was mastered and included on Meet the Orphans. Critical reception Brian Voerding from Aol Radio Blog said that the song "It's a down-and-dirty dance number that melds traditional island rhythms with a techno-friendly undercurrent and bright synthesizer melodies. [...]" Omar, along with Daddy Yankee and others, is one of the primary faces and souls of Reggaeton, a relatively new term for music that blends reggae with contemporary hip-hop and electronic elements. received and award for "Urban Song of the Year" at the 2012 ASCAP Awards, which are awarded annually by the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers in the United States. Chart performance On the issue of March 5, 2011 the song debuted at number 41 on the Billboard Latin Songs, peaking at number one on the week of July 16, 2011, becoming his third number one single on the chart, and number 23 on the Billboard Latin Pop Airplay, peaking at number 2. On the issue of April 2, 2011 the song debuted at number 28 on the Latin Tropical Airplay, peaking at number 1. On the issue of May 14, 2011 the song also debuted on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart at position 15, and weeks after, topped the chart. It later debuted at number 97 on the Billboard Hot 100 giving Don Omar his third single to enter the chart. Remix On January 28, 2002 an official remix produced by Daddy Yankee's producers Musicologo & Menes "Los de la nazza". This remix in which Don Omar is joined with Daddy Yankee was featured on Musicologo & Menes' debut mixtape El Imperio Nazza. Music video Development The music video for the song was shot in both the Dominican Republic and Brazil, directed by Marlon Pena and produced by Noelia Cacavelli. It was premiered on April 12, 2011 through Vevo and YouTube. The music video contains clips from the 2011 movie Fast Five (also known as Fast & Furious 5), where he is guest star, as well guest appearances from the movie cast including Vin Diesel, Paul Walker, Tyrese Gibson, Dwayne Johnson, Ludacris and Tego Calderón. Reception According to Don Omar's Universal website, the video has a strong storyline and recaptures the essence of the popular Brazilian version, which is heavily influenced by choreographed dance moves. As of January 2019, the music video has received 460 million views, becoming his second most viewed video after "Danza Kuduro". Charts

Aşıküzeyir, Posof

Aşıküzeyir is a village in the District of Posof, Ardahan Province, Turkey.

Zion Levy

Zion Rajamim Levy (, pronounced Ṣiyyon Raḥamim Levi) (1925–2008) was the Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Panama for 57 years. His tenure is thought to be the longest of any religious leader in the region. He built up a Jewish community of 6,000-7,000 Torah-observant Jews in a country of 3 million. Early life Levy was born in Jerusalem shortly after his parents immigrated to Israel from Morocco. His father was Rabbi Yaakov Levy, a noted kabbalist at Beit El Yeshiva. Levy studied at Porat Yosef Yeshiva. As Chief Rabbi He arrived in Panama in 1951 at the urging of the Jerusalem beth din. The Rabbi performed many religious tasks while the community was beginning to expand. Some of his work included: officiating Jewish marriages, authorizing Kosher foods, slaughtering animals under the proper Jewish regulations, conducting Jewish circumcisions (Brit Milah), and writing Sifrei Torah and Mezuzot. Overall, Rabbi Levy did most of the work by himself. Levy built up the Shevet Ahim Congregation and community in Panama. To prevent power struggles between community factions and himself, Levy established himself as the sole Torah authority. He also laid down the conversion law immediately: No conversions will be performed in Panama, ruling that all converts must undergo conversions in Orthodox rabbinical courts outside Panama and then be subject to a two-year probation period in Panama, where they would have to prove their commitment to a Torah lifestyle. In his later years, Levy oversaw the construction of new synagogues in Panama City and worked to smooth relations with the country’s Arab and Muslim communities. He frequently phoned the country’s imam for a talk. By the time of his death, the Shevet Ahim community numbered 10,000 Jews, 6,000 of whom are Torah-observant. The community included several synagogues, mikvahs, three Jewish schools, a yeshiva, a kollel, and a girls' seminary, along with several kosher butchers. Death Levy suffered from ill health for several years. In October 2008, he felt unwell and was visited by two physicians from Israel's Tel Hashomer Hospital. The doctors found him in critical condition and recommended that he be flown to Israel to Tel Hashomer. His condition improved initially, but on the evening of 23 November 2008 he succumbed to his illness at the age of 83. He was eulogized at Porat Yosef Yeshiva. Levy was survived by his sons, David and Haim Levy. His wife, Rubissa Sarah Levy, died shortly after Zion Levy's Death. Haim Levy, a resident of Jerusalem, took over his father's post in Panama as Chief Rabbi. He later resigned the post, and returned to Israel.

Hossein Kheyri

Hossein Kheyri () is an Iranian Football Midfielder who currently plays for Iranian football club Rah Ahan in the Iran Pro League Club career Rah Ahan Kheyri joined Rah Ahan in summer 2015 with a contract until 2018. He made his professional debut for Rah Ahan on October 16, 2015 in 5-0 win against Esteghlal Ahvaz as a starter. Club career statistics

Troye-d'Ariège

Troye-d'Ariège is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France. Population Inhabitants of Troye-d'Ariège are called Troyens.

PDGFA

Platelet-derived growth factor subunit A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PDGFA gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the platelet-derived growth factor family. The four members of this family are mitogenic factors for cells of mesenchymal origin and are characterized by a motif of eight cysteines. This gene product can exist either as a homodimer or as a heterodimer with the platelet-derived growth factor beta polypeptide, where the dimers are connected by disulfide bonds. Studies using knockout mice have shown cellular defects in oligodendrocytes, alveolar smooth muscle cells, and Leydig cells in the testis; knockout mice die either as embryos or shortly after birth. Two splice variants have been identified for this gene.

2011 Nations Cup (women's rugby union)

The third Nations Cup tournament was played at Appleby College and Chatham-Kent in Ontario, Canada, in August 2011 following on from an Under-20 version which took place in California a month before. The tournaments included teams representing the USA, South Africa, England and Canada. England retained both titles. For USA, Canada and South Africa these were the first internationals they had played since the World Cup. Although the final results in both tournaments were as expected, in the senior event England trailed to both USA and Canada before turning the games round - in the case of the USA game from the final play of the game after 7 minutes of added injury time. Canada led 5-3 at half time in the group game before conceding four second-half tries. All teams used the group phase of the tournament to try out different formations, selecting their strongest available starting XVs in the finals. Under 20 Nations Cup 2011 (Santa Barbara, California) Final Table Points scoring 4 points awarded for a win, 2 points for a draw, no points for a loss. 1 bonus point awarded for scoring four or more tries and 1 bonus point for losing by less than 7 points. Results Third place Final Nations Cup 2011 (Appleby College, Oakville, Canada) Final Table Results Third place Final

Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company

The Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company (Svensk Kärnbränslehantering Aktiebolag, abbreviated SKB) is a company founded by the Swedish nuclear power industry. Among its primary operations are the management and disposal of nuclear waste and expended nuclear fuel. Its main offices are in Stockholm, but the company has sites in Forsmark and Oskarshamn (Äspölaboratoriet and Kapsellaboratoriet). The nuclear waste disposal vessel M/S Sigyn is owned SKB. Owners Board of directors

Yakimanskaya Sloboda

Yakimanskaya Sloboda () is a rural locality (a selo) in Murom Urban Okrug, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 1,486 as of 2010. There are 10 streets.

Ode to Aphrodite

The Ode to Aphrodite (or Sappho fragment 1) is a lyric poem by the archaic Greek poet Sappho, in which the speaker calls on the help of Aphrodite in the pursuit of a beloved. Unusually for Sappho's poetry, the poem – composed in Sapphic stanzas – is complete, with only two places of uncertainty in the text. The seriousness with which Sappho intended the poem is disputed, though at least parts of the work appear to be intentionally humorous. The poem makes use of Homeric language, and alludes to episodes from the Iliad. Preservation Until the publication of the Tithonus poem in 2005, the Ode to Aphrodite was Sappho's only poem known to be complete which had survived from antiquity. It was preserved in Dionysius of Halicarnassus' On Composition, quoted in its entirety as an example of "smooth" or "polished" writing, a style which Dionysius also identifies in the work of Hesiod, Anacreon, and Euripides. It is also partially preserved on Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 2288, a second-century papyrus discovered at Oxyrhynchus in Egypt. Though the poem is conventionally considered to be completely preserved, there are two places where the reading is uncertain. The first is the initial word of the poem: some manuscripts of Dionysios render the word as ""; others, along with the Oxyrhynchus papyrus of the poem, have "". Both words are compounds of the adjective (literally 'many-coloured'; metaphorically 'diverse', 'complex', 'subtle'); – means 'chair', and – 'mind'. is the standard reading, and both the Lobel–Page and Voigt editions of Sappho print it. Hutchinson argues that it is more likely that "–" was corrupted to "–" than vice versa. However, Anne Carson's edition of Sappho argues for , and more recently Rayor and Lardinois, while following Voigt's text, note that "it is hard to decide between these two readings". The second problem in the poem's preservation is at line 19, where the manuscripts of the poem are "garbled", and the papyrus is broken at the beginning of the line. Poem The poem is written in Aeolic Greek and set in Sapphic stanzas, a meter named after Sappho, in which three identical longer lines are followed by a fourth, shorter one. In Hellenistic editions of Sappho's works, it was the first poem of Book I of her poetry. As the poem begins with the word "", this is outside of the sequence followed through the rest of Book I, where the poems are ordered alphabetically by initial letter. At seven stanzas long, the poem is the longest-surviving fragment from Book I of Sappho. The ode is written in the form of a prayer to Aphrodite, goddess of love, from a speaker who longs for the attentions of an unnamed woman. Its structure follows the three-part structure of ancient Greek hymns, beginning with an invocation, followed by a narrative section, and culminating in a request to the god. The speaker is identified in the poem as Sappho, in one of only four surviving works where Sappho names herself. The sex of Sappho's beloved is established from only a single word, the feminine in line 24. This reading, now standard, was first proposed in 1835 by Theodor Bergk, but not fully accepted until the 1960s. As late as 1955 Edgar Lobel and Denys Page's edition of Sappho noted that the authors accepted this reading "without the least confidence in it". Sappho asks the goddess to ease the pains of her unrequited love for this girl; after being thus invoked, Aphrodite appears to Sappho, telling her that the girl who has rejected her advances will in time pursue her in turn. The poem concludes with another call for the goddess to assist the speaker in all her amorous struggles. With its reference to a female beloved, the "Ode to Aphrodite" is (along with Sappho 31) one of the few extant works of Sappho that provides evidence that she loved other women. The poem contains few clues to the performance context, though Stefano Caciagli suggests that it may have been written for an audience of Sappho's female friends. The Ode to Aphrodite is strongly influenced by Homeric epic. Ruby Blondell argues that the whole poem is a parody and reworking of the scene in book five of the Iliad between Aphrodite, Athena, and Diomedes. Sappho's Homeric influence is especially clear in the third stanza of the poem, where Aphrodite's descent to the mortal world is marked by "a virtual invasion of Homeric words and phrases". Classicists disagree about whether the poem was intended as a serious piece. Arguing for a serious interpretation of the poem, for instance, C. M. Bowra suggests that it discusses a genuine religious experience. On the other hand, A. P. Burnett sees the piece as "not a prayer at all", but a lighthearted one aiming to amuse. Some elements of the poem which are otherwise difficult to account for can be explained as humorous. For instance, at the beginning of the third stanza of the poem, Sappho calls upon Aphrodite in a chariot "yoked with lovely sparrows", a phrase which Harold Zellner argues is most easily explicable as a form of humorous wordplay. Aphrodite's speech in the fourth and fifth stanzas of the poem has also been interpreted as lighthearted. Keith Stanley argues that these lines portray Aphrodite "humorous[ly] chiding" Sappho, with the threefold repetition of followed by the hyperbolic and lightly mocking Notes

Jack McGrath (footballer)

Jack McGrath (13 February 1924 – 6 June 2013) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Geelong in the Victorian Football League (VFL). In his last game he injured his leg, which resulted in him having to finish his VFL career. . Notes External links

Jennifer Scott

Jennifer Scott is a singer and pianist born in Vancouver, BC, Canada. She specializes in jazz, blues, and world music. Career Scott grew up in Blueridge, a neighbourhood in the District of North Vancouver; a suburb of the city of Vancouver, BC, Canada She developed an interest in jazz from the choir director at Windsor Secondary school. In her teens in the 1970s she heard visiting musician Clark Terry. She studied jazz at Vancouver Community College and classical music at University of British Columbia. She has recorded cover versions of pop songs that are unusual to jazz, such as "It's My Party" by Lesley Gore and "Tupelo Honey" by Van Morrison. Discography Interactive (1994) Live at Monk's (2001) Something to Live By (2002) Emotional Girl (2005) Live at the Cellar (Cellar Live, 2007) Mile 41 (2007) Crossing Borders (2008) Storybook (2009)

Susan G. Komen 3-Day for the Cure

The Susan G. Komen 3-Day, frequently referred to as the 3-Day, is a 60-mile walk to raise funds for Susan G. Komen for the Cure and promote awareness to fight breast cancer. Individual participants must raise at least $2,300 to walk 60 miles (96 km) over a three-day weekend. As of 2013, the events are held in seven US cities. Seven additional cities included in previous years have been dropped due to a 37% decline in participation. About The 3-Day is a series of three-day, 60-mile walks that raise millions of dollars for breast cancer research, education, and community health programs. 3-Day participants raise a minimum of $2,300 and walk an average of 20 miles a day, educating thousands of people about breast health. Walkers must be at least 16 years old or be accompanied by an adult. Crew members must be at least 18 years old, and volunteers must be at least 10 years old. A program called Youth Corps allows children ages 10–16 who have been affected by breast cancer to get involved, by providing the walkers with a youthful, energetic helping hand. The Komen 3-Day supports its participants before the event by providing coaches, training assistance, fundraising advice and a personal fundraising webpage. The net proceeds fund breast cancer research, education, and community outreach programs. Since its inception, more than $500 million has been raised, but only approximately 15% of funds received goes towards the cancer research the organization exists to raise money for. History The first concept for a three-day walk for breast cancer was created and produced in 1998 by Dan Pallotta and Pallotta TeamWorks benefitting the Avon Foundation. In late Aug 2002 Avon introduced its own two-day walk (the Avon Walk for Breast Cancer, a 39.3-mile walk over two days). The first day of the Avon walk is the distance of a marathon, 26.2 miles, and the second day is a half-marathon, 13.1 miles, for a total of 39.3 miles. In 2003, the Breast Cancer 3-Day debuted with event manager and beneficiary, National Philanthropic Trust, and primary beneficiary, Susan G. Komen for the Cure. The event is now managed by Event 360, is simply referred to as the Susan G. Komen 3-Day, and has as its exclusive beneficiary, Susan G. Komen For The Cure. In June 2013, due to the declining participation, the Susan G. Komen 3-Day has announced it will be reducing its market listing by half for the 2014 event with Atlanta, Dallas/Fort Worth, Michigan, Philadelphia, San Diego, Seattle and the Twin Cities still listed. Arizona, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Tampa Bay, San Francisco and Washington, D.C., however, have been cut from the said event. But the 2013 3-Day events went on in those areas as planned. The event planners said in their official Facebook page, "The difficult decision to exit these markets was not made lightly, as we know this bold and empowering event has touched the lives of thousands of participants like you. While the 3-Day has brought great awareness to the breast cancer cause, participation levels over the last four years have made it difficult to sustain an event of this magnitude in 14 cities."

Hender

Hender is both a masculine given name and a surname. Notable people with the name include: Taylar Hender (born 1998), American actress Hender Molesworth, 1st Baronet (died 1689), British diplomat and Governor of Jamaica Hender Robartes (1635–1688), English politician

20β-Dihydroprogesterone

20β-Dihydroprogesterone (20β-DHP), also known as 20β-hydroxyprogesterone (20β-OHP), is an endogenous metabolite of progesterone which is formed by 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20β-HSD). It is a progestogen similarly to progesterone, with about 20 to 50% of the progestogenic activity of progesterone. It can be converted by 20β-HSD into progesterone in the uterus. The effects of 20β-HSD on the uterus, mammary glands, and in maintaining pregnancy have been studied. The progestogenic activity of 20β-HSD has also been characterized in women.

1964 NFL Draft

The 1964 National Football League draft was held in Chicago, Illinois, at the Sheraton Hotel & Towers on Monday, December 2, 1963. The first overall pick was Dave Parks, an end from Texas Tech, selected by the San Francisco 49ers. The AFL draft was two days earlier, on Saturday, November 30. In the next two years, the drafts were held on the same day; following the merger agreement in June 1966, a common draft was instituted for 1967. The 1964 NFL Draft is notable for the highest number of players enshrined in Pro Football Hall of Fame - 11 Players Player selections Round one HOF Member of the Professional Football Hall of Fame Round two Round three Round four 3 Signed as a 1st round pick with the New York Jets of the American Football League. Round five Round six Round seven Round eight Round nine Round ten Round eleven Round twelve Round thirteen Round fourteen Round fifteen Round sixteen Round seventeen Round eighteen Round nineteen Round twenty Hall of Famers The 1964 NFL draft class has more Hall of Famers than any other class, with 11. Paul Warfield, halfback from Ohio State University Taken 1st round 11th overall by the Cleveland Browns. Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame class of 1983. Charley Taylor, halfback from Arizona State University taken 1st round 3rd overall by the Washington Redskins. Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame class of 1984. Roger Staubach, quarterback from Navy taken 10th round 129th overall by the Dallas Cowboys. Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame class of 1985. Leroy Kelly, running back from Morgan State taken 8th round 110th overall by the Cleveland Browns. Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame class of 1994. Mel Renfro, cornerback from Oregon taken 2nd round 17th overall by the Dallas Cowboys. Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame class of 1996. Paul Krause, safety from Iowa taken 2nd round 18th overall by the Washington Redskins. Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame class of 1998. Dave Wilcox, linebacker from Oregon taken 3rd round 29th overall by the San Francisco 49ers. Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame class of 2000. Bob Brown, offensive tackle from University of Nebraska–Lincoln taken 1st round 2nd overall by the Philadelphia Eagles. Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame class of 2004. Carl Eller, defensive end from University of Minnesota taken 1st round 6th overall by the Minnesota Vikings. Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame class of 2004. Bob Hayes, wide receiver from Florida A&M taken 7th round 88th overall by the Dallas Cowboys. Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame class of 2009. Bill Parcells, offensive tackle from Wichita State University taken 7th round 89th overall by the Detroit Lions Inducted: For his Head Coaching achievements Professional Football Hall of Fame class of 2013. Notable undrafted players

Agony in the Garden (Mantegna, London)

Agony in the Garden is a painting by the Italian artist Andrea Mantegna between 1458 and 1460. It is conserved at the National Gallery in London. Mantegna's brother-in-law, Renaissance artist Giovanni Bellini, is considered to have been inspired by this painting for his own rendering of Agony in the Garden, painted between 1460 and 1465. Both paintings are conserved at the National Gallery in London.

Rokan Hilir Regency

Rokan Hilir ("Lower Rokan") is a regency (kabupaten) of Riau Province, on Sumatra island, Indonesia. It occupies the lower part of the catchment area of the Rokan River, and has an area of 8,851.59 km². It had a population of 553,216 at the 2010 Census; the latest official estimate (as at January 2014) was 635,151. The administrative centre of the Rokan Hilir Regency is located at Bagansiapiapi. Administrative districts The regency is divided into 13 districts (kecamatan), listed below: Bangko Sinaboi Rimba Melintang Bangko Pusako Tanah Putih Tanjung Melawan Tanah Putih Kubu Bagan Simembah Pujud Simpang Kanan Pasir Limau Kapas Batu Hampar Rantau Kopar Towns with significant populations Bagansiapiapi Bagan Batu Panipahan Ujung Tanjung Pulau Halang

Mudhaffar Mosque

The Mudhaffar Mosque () is located in the center of the old part of the city of Taiz, Yemen. Built in the thirteenth century, the mosque is part of the oldest functioning public bath in Yemen. It is one of the two beautiful mosques in Yemen. It is one of the largest mosques of the old city and many of the residents attend the Friday prayers (Jumu'ah) there. The Mosque was also known as the Madrassa (Islamic school) that educated many Islamic scholars.

