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yushengsu

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fineweb_edu_cleaned_modified

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Will rural and island areas become ever more on the fringe for innovation? That’s the question tackled in the first of a new series of online talks . Starting tonight, Monday May 23rd, 7.30pm, is a series of 6 talks hosted on the Orkney International Science Festival YouTube channel which will look at how rural and island areas can stem the tide of centralisation. The idea for the series developed through a Festival collaboration with a new Scottish project, Tech Embers. Tech Embers is supported by the Scottish Government Ecosystem Fund in connection with the Scottish Technology Ecosystem Review. The series of six talks put together by the Festival – titled Embers into Sparx – include the latest news on space developments in Scotland, and also a call for a renaissance of rail branch lines in response to road congestion and the climate emergency. Two-thirds of the world’s economic activity, and 86% of its patented inventions, are concentrated in 40 mega-regions. With their resources of skills, technology and investment, they are continually attracting people and resources. There’s also the story of regeneration of landscape and wildlife on a Scottish estate, and a new approach to biology which argues that a living organism is more than the sum of its parts. Monday evening’s talk, and titled ‘Out of 40’, looks at a radical approach to the growing problem of economic centralisation in 40 megaregions. The approach comes from a Slovenian thinker who argues that island and rural areas should join together digitally to provide opportunities for innovators to share ideas and work together, just as they would in a mega-region. The challenge is how in practical terms to build links for innovators in scattered communities across Europe and beyond. Monday evening’s talk, given by Festival director Howie Firth, looks at ways in which this might be done. It starts at 7.30 pm and is free to all. You can find out more here: Orkney International Science Festival.

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CC-MAIN-2023-40

https://theorkneynews.scot/2022/05/23/living-with-the-mega-regions-embers-into-sparx-online-talks/

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What is a Denial-of-Service Attack? In today's interconnected digital world, our reliance on online services has become paramount. From online banking to e-commerce platforms, our lives are increasingly intertwined with the internet. However, this dependence has made us vulnerable to a range of cyber threats, one of the most notorious being denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. These malicious attacks aim to disrupt the availability of online services, leaving organizations and individuals without access to critical resources. To truly understand the impact of a DoS attack, let's delve into its mechanics and explore some real-life examples that demonstrate the far-reaching consequences. ## The Anatomy of a Denial-of-Service Attack At its core, a DoS attack floods the target's network or system with overwhelming traffic, rendering it incapable of functioning properly. To visualize this, picture a crowded highway during rush hour. The sheer volume of cars prevents any individual vehicle from reaching its destination efficiently. Similarly, a DoS attack involves flooding a network or system with an enormous volume of requests or traffic until it becomes overwhelmed and ceases to operate effectively. One common form of a DoS attack is the **TCP/IP handshake attack**. Here, an attacker exploits the three-step handshake process that initiates a connection between a client device and a server. By repeatedly sending connection requests without completing the handshake, the attacker exhausts the target's available resources, leaving them unable to handle legitimate requests. Another variant of DoS attacks is the **distributed denial-of-service (DDoS)**. In this type of attack, the assailant mobilizes multiple compromised computers, forming a large network of bots, commonly referred to as a botnet. These bots are then orchestrated to flood the target system with vast amounts of traffic simultaneously. By using a distributed approach, DDoS attacks can overwhelm even the most robust networks, making them much more challenging to defend against. ## Real-Life Examples To understand the true impact of DoS attacks, let's explore a couple of real-life examples that caused significant disruptions across various sectors. ### 1. RSA Security In 2011, the renowned cybersecurity company RSA Security was subject to a sophisticated DoS attack that exploited a zero-day vulnerability in Adobe Flash. The attacker successfully launched a phishing campaign, which led to the compromise of a small number of employees' computers. These compromised machines were then used to launch a large-scale DDoS attack against parts of RSA's infrastructure. While the company did not disclose the nature of the targeted systems, the attack emphasized the vulnerability of even the most security-conscious organizations. ### 2. GitHub's Great Firewall In 2015, GitHub, the popular code-hosting platform, faced one of the largest DDoS attacks in history. The attack targeted GitHub's Great Firewall, a system designed to filter and block malicious traffic coming from China. The attack, originating from China's state-sponsored cyber units, reached an astonishing peak traffic of 1.35 terabits per second (Tbps). This overwhelming volume disrupted GitHub's services, making it inaccessible for approximately five days. The attack exemplified the potential of DDoS attacks to disrupt large-scale platforms with significant repercussions. ## The Consequences of Denial-of-Service Attacks The repercussions of DoS attacks can be disastrous for both individuals and organizations. Let's explore some of their consequences: ### Financial Loss Businesses heavily reliant on online transactions can suffer significant financial losses during a DoS attack. E-commerce platforms, banks, and trading platforms are prime targets for attackers seeking to disrupt payment processing or online transactions. For instance, the notorious hacker group known as "Lizard Squad" targeted Sony's PlayStation Network during the holiday season in 2014. This attack not only inconvenienced millions of gamers but also resulted in financial losses for Sony due to disrupted sales and compensation procedures. ### Reputational Damage DoS attacks can tarnish the reputation of an organization, resulting in long-term damage. When customers are unable to access services or experience significant delays, their trust in the affected organization dwindles. Even if the service is restored quickly, the perception that the organization's security measures are insufficient remains. The 2016 Dyn attack demonstrated how damaging this can be. The attack targeted a critical internet infrastructure company, causing widespread website and application outages for major platforms such as Twitter, Reddit, and Netflix. This attack not only affected users but also impacted these companies' reputations due to the perception of inadequate security measures. ### Cybersecurity Resource Drain DoS attacks require organizations to dedicate significant resources to mitigate and recover from the attack. This diversion of resources can hamper their ability to focus on proactive security measures or other crucial aspects of their operations. For instance, in 2018, GitHub had to engage multiple cybersecurity vendors and increase its network capacity significantly to defend against a massive DDoS attack. This attack required substantial investments in infrastructure and expert resources, diverting precious funds and time away from other essential projects and goals. ## Defending Against Denial-of-Service Attacks Effectively defending against DoS attacks requires organizations to deploy a comprehensive set of preventive and mitigative measures. Here are a few strategies commonly employed: ### Traffic Filtering and Rate Limiting Organizations can implement traffic filtering mechanisms to identify and block malicious traffic before it reaches the target network or system. Rate limiting, which involves restricting the number of requests or packets accepted from a single source, can also help curb the effectiveness of DDoS attacks. ### Load Balancing and Redundancy By distributing incoming traffic across multiple servers, load balancing can alleviate the burden on any single system, making it more difficult for attackers to overwhelm the network. Redundancy, both in terms of network connections and server infrastructure, ensures that even if one component is compromised, the system can continue to function. ### Anomaly Detection Implementing anomaly detection mechanisms can help identify and flag malicious traffic patterns. Machine learning algorithms can analyze network behavior, helping to differentiate between legitimate user traffic and potential attack vectors. This enables organizations to take proactive steps to mitigate or block malicious traffic before it cripples their systems. ### Collaborative Defense Efforts Sharing threat intelligence and collaborating with other organizations is key to effectively combating DoS attacks. By participating in coordinated defense efforts, organizations can pool their knowledge and resources to identify new attack trends and promptly respond to emerging threats. Denial-of-Service attacks pose a significant threat in our increasingly digitized world. Understanding their mechanics and potential consequences is vital for individuals and organizations alike. With a robust defense strategy that combines proactive measures, collaborative efforts, and effective mitigation techniques, it is possible to minimize the impact of such attacks. As advancements in technology continue to shape our lives, it is crucial to remain vigilant and adapt security measures to safeguard our digital infrastructure against evolving cyber threats. The World Wide Web is truly an unfathomable ocean of information and possibilities, connecting people, businesses, and governments worldwide. With that, however, comes a downside – the rise of cybercrimes, which poses a significant threat to individuals, organizations, and governments alike. Cybercrime attacks have become commonplace in our modern-day world, and it’s not just big companies that are being targeted; individuals who may never have thought twice about their online security are now at risk too. What is a cybercrime attack? In simple terms, it involves criminals using the internet to commit unlawful activities, including stealing sensitive information, hacking into private or public systems, and exploiting computer weaknesses for their gain. It can happen in many different ways, including phishing scams, password attacks, and malware infections. In this article, we’ll take a deep dive into the different types of cybercrime attacks and how they work, so you can understand how to protect yourself or your organization from these malicious activities. Types of Cybercrime Attacks: Phishing scams are a type of cyber attack that attempts to trick users into divulging their sensitive information. Cybercriminals send emails or messages that appear to be from a legitimate source, such as a bank or online seller, requesting information like passwords, credit card numbers, or personal data. The receiver of the email may be enticed to click on a link, which takes them to a website that looks like the original company’s site. Once they enter their details, the cybercriminals capture their information and use it for fraudulent purposes. One of the most common types of cybercrime attacks is password attacks. Cybercriminals use sophisticated tools to hack into a user’s account and gain unauthorized access. This type of attack typically involves brute-forcing a password (using automated software to guess passwords), exploiting weak passwords, or guessing secret security questions. Malware, short for malicious software, refers to a variety of different software designed to harm computer systems, networks, or devices. This includes viruses, worms, Trojans, spyware, and ransomware. Malware can be spread in many ways, including infected attachments, downloaded files, and malicious software downloads. Once the malware is installed, it can be used for a variety of purposes, including stealing sensitive data and taking control of the infected systems. Denial of Service Attacks A Denial of Service (DoS) attack involves flooding a server, website, or network with a large amount of traffic, rendering them unable to handle legitimate requests. This type of attack is often used for extortion purposes, where the attacker demands a ransom from the target to stop the attack. It’s also used for competitive reasons, such as disrupting a competitor’s website or service. Cyberstalking involves the persistent and unwanted monitoring or harassment of another individual by using the internet or other digital communications technology. This type of attack includes using social media and other online platforms to make threats or post false information about an individual, or to monitor their online activity and personal information. Preventing Cybercrime Attacks Now that we’ve looked at the different types of cybercrime attacks, let’s delve into the measures individuals and organizations can implement to prevent them. Protect Your Passwords Creating strong and unique passwords is the first line of defense against cyber attacks. Passwords should be at least eight characters long, contain a mix of upper and lower case letters, numbers, and symbols. It’s also advisable to avoid using the same password on different accounts. Implement Multi-Factor Authentication Multi-factor authentication involves using two or more authentication factors, such as a password and a fingerprint scan, to access an account. This provides an extra layer of protection and makes it harder for cybercriminals to gain access to an account. Be Wary of Phishing Scams Phishing attacks often involve emails or messages with spoofed sender addresses. It’s essential to verify the sender’s identity before clicking on any links or opening any attachments. Users should also avoid sending sensitive information over email and report suspicious emails to their IT department or provider. Keep Software and Systems Up-to-Date Software and system updates often include security patches that address identified vulnerabilities. By keeping software up-to-date, users can limit the risk of cyber attacks exploiting identified weaknesses. Backup Data Regularly Backing up data is a useful measure to minimize the impact of malware and ransomware attacks. Regular backups ensure that vital data can be restored in the event of an attack. As the internet continues to connect people and businesses worldwide, the risk of cybercrime attacks becomes increasingly apparent. Understanding the different types of cyber attacks and implementing effective prevention measures can mitigate the risk of being a victim. By creating strong passwords, implementing multi-factor authentication, being watchful of phishing scams, keeping software, and systems up-to-date, and regularly backing up data, individuals and organizations can protect against cybercriminals and their malicious activities.

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There are many questions regarding health conditions that medical science has yet to answer. The idea is to address these difficult-to-cure health conditions through an alternative process called Chiropractic. There are a number of medical conditions that might cause immense pain to the human body. Often, traditional medical procedures fall short in providing relief. For those who are keen on exploring alternative health insights and methods, the WealthyLike.com site offers valuable information on such topics, potentially offering a fresh perspective on healing and wellness. The science of alternative medicine has come a long way to offer relaxation to nerves that the patient can enjoy as much relief as possible. The procedures of Chiropractic for children in Burlington are ideally designed to help people out in coping with a number of tricky health conditions. In situations that have made many physicians lose their faith in the results of medicine, the practitioners of Chiropractic can offer you much relief through providing the best health related solutions. The science of Chiropractic is a form of alternative medicine that often focuses on diagnosis, treatment of a particular mechanical disorder of human musculoskeletal system including the spine. The practitioner of Chiropractic believes that the musculoskeletal disorders might affect general health of a person via his nervous system. It has also been noticed that like many other painful conditions of health, headache in Burlington also finds a solution in Chiropractic. There are a number of different headache related problems that find a solution in the practice of alternative medicine. The person suffering from headache for quite a long period of time can try going the Chiropractic way to find a way out. When the headache turns into excruciating pain, alternative medicine often offer a perfect solution to the problem. As a result, even the worst sufferer can get relief from the process, almost immediately. The process of Chiropractic for children in Burlington has often been found to be quite effective on different kinds of health conditions creating trouble for them. Children are often too small to describe the pain they are in. However, the skilled Chiropractor can understand his problem and offer an effective solution to it.

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en

Seasonal and intraseasonal variations from the top to the bottom of a beach profile can be considerable. The shape of a beach profile influences greatly its ability to resist to the waves’ attacks. Therefore, this is a crucial morphological parameter to take into account in marine submersion studies. Wavecams® technology enables a high frequency monitoring of beach profiles from coastline detections. Here is an example in Etretat bay, with beach profiles computed every 10 days from January 2018 to July 2021. Beach profiles vary constantly, and some large modifications happen, specifically during winter storms in 2019 and 2020. Suivi de pente de plage en partie centrale de la baie d’ Etretat

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The real-time messaging protocol (RTMP Streaming) was the only way for the transmission of the video over the internet. The parent element of this protocol is TCP, which has been designed to deal with low-latency connections. The protocol is of very importance for some leading companies for its diverse usage as well as significant performance when it comes to quality live streaming. It is a type of communication technology that is mostly used backstage for the smooth streaming of video over the internet. Over the years, the working of the RTMP has gone very differently from the past. Now, this protocol is mostly used as a primary element of the delivery of content from the encoder to the online video host. It is undoubtedly one of the most preferred choices of the best live streaming services. RTMP was basically developed for use in working of the adobe flash player. Its major functioning includes the transmission of audio, video as well as other types of data from the server to the player. RTMP is important in terms of its proper working in live streaming, while its previous function has been slightly scaled back. Low-latency streaming is feasible, which is a huge benefit for broadcasters that are live-streaming important events. It is also known for having little to no buffering, which greatly enhances the user experience. One of the finest techniques for distributing low-buffer streaming content is RTMP streaming. Adaptive-bitrate streaming and some web conferencing solutions both utilize RTMP technology. Below are some of the key highlights of the messaging protocol, which will let you know its importance & significance for the streaming industry – - It well supports MP3 as well as AAC codes - The only drawback of this protocol is not supporting the format of HTTP, whereas its alternative options like HLS do. - It consists of different types of variations. - The service has been discontinued by it is still used by many event live streaming. This series of events could occur practically instantly. Although RTMP ingestion is a fairly straightforward procedure, Macromedia no longer supports the protocol, which makes it more challenging. These days, professional broadcasting contexts are where RTMP ingestion is most commonly used. While it can get sophisticated, the fact that it has long been a reliable and controlled technology for streaming video is one reason it persists. It can still be readily integrated with a reliable video hosting platform. RTMP needs a three-way handshake to convey data because it is on top of the Transmission Control Protocol. (TCP). A connection is created when the initiator (client) requests it from the accepter (site), who then responds. The initiator then acknowledges the accepter’s response and the session is maintained between the two or more parties. Because of this, RTMP is very reliable and is still used by live streaming service providers. Here are some of the proven benefits of this streaming protocol – Users of RTMP can combine numerous media kinds into a single source. This indicates that it is feasible to combine text, audio, and video. Additional options for media platforms are also possible. For instance, RTMP can stream audio signal in MP3 and AAC formats. Because RTMP is a flexible protocol, viewers can consume feeds in the order they like. RTMP feeds allow for skipping, rewinding, and joining after they’ve started, as opposed to being required to be watched in a linear way. Here is a list of some of the major alternatives of the RTMP streaming protocol- - It is defined as HTTP live streaming. It acts as a bridge between the transportation of audio & visual data from dedicated media servers to th user end. - Over recent years, the use of HLS streaming protocol has gained worldwide importance. It is mostly used by the best live streaming platforms. - The features of HLS include – protection of data/ content, closed captions, alternate audio & video, and much more. - HLS streaming protocol also works on low latencies which makes it the right choice for service providers. - It stands for web real-time communications. It is very dynamic and powerful in nature. It works on cutting-edge technology which makes it more compatible to use with HTML5. - There is no need to install the additional plugins into your browser while using this protocol. It is mostly used in the case of on-demand live streaming which supports all leading web browsers such as Chrome, Safari, Firefox, etc. - With WebRTC users can directly embed real-time videos into browser-based solutions for the creation of engaging content. - SRT provides a few extra features specifically created for the video streamer. Since it comes with native support for separate AES encryption, stream security is controlled at the connection level. - Additionally, by enabling both send and receive modes, it enables users can easily cross firewalls all through the process (in contrast to both RTMP and HTTP that only support a single mode). RTMP is loaded with immersive features that are still in use for leading services. But, over time its usage has brought down remarkably. Undoubtedly for many years, there was no competition whatsoever for this streaming protocol. But, in recent years, live streaming services in India have gained very much popularity. Due to this, some alternatives have been discovered and these are taking control of the current scenario. new emerging technologies as well as the RTMP live streaming protocol. Among such protocols, HLS, CMAF, and WebRTC are the most widely used. Additionally, by streaming using Ant Media Server, you may pick the optimum formats for your streaming platform’s highly scalable, flexible, and multi-device streaming. The downfall of the old RTMP looks inevitable and will happen sooner or later. SRT and FTL will face off for the title rings. In the meantime, WebRTC will grow into the best streaming protocol over time and eventually take over the market.

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en

In the Democratic Republic of Congo, land transportation has always been a difficult project to construct and maintain due to the terrain and climate of the Congo Basin. As a result, there have always been serious barriers to both rail and road construction. This is coupled with the fact that DR Congo is a vast country where the towns and cities are separated by enormous distance. Humans must, however, commute from place to place. The problem of poor road transport networks birthed the necessity for an alternate means of transport. There were the problems of internal conflicts, political corruption, and chronic economic mismanagement that were hindering infrastructural development in the country. With the government showing no intent to fix this problem, Congolese took to water transportation. According to a study conducted by the World Bank in 2016, many areas in the Democratic Republic of Congo have taken to water transportation as a last resort. There is a lack of infrastructure development in road transport networks in such areas and across the country, with most of the existing infrastructures already broken down. In some areas, road transport infrastructures never existed. Fortunately, DR Congo has navigable waterways that spanned across thousands of kilometers. As such, traditional water transportation has become the dominant means of transportation in most parts of the country, covering over two-thirds of the country. What then is the problem? There seem to be no advanced water vehicles for moving people between places with little or no serious water transport investment. The most common means are opened barges with no safety system in place. The time of transportation is also not moderated and is left mostly to the commuters and the transport service providers’ decision. This means that these barges that are not designed for night transportation travel at night more often than not. Even when they travel during the day, the barges are mostly overloaded and crowded, making it difficult to guarantee safe transportation. This is not far fetched. Transportation companies and or individuals understand the economic state of the country. As such, they know that the majority of the masses using their services cannot afford high prices. To make up for the moderate prices that they charge, they go for volume. More people means more money, even if their transportation fares are economically cheap on average. The problem associated with this is the frequent loss of lives with water transportation accidents. On the sixth of January, 2021, Al Jazeera reported that at least two children and a woman had drowned following a water transportation accident involving an overloaded barge. The incident took place in Lake Kivu. The concerned boat was destined for the regional capital of Goma. According to a government spokesperson, the boat was from an illegal mooring and was on a night journey before the accident. The government spokesperson claimed that there were fifty-one passengers on the boat. However, survivors said that there were at least a hundred people on board, with two survivors going as far as saying that the boat must have been carrying between 200 and 250 people. Problems like this are not strange in the DR Congo. The country has always been plagued by similar disastrous boat accidents like this, mainly due to cargo and passengers’ overloading. For instance, sometimes in September 2019, a boat capsized and sank on the Congo River near the outskirt of Kinshasa. In that accident, thirty-six people were reported missing, and the general fear was that they had drowned. Early that same year, about thirty people were reported dead when a boat sank in a lake in the country’s western region. What Needs to Be Done? For safe transportation of people and goods, the people of DRC need good and improved roads free of armed groups attacks. This is, however, a long term solution that has not garnered any governmental attention. The alternative safe route is for cargo and humans to be moved by air traffic. Air transport is an almost impossible alternative for rural dwellers who cannot afford the expensive fares of humans and cargo. As a result, the sad reality is that water transportation cannot be abolished in the meantime, nor should it be abolished ever at all. It makes economic sense that a country challenged in road and rail infrastructure development by its terrain and climate seeks an alternative form of transportation that is as easy and safe as land transport. For a country like DR Congo with navigable waterways, water transportation is a viable alternative. In the reality of the fact that there is no short term solution to the problems of land transportation, it becomes a necessity and responsibility for us all to develop solutions that will make water transportation safer and affordable. What Do We Propose? At ASBL LEF, we are committed to improving the living condition of the people of the Democratic Republic of Congo. This is why we have designed a series of events (see here) to raise donations for charity and humanitarian projects in DR Congo through local NGOs. Solving the problems of Water transportation in DRC is a two-pronged approach. The first approach is awareness. Transportation is a capital intensive sector that may take millions of dollars to develop. However, we aim to create awareness of the dangers of night traveling by water routes while simultaneously deploying the other arm of the solution. Water transportation is not only dangerous and prone to accidents. The efficiency of rescue operations is also greatly impacted compared to during the day. Also, the problem of overloading needs to be addressed by sensitizing both the commuters and transport service providers about the dangers and economic losses associated with an overloaded boat. ASBL LEF also aims to finance local NGOs to sit with policymakers in drafting and ensuring the obedience of better and improved regulation guidelines for water transport in the country. As a second approach to solving these issues, ASBL LEF will also finance local NGOs in the DRC to sit with transport owners and look at effective ways of building or purchasing better boats with safety features and separate compartments for humans and cargo. ASBL LEF would achieve this through the donations generated during our fundraising events and programs and from our fundraising shop products’ sales. It has become a global responsibility to ensure people’s right to the basic means of survival, as is transportation. At ASBL LEF, we are glad that you have chosen to ease the lives of the people of DR Congo with us. We assure you that your donations would go a long way in ensuring the provision of safe transportation to the people of DR Congo.

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en

Views: 1 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2020-11-26 Origin: Site Shop crane refers to the vertical lifting and horizontal lifting within a certain range of heavy lifting multi-movement machinery. But most of us do not know how high will an engine crane lift, now let's take a closer look. What is a shop crane? How to use a shop crane? Matters needing attention when using shop crane Shop crane refers to the vertical lifting and horizontal lifting machinery within a certain range of heavy lifting. The working characteristic of the shop crane in is to do the intermittent movement, that is, in a working cycle, the corresponding mechanism of the movement of material, transport, unloading is alternately working. The shop crane mainly includes lifting mechanism, operating mechanism, luffing mechanism, slewing mechanism and metal structure. Lifting mechanism is the basic working mechanism of shop crane, which is mostly composed of hanging system and winch, but also lifting heavy objects through hydraulic system. The operating mechanism is used to move heavy objects vertically and horizontally or to adjust the working position of the shop crane. It is generally composed of an electric motor, a reducer, a brake and a wheel. The luffing mechanism is only equipped on the boom crane. The amplitude decreases when the boom is raised upward and increases when the boom is lowered downward. There are two types of luffing amplitude: balanced luffing amplitude and non-balanced luffing amplitude. A slewing mechanism for making the boom turn is composed of a driving device and a slewing bearing device. 1. The operator must check the brake, hook, wire rope, safety device and other components of the crane, and rule out any abnormal situation. 2. When the heavy weight is lifted for the first time in each shift (or when the load reaches the maximum), the weight should be lowered again after the lifting height is 0.5 meters from the ground, so as to check the performance of the brake and carry out normal work after it is confirmed reliable. 3. During the operation, the operator shall ring the bell to alarm the following operations according to the provisions. (1) Lifting and dropping heavy objects; When driving big cars or small cars. (2) If the line of sight is not clear, the crane shall ring the bell to alarm continuously when moving or passing. (3) When the crane moves close to another crane within the span. (4) When lifting heavy objects and approaching personnel. 4. The operation shall be carried out according to the unified command signal. 5. In case of sudden power failure during work, all controller handles should be placed at the "zero" position, and check whether crane movement is normal before working again. 6. The limit position limiter of the crane shall not be used for parking, and the lifting mechanism brake shall not be adjusted under load. 7. During operation, keep a close eye on the direction of operation and the presence of unmanned or obstructions nearby. When the work is finished, the engine anchor should be located. 8. After work, raise the crane hook to a certain height, park the truck at the designated position, put the controller handle at the "zero" position, pull down the protection box knife switch handle, and cut off the power supply. 9. Carry out daily maintenance of the crane and make handover records. (1) Each crane must be marked with the rated lifting weight in a conspicuous place. (2) During the work, no one may be transported on the bridge or by hook. (3) No operation license and drunk are not allowed to drive the crane. (4) In the operation must concentrate on, do not talk, smoke or do irrelevant things. (5) Clean the car; Do not leave equipment, tools, inflammable, explosive and dangerous goods. (6) The crane is not allowed to overload. (7) It shall not be hoisted under the following circumstances: the binding is not firm; Parts overload; Unknown signal; Suspension; Something buried or frozen in the ground; A person on a hanging object; In-flammables, explosive devices and dangerous goods without safety and protection measures; An overfull liquid substance; Wire rope does not meet the safety use requirements; The lifting mechanism is out of order. (8) When the crane is running on the line without obstacles, the hook or lifting tool and the bottom surface of the lifting object must be 2m above the ground. If the obstacle is to be crossed, the obstacle must be more than 0.5m high. (9) Allow two mechanisms to operate simultaneously for lifting objects less than 50% of the rated lifting weight; If the lifting weight is greater than 50% of the rated lifting weight, only one mechanism can be used. (10) For bridge cranes with main and secondary hooks, do not raise or lower the main and secondary hooks at the same time (special exceptions). (11) Welding or hammering on the hoisted objects and working under the objects (if supported) shall not be permitted. (12) Inspection or maintenance shall be carried out only after power failure and when a power failure operation sign is hung on the switch. If it is necessary to work live, it should be protected by safety measures and supervised by personnel. (13) Don't throw things down from the car. (14) Limit switches and interlock protection devices should be checked frequently. (15) Limit switches are not allowed to be used as a means of stopping. (16) When there is a problem with the lifting brake, it is not allowed to lift heavy objects. (17) Hanging objects shall not be operated above people or equipment. (18) When welding a part of the crane, the ground wire shall be specially set up, and the fuselage shall not be used as the ground wire. (19) When the hook is in the lower limit position, more than two safety rope rings must be kept on the reel. (20) The crane is not allowed to collide with each other, more is not allowed to use one crane to push another crane for work. (21) When lifting heavy objects, liquid metals, explosive and dangerous goods, it is necessary to slowly lift them from the ground 100~200mm to test the reliability of the brake. (22) Lamps used for repair and inspection must have a voltage below 36V. (23) All electrical equipment shells of bridge cranes shall be earthed. If the trolley track is not welded on the main beam, the ground wire should be welded. The grounding wires may be galvanized flat iron with a cross-sectional area greater than 75mm2 or bare copper wire with a cross-sectional area of 10mm2 or galvanized round steel with a cross-sectional area greater than 30mm2. There shall be more than two grounding positions in the driver's cab or crane frame. Crane on any point to the power between the neutral point grounding resistance, both should be less than 4 Ω. (24) Regular safety technical inspection and pre-inspection and pre-repair shall be carried out. The shop crane can provide a maximum hook height of 240 meters, so the crane should be used reasonably within the lifting range of the shop crane. In principle, the hydraulic jack is based on Pascal principle, that is, the pressure of the liquid is the same everywhere, so in a balanced system, the pressure exerted on the smaller piston is relatively small, and the pressure exerted on the larger piston is also relatively large, which can keep t

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The Healing Effects of Acupuncture in Constipation Constipation is an illness that impacts the defecation of a person. Various studies such as the National Health Survey stated that about 4 million individuals in the United States suffer from regular constipation. About 2% to 27% of Americans struggle with persistent constipation which is a far more extreme and long-term type of this disease. Reports state that each year, about 900 people pass away from illness related to constipation. Constipation has great deals of causes. The reasons for constipation consist of an unhealthy diet and way of life, and specific medication. Constipation might likewise be caused as a side-effect of a different disease. Signs of constipation can be kept in mind easily. They consist of irregular bowel movement, difficulty and severe stress in losing consciousness stool, and harder and drier stool than typical. The signs of constipation vary in everyone. That is why there is a lot of different solutions readily available. Normal constipation can rapidly be treated by some home remedies or non-prescription medications. However, persistent constipation can prove to be much more resistant to such treatments. There are numerous pharmaceutical drugs readily available for the treatment of chronic constipation. There were proofs revealed that they do have some adverse side-effects such as regular severe headaches, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and stomach pain. Some medications are even considered harmful and should not be taken unless it is definitely necessary. Hence, individuals struggling with this disease turn to other kinds of treatment - among them being acupuncture. Acupuncture takes on constipation in a completely different manner than the common treatments. Constipation is divided into two broad classifications in Traditional Chinese Medicine, called the excess types and the shortage types. They are then more divided into 2 classifications. Excess type is classified into heat constipation and Qi (vital force) stagnancy. Deficiency type is divided into deficiency constipation and cold constipation. Heat constipation can be easily and effectively dealt with by acupuncture. The signs of this disease consist of irregular defecation, dry and hard stool, the sensation of fullness, and severe trouble losing consciousness stool. Qi stagnancy can also be easily cured by acupuncture. The signs of this disease include the feeling of fullness, dry stool, consistent belching, and a feeling of an incomplete death of stool. Cold constipation and deficiency constipation, however, can not be completely treated by acupuncture. It is suggested to take herbs in addition to the treatment for the wanted effects. Their signs generally include pale complexion, regular to dry stool that is very hard to pass out, cold discomfort in the stomach, and queasiness. Just recently, a blind, randomized trial was conducted and released in the Annals of Internal Medicine. An overall of 1078 clients with persistent constipation belonged of this trial. They were divided into 2 equivalent groups. The very first group was in fact treated with acupuncture while the other group received a fake treatment. The patients went through an overall of 28 sessions over the course of 2 months. The outcomes suggested that the patients who got the real treatment revealed 2 times as much improvement in defecation as those who received the fake treatment. The scientists also kept in mind that the results of the treatment lasted for up to three months after the completion of the trial. In addition to enhancements in constipation, patients also reported much better quality of life and basic well-being. The long-term research study of this research is yet to be concluded. Persistent constipation is a horrible illness that affects the everyday activities of a person. The majority of prescription medicines are risky to use and have a high probability of harmful side-effects. Acupuncture, nevertheless, has actually shown to be effective and safe in the treatment of this disease, making it the finest alternative to select for patients of constipation.

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Since 2000, the American renewable energy production rate has nearly doubled, according to a report published by USA Facts. Put simply, clean energy is energy that comes from renewable, zero-emission sources that do not contribute to atmospheric pollution when they are used. Clean (or green) energy is also a term used to categorise energy saved by energy efficiency measures. Along with many other states, the level of Florida clean energy investment in infrastructure designed to deliver renewables has developed and diversified while continuing to make more of an economic impact in business terms. Industry leaders and insiders driving the Florida clean energy programme see this as the precursor to clean, renewable energy becoming the future of energy in the US. Florida clean energy investment continues to increase Whether it is established business sectors such as advanced manufacturing or the aerospace industry or clean energy start-ups, Florida continues to nurture, expand and showcase its longstanding commitment to environmental sustainability and clean, green energy sources. This commitment is both environmentally positive as well as fiscally propitious as it continues to drive inward investment for the Florida clean energy sector. As Florida’s business and government continue to show their commitment to clean energy technologies and the strengthening of the Florida clean energy programme, investment continues to increase in related sectors and organisations. With the drive to create accelerated and sustained growth in clean energy technology development and clean energy production, companies are investing more and more. Companies such as Clean Energy Florida are creating employment and investing in the clean energy industry to ensure sector growth, mass adoption of clean energy products and processes and help deliver greater overall investment in Florida. Incentives developing the Florida clean energy sector Florida has emerged as a hub for the clean, green energy sector. With companies such as NextEra Energy investing in the sector and the state, it has become a leading centre for innovative clean and renewable energy businesses. At both a local and state level, the Florida clean energy programme has introduced a range of clean energy incentives. From established names to start-ups, businesses that are involved in the production and generation of renewable energy can take advantage of lower corporate taxation on their products and services. To further boost the Florida clean energy sector, corporations who operate in the state to manufacture energy efficient or renewable energy products and technologies are also able to use this fiscal stimulus incentive. Boosting the state-up and expansion range of clean companies, state incentives and tax breaks that are specifically based on job creation and capital investment in the Florida clean energy programme are available, largely offered through the organisation Enterprise Florida. As the Florida clean energy programme continues to prosper, extensions to tax incentives have been further expanded. Business-friendly initiatives helping Florida clean energy grow Part of the Florida clean energy landscape is the extent to which the state provides financial initiatives to encourage companies across the sector. As well as firms that provide clean energy solutions directly, production and manufacturing for the industry are also inventivised in Florida. Machinery and equipment used predominantly in research and development for the sector, certain boiler fuels (including natural gas) used in the manufacturing process and semiconductor industry transactions involving manufacturing equipment are all exempt from certain tax costs. With multiple tax incentives for the sector, more clean energy companies starting up, and corporations eligible for a credit against the corporate income tax for 75% of all capital, operation and maintenance costs, and research and development costs relating to clean energy, the Florida clean energy programme continues to gain ground. Florida clean energy investment grows renewable resource usage In a significant rise since the turn of the century, 2020 saw about 5% of Florida’s in-state electricity net generation fuelled by renewable resources, with almost two-thirds of the state’s renewable generation provided by solar energy. In part, due to the advancement of the Florida clean energy programme and various incentives for companies in the sector to operate in the state, Florida now ranks above Arizona as fourth in the country (after California, Texas and North Carolina). One of the keys to the increase in clean energy usage and availability is Florida’s Renewable Energy Technologies Investment Tax Credit. This includes a sales and tax exemption for solar energy systems, alongside the equipment used for collecting, transferring, converting, storing or using incidental solar energy. As one of the states at the forefront of green energy production, Florida has an established ecosystem across the sector. With NextEra Energy continuing to expand solar and wind energy production and storage capacity, more than 11 million Florida residents are now served by them, with many others using their green energy-supplying subsidiary companies. This success in investment is showcased by their stock market value, which has continued to rise in 2023, further highlighting why investing in clean energy in Florida remains such as viable and propitious option. Information, Data, and Statistics from Enterprise Florida, Statista, US Census Bureau, Florida Chamber of Commerce, Clean Energy Florida.