Slobodan Pavićević

Slobodan "Pava" Pavićević (28 August 1945), is a Serbian production manager and producer. He graduated from Faculty of Dramatic Arts, University of Arts in Belgrade. Pavićević worked with renown film directors such as Theo Angelopoulos, Ermanno Olmi, Goran Marković and he also served as the director of FEST. Selected filmography Lokalni vampir (2011) Kako su me ukrali Nemci (2011) Turneja (2008) Četvrti čovek (2007) Lavirint (2002) Belo odelo (1999) Cabaret Balkan (1998) Tri letnja dana (1997) Do koske (1997) Ulysses' Gaze (1995) Urnebesna tragedija (1995) Vizantijsko plavo (1993) Tito i ja (1992) Tajvanska kanasta (1985) Kamiondžije opet voze (1984) Balkan Express (1983) Variola Vera (1982) Sok od šljiva (1981) Srećna porodica (1979) Usijanje (1979) National Class Category Up to 785 ccm (1979) Miris poljskog cveća (1977) Special Education (1977) TV series Dug moru (2019) Otvorena vrata 2 (2013-2014) Bolji život (1987-1991) Kamiondžije 2 (1984) Duvanski put (1981)

1981 Munster Senior Hurling Championship Final

The 1981 Munster Senior Hurling Championship final was a hurling match played at Semple Stadium on 5 July 1981 to determine the winners of the 1981 Munster Senior Hurling Championship, the 94th season of the Munster Senior Club Hurling Championship, a tournament organised by the Munster Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association. The final was contested by Limerick and Clare, with Limerick winning by 3-12 to 2-9. The Munster final between Limerick and Clare was the 4th Munster final meeting between the two teams. Limerick were hoping for their 16th Munster title and a second successive title. Clare were hoping for their 4th Munster title and their first win since 1932.

Fujiwara no Fusasaki

Fujiwara no Fusasaki (藤原 房前, 681 – May 25, 737) was a member of the Fujiwara clan and the founder of the Hokke branch of the Fujiwara. Career Fusasaki was a Sangi (associate counselor) in the Daijō-kan. He founded the temple of Sugimoto-dera in Kamakura in 734 with the priest Gyōki (668–749). The temple's legend holds that Empress Komyo (701–760) in the Nara Period (710–794) instructed Fusasaki, the then high-ranking minister, and a famous priest named Gyoki (668–749) to build the temple enshrining a statue of Eleven-Headed Kan'non, or Ekadasamukha in Sanskrit, as the main object of worship. Priest Gyoki fashioned the statue himself because he was also a great sculptor. Fusasaki died during a major smallpox epidemic in 737. Family Father: Fujiwara no Fuhito (藤原不比等, 659–720) Mother: Soga no Shōshi (蘇我娼子, ?–?), daughter of Soga no Murajiko (蘇我連子) Main-wife (seishitsu): Muro no O-Okimi (牟漏女王, ?–746), daughter of Minu-Ō (美努王) Wife: Daughter of Kusagunokura no Oyu (春日倉老) Wife: Daughter of (片野朝臣) Wife: Daughter of (阿波采) Children with unknown mother: Notes

Revolution Cotton Mills

Revolution Cotton Mills, also known as Revolution Division and Cone Mills, is a historic cotton mill complex located at Greensboro, Guilford County, North Carolina. The complex was built between 1900 and the mid-20th century and is an example of "slow burning construction." It includes 12 contributing buildings and 2 contributing structures. They include the main mill building, warehouses, weave room and machine shop, bleachery and dye room, storage/shipping/office building, and yellow brick chimney stack. The mill ceased operation in February 1982. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. A Winston-Salem company bought the complex for the purpose of converting it into condominiums and a shopping center. Frank Auman and Jim Peeples converted half the space into offices but after they defaulted on a loan, the property went into foreclosure. In September 2012, Self-Help Ventures bid $8 million, and renovation work began in Spring 2013. The section already upgraded had 45 tenants, and the remaining space could have 90 more. In December 2015, the city council approved an incentive grant of $1 million which required Self Help to invest $85 million by 2018. Plans included offices, artist space and 142 apartments.

Instantiation principle

The instantiation principle or principle of instantiation or principle of exemplification is the concept in metaphysics and logic (first put forward by David Malet Armstrong) that there can be no uninstantiated or unexemplified properties (or universals). In other words, it is impossible for a property to exist which is not had by some object. Consider a chair. Presumably chairs did not exist 150,000 years ago. Thus, according to the principle of instantiation, the property of being a chair did not exist 150,000 years ago either. Similarly, if all red objects were to suddenly go out of existence, then the property of being red would likewise go out of existence. To make the principle more plausible in the light of these examples, the existence of properties or universals is not tied to their actual existence now, but to their existence in space-time considered as a whole. Thus, any property which is, has been, or will be instantiated exists. The property of being red would exist even if all red things were to be destroyed, because it has been instantiated. This broadens the range of properties which exist if the principle is true. Those who endorse the principle of instantiation are known as in re (in thing or in reality) realists or 'immanent realists'.

Gads Hill Place

Gads Hill Place in Higham, Kent, sometimes spelt Gadshill Place and Gad's Hill Place, was the country home of Charles Dickens, the most successful British author of the Victorian era. Today the building is the independent Gad's Hill School. The house was built in 1780 for a former Mayor of Rochester, Thomas Stephens, opposite the present Sir John Falstaff Public House. Gad's Hill is where Falstaff commits the robbery that begins Shakespeare's Henriad trilogy (Henry IV, Part 1, Henry IV, Part 2 and Henry V). Dickens Charles Dickens first saw the mansion when he was 9 years old in 1821, when his father John Dickens told Charles that if he worked hard enough, one day he would own it or just such a house. As a boy, Dickens would often walk from Chatham to Gads Hill Place as he wished to see it again and again as an image of his possible future. Dickens was later to write, " I used to look at it as a wonderful Mansion (which God knows it is not) when I was a very odd little child with the first faint shadows of all my books in my head - I suppose." Thirty-five years later, after Dickens had risen to fame and wealth, he discovered that the house was for sale and bought it for £1790 in March 1856 from fellow writer Eliza Lynn (later known as novelist Mrs. Eliza Lynn Linton). Initially Dickens bought the house as an investment, intending to let it, but changed his mind and used it instead as a country retreat, moving into the house in June 1857. Dickens had bookshelves installed in his study at Gads Hill Place, some of which contained dummy books the titles of which he invented to reflect his own prejudices and opinions, including Hansard's Guide to Refreshing Sleep, History of a Short Chancery Suit in twenty-one volumes, Socrates on Wedlock, King Henry the Eighth's Evidences of Christianity, and the series The Wisdom of Our Ancestors: I Ignorance, II Superstition, III The Block, IV The Stake, V The Rack, VI Dirt, and VII Disease. Alongside these was placed a very narrow dummy volume entitled The Virtues of Our Ancestors. Dickens was visited at Gad’s Hill Place in 1857 by Danish author and poet Hans Christian Andersen, who was invited for two weeks but who stayed for five. Other guests included Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Charles Allston Collins, Wilkie Collins, Marcus Stone, H.F. Chorley, Percy Fitzgerald, John Leech, Alexander William Kinglake, William Powell Frith and Charles Fechter. In 1864 Fechter gave Dickens a prefabricated two-storey Swiss chalet as a Christmas present. Dickens had it assembled on land he owned on the opposite side of the Rochester High Road. Later, he had a brick-lined tunnel dug between the house's front lawn and the chalet. During the spring and summer months, Dickens worked on many of his later works in his study on the top floor of this Swiss chalet, including A Tale of Two Cities, Great Expectations, Our Mutual Friend and the unfinished The Mystery of Edwin Drood. The chalet has been preserved and was moved to Eastgate House in Rochester High Street, Rochester, as a memorial to the writer. The house remained Dickens's country home until his death in 1870, dying as he did of a stroke on a couch in the dining room there. Much of the contents of the house were auctioned after his death. Later history Gads Hill Place was bought by Charles Dickens, Jr. after his father's death, but he was forced to give it up in 1879 because of his own ill-health. The house was bought in 1890 by the Hon. Francis Law Latham, the then Advocate-General of Bombay. In 1924 the house became Gad's Hill School, which it remains today. As of 2013, the school was moving into purpose-built buildings in the grounds of the house, and there was a plan to open the house as a museum. In June 2008 the house was shown in the Channel 4 TV docudrama Dickens' Secret Lover, presented by actor Charles Dance, on Dickens's affair with the actress Ellen Ternan during the last 13 years of his life. Gads Hill Place is a Grade I listed building.

Aston Fields

Aston Fields is a village in the district of Bromsgrove, Worcestershire, United Kingdom. It is situated to the south of Bromsgrove and is the site of Bromsgrove railway station. It was the location of Bromsgrove railway works, established in 1841, which was a maintenance facility for the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway. The works closed in 1964.

Katharina von Zimmermann

Katharina von Zimmermann (1756 - 10 September 1781) was a doctor's daughter, originally from central Switzerland, who died young. She is known to posterity chiefly on account of her friendship with Goethe, who wrote about her. Life Katharina Zimmermann was born in Brugg, a small but politically significant town in the Aare Valley, then enjoying the status of a Municipality ("Munizipalstadt"), governed directly under the control of Bern in Switzerland. She was the second recorded child of Johann Georg von Zimmermann, a physician and writer. Her mother and grandmother both died of Tuberculosis in March 1771, while Katharina was still a young teenager. She was relocated to Hanover where she lived with a friend of her father's called Mrs von Döring. Shortly after this she was moved again, to live with friends of her father in Minden. In May 1773 her father, who in the interim had closed down his own household, sent her on to Lausanne, accompanied by a request to father's friend and colleague, Samuel-Auguste Tissot, that he do everything necessary to provide her with a complete upbringing (einer "vollkommenen Education"), even if the cost should exceed the budgeted annual amount of 400 Thalers. Moving to Lausanne instantly provided Katharina with four new sisters. Along with the Tissot sisters, the household already included a girl from Poland. In March 1775 Zimmermann removed his daughter to Bern where she moved in with the Haller family. There is speculation that she had acquired a boyfriend in Lausanne of whom he disapproved. Two months later, in May 1775, he decided to reclaim his daughter. Together they traveled to Hanover, arriving on 5 October 1771. Along the way, between 22 and 27 September, Zimmermann and his daughter stayed as guest of the Goethe family in Frankfurt. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was 26 at this time: his engagement to Lili Schönemann was about to be broken off by Lili Schönemann's mother, ostensibly due to the differing religious backgrounds of the parties. He wrote to his friend Johann Caspar Lavater on 28 September 1775 that, "his daughter is not closed off, but only holding back, and she has left the door slightly ajar..." ("Seine Tochter ist so in sich, nicht verriegelt nur zurückgetreten ist sie, und hat die Thüre leis angelehnt"). Zimmermann had taken himself off to the Wetterau countryside for a couple of days on 27 September, leaving his daughter behind with Goethe's mother's house, and Goethe found the opportunity to study Katharina more closely, and recording what he saw: "Thin and fully formed, she steps out with confidence: her regularly structured facial features would be attractive if she would only take a little trouble to do something with it." ("Schlank und wohlgewachsen, trat sie auf ohne Zierlichkeit, ihr regelmäßiges Gesicht wäre angenehm gewesen, wenn sich ein Zug von Teilnahme darin aufgetan hätte") For Goethe 1775 was important for another reason. In November he left the family home in Frankfurt, relocating to Weimar in order to take a post with Karl August of Saxe-Weimar. Much later Goethe wrote about Katharina's visit in the autobiographical work covering his early years, "Dichtung und Wahrheit". He wrote that Katharina had confided to his mother ("Frau Aja") that she had no wish to trail around after her father any more. She would rather live as a slave or a maid in the Goethe household than be exposed to her father's harsh tyranny. "Frau Aja" had discussed the matter with Goethe, suggesting he might marry Katharina. A marriage with a noble purpose was a not uncommon thing among the Frankfurt bourgeois families, but Goethe lashed out: "If we were discussing an orphan ... it would be worth considering and pursuing, but God preserve me from a father-in-law like that!" Goethe's biographer, Karl Goedeke, cast serious doubt on Goethe's version of events, bearing in mind Zimmermann's attitude to his "adored daughter" ("zärtlich geliebten Tochter"). Goedeke contends that the marriage idea from Frau Goethe was a non-starter because Katharina was still in love with a man she had met when living in Lausanne, and that her thwarted lover committed suicide the next year. Katharina continued to Hanover with her father. Here, in December 1775, she rejected a marriage proposal to a "well placed" young man, even though his proposal was supported by her father. She thought him a "petit-maître" ("poser"). By 1780 she had returned to live with her father's Hanover friend, Mrs von Döring. Here, on 31 December 1780, she suffered a serious bleeding which was a symptom of the Tuberculosis that had already killed her mother and grandmother. Katharina von Zimmermann died on 10 September 1780 in the presence of her father. Johann Georg Zimmermann also attended his daughter's autopsy, and by sufficiently observing the marks on her lungs, satisfied himself as to the cause of her death. The original Mignon? Writing in 1900, Alfons Matthes believed that he had discovered in Katharine von Zimmermann the inspiration for Mignon, a character in Goethe's second novel, Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship. Not everyone was convinced.

Uropyia

Uropyia is a genus of moths of the family Notodontidae described by Staudinger in 1892. Species Uropyia melli Schintlmeister, 2002 Uropyia meticulodina (Oberthür, 1884) Uropyia pontada (Yang, 1995)

Sniper

A sniper is a marksman who operates to shoot people from a concealed position. Snipers generally have specialized training and are equipped with high-precision rifles and high-magnification optics, and often feed information back to their units or command headquarters. In addition to marksmanship and long range shooting, military snipers are trained in a variety of tactical techniques: detection, stalking, and target range estimation methods, camouflage, field craft, infiltration, special reconnaissance and observation, surveillance and target acquisition. Etymology The verb "to snipe" originated in the 1770s among soldiers in British India in reference to shooting snipes, which was considered an extremely challenging game bird for hunters. The agent noun "sniper" appears by the 1820s. The term sniper was first attested in 1824 in the sense of the word "sharpshooter". A somewhat older term is "sharpshooter", a calque of 18th-century German Scharfschütze, in use in British newspapers as early as 1801. Modern warfare Military doctrine Different countries use different military doctrines regarding snipers in military units, settings, and tactics. Generally, a sniper's primary function in modern warfare is to provide detailed surveillance from a concealed position and, if necessary, to reduce the enemy's combat ability by neutralizing high-value targets (especially officers and other key personnel) and in the process pinning down and demoralizing the enemy. Typical sniper missions include managing intelligence information they gather during reconnaissance, target acquisition and impact feedback for air strikes and artillery, assisting employed combat force with accurate fire support and counter-sniper tactics, killing enemy commanders, selecting targets of opportunity, and even destruction of military equipment, which tend to require use of anti-materiel rifles in the larger calibers such as the .50 BMG, like the Barrett M82, McMillan Tac-50, and Denel NTW-20. Soviet- and Russian-derived military doctrines include squad-level snipers. Snipers have increasingly been demonstrated as useful by US and UK forces in the recent Iraq campaign in a fire support role to cover the movement of infantry, especially in urban areas. Military snipers from the US, UK and other countries that adopt their military doctrine are typically deployed in two-man sniper teams consisting of a shooter and a spotter. A common practice is for a shooter and a spotter to take turns in order to avoid eye fatigue. In most recent combat operations occurring in large densely populated towns, such as Fallujah, Iraq, two teams would be deployed together to increase their security and effectiveness in an urban environment. A sniper team would be armed with a long-range weapon and a rapid-firing shorter-ranged weapon in case of close quarter combat. The German doctrine of largely independent snipers and emphasis on concealment, developed during the Second World War, has been most influential on modern sniper tactics, and is currently used throughout Western militaries (examples are specialized camouflage clothing, concealment in terrain and emphasis on coup d'œil). Sniper teams Sniper rifles are classified as crew-served, as the term is used in the United States military. A sniper team (or sniper cell) consists of a combination of one or more shooters with force protection elements and support personnel: such as a spotter or a flanker. Within the Table of Organization and Equipment for both the United States Army and the U.S. Marine Corps, the operator of the weapon has an assistant trained to fulfill multiple roles, in addition to being sniper-qualified in the operation of the weapon. The shooter fires the shot while the spotter assists in observation of targets, atmospheric conditions and handles ancillary tasks as immediate security of their location, communication with other parties; including directing artillery fire and close air support. A flanker's task is to observe areas not immediately visible to the sniper or spotter and assist with the team's perimeter and rear security, therefore flankers are usually armed with an assault rifle or battle rifle. Both spotter and flanker carry additional ammunition and associated equipment. The spotter detects, observes, and assigns targets and watches for the results of the shot. Using a spotting scope or a rangefinder, the spotter will also read the wind by using physical indicators and the mirage caused by the heat on the ground. Also, in conjunction with the shooter, the spotter will make calculations for distance, angle shooting (slant range), mil dot related calculations, correction for atmospheric conditions and leads for moving targets. It is not unusual for the spotter to be equipped with a notepad and a laptop computer specifically for performing these calculations. Law enforcement applications Law enforcement snipers, commonly called police snipers, and military snipers differ in many ways, including their areas of operation and tactics. A police sharpshooter is part of a police operation and usually takes part in relatively short missions. Police forces typically deploy such sharpshooters in hostage scenarios. This differs from a military sniper, who operates as part of a larger army, engaged in warfare. Sometimes as part of a SWAT team, police snipers are deployed alongside negotiators and an assault team trained for close quarters combat. As policemen, they are trained to shoot only as a last resort, when there is a direct threat to life; the police sharpshooter has a well-known rule: "Be prepared to take a life to save a life." Police snipers typically operate at much shorter ranges than military snipers, generally under and sometimes even less than . Both types of snipers do make difficult shots under pressure, and often perform one-shot kills. Police units that are unequipped for tactical operations may rely on a specialized SWAT team, which may have a dedicated sniper. Some police sniper operations begin with military assistance. Police snipers placed in vantage points, such as high buildings, can provide security for events. In one high-profile incident, Mike Plumb, a SWAT sniper in Columbus, Ohio, prevented a suicide by shooting a revolver out of the individual's hand, leaving him unharmed. The need for specialized training for police sharpshooters was made apparent in 1972 during the Munich massacre when the German police could not deploy specialized personnel or equipment during the standoff at the airport in the closing phase of the crisis, and consequently all of the Israeli hostages were killed. While the German army did have snipers in 1972, the use of army snipers in the scenario was impossible due to the German constitution's explicit prohibition of the use of the military in domestic matters. This lack of trained snipers who could be used in civilian roles was later addressed with the founding of the specialized police counter-terrorist unit GSG 9. Longest recorded sniper kill The longest confirmed sniper kill in combat was achieved by an undisclosed member of the Canadian JTF2 special forces in June 2017 at a distance of . The previous record holder was Craig Harrison, a Corporal of Horse (CoH) in the Blues and Royals RHG/D of the British Army. In November 2009, Harrison struck two Taliban machine gunners consecutively south of Musa Qala in Helmand Province in Afghanistan at a range of or 1.54 miles using a L115A3 Long Range Rifle. The QTU Lapua external ballistics software, using continuous doppler drag coefficient (Cd) data provided by Lapua, predicts that such shots traveling would likely have struck their targets after nearly 6.0 seconds of flight time, having lost 93% of their kinetic energy, retaining of their original velocity, and having dropped or 2.8° from the original bore line. Due to the extreme distances and travel time involved, even a light cross-breeze of would have diverted such shots off target, which would have required compensation. The calculation assumes a flat-fire scenario (a situation where the shooting and target positions are at equal elevation), utilizing British military custom high-pressure .338 Lapua Magnum cartridges, loaded with 16.2 g (250 gr) Lapua LockBase B408 bullets, fired at 936 m/s (3,071 ft/s) muzzle velocity under the following on-site (average) atmospheric conditions: barometric pressure: at sea-level equivalent or on-site, humidity: 25.9%, and temperature: in the region for November 2009, resulting in an air density ρ = 1.0854 kg/m3 at the elevation of Musa Qala. Harrison mentions in reports that the environmental conditions were perfect for long range shooting, "... no wind, mild weather, clear visibility." In a BBC interview, Harrison reported it took about nine shots for him and his spotter to initially range the target successfully. Military history Before the development of rifling, firearms were smoothbore and inaccurate over long distance. Barrel rifling was invented at the end of the fifteenth century, but was only employed in large cannons. Over time, rifling, along with other gunnery advances, has increased the performance of modern firearms. 1701-1800 Early forms of sniping or marksmanship were used during the American Revolutionary War. For instance, in 1777 at the battle of Saratoga the Colonists hid in the trees and used early model rifles to shoot British officers. Most notably, Timothy Murphy shot and killed General Simon Fraser of Balnain on 7 October 1777 at a distance of about 400 yards. During the Battle of Brandywine, Capt. Patrick Ferguson had a tall, distinguished American officer in his rifle's iron sights. Ferguson did not take the shot, as the officer had his back to Ferguson; only later did Ferguson learn that George Washington had been on the battlefield that day. A special unit of marksmen was established during the Napoleonic Wars in the British Army. While most troops at that time used inaccurate smoothbore muskets, the British "Green Jackets" (named for their distinctive green uniforms) used the famous Baker rifle. Through the combination of a leather wad and tight grooves on the inside of the barrel (rifling), this weapon was far more accurate, though slower to load. These Riflemen were the elite of the British Army, and served at the forefront of any engagement, most often in skirmish formation, scouting out and delaying the enemy. Another term, "sharp shooter" was in use in British newspapers as early as 1801. In the Edinburgh Advertiser, 23 June 1801, can be found the following quote in a piece about the North British Militia; "This Regiment has several Field Pieces, and two companies of Sharp Shooters, which are very necessary in the modern Stile of War". The term appears even earlier, around 1781, in Continental Europe, translated from the German Scharfschütze. 1801-1900 The Whitworth rifle was arguably the first long-range sniper rifle in the world. A muzzleloader designed by Sir Joseph Whitworth, a prominent British engineer, it used polygonal rifling instead, which meant that the projectile did not have to bite into grooves as was done with conventional rifling. The Whitworth rifle was far more accurate than the Pattern 1853 Enfield, which had shown some weaknesses during the recent Crimean War. At trials in 1857 which tested the accuracy and range of both weapons, Whitworth's design outperformed the Enfield at a rate of about three to one. The Whitworth rifle was capable of hitting the target at a range of 2,000 yards, whereas the Enfield could only manage it at 1,400 yards. During the Crimean War, the first optical sights were designed to fit onto rifles. Much of this pioneering work was the brainchild of Colonel D. Davidson, using optical sights produced by Chance Brothers of Birmingham. This allowed a marksman to observe and target objects more accurately at a greater distance than ever before. The telescopic sight, or scope, was originally fixed and could not be adjusted, which therefore limited its range. Despite its success at the trials, the rifle was not adopted by the British Army. However, the Whitworth Rifle Company was able to sell the weapon to the French army, and also to the Confederacy during the American Civil War, where both the Union and Confederate armies employed sharpshooters. The most notable incident was during the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, where on 9 May 1864, Union General John Sedgwick was killed by a Confederate Whitworth sharpshooter at a range of about after saying the enemy "couldn't hit an elephant at this distance". Second Boer War During the Boer War the latest breech-loading rifled guns with magazines and smokeless powder were used by both sides. The British were equipped with the Lee–Metford rifle, while the Boers had received the latest Mauser rifles from Germany. In the open terrain of South Africa the marksmen were a crucial component to the outcome of the battle. The first British sniper unit began life as the Lovat Scouts, a Scottish Highland regiment formed in 1899, that earned high praise during the Second Boer War (1899–1902). The unit was formed by Lord Lovat and reported to an American, Major Frederick Russell Burnham, the British Army Chief of Scouts under Lord Roberts. Burnham fittingly described these scouts as "half wolf and half jackrabbit.". Just like their Boer scout opponents, these scouts were well practised in the arts of marksmanship, field craft, map reading, observation, and military tactics. They were skilled woodsmen and practitioners of discretion: "He who shoots and runs away, lives to shoot another day." They were also the first known military unit to wear a ghillie suit. Hesketh Hesketh-Prichard said of them that "keener men never lived", and that "Burnham was the greatest scout of our time." Burnham distinguished himself in wars in South Africa, Rhodesia, and in Arizona fighting the Apaches, and his definitive work, Scouting on Two Continents, provides a dramatic and enlightening picture of what a sniper was at the time and how he operated. After the war, this regiment went on to formally become the first official sniper unit, then better known as sharpshooters. World War I During World War I, snipers appeared as deadly sharpshooters in the trenches. At the start of the war, only Imperial Germany had troops that were issued scoped sniper rifles. Although sharpshooters existed on all sides, the Germans specially equipped some of their soldiers with scoped rifles that could pick off enemy soldiers showing their heads out of their trench. At first the French and British believed such hits to be coincidental hits, until the German scoped rifles were discovered. During World War I, the German army received a reputation for the deadliness and efficiency of its snipers, partly because of the high-quality lenses that German industry could manufacture. During the First World War, the static movement of trench warfare and a need for protection from snipers created a requirement for loopholes both for discharging firearms and for observation. Often a steel plate was used with a "key hole", which had a rotating piece to cover the loophole when not in use. Soon the British army began to train their own snipers in specialized sniper schools. Major Hesketh Hesketh-Prichard was given formal permission to begin sniper training in 1915, and founded the First Army School of Sniping, Observation, and Scouting at Linghem in France in 1916. Starting with a first class of only six, in time he was able to lecture to large numbers of soldiers from different Allied nations, proudly proclaiming in a letter that his school was turning out snipers at three times the rate of any such other school in the world. He also devised a metal-armoured double loophole that would protect the sniper observer from enemy fire. The front loophole was fixed, but the rear was housed in a metal shutter sliding in grooves. Only when the two loopholes were lined up—a one-to-twenty chance—could an enemy shoot between them. Another innovation was the use of a dummy head to find the location of an enemy sniper. The papier-mâché figures were painted to resemble soldiers to draw sniper fire. Some were equipped with rubber surgical tubing so the dummy could "smoke" a cigarette and thus appear realistic. Holes punched in the dummy by enemy sniper bullets then could be used for triangulation purposes to determine the position of the enemy sniper, who could then be attacked with artillery fire. He developed many of the modern techniques in sniping, including the use of spotting scopes and working in pairs, and using Kim's Game to train observational skills. In 1920, he wrote his account of his war time activities in his book Sniping in France, to which reference is still made by modern authors regarding the subject. The main sniper rifles used during the First World War were the German Mauser Gewehr 98; the British Pattern 1914 Enfield and Lee–Enfield SMLE Mk III, the Canadian Ross rifle, the American M1903 Springfield, the Italian M1891 Carcano, and the Russian M1891 Mosin–Nagant World War II During the interbellum, most nations dropped their specialized sniper units, notably the Germans. Effectiveness and dangers of snipers once again came to the fore during the Spanish Civil War. The only nation that had specially trained sniper units during the 1930s was the Soviet Union. Soviet snipers were trained in their skills as marksmen, in using the terrain to hide themselves from the enemy and the ability to work alongside regular forces. This made the Soviet sniper training focus more on "normal" combat situations than those of other nations. Snipers reappeared as important factors on the battlefield from the first campaign of World War II. During Germany's 1940 campaigns, lone, well-hidden French and British snipers were able to halt the German advance for a considerable amount of time. For example, during the pursuit to Dunkirk, British snipers were able to significantly delay the German infantry's advance. This prompted the British once again to increase training of specialized sniper units. Apart from marksmanship, British snipers were trained to blend in with the environment, often by using special camouflage clothing for concealment. However, because the British Army offered sniper training exclusively to officers and non-commissioned officers, the resulting small number of trained snipers in combat units considerably reduced their overall effectiveness. During the Winter War, Finnish snipers took a heavy toll of the invading Soviet army. Simo Häyhä is credited with 505 confirmed kills, most with the Finnish version of the iron-sighted bolt-action Mosin–Nagant. One of the best known battles involving snipers, and the battle that made the Germans reinstate their specialized sniper training, was the Battle of Stalingrad. Their defensive position inside a city filled with rubble meant that Soviet snipers were able to inflict significant casualties on the Wehrmacht troops. Because of the nature of fighting in city rubble, snipers were very hard to spot and seriously dented the morale of the German attackers. The best known of these snipers was probably Vasily Zaytsev, featured in the novel War of the Rats and the subsequent film Enemy At The Gates. German Scharfschützen were prepared before the war, equipped with Karabiner 98 and later Gewehr 43 rifles, but there were often not enough of these weapons available, and as such some were armed with captured scoped Mosin–Nagant 1891/30, SVT or Czech Mauser rifles. The Wehrmacht re-established its sniper training in 1942, drastically increasing the number of snipers per unit with the creation of an additional 31 sniper training companies by 1944. German snipers were at the time the only snipers in the world issued with purpose-manufactured sniping ammunition, known as the 'effect-firing' sS round. The 'effect-firing' sS round featured an extra carefully measured propellant charge and seated a heavy 12.8 gram (198 gr) full-metal-jacketed boat-tail projectile of match-grade build quality, lacking usual features such as a seating ring to improve the already high ballistic coefficient of .584 (G1) further. For aiming optics German snipers used the Zeiss Zielvier 4x (ZF39) telescopic sight which had bullet drop compensation in 50 m increments for ranges from 100 m up to 800 m or in some variations from 100 m up to 1000 m or 1200 m. There were ZF42, Zielfernrohr 43 (ZF 4), Zeiss Zielsechs 6x, Zeiss Zielacht 8x and other telescopic sights by various manufacturers like the Ajack 4x, Hensoldt Dialytan 4x and Kahles Heliavier 4x with similar features employed on German sniper rifles. Several different mountings produced by various manufacturers were used for mounting aiming optics to the rifles. In February 1945 the Zielgerät 1229 active infrared aiming device was issued for night sniping with the StG 44 assault rifle. A total of 428,335 individuals received Red Army sniper training, including Soviet and non-Soviet partisans, with 9,534 receiving the sniping 'higher qualification'. During World War ІІ, two six-month training courses for women alone trained nearly 55,000 snipers, of which more than two thousand later served in the army. On average there was at least one sniper in an infantry platoon and one in every reconnaissance platoon, including in tank and even artillery units. Some used the PTRD anti-tank rifle with an adapted scope as an early example of an anti-materiel rifle. In the United States Armed Forces, sniper training was only very elementary and was mainly concerned with being able to hit targets over long distances. Snipers were required to be able to hit a body over 400 meters away, and a head over 200 meters away. There was almost no instruction in blending into the environment. Sniper training varied from place to place, resulting in wide variation in the qualities of snipers. The main reason the US did not extend sniper training beyond long-range shooting was the limited deployment of US soldiers until the Normandy Invasion. During the campaigns in North Africa and Italy, most fighting occurred in arid and mountainous regions where the potential for concealment was limited, in contrast to Western and Central Europe. The U.S. Army's lack of familiarity with sniping tactics proved disastrous in Normandy and the campaign in Western Europe where they encountered well trained German snipers. In Normandy, German snipers remained hidden in the dense vegetation and were able to encircle American units, firing at them from all sides. The American and British forces were surprised by how near the German snipers could approach in safety and attack them, as well as by their ability to hit targets at up to 1,000m. A notable mistake made by inexperienced American soldiers was to lie down and wait when targeted by German snipers, allowing the snipers to pick them off one after another. German snipers often infiltrated Allied lines and sometimes when the front-lines moved, they continued to fight from their sniping positions, refusing to surrender until their rations and munitions were exhausted. Those tactics were also a consequence of changes in German enlistment. After several years of war and heavy losses on the Eastern Front, the German army was forced to rely more heavily on enlisting teenage soldiers. Due to lack of training in more complex group tactics, and thanks to rifle training provided by the Hitlerjugend, those soldiers were often used as autonomous left-behind snipers. While an experienced sniper would take a few lethal shots and retreat to a safer position, those young boys, due both to a disregard for their own safety and to lack of tactical experience would frequently remain in a concealed position and fight until they ran out of ammunition or were killed or wounded. While this tactic generally ended in the demise of the sniper, giving rise to the nickname "Suicide Boys" that was given to those soldiers, this irrational behavior proved quite disruptive to the Allied forces' progress. After World War II, many elements of German sniper training and doctrine were copied by other countries. In the Pacific War, the Empire of Japan trained snipers. In the jungles of Asia and the Pacific Islands, snipers posed a serious threat to U.S., British, and Commonwealth troops. Japanese snipers were specially trained to use the environment to conceal themselves. Japanese snipers used foliage on their uniforms and dug well-concealed hide-outs that were often connected with small trenches. There was no need for long range accuracy because most combat in the jungle took place within a few hundred meters. Japanese snipers were known for their patience and ability to remain hidden for long periods. They almost never left their carefully camouflaged hiding spots. This meant that whenever a sniper was in the area, the location of the sniper could be determined after the sniper had fired a few shots. The Allies used their own snipers in the Pacific, notably the U.S. Marines, who used M1903 Springfield rifles. Common sniper rifles used during the Second World War include: the Soviet M1891/30 Mosin–Nagant and, to a lesser extent, the SVT-40; the German Mauser Karabiner 98k and Gewehr 43; the British Lee–Enfield No. 4 and Pattern 1914 Enfield; the Japanese Arisaka 97; the American M1903A4 Springfield and M1C Garand. The Italians trained few snipers and supplied them with a scoped Carcano Model 1891. Training Military sniper training aims to teach a high degree of proficiency in camouflage and concealment, stalking, observation and map reading as well as precision marksmanship under various operational conditions. Trainees typically shoot thousands of rounds over a number of weeks, while learning these core skills. Snipers are trained to squeeze the trigger straight back with the ball of their finger, to avoid jerking the gun sideways. The most accurate position is prone, with a sandbag supporting the stock, and the stock's cheek-piece against the cheek. In the field, a bipod can be used instead. Sometimes a sling is wrapped around the weak arm (or both) to reduce stock movement. Some doctrines train a sniper to breathe deeply before shooting, then hold their lungs empty while they line up and take their shot. Some go further, teaching their snipers to shoot between heartbeats to minimize barrel motion. Accuracy The key to sniping is accuracy, which applies to both the weapon and the shooter. The weapon should be able to consistently place shots within tight tolerances. The sniper in turn must utilize the weapon to accurately place shots under varying conditions. A sniper must have the ability to accurately estimate the various factors that influence a bullet's trajectory and point of impact such as: range to the target, wind direction, wind velocity, altitude and elevation of the sniper and the target and ambient temperature. Mistakes in estimation compound over distance and can decrease lethality or cause a shot to miss completely. Snipers zero their weapons at a target range or in the field. This is the process of adjusting the scope so that the bullets' points-of-impact is at the point-of-aim (centre of scope or scope's cross-hairs) for a specific distance. A rifle and scope should retain its zero as long as possible under all conditions to reduce the need to re-zero during missions. A sandbag can serve as a useful platform for shooting a sniper rifle, although any soft surface such as a rucksack will steady a rifle and contribute to consistency. In particular, bipods help when firing from a prone position, and enable the firing position to be sustained for an extended period of time. Many police and military sniper rifles come equipped with an adjustable bipod. Makeshift bipods known as shooting sticks can be constructed from items such as tree branches or ski poles. Some military snipers use three-legged shooting sticks. Range and accuracy vary depending on the cartridge and specific ammunition types that are used. Typical ranges for common battle field cartridges are as follows: U.S. military Servicemen volunteer for the rigorous sniper training and are accepted on the basis of their aptitude, physical ability, marksmanship, patience and mental stability. Military snipers may be further trained as forward air controllers (FACs) to direct air strikes or forward observers (FOs) to direct artillery or mortar fire. Russian Army From 2011, the Russian armed forces has run newly developed sniper courses in military district training centres. In place of the Soviet practice of mainly squad sharpshooters, which were often designated during initial training (and of whom only few become snipers per se), "new" Army snipers are to be trained intensively for 3 months (for conscripts) or longer (for contract soldiers). The training program includes theory and practice of countersniper engagements, artillery spotting and coordination of air support. The first instructors are the graduates of the Solnechnogorsk sniper training centre. The method of sniper deployment, according to the Ministry of Defence, is likely to be one three-platoon company at the brigade level, with one of the platoons acting independently and the other two supporting the battalions as needed.<ref>Gavrilov, Yuri "Take a bead: Army gets sniper schools" Rossiiskaya gazeta 19 October 2011.