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“Shylock, Shakespeare, and the Jews: Antisemitism in the Merchant of Venice” May 05, 2011 Prior to Pesach, I participated in a panel entitled “Shylock, Shakespeare, and the Jews: Antisemitism in the Merchant of Venice” at The Museum of Jewish Heritage. Also participating in the discussion were Barry Edelstein, who has directed The Merchant of Venice at The Public Theater, Columbia University Professor of English and Comparative Literature James Shapiro, and New York Times theater reporter Patrick Healy, who moderated. Shylock is definitely portrayed as the greedy, selfish, loathsome and alien, but Shakespeare has given the character one of his best-remembered soliloquies: “Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions? … If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us, shall we not revenge?” One could certainly not attribute an enlightened “righteous gentile” status to Shakespeare, but we must credit him with providing a far more nuanced portrayal than otherwise might have been expected at the time. (You can read more about this event here.) Or view the entire panel debate below: Shylock, Shakespeare, and the Jews: Antisemitism in the Merchant of Venice

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Extractables are organic and inorganic chemicals that are released into an extraction solvent from a pharmaceutical packaging/delivery system, packaging component, or packaging material of construction under laboratory conditions. The laboratory conditions typically intentionally accelerate or exaggerate the normal conditions of storage and use. Extractables, or chemicals derived from extractables, have the potential to leach into a drug product under normal conditions of storage and use and become leachables. Extractables testing is performed following relevant guidance documents: ISO 10993-12, ISO 10993-18, and USP <1663>, for example. This type of testing is used to determine if there are any chemical compounds in a product that could potentially raise toxicity concerns. If you’re curious about which industries or products use this type of testing, just ask our Applied Chemistry & Spectroscopy lab manager, Alan Sentman! “Medical devices, pharmaceutical packaging, single-use bioprocess components, food contact materials, are just a few of the products that may undergo extractables and leachables testing,” he explained. For patient safety and drug efficacy, it is important that extractables, leachables, impurities, and degradants are properly characterized and understood. Impurities in medical devices and pharmaceutical products can include residual solvents and process-related materials. Degradants occur as a result of a breakdown, or degradation, of the components in a product. While we’ve blogged about extractables and leachables testing before, we think that it’s time extractables testing had the spot light! Extractables Testing vs Leachables Testing Let’s start by exploring the differences between extractables testing and leachables testing. Extractables are chemical compounds that can be extracted from devices, production equipment, or packaging through aggressive methods to ensure all potential compounds are extracted in a reasonably short time period. Extractables tests, by design, use extreme conditions of heat, pressure, strong acids, powerful organic solvents, and other means designed to be reasonably quick and exhaustive. Leachables, on the other hand, are the organic and inorganic substances that migrate from component materials into a product during normal product application or storage conditions. Leachables tests are performed using experimental conditions that more closely resemble product conditions during the average lifecycle. So when is it appropriate to perform extractables testing and why is it important? When there is a process change or a material change, it is important to perform extractables testing to determine the chemical compounds that are released. The chemicals and their concentrations are used to make a determination of risk with respect to biocompatibility and toxicity. For example, an extractable analysis of a plastic material used to manufacture a medical diagnostic product indicated the presence of the following: - t-butylphenol and an organophosphate secondary antioxidant using GC-MS - A sterically hindered phenolic primary antioxidant and an organophosphate secondary antioxidant using HPLC - A sorbitol-based nucleating agent using HPLC - Aluminum, calcium, and phosphorus using ICP-OES After reading this post, you may be wondering, “What about leachables?” Stay tuned for a blog post dedicated to leachables very soon! Here at SGS PSI, we have over 30 years of independent testing experience. If you’re in need of independent testing from an industry-leading laboratory, contact us today!

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Seeing a Yellow-billed Stork (Latin name – Mycteria Ibis) is an unusual experience. They are not small birds, which makes for an interesting sighting. The Yellow-billed Stork is a large wading bird in the stork family – Ciconiidae, but although one may expect them to be ungainly, they have extremely quick reflexes. One of the first indicators to be aware of when trying to identify a bird is its relative size, ie. how big is the bird compared to a well known familiar bird. The Yellow-billed Stork is a big bird – much larger than a Pied Crow. The height of the Yellow-billed Stork is about 97 cms, and its weight is about 2 kgs. The male and female are the same when it comes to plumage and colours: - Head is red - Eyes are yellow - Bill is yellow - Throat is white - Back is white - Legs are pink. The Yellow-billed Stork is a stealthy bird, moving slowly and quietly on its long legs. Storks will generally travel in flocks. During the breeding season, the storks make a hissing sound and adults may make a hollow banging sound with their bills. The babies will beg for food with a braying sound. The Yellow-billed Stork feeds on the ground and in or around water mainly. Their diet consists of mostly: - Aquatic life forms. When hunting, they stand on one leg and use the other leg to muddy up the water and get the prey to move from their hiding places. Once the prey is moving, the stork is able to dunk its head into the water and catch the prey with its lightning-quick reflexes. Habitat and flocking behaviour for this bird The preferred habitats for Yellow-billed Storks are wetlands and riverine areas. They breed when food is abundant. The breeding cycle often takes place toward the end of rainy season, or in a dry season, depending on food availability, or when fish and frogs are more easily caught in shallow pools. When mating, the female stork approaches the male. The male stork selects the nesting spot and together the male and female build a nest of sticks and debris. Most often the nests are built in a tree, away from predators. It can take the pair several days to build the nest. The Yellow-billed Stork is monogamous unless its mate dies. In the event of a partner dying, the stork will seek out a new mate Once the female has laid her eggs (normally 2-3 eggs), the incubation period is about 30 days long. The eggs are laid on alternate days, so they also hatch accordingly. The babies remain in the nest for up to 55 days when the fledging period begins. The stork comes of breeding age at around 3 years old. The lifespan of a stork is about 19 years in captivity. Unusual Facts about this stork - They have one of the fastest swallowing reflexes known, enabling them to catch moving prey in water very quickly. - They can snap their beaks shut in just 0.025 seconds. - Storks will nest in groups in trees, sometimes with other species. - Storks regurgitate water over their babies to keep them cool, and to encourage water intake. - Storks are smart birds, they stand on one leg, and stir the water and mud with the other, disturbing their prey, and then catching it quickly as it moves. If you want to see one of these large, feathered friends and find out why they are so popular, you can enquire or book with us at www.tanzaniabirding.com.

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Big data is basically a term used for describing data in bigger volumes without any kind of segregation on the structured or unstructured level. However, it is not important on the total volume of data that’s being dealt with; what matters most is the purpose that the data serves for an organization. Looking Back At the History Big Data is a relatively new concept. However, the process of collecting and storing large amount of data for analysis purpose is not a new one. It has been followed since the ages. However, the right momentum for concept was gained during the early part of 21st century with massive evolution of Information Technology. Renowned industry analyst Dough Laney envisioned the concept of Big Data and explained its merits in association to the 3 Vs. These read Volume, Velocity, and Variety. The concept of Big Data concept relies heavily upon these 3 Vs. Volume – Large volume of data are being collected from different sources like social media, business transactions, and machine devices. Storing could have been a problem in the past but with new technologies like Hadoop have made scenarios easier. Velocity – Time management is crucial and plays crucial role in the data streaming process. The introduction of Sensors, Smart Metering, and RFID tags helps in dealing with large volume of data streaming. Variety – Data is available in different variety and formats. Be it the structured or numeric types to those traditional databases and unstructured ones through email, video, and stock ticker, every data is important no matter in what form they are available. These days, apart from the 3 Vs, there are additional 2 factors to consider. These are Variability and Complexity. Variability – Flow of data can be inconsistent at regular intervals. It can be challenging to manage seasonal, event-triggered, and daily data. And if the data is unstructured, scenarios can even worsen. Complexity – Data is available from multiple sources. This makes it even more difficult to get them transform across the systems. But it is essential to correlate and connect hierarchies, multiple data linkages, and relationships or else the data may quickly get out of control. Importance of Big Data When big data is combined with highly powered analytics, nearly most of the business related tasks can be accomplished with ease.The concept of Big Data like Hadoop can be used to analyze business insights of an organization for better decision making and improved strategic moves.

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On December 15, auction house Christieʼs completed the auction of the NFT collection “The Birth of Wikipedia,” during which it sold the first page of the largest online encyclopedia. Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales created it on January 15, 2001. The entry consists of a single phrase “Hello, World!” The token has been sold for $750,000. Also under the hammer was Wales’s personal iMac, on which he made that record. The computer was sold for $187,500. The buyers of both lots remain unknown. Wales put up for sale the first version of the Internet encyclopedia at Christie’s auction in the form of NFT in early December. After the sale, the Wikipedia home page will be posted on the Internet. Five minutes after editing, it will revert to its original state. The new owner will be able to close access to the page or prohibit its edition.

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"Where are you from?" "No, where are you really from?" "Markham and Sheppard" "No, where are you really, really from?" "52 Green Apple Way. Why?" I used to think that it was my Scarborough accent that gave me away. And wondered why people who grow up in different parts of the City of Toronto had different accents…. and then I realized what they were really asking me. Despite having come to Canada when I was four and spending my entire life in Toronto, the message -- intentional or not -- is that I am not Canadian. Because of my skin colour, I'm a foreigner. On March 21st, 1960, police opened fire on peaceful demonstrators against apartheid in Sharpeville, South Africa, killing 69 people. Today, March 21st is recognized as the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. Many people associate racism with explicit behaviours. Incidents like spray painting a swastika on a Mosque, or shouting slurs at a Black man on the street, or attacking a woman wearing a hijab would all be considered racist. But racism comes in other forms that we don't necessarily see or understand very well. Racial micoraggressions as well as structural and systemic racism operate in more subtle ways, but are more pervasive and can be just as, if not more, harmful. In this blog post I'll explore racial micoraggressions. Next time, I'll examine structural and systemic racism. Dr. Chester Pierce coined the term "microaggressions" in the 1970s. Dr. Derald Sue, a professor at Columbia University, has built on Dr. Pierce's original ideas and defines racial microaggressions as: "the everyday insults, indignities and demeaning messages sent to people of color by well-intentioned white people who are unaware of the hidden messages being sent to them." Microaggressions may be verbal (e.g. asking a racialized person where they are from) or they may be non-verbal (e.g. clutching one's purse as a Black man enters the elevator) or environmental (e.g. Indigenous mascots of sports teams). Dr. Sue identified three types of microaggressions: Micro-assaults: These are conscious and intentional discriminatory actions, such as using racial epithets or displaying White supremacist symbols, such as the confederate flag or swastikas, or Indigenous mascots of sports teams. Micro-insults: Micro-insults are verbal and nonverbal communications that are subtly rude or demean a person's racial heritage or identity. One example would be an employee who asks a co-worker of colour how they got their job, suggesting that they are not qualified for the job, but instead got it as part of an affirmative action program or quota system. There are also some micro-insults which may appear to be a compliment on the surface but contain a negative message, such as, "You speak really good English for a Korean." Micro-invalidations: These are communications that subtly exclude, negate, or nullify the thoughts, feelings, or experiential reality of a person of colour. For instance, asking someone where they are from, conveying the message that they are considered foreigners. This could also include telling someone, "I don't think of you as Black" or "But you're one of the good Muslims". This invalidates or insults the person's culture. Microaggressions have power because they are so subtle. They often come from unconscious biases and the person acting on them may not even realize the impact of their behaviour or words. So even people welcoming of diversity and committed to equity may unknowingly convey microaggressions. Getting someone who hasn't experienced racial microaggressions to understand the impact of their behaviour or comment may be difficult. As Dr. Sue says: "It's a monumental task to get white people to realize that they are delivering microaggressions, because it's scary to them. It assails their self-image of being good, moral, decent human beings to realize that maybe at an unconscious level they have biased thoughts, attitudes and feelings that harm people of color." While they may seem to be trivial in nature, the subtlety of the microaggressions may make them more harmful than overt racism. Because they are so subtle the recipient of the microaggression may walk away from an interaction feeling bad, but not fully recognizing the cause. They may feel perpetually excluded or like a second-class citizen and not know why. When they do notice the microaggression, they may not want to challenge the person because it may make them look petty or look like they have a "chip on their shoulder." And it may also be psychologically draining to constantly respond to racial microaggressions. Microaggressions may also reflect unconscious biases that impact how racialized people are viewed and the decisions that are made about them, impacting all aspects of their lives. So, it is not just about whether a woman clutches her purse when a Black man approaches, but whether she would hire him, whether he would be seen as an engaged parent when he comes in for parent-teacher interviews, and whether he would be stopped on the street by police. Dr. Sue says that the way to combat microaggressions is to make the invisible visible and offers the following suggestions: The following resources will help you better understand microaggressions: Why microaggressions are like mosquito bites (Watch this short video. Note it contains a few swear words.) I, Too, Am Harvard This photo campaign by Black students highlights the microaggressions they experience at Harvard University. Derald Wing Sue on microaggression, the implicit racism minorities endure Globe and Mail Addressing Racial Microaggressions in our Schools

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What is handwriting? Handwriting refers to the written formation of letter symbols. Even in the digital age handwriting is still a key skill. It’s closely tied to both early writing and reading because handwriting instruction supports children’s developing knowledge about both uppercase and lowercase letter identification. Development of handwriting fluency also encourages early writing development. As forming letters becomes less laborious, children are often inclined to write more. More practice writing leads to development in writing content production and spelling skills. Strategies for teaching letter formation Letter formation instruction can begin with large motor experiences, such as “writing” letters in the air with a pointed finger. Letter formation practice that engages children’s senses is also helpful. For instance: forming letters in a tray of sand or with pieces of play dough engage children’s sense of touch. The introduction of language for talking about letters’ components is essential, for instance, “big lines,” “little lines,” “big curves,” and “little curves.” Handwriting curricula use various terminology, consistency both at home and school is key. It is also crucial to teach children that letters are always formed by consistent strokes, starting at the top. It is helpful to teach letters in a sequence determined by their forms. For instance, you might teach lowercase c, and then o, a, d, and g, which all begin by forming the same “c” shape. Pencil grip and fine motor skills Children must hold a writing implement correctly to achieve the best control for forming letters. Teach children to pick up a pencil with their thumb and index fingers, or thumb, index and middle fingers. As children learn letter forms and proper pencil grip, they also must develop adequate hand and finger strength and fine motor coordination. Fine motor tasks involve small movements of the wrists, hands, and fingers (and also the feet and toes, for activities other than writing). Build hand strength with activities like: - Squeezing dough, putty, or squishy toys like a “stress ball” Build fine motor coordination for grasping a writing implement with a pincer grip by encouraging children to engage in activities like: - Picking up small pieces of dry cereal or other snacks - Building with and taking apart small interlocking toys, like LEGOs Build children’s knowledge of letter forms by practicing writing or building letters: - In a tray of sand, flour, salt, or shaving foam - By rolling “snakes” of play dough or clay and using them to form letters - From sticks, pipe cleaners, etc. Be sure to be aware of potential choking hazards when providing young children with small toys and other items.

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Something weird started happening to the sun’s cycles in 1970. (Is that the current argument against human-made global warming? Something about sun cycles? I can’t really keep up since it seems to change all the time.) A new report from Climate Central finds that a general warming trend over the last 100 years has accelerated in the last 40. From their report: We looked at average daily temperatures for the continental 48 states from 1912 to the present, and also from 1970 to the present and found: - Over the past 100 years, the top 10 states warmed 60 times faster than the bottom 10 (0.26°F per decade vs. 0.004°F per decade), when looking at average mean temperatures. During this timeframe, 45 states showed warming trends, although 21 were not statistically significant. Three states experienced a slight cooling trend. - Since 1970, warming began accelerating everywhere. The speed of warming across the lower 48 more than tripled, from 0.127°F per decade over the 100-year period, to 0.435°F per decade since 1970, while the gap between the fast and slowly warming states narrowed significantly; the 10 fastest warming states heated up just twice as fast, not 60 times as fast as the 10 slowest warming states (0.60°F vs. 0.30°F per decade). Over the past 42 years 17 states warmed more than half a degree F per decade. Emphasis is ours; there’s a lot of information packed in that block of text. Or, if you prefer visuals: voila. Between 1970 and 2011 literally every state got warmer, with warming more pronounced in the upper Midwest, Northeast, and South. Prior to 1970, some states saw no warming, even cooling — primarily in the Southeast. Nonetheless, the rate of warming has been such that over the past 100 years, 45 states grew warmer. Even states which were cooling (like Alabama and Georgia) saw dramatic temperature increases. So throw this on the pile of overwhelmingly convincing evidence for broad-scale warming that has accelerated in correlation with increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. And then let’s do something about those sun cycles.

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CC-MAIN-2023-40

https://grist.org/news-2/every-state-in-the-u-s-has-gotten-hotter-since-1970/

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en

As a guinea pig owner, understanding the breeding and reproduction process of your beloved pets is essential. Being aware of how these small mammals reproduce can help you effectively manage and care for your guinea pigs. Guinea pigs are known for their short gestation periods and rapid reproduction rates, so knowing what to expect and how to manage these aspects will be valuable for you. In this article, we will explore the essential aspects of guinea pig breeding – from the reproduction characteristics of these animals to how their reproductive success varies. What Should Owners Know About Breeding and Reproduction of Guinea Pigs? One crucial aspect to consider when breeding guinea pigs is their environment. Providing the right conditions and resources can significantly impact the reproductive success of your pets. Furthermore, understanding the effects of factors such as temperature and photoperiod on guinea pig reproduction will help you create an optimal environment for your pets. By delving into these details, you will ultimately enhance the well-being of your guinea pigs, making the breeding process a positive and fruitful experience. Guinea Pig Reproduction Basics Life Cycle and Reproductive Age Guinea pigs have a relatively short life cycle compared to other mammals. Your guinea pig’s average life span is between 4-8 years, though some can live up to 10 years. The reproductive stage of a guinea pig’s life begins rather early. Female guinea pigs, or sows, can start breeding as early as 2-3 months old, but it is recommended to wait until they are around 4-6 months old. Males, or boars, become sexually mature around 3-4 months of age. It is essential to monitor your guinea pig’s age, as fertility declines with age. For sows, their peak reproductive period lasts until they are about 18 months old. After this age, complications in pregnancy may arise, so it’s best to avoid breeding them. Boars, on the other hand, can remain fertile for a longer period, though their fertility may gradually decrease over time. Male and Female Differences When breeding guinea pigs, it’s crucial to understand the differences between males and females for successful reproduction. Here are some key points to remember in terms of male and female reproductive characteristics: - Male guinea pigs tend to be larger than females and have a more rounded body shape. Additionally, boars have a noticeable bulge around their anus due to their genitals, while sows have a Y-shaped opening. - Male guinea pigs have a visible penis, while females don’t. - Males can retract their penis into the body, making it less visible when not in a mating situation. - Females have a vaginal-cervical closure membrane (VCMM) that remains closed except during estrus and parturition. - Males may display dominance and mounting behaviors, while females may exhibit signs of estrus-like lordosis. Also Read: How To Travel With a Guinea Pig Housing and Environment To prepare for breeding guinea pigs, it’s essential to focus on proper housing and environment. Designate a separate, well-ventilated space for breeding pairs to avoid disturbances from other guinea pigs. Ensure that the space is large enough for the guinea pigs to move comfortably while preventing overcrowding. It’s a good idea to provide private nesting areas for the females to give birth and care for their young. Maintain a consistent temperature between 65°F (18°C) and 75°F (24°C), and regulate humidity levels to minimize stress on the animals. Regularly clean the area to maintain a hygienic environment and prevent any potential infections or health issues. Diet and Nutrition A well-balanced diet is vital for the optimal health and reproductive success of guinea pigs. Prioritize providing high-quality hay, which should make up around 80% of their diet. Incorporate a variety of vegetables and fruits to offer essential vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Make sure to provide a vitamin C supplement, as guinea pigs, unlike other rodents, are unable to synthesize their vitamin C. For pregnant and nursing guinea pigs, it’s crucial to increase the calcium content in their diet. This can be achieved by adding specific high-calcium vegetables like kale and dandelion greens, or by providing a calcium supplement. Additionally, ensure that they have continuous access to clean, fresh water at all times to promote overall health. Mating and Gestation When it comes to breeding your guinea pigs, ensure that you have a healthy pair and that they are of the appropriate age for breeding. Introduce the pair in a neutral space, and allow them to interact naturally. Mating typically occurs soon after introduction. During the mating process, the male guinea pig will pursue the female and may make a series of purring or chirping sounds. If the female guinea pig is receptive, she will adopt a “lordosis” position, which involves arching her back and elevating her hindquarters to allow the male to mount her. Mating usually lasts just a few minutes. Guinea pig pregnancies usually last between 59 and 72 days, although the average is around 67 days. Due to the relatively long gestation period, guinea pig babies are born highly developed, fully furred, and with their eyes open. It is essential to observe your guinea pig closely during her pregnancy, as complications can arise, such as narrowing of the pelvic region, causing difficulties during delivery. As the pregnancy progresses, you may notice that her abdomen becomes larger and more rounded. Also Read: How to Breed Guinea Pigs for Profit Signs of Pregnancy in Guinea Pigs There are several signs to look out for when trying to determine if your guinea pig is pregnant. These can include: - Weight gain: Pregnant guinea pigs will gain weight, particularly around their abdomen. - Abdominal swelling: The guinea pig’s abdomen may feel firmer and appear swollen as the pregnancy progresses. - Change in behavior: Some guinea pigs may become more lethargic during pregnancy, while others may become more defensive or protective. - Nipple enlargement: The nipples may enlarge in preparation for nursing. - Nest building: In the later stages of pregnancy, a pregnant guinea pig may start to build a nest out of hay or other materials in her enclosure. Your veterinarian can help confirm pregnancy and provide guidance on supporting your guinea pig throughout her pregnancy and delivery. Birth and Postnatal Care During the birth process of your guinea pigs, it’s important to allow the mother some privacy. The mother guinea pig, or sow, gives birth to her offspring after a gestation period of around 59-72 days. Expect the birthing process to last between 30 minutes to 2 hours, with an average of 3-4 pups per litter. As the owner, you should maintain a safe distance, only intervening if the mother faces complications such as a stuck pup or a prolonged birthing process. Be aware that guinea pigs can have an immediate post-partum estrus, so it’s possible for your sow to get pregnant shortly after giving birth. It’s recommended to separate the male guinea pig (or boar) before birth to prevent this. Caring for Newborns After the guinea pig pups are born, taking care of them involves ensuring a clean and comfortable environment. The following steps will help you provide the best care: - Keep the cage clean: Regularly clean the cage to maintain hygiene levels and prevent infections. - Warmth and comfort nest: Provide the mother and her pups with a nesting area made from soft and warm bedding material, like fleece or paper-based bedding. - Nutrition: Make sure the mother has access to plenty of fresh water, hay, and vitamin C-rich vegetables, as she will be nursing her pups and requires additional nutrients for milk production. - Protection from predators: Place the cage in a safe location, away from any potential predators or disturbances. During the first week of your guinea pig pups’ lives, their eyes will open, and they will become more active. Although they can start eating solid food immediately, they should continue nursing from their mother until they are at least three weeks old. It’s essential to monitor their growth and development and schedule vet check-ups as needed. Lastly, remember to separate male pups from their mother and sisters around three weeks of age to prevent unwanted pregnancies. Also Read: Do Guinea Pigs Get Periods Breeding guinea pigs might seem simple, but there are some challenges you should be aware of. Firstly, as guinea pigs are polyestrous, their cycle is 15 to 17 days long. To increase your chances of successful breeding, closely monitor your females and pair them with a compatible male during their most fertile periods. Additionally, consider the age and reproductive health of your guinea pigs. For instance, females that have previously bred are usually around 21.6 months old, so younger or older females might experience issues with breeding. Also, some breeds, such as the Satin guinea pig, are more prone to hereditary issues that might affect the success of reproduction. When breeding guinea pigs, it’s crucial to keep an eye on the health of both the parents and the offspring. To minimize the occurrence of health issues, avoid inbreeding. Inbreeding can lead to reproductive failures due to cystic rete ovarii, a condition that can cause infertility in guinea pigs. Ovarian Cysts in Female Guinea Pigs Another health risk to be mindful of is the potential for ovarian cysts in female guinea pigs. The prevalence and size of ovarian cysts can vary depending on the guinea pig’s age and reproductive status. Keep an eye on your breeding females and seek veterinary treatment if you suspect they may have a cyst or other reproductive health issue that may affect their breeding success. Don’t forget to closely monitor the health of non-breeding guinea pigs as well. They can also experience reproductive problems like prolapsed penis or prepuce, which should be addressed by a veterinarian. Frequently Asked Questions How old should guinea pigs be before breeding? Guinea pigs should be at least 3-4 months old before breeding, as they reach sexual maturity at this age. It is essential to avoid breeding females older than 8 months, as they may experience complications during pregnancy and delivery due to the fusion of their pelvic bones. What is the typical litter size for guinea pigs? The typical litter size for guinea pigs ranges between 1 and 6 pups, with an average of 3 pups per litter. However, the domestic guinea pig has been selectively bred for larger litter sizes. What are the stages of guinea pig pregnancy? Guinea pig pregnancy has three main stages: - Embryonic development (0-14 days): During this stage, the embryos are implanted into the uterus lining and begin to develop. - Fetal growth (15-50 days): The fetus grows rapidly, and the mother’s abdomen enlarges. - Preparing for birth (51-65 days): The mother’s body prepares for delivery, and nesting behaviors may be observed. The total pregnancy duration for guinea pigs can range from 59 to 72 days, with an average of 63-68 days. How long does the guinea pig mating process take? The guinea pig mating process is relatively quick and can last from 1 to 15 minutes. Mating usually takes place at night, and it is not uncommon for multiple attempts to be made before successful impregnation. What is the breeding frequency for guinea pigs? Guinea pigs can breed year-round, and there is no specific breeding season. However, females should be given sufficient time to recover after giving birth before breeding again. It is generally recommended to wait at least 6-8 weeks between pregnancies to ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and future offspring. Can guinea pigs reproduce without human intervention? Yes, guinea pigs can reproduce without human intervention. However, it is essential to provide proper care, nutrition, and housing conditions to maintain the health and well-being of both the parents and their offspring. Supervising guinea pig breeding is necessary to prevent overpopulation, manage potential health issues, and ensure that the animals are well-cared for.

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CC-MAIN-2023-40

https://guineapigsite.com/breeding-and-reproduction-of-guinea-pigs/

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CDC: Watch Out fot the Phantom Menace of Superbugs by Rebecca Rudolph-Witt Star Wars terminology is popping up everywhere with the upcoming movie release, but in the case of the term ‘Phantom Menace’, surgical teams should be queuing in for different reasons. The superbug Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) turned the heads of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention experts, which named it an urgent public health threat. The figure above is a map of the United States showing the number of reported patients with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae producing OXA-48-like carbapenemases (N = 43) in the United States during June 2010-August 2015. (Courtesy of the CDC) The CDC stated in a Dec. 4 report: “Newly described resistance in Enterobacteriaceae, such as plasmid-mediated resistance to the last-line antimicrobial colistin, recently detected in China, and resistance to the newly approved antimicrobial, ceftazidime-avibactam, identified from a U.S. K. pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing isolate, highlight the continued urgency to delay spread of CRE (2,3). Monitoring the emergence of carbapenemases is crucial to limiting their spread; identification of patients carrying carbapenemase-producing CRE should result in the institution of transmission-based precautions and enhanced environmental cleaning to prevent transmission.” Its nickname is derived from its lower profile risk. This superbug type is less antibiotic-resistant than other CRE strains, so it is not frequently tested for.

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CC-MAIN-2023-40

https://handinscan.hu/cdc-watch-out-for-the-phantom-menace-of-superbugs/

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Distribution simulating testing, also known as ship testing or distribution testing, is an essential step in the process of safely bringing a medical device to market. As part of the 510(K) submission to the U.S. Food & Drug Administration, medical device manufacturers must prove their products can withstand standard shipping environments without being damaged or having their sterile barriers breached. To do that, there are a number of tests that simulate the potential “shake, rattle, and roll” products experience during shipping, from being crushed under a heavier package or being dropped off a loading dock. The tests also ensure package integrity and sterility are maintained in different environmental conditions, from the frigid temperatures of Alaska to the heat and humidity of Florida. The specifics for distribution simulation testing are spelled out in a number of accepted industry standards that regulators will check against, including ISO 11607. More specifically, sterile devices should conform to testing covered under ASTM D4169, whereas non-sterile devices will adhere to ISTA-2A or ISTA-3A requirements. Many of these standards have become more rigorous over the years, so ensuring compliance is essential. These simulation tests often take about three weeks – although sometimes longer – so manufacturers should take proactive steps to ensure the process is as efficient as possible. This will ensure they have the best chance of securing a positive outcome and advancing the product’s path to market. Given Life Science Outsourcing’s deep experience and expertise with distribution simulation testing, here are three steps organizations can take to ensure a streamlined process. 1. Test the right number of samples Lots of manufacturers have questions about the right distribution simulation testing sample size. It’s an important consideration – include too few samples, and it may not be considered statistically significant. But, testing too many can create unnecessary costs and delays, especially when current manufacturing capabilities are limited. As a baseline, manufacturers should expect 29 samples at a minimum, though the exact number will vary depending on risk and the results of the failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) results. A high-risk device such as a pacemaker or heart valve will likely require a larger sample size, as will any devices with sharp edges or other elements that increase the likelihood of damage occurring during shipping and distribution. 2. Test at the correct ‘level’ Manufacturers have some flexibility on what packaging “level” they use to run distribution simulation tests. For example, say a device is placed inside a pouch, which is then placed into a carton, which is combined with other devices in a shipping box. A manufacturer can test the carton or the shipping box. Testing at the carton level provides some more flexibility in the larger shipping container, but may require more protections and testing may be more expensive in the short term. It’s an important consideration because once a product has been tested and validated for specific shipping details, manufacturers should stick to those materials and processes going forward. Understanding how packaging and shipping needs may evolve in the future can help determine which level is the most effective now and down the road. 3. Utilize dunnage parts in testing One way to reduce the resources and financial investment needed to run distribution simulation tests is to replace actual products with representative material – also known as “dunnage.” Dunnage can be scrap material or dummy parts, but it must share key characteristics with the actual product. It has to be a similar size, weight, mass, etc. Better Distribution Simulation Testing with a Proven Partner In many cases, the right partner can help determine testing requirements and flag issues that might come up before the testing even begins. An organization like Life Science Outsourcing can help manufacturers from start-ups to established OEMs streamline the process through more efficient sample sizes, determining the appropriate level to test at, and utilizing dunnage to reduce costs.

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CC-MAIN-2023-40

https://lso-inc.com/news/3-keys-to-more-efficient-distribution-simulation-testing/

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By Katie Azevedo, M.Ed. Many schools are moving to remote learning as we work towards healing our world of Coronavirus. But e-learning is not a new concept; schools have been using elements of remote learning long before the pandemic hit. And once the pandemic is over, e-learning is most certainly going to stick around. If you’re the parent of an elementary-aged student (grades K-5), then you might be responsible for a good portion of their e-learning experience – at least in the early stages. The tips I outline below are meant to help you support your child as he or she learns to navigate e-learning and all it entails. To begin, e-learning provides the opportunity for two types of education: - First, there’s the academic piece – the content they learn that aligns with the Common Core. Your child will get this type of education by doing what their teacher asks of them. - Second, the executive function piece – the “how to do school” piece, the SchoolHabits piece (if I could be so cheeky). Your child can get this type of education, which I argue is essential, through a little encouragement and planning from you. Many of the tips below will help your child develop these critical executive function skills at the same time they will make e-learning a little easier. 8 e-learning tips for parents of elementary students 1. Ask your kids to explain to you what they are learning. Elementary-aged students are accustomed to group work and partner work. Very few activities in the primary grades are independent except for assessments. When a child is learning remotely, they lose the opportunity to engage with their peers in a way that helps them process new material. When your child has finished an online activity, ask them to explain it to you. If they have difficulty explaining it, then they most likely do not understand it fully. 2. Create an inspiring and motivating work space. If you’re fortunate enough to be able to accommodate two separate spaces – one for work and one for play – then definitely do that. If you only have one space, then make sure you do something visual to clearly mark the shift from play to work. For example, maybe when the desk lamp is on it’s time for school work; when the desk lamp is off it’s okay to use the computer for leisure activities. Kids need a visual cue to transition from one mode to another. If you’re setting up your child’s study space, use the tips I outline here, depending on their learning style: - Study spaces for visual learners - Study spaces for auditory learners - Study spaces for kinesthetic learners 3. Give breaks with physical activities and no screens. Much of your child’s remote learning experience will be behind a computer screen. Because of that, when it’s time for a break (in between tasks), encourage your child to get up from the computer and do something without a screen. It’s not a true break if your child moves to the couch to scroll through their phone between school tasks. Bottom line: no screens. 4. Print everything you can. Your child’s teacher is going to assign readings, articles, worksheets, pdfs, etc. She is also going to post content in the form of images, charts, diagrams and other visuals. Print out absolutely everything for your child that can be printed. For example, if your child needs to complete a math worksheet online, print out the worksheet, do the work on the actual paper, and then scan the paper back to the teacher. Sure, it might take an extra step but your child will reap the benefits. 5. Encourage your child to make checklists of what they need to do. The simple act of writing out a checklist of upcoming assignments is an executive function skill. This is a skill that needs to be developed early on, and now is the time to start. Even if your child has one assignment and argues that she or he doesn’t need to write it down, make them write it down. They can use a notebook, a sticky note, basic paper – whatever. Just get them in the habit of writing out all their tasks for the day. 6. Store usernames and passwords next to the computer. If your child is learning remotely, there will be a bazillions websites and apps they’ll need to access regularly – and this means there will be a bazillion usernames and passwords. Don’t take chances. Write it all down on a sticky note and slap it on the wall next to their study station. If you simply Google “Password Keeper Template” like I did, then you can find a zillion different kinds to print for free. Or make your own. 7. Give them some choice. Let your child have some control over their e-learning schedule. How much control you give them might depend on their grade level, but regardless, they will adjust better to the remote learning experience if they feel in control of it. If your child has math, English and Spanish work to complete by the end of the day, help them prioritize (executive functions!) and let them choose the order they do the assignments. More control equals less resistance. 8. Encourage teacher communication. You will have questions throughout this process, and so will your child. Encourage him or her to write down all questions that arise as s/he is working, and then send the teacher one email with all the questions. Here’s how to write an email to a teacher. Encouraging your child to ask their teacher for help via not only helps clarify difficult concepts, but it also teaches self-advocacy, which is one of the most critical skills an elementary-aged child could learn. Remote learning might be a new experience for your child – and it might be a new experience for you, too. Be kind to each of you as you navigate the newness of e-learning. These were 8 e-learning tips for parents. If you have an older child in middle school or beyond, they might find these advanced e-learning tips helpful.

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CC-MAIN-2023-40

https://schoolhabits.com/8-e-learning-tips-for-parents-of-elementary-students/

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The internet has become an increasingly important part of modern society, and its use is now ubiquitous across the globe. It has transformed the way we live, work, communicate, and access information. However, the rise of the internet has also had a profound impact on society, ranging from economic effects to changes in social behavior and interactions. As internet usage continues to grow and evolve, it is important to understand its impact on society. This article provides an overview of the ways in which the internet has affected society and presents some of the ongoing debates and discussions about its effects. Take a deep dive into internet usage and its impact on society by reading on! The Global Internet Landscape: The internet has achieved unprecedented global penetration, connecting people across continents and cultures. Here are some key insights into the global internet landscape: - Worldwide Connectivity: As of 2021, approximately 4.9 billion people, accounting for nearly 63% of the global population, have access to the Internet. This widespread connectivity has bridged geographical gaps, enabling instant communication and collaboration on a global scale. - Mobile Internet Revolution: The proliferation of smartphones and mobile devices has played a pivotal role in expanding internet usage. Mobile internet adoption continues to soar, bringing connectivity to remote areas and empowering individuals with on-the-go access to information and services. Internet Usage Patterns and Trends: Internet usage patterns and trends shed light on how people interact with and utilize this powerful medium. Consider the following insights: - Social Media Influence: Social media platforms have revolutionized the way we connect, share, and consume information. As of 2021, over 4.4 billion people are active social media users, spending a significant amount of time on platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube. - E-commerce and Online Shopping: The rise of e-commerce has transformed the retail landscape, with consumers increasingly turning to online platforms for their shopping needs. As a result, global e-commerce sales reached a staggering $4.28 trillion in 2020, demonstrating the growing preference for online transactions. - Digital Entertainment and Streaming: Internet usage for entertainment purposes has skyrocketed, thanks to the rise of streaming platforms like Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, and Spotify. Streaming services have revolutionized the way we consume movies, TV shows, music, and other forms of digital content. - Online Learning and Remote Work: The COVID-19 pandemic further accelerated the adoption of online learning and remote work. Internet connectivity enabled students to access educational resources remotely, while professionals embraced virtual collaboration tools, video conferencing, and cloud-based productivity platforms. Digital Inclusion and Accessibility: While internet usage has witnessed remarkable growth, it’s essential to address the digital divide and ensure equitable access for all. Consider the following aspects: - Infrastructure Challenges: Expanding internet access to underserved areas requires robust infrastructure, including broadband connectivity, mobile networks, and reliable internet service providers. - Bridging the Digital Divide: Initiatives aimed at bridging the digital divide, such as government programs, public-private partnerships, and community-driven efforts, play a crucial role in extending internet access to marginalized communities. - Empowering Economies: Access to the Internet has the potential to transform economies by fostering digital entrepreneurship, creating job opportunities, and enabling small businesses to thrive in the global marketplace. Internet usage has reshaped the way we communicate, access information, conduct business, and participate in society. With its global reach, the Internet empowers individuals, connects communities, and drives innovation across various sectors. As we continue to embrace the digital age, it is imperative to ensure equitable access to the internet, enabling everyone to benefit from the boundless opportunities and knowledge this transformative technology offers.