</ref> Targeting, tactics and techniques Range finding The range to the target is measured or estimated as precisely as conditions permit and correct range estimation becomes absolutely critical at long ranges, because a bullet travels with a curved trajectory and the sniper must compensate for this by aiming higher at longer distances. If the exact distance is not known the sniper may compensate incorrectly and the bullet path may be too high or low. As an example, for a typical military sniping cartridge such as 7.62×51mm NATO (.308 Winchester) M118 Special Ball round this difference (or “drop”) from is . This means that if the sniper incorrectly estimated the distance as 700 meters when the target was in fact 800 meters away, the bullet will be 200 millimeters lower than expected by the time it reaches the target. Laser rangefinders may be used, and range estimation is often the job of both parties in a team. One useful method of range finding without a laser rangefinder is comparing the height of the target (or nearby objects) to their size on the mil dot scope, or taking a known distance and using some sort of measure (utility poles, fence posts) to determine the additional distance. The average human head is in width, average human shoulders are apart and the average distance from a person's pelvis to the top of their head is . To determine the range to a target without a laser rangefinder, the sniper may use the mil dot reticle on a scope to accurately find the range. Mil dots are used like a slide rule to measure the height of a target, and if the height is known, the range can be as well. The height of the target (in yards) ×1000, divided by the height of the target (in mils), gives the range in yards. This is only in general, however, as both scope magnification (7×, 40×) and mil dot spacing change. The USMC standard is that 1 mil (that is, 1 milliradian) equals 3.438 MOA (minute of arc, or, equivalently, minute of angle), while the US Army standard is 3.6 MOA, chosen so as to give a diameter of 1 yard at a distance of 1,000 yards (or equivalently, a diameter of 1 meter at a range of 1 kilometer.) Many commercial manufacturers use 3.5, splitting the difference, since it is easier to work with. It is important to note that angular mil (mil) is only an approximation of a milliradian and different organizations use different approximations. At longer ranges, bullet drop plays a significant role in targeting. The effect can be estimated from a chart, which may be memorized or taped to the rifle, although some scopes come with Bullet Drop Compensator (BDC) systems that only require the range be dialed in. These are tuned to both a specific class of rifle and specific ammunition. Every bullet type and load will have different ballistics. .308 Federal 175 grain (11.3 g) BTHP match shoots at . Zeroed at , a 16.2 MOA adjustment would have to be made to hit a target at . If the same bullet was shot with 168 grain (10.9 g), a 17.1 MOA adjustment would be necessary. Shooting uphill or downhill is confusing for many because gravity does not act perpendicular to the direction the bullet is traveling. Thus, gravity must be divided into its component vectors. Only the fraction of gravity equal to the cosine of the angle of fire with respect to the horizon affects the rate of fall of the bullet, with the remainder adding or subtracting negligible velocity to the bullet along its trajectory. To find the correct zero, the sniper multiplies the actual distance to the range by this fraction and aims as if the target were that distance away. For example, a sniper who observes a target 500 meters away at a 45-degree angle downhill would multiply the range by the cosine of 45 degrees, which is 0.707. The resulting distance will be 353 meters. This number is equal to the horizontal distance to the target. All other values, such as windage, time-to-target, impact velocity, and energy will be calculated based on the actual range of 500 meters. Recently, a small device known as a cosine indicator has been developed. This device is clamped to the tubular body of the telescopic sight, and gives an indicative readout in numerical form as the rifle is aimed up or down at the target. This is translated into a figure used to compute the horizontal range to the target. Windage plays a significant role, with the effect increasing with wind speed or the distance of the shot. The slant of visible convections near the ground can be used to estimate crosswinds, and correct the point of aim. All adjustments for range, wind, and elevation can be performed by aiming off the target, called "holding over" or Kentucky windage. Alternatively, the scope can be adjusted so that the point of aim is changed to compensate for these factors, sometimes referred to as "dialing in". The shooter must remember to return the scope to zeroed position. Adjusting the scope allows for more accurate shots, because the cross-hairs can be aligned with the target more accurately, but the sniper must know exactly what differences the changes will have on the point-of-impact at each target range. For moving targets, the point-of-aim is ahead of the target in the direction of movement. Known as "leading" the target, the amount of "lead" depends on the speed and angle of the target's movement as well as the distance to the target. For this technique, holding over is the preferred method. Anticipating the behavior of the target is necessary to accurately place the shot. Hide sites and hiding techniques The term "hide site" refers to a covered and concealed position from which a sniper and his team can conduct surveillance or fire at targets. A good hide conceals and camouflages the sniper effectively, provides cover from enemy fire and allows a wide view of the surrounding area. The main purpose of ghillie suits and hide sites is to break up the outline of a person with a rifle. Many snipers use ghillie suits to hide and stay hidden. Ghillie suits vary according to the terrain into which the sniper wishes to blend. For example, in dry grassland the sniper will typically wear a ghillie suit covered in dead grass. Shot placement Shot placement, which is where on the body the sniper is aiming, varies with the type of sniper. Military snipers, who generally do not shoot at targets at less than , usually attempt body shots, aiming at the chest. These shots depend on tissue damage, organ trauma, and blood loss to kill the target. Body shots are used because the chest is a larger target. Police snipers, who generally shoot at much shorter distances, may attempt a more precise shot at particular parts of body or particular devices: in one incident in 2007 in Marseille, a GIPN sniper took a shot from at the pistol of a police officer threatening to commit suicide, destroying the weapon and preventing the police officer from killing himself. In a high-risk or hostage-taking situation where a suspect is imminently threatening to kill a hostage, police snipers may take head shots to ensure an instant kill. The snipers aim for the medulla oblongata to sever the spine from the brain. While this is believed to prevent the target from reflexively firing their weapon, there is evidence that any brain-hit is sufficient. Target acquisition Snipers are trained for the detection, identification, and location of a targeted soldier in sufficient detail to permit the effective employment of lethal and non-lethal means. Since most kills in modern warfare are by crew-served weapons, reconnaissance is one of the most effective uses of snipers. They use their aerobic conditioning, infiltration skills and excellent long-distance observation equipment (optical scopes) and tactics to approach and observe the enemy. In this role, their rules of engagement typically let them shoot at high-value targets of opportunity, such as enemy officers. The targets may be personnel or high-value materiel (military equipment and weapons) but most often they target the most important enemy personnel such as officers or specialists (e.g. communications operators) so as to cause maximum disruption to enemy operations. Other personnel they might target include those who pose an immediate threat to the sniper, like dog handlers, who are often employed in a search for snipers. A sniper identifies officers by their appearance and behavior such as symbols of rank, talking to radio operators, sitting as a passenger in a car, sitting in a car with a large radio antenna, having military servants, binoculars/map cases or talking and moving position more frequently. If possible, snipers shoot in descending order by rank, or if rank is unavailable, they shoot to disrupt communications. Some rifles, such as the Denel NTW-20 and Vidhwansak, are designed for a purely anti-materiel (AM) role, e.g. shooting turbine disks of parked aircraft, missile guidance packages, expensive optics, and the bearings, tubes or wave guides of radar sets. A sniper equipped with the correct rifle can target radar dishes, water containers, the engines of vehicles, and any number of other targets. Other rifles, such as the .50 caliber rifles produced by Barrett and McMillan, are not designed exclusively as AM rifles, but are often employed in such a way, providing the range and power needed for AM applications in a lightweight package compared to most traditional AM rifles. Other calibers, such as the .408 Cheyenne Tactical and the .338 Lapua Magnum, are designed to be capable of limited AM application, but are ideally suited as long range anti-personnel rounds. Relocating Often in situations with multiple targets, snipers use relocation. After firing a few shots from a certain position, snipers move unseen to another location before the enemy can determine where they are and mount a counter-attack. Snipers will frequently use this tactic to their advantage, creating an atmosphere of chaos and confusion. In other, rarer situations, relocation is used to eliminate the factor of wind. Sound masking As sniper rifles are often extremely powerful and consequently loud, it is common for snipers to use a technique known as sound masking. When employed by a highly skilled marksman, this tactic can be used as a substitute for a noise suppressor. Very loud sounds in the environment, such as artillery shells air bursting or claps of thunder, can often mask the sound of the shot. This technique is frequently used in clandestine operations, infiltration tactics, and guerrilla warfare. Psychological warfare Due to the surprise nature of sniper fire, high lethality of aimed shots and frustration at the inability to locate and counterattack snipers, sniper tactics have a significant negative effect on morale. Extensive use of sniper tactics can be used to induce constant stress and fear in opposing forces, making them afraid to move about or leave cover. In many ways, the psychological impact imposed by snipers is quite similar to those of landmines, booby-traps, and IEDs (constant threat, high "per event" lethality, inability to strike back). Historically, captured snipers are often summarily executed. This happened during World War I, and World War II, for example the second Biscari Massacre when 36 suspected snipers were lined up and shot on 14 July 1943. As a result, if a sniper is in imminent danger of capture, he may discard any items (sniper rifle, laser rangefinder, etc.) which might indicate his status as a sniper. The risk of captured snipers being summarily executed is explicitly referred to in Chapter 6 of US Army doctrine document FM 3-060.11 entitled "SNIPER AND COUNTERSNIPER TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES": The negative reputation and perception of snipers can be traced back to the American Revolution, when American "Marksmen" intentionally targeted British officers, an act considered uncivilized by the British Army at the time (this reputation was cemented during the Battle of Saratoga, when Benedict Arnold allegedly ordered his marksmen to target British General Simon Fraser, an act that won the battle and French support). The British side used specially selected sharpshooters as well, often German mercenaries. To demoralize enemy troops, snipers can follow predictable patterns. During the 26th of July Movement in the Cuban Revolution, the revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro always killed the foremost man in a group of President Batista's soldiers. Realizing this, none of Batista's men would walk first, as it was suicidal. This effectively decreased the army's willingness to search for rebel bases in the mountains. An alternative approach to this psychological process is to kill the second man in the row, leading to the psychological effect of nobody wanting to follow the "leader". Counter-sniper tactics The occurrence of sniper warfare has led to the evolution of many counter-sniper tactics in modern military strategies. These aim to reduce the damage caused by a sniper to an army, which can often be harmful to both combat capabilities and morale. The risk of damage to a chain of command can be reduced by removing or concealing features that would otherwise indicate an officer's rank. Modern armies tend to avoid saluting officers in the field, and eliminate rank insignia on battle dress uniforms (BDU). Officers can seek maximum cover before revealing themselves as good candidates for elimination through actions such as reading maps or using radios. Friendly snipers can be used to hunt the enemy sniper. Besides direct observation, defending forces can use other techniques. These include calculating the trajectory of a bullet by triangulation. Traditionally, triangulation of a sniper's position was done manually, though radar-based technology has recently become available. Once located, the defenders can attempt to approach the sniper from cover and overwhelm them. The United States military is funding a project known as RedOwl (Robot Enhanced Detection Outpost With Lasers), which uses laser and acoustic sensors to determine the exact direction from which a sniper round has been fired. The more rounds fired by a sniper, the greater the chance the target has of locating him. Thus, attempts to draw fire are often made, sometimes by offering a helmet slightly out of concealment, a tactic successfully employed in the Winter War by the Finns known as "Kylmä-Kalle" (Cold Charlie). They used a shop mannequin or other doll dressed as a tempting target, such as an officer. The doll was then presented as if it were a real man sloppily covering himself. Usually, Soviet snipers were unable to resist the temptation of an apparently easy kill. Once the angle where the bullet came from was determined, a large caliber gun, such as a Lahti L-39 "Norsupyssy" ("Elephant rifle") anti-tank rifle was fired at the sniper to kill him. Other tactics include directing artillery or mortar fire onto suspected sniper positions, the use of smoke screens, placing tripwire-operated munitions, mines, or other booby-traps near suspected sniper positions. Even dummy trip-wires can be placed to hamper sniper movement. If anti-personnel mines are unavailable, it is possible to improvise booby-traps by connecting trip-wires to hand grenades, smoke grenades or flares. Though these may not kill a sniper, they will reveal their location. Booby-trap devices can be placed near likely sniper hides, or along the probable routes to and from positions. Knowledge of sniper field-craft will assist in this task. The use of canine units had been very successful, especially during the Vietnam War. Irregular and asymmetric warfare The use of sniping (in the sense of shooting at relatively long range from a concealed position) to murder came to public attention in a number of sensational U.S. criminal cases, including the Austin sniper incident of 1966 (Charles Whitman), the John F. Kennedy assassination (Lee Harvey Oswald), and the Beltway sniper attacks of late 2002 (Lee Boyd Malvo). However, these incidents usually do not involve the range or skill of military snipers; in all three cases the perpetrators had U.S. military training, but in other specialties. News reports will often (inaccurately) use the term sniper to describe anyone shooting with a rifle at another person. Sniping has been used in asymmetric warfare situations, for example in the Northern Ireland Troubles, where in 1972, the bloodiest year of the conflict, the majority of the soldiers killed were shot by concealed IRA riflemen. There were some instances in the early 1990s of British soldiers and RUC personnel being shot with .50 caliber Barrett rifles by sniper teams collectively known as the South Armagh sniper. The sniper is particularly suited to combat environments where one side is at a disadvantage. A careful sniping strategy can use a few individuals and resources to thwart the movement or other progress of a much better equipped or larger force. Sniping enables a few persons to instil terror in a much larger regular force — regardless of the size of the force the snipers are attached to. It is widely accepted that sniping, while effective in specific instances, is much more effective as a broadly deployed psychological attack or as a force-multiplier. Snipers are less likely to be treated mercifully than non-snipers if captured by the enemy. The rationale for this is that ordinary soldiers shoot at each other at 'equal opportunity' whilst snipers take their time in tracking and killing individual targets in a methodical fashion with a relatively low risk of retaliation. War in Iraq In 2003, the U.S.-led multinational coalition composed of primarily U.S. and UK troops occupied Iraq and attempted to establish a new government in the country. However, shortly after the initial invasion, violence against coalition forces and among various sectarian groups led to asymmetric warfare with the Iraqi insurgency and civil war between many Sunni and Shia Iraqis. Through to November 2005 the Army had attributed 28 of 2,100 U.S. deaths to enemy snipers. In 2006, it was claimed that one insurgent sniper, "Juba", had shot up to 37 American soldiers. Training materials obtained by U.S. intelligence had among its tips for shooting U.S. troops, "Killing doctors and chaplains is suggested as a means of psychological warfare.", suggesting that those casualties would demoralize entire units. Afghanistan Some sniper teams in Afghanistan have killed large numbers of Taliban in quite short periods of time. For example, while in Helmand Province, two British snipers (part of the Welsh Guards Battle group) shot dead a total of 75 Taliban in only 40 days during the summer of 2009. In one session of duty, lasting just two hours, they shot and killed eight Taliban. On another occasion, the same team scored a "Quigley" (i.e., killing two Taliban with a single bullet) at a range of 196 metres. Taliban snipers have themselves caused problems for coalition forces. For example, over a four-month period in early 2011, two Taliban snipers shot dead two British soldiers and wounded six others at an outpost in Qadrat, Helmand province. In one unusual incident, a Taliban sniper killed two British soldiers with a single shot, hitting the first in the head and the second in the neck. Arab Spring Sniper activity was reported during the Arab Spring civil unrest in Libya in 2011, both from anti-governmental and pro-governmental supporters, and in Syria at least from pro-government forces. Notable military marksmen and snipers Even before firearms were available, soldiers such as archers were specially trained as elite marksmen. 17th century Lord Brooke, who represented the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War, was the first recorded British sniper victim, killed by a Royalist soldier hiding in a bell tower in Lichfield. 18th century Timothy Murphy (American Revolutionary War) – killed British General Simon Fraser during the pivotal Battle of Saratoga, hampering the British advance which helped cause them to lose the battle. Patrick Ferguson (American Revolutionary War) – developer of the world's first breech-loaded military rifle (which advanced sniping and sharpshooting tactics), fought with his Corps of Riflemen (recruited from the 6th and 14th Foot) at the Battle of Brandywine, where he may have passed up a chance to shoot George Washington. 19th century Napoleonic Wars – Use of Marine sharpshooters in the mast tops was common usage in navies of the period, and Admiral Nelson's death at Trafalgar is attributed to the actions of French sharpshooters. The British Army developed the concept of directed fire (as opposed to massive unaimed volleys) and formed Rifle regiments, notably the 95th and the 60th who wore green jackets instead of the usual redcoats. Fighting as Skirmishers, usually in pairs and trusted to choose their own targets, they wrought havoc amongst the French during the Peninsular War. British Rifleman Thomas Plunkett (Peninsular war) – shot French General Colbert and one of his aides at a range of between using a Baker rifle. Colonel Hiram Berdan (American Civil War) – commanded 1st and 2nd US Sharpshooters, who were trained and equipped Union marksmen with the .52 caliber Sharps Rifle. It has been claimed that Berdan's units killed more enemies than any other in the Union Army. Jack Hinson (American Civil War) recorded 36 "kills" on his custom-made .50 caliber Kentucky long rifle with iron sights. During the American Civil War, an unidentified Confederate sniper shot Major General John Sedgwick during the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House probably with a British Whitworth target rifle at the then-incredible distance of minimum . Ben Powell of the 12th South Carolina claimed credit, although his account has been discounted because the general he shot at with a Whitworth rifled musket was mounted, probably Brig Gen. William H. Morris. Union troops from the 6th Vermont claim to have shot an unidentified sharpshooter as they crossed the fields seeking revenge. The shooting of Sedgewick caused administrative delays in the Union's attack and led to Confederate victory. Sedgwick ignored advice to take cover, his last words according to urban legend being, "They couldn't hit an elephant at this dist-", whereupon he was shot. In reality, he was shot a few minutes later. Major Frederick Russell Burnham – assassinated Mlimo, the Ndebele religious leader, in his cave in Matobo Hills, Rhodesia, effectively ending the Second Matabele War (1896). Burnham started as a cowboy and Indian tracker in the American Old West, but he left the United States to scout in Africa and went on to command the British Army Scouts in the Second Boer War. For his ability to track, even at night, the Africans dubbed him, He-who-sees-in-the-dark, but in the press he became more widely known as England's American Scout. 20th century Billy Sing (World War I) – An Australian sniper with at least 150 confirmed kills during the Gallipoli Campaign; he may have had close to 300 kills in total at Gallipoli, and went on to fight at the Western Front. Francis Pegahmagabow (World War I) – Native Canadian sniper credited with 378 kills, and an unknown number of unconfirmed kills. He only took credit for kills when they were verified by an officer. Finnish Lance Corporal Simo Häyhä, nicknamed "White Death", was a sniper during the Winter War and is regarded by many as the most effective sniper in the history of warfare, being credited with killing up to 705 (505 sniper kills, and estimated 200 sub-machine gun kills) Soviet soldiers accomplished in fewer than 100 days. Häyhä used a White Guard M/28 "Pystykorva" or "Spitz", variant of the Russian Mosin–Nagant rifle. Mihail Ilyich Surkov has been said to have killed 702 enemy troops, Vladimir Gavrilovich Salbiev with 601 confirmed kills, Vasilij Kvachantiradze with 534 and Ivan Sidorenko with ~500. Lieutenant Lyudmila Pavlichenko (World War II) – female Soviet sniper with 309 confirmed kills, making her the most successful female sniper in history. Junior Lieutenant Vasily Zaytsev (World War II) – credited with killing about 200 German soldiers during the Battle of Stalingrad, he is portrayed in the film Enemy at the Gates and in the book War of the Rats; both are fictionalized accounts. Semen Nomokonov killed 367 persons, including a general. Gefreiter (Private) Matthäus Hetzenauer (World War II) – Austrian sniper who was credited with 345 confirmed kills on the Eastern Front, the most successful in the Wehrmacht. Obergefreiter (Private First Class) Josef 'Sepp' Allerberger (World War II) – Austrian sniper credited with 257 confirmed kills on the Eastern Front. (the same situation as has Hetzenauer – German officers seldom confirmed kills). Klavdiya Kalugina – Soviet sniper in the Second World War, entered active service at age 17 in March 1944, fighting on the 3rd Belorussian Front as one of the youngest women snipers. She is credited with 28 confirmed kills. Helmut Wirnsberger – German sniper, who has served in 3. Gebirgsjaegerdivision during WW II and credited 64 confirmed kills. Chinese Sergeant Tung Chih Yeh claimed to have shot and killed over 100 Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) soldiers using a Chiang Kai-Shek rifle in around Yangtze during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Zhang Taofang (Chinese: 张桃芳; Traditional Chinese: 張桃芳; Wade–Giles: Zhang Tao-fang) was a Chinese soldier during the Korean War. He is credited with 214 confirmed kills in 32 days without using a sniper magnifying scope. Clive Hulme was a New Zealand recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He is credited with stalking and killing 33 German snipers in the Battle of Crete. Ian Robertson served as a sniper with Australia's 3RAR post World War II. He became one of the most effective snipers during the Korean War where in one instance he killed 30 enemies in a single morning. Roza Shanina – Soviet sniper during World War II, credited with 59 confirmed kills, including twelve soldiers during the Battle of Vilnius. Gunnery Sergeant Carlos Hathcock (Vietnam War) – achieved 93 confirmed kills but believed to have over 200 unconfirmed kills. With a telescopic-scoped .50 caliber M2 Browning heavy machine gun, he set a world record for the longest recorded sniper kill at which stood for 35 years until 2002. Chuck Mawhinney (Vietnam War) – 103 confirmed and 216 probable kills. Adelbert F. Waldron III (Vietnam War) – achieved 109 confirmed kills. Master Sgt. Gary Gordon and Sgt. First Class Randy Shughart (Somalia: Operation Gothic Serpent) – were Delta Force snipers who were awarded the Medal of Honor for their fatal attempt to protect the injured crew of a downed helicopter during the Battle of Mogadishu. This action was later dramatized in the film Black Hawk Down. 21st century British Army CoH Craig Harrison of the Household Cavalry successfully engaged two Taliban machine gunners south of Musa Qala in Helmand Province in Afghanistan in November 2009 at a range of , using an L115A3 Long Range Rifle rifle chambered in .338 Lapua Magnum. These were the longest recorded and confirmed sniper kills in history. Canadian Corporal Rob Furlong, formerly of the PPCLI (Operation Anaconda, Afghanistan) – achieved a recorded and confirmed sniper kill at in 2002 using a .50 caliber (12.7 mm) McMillan TAC-50 rifle. Canadian Master Corporal Arron Perry, formerly of the PPCLI (Operation Anaconda, Afghanistan) – briefly held the record for the longest recorded and confirmed sniper kill at in 2002 after eclipsing US Marine Gunnery Sergeant Carlos Hathcock's previous record established in 1967. Perry used a .50 caliber (12.7 mm) McMillan TAC-50 rifle. U.S. Navy Chief Chris Kyle of SEAL Team Three, during four deployments to Iraq between 2003 and 2009, had 255 kills, 160 of which are confirmed by the Pentagon. With the force of the confirmation, and in popular mythology that he be the holder of a title, the figure takes Kyle to being the deadliest marksman in US military history. During the Second Battle of Fallujah alone, when US Marines fought running battles in the streets with several thousand insurgents, he killed 40 enemy personnel. For his deadly record as a marksman during his deployment to Ramadi, the insurgents named him 'Al-Shaitan Ramad' – the Devil of Rahmadi – and put a $20,000 bounty on his head. His most feted shot came outside Sadr City in 2008 when he shot an insurgent with a rocket launcher near an Army convoy with his .338 Lapua Magnum rifle at . Kyle was honorably discharged in 2009, and on February 2, 2013, was murdered at a shooting range along with another victim in Texas by a Marine veteran suffering from PTSD. Subject of the movie American Sniper. British Army Corporal Christopher Reynolds of the 3rd. battalion the Royal Regiment of Scotland, the Black Watch, shot and killed a Taliban commander at a range of using a .338 Lapua Magnum (8.6 mm) L115A3 rifle. U.S. Marine Corps Staff Sergeant Steve Reichert – Killed an Iraqi insurgent and possibly injured two more hiding behind a brick wall with a shot from 1 mile in Lutayfiyah, Iraq on 9 April 2004. Reichert was using a Barrett M82A3 .50BMG rifle loaded with Raufoss Mk 211 multipurpose rounds. During the same engagement Reichert eliminated an Iraqi machine gunner pinning down a squad of Marines from a distance of . U.S. Army Staff Sergeant Jim Gilliland – Previously held the record for the longest recorded confirmed kill with a 7.62×51mm NATO rifle at with a M24, while engaging an Iraqi insurgent sniper in Ramadi, Iraq on 27 September 2005. U.S. Army Staff Sergeant Timothy L. Kellner – regarded as one of the top snipers still active in the U.S. Army, with 78 confirmed kills during the Iraq War and 3 in Haiti. Canadian Master Corporal Graham Ragsdale using a 7.62mm C-3 registered 20 confirmed kills over ten days during Operation Anaconda. Sri Lankan Army Sniper, Corporal I.R. Premasiri alias "Nero", of the 5th Battalion in the Gajaba Regiment has 180 confirmed Tamil Tigers kills. Iraqi insurgent "Juba", a sniper who features in several propaganda videos. Juba has allegedly shot 37 American soldiers, although whether Juba is a real individual is unknown. He may be a constructed composite of a number of insurgent snipers. Corporal Ben Roberts-Smith VC MG of the Australian Special Air Service Regiment was awarded the Medal of Gallantry for his actions in 2006 during Operation Perth in the Chora Valley of Oruzgan Province, Afghanistan. In that action, patrol sniper Roberts-Smith prevented an outnumbered patrol from being overrun by anti-coalition militia with sniper fire. Subsequently, in early 2011, he became the second Australian to be awarded the Victoria Cross on Operation Slipper in Afghanistan. During the Shah Wali Kot Offensive in June 2010, having provided sniper over-watch for ground forces from a helicopter with a M14 EBR rifle, Roberts-Smith was placed into a firefight by helicopter and subsequently eliminated machine gun positions. U.S. Army Staff Sergeant Justin Morales – As part of the U.S. Army CIST (Counter Insurgent Sniper Team) in Iraq, he recorded 27 confirmed kills with an M24 7.62×51mm NATO rifle. From 2005 to 2006, Morales and his team in Balad, Iraq was tasked with seeking out insurgents placing IEDs along Main Supply Routes and Alternate Supply Routes. U.S. Army SPC Christopher Dale Abbott- As part of a U.S. Army Counter IED team (CIEDT) in Iraq in 2007–2008, he recorded 22 confirmed kills with an M24 7.62×51mm NATO rifle for a period of only 7 months before being injured and sent out of theater. Being a Military Police Officer attached to assist the 25th Infantry Division out of Hawaii, he and his team were tasked with seeking out insurgents placing IEDs (Improvised Explosive Devices) along frequently used supply routes. During May 2017, in Iraq a Canadian Army Joint Task Force 2 sniper using a McMillan Tac-50 sniper rifle set a new world record for the longest confirmed kill shot at a distance of . The shot was fired from a high-rise building and the bullet travelled for "under 10 seconds" before hitting the target, an ISIS insurgent. Popular Mobilization Forces volunteer Abu Tahsin al-Salhi, was a Shia Iraqi veteran sniper with 350 confirmed ISIS kills. Israeli Police YAMAM sniper Pascal Yom-Tov Avraami – decorated with the police Medal of Bravery and two Medals of Valor. During his service in the Israeli counter-terrorism unit he killed many terrorists. He was killed in action on 2011 at the age of 49.