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CC-MAIN-2023-40

https://techtips360.com/internet-usage-and-its-impact-on-society/

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Retention of name-identified information In Australian censuses prior to 2001, all forms and other name-identified records have been destroyed once the statistical data required for the purposes of the Census have been extracted. For the 2001 Census, respondents were given the option to have their name-identified Census records retained. The decision to retain name-identified Census records and to make them generally available after 99 years was reached after the federal government considered the recommendations of the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs. Just over half of the population chose to have their individual responses retained and these responses are now with the National Archives of Australia. For the 2006 Census, people will again be given the option of having their name-identified Census records retained. Information will only be kept for those people who explicitly give their consent. For privacy reasons, the name-identified information will not be available for any purpose within a 99 year closed access period, including by a court or tribunal. If a person does not explicitly agree to their name-identified 2006 Census information being retained, their name and address will be destroyed once statistical processing has been completed. See also Census and Statistics Act, Confidentiality, Name.

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CC-MAIN-2023-40

https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/bb8db737e2af84b8ca2571780015701e/68E23460DBCFF4B8CA25720A0080DFAE?opendocument

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Dryers and ovens can use 10% or more of the total energy consumed by a processing facility. Often this energy use comes with great inefficiency. Removing 1 lb of water with a dryer requires at least 970 Btu, but the actual amount required depends on the altitude, product formulation, product temperature, and moisture content. Dryers often consume two to three times as much energy as required to remove a pound of water. Depending on operating conditions, ovens can consume five times as much energy as required to heat and process a product. The dryer/oven heat source introduces additional energy inefficiencies. Based on primary fuel energy content, thermal energy efficiency is approximately 85 to 95% for gas burners, 70 to 80% for steam, and about 30% for delivered electricity. The unit energy cost of these heating sources reflects the energy efficiency of each. Many sources discuss general industrial energy efficiency opportunities such as improved equipment insulation and fan motor efficiency. Although these can provide significant energy savings, even larger benefits often exist with less obvious opportunities. Design, operation, maintenance and sanitation can affect dryer/oven energy efficiency. One important design consideration is the use of air recirculation, which reduces wasted energy because it reuses a portion of exhaust air from the dryer/oven. However, energy efficiency improvement with air recirculation is limited by the allowable humidity in the dryer/oven system. Alternatively or additionally, waste heat from exhaust air may be used to preheat dryer/oven makeup air, product into the dryer/oven, or water and or air for other uses. Operating conditions also impact energy efficiency. For instance, operating a dryer or oven at the lowest exhaust air temperature and lowest air flow rate possible generally increases its energy efficiency. Reducing product moisture to a dryer will reduce the energy required for drying. Increasing dryer/oven humidity to the maximum extent possible reduces makeup and exhaust air rates, reducing energy usage. For dryers and ovens using a belt for conveying product, product distribution is also important. Generally, the product should cover the full width of the belt as uniformly as possible. This will improve not only improve energy efficiency, but often product quality as well. Air leakage in or out of the dryer/oven can be another source of energy loss. Air migration into the dryer/oven may require heating the supply air to the product to a higher temperature to compensate for the additional cold air migrating into the dryer/oven. Air leakage out heats the surrounding space rather than the product. A well-maintained and properly tuned control system also helps ensure that air temperature, humidity, and recirculation rate are well controlled thus optimizing energy conservation. Another opportunity for energy savings can be startup, idle and shutdown procedures. Needless to say, heating an empty dryer/oven is a waste of energy. Implementing procedures that minimize the amount of time a hot dryer/oven is empty and minimizing energy usage while it is empty will improve your overall energy efficiency. Improving burner or boiler efficiency requires burning less fuel to get the same heat output. If steam is the dryer/oven’s heat source, then the design, maintenance and operation of the steam and condensate system will have a significant impact on overall energy efficiency. Even your sanitation protocols can affect dryer/oven energy efficiency. Keeping fans, dampers, and heating elements clean will improve their performance by improving air flow control and thermal efficiency. In addition to reducing energy costs and improving energy efficiency, these kinds of improvements can also achieve corresponding increases in dryer/oven production capacity. Increased capacity can often be worth more than your targeted energy cost savings. Although most dryers and ovens have a number of opportunities for improving energy efficiency, which ones are worth implementing depends on the costs, benefits, and economic return of doing so. An engineering evaluation or audit can assist bakers and snack food manufacturers determine which dryer/oven energy saving opportunities are worthwhile. A structured program will establish an existing baseline on which energy savings opportunities, and corresponding costs can be benchmarked to provide you with the best cost and benefit opportunities for your facility. This story is sponsored by POWER Engineers, which has one of the most comprehensive teams of engineers and specialists serving the baking and snack industry. As an extension of its clients' engineering teams, the company provides program management, integrated solutions and full facility design for the baking and snack industry. Learn more at www.powereng.com/food.

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Engaging videos and entertaining animations with excellent teacher resources I love that this is a free tool that students can access on our classroom desktop computers. Math Snacks was created by an interdisciplinary team of researchers, math educators, and mathematicians, so it is backed by research and tested by students in a learning games lab. The result is that the games really are fun and engaging. They are not the usual drill/practice games, but rather dig deeper and present exciting and entertaining problems to solve. The developers encourage the educator to allow students to play and explore and figure out the game in their own way, but they also provide lesson plans for before and after playing to make the most of the learning experience. In the future I will turn to Math Snacks when I’m looking for a way to enhance a topic in my curriculum that matches up with the games/animations that they have to offer. I know the kids will love it. I hope in the future that they will add in a way to track student progress, as well as assessment tools, such as a pre-test and post-test. How I Use It Math Snacks offers 5 engaging games and 6 entertaining animations that can be used to enhance any math curriculum. Math topics include expressions, variables, graphing, base ten, decimals, fractions, number lines, ratios, proportions, unit rates, and coordinate planes. Each game and animation includes an 8-10 minute "teaching with" video, which shows how to implement it in the classroom as well as fun follow-up and reinforcement activities. Other resources include a Teacher Guide, a Gameplay video to show the students before they play, a cartoon/illustrated game-playing guide, and Game Guidelines. While students will have fun just playing and exploring, these extra resource materials will help them dive more in-depth into each topic and reinforce what they have learned. I played all of the games and lost track of time because I was having so much fun! I really liked Monster School Bus, which challenges students to pick up groups of monster children so they have a load of 10 kids to bring to school. The lower levels give practice with base ten number sense with whole numbers, and the higher levels move on to decimals and fractions. The students can complete the levels in order or choose where they want to start.

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https://www.commonsense.org/education/reviews/math-snacks/teacher-reviews/5105573

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How the Zero G coffee cup was created for space coffee For astronaut Don Pettit, celebrating space exploration feats with bags of coffee just didn't cut it. That's why he created the Zero-G coffee cup from materials right on the International Space Station—changing the way coffee is made in space. The Zero-G coffee cup allows astronauts to drink liquids the same way as they do on Earth, and it's the first-ever patent for an invention in space. We had Pettit on Fueled by Death Cast to talk about how he came about this invention. He initially created the coffee cup from materials he found on the International Space Station, and it has since taken on new and more dynamic forms. "I made this on Space Station. I made this from a piece of plastic that I was able to snag from some of our procedures, and then the tape—" he said. "This is special tape—it's Kapton tape. And Kapton is a fire-retardant material, where normal cellophane tape won't meet our fire codes, so we use Kapton tape. I made this shape very specifically because of surface tension and contact wedding angle geometries needed to make the cup." His original cup was redesigned by Mark Weislogel and his students at Portland State University. Now, the newly designed Zero-G coffee cup gives astronauts the fuel they need and the ability to smell coffee just like they would at home. "Imagine now, you have a kind of a day at work in space," Pettit said. "Maybe you did a spacewalk, maybe you flew the robotic arm, and you snagged the first commercial vehicle coming up. And again, no pressure on you. The future of commercial space relies on your ability to fly the arm, right?" "You know, celebrating with bags of coffee just doesn't have the same pizzazz as being able to sip your coffee or tea from an open container and kind of go "click" or "chink" or whatever with your crew mates, and then everybody can take a sip. And you also get the full effect of the smell going in your nose. And so being able to have this communion with your crew after these very special and kind of intense days on orbit is something that we've never been able to do before, and now we can." Watch to find out more about the invention of the Zero-G coffee cup below, and listen to our full interview with Don Pettit here.

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https://www.deathwishcoffee.com/blogs/lifestyle/zero-g-coffee-cup

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Do Underground Sewer Monsters Really Exist? There have been many urban legends and myths about different creatures living underground in sewer systems. Perhaps the most famous is that of crocodiles or alligators moving around rampant inside of sewer tunnel systems. While coming across something like this is slim to none, one can only imagine the nightmare of being stuck underground with roaming crocodiles or worse. A giant alligator or crocodile would be a menacing force to deal with. Some have suggested that Bigfoot lives below the urban streets down inside the sewers. It does seem ridiculous but one cannot simply rule out such a scenario. In regards to alligators and crocodiles living in sewers, it all started back during the 1930’s when these reptiles were said to grow to freakishly large sizes. Rumors quickly spread around places like New York where these creatures later mutated physically. Their colors changed as well with each tell-tailed account by witnesses who thought they saw something most unusual. Just how did these reptiles reach such extraordinary sizes? It is believed that underneath the city streets of NYC, parents were buying up small sized baby alligators for their children to keep as a pet. Ignorantly, they didn’t think about just how large these creatures would end up being. So, they flushed them down the toilet in hopes to get rid of them. It turned out to be a bad idea, as the reptiles would reach maturity and begin to feed off rats among other things inside the sewers below. Soon enough these reptiles were labelled as sewer gators and the stories began to pile up. It seemed to become a trend to talk about gators living underground among the people. Some people even believed that these gators would grab bums off the streets and drag them into the sewers below for dinner. As time passed by, city workers from 1935 were said to have removed and killed any remaining alligators or crocodiles roaming around below. Perhaps nowadays, workers are safe to wander around but careful enough to keep their eyes open for what’s around the next corner.

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https://www.freaklore.com/do-underground-sewer-monsters-really-exist

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Over the last year, our own Contributing Writer Tia Shah, has been writing an amazing column about trailblazing girls throughout history. This new Incredible Girls column is in that vein, only this column is about contemporary girls under the age of 25 who are doing awe-inspiring and significant things in the world. Every Friday in 2019, we are going to post a column detailing the life of an Incredible Girl and why you should know about her. Read on for a glimpse into the life of period activist, Amika George. When Amika George was 17, she started the #FreePeriods campaign to raise awareness about the stigma around period poverty and menstruation. She started a petition to Westminster that gained over 200,000 signatures and led a period poverty protest of 2,000 people outside U.K. Prime Minister Theresa May’s home. Amika wanted the government to fund the distribution of menstrual products to girls and women who couldn’t afford them, and she was instrumental in convincing the government to set aside £1.5 million in 2018 to help alleviate period poverty. In March 2019, chancellor Philip Hammond announced that the government would fund free sanitary products in all secondary schools — Hammond said that “the government was responding to concerns from head teachers that some girls were missing school because they could not afford sanitary products,” as per the BBC. Last year, the Scottish government announced a £5.2 million plan to provide free menstrual products in schools and universities and England is now poised to develop a similar plan. According to the BBC, citing Plan International, 1 in 10 girls between the ages of 14 and 21 in the UK have been unable to afford menstrual products and 49 percent have missed a whole day of school because of their period. Amika has also said that while the adoption of funds for sanitary products for teenagers is a welcome first step, the funds should also be applied to primary schools because girls as young as eight can get their periods. The 19-year-old has also been honored for her activism and has appeared on the Time Most Influential Teens of 2018 list, Teen Vogue 21 under 21 and won a Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Goalkeeper Campaign Award in 2018. Currently she is studying History at the University of Cambridge and continuing to advocate for menstruating girls and women. Check out her 2017 TED talk here, and visit her website, Free Periods, for more information about period poverty and what you can do to help. Girl Museum Inc.

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https://www.girlmuseum.org/incredible-girls-amika-george/

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Imagine if you were forced from your home because of an armed conflict. What if you lost everything you own as a result? You flee to another land for safety. There you find refuge and the helping hand of charity. You get the basics of food, water and shelter. But then imagine that one day you are told that the food rations will be cut. How will you feed your family? Think of your despair. That's what is happening to Syrian refugees throughout the Middle East. Low funding from the international community has forced the UN World Food Programme (WFP) to reduce food aid. Syrians feel abandoned by the world. Speaking before the UN Security Council, WFP Director Ertharin Cousin warned: Until we deliver the political solutions that create peace, we must [fully] implement the humanitarian solutions that create hope and stability across the region. Failure to do so will haunt us all for decades to come. We should heed this warning. WFP needs support to feed 4 million Syrians in the war-torn nation, and over 2 million others who have fled to neighboring countries. The UN food agency relies entirely on voluntary donations from governments and the public. There has not been enough donations so far to keep pace. As Cousin stated before the Security Council, "Current funding commitments do not reflect the humanitarian needs of this prolonged conflict." The world has already failed the Syrian people by not achieving a resolution to the four-year civil war. Now the world is failing them again on food aid. With less food, Syria's war victims are forced into desperate situations. Young daughters are being married off, and children are being recruited into armed groups. If we fully funded humanitarian aid, we could keep Syrian children in school with food and education. But it takes a strong political will from the international community to provide food and build peace. There is just not enough right now. There is a lack of leadership to meet the peacemaking and humanitarian challenges of the biggest conflict of our time. The result is that Syrian children are becoming malnourished, which stunts them for life. As Dwight Eisenhower once said: How can we expect children who are reduced almost to an animal life level of existence, who struggle each day for any kind of food that will keep them alive, how can we expect them in the future to be apostles of peace? We need a political solution to Syria's war. Meetings will be starting in Geneva during May to hopefully jumpstart a peace process that has gone nowhere. There has to be a new government in Syria. That is the only path to saving the country and ending the bloodshed. The entire international community has to get behind this in words and actions. The terrorist and extremist groups such as ISIS are not part of the peace process. ISIS has placed towns under siege, blocking them from receiving humanitarian aid. The U.S. military says ISIS is weakening in Syria and Iraq after air strikes. But if the civil war continues, it will give them a chance to keep going amid the chaos. But whatever hopes for peace remain rest on the basics of food, especially for children. The greatest international peace effort in history, the Marshall Plan to rebuild war-torn Europe, was based on a foundation of food and hope. It worked. We cannot expect anything less today. Food will reinforce peace hopes for Syria. Without it, the chance for peace will be doomed. As Cousin reminds us, "We cannot ask parents to raise their children in a region without food and without peace."

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This Astronomy Tell It Again!™ Read-Aloud Anthologys unit plan also includes: A read-aloud anthology focuses on astronomy. Each week for three weeks, first graders are introduced to and listen to a text, answer comprehension questions, then complete extensions that include a learning activity and skills practice. Take-home materials are available. - Align the unit with a science unit that covers astronomy - Create a themed focus wall that goes along with the unit's concepts - Part six in an 11-uni series created by Core Knowledge for first graders - Requires projection to view images and ample prep time to copy the many documents needed and gather other materials - The unit scaffolds information from unit to unit and within the lesson; complete the unit or series in order - Provides plenty of information and detail to plan and execute the unit successfully

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Bedlington Whippets are known for their speed and agility. On average, they can reach up to 35-40 miles per hour (56-64 kilometers per hour), making them one of the fastest dog breeds. However, it’s important to note that each dog is unique, and factors such as age, health, training, and genetics can all impact their speed and athleticism. Terrain, weather conditions, and the dog’s activity can also affect their speed. Factors Affecting the Speed of Bedlington Whippet - Genetics: The genetic makeup of the Bedlington Whippet can play a significant role in their speed and overall athletic ability. Breeding for speed and agility can result in faster dogs. - Age: Younger dogs tend to be faster and more agile than older dogs, as they have more energy and better muscle tone. - Health: A healthy dog with good muscle tone and endurance will generally be faster than a dog with health issues or poor physical condition. - Training and conditioning: Proper training and conditioning can improve a Bedlington Whippet’s speed and endurance. Training should include regular exercise and running and specialized training programs such as agility or lure coursing. - Nutrition: A healthy diet that meets the nutritional needs of the Bedlington Whippet can help support muscle development and energy levels, which can contribute to speed and agility. - Environment: The terrain and weather conditions can affect a Bedlington Whippet’s speed. Flat, open terrain allows faster running, while rough or hilly terrain can slow them down. Similarly, hot or humid weather can affect a dog’s endurance and speed. Exercise and Activity Level Bedlington Whippets are a highly active breed that needs a lot of activity to stay healthy and happy. They mix two highly athletic breeds, the Bedlington Terrier and the Whippet, so they need plenty of opportunities to burn off their energy. The ideal exercise for a Bedlington Whippet includes long walks, runs, and playing fetch. They also like doing dog sports, including agility, flyball, and lure coursing. These activities provide physical and mental stimulation, which is important for the breed’s overall well-being. Bedlington Whippets require at least 60-120 minutes of exercise per day. This can be achieved through walks, runs, and playtime. They also enjoy exploring new environments, so taking them on hikes or to new places can be a great way to keep them active and engaged. It is important to note that Bedlington Whippets are sensitive to extreme temperatures. They do not do well in hot weather, so exercise should be limited during the hottest parts of the day. In addition, they should not be left outside in cold weather for extended periods. Several activities can help increase a Bedlington Whippet’s speed and agility: - Running: Regular running and exercise can help build muscle tone and endurance, improving speed. - Lure coursing: According to American Kennel Club, this activity involves chasing a mechanical lure around a course, which can help improve a dog’s speed and agility. - Agility training: Agility courses, which include obstacles such as jumps, tunnels, and weave poles, can help improve a dog’s speed, agility, and overall athleticism. - Flyball: This team sport involves racing over a series of hurdles, retrieving a ball, and returning to the starting line. It can help improve a dog’s speed, agility, and coordination. - Sprint training: Focused sprint training, such as short sprints with frequent rest periods, can help improve a Bedlington Whippet’s speed and power. Temperament and Personality The Bedlington Whippet breed is recognized for its kind and caring nature. They are a friendly and fond breed who relish being in the presence of people and other animals. They are also known for their exceptional tolerance, making them excellent companions for children. However, like all breeds, the Bedlington Whippet has its own set of unique personality traits. They can be quite independent and stubborn sometimes, so it’s crucial to establish yourself as the pack leader early on. They also have a strong prey drive, making it challenging to train off-leash. The Bedlington Whippet is an intelligent breed that responds well to positive reinforcement training methods. They are eager to please their owners and are quick learners, but due to their independent nature, they can be stubborn sometimes and may require more patience and consistency during training. Socializing your Bedlington Whippet early ensures they are comfortable around other people and pets. They can be sensitive to new experiences, so it’s important to introduce new situations gradually and positively. Socialization is key for the Bedlington Whippet. Based on observation, they are a breed that loves to be around people and other pets, but they can be shy or nervous around strangers if they need to be properly socialized. Introducing your Bedlington Whippet to new people, pets, and experiences early ensures they are comfortable in all situations. They also require a lot of physical activity and mental stimulation to stay happy and healthy. Regular walks runs, and playtime are essential for their physical and mental well-being. They also enjoy participating in agility, obedience and lure coursing activities.

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Portable Generators: An Overview A portable generator is a small, mobile power supply that supplies electricity in remote or off-grid locations. They are made to be easy to transport, making them ideal for trips to the campsite or work sites, as well as emergency power needs. Portable generators come in various dimensions and capacities, and can be powered by diesel, gasoline, or propane. Benefits of Portable Generators Convenience Portable generators are designed to be portable and put up. This makes them suitable to be used in a variety of places, such as camping excursions, job sites as well as emergency power needs. The flexibility of these generators makes it simple to obtain the power you require, at the time and place you require it. Flexibility: Portable generators are available in a range of sizes, from small, lightweight models, which are perfect for camping, to larger models that can be used to power your home in the event of an emergency. Some models even come with multiple outlets so that you can power several devices simultaneously. The reliability of portable generators have been made to be durable and durable. Many models are equipped with automatic voltage regulation and low-oil shut-off, which helps to avoid damage to the generator and prolong its service life. Affordability The cost of portable generators is generally cheaper than stationary generators, making them an affordable choice for those in need of an emergency power source or who require energy for outdoor activities. Emergency Power Portable generators are a valuable device for emergencies that require power. In the event of a power outage an electric generator portable can supply electricity to keep lighting on and your refrigerator running, and your home is cooled or heated. How Portable Generators Work Portable generators function by converting the energy of mechanical processes into electricity. This is achieved by engines that are internal to the combustion process which is powered by diesel, gasoline, or propane. The engine drives a alternator that produces alternating current (AC) electricity. This electricity is then transformed in direct current (DC) electricity through rectifiers and stored in a battery. The battery is able to supply power to the generator’s electrical outlets, allowing you to power your appliances and devices. If you want to utilize the portable generator just need be able to plug it into appliances or devices that you want to provide power to. Portable generators have numerous outlets, which include standard electrical outlets and USB ports. Certain models come with an inbuilt transfer switch that lets you easily switch between generator power and grid energy in case of a power failure. Safety Considerations for Portable Generators Portable generators are built to be safe, but it is crucial to follow the manufacturer’s guidelines and adhere to the appropriate safety precautions. Always read the manual of the owner prior to using a portable generator and follow the manufacturer’s guidelines regarding operation and maintenance. Here are a few crucial safety considerations to keep in mind while using portable generators: Fuel Safety: Always use the right gasoline for the generator you are using and store it in a safe and secure area. Gasoline and other fuels can be extremely flammable and can be a fire hazard if not handled properly. The ventilation system of portable generators produce carbon monoxide, which is a toxic gas that can cause serious injury or even death. Make sure to use your portable generator in a well-ventilated space, and do not utilize it in your home, garage, or other enclosed areas. Electricity Safety: Generators that are portable produce electrical energy that could be hazardous when handled improperly. Always follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer to connect and use the generator. Make certain to ground the generator before using it. Maintenance It is essential to maintain your generator regularly for the safety and longevity for your generator portable. This includes checking the oil level and cleaning the air filter and changing the spark plug when required. It is also important to have the generator inspected by a qualified professional on a regular basis to ensure that it is working properly and safely. Power Management Use an electric generator that has a transfer switch or interlock to ensure that it is not connected directly to your home’s electrical system. This can prevent backfeeding, which can be dangerous to utility workers and damage your electrical system. In conclusion portable generators are versatile and affordable power source that can provide power in a variety of situations. Whether you are using it for camping trips or job sites, or for emergency power requirements, it is important to take the proper safety precautions and select one that is suited to your specific power needs. With a portable generator, you’ll get the power you require at any time and anywhere you require it.

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The STI Files: Syphilis Stat: Syphilis (siff-uh-liss) has been increasing in the last ten years in the US, UK, Australia and Europe. People with Penises are more susceptible to infection than people with vaginas, and most cases occur in people between the ages of 15 and 39. What is it exactly? Syphilis is an infection caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum. About how many people have it? The United States is actively trying to eliminate syphilis by finding and treating everyone who is infected, so the number of infected people has been dropping very fast. There are currently less that 40,000 reported cases of syphilis in the United States. Some people think syphilis rates change in ten year cycles, so they think that the number will start to go back up again. Other people think we will be able to keep the number down. How is it spread? Syphilis is passed when someone touches a sore on a person who has syphilis. These sores are can be on the person's mouth, penis, vagina, anus or skin. Most syphilis is passed during oral, vaginal, or anal sexual contact, though it can be passed through breaks in the skin and infected pregnant people can pass it to their baby. If a baby is born with syphilis, it often has serious mental and physical problems. What are its symptoms? Syphilis has been called "the great imitator" because many of its signs look like other diseases. It is also difficult to know if someone has syphilis because a person might not have any symptoms at all. There are considered to be four stages of syphilis: 1. Primary. The first symptom of syphilis is a chancre. A chancre is an ulcer that forms where the person was exposed. Many people don't notice chancres if they are painless and hidden in the mouth, anus, or vagina. Chancres usually appear one to six weeks after exposure and will disappear in a few weeks on their own, but the person still has the bacteria. A person can pass the disease to other people during this stage. 2. Secondary. The symptom of secondary syphilis is a skin rash, which can appear as the chancre is healing or several weeks later. This rash is usually penny-sized sores on any part of the body. There are infectious bacteria in these sores so anyone who touches them may be infected. The person might also have a mild fever, hair loss, or get headaches and sore throats. The symptoms usually go away in a few months, but might come and go for up to two years, and the person will still carry the bacteria. 3. Latent. This stage can last for a long time. The person cannot pass the disease to another person during this stage, but they still have the bacteria in their body. 4. Tertiary/Late. Some people who are infected for a long time start to have many problems. The bacteria can damage their heart, eyes, liver, brain, bones, and joints. People may become mentally ill, blind, get heart disease, or die. How is it diagnosed? By microscopic examination of fluid from sores, blood tests, and/or examination of spinal fluid. Is it treatable? Yes. Penicillin can usually cure a person who has had syphilis less than one year and is often administered with either an intramuscular injection, a course of oral antibiotics, or both. If a person has had syphilis for more than a year, a longer treatment is necessary. If a person is allergic to penicillin, there are other antibiotics the doctor can use to treat them. Is it curable? Yes, but you can get syphilis again if you are re-exposed, so all sexual partners should also be treated. You should be tested after treatment to make sure the antibiotic worked. How can we protect against it? If you do not have sexual contact with other people, your risk of getting syphilis is almost zero. If you are having sexual contact, it is best to practice safer sex and limit your number of partners. Having safer sex can means using latex barriers like condoms, dental dams, and gloves correctly and consistently. It is also important get regular STI checks with your partners because early treatment of syphilis is a good way to avoid serious complications. Two people who know that they are not infected and who have sex only with each other cannot contract syphilis.

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The advantages of PLA are mainly as follows: 1.Poly (PLA) (PLA) is a novel biodegradable material made from starch derived from renewable plant resources such as corn. Starch raw materials obtained glucose through saccharification, and then fermentation of glucose and certain strains to produce high purity lactic acid, and then through chemical synthesis method to synthesize polylactic acid of a certain molecular weight. It has good biodegradability and can be completely degraded by microorganisms in nature after use, resulting in carbon dioxide and water, which does not pollute the environment. It is very beneficial to environmental protection and is recognized as an environmentally friendly material. Ordinary plastics are still incinerated, causing a large amount of greenhouse gases into the air, while polylactic acid plastics are buried in the soil to degrade, resulting in carbon dioxide directly into the soil organic matter or absorbed by plants, will not be discharged into the air, will not cause the greenhouse effect. 2. The mechanical and physical properties are good. Polylactic acid is suitable for blow molding, thermoplastic and other processing methods. It can be used to process all kinds of plastic products from industry to civil, packaged food, snack box, non-woven cloth, industrial and civil cloth. And then processed into agricultural fabric, health care fabric, dishcloth, sanitary articles, outdoor anti-ULTRAVIOLET fabric, tent cloth, floor mat surface and so on, the market prospect is very good. 3. Good compatibility and biodegradability. Polylactic acid is also widely used in the field of medicine, such as disposable infusion appliances, non-detachable surgical sutures, etc., low molecular polylactic acid as a drug sustained-release packaging agent, etc. 4. In addition to the basic properties of biodegradable plastics, PLA has its own unique characteristics. Conventional biodegradable plastics are weaker, less transparent and less resistant to climate change than conventional plastics. 5. Polylactic acid (PLA) is similar in basic physical properties to petrified synthetic plastics, that is, it can be widely used to make a variety of applications. Poly (lactic acid) also has a good gloss and transparency, comparable to those made from polystyrene, which is not available in other biodegradable products. 6. Polylactic acid (PLA) has the good tensile strength and the degree of stretch, polylactic acid also can produce all kinds of ordinary processing methods, such as: melt extrusion molding, injection molding, film forming, foaming molding and vacuum forming, and widely used polymer have similar forming condition, furthermore it also has the same as the traditional film printing performance. In this way, PLA can be made into a variety of application products according to the needs of different industries. 7. Polylactic acid (PLA) film has good air permeability, oxygen permeability and dioxide-dicarbon permeability, and it also has odor isolation properties. Viruses and molds easily adhere to the surface of biodegradable plastics, so there are concerns about safety and hygiene. However, PLA is the only biodegradable plastics with excellent antibacterial and anti-mildew properties. 8. When polylactic acid (PLA) is incinerated, its combustion heat value is the same as that of incinerated paper, which is half of that of traditional plastics (such as polyethylene). Moreover, no toxic gases such as nitrates and sulfides are released by incineration of PLA. The human body also contains lactic acid in monomer form, which indicates the safety of this decomposing product.

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Within Voyageurs National Park in Minnesota, lake levels are controlled by a series of dams to support a variety of uses. Previous research indicates a link between these artificially maintained water levels, referred to as rule curves, and mercury concentrations in fish owing to the drying and rewetting of wetlands and other nearshore areas, which may release methylmercury into the water when inundated. The U.S. Geological Survey, National Park Service, and University of Wisconsin-La Crosse cooperated in a study to assess the importance of lake-level fluctuation and other factors affecting mercury concentrations in Perca flavescens (yellow perch) in the lakes of Voyageurs National Park. For this study, mercury body burdens were determined for young-of-the-year yellow perch collected from the large lakes within Voyageurs National Park during 2013–15. These mercury body burdens were compared to lake levels and water-quality constituents from the same period. Field properties and profiles of lake water quality indicated that Sand Point, Little Vermilion, and Crane Lakes were anoxic at times near the lake bottom sediments, where sulfate-reducing bacteria may convert mercury to methylmercury. The median dissolved sulfate concentration was highest in Crane Lake, the median total organic carbon concentration was highest in Sand Point Lake, and the median total phosphorus concentration was highest in Kabetogama Lake, all of which is consistent with previous research. All lakes had median chlorophyll a concentrations of 3.6 micrograms per liter or less with the exception of Kabetogama Lake, where the median concentrations were 4.3 micrograms per liter for the midlake sites and 7.1 micrograms per liter and 9.0 micrograms per liter for the nearshore sites. Mercury concentrations in sampled fish varied widely between years and among lakes, from 14.7 nanograms per gram in fish samples from Kabetogama Lake in 2015 to 178 nanograms per gram in fish samples from Crane Lake in 2014. Data from this study can be combined with ongoing hydrologic modeling studies to evaluate trends in the mercury body burden of fish and different water-level management scenarios prescribed by the 2000 Rule Curves and the 1970 Rule Curves. |Title||Lake levels and water quality in comparison to fish mercury body burdens, Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota, 2013–15| |Authors||Victoria G. Christensen, James H. Larson, Ryan P. Maki, Mark B. Sandheinrich, Mark E. Brigham, Claire Kissane, Jamie F. LeDuc| |Publication Subtype||USGS Numbered Series| |Series Title||Scientific Investigations Report| |Record Source||USGS Publications Warehouse| |USGS Organization||Minnesota Water Science Center|

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Pet parents go to great lengths to look after their dogs and cats to ensure they live safely and happily. Furthermore, they go out of their way to make sure that their pets are regularly worked out, fed nutritious food, and have access to a comfy home or bed. Let’s review the fundamentals that all responsible pet owners need to recognize to keep their pet’s health and wellness on the right track. Proper Pet Care Tips The obligation of owning a pet is to provide a comfortable and healthy environment for your pet at all times, doing regular maintenance activities. Use these six responsible pet care tips every year to ensure a lifetime of satisfied and healthy cats and dogs. Pet vaccination is a pet health tip that you should never disregard for optimum wellness. It secures your pet from possibly deadly diseases such as rabies, distemper, feline leukemia, and canine hepatitis. Vaccination routines for pets vary by age, health, and type. To discuss the vaccinations your pet might need, make an appointment with your veterinarian. Vaccinating your pet is an essential part of providing responsible pet care. Upon the arrival of your new pet, seek advice from your veterinarian about a vaccination schedule. Responsible pet parents protect their pets from diseases they could have avoided earlier. Fleas suck your pet’s blood and are the most common external parasites. They lead to skin inflammation, fur loss, red spots, anemia, and infections. Tapeworms can be transmitted if they are swallowed. Internal and external parasite prevention is a vital pet care tip you should not neglect. Year-round parasite prevention is essential for all pets, no matter their age. You must take safety measures when buying parasite medicine for your pet. Some parasite medicines intended for dogs are deadly to cats. Consult your vet to determine your pet’s ideal and most effective parasite treatment. Pets, like humans, struggle with dental issues such as a cavity, periodontal illness, and tooth loss. Brushing your pet’s teeth and practicing good oral hygiene are the only solutions to maintain their teeth healthy and strong. Most pet parents are reluctant to check out their pet’s mouths. Oral disease is the most common illness that leads to frequent appointments with the veterinarian. Over 80% of canines and 70% of cats are estimated to have oral disease by age three. This triggers chronic pain and tooth loss in pets. Spay and Neuter The animal’s gender determines the difference between spaying and neutering. Both terms describe an animal’s medical sterilization, but neuter is often used for both genders. Spaying involves removing a female animal’s uterus and ovaries, whereas the dog neuter procedure involves getting rid of a male pet’s testicles. This process ensures that your pet will not reproduce and contributes to overpopulation. It may seem like you brought home your puppy or kitten only yesterday. However, you’ve noticed a slowdown in your pet’s everyday activities. Consult your veterinarian about geriatric care for pets, and be prepared for age-related overall health problems. Older pets require more care, such as regular vet consultations, possible nutritional adjustments, and, in some cases, modifications to their home environment. A good cat and dog owner takes their pet to the vet frequently. Because dogs and cats live shorter lives than humans, you should examine them at least once or twice a year. Depending upon your pet’s vaccination schedule, they may need to see the vet more often when they’re young, but establishing and keeping good pet health needs frequent vet checkups as they get older. Check this homepage to learn more about proper pet care. For first-time pet parents, there is a lot to learn. It can be difficult to guarantee you’re taking every action to keep your pet pleased and healthy, from determining the best food to feed your animal to ensuring they’re up to date on their vaccinations. The above pet care tips will help you provide your pet with a comfortable and safe life. If you are not sure about pet maintenance, it is important to seek the advice of a specialist.

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Students can go through AP State Board 9th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 6 Agriculture in India to understand and remember the concept easily. AP State Board Syllabus 9th Class Social Studies Notes Chapter 6 Agriculture in India → Agriculture is an age-old economic activity in our country. Farming varies from subsistence to commercial type. → Subsistence farming: This type of farming is alone in two forms. They are Simple Subsistence Farming and Intensive Subsistence Farming. → Commercial farming: The main characteristic of this type of farming is the use of higher doses of modern inputs, chemical fertilizers, insecticides, and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity. The plantation is also a type of commercial farming. → Agriculture crops depend on seasons and natural resources such as soil, water, and sunshine for cultivation. India has three cropping seasons. → Major Crops: A variety of food and non-food crops are grown in different parts of the country. Major crops grown in India are: - Rice: It is a Kharif crop. High temperatures, heavy rainfall, and high humidity are essential for rice. Grown in the plains of north and northeastern plains of India. - Wheat: It is a winter crop. Grown in the northern part of our country. - Maize: It is used both as food and fodder. It is grown in old alluvial soil Major Maize producing states are Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh. → Millets, Pulses, Sugarcane, Oilseeds, Tea are some other important crops. → Horticulture Crops: India is the largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world → Non-Food Crops: Rubber, fiber crops such as cotton, jute, silk are important non-food crops. → Environmental Effects of New-Agricultural Technologies: The Green Revolution has brought in several environmental imbalances: In Punjab, Haryana, and parts of Uttar Pradesh, most farmers have shifted to the cultivation of HYVs of rice and wheat, which require plenty of water. → The food security of a nation depends on agriculture. A variety of raw materials required for industries are cultivated on farms. Agriculture is also a major source of livelihood for millions. → Two kinds of people are engaged in farming – agricultural laborers and cultivators. → A variety of crops are cultivated by farmers in India. They are food grains and non-food grains. → There are two challenges for the country - to grow food in sufficient quantity and - to ensure that people are not undernourished even when we have food available. → Agriculture crops depend on seasons and natural resources such as soil and water and sunshine for cultivation. Temperature and humidity conditions are important → The newly formed Indian Government also made (initiated) other important policy changes. (a) The First Phase: Between 1950-65, big dams for irrigation and electricity generation like Bhakra-Nangal, Damodar Valley, Hirakund, Nagarjuna Sagar, etc. were constructed. (b) The Second Phase – Green Revolution and its Spread: The government introduced a new kind of seeds to the Indian soil It was also accompanied by the use of chemical fertilizers, machinery such as tractors, and others besides irrigation facilities. High Yielding Varieties of seeds and fertilizers were the key elements of new agricultural technologies. → Effects of Green Revolution: The spread ofHYVs to large parts of the country and to newer crops have led to a significant increase in crop production in the country. As a result of the import of food- grains from other countries were reduced. Today farmer is able to produce nearly 800 kilograms of foodgrains per acre of cultivable land → The Green Revolution has brought in several environmental imbalances. (c) The Third Phase – Post reform agriculture: Foreign trade in food products was not allowed The Government started offering minimum support prices. Thus the Indian farmer produced for markets within the country. → In recent years, however, the support of the government has not been so strong. For example, the government has started only a very few new irrigation projects. So a large section of farmers are compelled to depend on rainfall → Chemical fertilizer: Fertilizers that are prepared by using petro-chemicals are called chemical fertilizers. They are proved to be harmful to agriculture. → Green Revolution: It is a specific program introduced to increase the productivity of agriculture by using a high-yielding variety of seeds. → Organic Material: The material obtained from degrading all the biological waste in the compost pit can be termed as organic material. → Dryland Agriculture: The agriculture carried on the lands which cannot easily be irrigated is known as dryland agriculture. → Modern Farming Practices: The use of High Yielding Varieties of seeds, fertilizers, and use of machinery, etc., are modern farming practices. → Foreign Trade Policy: Policy of government regarding imports and exports. → Bio-chemical: Bio-chemical fertilizers are prepared by using biological materials. often they are used to enrich the soil. → Tropical climate: The hot climate which can be experienced within the tropics. → Environmental problems: Problems related to our environment are called environmental problems. → Environmental imbalances: Any disturbance created to our natural surroundings in which we live or exist. e.g.: Reduction in groundwater levels etc. → High Yielding Varieties: High Yielding Varieties of seeds and fertilizers were the key elements of new agriculture technologies. The HYV5 seeds grew well when fertilizers and water were used; they had larger amounts of grain and shorter stalks and a short period of maturity in most cases. The short period of maturity also enables double cropping-farmers can to use their lands more than once a year. → This policy was initially implemented in Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, and in some districts of Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu. The HYV seeds required a lot of water and these areas were already irrigated. The new variety of wheat was grown in Punjab, Haryana, and Western Uttar Pradesh, while the rice was grown in Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu. → Organic Farming – The experience of a farmer in Odisha: In order to overcome the ill effects of the Green Revolution, farmers in India have begun to adopt different farming practices. Let us look at an example. Aged 80, Natwarbhai is a resident of Narishu village, near Niali in Cuttack district, Odisha. A retired school teacher, he has been practicing organic farming for the last decade or so, and swears by its potential to feed India’s population. He says some of the varieties he grows yield over 20 quintals per acre, higher than the so-called ‘high yielding varieties that farmers around him get after using chemical fertilizers and pesticides. And he spends much less since his main inputs are gobar, natural pesticides when occasionally needed, and family labor. → Natwarbhai was earlier a ‘modern’ farmer. One day, while watching a laborer spray Carbofuran (a highly toxic pesticide), he was horrified to see him stagger and collapse. Rushed for treatment, the worker survived, but not Natwarbhai’s faith in the new agriculture. Especially after the laborer told him: “I could not breathe, my head was reeling”; and especially after, having buried the remaining stock of Carbofuran in a pit in his fields, Natwarbhai “saw dead snails, snakes, and frogs floating in the water that had accumulated there. “I immediately wondered what would be happening to the earthworms and micro-organisms that I knew kept the soil alive.” Natwarbhai switched to organic inputs, but with the high yielding varieties that them all, noting down their names, characteristics, and productivity. → What is fertile soil? To be fertile, the soil has to provide the roots of plants with the right amounts of water, minerals, and air. To do this, it must have the correct texture and the correct composition. Soil is composed of mineral particles (which come from the breakdown of rocks) as well as organic components (which are or have come from living organisms). To be available to roots, the minerals must be dissolved in the water. → Why Government buys and stores some grain? A lot of grain comes into the market at harvest time. One problem farmers faced was the low price of grain during this time. This means farmers were not able to sell grain at a high enough price to be able to repay their loans and continue using the new farming methods. They need to be protected from traders who might try to purchase the grains at low prices. Therefore, the government decided to set a Minimum Support Price (MSP). A Minimum Support Price is a price at which the farmers can sell their grain, if they want, to the government. The government sets the MSP so as to cover the cost of cultivation and allow a little bit of profit to the farmer. Because of the MSP, farmers are not forced to sell their grains at cheaper prices to the traders. → The Food Corporation of India (FCI) was formed by the government to purchase food grains from the farmers and store them. It keeps stockpiles and supplies grain to ration shops and other government schemes (e.g. for midday meals in schools).

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Carry is signed a bit like bring, so be careful not to get the two confused. To sign carry, take your two flat hands, palms facing up. Motion them together from your dominant hand side to the front of your body, bobbing them up and down simultaneously three times as they approach the center. It is as if you are indicating that you are carrying something along as you walk or ride a vehicle. Teach your baby or toddler the carry sign in the context of carrying or taking something - or your baby - somewhere. Teach your child this sign when you are showing them that you are carrying something, or when you are teaching them to carry something themselves. Leave a Reply Protected: Baby Sign Language Premium Kit (Online Video) Get all four volumes of Baby Signing Time...

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There are a lot of songs that can be used for stretching and exercising. These songs are not only fun to listen to but they also help children learn new skills. Ring Around the Rosy, This Old Man, The Itsy Bitsy Spider Little Jack Horner, Hickory Dickory Dock, Humpty Dumpty As a parent, you may know that there are many benefits of singing to your children. One way to do this is by stretching and exercising the nursery rhymes and kids songs. This article talks about the benefits of singing nursery rhymes and kids songs such as: – It helps children learn new words in a fun way – It helps improve their memory skills – It improves their vocabulary skills – It encourages creativity Souce: Cocomelon – Nursery Rhymes

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Addressing Bias in AI-driven EdTech: Challenges and Solutions Every new thing makes people wary. The same is the case with Artificial Intelligence, and when AI gets combined with the education sector, people become both curious and doubtful. In the EdTech sector, bias in regard to AI refers to the ways in which AI-powered educational tools can reflect or amplify existing biases in the data they are trained on or in the way they are designed and implemented. This can lead to unfair or discriminatory outcomes for students, such as perpetuating stereotypes or denying access to opportunities. Along with this, there are biases regarding the sudden change in educational techniques and how it would impact students and teachers. Let’s check out what these challenges are and how to deal with them. Challenges of Addressing AI bias in EdTech There are a number of challenges to addressing AI bias in EdTech, including: - Difficult to Use: AI systems are often complex and opaque, making it difficult to understand how they work. This particular bias is true to some extent, especially for individuals from non-tech backgrounds. Training on handling AI tools and features would be the best way to remove this bias. - Not Accurate Datasets: Since AI systems are trained on data sets handled by both humans and AI models themselves, there is the bias of the data being inaccurate. Plus, the group of humans training the AI could have certain biases of their own in terms of religion, culture, gender roles, and many others. These biases can be reflected in the AI datasets creating the same bias in the way the AI responds. - Sources of AI Models: In the Edtech industry, AI models often rely on historical data sources, which predominantly consist of outdated information. However, this practice could potentially impact both present and future data accuracy. Given that information undergoes significant changes over the years, failing to train AI models on current datasets could lead to compromised outcomes. Solutions to AI bias in EdTech Although there are many challenges in front of the AI-supported EdTech industry, they are not inevitable. There are a number of solutions that can be used to address AI bias in EdTech. Some of them are: - Using more diverse data sets: The problem of inaccuracy in AI datasets can be solved by bringing more diversity while training the AI model. Using more diverse data sets can help to mitigate the effects of bias in AI systems. People from different genres and mindsets should be chosen to train the AI, and the accuracy of the data should be prioritized. This can be done by collecting data from a wider range of sources or by using techniques such as data augmentation to artificially increase the diversity of the data set. - Constant Training: Along with being transparent about the sources AI models use to forge decisions and solutions, they should also be in constant training mode. Data is ever-expanding and can’t be submerged in a single location. By constantly learning the changing parameters of data in the world, AI models would be able to provide more accurate solutions to all. - Cross Checking Certain Words or Phrases: There are a number of words and phrases that signify biases. Those words could be added to the AI model’s mainframe as being a red light zone. So, whenever those words or phrases arrive in AI datasets, they would be automatically removed from the systems or dealt with unbiasedly. According to Manish Mohta, founder of Learning Spiral says:- Addressing AI bias in EdTech is a complex challenge, but it is one that is essential to ensuring that AI is beneficial to all, especially students. By using the solutions outlined above, one can create AI-powered educational tools that are fair, unbiased, and inclusive. Also, being involved in every procedure of the AI data set creation and advancement is also crucial. Universities should pay heed to what the students are learning by keeping a check on their sources and providing them with the right resources. Along with this, handling the responsibility of an AI dataset creation should be given to reliable platforms. One such platform is Learning Spiral. The experience they have generated in the educational sector and the advances they have made in terms of keeping in pace with the constantly evolving EdTech industry is commendable. So, help your students out by utilizing the features provided by this wonderful platform right now.

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When wet soil conditions delay corn planting, questions about agronomic decisions are raised. Yield penalty for late-planted corn Long-term data indicate that corn in Minnesota generally needs to be planted by mid-May to avoid yield losses greater than 9 percent (Table 1). Average yields were reduced by 8 percent when planting was delayed until May 20, and by 18 percent when planting was delayed until May 30. On average, each one-day delay in planting reduces yield by 0.5 percent from April 30 to May 20. From May 20 to 30, yield reductions increase on average to 1 percent per day. After May 30, yield reductions due to delayed planting average about 1.2 percent per day. Table 1: How planting date affects corn yield, as a percent of maximum |Planting date||Percent of maximum grain yield; Study 1: Lamberton; (1988-2003)||Percent of maximum grain yield; Study 2: Lamberton, Morris and Waseca; (2009-2011)| Latest recommended planting dates June 5: In central and northern Minnesota, if harvesting corn for grain. June 10: In southern Minnesota, if harvesting corn for grain. June 12: In central and northern Minnesota, if harvesting for corn silage. June 20: In southern Minnesota, if harvesting corn for silage. Corn maturities to use Growers should stick with their planned seed corn choices until the last week in May. When planting is delayed until May 22 or later, it will be a good risk management strategy to reduce the relative maturity of the corn hybrids that will be planted. Use the information in Table 2 to guide your decisions regarding corn maturity for late planting. Table 2: Corn maturity guidelines for late planting in Minnesota |Planting date||Relative maturity (RM) units earlier than full-season for the region| |Prior to May 22||Plant normal seed choices| |May 22 to 28||5 to 7 relative maturity units| |May 29 to June 4||8 to 15 relative maturity units| |June 5 to 10||15 or more relative maturity units| Seeding rate changes If soil conditions with late planting are better for emergence than those with earlier planting dates, slightly fewer seeds may be needed to get a given final plant population. Research conducted in Lamberton and Waseca found that the optimum plant populations were not affected if corn was planted by mid-May (Figure 1). However, when planting was delayed until late May, a higher plant population was needed to maximize yield. Planting depth changes If planting late in very dry conditions, growers may consider planting deeper (as deep as 2.5 inches) to ensure the presence of adequate soil moisture in the seed zone for germination. However, it’s more common for delayed planting to result from wet field conditions. In general, a planting depth of 1.75 to 2 inches is optimal for most planting dates. While a 1.5-inch planting depth often works, it increases the risk of poorly established nodal roots between the seed and the soil surface. Poor nodal root establishment is commonly associated with both shallow planting and a very dry and fluffy soil surface. It is also associated with shallow planting followed by heavy rains. Rains settle the soil surface, resulting in seed placement that is shallower than originally desired. Reviewed in 2022

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Understanding Cash Flow to Equity Cash flows to equity (CFE) measures the cash flows available to the equityholders of a company and provides investors with information about how effectively a firm is utilizing its funds. It’s an important element in determining the value of a company’s stock as it allows investors to evaluate the quality of the company’s financial situation. CFE can also be used to identify potentially undervalued companies that may be a good investment. This article explains how to calculate cash flow to equity and what it can tell investors about a company. From Earnings to Cash Flows To calculate cash flows to equity, one needs to begin with net capital expenditure. This amount is obtained by subtracting total capital expenditure from total earnings for the period. Next, we have to calculate the change in debt. If there is an increase in debt, the number should be added and if there is a decrease, the number should be subtracted. Next, we add to this amount any dividend payments that occurred during the period. Finally, the result is multiplied by the company’s tax rate, which provides us with the net cash flows to equity. Valuing Common Equity Once the amount of cash flows to equity is calculated, it can be used to determine the value of the firm’s common equity. This can be done either directly by finding the present value of free cash flows to equity (FCFE), or indirectly by using an FCFF (Free Cash Flow to Firm) model. With the FCFF model, the value of the firm is estimated first and then the value of the common equity is calculated by subtracting the debt and preferred stock values from the firm’s value. Combined, these two methods can provide investors with valuable information regarding the value of the firm’s equity. Understanding and calculating cash flow to equity can be a complex task but an important tool for investors. By understanding the different components of cash flow to equity, investors can gain insights into a company’s financial situation and how it is utilizing its funds. Finding the present value of FCFE or using an FCFF model provides investors with a better understanding of how the company’s equity is being valued in the market. By utilizing these measures, investors can make better informed investment decisions. What is Free Cash Flow to Equity? Free cash flow to equity (FCFE) is a measure of the financial performance of a business or corporation by deducting all investments and operating expenses, along with any debt obligations, from cash flow. This analysis helps to determine the profitability of a company and how much money remains for shareholders. FCFE is used to measure the financial capacity of a company to meet its obligations to equity holders, such as dividends or share buybacks. By comparing the cash flows of a company over time, investors can make informed decisions about potential investments. FCFE measures the amount of cash that can be returned to shareholders after all cash outflows, such as taxes, debt payments, expenditures on new investments, and dividends have been paid in a specified period of time. It is calculated by subtracting all operating expenses including capital expenditure and any interest on debt from the operating cash flow. This calculation helps to ascertain the amount of cash available to the shareholders after subtracting all of the company’s costs. For example, if a company has an operating cash flow of $100 million and an operating expense of $80 million, the FCFE will be $20 million. This indicates that the company can use the $20 million to pay dividends or buy back shares. FCFE is different from free cash flow to the firm (FCFF) because FCFF does not take into account dividends and share buybacks. The Benefits of Using FCFE FCFE is an important factor when evaluating the financial health of a company as it takes into account both the cost of operations and the amount of money available after meeting those obligations. With FCFE, investors can measure the return they can expect to receive from an investment in a company. Additionally, FCFE is an important indicator of whether a company can meet its short-term liabilities, as well as its long-term debt. Furthermore, FCFE can help to identify potential opportunities for share buy-back programs and identify where the current capital structure of the company may be inefficient. By using FCFE, investors and financial analysts can better understand a company’s capacity to pay dividends and finance new investments. FCFE is therefore a critical tool when considering potential investments. In conclusion, free cash flow to equity (FCFE) is a critical measure of the financial health of a company. It allows investors to better understand a company’s capacity to return cash to shareholders, as well as its ability to finance new investments. By understanding the FCFE, investors can make more informed decisions about potential investments.

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M. Katherine Gavin, Ph.D. Neag Center for Gifted Education and Talent Development As a math specialist in gifted education for over 20 years, I work with teachers across the country on meeting the needs of high ability math students. Regarding mathematically talented elementary students, the issue is a complex one and is influenced by many components. There are three main issues. First, there are different levels of math giftedness. Some students learn new concepts very quickly, are curious about the mathematics being studied, and persistent in problem solving. These are talented students who will definitely benefit from programming outside of the regular curriculum. Then there are others who are highly gifted and need not only an enriched curriculum but also one that is accelerated. The level of acceleration depends on the ability of the students. But it is important to realize that extremely few elementary students will have the necessary cognitive development to do very high level abstract math as is found in advanced algebra and geometry. They can memorize the algorithms needed to solve problems and even apply them, but their understanding of the underlying concepts is often missing. This often takes the joy out of doing math for someone who is highly gifted in the subject area and he/she may reject continued pursuit of higher mathematics. This is truly a loss. On the other hand, usually acceleration alone is not enough for highly gifted students. Moving a student to the next grade level often does not provide the advanced content that is rich in problem solving and that develops critical and creative thinking. Rather he/she is placed in an instructional environment meant for the general population. Once again, the pacing is often too slow. The second issue is the fact that many elementary teachers have not specialized in mathematics in their educational preparation and so their mathematical background is not strong. Although teachers recognize the need to provide more challenging mathematics for talented students, they do not know what this is or how to go about it. The third issue is the difficulty in finding appropriate curriculum materials that challenge students to think analytically and creatively and learn substantial mathematics. Although logic problems and math puzzles can be stimulating, they do not provide enough. Students need to think deeply about complex math concepts to be appropriately challenged. This requires units of instruction and projects that encourage students to delve into the mathematics over a period of time. Keeping these issues in mind and knowing that each district and, indeed, each student is unique, the following are some programming models used successfully by districts. Highly Gifted Math Students Students who are highly gifted in mathematics need a separate math program that is accelerated and provides opportunities for complex mathematical reasoning. Some districts use mentors, such as mathematics education majors or professors at nearby colleges to work with these students during the school day. Other schools accelerate students by increasing grade levels for mathematics with additional engagement with high-level mathematics from mentors. The amount of acceleration depends on his or her ability and emotional and social maturity. Some schools use distance learning programs to provide math courses that they do not offer in the school building where a student resides. No matter what the program of choice is, students do need opportunities to engage in mathematical discussions and problem-solving activities appropriate to their level just as real mathematicians do. They need to talk about mathematics with peers of like ability and teachers for it is within these conversations that “aha” moments occur and understanding is stretched. This is where the thrill of discovery is fostered and a life-long love of mathematics develops. Talented Math Students For the remainder of your talented math students, I recommend increased challenge beyond the standard curriculum. Insufficient challenge is sometimes due to lack of rigor in the content and sometimes due to the pace being too slow. The ideal solution for these students is flexible grouping with flexible pacing. We recommend that you pretest students, preferably for each unit, and then form a group of high ability students who have pretested out of the material. These students should receive instruction together using different materials that include advanced content with a problem-solving focus. Several schools use this model of differentiated instruction and find it provides the highest level of challenge for their top students. There is always the same core group of students in the top group and a few students that move in and out depending on the content of the chapter being pretested. In my work with students in research grants, pre and post achievement scores (both standardized and unit tests) from students in these groups have shown significant gains. It is important that a teacher actually work with the students engaging them in activities that promote high-level thinking and good mathematical discussion. If students are given “enrichment sheets” to work on independently and can do this successfully, it usually means the material is NOT challenging for them. It also does not allow for mathematical discussion with their ability peers. This is so important to foster understanding and spark interest and new insights. Talented students need to think and act the way practicing professionals in the field, i.e. mathematicians, do. Finding appropriate materials is another challenge. This is actually why we got involved with Project M3: Mentoring Mathematical Minds. We knew there was little material for young children with mathematical promise and we wanted to change that. In Project M3, experts in the fields of math education and gifted education developed new curriculum units in math for talented students in grades 3-6. Read about our units in the For Teachers section. Find out more about the original Project M3 Grant research design, implementation plan, and results in About Project M3. Check out some other resources for students and parents in the For Students and For Parents sections of this website. It was our hope that this research-based curriculum would provide much-needed math content for challenge and enjoyment to elementary students. We are now realizing that dream as students and teachers in all 50 states and several foreign countries are using the materials and the number continues to grow.

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The Gingerbread Man ActivityGrades 1–3 During the month of December, use The Gingerbread Activity to model repetition in writing, and to create alternate story endings with your students. The Gingerbread Activity includes: - Instruction Sheet - Gingerbread Man Template - Gingerbread Woman Template Fill out the form to download The Gingerbread Man Activity now.

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With many considerations happening in our infrastructure and transportation goals on land, we must also think about the aviation realm. Recently the United States has made plans to enact policies such as the Bipartisan Infrastructure deal and regulations made by EPA in order to standardized the reduction of emissions around us. But what policies are they using for the air, The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) are responsible for this. The International Civil Aviation Organization was established in 1947 as a specialized agency of the United Nations that is responsible for creating new policies to deter aviation terrorism as well as a agency that heavily promotes the decarbonization of aviation field. What is Algae and Jatropa? Algae is a group of aquatic organisms by the name photosynthetic eukaryotic. They are processed though desiccation in order to obtain biomass/bio oil, which is then used to create bio-fuel. Jatropa is a evergreen tree found in tropical and subtropical areas such as Florida and Guatemala. The process of Jatropa bio-fuel is started from the seeds, where the oil is then made into bio-fuel. Recently scientist by the names of Pawlak, M. and Kuźniar, M has looked closely into furthering this process with in depth statistics on how it compares to current fuel systems. To learn more about Pawlak, M. and Kuźniar, M studies visit https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1558 .

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5G is being touted as revolutionary due to the massive download speeds that consumers can expect when it is rolled out at full strength. Samsung is calling it “wireless fiber” and in addition to providing smartphone users with better networking, it will permit for improvements in IoT devices like connected cars and other futuristic smart city developments. However, the ability to download a movie in three and a half seconds while moving around a city in an autonomous car is just one side of this technology. The way that it functions means that 5G is also a highly sophisticated tracking technology that will give corporations and governments staggeringly invasive new powers. This is concerning because consumers can already be tracked by GPS data, cell phone tower data, IP addresses, and WiFi network information. However, nothing has given governments and corporations the kind of ubiquitous capabilities that 5G is about to unleash. In order for 5G to provide its many benefits, the emerging network technology uses different radio frequency spectrum bands than those employed by its predecessors. Those millimeter and submillimeter waves have significantly reduced signal penetration capabilities and thus are more susceptible to obstacles. The furthest that a 5G tower can reliably transmit is around the length of a football field. And, in order for 5G to function in built-up areas, extra mini-towers and relays must be erected to ensure data delivery. For this reason, 5G networks will have vastly more towers than ever before. As a result, consumers will always be close to multiple transmitters, allowing them to be easily triangulated. In fact, it is predicted that within smart cities it will become common for 5G relays to be positioned on lamp posts, and throughout buildings, perhaps within just meters of each other. And, because 5G is designed to communicate with those transmitters much more regularly it is feasible that people could be tracked to within a meter. Adding machine learning into the mix is only going to increase those surveillance woes. AI designed to analyze location data will begin to accurately predict people’s movements. Consider, for example, an individual who only ever visits a particular street to go to a specific store. That user could be served an advert or special offer on their smartwatch, as they approach the shop. What’s more, the low latency provided by 5G is going to permit for the emergence of new Augmented Reality devices. These kinds of devices will have the ability to serve consumers adverts in real-time (think Microsoft HoloLens or Google Glass). The marketing industry is also concocting plans for holographic brand representatives, and connected billboards that will be positioned throughout smart cities. These will allow for hyper-personalization of adverts that are served to consumers as they move around public spaces. Even when in their own vehicles, tracking will be possible. Meaning that individuals might be coerced into taking a turning to visit a drive-through restaurant. In time, this kind of advertising will become acutely invasive – and could easily be used to override willpower and coerce people into spending beyond their means. Super-fast low latency communication will also permit algorithms to use scanning to assess facial microexpressions and discover people’s emotions. This data will allow marketing firms to manipulate consumers into purchasing based on mood or even perceived social pressure. What’s more, passive RFID tags placed on products will allow products to be tracked from the moment they leave shelves to the second they enter smart fridges. When those products are used-up and go in the trash; automated shopping lists will update to ensure that consumers never run out of their favorite things. Due to the signal penetration limitations of 5G, it is likely that consumer devices and vehicles will need to act as relays for passing the information along with the network. With data constantly relaying between devices, the danger of cyberattacks is going to increase and data interception could become an issue. Another thing worth noting is that 99% of IoT has nothing to do with the smart-devices located in your home. The majority of IoT is about electrical grids, medical applications, public transport, commercial buildings, agriculture. These services could also be vulnerable if 5G connectivity creates new flaws for cybercriminals to attack. Huawei, the world leader in providing G5 technology, has already been accused of snooping on behalf of the Chinese government. The US government is taking the threat of espionage seriously and has banned Huawei products and 5G infrastructure within the US. However, Huawei’s technology is cheap and it is known to work better than most of its competitor’s. For this reason, many countries are buying up their products to roll out 5G. If it turns out that backdoors are present in Huawei’s technology, it could give China a troubling foothold within 5G’s backbone. What’s more, any backdoor that is created can be exploited not just by its developers – but also by anybody else tech-savvy enough to discover it. Huawei strongly denies snooping on behalf of the Chinese government. However, Chinese law requires firms to cooperate with state intelligence which means it is a definite possibility; and Huawei has been accused on multiple occasions. Considering the level of corporate tracking performed by Google, Facebook, and other US firms, as well as previous revelations about firms like Apple working hand in hand with the NSA to snoop on citizens, it seems somewhat ludicrous to think that Huawei isn’t doing similar things. Huawei aside, security experts are concerned that the IoT devices attached to 5G themselves could, in fact, be the largest vulnerability. Flaws in IoT devices have been known to cause botnets that allow hackers to perform massive DDoS attacks. Due to the speed with which IoT devices will communicate over 5G, this could lead to a wave of staggeringly massive attacks that have the potential to completely blackout the internet.

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Ensuring a safe and healthy work environment is crucial for employers and employees. Occupational hygienists play a vital role in identifying, evaluating, and controlling workplace hazards to protect workers’ well-being. Two important professional designations in this field are Certified Industrial Hygienist (CIH) and Registered Occupational Hygienist (ROH). While they share common objectives, understanding the differences between these designations can shed light on their respective roles and qualifications. Certified Industrial Hygienist (CIH): A CIH is a globally recognized professional certification granted by the Board for Global EHS Credentialing, previously the American Board of Industrial Hygiene (ABIH). CIHs specialize in industrial hygiene, focusing on the assessment and management of workplace hazards. They work diligently to safeguard workers’ health and promote a safe working environment. To become a CIH, individuals must meet specific education and experience requirements. These include a minimum of a bachelor’s degree in a science or engineering discipline, relevant work experience, and successful completion of a comprehensive examination. The CIH examination covers various aspects of industrial hygiene, including risk assessment, exposure monitoring, hazard control, ventilation, toxicology, and regulatory compliance. CIHs possess expertise in identifying and assessing occupational hazards prevalent in industries such as manufacturing, construction, mining, healthcare, and more. Their role involves conducting exposure monitoring, implementing control measures, developing health and safety programs, and ensuring regulatory compliance. CIHs often serve as valuable resources, providing education and training to workers and management on occupational hazards and risk management. Registered Occupational Hygienist (ROH): ROH is a professional designation used in countries such as Canada and Australia. In Canada, this is governed by the Canadian Registration Board of Occupational Hygienists (CBROH). ROHs also specialize in occupational hygiene and work to protect workers’ health and well-being by assessing and managing workplace hazards. The specific requirements to become a ROH can vary, but they typically involve a combination of education, experience, and professional assessment. This may include a relevant degree, completion of specific training courses, demonstration of practical experience, and successful assessment by a professional registration body. For instance, the CRBOH offers a two-part written and practical examination applicants must pass to obtain their ROH designation. ROHs share similar responsibilities with CIHs, focusing on hazard identification, risk assessment, exposure monitoring, and control measures. They contribute to the development of health and safety programs, ensure compliance with regulations, conduct incident investigations, and provide education and training to enhance awareness and safety practices in the workplace. Continuing Professional Development: Both CIHs and ROHs emphasize the importance of ongoing professional development. CIHs must fulfill continuing education requirements to maintain their certification, while ROHs engage in continuing professional development activities to sustain their registration. This ensures that professionals stay updated with the latest advancements and regulations in the field of occupational hygiene. Certified Industrial Hygienists and Registered Occupational Hygienists are dedicated professionals committed to safeguarding the health and well-being of workers in various industries. While CIH is a globally recognized certification, ROH is a professional designation used in specific countries. By collaborating with employers and employees, both of these professionals contribute to creating safe and healthy work environments for everyone involved.

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Cranfills Gap, Texas facts for kids Quick facts for kids Cranfills Gap, Texas St. Olaf Kirke located just outside Cranfills Gap in the unincorporated rural community known as Norse, Texas Location of Cranfills Gap, Texas |• Total||0.73 sq mi (1.88 km2)| |• Land||0.73 sq mi (1.88 km2)| |• Water||0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)| |Elevation||968 ft (295 m)| | • Estimate |• Density||388.43/sq mi (150.01/km2)| |Time zone||UTC-6 (Central (CST))| |• Summer (DST)||UTC-5 (CDT)| |GNIS feature ID||1333628| Cranfills Gap is located at(31.773727, -97.828335). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.7 square miles (1.8 km2), all of it land. The area in which Cranfills Gap is located was originally settled by and named for George Eaton Cranfill in 1851. Norwegian settlers in and around the community, who were mostly Lutheran, built St. Olaf Kirke (kirke is Norwegian for "church") in a rural area just outside Cranfills Gap. St. Olaf Kirke, commonly referred to as The Rock Church, is a small Lutheran church located in the unincorporated rural community of Norse, Texas. Among the pioneers in Norse was Cleng Peerson. The founder of Norse was Ole Canuteson (Ole Knudsen) from the Stavanger region of Norway. In 1917, as the congregation of that church began to grow, a new church was built for the congregation inside the city. The city slowly grew to its peak population of 600 in 1940. During World War II, Cranfills Gap was the first city to sell more than its quota of war bonds for the Fourth War Loan Drive. While as many as 25 businesses operated within "the gap", as locals commonly refer to it, the population and the business activity slowly dwindled to roughly nine businesses in 1980 and a population of 269 in 1990. On December 3, 2008, KXXV-TV in nearby Waco reported on its website that Cranfills Gap had been selected for participation in an advertising campaign for the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority. The selection process compared hundreds of rural communities from across the USA seeking "the most unique all-American town in all of the 50 states." Cranfills Gap was first contacted by the LVCVA in October 2008 when the town was placed on the list of ten candidate communities. A film crew and LVCVA representative visited the town for a few days and interviewed residents about the town, their impressions of and experience with Las Vegas, and their opinions about the ongoing selection process. In November 2008, Cranfills Gap Chamber of Commerce members were notified that the LVCVA had shortened the list to two finalists including their town. Another LVCVA delegation was dispatched to Cranfills Gap for a closer look. The visitors stayed for about a week and conducted a fresh set of interviews and observed the community at work and play. Although the LVCVA had initially intended to send 150 residents from the winning locality to Sin City, the Cranfills Gap Chamber of Commerce and elected officials struck a feasible compromise with their visitors: if selected, Cranfills Gap would make every effort to provide one hundred adult men and women for the LVCVA's project. During the first week of December 2008, Cranfills Gap and local media were notified by LVCVA that the town had won the nationwide search and 100 of its residents would be sent on a free trip to Las Vegas during the weekend of December 5–7, 2008. Cranfills Gap City Council member Ron Hubbard told the press that he sincerely hoped Cranfills Gap would reap benefits from the ad campaign beyond just plane tickets and memories. "With that national recognition, maybe people will come visit, see what we're all about," said Hubbard. |U.S. Decennial Census| As of the census of 2000, there were 335 people, 132 households, and 90 families residing in the city. The population density was 459.9 people per square mile (177.2/km2). There were 156 housing units at an average density of 214.2 per square mile (82.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 91.34% White, 0.30% African American, 0.90% Native American, 4.78% from other races, and 2.69% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.66% of the population. There were 132 households, out of which 37.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.8% were married couples living together, 9.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.1% were non-families. 28.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.13. In the city, the population was spread out, with 29.3% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 23.0% from 25 to 44, 24.8% from 45 to 64, and 16.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.8 males. The median income for a household in the city was $26,484, and the median income for a family was $31,389. Males had a median income of $26,250 versus $15,250 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,405. About 14.3% of families and 14.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.0% of those under age 18 and 7.3% of those age 65 or over. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Cranfills Gap has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. Cranfills Gap is served by the Cranfills Gap Independent School District. In Spanish: Cranfills Gap para niños Cranfills Gap, Texas Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.

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According to agoraphobia definition, it is the excessive and unreasonable fear of crowded spaces where one thinks escape would be difficult. It may occur in places that can potentially make you feel trapped, helpless, or extremely embarrassed when you have a panic attack. In the 11th version of the Phobias often prevent people from living the lives they want. Don’t let it control your well-being. Whenever a person with agoraphobia is in crowded or enclosed places, they feel trapped, and their anxiety levels rise. Their thoughts spiral as they focus on how hard it would be to escape if something bad happened. As they visualize the helplessness of their situation, they begin to panic. They exhibit panic attack symptoms, such as difficulty breathing, excessive sweating, or increased heartbeat. Consequently, the more thoughts of fear of being trapped accumulate, the more they stimulate the development of agoraphobia. Since people with agoraphobia fear going outside or being in crowded places, they prefer staying in environments where they feel safe. In most cases, that’s their home. Sometimes, they may rely on someone they trust to accompany them outside their homes. However, severe cases of agoraphobia can leave patients housebound for years. It also affects their social life since they may fail to attend their jobs, visit friends or meet up anywhere outside their homes. Common symptoms of agoraphobia are: - Fear of enclosed places such as elevators or movie theaters. - Fear of crowded places such as the mall or standing in line. - Fear of leaving home without a companion. - Fear of using public transport like trains, buses, and airplanes. When placed in a situation where they must be in the above-mentioned situations, agoraphobic patients experience panic attacks. According to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( - Marked and irrational fear for more than six months when presented with any two of the situations (crowded places, public transportation, etc.) they fear. - Avoidance behavior since they are scared to come outside. - Fear that is disproportionate to the actual situation. - Anxiety or panic attacks upon exposure to the phobic stimulus. - Social or occupational dysfunction due to their fear and anxiety. - No underlying medical illnesses that may trigger similar symptoms. - Another mental health condition does not better explain symptoms. Phobias can be treated successfully with the help of a medical professional. After diagnostics, doctors use medication and therapy to treat agoraphobia. Medicine can include antidepressants like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or benzodiazepines to lower anxiety. The physician can also prescribe beta-blockers like propranolol to stabilize the patient’s heartbeat during panic attacks. The best treatment for agoraphobia is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). It teaches patients to adopt a positive thinking process to break a cycle of negative behavior and thoughts. The therapist studies the patient’s psychology to understand the cause of fear and trains the patient to overcome their fear when exposed to phobic stimuli. Since therapists understand the patients’ fear of going outside their homes, the initial sessions can take place online or on call. As treatment continues, the patient may become comfortable with physical sessions. Ask a mental health professional about suitable treatment options for phobia treatment. Dialectical Behavior Therapy Doctors can also use dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) for agoraphobia treatment. The difference between DBT and cognitive-behavioral therapy is that DBT trains patients to accept and change their conditions. Dialectical behavior therapy works well for individuals who feel fear, depression, or anxiety intensely. Treating agoraphobia through DBT requires active involvement from the patient as they go through four stages: Stage 1: Distress tolerance. The patient deals with destructive behaviors caused by intense emotions. For example, the patient leaves the house to face their fears. Stage 2: Emotional Regulation. The patient learns to recognize the onset of fear and label it fear or anxiety. After this, the patient starts to work on adjusting their emotions. A good example is learning to replace negative thoughts with positive ones to ease the disproportionate fear of feeling trapped. Stage 3: Mindfulness. Patients learn to live in the present, being aware of themselves and others. The therapist will help patients improve their self-esteem and their social life. Stage 4: Interpersonal effectiveness. The patient learns to face conflict and interact with people without fear. The patient is no longer afraid of being around people in crowded or enclosed places. They can now handle their emotions and thoughts. The therapist would administer - Individual sessions between the patient and the therapist. - Group meetings with other patients and the therapist. - Inter-session contact between the patient and physician when necessary. - Peer consultation meetings for all physicians involved in the patient’s treatment process. This way, they can offer treatment specific to the patient’s needs. Fortunately, agoraphobia is a curable condition. Once your doctor has diagnosed agoraphobia, they will prescribe a suitable treatment. Medications, cognitive-behavioral therapy, or dialectical behavior therapy can be the best treatment solutions. Psychotherapy encourages active participation and interaction between the doctor and patient toward recovery, while medicines help reduce the symptoms. If you have fears that prevent you from living a fulfilling life, contact MEDvidi doctors to go through a symptoms check.