Michele Hoitenga

Michele Hoitenga (born July 26, 1969) is an American politician and energy consultant from Michigan. Hoitenga is a Republican member of the Michigan House of Representatives from the District 102 since 2017. Early life Hoitenga graduated from Buckley High School. Education Hoitenga graduated with a degree in Human Services from Baker College. Career Hoitenga is a former Legislative assistant in Michigan. Hoitenga is an energy consultant. In 2013, Hoitenga became the mayor of Manton, Michigan until 2016. On November 8, 2016, Hoitenga won the election and became a Republican member of Michigan House of Representatives for District 102. Hoitenga defeated Douglas Gabert with 69.05% of the votes. On November 6, 2018, as an incumbent, Hoitenga won the election, and continued serving District 102. Hoitenga defeated Dion Adams with 67.77% of the votes. Hoitenga is the chair person of the Communications and Technology Committee. Personal life Hoitenga's husband is Phillip Hoitenga, oil and gas consultant. They have two children. Hoitenga and her family live in Manton, Michigan.

Birgitta Dahl

Rut Birgitta Dahl (born 20 September 1937) is a Swedish former politician of the Social Democratic Party. Education and career Birgitta Dahl was born in Råda, Härryda Municipality, Västra Götaland County. She earned a B.A. at Uppsala University in 1960. During her studies she was politically active in the Uppsala Student Union. She worked as a senior administrative officer at the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency from 1965 to 1982, as a course assistant at the Swedish North Africa Institute from 1964 to 1965, at the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation from 1965 to 1967, and as chairman of the Swedish Committee for Vietnam from 1971 to 1977. From 1980 to 1981 she served as a Swedish delegate to the United Nations. Dahl was elected a Member of Parliament from 1969 to 2002 (until 1970 as a member of the lower house), Minister for Energy Affairs from 1982 to 1990, Minister for the Environment from 1986 to 1991, and Speaker of the Parliament from 1994 to 2002. Since 2005 she is chairman of the Swedish section of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Khmer Rouge controversy From 1971 to 1977, while also serving as a Member of Parliament, Dahl was chairman of the Swedish Committee for Vietnam (from 1975 known as the Swedish Committee for Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia). During the period of 1975 to 1979, when Cambodia was ruled by the government of Pol Pot and his Khmer Rouge party, approximately 1.7 million Cambodians were killed through the combined result of political executions, starvation, and forced labor (see Khmer Rouge period (1975–1979). In 1976, Dahl participated in a debate in Sveriges Radio about the situation in Cambodia, where she said among other things: Dahl reiterated these views in an article in the journal Vietnam Nu (published by the Swedish Committee for Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia) in 1977. In 1997, Per Ahlmark's book An Open Sore () was published. In the book, Ahlmark among other things questioned Dahl's appropriateness as Speaker of the Parliament due to her past statements about the Khmer Rouge regime. In the debate that ensued, Dahl made a public apology in Dagens Nyheter in which she wrote: During a debate hosted by ABF in Stockholm in 2005 about the revolutions in Cambodia and Vietnam, Dahl said, according to the author Peter Fröberg Idling: "The claim that we supported Pol Pot is a lie". Personal life Birgitta Dahl was married to Enn Kokk until his death. She has three children. One of her daughters, Anna Kettner, is also a former Social Democratic politician.

1936 Salvadoran legislative election

Legislative elections were held in El Salvador in January 1936. However, no results were published.

Lynn Parsons

{{Infobox presenter |name = Lynn Margaret Parsons |image = |birth_name = |birth_date = 27 June 1961<ref> Lynn Margaret Parsons (born 27 June 1961) is a British disc jockey. Career Having graduated from college with an OND in electronic principles, Parsons started her career working in the television industry, where she was a sound engineer and later a vision mixer. She was a DJ on the pirate soul station JFM before moving to a Saturday night pop music programme at County Sound in Guildford. In radio, she joined London's Capital FM in 1987 as a weeknight presenter, before moving to Radio 1 in 1991. Initially she was an overnight presenter, but later hosted other shows, and during her time with the network she became the last person to interview the comedian Peter Cook. After leaving Radio 1, she joined Virgin Radio in 1996, spending two years as a presenter there. In 1998, Parsons joined BBC Radio 2, taking over the Friday and Saturday Overnight slot, where she remained as a full-time presenter until 2003. She was also briefly a presenter of the weekday late show during 1999 whilst fellow DJ Richard Allinson covered the drivetime slot. In 2001, Parsons' show received two hours of phone calls after rival Virgin Radio DJ Jon Holmes requested that his listeners call Parsons to request John Denver's Annie's Song be played. From 2003 she was a stand-in presenter on the network. She had her own early Sunday morning show on Radio 2 from January to April 2010, and later that year stood in for Sarah Kennedy after Kennedy was absent from her Dawn Patrol programme. It was announced on 3 September that Kennedy would not be returning to the network and that Parsons would continue to present the show until a shake up of the Radio 2 schedule in October. In January 2012 it was confirmed she would provide cover for the 68 am Saturday breakfast slot after Zoe Ball announced her decision to leave the show, and until another regular presenter was appointed. She joined 102.2 Smooth Radio in London following its launch in March 2007, later becoming a presenter on its successor, Smooth Radio. In January 2008 she took over the station's afternoon slot following the death of fellow DJ Kevin Greening. From October 2010 she was the breakfast show presenter on the new national Smooth Radio, a role which was taken over by Simon Bates when Bates joined the network in January 2011. Parsons then returned to the weekend mid-morning show. In October 2012 Parsons was confirmed as the new host of the weekday mid morning show on Smooth, replacing Mark Goodier from December. She would be succeeded as weekend presenter by David Prever, who was previously a stand-in presenter at the network. Parsons left Smooth Radio on 28 February 2014. On 11 September 2014, the Radio Today website reported that Parsons would join Jazz FM to present the station's breakfast show, The Jazz Breakfast. She joined Jazz FM from 15 September as part of an overhaul of their schedule. She left Jazz FM on Friday 2 October 2015. Her hobbies and interests include Feng Shui, science, the paranormal, English literature, antiques and swimming. She is a regular participant in the 26 mile moonlight walkathon.

Wright Eclipse

The Wright Eclipse is a low-floor single-deck bus body that was built by Wrightbus between 1999 and 2019. The second-generation Eclipse 2 was launched in 2008, followed by the third-generation Eclipse 3 in 2015. The Eclipse, and its sister design the Solar, were named for a solar eclipse which was visible in the UK in 1999, the year of its introduction. The Eclipse was launched in 1999 on Volvo B7L chassis and, in 2003, the body was made available on the more popular Volvo B7RLE chassis. A coach version, the Eclipse SchoolRun, was later launched on high floor Volvo B7R chassis. In November 2008, Wright unveiled the Eclipse 2 at that year's Euro Bus Expo, with front and rear ends facelifted to match the Wright StreetCar. In 2015, the Eclipse 3 was launched on Volvo B8RLE chassis, the successor to the B7RLE. Production of the Eclipse has been suspended as Wrightbus entered administration in September 2019. Over 2,100 Eclipses were built, with FirstGroup the largest customer. A double-decker version of the Eclipse is also available, known as the Wright Eclipse Gemini, and formerly also an articulated version, the Wright Eclipse Fusion. First generation (1999–2011) The first generation Wright Eclipse was launched in 1999 by Wrightbus on Volvo B7L chassis as the replacement for the Wright Renown bodywork on the older Volvo B10BLE chassis. Of the 259 built, 196 were purchased by FirstGroup. However, sales of the B7L were lower than anticipated in the United Kingdom, owing to its unusual engine layout; as a result, the Eclipse Urban was launched on Volvo B7RLE chassis in 2003, at which time the original B7L bodywork was renamed to the Eclipse Metro. The Eclipse Urban proved to be far more successful in terms of sales and remained in production until 2011, while the Eclipse Metro was withdrawn from sale several years after introduction of the Eclipse Urban. Eclipse Commuter Wrightbus also offered the Eclipse Commuter for a time, which was built on a version of the B7RLE chassis with the higher floor section extended to the front axle of the bus. It was intended for longer distance and intercity work. The design included all of the features of a standard coach, such as under-floor storage and a high seating position, while maintaining a small low floor section for passengers in wheelchairs. The first entered service with Ulsterbus in April 2004 while Yorkshire Coastliner ordered six and Stagecoach West Scotland, two. Eclipse SchoolRun In 2006, Wrightbus launched the Eclipse SchoolRun; effectively an entirely high floor version of the Eclipse Commuter, bodied on Volvo B7R coach chassis. The Eclipse SchoolRun was mainly intended for school bus work. Northern Ireland bus operator Ulsterbus were the only customer to order the Eclipse SchoolRun, ordering 160 of the type in 2006. The first 110 were delivered with 66 seats in a high density 2+3 layout, including several removable seats at the front of the bus, which can be removed to allow the provision of wheelchair space; the final 50 buses were delivered with 62 seats and a permanent wheelchair area to save time in taking out and putting back the removable seats. The final Eclipse SchoolRun was completed in 2008. Second generation (2008–2015) The second generation Wright Eclipse, known as the Eclipse 2, was launched at the 2008 Euro Bus Expo as the successor to the Eclipse Urban, although the two designs were produced concurrently until 2011. The Eclipse 2 features front and rear ends facelifted to match the Wright StreetCar, and is now only available on Volvo B7RLE chassis. With the launch of the Eclipse 2, the three other first generation Eclipse models – the Eclipse Commuter, Eclipse Metro and Eclipse SchoolRun – were withdrawn from the market, with no official successors. Third generation (2015–2019) The third generation Eclipse, known as the Eclipse 3, was launched in 2015. The Eclipse 3 was only available on Volvo B8RLE chassis, the successor to the B7RLE. As well as the difference in chassis, the front and rear ends initially underwent a minor facelift, incorporating design features from the Wright StreetLite integral design. The first Eclipse 3s entered service with Trentbarton in November 2015 and the second batch by Stagecoach in the Fens for the Cambridgeshire Busway. The front design was revised further in spring 2017 with the first, and still only 13.2M examples being purchased by East Coast Buses. The first 11.8M variant with the revised bodywork has since entered service with Delaine Buses.

Murro

Murro is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Murro, mononym of Danish singer Christian Murro (born 1978), Italian cyclist John de Murro, a.k.a. Giovanni Mincio da Morrovalle, Italian Franciscan Mark Murro (born 1949), American javelin thrower Moshe Murro, Israeli artist Noam Murro, director of the films Smart People, Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage and 300: Rise of an Empire Tom Murro, American journalist TV personality

Nebria shibanaii shibanaii

Nebria shibanaii shibanaii is a subspecies of ground beetle in the Nebriinae subfamily that is endemic to Kuril Islands, Russia.

Cremnoconchus conicus

Cremnoconchus carinatus is a species of freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles. Distribution This species is endemic to the Western Ghats range, in India.

Earl Warren High School

Earl Warren High School is a public school located in San Antonio, Texas, United States. It is a part of the Northside Independent School District. As with all Northside ISD highschools, it is named for a former United States Supreme Court justice - in this case, former Chief Justice Earl Warren. When the school opened, the Warren family donated the robe worn by Earl Warren during the historic Brown v. Board of Education case. The robe is displayed in the school's library. In 2017, the school was rated "Met Standard" by the Texas Education Agency, with a 3-Star Distinction for Academic Achievements in Mathematics, Top 25 Percent Student Progress, and Top 25 Percent Closing Performance Gaps. In 2006, the Warren Academic Decathlon Team made it to state competition for the first time. Northside ISD magnet school Construction Careers Academy was founded in 2009 with an academic focus on construction related skills, and is located on the Warren campus. On Friday, November 4, 2005, only about 400 of Warren’s 3,000 students attended school for the entire day due to threatening messages posted on MySpace; specifically that “two boys were planning to show up at school with guns." The four students who posted the messages on the web site were identified by administrators as “current students of Warren High School”, and faced felony charges, including making terroristic threats and disruption of a high school campus. Athletics The Warren Warriors baseball and football teams made it to the playoffs in 2006 for the first time in school history. In 2008 the football team went (9-3) and won the first district championship (28-5A) in school history. The boys varsity soccer team made it to the playoffs five years in a row after 2006, and made it to the regional tournament in 2006 and 2009, taking down one of the best teams in the Northeast Independent School District, Churchill. The soccer team went undefeated in 2007 before losing to Lee in the second round of playoffs. In 2011 the soccer team took down the number one ranked Reagan Rattlers in the area playoffs, and then beat the Cibolo-Steele Knights in the regional quarterfinals. Notable alumni Tony Crocker (Class of 2005) — Professional basketball player Marcus Keene (Class of 2013) — Professional basketball player Darryl Morris (Class of 2008) — Professional football player in the NFL Taurean Prince (Class of 2012) — Professional basketball player in the NBA Ben Uzoh (Class of 2006) — Professional basketball player in the NBA and in foreign leagues Maxi Rodriguez (Class of 2013) — Professional soccer player for San Antonio FC

Charles E. Cunningham

Charles E. Cunningham (July 1, 1823 – April 21, 1895) was an American politician who is best known for being the Union Labor Party's nominee for Vice President of the United States in the 1888 election. Biography Cunningham was born in 1823 in Frederick County, Maryland, to James Cunningham, a retired British military captain, and Catherine Campbell, a native of the state. He had three brothers and a sister. Despite being orphaned in 1834, Cunningham obtained an education and married Elizabeth A. Jones (died 1883) in 1849. They had eight children; Kate, Nannie, Mollie, James, Bessie (married John J. Cockrell, the son of Francis Cockrell), George, Nettie, and Charles. Cunningham moved to California in 1849 and to Johnson County, Missouri in 1854. He went to St. Louis, Missouri in 1862 and moved to Little Rock, Arkansas after the end of the American Civil War. He began operating a sawmill in Little Rock and served on the school board there from 1873 until 1877. A former Democrat, in 1876 Cunningham joined the Greenback Party, and ran as that party's candidate in the 1882 congressional election, coming in second place to Democrat Clifton R. Breckinridge. He ran for Governor of Arkansas as the candidate of the Agricultural Wheel party in 1886, receiving 11.7 percent of the vote. Cunningham joined the newly formed Union Labor Party in 1888. At that year's Union Labor National Convention in May, Illinois State Senator Alson Streeter was unanimously nominated as their candidate for president. The vice presidential ballot saw Samuel Evans of Texas receive 124 votes, T. P. Rynder of Pennsylvania received 44, and Cunningham received 32. After Evans declined the party's nomination, Cunningham became the vice presidential candidate. He waited several weeks before accepting the nomination. The ULP ticket received 146,602 votes (1.3%) but did get 11.4% in Kansas and 6.8% in Arkansas. Cunningham was influential in the forming of the Populist Party in 1891. He was temporary chairman of the May 1891 Populist convention. Cunningham died on April 21, 1895. He is buried in Little Rock at the Oakland-Fraternal Cemetery.