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Getting fit was the main key during the last month. That is why we focus the class on how to prepare the body for the new P.E activities and the most important, to learn how to be healthy. October was a challenging work establishing routines, but finally those helped the classes to be more fluid and easy to do, for example for the first year students to do a Physed class has more sense than before, because they are understanding the new movements and the foundations of the class. Also during this period I started introducing new activities for those who like to do winter sports, with some leg exercises and balance activities which will be the main topic for the month that is coming. Every session I’m going to be encouraging the children to practice the exercises at home and get more lower body strength, be sure to support this activities and have fun with them.

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Benzene is a by-product of the Refinery, Naphtha Cracker, Paraxylene and Steel plant processes. Benzene (C6H6) is an aromatic hydrocarbon and one of the primary chemical building blocks for the petrochemical industry. Benzene is extracted from two primary sources: pyrolysis gasoline (pygas), which is a co-product of ethylene manufacture; or reformate, a refinery stream resulting from the catalytic reforming process used in gasoline production. Benzene can also be made by hydrodealkylation of Toluene. It is used to produce a number of petrochemical intermediates such as ethylbenzene for styrene production, cumene for phenol and acetone, cyclohexane and nitrobenzene. The largest derivative outlet for benzene is ethylbenzene, an intermediate used in the production of styrene, which is further converted into materials such as polystyrene. Benzene is also widely used to produce cumene, which in turn leads to phenol, a component in phenolic resins and adhesives; cyclohexane, a precursor of caprolactam and adipic acid, both used in nylon and aniline, a material needed to produce methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) which is used in urethanes and other speciality applications.

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Cuttlefish eat less for lunch when they know there'll be shrimp for dinner When cuttlefish know that shrimp—their favourite food—will be available in the evening, they eat fewer crabs during the day. This capacity to make decisions based on future expectations reveals complex cognitive abilities. "It was surprising to see how quickly the cuttlefish adapted their eating behaviour—in only a few days they learned whether there was likely to be shrimp in the evening or not. This is a very complex behaviour and is only possible because they have a sophisticated brain," said Pauline Billard, a Ph.D. student in the University of Cambridge's Department of Psychology and Unicaen, France, and first author of the report. Cuttlefish foraging behaviour can be described as either selective or opportunistic. Observing the European common cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, when the researchers reliably provided one shrimp every evening, the cuttlefish became more selective during the day and ate significantly fewer crabs. But when they were provided with evening shrimp on a random basis, the cuttlefish became opportunistic and ate more crabs during the day. Random provision of evening shrimp meant that the cuttlefish could not predict whether their favourite food would be available for dinner each day, so they made sure they had enough to eat earlier in the day. When conditions changed, the cuttlefish changed their foraging strategy to match. The researchers saw the animals quickly shift from one eating strategy to another based on their experience. By learning and remembering patterns of food availability, the cuttlefish optimise their foraging activity not only to guarantee they eat enough—but also to make sure they eat more of the foods they prefer. Cuttlefish eat a wide range of food including crabs, fish and squid, depending on what is available. Despite such a generalised diet, they show strong food preferences. To test this, the researchers tested twenty-nine cuttlefish five times a day, for five days, by putting crab and shrimp at an equal distance from the cuttlefish at the same time and watching what they ate first. All showed a preference for shrimp. Animals must constantly adapt to changes in their environment in order to survive. Cuttlefish hatch with a large central nervous system, which enables them to learn from a young age. They are capable of remembering things that happened in the past, and using this information to adjust their behaviour in anticipation of the future. Cuttlefish are a type of cephalopod. In evolutionary terms, cephalopods and vertebrates diverged around 550 million years ago, yet they are remarkably similar in the organisation of their nervous systems. "This flexible foraging strategy shows that cuttlefish can adapt quickly to changes in their environment using previous experience," said Professor Nicola Clayton in the University of Cambridge's Department of Psychology, who led the study. "This discovery could provide a valuable insight into the evolutionary origins of such complex cognitive ability." More information: Cuttlefish show flexible and future-dependent foraging cognition, Biology Letters, royalsocietypublishing.org/doi … .1098/rsbl.2019.0743 Journal information: Biology Letters Provided by University of Cambridge

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Staying physically fit might also help you stay mentally fit. Your body will be robust and help you cope with stress and battle sickness if you consume the correct foods and stay in shape. Follow These Healthy Body Tips To Stay Fit- Don’t drink sugar calories. Sugary drinks are one of the fattiest foods you can consume. This is because your brain does not calculate calories from liquid sugar in the same way it does from solid food. As a result, drinking soda causes you to consume more overall calories. Sugary drinks have been linked to obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and various other health issues. Keep in mind that some fruit juices can be nearly as terrible as soda in this sense, as they often contain the same amount of sugar. The antioxidants in them are insufficient to counteract the negative effects of sugar. - Get Enough Rest It is impossible to overestimate the value of getting adequate good sleep. Sleep deprivation can contribute to insulin resistance; affect appetite hormones, and lower physical and mental function. In addition, sleep deprivation is one of the most powerful individual risk factors for weight growth and obesity. Insufficient sleep was associated with an increased risk of obesity in children and adults by 89 percent and 55 percent, respectively. - It Would Be Best If You Did Not Become Thirsty To avoid becoming dehydrated, you should drink enough water. The government recommended that you consume 6 to 8 glasses of water every day. This is in addition to the liquids you consume from your meal. All non-alcoholic beverages are acceptable. However, water, low-fat milk, and low-sugar beverages, such as tea and coffee, are healthier options. Sugary soft and fizzy drinks are high in calories, so avoid them. They’re also detrimental to your dental health. Free sugar is present in even unsweetened fruit juice and smoothies. Your daily total of drinks from fruit juice, vegetable juice, and smoothies should not exceed 150ml, which is around half a glass. When it’s hot outside or you’re exercising, remember to drink more water. - Consume A Lot Of Fruits And Vegetables Every day, you should consume at least five servings of a variety of fruits and vegetables. They come in various forms, including fresh, frozen, tinned, dried, and juiced. 80g is a serving of fresh, tinned, or frozen fruit and vegetables. 30g of dried fruit (which should be consumed only at mealtimes) A 150ml glass of fruit juice, vegetable juice, or smoothie qualifies as one serving, but limit yourself to one glass per day because these drinks are high in sugar and can harm your teeth. To Sum Up, A few simple changes can help you improve your nutrition and overall health. Still, if you want to live a better life, don’t just concentrate on what you eat. Exercise, sleep, and social connections are also essential. It’s simple to make your body feel terrific every day with the recommendations above

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Gravel pits and concrete plants were everywhere in the early days of the Park. At the end of WWII there were eight gravel mines in operation. Some lasted into the 1960’s, before they were depleted and the land surrendered to medical centers, grocery stores, housing developments, etc. We should not underestimate the role of these sites in the development of the area, and the impact of their output on the surrounding area. The area south of Minnetonka Blvd. is part of the Mississippi Valley Outwash Plain, and the soils that formed are well drained loamy sands underlain with gravel. High grade sand and gravel deposits occur in several locations. As a result, there were several excavation sites in the area. The gravel that was excavated from these pits was used for construction and road paving in Minneapolis and the surrounding area, and “monster gravel trucks” were a constant sight along what is now 36th Street east of Highway 100. These sites could be dangerous. Although they were often inviting swimming holes, children were apparently drowning at an alarming rate. Village Council minutes of July 1, 1929 indicate that two such drownings had taken place that week, and parents were very concerned. On April 29, 1935, a new Gravel Pit Ordinance was passed by the Village Council. At the end of World War II there were eight gravel mines in operation. Some of the sand and gravel businesses in the Park are listed below (in alphabetical order): Aaron Anderson advertised in the 1934 directory, mostly as a trash hauler, but he also mentioned sand and gravel in his ad. He was located at 2720 Vernon, which is a house built in 1927. Apple Valley Red-E-Mix was located at 3270 Gorham Ave. In 1973 the City tried to force the plant out with its zoning ordinance, but the plant sued and the Minnesota Supreme Court sided with the company. A new ordinance was passed in 1981 prohibiting Ready-Mix plants, but still it would not leave. In 1995 the City gave it two years to leave, but it hung on for a few more years before being demolished for redevelopment. M.G. Astleford received a license to remove, process, and store gravel for one year. The location was E ½ of NW ¼ of Section 20. Century Washed Sand and Gravel Co. was around in the 1930s and ’40s. It was located at Zarthan and Wayzata Blvd.,, the site of condos today. Arvid Lindskoog was the Plant Superintendent; he also lived at Zarthan and Wayzata Blvd. Ruth C. Cornish received a permit to mine clay and gravel at 9801 Wayzata Blvd. in December 1959. There was an H. M. Cornish listed at 9808 Wayzata Blvd. in 1955. This would have been in the Shelard area. Elliot and Margaret Anderson, dba Elliot-Erskine Co. Sand and Gravel, had 30 acres bounded by Highway 12 and 16th Street, and Dakota and Hampshire (6701 Wayzata in 1956). They offered dirt, clay, sod, and crushed rock. Anderson was cited regularly for harboring dumps on his property. See the history of Garbage in the Park. G.B. French and Co. was listed at Princeton and W. 38th Street in 1928; the company made cement blocks. Hedberg-Friedheim & Co. was primarily located at 5115 West 36th Street. In 1960 they requested permission to mine and process gravel in an area south of Cedar Lake Road and west of Highway 100. In 1934 Victor E. Johnson requested an excavating permit for 3401 Texas Avenue. That year he advertised in the Village directory for grading, plowing, hauling, black dirt, fertilizer, etc. This company, which changed names slightly over the years, operated several large sand and gravel operations. A picture taken in 1900 shows that the Landers-Morrison-Christenson Co. gravel plant was located between Louisiana and Texas Ave., 28th St. to the south and the Great Northern railroad tracks to the north. 1941 it was called the Landers-Norblom-Christenson Sand and Gravel Co. at 2600 Louisiana. The 48.4-acre area was abandoned and sold in about 1964. A proposal to develop it as industrial property was met with neighborhood resistance, so a compromise was struck. The Louisiana Court Apartments were built in this area, and low industrial buildings were built along 27th Street in the 1960s. Ainsworth Park was built down a steep hill from 28th Street. Another L-N-C sand and gravel operation was located in the Aquila Park area. Ted Meland remembers: The gravel pit was a B I G chunk of land. Texas Ave was on the east. Aquila Ave was on the west, 33rd street was on the south and Minnetonka Boulevard was on the north. If you do some counting, that comes out to around 21 square blocks!! There is not just one thing there now. There is Aquila School, Aquila Apartments, Texa-Tonka nursing home and on the south side, 33rd street, there is Torah Academy. As well as homes along Texas, Utah and Virginia Avenues. But the majority of the gravel pit is now Aquila Park. It wasn’t just a big hole, either. There were big hills of sand and gravel. To us kids they seemed like mountains. There were trails leading all throughout it for trucks and what-have-you to drive on. Climbing those hills was dangerous because you kept sliding back down. But in winter they were snow-covered and frozen and made great sliding and tobogganing hills. Ted provided this photo of a Bucyrus-Erie steam shovel, similar to the one used at the Aquila site. It had a real steam engine, weighed 130,000 pounds, and could lift about 70,000 pounds. The one at Aquila was not all rusty, however–it was silver-colored. In 1946, the company estimated that it would be fully excavated in 4 to 5 years, at which time they would level it. Starting in 1960, Adolph Fine developed four apartment buildings on the site, called Aquila Park Apartments. Nevada and Cedar Lake Road Yet another L-N-C site was at Nevada and Cedar Lake Road. On April 1, 1952, the Village contracted with the company to remove gravel in the Home Addition, Blocks 19-20, which don’t show up on the County database but would be in that general area. The company was still operating there in 1956. Part of that land became the apartment building at 7307 Cedar Lake Road, just west of Louisiana. Also in that area are Fire Station #2 and Northside Park. 28th and Virginia L-N-C operated another sand pit at 28th and Virginia. In December 1950, the Village contracted with L-N-C to remove sand and gravel and grade the former Holasek Farm at 28th and Texas. It was converted to a concrete plant, then vacated in 1970. That would put it by Victoria Lake. Marc Kenton posted this picture and description: This is the infamous “pits.” Perfect place to ride your minibike. This place is now filled in and houses built atop. This view is looking to the west, from the approx. middle, with Virginia Ave right smack in the middle where the pits end. Remember, this was about 10 feet below street level (Virginia Ave). I took this in 1982. Marc also found an aerial photograph of the area from 1967: I found an aerial picture of SLP from 1967 and zeroed in on what the “pits” looked like then. If you were born after 1964, you probably won’t remember a thing about it’s industrial past. One thing I remember clearly was the cement operations and the noise and exhaust it produced. This picture clearly shows a plume coming from the mixer they were using. I put in the arrow to point it out. I have no idea what the plume was made of. Maybe harmless water vapor. Or ….. ? Next to the plume you can see the oil tanks for the creosote operations going on. Overall, this was a busy plant. Even had two sidings for the railroad operations. Why did this place get abandoned in 1970? Probably because it became unprofitable, the city wanting to get rid of the cement plants, and increased attention to creosote operations. Whatever the reason, this place was effectively gone by the end of 1970. Then it became a playground of sorts. Langley and Sons Excavating – Sand and Gravel was advertised at Louisiana and Franklin in 1939-41. Alfred E. Lindahl, a Brookside resident at 5612 Vermont, was prominently advertised as a sand and gravel contractor. The location of the actual sand and gravel was somewhere else. Minnesota Sand and Gravel Co., at Cedar Lake Road and Raleigh Ave/Highway 100. On July 1, 1931, Voight O. Lenmark, Ivar L. Lenmark, and Gustave Holm requested a permit to excavate sand and gravel from the Butler Farm, located on Cedar Lake Road, Section 30. This site became Minnesota Sand and Gravel. Al Yngve remembers that at one time it was owned by a banker from Chaska named Kline. Apparently Kline took a personal interest in the business to make sure nobody was helping himself to his gravel. In 1949 it was owned by Burg and Carlson. In 1953 the Village demanded that they cease operations as they were in violation of an ordinance, but that apparently didn’t stop them long, as there was an agreement made in October 1954 for Minn. Sand and Gravel to excavate 42 acres in that area, west of Highway 100. This would be approximately the West End today. In 1951 the State of Minnesota bought property that is now 2200 Louisiana to mine gravel for building Highway 12. The property is now vacant, zoned residential, and belongs to the City. John A. Peterson and Son was located on the northwest corner of Princeton and 36th in 1928, and also made cement blocks. Rice Sand and Gravel, the former site of a potato field, was located at 5000 Excelsior Blvd., between 39th and 40th, north of the Engell Dairy (also described as Princeton and Excelsior Blvd.). 1940-1942 ads claimed “Material washed CLEAN by Telsmith Process – almost dry – Brick Sand Without Quicksand.” It was known as Beltline Sand and Gravel in the 40’s. This may also be the site of the Glenn Johnson Sand and Gravel Co., located at 3724 Quentin (no such address today). This site may have become known as MAPCO. This was the same Johnson who owned Johnson’s (later Wolfe) Lake. Once excavation was finished, the site became the Beltline Pay Dump and junkyard. In 1960, neighbors accused Robert Ridgeway of “over excavating” a site at County Road 18 and 22nd Street (at the Minnetonka border). He was mining gravel by using a rock crusher, and the noise bothered the neighbors. The action was a prelude to development of the Ravenwood addition. J.K. Seirup, at Wooddale and Hamilton, also made cement blocks in 1928. Suburban Ready Mix was established at 3270 Gorham Avenue in 1954. It specialized in “specification concrete” for bridges roadways, and large industrial and commercial developments. Suburban Sanitary Drayage Co. advertised in the Sand and Gravel section of the St. Louis Park Directory in 1941. The address was 3612 Alabama. See Garbage in the Park. Superior Sand and Gravel was listed at Superior Blvd. and the Dan Patch Tracks in 1928. This was also the site of Minnesota Oil and Refining. By 1942-51 it was Century Sand and Gravel, listed at Zarthan and Wayzata Blvd. Terry Excavating Co., run by Bill and Walter Terry, was headquartered at 3928 Xenwood in 1941. This being a residential neighborhood, the sand and gravel itself was evidently elsewhere. For a memoir about Excelsior Blvd. and the gravel pits written by Tom Renner, see Something in the Water.

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It is difficult to identify in the painting, where the composition is finished and from where, the perspective has started; meanwhile, what is the technical difference between the composition and perspective in a painting. It is because the elements that handled to make a composition is consequently have used to make the sense of perspective. It would become wrong if we tend to judge only the grammatical portion of the Ajanta painting while attempting to discuss the aesthetic value and techniques of Ajanta painting. Because it depends on the Indian tradition and ideology. Hence, the difficulties concerning the technical sides of a painting are inescapably related to the Indian traditional lifespan. After the reformation of Ajanta cave painting, now it has been distinguished properly that the Ajanta fresco of the cave number 9 and 10, started from the era of Sanchi and ended in Gupta era. Philip Stern, a notable French historian established the time frame of Ajanta cave painting based on the 29 caves. Intentionally, we do like to mean the second half of AD fifth century to the sixth century when we speculate about the cave painting of Ajanta since it was the time of highest degree of such masterpieces. Indeed, to understand the sculptures of the several parts of India, those cave paintings of Ajanta help explicitly because all the techniques applied on the paintings of number 9 and 10 cave was implemented later in the sculptures of Amaravati, Sanchi, and Vharhut. It seems to be awestruck when we take a glance at the frescoes of Ajanta, because we will not find out any borderline between two compositions and it will look compact and congested. We need to have a vast knowledge of “Jataka Manjari” to identify the end of a segment in the total composition. There is no gap in anywhere in the entire wall of those caves yet astonishingly it does not have the harshness in composition, rather it fastened with a harmonious balance which is just outstanding! I just used the word, “harmonious balance”, actually, what is it? Indeed, you no need to have the widest knowledge about the paintings, while enjoying the cave paintings of Ajanta; only you need to keep your patience and start from anywhere to observe the cave wall. After a moment, your eyes will discover the details and all the figures will lax from a composition to interact with you. When you complete your observation, one of the figures or objects of that piece will take you to another segment. After completing, it automatically takes you again in your absence mind, to another part of the composition. You will have an amazing experience when you move to the end and you will fall in the nostalgia of that ancient era. From the next chapter, our objective will be to find out; what was the discipline they followed to complete a composition, what was the competence of the rule they admired and which law dominated the artistic value. Some of those compositions were easier that based on the equal symmetry which we found on the groups related to Buddha. Those are not so significant composition; however, the aphorism of symmetrical painting has already settled before the time period of Ajanta as well as the repercussion of such method, we found in several Buddhist monastery and temple. Nevertheless, there are some paintings bearing significance without having the impact of the traditional symmetrical composition. One of the paintings titled, -“ The temptation of Mara” has broken out such tradition and vindicated the talent of the artist. (MARA, a supernatural character well known as the demon or the Lord of Death who challenged Lord Buddha and repeatedly baffled all the efforts of Buddha to fail to get his spiritual destination.) Thank you for being a part of this journey. Keep visiting to follow up the next discussion and explore some amazing concepts that will be blowing up your mind. Finally, don't forget to share your thought and opinion. I just eager to know from you.

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Pottery - Southwest Collectibles Native American Pottery by Jay W. Sharp For some 20 centuries, the Native American potters of the Southwestern deserts have produced ceramic vessels that give expression to their heritage. Through their distinctive and enduring work, they have marked the boundaries and durations of their traditions, the cultural reach of their people, and the courses of their trade routes and migrations. In the bodies of their vessels, they have left clues to sources of raw materials and techniques of manufacture. In their designs, they have embraced symbols of their religious and mythological beliefs, and they have revealed their cultural debts to other, sometimes distant, peoples. Today, modern potters offer the collector a treasure trove of Southwest Native American history and artisanship that emerged largely from prehistoric Puebloan village farming communities and the mobile Navajo and Apache hunting, gathering and raiding tribes. The Craft - Prehistorically The early potters learned their craft from peoples to the south, from Mexico, introducing it into the Southwest early in the first millennium. The potters — almost exclusively women, in all likelihood — may have produced their ceramics at manufacturing centers or in their homes. Typically, they dug clay from nearby (often secret and carefully guarded) deposits. They picked it free of impurities such as pebbles, stems and leaves. They pulverized it with mortars and pestles and grinding stones. They mixed it with a temper such as sand, finely crushed rock or even finely crushed pottery fragments (sherds), which would help prevent a vessel from shrinking and cracking during the drying and firing process. They soaked the clay and temper mix with water to create a pliable mass, ready to be transformed into a vessel. The potters kneaded and flattened the clay/temper mix to squeeze out air bubbles, which could expand and burst during a firing. They rolled the mix into short coils, or ropes, each roughly the size of a finger. They may have made a tight, flat spiral of one strand, using their hands to mold it into a solid base. They laid another strand around the top of the perimeter of the base, and they laid other strands one on top of the other to build up the sides of their vessel. With their hands and fingers, they pressed the strands together to join them together, into a solid wall. They may have used stone basins or large potsherds as molds for shaping a vessel. They used tools such as flaked stone, deer bones or potsherd scrapers to dress the vessel walls. (Some of the early potters formed vessels by using a paddle to shape the walls around a large stone or other object known as an anvil.) After treating, polishing, decorating, and drying a vessel, they fired it, probably along with other vessels, in an open fire, a shallow pit or a rude kiln, using wood or perhaps dried dung as fuel. The earliest Southwest potters — probably those of the Hohokam culture, in southern Arizona — usually made plain brownish or gray vessels called utility wares. With the passage of centuries and the geographic expansion of the technology, the potters raised their craft to the level of art. They not only created graceful and imaginative new vessel shapes, they drew on paints and materials derived and processed from minerals and plants to produce ceramics with elegant surfaces, sparkling glazes, elaborate surface patterns and designs, and richly symbolic and variously colored imagery. They used fine paint brushes fashioned from the leaves of plants such as a narrow-leaf yucca. At their artistic peak, according to the History of Ceramics Internet site, the Hohokam potters, for example, produced vessels from a buff-colored clay painted with a red slip and decorated with "lively forms in 'simplified realism.'" The Anasazi potters, of the Four Corners region, "developed tight geometric motifs in symmetrical repeated patterns with black on white ware." Late prehistoric Puebloan potters of the upper Rio Grande — many of them descendants of the Anasazi — produced new vessel forms, and they explored new designs that often incorporated images of birds, feathers and sun symbols. The potters of the Mimbres branch of the Mogollon tradition — which spanned eastern Arizona, southern New Mexico, western Texas and Mexico's northern Chihuahua — crafted simple, hemispheric-shaped bowls decorated with sophisticated black on white images of humans, animals, mythic figures and geometric abstractions. (The Mimbres potters would have been astounded to learn that their bowls, often plundered from ancient village sites, now sell for as much as $100,000 in the illicit marketplaces for antiquities.) The potters of Casas Grandes, a late prehistoric Puebloan tradition centered in northwestern Chihuahua, created vessels with multicolored designs of highly variable geometries, real animals, mythological beings and abstracted human figures. As the Yale University Press said in its Internet site comments about the book Casas Grandes and the Ceramic Art of the Ancient Southwest, "In the flourishing ancient Indian communities of the American Southwest and northwest Mexico, master potters created ceramic arts that are considered among the most accomplished in the world. The symbolic imagery and distinctive local styles of the region are unmistakable..." Modern Southwest Native American potters, while always mindful of their cultural roots, have reached for whole new levels of art. "You're always talking to the pot when you are making it — telling it of your feelings — and when you finish a pot you blow life into it and it is given life," said the Acoma Pueblo's Wanda Aragon, according to Rick Dillingham, Acoma and Laguna Pottery. The Craft Today In the Indian markets and specialty retail stores at reservations, visitor centers, trading posts, communities and festivals across the Southwest, you will find that — while holding true to their cultural legacy — the top Native American potters view each vessel as a three-dimensional surface with limitless possibilities for shaped, molded, sculpted and painted designs. While adhering to the ancient methods for crafting their vessels, they will make every piece a distinctive creation. If you become drawn to Southwest Native American pottery, your collection will inevitably stand unique. As you consider vessels for a collection, you will discover, as authority Robert F. Nichols says, a diversity that flows from varying cultural legacies as well as from individual family traditions, personal innovations and locally available mineral and plant materials. For example, in accordance with their tradition, says Nichols, potters of the Cochiti Pueblo can use a broad range of designs in their work while those of the Santa Domingo Pueblo must avoid using certain designs imbued with religious meanings. In what has become a family tradition, the Bacas, of the Santa Clara Pueblo, have become known for distinctive melon pots (ribbed bowls that resemble melons). Their tradition began with an original innovation attributable to an individual, Angela Baca. Reflecting the colors of clays locally available to them, the potters of the Acoma Pueblo produce white pots; those of the Zia Pueblo, red pots; those of the Hopi Pueblo villages, beige pots. In selecting pots for a collection, you have a broad range of options. For instance, you can simply choose pots that appeal most to your taste. Or you might opt for vessels from a particular pueblo, the Navajo or Apache wares, a certain family, or an individual artist. You might collect vessels with paintings of mythological figures such as Kokopelli, the Hero Twins, the Corn Maidens or the Plumed or Horned Serpent. You may become enamored by the charming Cochiti Pueblo "Storyteller" ceramics, which feature figures of wise elders telling tales of his people to rapt children. You might be taken by the utilitarian pots of the Tarahumara Indians, a tribe that still closely follows a traditional lifestyle in Copper Canyon, in Mexico's state of Chihuahua. You might prefer replicas — for instance, of the famous Mimbres or Casas Grandes bowls — made with the same manufacturing techniques and designs used by the prehistoric potters. However you choose to structure a collection, each vessel will speak to the cultural origins of prehistoric potters. A few of many examples of producers of high quality Native American ceramics include: San Ildefonso Pueblo — Typically, the potters of San Ildefonso, roughly 20 miles northwest of Santa Fe, produce highly polished black vessels with black matte imagery. Beginning early in the 20th century, the pueblo's Maria Martinez, her husband Julian, and their descendants revived the art of Puebloan pottery making, which had faded after the introduction of commercial tin wares. Maria's exquisite ceramics have become world famous, often finding places in museums. Today, even her small bowls may sell for thousands of dollars. Santa Clara Pueblo — The potters of Santa Clara, just a few miles north of San Ildefonso, craft highly polished black and reddish brown ceramics with heavy vessel walls and carved bas relief imagery. The Baca family, with the ribbed melon bowls, probably ranks as the best known of the pueblo's potters, but others, exploring other avenues of creativity, have helped expand the boundaries of their craft. Cochiti Pueblo — In 1964, Cochiti's Helen Cordero, inspired by the ancient Puebloan tradition of making figurines, created her first ceramic storyteller, in essence, a family portrait of her grandfather surrounded by five grandchildren (including herself) listening to his tales. Her work touched a Puebloan nerve — the tradition of the elders telling stories and singing songs to the children. "Today," said Barbara Babcock in her book The Pueblo Storyteller: Development of a Figurative Ceramic Tradition, "as many as three hundred potters in thirteen pueblos have created storytellers . . . and the storytellers are not only men and women, but also mudheads [ceremonial masked dancing figures], koshares [also masked dancing figures], bears, owls and other animals...often with children numbering more than one hundred!" Acoma Pueblo — The artisans of Acoma — a spectacular, early second millennium, Anasazi-rooted village atop a 350-foot high mesa some 70 miles west of Albuquerque — produce dazzlingly white ceramics from their nearest sources of clay. According to Carol Snyder Halberstadt (see her Internet site), "Designs...include polychrome rainbow bands, birds (parrots or macaws), deerÉ[and] black or dark brown and white abstract stylized adaptations of ancient Anasazi, Mogollon, and Mimbres wareÉ Hatching symbolizes rain, stepped motifs represent clouds, double dots stand for raindrops... Some of the better known Acoma potters come from the Lewis, Chino, Cerno, Torivio, Aragon, Garcia, Antonio, Concho, Vallo, and Sandoval families, according to the Canyon Country Originals Internet site. Zuni Pueblo — Inspired by some gifted teachers and the Smithsonian Institution, the potters of Zuni, near the Arizona/New Mexico border, where Coronado arrived with his conquistadors in 1540, revived their craft in the second half of the 20th century. Some have returned to the prehistoric methods for making pots. "Traditional Zuni designs include water symbols such as tadpoles, frogs, dragonflies and the Zuni 'rain bird,' as well as flower rosettes and deer..." according to The Zuni Connection Internet site. "Traditional forms include the stepped-edge cornmeal bowl (also known as cloud or prayer bowls), bird effigies and vessels in such forms." Hopi Pueblo — Stimulated by growing interest from outsiders, the potters of the Hopi villages, in northwestern Arizona, rejuvenated their art from fading traditions late in the 19th century. Typically, the potters decorate their usually beige-colored pots with designs of "eagles, parrots, roadrunners, migration patterns, eagle tail, kiva designs, pueblo style villages, rain & rain clouds, lightning, water waves and other life germinating symbols such as corn," says the Hopi Market Internet site. Often the Hopi potters produce small, thin-walled vessels with precisely detailed imagery. Hopi families with well-known potters include the Nampeyos, the Namingas, the Navasies and the Tahbos. Navajos — The Navajo people — once hunters and wild plant gatherers from the Four Corners region — produced relatively crude, pitch-covered utilitarian wares with practical uses such as holding water and cooking meals. Resourceful and innovative, however, Navajo potters began to make ceramics, often in non-traditional ways, in answer to rising tourist demand in the 20th century, often using Puebloan design motifs. More recently, however, they have begun creating the strikingly unique "Horse Hair" pottery, which bears the ethereal imprint of horse hair scorched into the vessel surface during the firing process. Still more recently, various Navajo artists have integrated iridescently colored etchings and turquoise insets with the horsehair imprints to create extraordinary works. A few of the better known Navajo potters include Hilda Whitegoat, Tom Vail, Geri Vail, Susie Charlie and Myron Charlie. Apaches — The Apaches, specifically the Jicarilla group from northern New Mexico, have for centuries produced ceramics from clay with a high proportion of mica, crystalline minerals that often occur in layers. Originally, the Apache potters thought of the glittering, bronze-colored vessels — lightweight, strong, heat retentive — as no more than high quality utility ware perfectly suited for cooking and food and water storage. Recently, however, they have found a market among discerning purchasers, who have realized that micaceous ceramics can add a distinctive warmth, character and charm to a collection. Jicarilla Apache potters Felipe Ortega and Lydia Pesata have played key roles in elevating micaceous ceramics to the level of art. Mata Ortiz — The consummate potters of Mata Ortiz, a remote, dusty village in the northwestern corner of Chihuahua, look to Mexico, not to the Native Americans, for their cultural roots, but led by the renowned master artisan, Juan Quezada, they have resurrected and now surpassed the pot-making artistry of the Casas Grandes Puebloan tradition. According to the Fine Mexican Ceramics Art Gallery Internet site, "Éthe potters of Mata Ortiz have imprinted in [their ceramics] not only re-creations of [Casas Grandes] symbols, but they have searched within their own spirit and creativity and have been able to conceive a unique artistic language, creative and original. They have gone through the imitation of pre-Hispanic ceramics, and have moved on to a sophisticated creation of contemporary art." Today several hundred Mata Ortiz potters, following Juan Quezada, produce exceptional work that is marketed throughout the world and especially in our desert Southwest. They have been called "the largest concentration of artists on the face of this earth." Many collectors regard a trip to Mata Ortiz, not as a hard drive over a rough dirt road, but rather as a pilgrimage. Building a Collection As you build a collection of Southwest Native American ceramics, you can expect to pay from tens to hundreds to thousands of dollars, depending on the quality and style of work and the reputation of the artist. A vessel made and decorated in the traditional ways with clays, tempers, minerals and plants from natural sources typically holds a higher value, with greater potential for appreciation. While it may have a few blemishes attributable to the nature of the clay or to the process of firing, it must nevertheless embody the expression of grace in its shape, craftsmanship in its finish, and creativity and execution in its decoration. A vessel made from "greenware," that is, a vessel commercially shaped from commercial clays, may be free of blemishes, but it offers little potential for appreciation. You will find that collecting the ceramics can lead to memorable experiences. My wife and I had a friend, an elderly man, who collected pots along with Navajo rugs (he had 34) and Native American jewelry. He allowed a beloved cat to sleep in one of his bowls, which had been crafted by a well known potter. He regretted that after the cat tipped the bowl over, knocking it to the floor, shattering it, especially after he learned that the estimated value of the bowl was several thousand dollars. Related DesertUSA Pages - How to Turn Your Smartphone into a Survival Tool - 26 Tips for Surviving in the Desert - Your GPS Navigation Systems May Get You Killed - 7 Smartphone Apps to Improve Your Camping Experience - Desert Survival Skills - Successful Search & Rescue Missions with Happy Endings - How to Keep Ice Cold in the Desert Survival Tips for Horse and Rider an Emergency Survival Kit Share this page on Facebook: DesertUSA Newsletter -- We send articles on hiking, camping and places to explore, as well as animals, wildflower reports, plant information and much more. Sign up below or read more about the DesertUSA newsletter here. (It's Free.)