Peter Gunn (actor)

Peter Gunn (born 13 February 1963) is an English actor. He has appeared in several TV series and TV films. On British television, Gunn is known as the character Len Cosgrove in the BBC series Born and Bred as well as dozens of guest-starring and recurring roles in other television series and films such as Frost, Heartburn Hotel and Sunshine. To American audiences, he is probably best known for portraying Oswald Granger in the 2009 film Hannah Montana: The Movie. Peter has also appeared in Coronation Street as Brian Packham, partner of Julie Carp and Headmaster of Bessie Street School. He has two sons, Max and Tom. Filmography

Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest 1979

The Netherlands was represented by Xandra, with the song '"Colorado", at the 1979 Eurovision Song Contest, which took place on 31 March in Jerusalem. The song was the winner of the Dutch national final for the contest, held on 7 February. Although it was claimed at the time that Xandra was the name of a six-piece band, in reality it was merely a name adopted by Eurovision veteran Sandra Reemer, who had previously represented the Netherlands in 1972 and 1976. The cover sleeves on the various domestic and international record issues of "Colorado" for example all pictured Reemer on her own without any "band members". Before Eurovision Nationaal Songfestival 1979 The final was held at the RAI Congrescentrum in Amsterdam, hosted by Martine Bijl. Five songs took part, all performed by Xandra, with the winner being decided by eleven juries who each had 50 points to distribute between the songs. Ten of the juries consisted of people from the same professions (firefighters, politicians, musical conductors, carnival workers, nurses, chefs, local mayors, media presenters, actors and footballers) while the eleventh was made up of members of the Sandra Reemer fan club. At Eurovision On the night of the final Xandra performed 14th in the running order, following Luxembourg and preceding Sweden. At the close of voting "Colorado" had received 51 points from 10 countries (the highest being 10 from Ireland), placing the Netherlands 12th of the 19 entries The Dutch jury awarded its 12 points to France. The Dutch conductor at the contest was Harry van Hoof.

Mdloti River

The Mdloti River or Umdloti River flows in the KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. The mouth of the Mdloti River is situated north of Durban at Umdloti seaside resort (part of eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality). The name Mdloti is the Zulu word for a species of wild tobacco that grows here.

Dragonlance: The New Adventures

Dragonlance: The New Adventures is a series of young adult novels based on the long-running adult fantasy book series, Dragonlance. The series is published by Mirrorstone Books, the young reader imprint of Wizards of the Coast. Launched in July 2004 with the release of its first two books, Dragonlance: The New Adventures continues to release new books on a bimonthly schedule. The series begins in the summer after the events of the Dragonlance Chronicles trilogy by Margaret Weis and Tracy Hickman. Written by a recurring group of authors and featuring all new characters created specifically for The New Adventures, the series begins when a young girl named Nearra wakes up on a forest path with no idea how she got there, and no memory of who she is. She is soon joined by several new friends who plan to unravel the mystery behind her missing memories. Together these new companions begin a journey across the lands of Krynn that will test them to their limits as they deal with the trials of growing up in a harsh world filled with mystical beasts and power hungry villains. The first eight books of the series begin and finish the first story arc for the series. After the eighth volume, the series introduced several trilogies that focus on one or a few of the original cast of characters as they set out on separate adventures. With the five trilogies finished, the Dragon Codices give previously minor characters a time to shine in ten different volumes detailing adventures with the various colored dragons of Krynn. Books Spellbinder and Dragon Quartets The series begins following the end of Dragonlance Chronicles. These two quartets take place from Summer 353 AC through Spring 355 AC. Awakening with no memory of who she is, a seemingly normal peasant girl named Nearra finds herself lost in the woods with no clue how she came to arrive there. She soon befriends several other young adventurers, who vow to help her solve the mystery of her lost memories. As the books unravel, Nearra discovers not all of her friends are who they at first appear to be as she learns that she has been drawn into the intricate plans of a black-robed wizard named Maddoc, who intends to release an ancient power that now makes its home in Nearra herself. Temple of the Dragonslayer (July 2004) The Dying Kingdom (July 2004) The Dragon Well (September 2004) Return of the Sorceress (November 2004) Dragon Sword (January 2005) Dragon Day (March 2005) Dragon Knight (May 2005) Dragon Spell (July 2005) Trinistyr Trilogy This trilogy's story begins after the end of the Spellbinder & Dragon Quartets and takes place at the same time as the Elidor Trilogy, from Spring 355 AC through the beginning of Fall 355 AC. Reunited with her sister, Nearra is tasked with breaking a curse placed on an ancient holy relic called the Trinistyr, a curse that has kept her family from using magic for centuries. With Davyn, her sister, and new friends by her side, Nearra must travel the lands of Krynn and relive the tortures inflicted upon ancient wizards by a long dead ancestor, while a pair of elf mages and a 400-year-old dark cleric stalk her at every turn. Wizard's Curse (September 2005) Wizard's Betrayal (January 2006) Wizard's Return (May 2006) Elidor Trilogy This trilogy's story begins after the end of the Spellbinder & Dragon Quartets. and takes place at the same time as the Trinsityr Trilogy, from Spring 355 AC through the beginning of Fall 355 AC. After becoming an unwitting experiment to dark magic, elf thief Elidor becomes the target of an undead king who wants an enchanted crown that now sits upon the elf's brow. With Catriona, Sindri, and new companions by his side, Elidor must head to the homes he spent years running from to protect his family and friends from the undead king intent on destroy everything and everyone Elidor has ever loved. Crown of Thieves (November 2005) The Crystal Chalice (March 2006) City of Fortune (July 2006) A Practical Guide to Dragons This book was written by Sindri Suncatcher during his six-month stay at Cairngorn Keep, after the events of the Elidor Trilogy and before the beginning of his new adventures in the Suncatcher Trilogy. Sindri Suncatcher details his vast (and questionable) knowledge of the dragons of Krynn in this hardcover, illustrated encyclopedia written for his family back in his hometown of Weavewillow, near Kendermore. (October 2006) Suncatcher Trilogy This trilogy's story begins after the end of both the Trinistyr Trilogy and the Elidor Trilogy. It takes place at the same time as the Goodlund Trilogy and the Elements Trilogy, during 356 AC. Inexplicable kender wizard Sindri Suncatcher must discover the secrets behind his powers before dark forces can hunt down and destroy him. The Wayward Wizard (September 2006) The Ebony Eye (March 2007) The Stolen Sun (September 2007) Goodlund Trilogy This trilogy's story begins after the end of both the Trinistyr Trilogy and the Elidor Trilogy. It takes place at the same time as the Suncatcher Trilogy and the Elements Trilogy, during 356 AC Failed knight Catriona Goodlund returns to her homeland to find everything she's ever loved destroyed. Now, she must battle to discover the truth behind the destruction. Warrior's Heart (November 2006) Warrior's Blood (May 2007) Warrior's Bones (November 2007) Elements Trilogy This trilogy's story begins after the end of both the Trinistyr Trilogy and the Elidor Trilogy. It takes place at the same time as the Suncatcher Trilogy and the Goodlund Trilogy, during 356 AC Nearra and her sister, Jirah, head to Palanthas so that Nearra can take her wizard's test and become a full-fledged white-robed mage. But nothing goes smoothly when Nearra's test takes she, her sister, and new friends across the world as they try to stop a centuries-old evil plot. Pillar of Flame (January 2007) Queen of the Sea (July 2007) Tempest's Vow (April 2008) The Dragon Codices These A Practical Guide to Dragons adventures take place after the Suncatcher, Goodlund and Elements trilogies, around 356 and 357 AC. R.D. Henham, a scribe in the Great Library of Palanthas, has decided to tell ten tales of the ten different color dragons of Krynn, inspired by Sindri Suncatcher's A Practical Guide to Dragons. As Sindri travels the world and sends notes to Palanthas on the dragon tales he's uncovered, R.D. Henham and his fellow scribes set about turning Sindri's notes on the dragons and those who encounter them into adventurous hardcover books for the entire world to read. Red Dragon Codex (January 2008) Bronze Dragon Codex (July 2008) Black Dragon Codex (October 2008) Brass Dragon Codex (February 2009) Green Dragon Codex (June 2009) Silver Dragon Codex (September 2009) Gold Dragon Codex (January 2010) Creators Authors Stan Brown Dragon Quartet, Vol. 6: Dragon Day Amie Rose Rotruck Bronze Dragon Codex as R.D. Henham Rebecca Shelley Red Dragon Codex as R.D. Henham Brass Dragon Codex as R.D. Henham Jeff Sampson Dragon Quartet, Vol. 8: Dragon Spell Trinistyr Trilogy, Vol. 2: Wizard's Betrayal Suncatcher Trilogy, Vol. 1: The Wayward Wizard Suncatcher Trilogy, Vol. 2: The Ebony Eye Suncatcher Trilogy, Vol. 3: The Stolen Sun Ree Soesbee Dragon Quartet, Vol. 5: Dragon Sword Elidor Trilogy, Vol. 1: Crown of Thieves Elidor Trilogy, Vol. 2: The Crystal Chalice Elidor Trilogy, Vol. 3: City of Fortune Elements Trilogy, Vol. 1: Pillar of Flame Elements Trilogy, Vol. 2: Queen of the Sea Elements Trilogy, Vol. 3: Tempest's Vow Black Dragon Codex as R.D. Henham Stephen D. Sullivan Spellbinder Quartet, Vol. 2: The Dying Kingdom Goodlund Trilogy, Vol. 1: Warrior's Heart Goodlund Trilogy, Vol. 2: Warrior's Blood Goodlund Trilogy, Vol. 3: Warrior's Bones Tim Waggoner Spellbinder Quartet, Vol. 1: Temple of the Dragonslayer Spellbinder Quartet, Vol. 4: Return of the Sorceress Dan Willis Spellbinder Quartet, Vol. 3: The Dragon Well Dragon Quartet, Vol. 7: Dragon Knight Trinistyr Trilogy, Vol. 3: Wizard's Return Christina Woods Trinistyr Trilogy, Vol. 1: Wizard's Curse Illustrators Dennis Kauth (cartography) Vinod Rams (cover and interior art) Characters Main characters Nearra Nearra begins the series as a 15-year-old peasant girl. Her life is perfectly normal until she goes to work for the black-robed wizard Maddock, a wizard who has chosen her to be the host for the soul of the long-dead evil sorceress Asvoria. She makes many friends in the effort to restore her lost memory, and they will do anything to expel Asvoria from her body and bring Nearra back, especially Davyn. She later gains her memory and soul back and becomes an aspiring mage.Featured in the Spellbinder & Dragon Quartets , the Trinistyr Trilogy, and the Elements Trilogy. Davyn Davyn is a ranger and the adopted son of the wizard Maddoc. Though the 15-year-old was working with his father in his quest to unleash Asvoria's soul, Davyn soon discovers secrets about himself that will change his destiny forever.Featured in the Spellbinder & Dragon Quartets , the Trinistyr Trilogy , and the Suncatcher Trilogy. Elidor Elidor is a charming half-silvanesti, half-kagonesti elf. Shunned by his elitist noble family for being less than "pure" Elidor set out on his own, only to be roped into Nearra's quest—a quest leading him back to places he never expected to go. He died when Asvoria was released, but through Maddoc's intervention he was brought back to life once more. Featured in the Spellbinder & Dragon Quartets and the Elidor Trilogy. Catriona Catriona is a natural born fighter who was squired to her aunt in training to be a knight. Cast out of the Solamnic Knight at age 17 for failing to save her aunt from death at the hand of some rogues, she set out on a journey to redeem herself in both her eyes and the eyes of the Knights. It's not long before she meets Nearra, a girl under a dark spell who needs her help. She vows to aid Nearra in restoring her memory, but this vow conflicts with her vow to keep Sindri safe. In Dying Kingdom, Catriona meets a handsome prince by the name of Alric Arngrim, later falling in love with him. During Dragon Sword, Catriona swears herself to Maddoc. Later on in the series, however, it is shown that she once more distrusts Maddoc and the purity of his intentions toward her companions.Featured in the Spellbinder & Dragon Quartets, the Elidor Trilogy, and the Goodlund Trilogy. Sindri Suncatcher Sindri, like all kender, is small, endlessly energized, and dangerously curious. Unlike most kender, Sindri thinks he is destined to be a great wizard, even though kender are not supposed to be capable of magic. Though he begins the series as an untrained and slightly delusional "wizard," he and his friends soon find his impossible destiny may not be so impossible after all. His magic comes from the spirit of a dragon he meets in the forests near Set-Ai's village. Featured in the Spellbinder & Dragon Quartets, the Elidor Trilogy, and the Suncatcher Trilogy. Other main characters Maddoc Maddoc is the black-robed wizard that set in motion the events that brought all of the characters together. Willing to do anything—and use anyone—in his quest to learn more about magic, he was at first seen as a villain. Later, he became an ally to the heroes—though how long that will last remains to be seen ... He takes Sindri as an apprentice and tries to teach him magic.Featured in the Spellbinder & Dragon Quartets , the" Elidor Trilogy ", and the Suncatcher Trilogy.</small> Jirah Jirah is the overlooked younger sister of Nearra. Told by their father that she was destined to be the one to break their family curse and become a great wizard, she was devastated to learn that it was in fact Nearra who held this destiny. Though at first determined to steal this destiny from her sister, Jirah now works to discover who she is meant to be while escaping the shadow cast by her older sister.<small>Featured in the Dragon Quartet , the Trinistyr Trilogy , and the Elements Trilogy. Rina Rinalasha Lelaynar is Elidor's younger sister. Despite being fully Silvanesti and being raised to despise her half-breed older brother, she took it upon herself to seek him out and learn who he truly was before passing judgment. Instead, she found herself traveling with Davyn, and the two have since become inseparable. When she discovers Elidor is dead, she takes it upon herself to avenge his death and kill the one who 'murdered' him. Featured in the Dragon Quartet , and the Elidor Trilogy , and the Trinistyr Trilogy , and the Suncatcher Trilogy.</small> Rohawn Rohawn, originally a squire to the knight, Corrigan, a brilliant strategist, but upon losing his knight to an evil power mad elf wizard, Gieden, Rohawn continues his training under Catriona. He meets Rina, and starts to like her more and more, but doesn't admit it before she leaves the group. Rohawn uses the famous Scotsman blade the Claymore. <small>Featured in the Elidor Trilogy , and the Goodlund Trilogry. Kaja and Kelethe The twin sisters are from Elidor's town, and join the fight to keep Elidor from dying, again. Originally on Elidor's side, Kaja, a priestess, betrays him to get revenge on the Northern Star, and rejoins the group. Kelethe, a bard wielding a rapier, stays with the group, and helps them until the shocking ending of the Elidor Trilogy. Featured in the Elidor Trilogy.</small> Oddvar Maddoc's number one man, well dwarf, he chases Maddoc's stepson, Davyn, until, he leaves to work odd jobs before enlisted in Davyn's party to lead them to the Dragon Knight. <small> Featured in the Spellbinders Quartet , and the Dragon Knight. Goblin Man Maddoc's old friend, also a black mage, but of a lesser stat, he too helped in the study of Asvoria, but more on her shape shifter Ophion. While trying to become a shape shifter, he underwent many failing experiments with goblins, finally giving up he remained in solitude as the goblin man, keeping little contact with Maddoc. Featured in the Dragon Spell , and the Suncatcher Trilogy.</small> Icefire A singing captain mage, who has links to past wizards, and a power mad elf after godhood. He will help Nearra, in her quest to restore power to the Trinistyr. But not without many quarrels with Davyn. <small> Featured in the Trinystyr Trilogy. Bem and Tu Icefire's first and second mates, they are also brother and sister, the strong and capable fighter, Bem is always ready for pirates, or any other obstacle they meet on the ocean. Tu, a strong willed, and beautiful warrior, captains the ship through most of the Trinistyr Trilogy. Featured in the Trinystyr Trilogy.</small> Raedon A copper dragon who fights with an evil dragon named Slean, and helps Nearra and the group reach the holy temple of stars, also fights Asvoria, before his soul is shattered by Asvoria's shape shifter, and body possessed by Asvoria. <small> Featured in the spellbinders , and the Dragon Quartet. Slean An evil green dragon, who causes the group many troubles, during their journey to the holy temple of stars. This green dragon breathes deadly chlorine gas. Featured in the Spellbinders Quartet.</small> Vael Elidor's love, who is the only champion of Elidor's home town. She fights alongside with Elidor, before being poisoned by an evil lich elf mage. <small> Featured in the Dragon Sword , and the Elidor Trilogy. Set-ai An age old warrior, he trains Davyn and the group how to fight better. He teaches Elidor how to barely use a bow, Catriona to use dragonclaws, and Davyn to become a better shot and leader. In a later book his left arm is amputated in order for him to stay alive. Featured in the Dragon Well , and the Dragon Knight . Keene Waverider Like most kender he is charming, sly, and in his mind totally innocent. He is great friends with Icefire and rides boats with him. He loves adventures (like most kender in their Wanderlust stage). Keene becomes even closer with Jirah and shows her just how much he cares. Featured in the Trinystyr Tilogy.</small> Koi Fearbreaker This kender is different and yet the same. She realizes that the kender lack of fear is what kills most kender. She wants to be able to be afraid. She has battled a dragon, stolen from it after waking it up, and gets upset when she isn't scared. Nearra and company try to help her out. She is engaged to Sindri. <small> Featured in the Elements Trilogy. Erikoff He is an orange robed mage who is devoted to Catriona and her gang or friends. He isn't a great and famous mage...yet... He has the power of fire. What this mage doesn't know is that he is part of an evil plot. Featured in the Goodlund Tilogy.</small> Tayt A young girl who originally did not possess magic. She gained her magical ability from an artifact that grants the user magic. However, without the necklace, the user would be unable to perform any magic. Tayt, had to start over with a gift of magic from a dragon. <small> Featured in the Suncatcher Trilogy. Alric The heir to the ghost city Arngrim. On their journey, Nearra, Dayvn, Elidor Catriona, and Sindri are invited into the city by Alric. Catriona finds herself captivated by the young prince's charms, as he is by her. Sadly, Alric is lost in a magical vortex while trying to save the companions (but particularly Catriona's) lives. Featured in The Dying City. Background Author Tim Waggoner said that Wizards of the Coast wanted to start a new young adult series of books in the Dragonlance world, but did not know any authors who wrote that genre. They selected him because he had previously written young adult short stories. Waggoner was given significant creative control, and designed most of the overarching story for the series. Reception

Gjon Kastrioti II

John Castriot II (; 1456–1502), was the son of Skanderbeg, the Albanian national hero, and of Donika Kastrioti, daughter of Gjergj Arianiti. He was for a short time Lord of Kruja after his father death, Duke of San Pietro in Galatina (1485), Count of Soleto, Signore of Monte Sant'Angelo and San Giovanni Rotondo. In 1495 Ferdinand I of Naples gave the title of the Signore of Gagliano del Capo and Oria. While in his teens he was forced to leave the country after the death of his father in 1468. He is known also for his role in the Albanian uprising of 1481, when, after reaching the Albanian coast from Italy settling in Himara, he tried to struggle against the Ottomans. In June 1481 he supported forces of Ivan Crnojević to successfully recapture Zeta from Ottomans. He was unable to re-establish the Kastriot principality and liberate Albania from the Ottomans, and he retired in Italy after three years of war in 1484. Family He married Jerina Branković, daughter of Serbian Despot Lazar Branković. They had the following issue: Giorgio (died 1540), Costantino Castriota (1477–1500), Bishop of Isernia Ferrante (d. 1561), duke of San Pietro in Galatina Maria (d. 1569) The Castriota descendants living in Italy today represent the only descendants of Manuel II Palaiologos, great-grandfather of Jerina.

Regueb

Regueb is a town and commune in the Sidi Bou Zid Governorate, central Tunisia. As of 2004 it had a population of 7,892.