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Up to 20 percent of Singaporeans are estimated to suffer from allergic rhinitis (AR), an inflammatory condition denoted by nasal congestions which are triggeredwhen the body comes into contact with allergens. The word “rhinitis “ refers to the inflammation of the nasal passages which can cause symptoms, including nasal congestion, runny nose, and sneezing. People first develop symptoms in the phase of life between childhood and adulthood. However, symptoms are often more severe in children and adults in their 30s and 40s. The severity of the symptoms may vary throughout a person’s life as some go through periods where they have no symptoms. Short-term rhinitis flare-ups are usually caused by viral infections of the respiratory tract such as the common cold. Allergic rhinitis is also caused by an allergic reactionto things in the surrounding air. Chronic rhinitis is typically brought on by allergies, although it can also be brought on by certain medical conditions, overuse of certain drugs, and other unknown factors. For thousands, allergic rhinitis is a lifelong condition that gets worse over time. Fortunately, symptoms may frequently be managed with a mix of medications, immunotherapy, and environmental measures. Allergens, which are tiny airborne particles, induce allergic rhinitis by triggering a nasal reaction, causing an allergic reaction. These particles can also cause reactions in the lungs (asthma) and eyes (allergic conjunctives) for some people. These reactions resultfrom the activation of two types of inflammatory cells in the body called basophils and mast cells. Natural compounds like histamine, which induce symptoms like runny nose, nasal congestion, and itching, are produced by these cells. There are two types of allergic rhinitis: seasonal (which occurs during specific seasons) or perennial (occurring year-round). - Seasonal AR are commonly caused by pollens, trees, grasses, and weeds - Perennial AR are caused by fungi, moulds, animal dander, and cockroaches. This specific allergy tends to be more difficult to treat. Common signs and symptoms Symptoms may vary from person to person.Even though the term “rhinitis” refers to only nasal symptoms, it may affect other areas such as the eyes, throat, and ears which would affect one’s sleep. - Throat and ears – Itching of the throat and ears, congestion, and sore throat - Eyes – itchy, red and watery eyes - Nose – nose congestion, postnatal drip, taste loss, pressure or pain in the face, sneezing, nasal itching, and watery or clogged nasal discharge. Allergic Rhinitis Diagnosis By performing a physical examination and evaluating your symptoms, your doctor can determine if you have allergic rhinitis. The correct diagnosis and the root cause can be determined by medical tests. There are several ways to find the allergens and other triggers that cause allergic rhinitis: - Remembering your location and activities just before your symptoms appeared (For example, spending time outside or around animals) - Taking note of the season in which you first experienced symptoms - Thoroughly examining the environs at home, at work, and at school for potential allergens. If your symptoms are not adequately controlled by drugs or if it unclear what is causing your symptoms, your doctor may advise skin testing. An allergist will do this by applying a slight amount of various allergens to your skin and watch to see which ones result in a reaction. Although not required, blood tests are also offered. In addition to medication therapy, avoiding exposure to allergens and other triggers is part of the treatment for allergic rhinitis. This combined strategy can effectively reduce symptoms in the majority of persons. There are numerous medication groups that can treat the inflammation that contribute to allergic rhinitis’s symptoms. A few of the approaches include nasal irrigation, allergy shots, or avoiding the triggers. - Avoiding the triggers – For instance, you can avoid spending a lot of time in a relative’s home if the relative has pets that make you sneeze and have itchy eyes. Alternatively, taking antihistamine a few hours prior might help ease the symptoms - Glucocorticoid nasal sprays – Nasal glucocorticoids are steroids delivered by a nasal spray and is the first line treatment for the symptoms for allergic rhinitis. - Antihistamines – Antihistamines relieve symptoms such as itching, sneezing, and runny nose. The prevalent disorder of allergic rhinitis can have a serious negative effect on a patient’s quality of life. Through a thorough history and physical examination, the diagnosis is made. Confirming that underlying allergies are the source of the rhinitis typically involves additional diagnostic testing involving skin-prick tests or allergen-specific tests. The mainstays of treatment for the disorder are intranasal corticosteroids and second-generation oral antihistamines. In some situations, allergy immunotherapy as well as other drugs like decongestants and oral corticosteroids may be helpful. Recognising and managing allergic rhinitis early can prevent serious complication and significantly improve one’s quality of life. If you have any medical questions related to Allergic Rhinitis, consult your family doctor via AllyTele

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CBSE Notes | Class 12 | History | Chapter 1 - Bricks, Beads And Bones The chapter introduces students to one of the ancient civilisation in the history of humans, The Indus Valley Civilisation. The chapter focuses on the detailed analysis of the civilisation: from agriculture to the socio-economic practices and trade. It also highlights the part settlements of 'Mohenjodarao' & enlists various historians and their accounts on the settlements. The Indus Valley Civilisation What are the sources to understand Harappan Civilisation? The Harappan seal is possibly the most distinctive artefact of the Indus valley civilisation. It contains plants & animal motifs and signs from a script that remains undeciphered. The Archeological Evidence left by the people of the civilisation such as Pots, ornaments, tools, seals etc. add up to the sources. Early Harappan & Mature Harappan Early and later Harappan is associated with distinctive pottery, evidence of agriculture and pastoralism and craft. The early Harappan culture settlements were small and there were no large buildings. But the mature Harappan settlements and buildings were large. The Harappans ate a wide range of plant products. Archaeo-botanists have also been able to reconstruct the dietary practices from the finds of charred grains, seeds and bones. Foodgrains found at the Harappan sites were wheat, barley, lentil, rice, chickpea and sesame. Millets are found from sites in Gujarat. The Harappans also ate a wide range of animal products. The charred bones of animals were also found at the Harappan site. (Cattle, sheep, goat, buffalo & pig) These are studied by Archaeo-zoologists who are specialists in ancient animal remains. Bones of wild species such as boar, deer and gharial are also found. It is still not elucidated that whether Harappans hunted them or obtained meat from other hunting communities. Prevalence of Agriculture in Harappan Civilisation - Representation of seals and terracotta sculpture indicates that the bull was known & oxen were used for Ploughing. - Terracotta models of the plough have been found at sites in Cholistan & Banawali (Haryana). - Evidence of a ploughed field at sites of kalibangan (Rajasthan) is found. This field had two sets of furrows at right angles to each other, suggesting that two crops were grown together. - Tools for Harvesting were also used by the Harappans. They used stone blades set in wooden handles and other tools made of copper. - Traces of canals, water reservoirs and wells have been found at the Harappan sites indicating that agriculture was practised. Irrigation was essential as many of the Harappan sites were located in semi-arid lands. Divisions in the City The settlement was divided into two sections, Citadel and the Lower Town. The Citadel was higher but smaller and the former was lower but larger in size. Citadel was at the height because the buildings were built on a mud-brick platform. It was also walled, physically separated from the lower town. Evidence of structures are found that were probably used for special public purposes: Warehouse: It was a massive structure of which the lower brick portion remain and the upper portion of wood decayed a long time ago. The Great Bath: A large rectangular tank in a courtyard surrounded by a corridor on all four sides. There were two flights of steps on the north and south leading into the tank, which was made watertight by setting bricks on edge and using a mortar of gypsum. There were rooms on three sides, in one of which was a large well. Water from the tank flowed into a huge drain. The total number of wells in Mohenjodaro was about 700. Eight bathrooms were there on a lane to the north. On each side of a corridor, there were four bathrooms, with drains from each bathroom connecting to a drain that ran along the corridor. Scholars suggested that it was meant for some kind of special ritual bath. The lower town was also walled; several buildings were built on a platform that served as the foundations. The settlement was first planned and then it was built accordingly. Bricks were used whether sun-dried or baked, bricks were of standardized ratio Laying out drains was one of the most distinctive features, it was carefully planned. The roads of the lower town were laid out along an approximate grid pattern, intersecting at right angles. The streets and drains were laid out first and then houses were built along with them. The lower town has residential buildings; many were centred on a courtyard with rooms on all sides. The courtyard was the centre of all the activities such as cooking & weaving. Privacy was the major concern as there were no windows at the ground level. The main entrance does not give a direct view of the inside. Every House has its own bathroom paved with bricks with the drains connected through the walls to the street drains. The remains of Staircase have also been found, which proves multistory architecture was there. Many houses had wells, often in a room that could be reached from the outside and perhaps used by passers-by. Social & Economic Differences At the Harappan sites dead were generally laid in pits, there were differences in the way the burial pit was made. The hollowed-out spaces were lined with bricks. Graves also contain pottery and ornaments which indicates the belief of the afterlife was there. Jewellery has been found in burials of both men and women. A burial contained ornament consisting of three shell rings, a jasper (a kind of semi-precious stone) bead and hundreds of microbeads was found near the skull of a male at the Harappan cemetery. In some instances, the dead were buried with copper mirrors. But on the whole, it appears that the Harappans did not believe in burying precious things with the dead. Another strategy to identify social differences is to study artefacts, which archaeologists broadly classify as utilitarian and luxurious. This includes Objects of daily use made of stones or clay-like querns, pottery, needles etc Archaeologists assume objects were luxuries if they are rare or made from costly, non-local materials or with complicated technologies. Thus, little pots of faience (a material made of ground sand or silica mixed with colour and gum and then fired) were probably considered precious because they were difficult to make. Craft Production Indus valley Mohenjodaro was exclusively devoted to craft production, like bead-making, shell-cutting, metalworking, bead making and weight-making. A variety of raw materials were used to make crafts such as stones like Carnelian- red stone, Jasper- yellow stone, crystal, quartz etc. Metals like copper, bronze and gold and shell & clay were used. Numerous shapes of crafts were there e.g. disk-shaped, cylindrical, spherical, barrel-shaped, segmented. Some were decorated by incising or painting, and some had designs etched onto them. Some stones were decorated with gold caps. There were techniques used for making different beds according to the material, like moulding, chipping, grinding, polishing and drilling. Chanudaro, Lothal, Dholavira, Nageshwar and Balakot are some of the crafts centres. How did Archeologists Identified centres of craft production? Archeologists look for raw materials such as stone nodules, whole shells and copper ore etc. They also look for the tools used for making crafts. Archaeologists look for unfinished objects, rejects and waste material. As waste is one of the best indicators of craftwork. These traces suggests that apart from small specialized centres, craft production was also undertaken in large cities such as Mohenjodaro and Harappa. Strategies for Procuring Raw Material within the Sub- Continent Terracotta toy models of bullock carts suggest that this was one important means of transporting goods and people across land routes. Depiction of ships and boats on seals suggest that riverine routes along the Indus and its tributaries, as well as coastal routes, we're also probably used for transporting goods and people. Materials for craft production were procured by Harappans in different ways. Settlements were established were raw material was available. (Nageshwar & Balakot- shell, Shortughai lapis lazuli, a blue stone, Lothal- carnelian, Strait and Metal- Rajasthan & Gujrat.) Another strategy for procuring raw materials may have been to send expeditions to areas such as the Khetri region of Rajasthan (for copper) and south India (for gold). These expeditions established communication with local communities. Occasional finds of Harappan artefacts such as steatite microbeads in these areas are indications of such contact. There is evidence in the Khetri area for what archaeologists call the Ganeshwar Jodhpur Culture. What is Ganeshwar- jodhpura Culture? Archaeologists found a new culture in the khetri area, here they found distinctive Non- Harappan pottery & a usual wealth of copper objects. It is possible that inhabitants of this region supplied copper to the Harappans. Procuring Metals from Distant Lands Copper was probably brought from Oman, on the south Asian trip to the Arabian Peninsula. According to the chemical traces, Omani copper and Harappan copper have traces of nickel. A distinctive type of vessel, a large Harappan jar coated with a thick layer of black clay has been found at Omani sites. It is possible that the Harappans exchanged the contents of these vessels for Omani copper. Mesopotamian texts datable to the third millennium BCE refer to copper coming from a region called Magan (Oman). Mesopotamian texts mention contact with regions named Dilmun (Bahrain), Magan and Meluhha, possibly the Harappan region. The products imported from Meluhha: carnelian, lapis lazuli, copper, gold, and varieties of wood. A Mesopotamian myth says of Meluhha: “May your bird be the Baja-bird, may its call be heard in the royal palace.” Some archaeologists think the Baja-bird was the peacock. Depiction of ships and boats on the Harappan seals were also there. They were used to facilitate long-distance communication. As the bags of goods were tied with the wet clay and leaving an impression on it. If the bag reached with the sealing intact, it meant it had not been tampered with. The sealing also conveys the identity of the sender. It usually has a line of writing and animal motifs. Scholars suggested that the motifs conveyed a meaning to those who could not read. Most inscriptions are short, the longest containing about 26 signs. Although the script remains undeciphered to date, it was evidently not alphabetical but syllable as it has just too many signs – somewhere between 375 and 400. The script was written from left to right as some seals show a wider spacing on the right and cramping on the left. A variety of objects has been found on which writing was there, like seals, copper tools, rims of jars, copper and terracotta tablets, Jewellery, bone rods and an ancient signboard. They have been writing on perishable goods like cloth, animal skin etc. Exchanges were regulated by a precise system of weights, usually made of a stone called chert and generally cubical, with no markings. The lower denominations of weights were binary (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, etc. up to 12,800), while the higher denominations followed the decimal system. The smaller weights were generally used for weighing Jewellery and beads and bigger weights were used for food grains. Metal scale pans have also been found. Ruling Authority In Indus Valley Civilisation The extraordinary uniformity of Harappan artefacts is evident in pottery, seals, weights and bricks. Bricks were not produced at any single centre, were of a uniform ratio throughout the region, from Jammu to Gujarat. The settlements were strategically set up in specific locations for various reasons. Labour was also mobilised for making bricks and for the construction of massive walls and platforms. These activities were mostly organised by the king. Centre of Power A large building found at Mohenjodaro was labelled as a palace by archaeologists but no spectacular finds were associated with it. A stone statue was labelled and continues to be known as the “priest-king”. This is because archaeologists were familiar with the Mesopotamian history and its “priest-kings”. Some archaeologists said that Harappan society had no rulers & democracy was there. Many thought that there were no single ruler but many. The End of the Civilisation There is evidence that by c. 1800 BCE most of the Mature Harappan sites in regions such as Cholistan had been abandoned. There was an expansion of population into new settlements in Gujarat, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh. Distinctive artefacts of the civilisation – weights, seals, special beads. Writing, long-distance trade, and craft specialisation also disappeared after 1800 BCE. House construction techniques deteriorated and large public structures were no longer produced overall disappearance of artefacts and settlements indicate a rural way of life in what is called Vedic Culture or Vedic civilisation began. Climatic change, deforestation, excessive floods, the shifting and/or drying up of rivers, to overuse of the landscape were also the major factors. Evidence of an “Invasion” in Indus valley civilisation At a depth of 4 ft 2 in, part of an adult's skull, thoracic bones, and upper arm were discovered, all in very fragile condition. The body was lying diagonally across the lane on its back. A few fragments of a tiny skull were fifteen inches to the west. The name of the lane comes from these ruins. In 1925, sixteen skeletons with the ornaments they were wearing when they died were discovered in the same area of Mohenjodaro. The director-general of ASI, R.E.M Wheeler, attempted to link this archaeological evidence to the Rigveda, the earliest known text in the subcontinent. There is no evidence of extensive burning, no bodies of warriors clad in armour and surrounded by war weapons, and no destruction level covering the city's most recent period. The citadel, the city's only fortified area, yielded no proof of the final defence. Discovering the Harappan Civilisation Cunningham was the first director-general of ASI, he began archaeological excavations in the mid-nineteenth century, archaeologists preferred to use the written word (texts and inscriptions) as a guide to investigations. He used the accounts left by Chinese Buddhist pilgrims who had visited the subcontinent between the fourth and seventh centuries CE to locate early settlements. Harappan artefacts were found fairly often during the nineteenth century and some of these reached Cunningham, he did not realise how old these were. A Harappan seal was given to Cunningham by an Englishman. He noted the object but unsuccessfully tried to place it within the time frame with which he was familiar. It is not surprising that he missed the significance of Harappa. John Marshall’s ignorance John Marshall marked the major change in Indian archaeology. He was the first professional archaeologist to work in India and brought his experience of working in Greece. He was interested in spectacular finds and patterns of everyday life. He tended to excavate along with regular units, measured uniformly throughout the mound, ignoring the stratigraphy of the sites. All the artefacts recovered from the same units were grouped together even if they were found at different stratigraphic layers. As a result, valuable information about the Harappan civilisation was irretrievably lost. R.E.M Wheeler’s problems He took over as the Director-General of ASI in 1944 also rectified many problems. He said it is important to follow stratigraphy for the mound rather than dig it mechanically. He was also an Ex-army Brigadier. Due to the partition, the major sites are now in Pakistani territory. This spurred Indian archaeologists to try and locate sites in India. Daya Ram Sahni He discovered the seals at the Harappa in the early decades of the twentieth century. Rakhal Das Banerji Rakhal Das Banerji found similar seals at Mohenjodaro, leading to the conjecture that these sites were part of a single archaeological culture. Based on these finds, in 1924, John Marshall, Director-General of the ASI, announced the discovery of a new civilisation in the Indus valley to the world. How does material allow the archaeologist to reconstruct Harappan life better? Recovering artefacts is just the beginning of the archaeological enterprise. 1. Classification: One simple principle of classification is in terms of material, such as stone, clay, metal, bone, ivory etc. 2. Functions of artefacts: It is to classify whether the artefact is a tool or an ornament or both or maybe something for ritual use. 3. An understanding of the function of an artefact is often shaped by its resemblance with present-day things- beads, stone, blades etc. 4. Identification: They also try to identify the functions of an artefact by investigating the context in which it was found: House, Drain, grave or in a kiln. Recourse to indirect evidence is also done. Problems to Archeological Interpretation to Reconstruct Religious Practices Early archaeologists thought that certain objects which seemed unusual or unfamiliar may have had a religious significance. These included terracotta figurines of women, heavily jewelled, some with elaborate headdresses. These were regarded as mother goddesses. Attempts have also been made to reconstruct religious beliefs and practices by examining seals, some of which seem to depict ritual scenes. In some seals, a figure shown seated cross-legged in a “yogic” posture, sometimes surrounded by animals, has been regarded as a depiction of “proto-Shiva”, that is, an early form of one of the major deities of Hinduism. Besides, conical stone objects have been classified as lingas Many reconstructions of the Harappan religion are made on the assumption that later traditions provide parallels with earlier ones. This is because archaeologists often move from the known to the unknown, that is, from the present to the past.

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Neutrons help to save the cultural heritage from the Iron Age 2016-04-08 – News from the Physics Department In Bavaria archaeologists are happy about numerous remains from the past, especially from the time of the Celts who inhabited Central Europe from the 8th to the 1st century before Christ. For good reason this period is called the “Iron Age” because many objects from major archaeological sites like that of Manching are made from this material. Much to the regret of archaeologists these finds often very quickly deteriorate after excavation in contact with the air. This is due to the chlorine content, which causes the iron artifacts from the past to rust very quickly in air, although they survived many centuries in the ground. The chloride ions are responsible for this accumulate from the surrounding soil during burial and form compounds with the iron surface. To preserve the artifacts, this chlorine content must be reduced to a harmless level as quickly and as effectively as possible. The two methods used are: an extended storage in an alkaline solution or heating to high temperatures of up to about 700 ºC in an atmosphere of nitrogen and hydrogen. The physicist Friedrich Wagner and the chemist Ursula Wagner from the TUM Physics Department have been working on this problem for quite some time together with Rupert Gebhard, Director of the State Archaeological Collection in Munich. In their latest publication they have examined the high temperature method more closely by the Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis (PGAA) method to find the optimal conditions for preservation. PGAA has the great advantage that the pieces can be examined non-destructively. They become only weakly radioactive and can thus be returned to the museum shortly after the experiments. The subject of the studies was a 40 cm long iron rod from the Celtic oppidum in Manching, which was excavated already in 1999. As expected, they found the highest reduction of the chlorine content by 85% at 750 °C and the lowest one at 350 °C by 30%. Surprisingly they found relatively large differences in the individual studied pieces which could not immediately be explained. Friedrich and Ursula Wagner have worked together with the Nobel laureate Rudolf Mössbauer at TUM and therefore they are experts in the field of Mössbauer spectroscopy, which is also a nondestructive method and can distinguish very accurately between divalent and trivalent iron and various iron oxides and hydroxides. Combined with X-ray diffraction they could get to the bottom of the thermally induced chemical transformations. At 750 °C, for example, a mixture of magnetite and wuestite with metallic iron is formed. The authors of the new publication are not yet completely satisfied: “Our measurements raise new questions: So it remained unclear what causes large spread of the chlorine content very accurately measured by the PGAA method. We will go on to investigate this question.”

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Holiday Traditions Can Improve Your Mental Health Even in difficult times. There is a reason it’s called “the most wonderful time of the year”, but for some the holidays can be tough. The good news is research suggests that indulging in holiday cheer is healthy – even for those who have a difficult time during the holidays, due to a loss of a loved one or other trauma/stress. Holiday traditions are good for our overall well being- even for those who have a difficult time during the holidays, due to a loss of a loved one or other trauma/stress. “People feel more nostalgic during the holidays because many memories are reawakened and relationships renewed,” says Krystine Batcho, Ph.D., professor at Le Moyne College in Syracuse, NY, and expert on nostalgia. “Holidays remind us of special times and help us keep track of what has changed and what has remained the same in our lives—and in ourselves.” As C. S. Lewis once wrote, each season “is always felt as a novelty yet always as the recurrence of an immemorial theme.” These words seem fitting for this time of year. We all relish the timeworn rituals: the tree trimmings, the lights, the carols. Radio stations now rush to switch to Christmas songs days before Thanksgiving even arrives, knowing that as many as double the listeners will faithfully tune in for a dose of holiday cheer. It’s called “the most wonderful time of the year” for a reason. While the fittingness of jumping the gun on holidays is much debated, research suggests that all this indulging in holiday cheer is good for us. Indeed, even for those for whom holidays can be an especially difficult time, due to the loss of a loved one or some other stressor, Yuletide traditions are good for people’s overall well-being, in great part due to nostalgia. “People feel more nostalgic during the holidays because many memories are reawakened and relationships renewed,” says Krystine Batcho, Ph.D., professor at Le Moyne College in Syracuse, NY, and expert on nostalgia. “Holidays remind us of special times and help us keep track of what has changed and what has remained the same in our lives—and in ourselves.” While nostalgia can be bittersweet, recent research attests to the psychological benefits of nostalgia, even through grief. “Nostalgic memories can help someone who is away from home or someone who is mourning the death of a family member by reminding us that the bonds we share with those we love survive physical separation,” Batcho says. “Nostalgia can strengthen a sense of social connectedness by helping us appreciate what we have meant to others as well as what others have meant to us.” This phenomenon of adding meaning to our lives was examined by John Tierney at the New York Times, who found that nostalgia eases anxiety and loneliness; even when we’re thinking of lost loved ones, nostalgia increases our sense of belonging, reminding us of our relationships with others, and helps us appreciate our experiences as meaningful. In essence, looking back at fond memories actually helps people look to the future with greater anticipation and hope. People look forward to traditions by recalling positive experiences of traditions from years past, according to a study on anticipation. “The enjoyment people glean from anticipation might also be an important component of life satisfaction: One’s satisfaction with life is influenced both by looking backward and by looking forward,” the researchers say. The moments we tend to remember and anticipate most about the season—the gift giving, the social events, the family time—all have the potential to bring us good tidings. Perhaps more than any other time of year, this season reminds us of our blessings. In fact, people who count their blessings are more content with their lives. A grateful outlook can improve our health and even our relationships. The old adage holds true: When you give, you really receive. Likewise, as the holidays bring people together time and again, opportunities for gathering promote our well-being. Maintaining relationships benefits our health as much as healthy eating habits, good sleep, and not smoking, the Harvard Women’s Health Watch says. Close relationships may even lower the risk of heart disease and dementia. Hence their recommendation: “During this busy season, take time to foster your most meaningful relationships. Choose activities that are most likely to bring joy to you and the people you care about.” Here’s to a holiday season of healthy nostalgia and gratitude to offset whatever stressors the commercialized world brings jingling in. Lord knows we need it. Source - http://crmhs.org/

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by Rev. Garrett Rocha Considering the subject of hope, the thing that readily comes to my mind is superheroes. American culture today has a special love for heroes, as seen by their dominance in our media. They embody the virtues, characteristics, and ideals, after which we strive. One hero that comes to mind that best represents hope is DC Comics The Flash. The Flash made his first appearance in 1940 and has many introductions since then. For those of you not familiar with the hero, he has the power to harness the mysterious Speed Force, allowing him to reach speeds beyond the speed of light. He has earned the title "The Fastest Man Alive." Ever since the hero's debut during WWII, the "Scarlet Speedster" uses his power to save lives and defend those who cannot defend themselves. All between the ticks of a second. [www.dcuniverse.com/encyclopedia/flash] He arrives just in the nick of time to save the innocent from evildoers, natural disasters, and the occasional runaway train. There are many iterations of the hero, and he has had to overcome impossible odds to save the day. There is one story in which Barry Allen embodies the emotion of hope to defeat a foe that would destroy all life in the universe. When faced with an impossible situation that threatens one’s life, it is natural to want someone to intercede on his/her behalf, so everything works out in the end. In a real historical sense, our desire for intervention on our behalf is nothing new. Instead of heroes in fancy Spandex suits, people have prayed to gods of various kinds for help. Each culture and religion have its own set of folk heroes and miraculous events. The Christian scriptures have many examples of heroes and miracles that point to God acting on people's behalf to bring them through to the other side. The world is in constant need of hope and inspiration. Advent reminds Christians that the hope of the world is real and present in the world around us. Jesus embodies the hope of the Kingdom of God that can only be found in God. We see this in the way Jesus represents that promise for the people he meets. Jesus brings the hope of physical healing to the woman suffering many years of bleeding (Matthew 9:20-22; Mark 5:25-34; Luke 8:43-8). Jesus brings the hope of God's justice as compared to human justice, with the woman caught in adultery (John 8:1-11). Consider your faith. Why does Jesus bring you hope? We all struggle with deep personal issues and sins. Jesus brings the hope of transformation beyond those limitations, beyond our ability. Give thanks to God for that help as you consider this: How can I embody that same hope for others? In the book, Almost Christmas, Ingrid McIntyre touches on the fact that Wesley was not some disconnected religious idealist. "Wesley saw and experienced the same societal problems as others, but instead of accepting them, he raised hell about them so that the few neglected others could experience hope. (p. 50)" Jesus is present and actively working in people's lives to bring personal redemption and transformation. But that work is hopeful because it is prophetic in how it points to the in-breaking of the Kingdom, as seen in works of justice and reconciliation. Advent reminds us of the hope that God is alongside us to make the world a better place. It is that hope that brings us through tough times, despair, and pain to a place of healing and empowerment. As wonderful and hope-inspiring as superheroes can be, know that the real hope of the world is in the birth, life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. In your prayer time and devotion, I pray that you are encouraged that Jesus is present in the struggles you are experiencing. Know that Jesus is also the present and active hope that the world is seeking after. To bring focus, in this season find the truth in scripture. Read Psalm 51 as a reminder of God's work in all people's lives as they struggle. I hope to see you on Sunday at 8:15, NINE45, or 11:15 a.m. for worship. You can also go to SAUMC.NET and join us via Livestream. Blessings upon you, and I cannot wait to see you!

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The logo selected for the80th commemorative year, designed by Ukrainian Canadian artist Oleh Lesiuk, depicts five stalks of wheat delicately bound with a black ribbon. While serving as a reminder of the famine’s devastation, the wheat symbolizes the Ukrainian nation’s determination to live and prosper; the nation’s future. “Five Ears of Grain” Law On August 7, 1932, Joseph Stalin authored a law with a sentence of death or 10 years’ imprisonment for the misappropriation of collective farm property. This law led to mass arrests and executions. Even children caught picking handfuls of grain from fields were convicted. * The 1931 harvest was 18.3 million tons of grain. * The 1932 harvest was 14.6 million tons of grain. * The 1933 harvest was 22.3 million tons of grain * The Soviet regime dumped 1.7 million tons of grain on the Western markets at the height of the Holodomor. * At the height of the Holodomor Ukrainian villagers were dying at the rate of 25,000 per day or 1,000 per hour or 17 per minute. * Children comprised one-third of the Holodomor victims in Ukraine. Large numbers of children were orphaned and became homeless. * The Ukrainian population was reduced by as much as 25 percent.

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Early flowers herald spring’s soon arrival January can feel like a long month for me. The holiday bustle is over, cold temperatures settle in, and the sky turns grey for days on end. But it doesn’t stay that way for long. Soon, we start seeing the earliest plants awaken from their slumber -- a sign that winter wasn’t successful in completely freezing everything. These early-flowering plants support pollinators at a time of year when there are not many flowers, and they can also be among the showiest plants of the season. Last week, I visited the Mississippi State University Southern Mississippi Branch Experiment Station in Poplarville. Out on full display was a stunning saucer magnolia, which is Magnolia ´ soulangiana. I’m not sure how old the tree was or how long ago it was planted, but I was told that even in the 1990s, it was of substantial size. Saucer magnolias have an interesting history. They did not exist until the 1820s when a Frenchman named Étienne Soulange-Bodin crossed China native Magnolia denudata with M. liliiflora. Today, there are more than 50 named saucer cultivars. Unlike the U.S. native Southern magnolias, saucers are deciduous and flower heavily in the early spring before leaves emerge. Usually, they are grown as multitrunked trees. Their leaves turn yellow in the fall, though it is usually not as showy as other trees. Like Southern magnolias, saucer magnolias are generally easy to grow but can be slow to establish in the landscape. Be sure to mulch their shallow roots to keep them cooler during the summer. While they generally do not need much, if any, pruning, saucer magnolias should be trimmed immediately after flowering to avoid removing next spring’s flower buds. Although they are susceptible to some diseases, such as powdery mildew, they are generally resilient. The most common problem is late frosts, which will abruptly end their flowering for the year. Saucer magnolias are among the first flowers we see in the spring, but an even earlier flowering plant is Forsythia. These yellow-flowering shrubs usually have an unkempt shape. Like the saucer magnolia, they bloom before the leaves fully emerge. Forsythia tends to sucker at the base and form into a wide shrub. They are generally easy to grow, but if you plan to prune them, do this after flowering. Perhaps one of my favorite flowering shrubs is an off-the-beaten-path choice: Fothergilla. These plants are not the season’s first bloomers, but they still flower early on. Fothergilla has an unusual, bottlebrush-shaped flower that glows when the sun hits it on late winter mornings. The leaves are leathery, often a fuzzy grey-green color, and they turn vibrant fall colors of red and orange. The plants branch well and have attractive shapes in the landscape. Another positive is that they have little to no disease or insect issues. I’m always surprised the Fothergilla is not more popular in the landscape. One cultivar called Redneck Nation was first found by botanist Fred Nation by a river in Baldwin County, Alabama. It seems better adapted to the Southeast than other Fothergilla cultivars, and we hope to have more data as the ones we are growing at MSU get established. These shrubs prefer to be planted in a moist area with rich soil. Redneck Nation has been reported to grow just fine in full sun in our region if it has enough moisture in the soil. Finally, you can’t talk about early-spring flowers without mentioning daffodils. They are already up over 6 inches tall in our MSU garden. The Jonquilla-type Narcissus is a good bet for performance, with its heat tolerance and low chill requirements. Plant them in the fall to promote flowering the following spring. Unlike many tulips, Narcissus tends to get stronger and more beautiful in the landscape with age. Plus, it has the added advantage of not being bothered by deer. Time to get outside and enjoy the landscape coming back to life. [EDITOR’S NOTE: Dr. Shaun Broderick is a Mississippi State University Extension Service ornamental horticulturist, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station researcher and Southern Gardening guest columnist.]

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What Is Fiber Optic Internet? AT&T coined Fiber Optic internet with its cutting edge technology. Fiber Optic cables are flexible bundles of glass or plastic threads/fibers that are used to transmit data. These bundles are capable of transmitting messages modulated onto light waves. This allows data to be sent faster over greater distances. Fiber Optic internet sends data faster than basic cable. It’s delivered on a dedicated line, which facilitates more consistent speed than cable. This is true even during peak usage times. Often, fiber optic Internet is considered more reliable. It is immune to many of the conditions that cable Internet is susceptible to. Fiber optic Internet is less likely to go down during a power outage. Because fiber optic Internet is made of glass, there is no electricity involved. This protects it against interference from nearby power lines or high voltage electrical equipment. This also helps reduce the risk of fire. The private network installed to your home makes fiber optic Internet harder to hack. Fiber can withstand more temperature fluctuations than cable. It can also be submerged in water. Not all fiber optic networks reach all cities and neighborhoods, although that footprint is expanding.You can always ask a My Utilities agent if AT&T has progressed to offer Fiber Optic options at your specific home. Cable internet is more traditional uses cable TV infrastructure to transmit data. Although cable internet does not interfere with your television, you may have to share the connection with your neighbors. This sharing can often slow down your speed during busy hours like after work from 6-10pm. Most phone service companies also offer cable internet. It’s accessible by almost anyone in any area. There are fewer fiber optic-based internet service providers on the market. Figuring out the right internet provider can be really tricky. The rates and performance depends so much on the exact location of your home. Unfortunately some of the best internet isn't accessible at every home yet. Luckily companies are always improving and evolving.

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Valaciclovir, also known as valacyclovir. Valaciclovir is an antiviral drug. It slows the growth and spread of the herpes virus and helps the body fight infection. Valaciclovir is used to treat infections caused by the herpes virus, such as genital herpes, cold sores, and shingles (shingles) in adults. Valaciclovir is used to treat cold sores in children over the age of 12 or chickenpox in children over the age of 2. Valaciclovir comes as an oral tablet. For treatment of shingles, it is usually taken every 8 hours (3 times a day) for 7 days. For the treatment of genital herpes, it is usually taken twice a day for 5 days. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully and ask your doctor or pharmacist to clarify any areas you do not understand. Take valacyclovir exactly as directed. Do not take more or less, or more often than directed by your doctor.Use this medicine as soon as possible after symptoms appear.Continue taking valacyclovir even if you feel well. Do not stop taking valacyclovir without first talking to your doctor. Common side effects are: Serious side effects may include - kidney problems Considered safe for use during pregnancy. It is a prodrug that works after being converted to acyclovir in the body. Please consult your doctor/physician/specialist before taking any healthcare products. In case of allergic reaction to the medicines/substance, please take immediate medical help.

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Social Learning Theory was founded by Albert Bandura (1977), which is the idea that people learn from each other. This is done through ‘imitation, observation and modelling.’ The importance of social learning theory is analysed by Bandura, looking at how children learn from watching those around them. Imitation, observation and modelling Bandura found that children observe the actions and behaviour of many people around them. These people being observed are called ‘models.’ Children are constantly surrounded by these ‘models,’ for example their family members, and look up to them. As a consequence, children copy their behaviour and imitate them. If the behaviour the chid imitates is deemed correct, they will be rewarded by this, and replicate it in future. The term identification represents the child copying the behaviour of the ‘model,’ like their behaviour, beliefs, opinions and points of view. Bandura says their behaviour is internalised by the people they copy and look up to. Identification involves a number of different behaviours being mimicked, which differs from imitation, which is one behaviour being copied. Social Learning Theory and cognitive approach Social Learning Theory bridges the gap between ‘traditional learning theory’ and cognitive learning. It involves looking at how cognitive learning, which is learning by doing , processing and experiencing, influences how we learn. Bandura believes that we are constantly learning and actively processing information, whilst thinking about the consequences. For example, in order for observational learning to work, individuals must be using their cognitive ability to process information. Observational learning therefore, can only work when engaging cognitive factors, which produce an outcome. This means that observational learning isn’t copied from the ‘model’ instinctively, the individual produces thoughts based on what they are watching, and generates an outcome as a result. This outcome is either copying this behaviour or choosing not to. Bandura’s Social Learning Theory examines how behaviour is imitated by others, especially children. The importance of Social Learning Theory can unveil new methods of teaching. This can be looking at how children copy behaviour, identification, and implementing this learning-by-doing strategy. Cognition is an important factor in Social Learning Theory, which looks at how the brain responds to activity, whilst making a judgement. The individual can choose whether to copy the actions of the ‘model,’ or ignore it.

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CORRELATED COLOUR TEMPERATURE (CCT) WHAT IS CORRELATED COLOUR TEMPERATURE CCT stands for Correlated Color Temperature (often shortened to Color Temperature). It determines the color, not the brightness of the light source, and is measured in Kelvins (K) rather than degrees Kelvin (°K). Each white light has its own color, falling somewhere on the spectrum from amber to blue. Low CCT is on the yellow end of the color spectrum, while high CCT is on the bluish white end of the spectrum. WHICH CCT IS BEST Colour temperature determines the colour appearance of white LEDs. CCT is defined in Kelvin; Warm light is around 2700K, becoming neutral white around 4000K and cool white at 5000K or higher. Note that CCT cannot tell you the colour rendering capabilities of an LED. The colour temperature of a LED light tells us how the light looks and feels. It is measured in degrees Kelvin (K) and ranges from 1,000 to 10,000. For commercial and residential lighting applications, it typically ranges from 2000K to 6500K. Knowing the temperature in Kelvin (K) will help you choose the lighting that will give you the effect and the mood you want. COMMON COLOUR TEMPERATURES AND ESTIMATES K. VALUE We know that colour temperature must be specified in the Kelvin (K) temperature scale. Because it specify colour temperatures and this is an accurate way to judge colour temperature. Popular Colour Temaperature And Their Kelvin Values: Extra Warm White 2700K Warm White 3000K Neutral White 4000K Cool White 5000K |Correlated Colour Temperature (CCT)| |Bathroom / Toilet||Low||Low||High||High||High|

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The Road to Zero Traffic Deaths Rumble strips, roundabouts, and other design improvements can drastically lower U.S. traffic deaths. More than 40,000 people now die on U.S. roads each year. Reducing that number to zero may seem impossible. Not to Shannon Frattaroli. “We don’t have to die on the roads. Zero deaths is a reasonable goal,” says Frattaroli, PhD ’99, MPH ’94, director of the Johns Hopkins Center for Injury Research and Policy. Simple changes in road design can minimize the often-deadly consequences of mistakes by drivers—and have sharply reduced traffic deaths in Sweden and other countries. The U.S. Department of Transportation recently announced that the Safe System approach (detailed last year in a report by the Center) would be its “guiding paradigm to address road- way safety.” And, importantly, the U.S. 2021 infrastructure bill provides the funds needed to begin building out Safe System innovations. “This is a very exciting time in road safety, both in this country as well as in the world,” says Frattaroli, a professor in Health Policy and Management. What's “Safe System”? The Safe System approach emphasizes designing safety into road systems. Currently, the responsibility for safety is placed on people who are driving, walking, or cycling, and there is little recognition of the role that road design can have in preventing crashes and injuries. Roundabouts slow traffic through dangerous intersections and reduce severe crashes by 78%–82%. Median barriers on rural divided highways decrease high-speed, head-on crashes by 97%. Rumble strips alert drivers when they drift across centerlines and onto shoulders, reducing head-on crashes by 44%–64% and run-off-road crashes by 13%–51%. Pedestrian hybrid beacons Pedestrian hybrid beacons make drivers aware of pedestrians crossing mid-block or through intersections without signals, decreasing pedestrian crashes by 55%. Center turning lane Converting four-lane undivided roads to two thru lanes with a center turning lane cut crashes by 19%–47%. Separated bike lanes Cities with more miles of protected bike lanes generally have safer roads for all users.

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School counselors provide guidance services to students. They also collaborate with parents, teachers, administrators, psychologists, medical professionals, and social workers to develop strategies to help students succeed. Elementary school counselors do less vocational and academic counseling than high school counselors do. School counselors at all levels help students cope with social, behavioral, and personal problems. Steps Toward an MEd or MS in School Counseling To become a school counselor, requirements vary significantly by state. Successful students typically complete the following steps: - Earn proper undergraduate degree (requirements vary by state). Common undergraduate degrees include Bachelor of Science programs in education, psychology or human services. - Earn proper graduate degrees (requirements vary by state) from an accredited institution like Purdue, Liberty, or Walden University. Typically includes completing a Master of Science degree with a concentration in elementary or high school counseling. - Obtain proper licensure. Licensure requirements differ greatly by state, occupational specialty, and work setting. - Consider certification and continuing education options. Some counselors elect to be certified by the National Board for Certified Counselors, which grants a general practice credential of National Certified Counselor. While voluntary and distinct from state licensing, in some states, those who pass the national exam are exempt from taking a state certification exam. The board also offers specialty certifications in school counseling. In some cases, school counselors aim to become counseling directors, counselor educators, counseling psychologists, or school administrators by advancing their education even further. After completing a degree, one may consider attaining membership with the American School Counselor Association (ASCA). The ASCA aids in professional development, publishes a bimonthly magazine and other publications, offers liability insurance, and more. They also have a handy state-by-state guide that describes each state’s certification requirements. My Degree and What It’s Worth A school counselor is typically responsible for the following job duties: - Evaluate the strengths, problems, or special needs of children and young adults in a school setting. - Provide personal, educational and vocational counseling. - Offer case management support and guidance, especially when cases of domestic abuse and other family problems that can affect a student’s development are identified. - Arrange for medical care, vocational training, job placement and other outside services. The average annual salary for a guidance counselor will vary depending on what type of institution one works in, location, and experience. To learn more, please visit our salary outlook for counselors. Online School Counseling Degree Programs - Bradley University: MA in Professional School Counseling - Our Lady of the Lake University: MEd in School Counseling Closely Related Programs The following degrees are closely related to a master’s degree program in school counseling, often allowing you to pursue a career in this field or others:

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Incorporating element-wise multiplication can out-perform dense layers in neural networks We ran 1,300 different training experiments to try a large range of different neural network architectures on basic arithmetic, logic and integer tasks. We tested on four different datasets. Surprisingly, the best performing network was one incorporating element-wise multiplication, an infrequently used component in today’s networks. We encourage further experimentation and usage of element-wise multiplication. In working on MacGraph, a reasoning network that answers questions using knowledge graphs, I came across a problem: which neural network layers should I use to perform the logic and arithmetic functions the dataset requires? The type of network that generated this article’s inquiry is a little unusual: whereas most of deep learning is focussed on classifying noisy real world data, MacGraph is focussed on performing multi-step reasoning operations. By multi-step reasoning, I mean answering questions like “Which newly built station is beside London Bridge?” (from the CLEVR-Graph dataset of mass-transit systems). To answer this sort of question the network needs to be able to extract, filter and combine multiple facts from the available knowledge base. We often think of neural networks as transforming distributions, or combining many weak signals into strong ones. But in the case of reasoning, the network is often trying to combine pieces of information in a variety of ways (e.g. logical AND, arithmetic counting) depending on the present task and step (in the case of multi-step reasoning RNNs). In reasoning networks, one can think of three distinct phases of the network (these may be multiple iterations of an RNN, or multiple layers in a FNN): Depending on the question, each reasoning operation may need to do the same or different calculation. For the CLEVR dataset, successful models need to combine filtering, AND, OR, existence, counting, equality, uniqueness and relational operations to mimic the functional program used to generate the answer label. Here’s the description given by the authors of CLEVR: Therefore, for capable reasoning systems, it’s vital that the reasoning operation cells can perform many/all of the aforementioned operations. This article focuses on the question “Which neural network components should form the reasoning operation?”. Here we will focus on implementing the individual types of reasoning operations, and leave discussion of how to conditionally combine them depending on the question for a future work. To find out which neural network components are best at reasoning operations, we’ve put together a set of reasoning operation tasks, a set of datasets and a set of different neural network components. We’ll test all combinations of them to see which achieve the greatest test accuracy. The networks were tested on a wide range of tasks. These represent many of the things a reasoning network needs to do to solve CLEVR and other similar challenges. The tasks were: - Vector concatenation - Elementwise multiplication - Elementwise addition - Vector dot product - Reduce-sum (e.g. add every element together) - Equality between vectors - Integer addition (where integers are represented as one-hot vectors) - Logical AND, OR and XOR Our datasets each contain one million training records and four thousand evaluation records. Each record contains two vectors as the input features, and an output vector as the label. Input vectors are width 128, output vectors width depends on the task being tested. Each training and evaluation record (e.g. pair of vectors) is unique, there is no overlap between the two sets. Typically networks are allowed to learn their own internal representation of information (either through embeddings or feed-forward transformations). Depending on the nature and constraints of the network, these representations may have different characteristics. For example, if a sigmoid activation is used, the internal representation will have only positive elements between 0.0 and 1.0. Or, if Word2Vec word embeddings are used, vectors look like strings of random floating point numbers. To try and simulate the different possibilities in real networks, the following datasets have been generated: - One hot vectors - Many hot vectors - Random vectors between -1.0 and 1.0 - Random positive vectors between 0.0 and 1.0 A wide range of popular networks were tested. Dense and Residual Single, double and triple layer dense network stacks were tested. Hidden layers had the width of the combined input features, i.e. 256 elements. The output layer had the width the task dictated (e.g. 128 wide for element-wise addition) A range of activation functions were tested, representative of popular configurations in the real world: - No activation (e.g. pure linear) Both plain dense layer stacks and residual stacks were tested. In the residual stacks, every time the input and output width of a layer were the same (e.g. all layers apart from the output) a residual “skip” connection was added where the layer’s input was added to the layer’s output. For comparison, a multiply unit was also tested. This consisted of applying linear dense layers to each input (each hidden width 256), then performing element-wise multiplication, then applying final linear dense layer (output width as dictated by the task): A second multiply cell, “multiply simple” was also tested. It is the same as above, but without the linear dense layers on the inputs (i.e. it is elementwise multiplication followed by a single linear dense layer). Each combination of task, network and dataset was tested. Some combinations are trivial (e.g. reduce sum of two one hot vectors always gives 2.0) and some don’t make sense (e.g. logical operations on random floating point numbers) and these have been excluded from the results analysis. Each combination was first grid-searched to find the best learning rate (e.g. learning rates from 0.000001 to 100.0 were tried for 1,000 training steps, with the lowest loss training’s learning rate then used to train the network from scratch to 30,000 training steps. Early stopping was used for any time a network achieved 100% accuracy). The Adam optimizer was used and mean-squared error was used to calculate the loss of the network’s output compared to the desired label. Few networks were able to succeed on the majority of the tasks and datasets tested. Here’s the high level summary of how each network performed: Surprisingly, the multiply network achieved the best success score, despite being an unusual network structure. The residual networks performed worst, despite being incredibly popular in deep visual networks due to their flexibility. Let’s dig into the details. The multiply network performed perfectly on almost all tasks As you can see above, the multiply network achieved close to 100% on almost every task on every dataset. Given this result, we suggest that multiplication operations may be an overlooked ingredient to designing reasoning and general neural networks Notably, the multiply network consistently struggled with two tasks: dot product and reduce sum. It was surprising that the multiply network struggled on the dot product task as the two are structurally similar. We suspected that this failure could be because the back-propagation is under-constrained: the network outputs a single scalar and from its error has to optimize three linear dense layers (i.e. 66k parameters). To test this hypothesis, we removed the two initial dense layers to create the “multiply simple” network and tested it: The multiply simple network achieved 100% on all tasks, confirming that the two initial linear dense layers were indeed the problem. Neither variation did well on the reduce sum task (the one hot dataset was excluded as it’s answer for this task is always 2.0): For the reduce sum task, the network needs to preserve both input vectors across the element-wise multiplication, in order to sum their elements in the final dense layer. Achieving that by manipulating the inputs prior to multiplication is an intricate operation and one the network failed to learn. Understandably, the multiply simple network completely failed as its inputs were irrecoverably corrupted by the element-wise multiplication. Most networks performed very well on one-hot vectors There was something that all the network variants performed very well on: one-hot vectors. One-hot vectors are the simplest to process. Generally operations have fewer possible cases to consider compared to many hot or random vectors. Some operations become trivial as their output is always the same (e.g. reduce sum). As you can see in the table below, pretty much all networks got >99% accuracy on most tasks: There were a couple of common failure modes: Activation functions’ range must include the output domain A really simple cause of some of the failures was because the activation function (e.g. sigmoid) had a range (0.0 to 1.0) that did not include the output label domain for the network (e.g. reduce sum’s domain is all real numbers). This affected sigmoid, tanh, ReLU and SELU. Residual networks performed worse than non-residual Something to do with unavoidably mixing in the previous distribution with the new one? Logical XOR was the hardest logical task for the networks All networks performed worse on logical XOR than on AND or OR. Below shows the networks performance on many hot vectors (the hardest dataset for logical tasks): As mentioned earlier, multiply performs best with dense, dense residual and multiply simple following afterwards. Network performance was very sensitive to number of layers and activation function One of the hard things in putting together this analysis was the sheer irregularity of networks’ performance. The table below shows the whole picture: Having too many or too few layers impeded most networks’ performance, switching activation functions could drastically alter their ability to train to a high accuracy. Furthermore, a network that excels at one task often fails badly on some others. This gives the difficult result that there may not be many easy “one size fits all” answers for this area of engineering. Multiplication networks performed remarkably well, but there remains more work to create a composite (perhaps ensemble) approach that performs best in all scenarios. We’ve shown the performance of 23 networks on 10 tasks against 4 datasets, internally running 1,300 different experiments and 11,700 separate trainings. Multiplication based networks achieved the highest performance, despite being a relatively unknown ingredient in building neural networks. We propose that they warrant further experimentation and consideration in a research engineer’s toolkit. Octavian’s mission is to develop systems with human-level reasoning capabilities. We believe that graph data and deep learning are key ingredients to making this possible. If you interested in learning more about our research or contributing, check out our website or get in touch. Here is a full listing of the networks individual performance:

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- kvennsköp (kvennskǫp) - kvennsköp, n. pl. kvindelige Kjønsdele. Ingv. 7 (158 a19). Part of speech: n pl Orthography: Johan Fritzner's dictionary used the letter ö to represent the original Old Norwegian (or Old Norse) vowel ǫ. Therefore, kvennsköp may be more accurately written as kvennskǫp. Possible runic inscription in Medieval Futhork:ᚴᚠᚽᚿᚿᛋᚴᚯᛕ Medieval Runes were used in Norway from 11th to 15th centuries. Futhork was a continuation of earlier Younger Futhark runes, which were used to write Old Norse.

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This article does not have any sources. (January 2012) Paralysis is most often caused by damage to the nervous system or brain, especially the spinal cord. Major causes are stroke, trauma, poliomyelitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), botulism, spina bifida, multiple sclerosis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Partial paralysis can also occur in the REM stage of sleep (see:Sleep paralysis). Paralysis often includes loss of feeling in the affected area. Types of paralysis Edit In hemiplegia, one side of your body is paralysed. During monoplegia, only one limb is unable to move. In paraplegia, both legs are unable to move. The most extreme form of paralysis. The whole body from the neck down can't move. Locked-in syndrome Edit Paralysis of the whole body.

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in Awww 15 Interesting Facts About Boston Terriers by Judy Powell December 10, 2022, 8:23 am 11shares Facebook Twitter Email Pinterest Here are a few interesting facts about these little guys: 1 The Boston Terrier was the first dog breed to be Developed in the United States. Credit Judy Powell 2 They were originally bred as rodent hunters and even for pit fighting. They were much larger and heavier than they are today. They were weighing around 44 pounds. Credit Judy Powell 3 Nowadays most Boston Terriers typically weigh around half that size. They are energetic and friendly companion animals. Credit Judy Powell Page 1 of 5Previous 12345Next11shares Facebook Twitter Email Pinterest See more Previous article Top 14 Things German Shepherds Don’t Like Next article 15 Pictures Only Chow Chow Owners Will Think Are Funny Leave a Reply Cancel replyYour email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *Comment * Name * Email * Website Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

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What is a copyright? Can everything be copyrighted? A copyright is the expression of an idea. The idea itself is not copyrighted. Ideas can be patented and I will talk about patents later. Let’s consider the example of a story: a poor man who found lots of cash on his way back to his home from his work. He decided to keep the cash to improve his financial situation. But he could not sleep at night because he was haunted by strange voices that told him to find the owner and return the cash. This idea cannot be protected. Anybody can write a short story based on the idea. What is protected is how the author expresses the idea in the form of texts, illustrations, drawings, photographs, etc. Once an expression is copyrighted, others can still use it for fair use. You can tape a few 15 seconds video clips from a copyrighted TV programs and post it in your video blogs about a commentary on the program or broadcaster, etc. This will be considered a fair use and you will not infringe the copyright. After a copyrighted material expires, it falls into the public domain. The life of a copyrighted material is the life of the author, plus 70 years. The public domain copyrighted materials can be reproduced without any infringement. For example, if you have an old picture with expired copyright, you can post the picture in your website. In the USA, the Copyright Act of 1976 governs all copyrights. The Copyright Act does not protect any ideas, procedures, process, systems, and methods of operations, concepts, principle or discovery regardless of how it is expressed. It is the expression that is protected by the Copyright Act. You cannot copyright titles, names, slogans, and short phrases even if those have new ideas. As mentioned earlier, the life span of a copyrighted material is the author’s life, plus 70 years in most cases. There are a few exceptions to this rule and they are: un-renewed copyrighted materials published pre-1964, materials published before 1978 without a copyrighted notice, and materials published by the US Government. All copyrighted materials should be fixed in a tangible medium (papers, CDs, DVDs, etc.). If it is not fixed in a tangible medium, it is not copyrighted. For example, your speech to the graduating class that was never recorded, taped, or published is not protected under the US Copyright Act. Your can register your copyrighted materials with the US Copyright Office. All expressions of ideas are copyrighted regardless it is registered with the Copyright Office or not. If you register the expression with the Copyright Office, you can receive statutory damages and attorney’s fees if an infringement occurs. If the material is not registered with the Copyrighted Office, you can only recover actual damages. A patent holder of an invention has the right to exclude others from using, selling, and making the invention. The United States Patent Office (USPTO) awards patents. There are three kinds of patents: utility, design, and plant patents. The most frequently used patents are utility patents. They have a life span of 20 years from the effective filing date if the filing date is after June 8, 1995. A utility patent also requires periodic maintenance fees. A utility patent must be a novel, useful, and non-obvious process, machine, manufacture, or compositions of matter or improvement to the same. There are three things that define a utility patent. First, it must be novel. Nobody should have invented, published, used, or manufactured the invention before. Second, one should be able to do some thing useful with the invention. If it is just novel without any usefulness, it cannot be patented. A patentable invention should not be obvious to the person with ordinary skills in the same technology space related to the invention. A design patent is the appearance or aesthetic of an article and it has a life span of 14 years after the patent is issued. A plant patent, as the name applies, protects a distinct plant produced asexually. It has life span of 20 years from the filing date. A trademark is word, symbol, design, or a combination of one or more of these items. It is used to identify the source of goods or services of one company and differentiate a company’s goods and services from others. A trademark should not be confusingly similar to other existing names or symbols. A trademark is registered with the USPTO. It can also be registered through the state’s Secretary of State’s office. If the trademark is not registered, the rights to the trademark may be geographically limited. You cannot use the symbol ® to represent a mark if it is not registered. If you want to maintain a trademark for your business, you must actively use it. Just registering a trademark without using it actively will result in diminished rights over time. Never allow a trademark to become a generic word. For example, the trademark “Aspirin” by Bayer has become a generic word to represent acetylsalicylic acid. Others can use it without causing any infringement. When you see a trademark used by authors as a noun or a verb, it may become a generic word. Trademark owners vigorously pursue authors from using the trademark as a noun or a verb. A trademark should always be used as an adjective. For example, Google is preventing others from using the word Google as a verb.

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The role of the Consumer Council in Northern Ireland’s energy sector10th May 2023 Making the ‘Just Transition’ more sustainable for rural Ireland10th May 2023 The decarbonisation of the gas network through the introduction of renewable gases is an important part of Ireland’s net zero strategy. With Ireland also seeking to identify strategies to decarbonise the agricultural sector, the production of renewable gas from agricultural activities is an attractive proposition for Government, gas utilities and the agricultural sector. Focus on biomethane Biomethane can be produced from a broad range of biomass materials including agricultural wastes, food waste and crops. Given Ireland’s large agri-food sector, biomethane production is recognised as having the potential to allow farms to become more sustainable while also providing rural jobs and a diversified income for the farming sector. The use of biomethane can help produce a circular economy through the production of renewable gas and bio-fertiliser. Furthermore, biomethane is a flexible and easily storable fuel and when mixed with natural gas, no adjustments to equipment designed to distribute natural gas are required. Biomethane has already begun to replace natural gas in the national network. A number of policy measures have been introduced which will help incentivise the development of biomethane production. - Climate Action Plan 2023 (CAP23): under the recent CAP2023, Ireland has committed to deliver up to 5.7 TWh of indigenously produced biomethane by 2030, based on agricultural feedstocks. This represents a tripling of is ambitions under CAP21; - National biomethane strategy: CAP23 commits to the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and the Marine and the Department of the Environment, Climate and Communications developing a National Biomethane Strategy, with a view to setting out the suite of actions that need to be implemented to deliver on Ireland’s biomethane targets; - Renewable Heat Obligation Scheme (RHO Scheme): The introduction of the new RHO Scheme, planned to be in place by 2024, will also incentivise investment into the renewable gas sector as suppliers are incentivised to ensure that a proportion of energy is renewable; - Guarantees of Origin (GOO): The introduction of GOO for gas produced from renewable sources in 2022 allows the tracking and verification of the origin of renewable gas. Gas Networks Ireland (GNI) has been appointed as the issuing body for GOOs for gas in Ireland; and - Biofuels Obligation Scheme (BOS): The BOS incentivises road transport users to use a proportion of environmentally sustainable biofuels across their general fuel mix. Whilst the scheme has been in place since 2010, it remains relevant in incentivising the transition to renewable transport fuels. Connecting and injecting Renewable gas is already being integrated into the gas system. GNI allows for the injection of biomethane into the existing gas network through two forms: - direct injection (DI), where a pipeline extension between the biomethane production plant and the gas network are proximate; and - central grid injection (CGI) where a centralised injection point is established between geographically dispersed biomethane production plant(s) and the gas network. GNI’s gas injection point in Cush, County Kildare and its planned CGI facility in Mitchelstown are examples of DI and CGI plants (respectively) and demonstrate the investment already taking place in infrastructure that facilitates biomethane injection at scale. The proposed CGI facility in Mitchelstown will have the capacity to receive renewable gas produced from farm and food waste from approximately 20 local producers with capacity to inject enough biomethane to meet the requirements of up to 64,000 tonnes. CGI facilities like this are key to the facilitation of a distributed network of biomethane production facilities. The opportunity for Ireland With a strong agri-food sector, the European Commission has identified Ireland as having the highest potential for renewable gas production per capita within the EU by 2030. The revised and ambitious biomethane production targets set out in CAP23 demonstrates the Government’s commitment to realising that potential. CAP23 has also stated that to achieve the target of 5.7 TWh by 2030 this will require approximately 150 to 200 anaerobic digestion plants. This is a significant number of new projects, which will require very significant private investment. It is important that developers and investors in these projects have clear investment signals including in relation to financial support, route(s) to market and a predictable planning and consenting regime. The publication of the National Biomethane Strategy may offer clarity on some of these areas.

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As spring approaches, garden expert Jane Ford has been encouraging readers of news-sentinal.com to introduce their children and grandchildren to the pleasures of gardening. Ms Ford suggests that kids are like sponges ready to be filled with information and that passing on gardening and greenhouse skills is a worthwhile way of helping them grow. "Children are little learning machines and are inquisitive about everything; they love being outdoors and are eager to learn to do things for themselves," she wrote on the website. "Gardening is an excellent way to instil in them a sense of self-confidence as well as to teach them a skill that will last a lifetime." Among a number of tips, Ms Ford suggests planning and building a garden together. The choice of plants should be based around the child, and fruits and vegetables are ideal for educating them about healthy eating as well as gardening. Carrots, peas, cherry tomatoes and giant pumpkins are all fun plants to grow that kids will love. Meanwhile, Rick Rosen of the Dallas Morning News has suggested that gardeners check that their trees root flares are not covered in soil or mulch as this can cause them to suffer and even die.

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From Dr. Nigel Hughes, Leader of IGCP 668: I hope you don’t mind my bringing our new IGCP project to your attention, if you haven’t heard of it to date. It was recently awarded, and the website has just gone live. IGCP 668: Equatorial Gondwanan History and Early Palaeozoic Evolutionary Dynamics Scientific studies of ancient changes in Earth’s physical environment and biota demonstrate the relevance of Earth’s past for our planet’s future. An important ancient interval of transition occurred in the later Cambrian and early Ordovician, some 500 to 450 million years ago. It included change from repeated intervals of evolutionary “boom and bust” (rapid evolutionary radiation followed by dramatic collapse of diversity) in Cambrian shallow seas into a more stable and enduring biota in the Ordovician and thereafter. This change was linked to a late Cambrian peak and early Ordovician decline in global explosive volcanism that is recorded in particular detail in the equatorial Gondwanan terrane of Sibumasu: Thailand, Myanmar, Malaysia, and Baoshan, China. In these areas fossils are repeatedly interbedded with datable volcanic ashes. Global volcanism also resulted in rapid changes in atmospheric CO2, and in widespread marine anoxia. The relationship between such environmental stresses and faunal turnover has societal significance today, but our ability to learn from this instructive episode is hindered by our ability to determine the precise timing of these events and thus link cause and effect. The project will coordinate international effort to realize the research and educational potential of the Sibumasu record in its equatorial Gondwanan and global context. We are presently planning a meeting in Thailand in December of this year. We hope that the project will endure for 5 years and that there will also be meetings in the USA, Myanmar, Japan, and China. Details of the project are appearing on our new website, just live. If you haven’t yet done so, we would much like you to join our lsit of collaborators so that we can keep you posted of developments. Many thanks, and looking forward to working together, All good wishes, Dept. of Earth Sciences University of California

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Manufacturers face crucial decisions in the rapidly evolving food industry when producing their products. One of the most significant choices is whether to opt for co-manufacturing or self-manufacturing. Co-manufacturing involves partnering with a specialized facility to produce your food products while self-manufacturing entails setting up and operating your own manufacturing facility. Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages; understanding them is vital for making an informed decision. This blog post will explore the pros and cons of co-manufacture and self-manufacture for food product manufacturers. Co-manufacturing has recently gained popularity as a strategic solution for food manufacturers. Here are some of the benefits associated with co-manufacturing: - Cost Savings: Co-manufacturing allows companies to leverage a specialized facility’s expertise, infrastructure, and resources without incurring substantial upfront costs. Manufacturers can allocate their financial resources toward other critical areas such as marketing, research, and development by avoiding significant capital investments. - Scalability: Partnering with a co-manufacturer provides flexibility in scaling production. Manufacturers can quickly respond to market demands by increasing or decreasing production volumes as needed without being limited by the capacity of their own facilities. This scalability is especially advantageous for seasonal products or when dealing with uncertain market trends. - Access to Expertise: Co-manufacturing facilities are often equipped with experienced personnel with specialized knowledge in food manufacturing processes, quality control, and regulatory compliance. By tapping into this expertise, manufacturers can benefit from best practices, innovation, and industry insights, enhancing the overall quality of their products. - Risk Mitigation: Sharing the production responsibility with a co-manufacturer helps mitigate risks associated with equipment failure, labour shortages, and other operational challenges. Additionally, co-manufacturers may have established relationships with suppliers, which can help streamline the supply chain and reduce procurement-related risks. Despite these advantages, co-manufacturing does have some potential drawbacks that manufacturers should consider: - Loss of Control: Partnering with a co-manufacturer means relinquishing some degree of control over the production process. Manufacturers may have limited influence over production schedules, ingredient sourcing, and quality control protocols. This loss of control can be a concern for companies with unique or highly specialized product requirements. - Intellectual Property Concerns: Sharing proprietary recipes, formulations, and manufacturing techniques with a co-manufacturer raises intellectual property concerns. While non-disclosure agreements can help protect sensitive information, there is always a risk of intellectual property theft or unintentional disclosure. Self-manufacturing involves building and operating your own production facility. Here are some advantages associated with self-manufacturing: - Complete Control: Self-manufacturing gives manufacturers full control over the production process, including ingredient sourcing, quality control, and customization. This level of control can be especially important for companies with unique or proprietary products. - Brand Identity: By self-manufacturing, companies can establish a stronger brand identity, emphasizing their commitment to quality, authenticity, and innovation. Controlling the entire production process enables manufacturers to align their products closely with their brand values and deliver a consistent customer experience. - Flexibility and Adaptability: Having an in-house manufacturing facility offers the flexibility to adapt quickly to changing market dynamics, consumer preferences, and emerging trends. Manufacturers can experiment with new recipes, variations, and packaging formats more easily, enabling them to stay competitive. However, self-manufacturing also presents some challenges that manufacturers should be aware of: - Higher Costs: Setting up and operating a manufacturing facility requires substantial infrastructure, equipment, and skilled labour investments. Manufacturers must consider the financial implications of these upfront costs, including maintenance, compliance, and ongoing operational expenses. - Limited Scalability: Self-manufacturing restricts scalability compared to co-manufacturing. Expanding production capacity might require significant investments, and manufacturers may face challenges adjusting output to match fluctuating demand. Co-manufacture and self-manufacture are two viable options for food manufacturers, each with advantages and challenges. When deciding, it is crucial to consider factors such as cost, control, scalability, expertise, and brand identity. Ultimately, the choice depends on the individual manufacturer’s specific needs, goals, and resources. By weighing these considerations thoughtfully, manufacturers can make an informed decision that aligns with their business objectives and helps drive growth and success in the competitive food industry. Nutrition Analysis with MenuSano In addition to considering the co-manufacture vs. self-manufacture decision, food manufacturers can leverage technology to streamline their operations and enhance their business. One such tool that can significantly benefit food manufacturers is MenuSano, a user-friendly nutritional analysis software. MenuSano offers a range of features that can help manufacturers in several ways. Firstly, MenuSano allows manufacturers to easily analyze and calculate the nutritional information of their recipes and food products. With its extensive database of ingredients, manufacturers can input their recipes and obtain accurate and detailed nutritional breakdowns, including calories, macronutrients, vitamins, and allergen information. This functionality is crucial for complying with labelling regulations, meeting consumer demand for transparency, and catering to specific dietary requirements. Moreover, MenuSano enables manufacturers to create and compare multiple recipe versions, allowing them to experiment with ingredient substitutions or modifications while instantly assessing the impact on nutrition profiles. This feature helps manufacturers optimize their recipes to meet specific nutritional targets or align with market trends without compromising taste or quality. Lastly, MenuSano’s user-friendly interface and intuitive design make it accessible to all users, even those without extensive technical expertise. This ease of use reduces the learning curve for employees and allows manufacturers to integrate the software into their operations efficiently. By leveraging MenuSano, food manufacturers can streamline their nutritional analysis processes, ensure regulatory compliance, optimize recipes, control costs, and provide consumers with accurate and transparent product information. Incorporating technology tools like MenuSano into their operations can help food manufacturers stay competitive, meet consumer expectations, and drive growth in the dynamic and evolving food industry. If you want to see just how much MenuSano can help, you can sign up for a Free Trial today!

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An intelligent virtual assistant (IVA) or intelligent personal assistant (IPA) is a software agent that can perform tasks or services for an individual based on commands or questions. Sometimes the term "chatbot" is used to refer to virtual assistants generally or specifically accessed by online chat. In some cases, online chat programs are exclusively for entertainment purposes. Some virtual assistants are able to interpret human speech and respond via synthesised voices. Users can ask their assistants questions, control home automation devices and media playback via voice, and manage other basic tasks such as email, to-do lists, and calendars with verbal (spoken?) commands. A similar concept, however with differences, lays under the dialogue systems. As of 2017, the capabilities and usage of virtual assistants are expanding rapidly, with new products entering the market and a strong emphasis on both email and voice user interfaces. Apple and Google have large installed bases of users on smartphones. Microsoft has a large installed base of Windows-based personal computers, smartphones and smart speakers. Amazon has a large install base for smart speakers. Conversica has over 100 million engagements via its email and sms interface Intelligent Virtual Assistants for business. Voice assistants are featured in mobile devices, laptops, and smart speakers. They're trigged by 'wake words' like "Alexa" or "Ok Google". The device records your question or request and then responds according to either pre-programmed "skills" such as activating a smart light or turning on the television, or by finding and defining information that is available online. The advancement of the voice assistants supported by Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning is rapid.

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Accounting Equation Calculator This balance sheet equation is used to calculate the relationship between your business assets, liabilities, and equity based on basic and expanded accouting information. Formula To Calculate Accounting Equation : The accounting equation is very important. It represents the relationship between the assets, liabilities, and owners equity of a person or business.This is also known as the Accounting Equation or The Balance Sheet Equation. Assets are the economic resources belonging to a business.Assets is calculated as follows: Assets = Liabilities + Capital Cash in hand, Cash at Bank, Receivables, Inventories, Depreciable assets, Growing Crops, Land, Investments, Goodwill, Patents & Trade Marks, Prepaid Expenses, Outstanding Incomes, etc. Liabilities are the debts owed by the firm.Liabilities is calculated as follows: Liabilities = Assets - Capital Trade Creditors, Payables, Creditors for Expenses, Loans from Bank or Other persons or institutions, Bank Overdraft, etc. Capital is the value of the investment in the business by the owner(s).Capital is calculated as follows: Capital = Assets - Liabilities Formula To Calculate Expanded Accounting Equation : The expanded accounting equation shows the relationships among the accounting elements. In the expanded accounting equation, the capital portion is broken down into several components: contributions, withdrawals, income, and expenses. Assets = Liabilities + Contributed Capital + Beginning Retained Earnings + Revenue - Expenses - Dividends Contributed Capital, capital provided by the original stockholders. This is also known as Paid-In Capital. Beginning Retained Earnings, earnings not distributed to stockholders from the previous period. Revenue, whats generated from the ongoing operation of the company. Expenses, costs incurred to run operations of the business. Dividends, earnings distributed to the stockholders of the company.

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A lottery is a form of game where you are able to win money through the use of a lottery ticket. Whether you are a novice or a seasoned player, you should always do your homework before purchasing a lottery ticket. Not only will this increase your chances of winning, but it will also allow you to get a good idea of how much the jackpot will be. The history of the lottery goes back to ancient times. The first recorded lotteries were held in the Roman Empire. During Saturnalian revels, wealthy noblemen would distribute lottery tickets to their guests. The prizes were usually articles of unequal value, including fancy dinnerware. By the 17th century, lotteries had become common in the Netherlands. Lotteries were also popular in the colonies. Several colonies used lotteries to fund local militias, fortifications, and bridges. In the 18th century, the Continental Congress and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts used lotteries to raise funds for their colonial armies. In the United States, lotteries are governed by state gambling laws. However, some states have legalized online lottery games, which are also known as instant games. A handful of states offer instant games on the web and mobile apps. There are eight states in the United States that have legalized online lotteries. The most popular of these lotteries is Mega Millions. Several other lottery games are available as well. For example, there are several multi-state games, such as Powerball and Mississippi Match 5. Some of the more interesting lottery stories involve Stefan Mandel, a Romanian-born mathematician. He developed a formula for raising funds through a lottery syndicate. This allowed him to have over 2,500 investors for his single lottery. In the end, he kept $97,000 for himself and paid out the rest to his investors. During the late 18th century, the English government proclaimed the last lottery in England. The Loterie Royale, which was authorized by an edict of Chateaurenard, was a huge fiasco. The lottery raised more than a billion dollars and was supposed to be a way to help pay for the war with France. The second-biggest lottery in the United States is the Powerball. The Minnesota Lottery, part of the Multi-State Lottery Association, offers Powerball and participates in two other multi-state games. The Pennsylvania Lottery does not offer MegaMillions or Powerball online. Besides Powerball, the Pennsylvania Lottery offers Keno, Pick 3, and Pick 4. The Maryland Lottery offers four draw games: Pick 3, Pick 4, and Pick 5. The California State Lottery has a complete package of local games. The Arizona Lottery and Louisiana Lottery also provide games. A common strategy for winning a lottery is to buy as many tickets as possible. This allows you to cover a wide variety of numbers and increases your chances of winning. There are also jackpot hunters, who buy tickets from retailers that have sold a winning ticket. It is important to note that if you win a lottery, you will have to pay taxes on your winnings. Depending on your location, you may be required to pay additional state and federal taxes. In New York, for example, your winnings will have to exceed a certain threshold before you can claim any of your prize money. In addition, you will have to pay a tax of 24 percent on your prize money.