Alfred Kienzle

Alfred Kienzle (May 1, 1913 – September 4, 1940) was a German water polo player who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics. He was part of the German team which won the silver medal. He played one match. He was killed in action during World War II.

Apportionment (politics)

Apportionment is the process by which seats in a legislative body are distributed among administrative divisions entitled to representation. Apportionment in theory The simplest and most universal principle is that elections should give each voter's intentions equal weight. This is both intuitive and stated in historical documents such as the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (the Equal Protection Clause). However, there are a variety of historical and technical reasons why this principle is not followed absolutely or, in some cases, as a first priority. Common problems Fundamentally, the representation of a population in the thousands or millions by a reasonable size, thus accountable governing body involves arithmetic that will not be exact. Although it could make representation more exact for a representative's votes (on proposed laws and measures etc.) to be weighted according to the number of his constituents, it avoids complexity in governance, giving equality between representatives, if each elected representative has exactly 1 vote. Over time, populations migrate and change in number, and preferences change. Governing bodies, however, usually exist for a defined term of office. While Parliamentary systems provide for dissolution of the body in reaction to political events, no system tries to make real-time adjustments (during one term of office) to reflect demographic changes. Instead, any redistricting takes effect at the next scheduled election or next scheduled census. Apportionment by district In some representative assemblies, each member represents a geographic district. Equal representation requires that districts comprise the same number of residents or voters. But this is not universal, for reasons including the following: In federations like the United States and Canada, the regions, states, or provinces are important as more than mere election districts. For example, residents of New York State identify as New Yorkers and not merely as members of some 415th Congressional district; the state also has institutional interests that it seeks to pursue in Congress through its representatives. Consequently, election districts do not span regions. Malapportionment might be deliberate, as when the governing documents guarantee outlying regions a specific number of seats. Denmark guarantees two seats each for Greenland and the Faroe Islands; Spain (see below) has a number of designated seats; and Canada (see below) favors its territories. Remote regions might have special views to which the governing body should give dedicated weight, otherwise might be inclined to secede. A lowest common denominator between adjoining voters exists, the "voting place" or "administrative quantum" (for example, a municipality, a precict, a polling district) traditionally designed for voting convenience, tending to unite small clusters of homes and to remain little changed. The government (or an independent body) does not organize the perfect number of voters into an election district, but a roughly appropriate number of voting places. The basis for apportionment may be out of date. For example, in the United States, apportionment follows the decennial census. The states conducted the 2010 elections with districts apportioned according to the 2000 Census. The lack of accuracy does not justify the present cost and perceived intrusion of a new census before each biennial election. A perfectly apportioned governing body would assist but does not ensure good representation; voters who did not vote for their district's winner might have no representative who is disposed to voice their opinion in the governing body. Conversely, a representative in the governing body may voice the opinions held by a voter who is not actually their constituent, though representatives usually seek to serve their own constituents first and will only voice the interests of an outside group of voters if it pertains to their district as well or is of national importance. The representative has the power, and in many theories or jurisdictions the duty, to represent the whole cohort of people from their district. Apportionment by party list Nations such as Israel and the Netherlands use party-list proportional representation elections. Mexico does so for some of the members of its lower house. In this system, voters do not vote for a person to represent their geographic district, but for a political party that aligns with the voter's philosophy. Each party names a number of representatives based on the number of votes it receives nationally. This system tallies (agglomerates) more of the voters' preferences. As in other systems parties with very few voters do not earn a representative in the governing body. Moreover, most such systems impose a threshold that a party must reach (for example, some percentage of the total vote) to qualify to obtain representatives in the body which eliminates extreme parties, to make the governing body as orderly in non-proportionate systems. With the minimum votes threshold version, if a subtype of single-issue politics based on a local issue exists, those parties or candidates distancing themselves from a broad swathe of electoral districts, such as marginal secessionists, or using a marginal minority language, may find themselves without representation. The vast majority of voters elect representatives of their philosophies. However, unlike district systems (or the hybrid models) no one elects a representative that represents him/her, or the specific region, and voters might reduce personal contact with their representatives. Mathematics of apportionment There are many different mathematical schemes for calculating apportionment, differing primarily in how they handle rounding of fractional representatives. The schemes can produce different results in terms of seats for the relevant party or sector. Additionally, all methods are subject to one or more anomalies. The article on the largest remainder method presents several schemes and discusses their trade-offs, with examples. Malapportionment Malapportionment is the creation of electoral districts with divergent ratios of voters to representatives. For example, if one single-member district has 10,000 voters and another has 100,000 voters, voters in the former district have ten times the influence, per person, over the governing body. Malapportionment may be deliberate, for reasons such as favouring equity of groups over equality of individuals. For example, in a federation, each member unit may have the same representation regardless of its population. The effect might not be just a vague empowerment of some voters but a systematic bias to the nation's government. Many instances worldwide arise in which large, sparsely populated rural regions are given equal representation to densely packed urban areas. For example, in the United States (see below), the Republican Party benefits from institutional advantages to rural states with low populations, such that the Senate and the Presidency may reflect results counter to the total popular vote. Unequal representation that does not introduce biases into the governing body is not as controversial. Unequal representation can be measured in the following ways: By the ratio of the most populous electoral district to the least populous. In the two figures above, the ratio is 10:1. A ratio approaching 1:1 means there are no anomalies among districts. In India in 1991, a ratio of nearly 50:1 was measured. The Reynolds v. Sims decision of the U.S. Supreme Court found ratios of up to 1081:1 in state legislatures. A higher ratio measures the severity of the worst anomalies, but does not indicate whether inequality is prevalent. The maximum electoral disparity. By the standard deviation of the electorates of electoral districts. By the smallest percentage of voters that could win a majority in the governing body due to disparities in the populations of districts. For example, in a 61-member body, this would be half the voters in the 31 districts with the lowest populations. It is persuasive to show that far fewer than 50% of the voters could win a majority in the governing body. But it requires additional research to conclude that such an outcome is realistic: whether the malapportionment is systematic and designed to bias the body, or is the result of random factors that give extra power to voters whose interests are unlikely to coincide. Even when electoral districts have similar populations, legislators may draw the boundaries to pursue private agendas; see Gerrymandering. Apportionment by country Australia The Australian House of Representatives consists of 151 single-member seats, referred to as constituencies, electorates, or electoral divisions. Seats are apportioned between the states and territories according to a formula based on population, but each state is constitutionally guaranteed a minimum of five seats. Tasmania is the only state affected by this clause; as such, while electorates in other states average around 105,000 to 125,000 voters, Tasmania's electorates average around 73,000 to 80,000 voters. Federal electoral boundaries are regulated by the Australian Electoral Commission (AEC), which regularly redistributes seats and boundaries to reflect changes in population. Since 1974, federal electorates within each state may not vary in population by more than 10%, largely preventing malapportionment. The Constitution of Australia states that the size of the House of Representatives must be twice the number of Senators. Accordingly, the House has periodically been expanded along with the Senate, from 76 seats in 1901 to its present size of 151 seats. In the Australian Senate, each state is represented by 12 senators. Tasmania, with a population of 534,000, elects the same number of senators as New South Wales, with a population of almost 8.1 million. Equal representation of the states in the Senate is written into the Constitution, intended to protect the interests of smaller states. Amending the Constitution to repeal the equal representation can only be done through a national referendum. However, the specific number of Senate seats allocated to the States is not constitutionally defined, and can be modified by legislation. Starting from six seats for each state in 1901, it was increased to 10 in 1948, then to 12 in 1984. Territories are not guaranteed Senate representation by the Constitution, and were unrepresented until 1975, when legislation was passed granting each territory two seats in the Senate. The Senate's present size is 76 seats. There has been malapportionment of electoral districts in both the Federal and State legislatures in the past, often resulting in rural constituencies containing far fewer voters than urban ones and maintaining in power those parties that have rural support despite polling fewer popular votes. Past apportionments in Queensland, Western Australia and the 'Playmander' in South Australia were notorious examples of the differences between urban and rural constituency sizes. In extreme cases, rural areas had four times the voting power of metropolitan areas. Supporters of such arrangements claimed Australia's urban population dominates the countryside and that these practices gave fair representation to country people. (See: Australian electoral system#Gerrymandering and malapportionment.) Canada In Canada, each federal electoral district ("riding") is represented by one Member of Parliament (MP). Ridings are based on population, but each territory is also given an MP; so Nunavut receives one MP even though its population in 2006 was only 29,474. Certain provisions in the Constitution and law (the "grandfather clause" and the "senatorial clause") guarantee that provinces cannot have fewer MPs than they had in 1982. The apportionment method is to grant one MP to each territory, and allocate 279 other MPs according to population among the 10 provinces. After doing so, the provinces with slower historical population growth since joining the Confederation receive extra ridings so as not to lose MPs. After the 1991 Census, 19 extra ridings were created, making a total of 301. After the 2001 Census, seven more ridings were created, making a total of 308. That ridings were not eliminated but only added created huge disparities. For example, in 2006 the Peace River riding in Alberta had a population of 138,009, whilst Charlottetown riding in Prince Edward Island had a population of 32,174; yet both ridings received equal representation in the House of Commons. Rural ridings even in populous provinces also tended to have more constituents than urban ridings. The Fair Representation Act, passed in 2011 and effective for the federal election that took place in 2015, specified a uniform "electoral quotient" of 111,166 (to be readjusted after each future census) but again ensured that no province would lose ridings, increasing the size of the House of Commons to 338. European Parliament The apportionment of seats in the European Parliament between European Union member states uses a principle of degressive proportionality; those with larger population have more Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) but a higher population per MEP. The exact apportionment is specified by negotiated treaty. While most member states elect their MEPs from a single national constituency, six are subdivided into multiple European Parliament constituencies. Those of France, Ireland, and Italy have low variance in population per MEP, as does the UK with Northern Ireland as an outlier. Poland's vary from 559,000 in Warsaw to 1,326,000 in Podlaskie and Warmian-Masurian, the latter figure higher than in any of the states with larger populations. Belgium's division into "electoral colleges" is not strictly geographic, but rather by language community, such that voters in the officially bilingual Brussels-Capital Region can vote in either the Dutch-speaking or French-speaking electoral college. The single-MEP German-speaking electoral college significantly overrepresents the German-speaking Community of Belgium. Japan Since electoral system of Shugiin was changed to Parallel voting in 1994, each prefecture has been guaranteed one seat apportionment regardless of its population. This apportionment method was called "separated one method" and the supreme court judged that the system is under unconstitutional state in 2009, 2012, and 2016. In 2017, electoral districts were rearranged so that every district does not have twice as large population as another district. Malaysia The voters in rural districts are over-represented in Malaysia while the urban districts are under-represented. The largest parliamentary seat (Kapar) is nine times larger than the smallest one (Putrajaya). On average, the rural parliamentary seats are over-represented by six times compared to the urban seats. New Zealand Between 1881 and 1945 New Zealand applied a system of malapportionment called the country quota, which required urban districts to contain more people than rural ones but did not give them any equivalent increase in representation. Norway Out of the 169 seats in the Storting, 150 are apportioned among the 19 Counties of Norway with deliberate bias in favor of rural areas. The number of seats for a county is decided using a formula in which a county receives 1 point for every inhabitant and 1.8 points for every square kilometer of land area. However, the bias is reduced by the 19 compensation seats, which are given to parties that are underrepresented. Thus the system does not have a great effect on the partisan composition of the Storting, but does result in more MPs coming from rural counties. Electoral researcher Bernt Aardal calculated that if the 2009 parliamentary election had been conducted without this bias, the Labour Party and Progress Party would both have lost a seat, while the Red Party and Liberal Party would each have gained one, reducing the majority of the Red-Green Coalition from 3 seats to 1. Slovakia The difference in electorates between the districts was a matter before the Constitutional Court and UN Human Rights Committee, both of which found the rights of a candidate not elected in a district with larger electorate to be violated, but did not request new elections. South Africa In the South African general election of 1948, South Africa's constituency boundaries meant that sparsely populated rural constituencies in the Afrikaner heartland had relatively few eligible voters compared to the urban constituencies in Cape Town. The rural electorates often strongly supported the Reunited National Party, led by Daniel Malan and the urban electorates often supported Jan Christiaan Smuts' United Party (the incumbent prime minister and his party, 90% of whose seats were urban). The 1948 general election saw the Reunited National Party winning more seats than the United Party, meaning that Malan was able to form a government bilaterally with the Afrikaner Party and gain an absolute majority in parliament. This was despite the fact the United Party had won 49% of the vote compared to 38% for Malan's party. By comparison, the British general election of 1945 was also conducted under first past the post but with more equal constituencies, and produced a landslide victory for a party which received 47% of the vote. Malapportionment was a key tool that allowed the National Party to implement its Apartheid program within the notionally democratic parliament. Spain The Spanish Congress of Deputies consists of 350 members. Each Spanish province is a constituency entitled to an initial minimum of two seats for a total of 100 seats, while the North African enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla are allocated one member each. The remaining 248 seats are allocated among the fifty provinces in proportion to their populations. The result is that the smaller provinces are virtually guaranteed a minimum of three seats and have a disproportionate share of seats relative to their electorate. For example, in 2004, Spain had 34,571,831 voters, an average of 98,777 voters per deputy. However, the number of voters per deputy varied from 129,269 in Barcelona and 127,377 in Madrid to 38,714 and 26,177 respectively in the smallest provinces of Teruel and Soria. In the Spanish Senate each of the forty-seven mainland provinces are assigned four seats, while the three largest islands are allocated three seats each, and the seven smaller islands one each. The North African enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla are allocated two seats each. Additionally, the legislative assemblies of the seventeen autonomous communities into which the provinces of Spain are grouped are entitled to appoint at least one Senator each, as well as one Senator for every million voters. The result is a bias in favour of mainly rural areas. For example, the community of Madrid with 4,458,540 voters in 2004 has 9 senators while Castilla y León with 2,179,521 voters has a total of 39 senators. United Kingdom The number of electors in a United Kingdom constituency can vary considerably. This variation has resulted from: Legislation; beginning with the Redistribution of Seats Act 1958, which replaced an electoral quota (ideal population) for the whole United Kingdom with four separate quotas: England 69,534; Northern Ireland 67,145, Wales 58,383, and Scotland 54,741 voters per constituency. Decisions of the four UK Boundary Commissions to favour geographically "natural" districts. Population migrations between boundary reviews, which have tended to decrease the number of voters in inner-city districts From the next General Election the maximum disparity in size of local electorates will be less, about fourfold, from Scotland's Na h-Eileanan an Iar (21,837 voters) and Orkney and Shetland (33,755), to England's East Ham (91,531), and the Isle of Wight (110,924). Periodic reviews by the Boundary Commissions are submitted to the House of Commons for approval, primarily to prevent the reemergence of any new rotten boroughs. The House is allowed to ignore or delay implementation of their findings, but not change them. The Sixth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, instigated to reduce the number of MPs from 650 to 600 and address the current malapportionment, was suspended until after the 2015 and 2017 general elections, by votes of the House in 2013 and 2016. United States Apportionment at the federal level of the United States government is guided by the rubrics of the U.S. Constitution. The writers of the Constitution designed the nation's bicameral Legislature to include, a Senate (the upper legislative chamber) to represent the states, and a House of Representatives (the lower legislative chamber) to represent the people rather than the states. Each state—in its entirety—is equally represented in the Senate by two senators, regardless of its population. The constitution guarantees each state at least one representative for its people in the House, while the size of a state's House delegation depends on its total population. Each state is apportioned a number of seats which approximately corresponds to its share of the aggregate population of the 50 states, as determined by the most recent decennial U.S. census. This governance plan came about as a result of the Connecticut Compromise reached during Constitutional Convention of 1787 between delegates from states with a large population and those from states with a small population. The Constitution also prescribes that the President and Vice President be elected by a group of people apportioned among the states in the same numbers as their representatives in Congress, called the Electoral College. As the Constitution's apportionment procedures are established solely for the states in the Union, neither the District of Columbia nor the country's territories and possessions are included. Therefore, they do not have the same representation in the federal government as states do. Senate Under Article I, Section 3, of the U.S. Constitution, each state has two seats in the Senate. This equality of representation is shielded from being amended by Article V which specifies that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of having the same number of seats as the others. (Neither the District of Columbia, nor the country's territories and possessions have representation in the Senate, as they are not states.) Senators from each state were originally elected by that state's legislature, and influenced only indirectly by the voters, through their election of state legislators. The 17th Amendment, ratified in 1913, provided for direct election of U.S. Senators. It did not however, change the principle of equal representation of the states in the Senate, which, as James Madison noted in The Federalist No. 39, ensures a polity of mixed sovereignty, one in which the states are an integral part of the federal government. This, of course, is precisely why those who do not think the Constitution not democratic enough would wish to remove that portion of the Constitution. The 38 million people who live in the nation’s 22 least populous states are represented by 44 senators, while the 38 million residents of California, the most populous state, are represented by two. House The House of Representatives, by comparison, is required by Article I, Section 2, to be "apportioned among the several states... according to their respective numbers." The Constitution does not provide for either fractional votes nor Congressional seats spanning states, and guarantees every state at least one Representative. Thus, a resident of a state whose population just barely qualifies for two Representatives has almost twice the relative influence as a resident of a state that does not quite qualify for two. , based on the Reapportionment Act of 1929, reapportions the Representatives to the states following each decennial census. It left the states to decide how and whether to redistrict, except in the case that the census changes the state's number of Representatives, but federal court cases now require states to redistrict based on each census. However, here too, other criteria take precedence over exact equality of representation. In 2012, the Supreme Court endorsed Tennant v. Jefferson County the use of other criteria, including the legislature's reluctance to move voters between districts, to put incumbent Congressmen in the same district, and to divide counties between districts, when the State of West Virginia redrew its three Congressional districts with a disparity of 0.79% between the most populous and least populous district. Washington, D.C. and the five largest possessions are instead represented by non-voting delegates. During the tenure of Speaker of the House Tip O'Neill between 1977 and 1987, these delegates were allowed to vote on legislation except for the final, formal vote on enactment. The country's other possessions do not have any representation in the House. President The U.S. President is elected only indirectly by voters, through the Electoral College. Under Article II, Section 1, Clause 2, of the U.S. Constitution, the number of electors for every state is the sum of the number of that state's senators and representatives. This was also a result of the original Connecticut Compromise between large and small states. The effect is to give each state a two-elector bonus (for the state's two Senators) regardless of population. A low-population state does not receive one elector in a body of 435, but three electors out of 535. The two-elector bonus is comparatively minor for a state with a high population. Washington, D.C. did not have a voice in the selection of the President until 1961, when the 23rd Amendment was ratified, giving D.C. the treatment of a state in the Electoral College ("but in no event more than the least populous State"; that is, three electors, increasing the total number of electors to 538). U.S. territories and possessions still have no voice in the selection of the President. In 2000, Puerto Rico attempted to include the U.S. Presidential election on its ballots, knowing that the Electoral College would not count its result. However, the move was declared unconstitutional by the First Circuit Court of Appeals, and the Presidential ballot was not handed out to voters on election day. A separate obstacle to proportional representation is that almost all of the states choose electors on a "winner-take-all" basis, where the state's electors are awarded to the candidate with the most popular votes in that state. Maine and Nebraska are the only states that instead use the "congressional district method", selecting one elector within each congressional district by popular vote and awarding two electors by a statewide popular vote. With the "winner-takes-all" method used by most of the states, a candidate can still win the presidency without winning the national popular vote (such as what happened in 1824, 1876, 1888, 2000, and 2016). The Electoral College denies voters equal influence in the presidential election. However, it induces presidential candidates to campaign outside large population centers and insulates small states from being overwhelmed by election irregularities in large population centers. On the other hand, the electoral college encourages political campaigners to focus on so-called "swing states" while ignoring the rest of the country. States in which polling shows no clear favorite are usually inundated with campaign visits, television advertising, get-out-the-vote efforts by party organizers and debates, while "four out of five" voters in the national election are "absolutely ignored," according to one assessment. In the event that the Electoral College does not produce a majority for any candidate, the 12th Amendment (roughly as Article II, Section 1 had done) throws the election to the U.S. House (the U.S. Senate choosing the Vice President), but under a procedure where each state's delegation, regardless of size, casts one vote—thus giving smaller states more voting power in the event of a deadlock than larger states. For example, Wyoming, with only one representative, has the same power as California, with 53 representatives. State senates The United States government was a construct of the thirteen states, and the Constitution's only original constraint on the states was, in Article IV, Section 4, that the federal government "guarantee to every state... a republican form of government." Though the Fourteenth Amendment contains the Equal Protection Clause and bars the states from "abridging" voting rights, the text does not address apportionment. Instead, most state legislatures imitated the Congress, in which the lower house is apportioned by population, while the upper house is apportioned by some other criterion. For example, each county might have one state senator. In the 1960s, in cases such as Baker v. Carr and Reynolds v. Sims (the "one man, one vote" decision), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Equal Protection Clause authorized judicial remedy when a significant disparity in population size arises between electoral districts within a state. The biggest immediate effect was to require that state senate districts have substantially equal populations, as Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote, "Legislators represent people, not trees or acres." These cases also opened apportionment of state houses of representatives to review by the judiciary. State legislatures In most states, the legislature draws the boundaries of electoral districts, including its own; and even court decisions that set aside malapportionment acknowledge that political self-interest plays a role in decisions of the legislature. Legislatures and the majority party can pursue self-interest by gerrymandering—contriving legislative districts to promote the election of specific individuals or to concentrate the opposition party's core constituencies in a small number of districts—or by simply declining to reapportion at all, so that the make-up of a legislature fails to track the evolving demographics of the state. Many states now redistrict state electoral districts following each decennial federal census, as Reynolds v. Sims required for Congressional districts. A state may draw districts that span political subdivisions and elect multiple representatives, and may draw floterial districts, to match representation to population more precisely than the U.S. House does (see above). The basis of apportionment has also been litigated. In Evenwel v. Abbott (2016), a unanimous Supreme Court ruled that "constitutional history, precedent, and practice" support basing districts on population, even when some districts thus had 40% more voters than others. Prospects for change Arguments for or against change to these institutions often have political overtones. The Democratic Party often advocates change, as it is generally more popular in large cities and many of the more populated states, while the Republican Party often defends the current system, as that party is more popular in rural areas and many of the less populated states. Any changes would require amendment of the Constitution. But the procedure for doing this also contains protections for states with low populations. Article V, Section 1 requires any amendments to be ratified by three-fourths of the states (currently, 38). Most small states would refuse to ratify any amendment that nullified their traditional advantages. Various states have joined the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact, pledging that their legislatures will direct their Presidential electors to vote for whichever presidential candidate wins the national popular vote. This would partly counteract the advantage the Electoral College gives to low-population states, though it might reduce the joiners' influence during presidential campaigns. Footnotes

Devaki (1951 film)

Devaki is an Indian Tamil language film directed by R. S. Mani and released in 1951. The film features N. N. Kannappa and V. N. Janaki in the lead roles.O Cast The list is adapted from the database of Film News Anandan and from the song book. Male cast N. N. Kannappa as Durai S. Balachandar as Raja M. N. Nambiar as Gopu D. Balasubramanyam as Raghunath T. N. Sivathanu as Secretary A. Karunanidhi as Govindan S. M. Thirupathisami as Meiyappar A. Ganapathi as Kandavel V. M. Ezhumalai as Doctor M. N. Krishnan as Student T. M. Soundar Rajan as Beggar P. S. Subbaiah as Unemployed Person Female cast V. N. Janaki as Devaki Madhuri Devi as Leela R. Bharathi as Pappa S. R. Janaki as Kunjammal M. Radha Bai as Student's Association President M. D. Krishna Bai as Women's Association President Baby Rani Vasanthi as Selvamani Dance Lalitha Padmini Ragini Kumari Kamala Soundtrack Music was composed by G. Ramanathan and lyrics were penned by A. Maruthakasi, Ka. Mu. Sheriff and Kannadasan. Singers are T. M. Soundararajan, S. Balachander & Master Subbaiah. Playback singers are Thiruchi Loganathan, P. Leela, P. G. Krishnaveni (Jikki), N. L. Gana Saraswathi, R. Rathnamala, U. R. Chandra and R. Parvathi.

Chen Yin (6th century)

Chen Yin (陳胤) (born April 16, 573), courtesy name Chengye (承業), was a crown prince of the Chinese dynasty Chen Dynasty. Chen Yin was the first son of his father Chen Shubao, who was crown prince under Chen Yin's grandfather Emperor Xuan at the time of Chen Yin's birth. Chen Yin's mother Consort Sun died in childbirth, and Chen Shubao's wife Crown Princess Shen Wuhua, mournful of her death, took Chen Yin and raised him as her own son. As Chen Shubao was already 20 at the time of Chen Yin's birth—a relatively late age to have a son in those times—Emperor Xuan had Chen Shubao designate Chen Yin as his heir even though Chen Yin was not born of Crown Princess Shen, and further awarded a bowl of wine to each father in the realm. In 578, he was created the Duke of Yongkang. In 582, Emperor Xuan died, and Chen Shubao, after surviving a coup attempt, became emperor. He created Chen Yin's adoptive mother Crown Princess Shen empress and Chen Yin crown prince. Chen Shubao selected the daughter of the general Xiao Mohe to be Chen Yin's wife and crown princess. Chen Yin was said to be intelligent and studious, but also often making mistakes. When his chief of staff Yuan Xian (袁憲) urged him to change his ways, he would not accept Yuan's suggestion. Meanwhile, Empress Shen was not favored by Chen Shubao, whose favorite concubines were Consort Zhang Lihua and Consort Kong. As Empress Shen and Chen Yin often exchanged messengers, Chen Shubao suspected that Chen Yin despised him for not favoring Empress Shen. Consorts Zhang and Kong, assisted by the high-level official Kong Fan (孔範, who, although he was not related to Consort Kong, referred to her as his sister), began to make accusations against Chen Yin before Chen Shubao. In 588, Chen Shubao thus decided to depose Chen Yin and make Consort Zhang's son Chen Yuan the Prince of Shi'an crown prince, despite Yuan's opposition. In summer 588, he deposed Chen Yin and demoted him to the title of Prince of Wuxing, creating Chen Yuan crown prince instead. Chen Shubao then considered deposing Empress Shen as well and replacing her with Consort Zhang, but as rival Sui Dynasty captured the Chen capital Jiankang in 589, ending Chen and unifying China, that did not occur. Chen Shubao was taken to the Sui capital Chang'an and treated as an honored guest of Emperor Wen of Sui, and Chen Yin followed his father to Chang'an. He died there, but there is no historical record of the year of his death. Unlike many of his brothers, there was also no record that he served as an official to Sui, so he probably died fairly early.

Canton of Loudéac

The canton of Loudéac is an administrative division of the Côtes-d'Armor department, northwestern France. Its borders were modified at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in Loudéac. It consists of the following communes: Le Cambout La Chèze Coëtlogon Loudéac Plémet Plumieux La Prénessaye Saint-Barnabé Saint-Étienne-du-Gué-de-l'Isle Saint-Maudan

Rainbow Valley, Arizona

Rainbow Valley is a rural neighborhood south of Buckeye, Arizona, United States. It is unincorporated, meaning it is not under the town of Buckeye but instead Maricopa County. It is a very spread out neighborhood with approximately only 34 people per square mile. To the east of Rainbow Valley is a community called "Estrella Mountain Ranch." The place has no hotels or stores you have to go to either Estrella Mountain Ranch in Goodyear or a few miles north to Buckeye. Rainbow Valley has lots of Mountains. Residents The older homes of Rainbow Valley were built between 1970 and 1999. In 2000, there was a great influx of people who moved into Rainbow Valley. About 49 percent of the people living there moved to Rainbow Valley after 2000. Most of the homes are mobile homes, except the older homes. There are only two subdivisions, one called Grand View Ranches and Grand View Ranches II. These subdivisions are considered the high-end part of Rainbow Valley. The rest of Rainbow Valley mainly consists of multi-acre lots. There are several dairies located in Rainbow Valley and many of the residents have horses, goats and chickens. Schools There is only one elementary school in Rainbow Valley, Rainbow Valley Elementary School. It is part of the Liberty School District. The school is for kindergarten up to eighth grade. Upon graduating, the eighth graders either go to Estrella Foothills High School or Buckeye High School.

Girlfriends (2006 film)

Girlfriends (French title: Mes copines) is a 2006 French-Belgian comedy film directed by Sylvie Ayme and starring Stéphanie Sokolinski, Djena Tsimba, Léa Seydoux and Anne-Sophie Franck. Cast Soko as Manon Djena Tsimba as Djena Léa Seydoux as Aurore Anne-Sophie Franck as Marie Xavier Hosten as Cédric Nicolas Jouxtel as Manon's little brother Patrick Braoudé as Doisneau Rossy de Palma as Marie's mother Serge Riaboukineas Manon's father Thierry René as Djena's father Jean-Michel Noirey as Marie's father Sophie Frison as Leslie Véronique Biefnot as Aurore's mother Jean-Yves Berteloot as Aurore's father Thomas Ancora as Éric Philippe du Janerand as a server Nicolas Gob as Pierre Sara Martins as Shaheen Caroline Veyt as Juliette Julien Béramis as Navin

Rushy Island, Bermuda

Rushy Island is an island of Bermuda.

Eric Reid (sportscaster)

Eric Reid is an American television play-by-play announcer for the Miami Heat and college football on Sun Sports. Reid has been with the Heat since the team's inaugural season. He was the Heat's color analyst for three seasons before taking over play-by-play duties in 1991, and has been their play-by-play announcer ever since. He has shared the broadcast booth with analysts including Dr. Jack Ramsay, Dave Wohl, Ed Pinckney, Mike Fratello, Tony Fiorentino, and John Crotty. Reid's broadcast career began at WHCU radio in Ithaca, New York where he was the station's sports director and the radio play-by-play voice for Cornell University football, basketball, and lacrosse. Prior to joining the Heat, Reid was the radio voice of Providence College from 1982 to 1988. He has also called basketball games for ESPN Plus and the University of South Florida, and football games for ESPN Plus, New England Sports Network, Brown University, the University of Miami, and the University of South Florida. While at NESN, Reid also hosted the pre- and post-game shows for the Boston Red Sox, did play-by-play for the Pawtucket Red Sox, and was also the host and writer for the syndicated weekly television show, "This Week in the Big East." In 1990, Reid called the NCAA Lacrosse Championships for ESPN. In 2013, Reid won an Emmy for best play-by-play announcer in his 25th season calling action for the Heat. Reid is a 1979 graduate of Ithaca College and a native of Massapequa, New York. He currently resides in Boca Raton, Florida.

Yarl's Wood Immigration Removal Centre

Yarl's Wood Immigration Removal Centre is a detention centre for foreign nationals prior to their deportation from the United Kingdom, one of 10 such centres currently in the UK. It is located near Milton Ernest in Bedfordshire, England, and is operated by Serco, which describes the place as "a fully contained residential centre housing adult women and adult family groups awaiting immigration clearance." Its population is, and has been, overwhelmingly female. Management history Yarl's Wood opened on 19 November 2001 with capacity for just over 400 people, making it the largest immigration detention centre in Europe at the time. Initially managed by Group 4 Falck, control passed in May 2004 to Global Solutions Limited (GSL), which was sold off at this time by Group 4 to private equity firms Englefield Capital and Electra Partners Europe. In 2007, with Yarl's Wood "never having been far from controversy" (a fire following a protest in February 2002, for example, gutted the centre, which did not reopen until September the following year), GSL's contract was not renewed, and control was signed over to Serco, which has run Yarl's Wood to the present time. Chris Hyman, then Serco chief executive, said winning the £85m contract "recognises our ability to care for a wide range of detainees". Serious incidents have continued, however, during the Serco period. Controversies February 2002 fire In early February 2002, the building was burnt down following a protest by the detainees. This was triggered by someone being physically restrained by staff. According to custody officer Darren Attwood, officers complied with orders to "lock the detainees in the burning building". Five people were injured in the fire. Hunger strikes In December 2001 just after opening the first hunger strike began with twenty five Roma detainees refusing to eat. In July 2005, more than 30 Ugandan women detainees went on hunger strike to protest about the behaviour of some staff at Yarl's Wood. They issued a statement detailing their poor treatment and attacking the level of health provision for detainees. "There is no urgency about making sure we are getting the help we need," In May 2007, it was reported that there was a hunger strike involving over 100 women. On 4 February 2010, a hunger strike began with a number of women protesting their indefinite detention. One hunger striker had been held for 15 months. The hunger strike was escalated when, according to a Guardian report, "70 women taking part in a protest were locked in an airless corridor without water or toilet facilities." On 20 April 2015, a hunger strike began with 31 couples from the Hummingbird Unit in regard to a death of a male detainee Pinakeen Patel, aged 33 from Gujarat, India. The hunger strike continued for a second day. Resulting in the release of the widow on Temporary admission. On 25 May in solidarity to an Indian Gujarati lady from Hummingbird Unit suffering from serious medical conditions, a sudden hunger strike was called out by the fellow detainees. On 21 February 2018, a hunger strike by women detainees began in protest at the Home Office policies of detaining people who came to the UK as minors, detaining asylum seekers and people who had survived torture, and detaining people indefinitely. A government letter in response to the hunger strike stated that it could "lead to your case being accelerated and your removal from the UK taking place sooner". On 8 March (International Women's Day) a 24-hour strike by activists took place in solidarity with hunger strikers. Sexual abuse There have been a series of corroborated allegations of a sexual nature made against staff. The only witness to one alleged incident was deported before she could be interviewed by the police. Almost 90% of people held at Yarl's Wood are women, yet about half the staff are male. The decision in November 2014 to give Serco a new £70 million eight-year contract to run the centre was criticised by Natasha Walter of Women for Refugee Women: "Serco is clearly unfit to manage a centre where vulnerable women are held and it is unacceptable the government continues to entrust Serco with the safety of women who are survivors of sexual violence." The following month, Police and Crime Commissioner for Northumbria Vera Baird expressed her support for an independent inquiry. Detention of children In 2010, Children's Commissioner for England Albert Aynsley-Green reported that children detained at Yarl's Wood faced "extremely distressing" conditions and treatment. On 11 January 2011, the High Court ruled that the continued detention of the children of failed asylum seekers at Yarl's Wood was unlawful. Deaths In September 2005 Manuel Bravo, an asylum seeker from Angola, hanged himself while in detention awaiting deportation with his 13-year-old son following a dawn raid at his home in Leeds. In March 2014, 40-year-old Christine Case from Jamaica died at the centre from a massive pulmonary thrombo-embolism. The family were told of her death only eight hours later, and an investigation is under way into accusations that staff denied her medical assistance before her death. In April 2015 a 33-year-old detainee from India died of a suspected heart attack. Inquiries into provision at Yarl's Wood A September 2003 report by the Inspector of Prisons, found that provision at Yarl's Wood was "not safe". In March 2004, the Prisons and Probation Ombudsman published a report into allegations of racism, abuse and violence, based on 19 claims made by an undercover reporter for the Daily Mirror. The report found evidence of a number of racist incidents, although noted that staff had been disciplined following publication of the journalists findings, and that an allegation of assault had not been properly investigated. In October 2004, the prisons and probation ombudsman published an inquiry into the disturbance and fire in 2002. One of its main findings was that the provision of sprinklers could have prevented the damage caused. In February 2005, a local fire chief alleged that the lessons had not been learnt as it was announced that there were no plans to introduce sprinklers. In February 2006, the Chief Inspector of Prisons published an inquiry into the quality of health care at Yarl's Wood. It found substantial gaps in provision and identified 134 recommendations. A 2006 Legal Action for Women (LAW) investigation into Yarl’s Wood Removal Centre found that: 70% of women had reported rape, nearly half had been detained for over three months. 57% had no legal representation, and 20% had lawyers who demanded payment in advance. Women reported sexual and racial intimidation by guards. LAW’s Self-Help Guide has been confiscated by guards depriving detainees of information about their rights. In April 2009, the Children's Commissioner for England published a report which stated that children held in the detention centre are denied urgent medical treatment, handled violently and left at risk of serious harm. The report details how children are transported in caged vans, and watched by opposite-sex staff as they dress. This follows earlier allegations in 2005 by the Chief Inspector of Prisons that children were being damaged by being held in the institution, citing in particular an autistic five-year-old who had not eaten properly in several days. In 2012, whistleblower Noel Finn raised concerns about abuse towards patients with mental illness and who are detained in Yarl's Wood, most had not received adequate assessment or treatment. Patients deported or removed back to the very place they had been tortured had gone unchecked by the home office. It was reported by the whistleblower that patients had been sexually abused, no one to date has been prosecuted. In April 2014, the UN's Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women, Rashida Manjoo, was barred from Yarl's Wood by the Home Office when she tried to investigate complaints about the centre as part of her fact-finding mission into violence against women in the UK. In her 2015 report, Manjoo said that her being barred from Yarl's Wood reminded her of when the Bangladeshi government refused her access to investigate alleged crimes against women at a notorious refugee camp and when the Indian government forbade her entry to state-run facilities. In August 2015 the chief inspector of prisons, Nick Hardwick described Yarl's Wood as a "place of national concern" and said that decisive action was needed to ensure that women were only detained "as a last resort". In August 2017, the chief inspector of prisons published the report of the most recent inspection. He said in the introduction to the report 'This inspection found that there had been significant improvements at the centre ... The most noticeable change was that ... on this occasion the atmosphere across the centre was far calmer, respectful and relaxed.'

Othaikku Othai

Othaikku Othai (English: One to One) is an upcoming Indian Tamil-language action drama film written and directed by Barnesh, starring Atharvaa and Sri Divya in the lead roles, while Narain, Chandhana and Vidya Pradeep play pivotal roles. The film began production during January 2017. Cast Atharvaa Sri Divya Narain Chandhana Harish Uthaman Ashish Vidyarthi Production In October 2016, newcomer director Barnesh, a former assistant to Pa. Ranjith, announced that he would make his directorial debut through a film featuring Atharvaa in the lead role which would be produced by Vision I Medias and feature editing and cinematography by Selva and Ramalingam respectively. In a press release in December 2016, Barnesh revealed that the film was titled Othaikku Othai and would "be about friendships, romance, fight and anger", set in the backdrop of Salem-based students in their three years of college life between 2003 and 2005. The film was launched in December 2016, with actors Narain and Ashish Vidyarthi added to the cast, while Justin Prabhakaran was signed to work as the music composer. Actresses Sri Divya, Vidya Pradeep and Chandhana also joined the cast of the film.

Sapporo Beer Teien Station

is a railway station on the Chitose Line in Eniwa, Hokkaido, Japan, operated by the Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido). The station opened on July 1, 1990. The Hokkaido Brewery of Sapporo Breweries is located in front of the station.

Artur Ershov

Artur Stanislavovich Ershov (; born 7 March 1990) is a Russian professional racing cyclist, who last rode for UCI Professional Continental team . He rode at the 2015 UCI Track Cycling World Championships. He was named in the start list for the 2016 Giro d'Italia. Career achievements Major results 2011 2nd Time trial, National Under–23 Road Championships 2012 1st Team pursuit, UEC European Track Championships 9th Memorial Oleg Dyachenko 10th Overall Tour of Qinghai Lake 1st Stage 8 2013 10th Trofeo Palma 2014 1st Overall Grand Prix Udmurtskaya Pravda 1st Stage 4 3rd Road race, National Road Championships 2015 1st Points race, UCI Track World Championships 4th Overall Tour of Kuban Grand Tour general classification results timeline