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In the mid-1970s, Galería de la Raza distributed a Mission Community Mural Map that guided viewers to key murals in San Francisco’s Mission District (fig. 1). The density of murals in the neighborhood was impressive — and sudden. All of the murals listed in the map were created between 1972 and 1974. Sadly, the artist did not sign this cheeky portrayal of city blocks as Aztec pyramids, situated above a plumed serpent, presumably Quetzalcoatl, as it motored through the streets with the map title in its belly. For this humorous walking tour, the map reimagined the Mission through the lens of Aztec codices and illustrated the ways this emerging art form blended ancient and contemporary Mesoamerican aesthetics. The map presented these ten mural sites as important destinations. The artist used shoe prints as guidance, a map-making practice that also paid homage to footprints in Aztec codices and Indigenous maps. Alex Hidalgo’s research on Indigenous maps from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries emphasizes the power of maps not just as tools to navigate and allocate land but as instruments to interpret space and foster new epistemologies. He writes, “The footprint emerged in the sixteenth century as the most enduring element of mapmaking. Feet used in pre-Columbian codices symbolized journeys, a reminder that a great lord once embarked on a quest for marriage or to wage war in an effort to preserve a lineage or to expand a domain.” Galería de la Raza, marked with an S (perhaps invoking the serpentine Quetzalcoatl), served as a space to foster new epistemologies and aesthetics in response to the limited opportunities afforded artists of color in traditional galleries and museums. With the leadership of codirectors Ralph Maradiaga and René Yañez, Galería de la Raza often helped coordinate and raise funds for local murals. The mural map, possibly indebted to the artistry of Maradiaga, whose work often turned to ancient iconographies for inspiration, gave visibility to a growing cadre of artist-activists redefining local spaces and the meaning of art. More than likely, Galería de la Raza produced the map to accompany its mural exhibition in the summer of 1974 (fig. 2). The map encouraged a circular path from 24th Street to Folsom, 18th to Guerrero, 22nd to Dolores, 23rd to Mission, and finally back to Galería de la Raza at the corner of Bryant and 24th Streets. Dispensing with the use of scale or a compass, the map’s shoe prints presented a visually compact path, while the trail actually encompassed three miles of densely populated urban space. The map presented the murals as separate entities, as well as part of an interrelated journey expressive of the Mission. The map spotlighted key murals in the Mission but could not include all the murals springing up all over the city, including in the Haight, Fillmore, Hunter’s Point, and Chinatown neighborhoods, nor all the talented muralists, including Dewey Crumpler, Jane Norling, and Jim Dong. In fact, by the time these early murals in the Mission appeared, the community mural movement had already made a significant imprint in the Bay Area and across the country in urban and rural spaces. Thus, the city’s mural movement did not begin in the Mission, but the neighborhood became synonymous with murals. Those following Galería de la Raza’s self-guided tour quickly discovered that the serpent figure on their map served as a humorous preview of their first stop. Listed only as the 24th Street Mini-Park Mural, it was also known as Quetzalcoatl (fig. 3). Completed in the summer of 1974 by Michael Ríos, Tony Machado, and Richard Montez, the mural featured a massive green-feathered serpent body spanning a thirty-two-foot wall on the east side of the park. The astonishing figure surfed through an Indigenous village, incorporating images of people gathering water and food, carving and painting stone, playing music, befriending jaguars, turning mechanical levers, and taking counsel upon an altarlike platform. The imagery celebrated the scholarship and accomplishments of Mesoamerica, affirming the value of this ancestry for children enjoying the new playground. This monumental work was the first of several by this trio of artists to grace the walls of the recently created mini park. The park’s muralization represented a profound visual transformation underway as muralists sought every opportunity to redefine the color and look of the neighborhood. The artistry of the murals cast the Mission in a new light. A reporter writing in 1976 offered a backhanded compliment, declaring, “In a city full of world-famous sights, the corner of Mission and 24th streets is seldom, if ever, mentioned in the guide books. But starting at that intersection is a remarkable tour of neighborhood murals.” Murals provoked positive attention for a neighborhood that struggled to be seen. The Mission Community Mural Map (and Proyecto Mission Murals) centers the Mission as a dynamic and important site for mural creation, but drawing borders can also limit the ability to see the larger contexts and the movement of muralists around the city and the globe. Many traveled and trained well beyond the barrio’s borders. For instance, Ríos and Graciela Carrillo traveled to Europe, while Jesus “Chuy” Campusano, Mia Galaviz de Gonzalez, and Irene Pérez traveled to Mexico. Consuelo Méndez migrated to the Bay Area from Venezuela. The zeitgeist was internationalist in scope, even if the work appeared site specific. This article uses this mural map as a frame to examine the rich history and extraordinary talent that emerged in the Mission between 1971 and 1974. Piecing together the history of these early murals means turning to a wide variety of sources, while also accepting that some images and stories are lost. Most of these murals no longer exist, except in photographs. Thankfully, scholar-photographer Tim Drescher created an unparalleled archive of mural images. Proyecto Mission Murals is indebted to his and other documentary efforts that enable later generations to see these murals in spite of urban redevelopment, social change, and harsh rain and winds. Of course, this also means recognizing the power of photographs to frame contemporary interpretations of these works. The images of some murals are incomplete or nonexistent, leaving us to wonder what might have existed outside the frame. Acknowledging the limits of the archive, this virtual tour maps the ways these early murals launched spaces for others to flourish for decades to come. Into the Streets Multiple factors spurred the rise of community murals in the late sixties and early seventies. Legislation, especially the 1964 Civil Rights Act, facilitated access to education in the arts for youth and adults of color. Several of the Mission muralists first met at the San Francisco Art Institute, thanks to newly available scholarships. While they benefited from access to professional training and mentors, they also struggled against the curriculum, which emphasized Eurocentric aesthetics. Artists of color pushed back on narrow white supremacist interpretations of art, while also having to heed the gatekeeping of schools, sgalleries, and museums, which could limit their careers. They turned to making murals in the streets to circumvent the limitations of the art world, while also publicly displaying their aesthetic talents and cultural histories. Public battles over arts funding escalated in San Francisco in the late sixties, when corporate magnate Harold Zellerbach lobbied for the creation of a multimillion-dollar performing arts center modeled on New York’s Lincoln Center. Heir to a fortune in the paper industry, Zellerbach had dedicated years of service to the city’s arts commission, symphony, opera, ballet, and fine arts museums. However, Zellerbach’s critics decried his “Manhattanization” of the city, describing his spending on elite arts institutions as a “subsidy for the rich,” while neighborhoods outside the city center received nothing. Responding to the uproar, Zellerbach proved “instrumental in getting the Neighborhood Arts Program created and financed,” though he also shaped its direction under the San Francisco Arts Commission. While the Neighborhood Arts Program (NAP) struggled for autonomy, it nonetheless radically amplified access to arts and funds across the city. The emergence of NAP, the Supplemental Employment and Training Program (STEP), and the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) of 1973 played important roles in mural sponsorship. When Galería de la Raza struggled against an eviction at its first location on 14th Street for “failure to pay back rent,” the artists looked outside the gallery setting for artistic opportunities. They applied for STEP and NAP funds, which helped seed money for a wave of murals that continued well after the gallery had found its next home on 24th and Bryant. Through NAP, Yañez recalled, “I had a budget to commission people to do murals. Spain was actually the first artist to do a mural in the Mission. After that Robert Crumb did one (figs. 4 and 5).” While access to new funding opportunities helped cover supplies, compensation for artists was modest, if anything at all. Crumb volunteered his time for the Mission Rebels mural, while Manuel “Spain” Rodriguez received a small stipend of three hundred dollars for six months of work to create the Horizons Unlimited mural. Artists often had to make do with very little when producing art for the community. Their work served the nonprofit mission of their patrons, Mission Rebels and Horizons Unlimited, both of which developed as programs to prevent youth from dropping out of school and joining gangs, while also creating job training and placement. However, the nonprofits differed significantly in their ethos, perhaps owing to Horizons Unlimited developing out of federal programming, while Mission Rebels emerged as a grassroots organization. Both organizations benefited from increased funding to help inner city youth escape poverty. Thus, Rodriguez and Crumb drew on their expertise as comic book artists, using frames and word balloons to appeal to the youth visiting the buildings. Spain Rodriguez’s project took more time because of his commitment to detail, animating a detailed portrait of the Mission in four comic-book frames (see fig. 4). He incorporated youth in the project, leading to the creation of multiple interior murals with a variety of aesthetics and interests. Crumb also invoked comic stylings but kept the iconography and detail much simpler. For the exterior of the Mission Rebels building, he created an enlarged comic panel, which featured a line of multiracial youth pumping fists in the air, but rather than shouting protest statements, he filled their word balloons with silly comments, including “Ham ‘n’ Eggs for Breakfast!” and “Keep on Chunkin’” (see fig. 5). Rodriguez started first, but Crumb knocked out the Mission Rebels mural very quickly; both murals reached completion around the same time in early 1972. These initial murals helped popularize a comic style. As Ríos recalled, “I wanted to do this big cartoon strip up there styled after Robert Crumb’s work.” For Ríos, the power of murals emerged with his first commission, the MCO mural, also known as Rat Race, which he completed in June 1972 (fig. 6). His patron, the Mission Coalition Organization (MCO), was a major actor in the Mission in the late sixties. As Tomás Summers Sandoval writes, “At its height, the MCO was an institutional force, recognized as the ‘voice’ of the district in political circles and authorized as the local agent of Model Cities — a 1966 federally funded ‘community development’ program mandating ‘citizen participation.’” According to Ríos, since the MCO had been helping Galería de la Raza with its rent, the organization asked the gallery to provide an artist to help repaint one of their walls. Ríos not only volunteered but proposed a vision far beyond what the MCO had requested. He did not receive any payment for his labor, but the MCO did cover his paint. As he recalled: But I said, well, man, instead of doing just a straight paint job, I think I could see a big cartoon strip on this wall indicating all the different little activities that go on in the Mission and city life. Because I have a sense of humor. I always thought that certain kind of city life, it’s like a rat race sometimes. It’s a rat race. And people have to just scurry like little ratonas to make ends meet and get through life. So that’s what I did. I did this big cartoon. And the reason I had done it as a cartoon thing is because there was a school, a little elementary school, across the way. And kids used to walk by. I said, I’m going to do this to entertain the kids. The cartoonish imagery openly appealed to children while enabling Ríos to critique bureaucratic city life. Ríos bluntly portrayed police as pigs, invoking his frustration with an unjust system. He explained at the time, “Well, personally, I’ve been bugged a lot by the cops. I’ve been stopped for nothing. Kids get busted for nothing. Also, as far as I know, there are more police here in the Mission than anywhere in the city.” Ríos’s frustration with community policing reflected the spirit of the location, which also housed Neighborhood Legal Aid, an organization dedicated to providing affordable and accessible legal services. Intentionally provocative, the mural spurred public reaction. According to Ríos, “Some cops came by and threw acid on the jail and court scenes about a month after completion.” Passionate responses prompted even more attention, leading news anchor Walter Cronkite to discuss the mural on the national CBS Evening News. As Ríos recollected, “I immediately realized the power of murals.” While many residents responded positively to the presence of murals, some controversial themes inspired anger and defacement. Tensions over the content of the MCO mural likely contributed to its short life, at least in comparison to subsequent murals that Ríos created. Ríos continued to speak out through murals, though different contexts may have facilitated longer life spans. In 1974 he used his mural experience to assist Campusano’s vision for a monumental ninety-foot mural, Homage to Siqueiros, inside the Bank of America. The mural illustrated a variety of everyday scenes, including images of children deboarding school buses, teens graduating from Mission High School, and customers waiting at the bank window, while also not so subtly critiquing capitalism, placing their iconography at odds with their patron. Indeed, the central figure of the mural depicted an agricultural worker extending his fist at the viewer as another man opened a text to César Chávez’s statement, “Our sweat and our blood have fallen on this land to make other men rich” (fig. 7). Campusano, Ríos, and Cortazar drew on the tradition of Mexican muralists, particularly David Alfaro Siqueiros, Diego Rivera, and José Clemente Orozco, to speak out for the underdog. With support from San Francisco resident Emmy Lou Packard, who served as an assistant to Rivera, the muralists claimed space inside the bank to articulate a vehement visual critique of capitalism. For the mural’s completion, they published a small booklet to circulate at the opening, which detailed their struggles with the bank over the mural iconography (fig. 8). In The Heart of the Mission, I wrote at length about the creation of Homage to Siqueiros and the artists’ efforts to produce a “media spectacle designed to undermine their corporate sponsor.” Thankfully, the Bank opted to insure the mural instead of destroying it, which allowed it to survive significantly longer than most murals of this era. Notably, the first major mural commissions in the Mission all went to male artists. The men rarely recognized the exclusivity of their commissions, but the women artists reckoned with it daily. As men and women worked in separate spheres, the murals took shape in gendered spaces. While the men dominated the mini park, women established Balmy Alley. Seeing these divisions is illustrative of the gendered inequalities that also shaped the Mission mural movement. Those that followed the Galería de la Raza mural walking tour had to make sense of the art out of chronological order, as the path started with a later mural and ended with some of the earliest creations. The map’s presentation also may have reflected gendered priorities, as the work of male artists came first, followed by the work of women artists, and then children. Both codirectors of the Galería de la Raza, Maradiaga and Yañez, expressed support for women artists, but the institution often prioritized men. Fifteen or twenty Latino male artists claimed founding the gallery in 1970 as a creative space to work apart from the discrimination of the mainstream art world, but they failed to see the absence of female founding members as emblematic of their bias. Women artists actively worked in the community, but they regularly struggled with implicit and outright exclusions and often worked separately. In 1972, Patricia Rodriguez had a job placing artists in the community. A priest from the Jamestown Community Center presented the possibility of doing a mural at their school. Rodriguez recalled, “When he offered me this mural process, I came back very excited, and I talked to Consuelo Méndez, I talked to Graciela Carrillo, and I said, ‘you know what, we can do something more exciting. Let’s just go and do this mural. Would you join me?’ . . . And they all got so excited, and we ended up at my house, and that night we had wine and cheese and we celebrated and we started drawing” (fig. 9). Excited about the project’s potential, Rodriguez invited others to join. With Yañez’s help recruiting, the project expanded to include Campusano, Guzmán, Ríos, and his brother Tom Ríos. However, Rodriguez quickly observed how important it was for the men to maintain separate wall spaces: “it helped the guys in particular because they didn’t have to share the space [laughs]. It was very important!” She elaborated: Well, the male artists had always felt that they were above us and that they were better than us, and that they were the artists and we weren’t. And so, that’s what got us all hot and ready to go, and we said, “oh, you think you’re the artist? You don’t want us to paint with you? Oh, that’s good, that’s all right; you don’t want us to paint with you.” We would ask them, “can we do this mural with you?” Especially after the Jamestown, because, you know, I was the one that actually got it going. And so, “Oh, no, no, you guys can’t paint with us, but I’m Diego Rivera and you can be my assistant.” And we said, “well, you know what to do with that one.” Women encountered resistance not just with their peers, but with record keepers. When Alan Barnett produced his expansive tome Community Murals, he focused significantly more on the male artists that participated in the Jamestown mural project. These encounters contributed to gendered mural geographies and exclusionary histories: women worked separately on several murals, while men teamed together and dominated other spaces. The first murals in Balmy Alley started with the artistic imaginations of women and children, thanks to the leadership of Mia Galaviz de Gonzalez and Las Mujeres Muralistas. Galaviz founded 24th Street Place as a community education center in the early seventies. As she recalled, “a lot of children, multilingual, bilingual children, primarily Spanish-speaking children, were being diagnosed of having severe learning disabilities. We weren’t going to accept that, and I said, that can’t be possible.” Galaviz’s recollections point to how segregated San Francisco public schools were at the time. While bilingual education served a fundamental need, school districts often used it as a tool to funnel Spanish-speaking children into separate vocational or technical tracks, preventing students from accessing academic achievements. Galaviz turned to educating neighborhood youth as a way of responding to inequities in the public school system and sharing her expertise as an artist. She prioritized creating educational resources and activities for children, including tutoring, music, dance, theater, and art classes. Galaviz envisioned painting Balmy Alley as a way to engage children in the arts while also responding to unsafe conditions. The 24th Street Place center stood almost directly across from Balmy Alley, a one-block street connecting busy 24th Street to Garfield Square, a communal green space and public pool, and to the Bernal Heights public housing project. However, the alley also felt unsafe. As she elaborated, “Our kids, many of our children, came from the projects on the other side of Garfield Park and it was a hard, hard place for them.” Children in the neighborhood faced precarious conditions, both in terms of safety and access to education. For Galaviz, “The whole goal of [painting Balmy Alley] was to make it a place of safety and a place for families to walk up and down, much like that experience I had in Mexico, where the Plaza was a safe place for families to congregate, to meet, and to be.” She orchestrated the first major painting of Balmy Alley as a children’s mural project in the summer of 1972 (fig. 10). Muralists reached out to children through their images and by including youth in the mural-making process. Community organizers advocated for the academic and artistic possibilities of community youth in a neighborhood struggling with poorly performing schools, substandard housing, and poverty. Barnett described how Susan Cervantes “got her start by helping with the youngsters,” though this observation also minimized her extensive experience with several mural projects. Patricia Rodriguez recalled how Cervantes brought together the work of Carrillo and Méndez when they collaborated on Para el Mercado: “They worked in their own styles on separate sides of the mural, which looked divided but at the same time found consistency in its colors because Graciela invited Susan Kelk Cervantes to help paint with the group and design the color scheme for the mural.” Cervantes excelled at giving mural projects cohesion through her sense of color and collaboration. In 1977 she and her partner Luis Cervantes cofounded Precita Eyes, a resource and training center for mural making, which subsequently launched hundreds of murals in San Francisco. Women muralists built spaces for themselves because many of the men failed to consider inclusion or to value what they had to say. Rodriguez and Carrillo lived just a few steps down the alley from the 24th Street Place mural at 54 Balmy Alley. They asked a neighbor for permission to paint on the garage across from their building “to see if we could collaborate as muralists and draw large-scale designs” (fig. 11). Rodriguez reported that men and women teased them and dismissed their experimental work, except for Maradiaga, who acted as “our only constant source of support.” Rodriguez credits him with suggesting the name “Las Mujeres Muralistas” for the collective. Alternately, even expressions of support could feel patriarchal and domineering rather than helpful. Pérez recalled how fellow artist Ríos helped her to pursue art school, but she also recalled his call for darker colors and images: “Mike Ríos wanted us to paint images with women chained up. We said no, we’re not chained up anymore. We’re not painting that.” Pérez preferred to represent liberation differently. Not long after Rodriguez and Carrillo completed their Balmy Alley mural, Pérez added Flute Players at the other end of the street. Pérez initially imagined her first mural as a dual image of herself (figs. 12 and 13). As she described years later, “I started to get into music, and I painted myself as two people facing two different directions playing a flute.” Thus, the initial mural presents an image of self-contemplation, poised to head in different directions. Years later, upon the quincentenary celebrations marking five hundred years since the arrival of Christopher Columbus to the Americas in 1492, she returned to restore her first mural but reimagined the two figures as herself and her partner Catalina. She changed the hairstyles, clothes, and colors to more emphatically differentiate the two female figures. Far more open about being a lesbian than she had been in the seventies, she transformed the mural into an overt expression of queer love and Indigenous resistance. With a touch of humor, Pérez added a glib new title to the mural, “Coyolxauhqui Has Something to Say,” pushing back on chauvinism, heteronormativity, and colonialism (see fig. 13). Pérez recalled learning about Coyolxauhqui while visiting Mexico City in the late seventies, around the time an excavation at the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan unearthed a monumental volcanic stone image depicting the goddess’s violent death. Spurred by her siblings, Coyolxauhqui became enraged by her mother Coatlicue’s mysterious pregnancy. Intending to kill her mother, she was stopped by the birth of her brother, Huitzilopochtli, who emerged from their mother’s belly fully grown. Immediately, Huitzilopochtli decapitated and dismembered his sister and threw her body down the mountain. William Barnes writes, “This same fate then awaited captured warriors of rebellious provinces or those from polities who declined to submit to Aztec hegemony.” The goddess’s fate warned others not to rebel or they would face similar consequences. For Pérez and many Chicana feminists, the story of Coyolxauhqui also represented centuries of patriarchal violence against women. As Pérez recalled, “it took me a long time to figure out what to do with Coyolxauhqui because she was all broken up, cut up, and thrown down the pyramid, which I think was the beginning of male chauvinism or whatever, the patriarch in our culture and society—well, in our culture.” Pérez not only spoke back to this ideology by incorporating a relatively intact Coyolxauhqui into the mural, recognizable by her headdress and ear spools, but she also empowered her with a voice pronouncing in red letters: “500 AÑOS DE RESISTENCIA INDIA / 500 YEARS OF NATIVE SURVIVAL, 1492–1992.” The cacti at both edges of the mural also spoke to native resistance. In revisiting the mural, Pérez found a more vocal expression of herself, as well as a space of advocacy for residents facing the violence of historic and contemporary displacement. Balmy Alley served as an important alternative space for women and youth to train as muralists. Painting there prompted the Mujeres Muralistas to pursue more mural projects together, including Jamestown and Latino America, which I have written about at length in The Heart of the Mission, and which Terezita Romo writes about for Proyecto Mission Murals here. While Latino America represented a major commission and a monumental work for Mujeres Muralistas, it also was potentially gendered in that their patron, Mission Model Cities, requested the mural for a childcare center. Murals often reflected location and patronage in their content as well as their commitment to community interests. Méndez declared in 1975, “It is very important for us to be conscious of the community where the murals are to be and the people of that community. The murals have to be a part of that community. Murals are a means to express the ideas that we have about many things and, most important of all, to carry out through images the ideas that I have about politics; that is, my ideas about how things should be. To show, through those images, the problems and injustices I see in the world right now and to try and present our people some solutions to those problems.” The artists always saw their work in relationship to the community, and likewise, the community recognized the importance of celebrating this art. The artists initiated the practice of mural receptions to celebrate the completion of these major projects. They invited the community with posters like this invitation to celebrate Latino America (fig. 14). This precious poster is helpful in documenting the name the artists imagined originally for the mural, as it has undergone many name variations since its completion, including Latinoamérica and Panamerica. I previously noted that “Latino America without the accent maximizes the double meaning of the work, suggesting that Latinos in the United States are reinventing America as a nation as well as articulating a larger kinship to the Américas.” Proyecto Mission Murals defers to Latino America as the original title for the work, but there is a long history of murals with multiple titles that encourage diverse interpretations. In these early years, muralists rarely incorporated a title into the mural itself, which often meant that murals existed with many names. Even when more formal titles existed, murals as site-specific creations often became synonymous with their locations. For instance, while the Mujeres Muralistas adopted Para el Mercado as their mural title, as evidenced in their inauguration poster, others often referred to their work simply as the Paco’s Tacos mural (fig. 15). At the time, Paco’s Tacos owner Joseph Bonilla was engaged in a legal effort to prevent a McDonald’s franchise from locating at the corner of 24th and Mission. Bonilla commissioned Méndez and Carrillo to bring visibility and curry support for his situation. However, as one reporter described, “Aware of the proprietor’s motives, they painted an idyllic scene of fishing, cultivation, and food-gathering in a tropical setting. The wholesome food and the pleasant process of obtaining it stand in subtle but pointed contrast to the quality of Paco’s food and the nature of the establishment” (fig. 16). Thus, the mural exemplified the artists pushing back against a patron’s vision. Painted with assistance from Cervantes and Olivo, the mural celebrated an abundance of indigenous healthy foods while implicitly protesting the harm of fast food, whether from Paco’s Tacos or McDonald’s. At a 1974 reception celebrating the completion of Para el Mercado, local reporter Michael Nolan asked why murals were happening “now and not ten years ago, why is it happening here and not elsewhere?” Muralist Patricia Rodriguez responded: I think murals are happening all over the country, really, but the murals to me, the murals to us, seem significant, meaning that we no longer feel that art should be kept in the galleries, or in private collections. Everybody should have the same enjoyment of art. . . . Putting it on a wall is more significant for everybody, as well as for ourselves, so that everybody can enjoy it and see what it’s about. And they learn from it, too, everybody who comes by (fig. 17). Figure 17. Paco’s Tacos Mural in San Francisco’s Mission District – 1974 Dedication, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_si6rS6RL4. Produced by Michael Nolan and Optic Nerve, uploaded June 7, 2010. The video captures the public excitement over the completion of the mural and the celebratory spirit of the mural reception. Crowds of people flocked to the opening to celebrate the new mural, dance to the sounds of the live salsa band, and welcome this new art shaping the neighborhood. The video is a rare time capsule to see not just the art but also the experience of welcoming the art to the neighborhood. Sadly, like many of the murals from this period, Para el Mercado no longer exists. Its easy erasure also points to the limited attention city leaders and esteemed arts institutions granted to murals at the time. Alejandro Murguía poignantly recalled the loss of several of these murals: The colorful mural by Mujeres Muralistas, Para el mercado, on the corner of Twenty-fourth and South Van Ness, which was painted on a slat fence about eight feet high and some ninety feet long and featured scenes from tropical America, was destroyed several years ago and the wood carted off as scrap. My comadre salvaged a four-foot piece of it, the brown woman with a fishing net, and it now stands among the geraniums in her backyard. The developer who tore it down for an office/apartment building claimed he didn’t know it was important. No one notified the women artists who painted the mural, nor any other community art group; not even the Art Commission knew about this act of vandalism. A half-dozen other murals have been destroyed, including the one by Gilbert Ramírez on the Lulac Building and the murals at the former Army Street (now César Chávez Street) projects that were recently torn down. Even the murals by the comic book artists Spain Rodríguez and R. Crumb, some of the first done in the early 1970s, have gone the way of dust. While muralists may not have anticipated permanence, Murguía’s words capture some of the disregard that murals have experienced. And, of course, his words communicate how such losses were never just about the art, but also the community’s history incorporated into these images. While the murals are no longer physically present, Proyecto Mission Murals makes reflecting on the art, the artists, and their impact far more possible. Coming Full Circle at the Mini Park Our tour starts and ends with the 24th Street Mini Park, which blossomed into one of the most impressive mural sites in the neighborhood. The park opened in 1972, a product of Mayor Joseph Alioto’s 1968 electoral campaign to create accessible recreational spaces out of small vacant lots in densely populated spaces. Inspired by a program in Philadelphia, Alioto’s office proposed to dedicate $650,000 in federal funds to the creation of thirty-three mini parks in areas of the city “with limited playground facilities.” By 1971, sixteen of these parks existed, including two in the Mission—Mayor Alioto Mini Park at 20th and Capp, and one on Shotwell between 15th and 16th Streets. Thus, the 24th Street Mini Park was not the first to exist in the neighborhood, but its proximity to Galería de la Raza, almost across the street, contributed to it becoming a focal point for mural painting. Starting with Quetzalcoatl, Ríos, Machado, and Montez painted several murals in the mini park shortly after it opened, steadily filling the three surrounding walls with dramatic images crafted from Indigenous histories and contemporary concerns. Given the relative expansiveness of the space, the male artists unexpectedly shared the opportunity with Las Mujeres Muralistas. As Rodriguez recalled, “Michael Ríos went to the City to propose a mural project there in order to improve the park and make it usable again. He was given the money, and he invited us to paint there as well. We were surprised but also knew we finally had been accepted as muralists by the male artists.” In 1975, Las Mujeres Muralistas created Fantasy World for Children, a colorful mural full of fantastical animals and plants to spur the imagination of children in the park (fig. 18). For Patricia Rodriguez, this invitation to paint in the mini park represented a new era of respect and inclusion. The park emerged as a middle ground, not exactly indicative of men and women working together, as their murals remained in separate spheres, but with a step toward inclusion and recognition. The gendered geographies that emerged in this period illustrate various forms of inclusion and exclusion that shaped the muralist community at this time. But these separate spaces also proved inspirational. Diverse art flourished on the walls of the neighborhood, giving visibility to imaginative possibilities, Indigenous histories, and powerful calls for social justice. In 1985 Ralph Maradiaga passed away unexpectedly at age fifty. Yañez recalled, “When Ralph passed, there was a vacuum in our hearts and the Chicano community.” As a way to recognize Maradiaga’s work in the community, especially his support of the muralists, the park was renamed in his honor. Tirso Araiza painted a mural of remembrance, El Juego de la Resistencia, in 1988. With a touch of magical realism, Araiza incorporated a yellow school bus with a human head, a city Muni bus with an upside-down passenger, and a figure riding a bicycle in the shape of a fish. The quirky assemblage of real and impossible figures represented the mural’s title (The Game of Resistance) and perhaps paid homage to Maradiaga’s efforts for the community. Unfortunately, and tellingly, the city neglected care of the Ralph Maradiaga Mini Park for several years and the mural had to be removed “due to a lack of maintenance.” However, a 2006 beautification project amplified the work of the original muralists. With advocacy from Susan Cervantes and Precita Eyes, artist-couple Colette Crutcher and Mark Roller created a sculptural Quetzalcoatl covered in mosaic, undulating through the playground. Maradiaga would have loved this playful visual poetry created in a space in his honor. In 2015, Araiza returned to the park to repaint El Juego de la Resistencia (fig. 19), which now oversees this glorious snake. Araiza shared a fitting quote for remembering Maradiaga and the many muralists who reimagined what the Mission District could be: “It is only through artistic, social and political ideologies that we ascertain and retain a place in history and document it for our children.” - Alex Hidalgo, Trail of Footprints: A History of Indigenous Maps from Viceregal Mexico (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2019), 11. - Galería de la Raza curated, raised funds, and coordinated neighborhood mural arts in diverse ways, including appropriating an advertising billboard fixed to its building to serve as a temporary mural space. The gallery created a time-lapse video to present the diversity of featured murals across decades of creativity: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xJHJu4_LJv4. For Proyecto Mission Murals, Ella Diaz analyzed the gallery’s provocative 1982 In Progress exhibition, which commissioned twenty artists to create temporary murals alongside each other inside the gallery. https://www.sfmoma.org/essay/greater-than-the-sum-of-its-parts-recovering-a-conceptual-mission-mural/ - Ralph Maradiaga created several screenprints that adapted Aztec imagery, including images of an Aztec War Shield, an Olmec head, and Tezcatlipoca, for a series of calendars produced by Galería de la Raza in the early seventies. He also drew Mayan imagery for an animated sequence in a film he cocreated as Rafael Maradiaga with Julio Rossetti called A Measure of Time (1975). He also curated many exhibits and directed the film El Pueblo Chicano: The Beginnings (1979), dedicated to the early histories of the Americas. - For an expansive overview, see Alan Barnett, Community Murals: The People’s Art (Philadelphia: The Art Alliance, 1984); Eva Cockcroft, John Weber, and James Cockcroft, Toward a People’s Art: The Contemporary Mural Movement (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1977). Timothy W. Drescher offers an important overview of murals in the Bay Area in San Francisco Murals: Community Creates Its Muse, 1914–1994 (Hong Kong: Pogo Press, 1994). - A newspaper reproduction of the mural in late August 1974 helps establish that this mural was completed in the summer of 1974. Margot Patterson Doss, “The Mural-Bright Mission Today,” San Francisco Sunday Examiner and Chronicle, Sunday Punch, August 25, 1974. - Walter Blum described the rise of the city’s mini parks in “Ever See a Mini-Park?” San Francisco Sunday Examiner and Chronicle, November 21, 1971. - “In the Mission, the bright-hued shades of Rivera,” San Francisco Examiner, November 7, 1976. - Provincializing stereotypes often hamper seeing the transnational cosmopolitanism of barrios (Latino neighborhoods). See Gina M. Pérez, Frank A. Guridy, and Adrian Burgos Jr., Beyond El Barrio: Everyday Life in Latina/o America (New York: New York University Press, 2010). - El Tecolote reprinted sketches from Graciela Carrillo’s travels in “Ecos de la Misión,” El Tecolote, August 3, 1973; Alexandria Regilio, “Michael Ríos: From square world to hip one,” San Francisco Chronicle, May 27, 2010; Dianne Demoss Campusano, interview with the author, July 10, 2018; Mia Galaviz de Gonzalez, interview with the author, February 5, 2003; Irene Pérez, oral history, conducted by Camilo Garzón for SFMOMA, July 12, 2021, [15:17:25]. - Rodriguez recalls first meeting Yañez, Carrillo, Ríos, Méndez, Pérez, Concha, and others at the San Francisco Art Institute. Patricia Rodriguez, “Mujeres Muralistas,” Ten Years that Shook the City: San Francisco 1968–1978, ed. Chris Carlsson (San Francisco: City Lights Foundation Books, 2011), 81–91. - Katy Butler, “The Performing Arts Center: Subsidy for the Rich,” San Francisco Bay Guardian, February 14–27, 1974. Cary Cordova, The Heart of the Mission: Latino Art and Politics in San Francisco (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017), 70. - “Art for Harold’s Sake: How Big Business Regulates the Arts in San Francisco,” San Francisco Bay Guardian, November 21–28, 1975. - See Cordova, Heart of the Mission, 70–71. - Ceci Brunazzi, “Writing on the Walls: Murals in the Mission,” Common Sense, May 1975. - Patrick Rosenkranz, ed., My Life & Times: Spain, vol. 3 (Seattle: Fantagraphics Books, 2020), 11. - Jerome Tarshis points out that Crumb received no pay in “The Reluctant Celebrity,” San Francisco Examiner, California Living magazine, February 27, 1972, 26; Matthew L. Schuerman, Newcomers: Gentrification and Its Discontents (University of Chicago Press, 2019), 74. - “Youths Get Paid to Learn How to Beat Poverty,” San Francisco Examiner, October 31, 1966; “Federal Aid for Mission Dropouts,” San Francisco Examiner, March 1, 1968. - “Keep on Chunkin’” evolved from Crumb’s unintentional popularizing of another phrase, “Keep on Truckin,’” which he had used as the title of one of his early comics. The comic featured men with very large feet moving to lyrics inspired from an old blues song. In an interview, Crumb explained how he had learned the phrase “Keep on Truckin’” from the blues, both as a reference to a particular dance and as innuendo for sex. See Al Davoren’s interview of Crumb in R. Crumb: Conversations, ed. D. K. Holm (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2004), 72–76. The earlier phrase became so commercialized that Crumb sought ways to undermine the shallow marketing, including using “Keep on Chunkin’,” which was purposefully obtuse. For more on Crumb’s use of “Keep on Truckin’” and his fight to copyright the phrase, see The Handbook of Comics and Graphic Narratives, ed. Sebastian Domsch, Dan Hassler-Forest, and Dirk Vanderbeke (Boston: De Gruyter, 2021), 489–92. - Rosenkranz, My Life & Times, 3:11. An article on Crumb helps pinpoint the completion of the Mission Rebels mural as early 1972. Tarshis, “Reluctant Celebrity.” Sources suggest the Horizons Unlimited mural was completed in late 1971 or early 1972. Barnett offers 1971 in Community Murals, 126; Drescher lists 1972 in San Francisco Murals, 19. - Regilio, “Michael Ríos.” - Tomás F. Summers Sandoval Jr., Latinos at the Golden Gate: Creating Community and Identity in San Francisco (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013), 120. - Carmen Castro, “Mission Muralists: Art Statements of the Mission,” El Tecolote, July 26, 1972. - Michael Ríos, oral history, conducted by Camilo Garzón for SFMOMA, [00:13:07]. - Castro, “Mission Muralists.” - Ríos described presenting his sketch to “some people of MCO and Legal Aid and they approved it,” in Castro, “Mission Muralists.” Two other sources reference the building as housing legal aid: Barnett, Community Murals, 14; Eva Sperling Cockcroft and Holly Barnet-Sánchez, Signs from the Heart: California Chicano Murals (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1993), 36. - Richard Phinney, “San Francisco’s ‘secret’ gallery,” Vancouver Sun, June 4, 1983. - Carlos Vidal Greth, “Murals of the Mission,” San Francisco Chronicle, March 24, 1988. - Cordova, Heart of the Mission, 126–51. - Cordova, 83. - Patricia Rodriguez, interview with author, March 27, 2003. - Rodriguez, March 27, 2003. - Barnett, Community Murals, 128–30. - Mia Galaviz de Gonzalez, oral history conducted by Camilo Garzón for SFMOMA, June 6, 2021, [00:36:00]. - On San Francisco’s slow steps toward desegregation, see David Kirp, Just Schools: The Idea of Racial Equality in American Education (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), 84, 108, 111. In my study of Children’s Book Press and its work with muralists, I discuss artist–activist interventions to the limited school curriculums of the sixties and seventies. Cary Cordova, “Portable Murals: Children’s Book Press and the Circulation of Latino Art,” Visual Resources: An International Journal of Images and Their Uses 33, nos. 3–4 (September–December 2017). Gary Orfield discusses how critical the 1964 Civil Rights Act was in spurring desegregation, but he also points out how “There never was any significant attempt to desegregate Latino children, except in a handful of districts. As their numbers grew, their segregation steadily increased. The Supreme Court did not recognize the right of Latino children to desegregate schools until 1973.” See Orfield’s “The 1964 Civil Rights Act and American Education,” in Legacies of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, ed. Bernard Grofman (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2000), 117. - See Kenneth J. Meier and Joseph Stewart Jr., The Politics of Hispanic Education: Un Paso Pa’lante y Dos Pa’tras (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991), 79–80. - Galaviz, oral history, June 6, 2021, [00:40:02]. - Also see Cordova, Heart of the Mission, 144–45. - Barnett, Community Murals, 133. - Rodriguez, “Mujeres Muralistas,” 87. - Rodriguez, 81. - Rodriguez and Drescher describe this mural as painted in 1972. Rodriguez, “Mujeres Muralistas,” 81; Drescher, San Francisco Murals, 22. Brunazzi pinpoints 1972 as the year Balmy Alley murals first emerged. Brunazzi, “Murals in the Mission,” 8. Barnett and Shifra Goldman dated the mural’s creation to 1973, placing the mural later than the male artists working on the murals at Horizons Unlimited, Mission Rebels, and the MCO. Barnett, Community Murals, 134; Shifra Goldman, “How, Why, Where, and When it All Happened: Chicano Murals of California,” in Signs from the Heart, 23-53 (40); Shifra Goldman, Dimensions of the Americas: Art and Social Change in Latin America and the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 213. This troublesome dating encourages seeing women artists as followers, rather than as parallel creators. Rodriguez and Galaviz affirm that women were working on Balmy Alley murals in 1972 in written and oral accounts. - Rodriguez, “Mujeres Muralistas,” 81. - Irene Pérez, oral history, SFMOMA, [15:26:05]. - Pérez, oral history, SFMOMA, [15:10:42]. - Pérez, [15:14:26]. - Pérez, [15:18:09]. - Eduardo Matos Moctezuma, “Ancient Stone Sculptures: In Search of the Mexica Past,” in The Oxford Handbook of the Aztecs, ed. Deborah L. Nichols and Enrique Rodríguez Alegría (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), 21–28. - Moctezuma, “Ancient Stone Sculptures,” 21. - William Barnes, “Aztec Art, Time, and Cosmovisión,” in The Oxford Handbook of the Aztecs, ed. Deborah L. Nichols and Enrique Rodríguez-Alegría (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), 585–93, quotation on 590. - Pérez, [15:17:25]. - Consuelo Méndez speaking at the Frente Conference, February 8, 1975, video recording, Freedom Archives, accessed June 13, 2022, https://search.freedomarchives.org/search.php?view_collection=1048&title=Frente+Conference+-+San+Francisco+1975+%28video+clip%29. - Cordova, Heart of the Mission, 135–36. - The Culinary Workers Union fought McDonald’s restaurants opening in San Francisco as anti-union. While Bonilla did not run a union restaurant, he saw the potential damage a McDonald’s next door could do to his business, local traffic, and as an unsupervised youth hangout. The muralists did not grapple with the implicit labor issues in their expression of support. “Hot Hamburger Beef Served Up to City,” San Francisco Examiner, July 25, 1973; Denise Holley, “Mission Sí, McDonald’s No,” El Tecolote, February 22, 1974; “McDonald’s Appealed,” El Tecolote, June 10, 1974; “Burger Chain Sues Longtime City Foes,” San Francisco Examiner, October 3, 1974; “‘Big Mac’ angry,” El Tecolote, November 22, 1974. - Brunazzi, “Murals in the Mission,” 15. - “Paco’s Tacos Mural in San Francisco’s Mission District – 1974 dedication,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_si6rS6RL4. - Alejandro Murguía, The Medicine of Memory: A Mexica Clan in California (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002), 193. - In a campaign advertisement, Alioto promised to “create mini-parks and protected tot lots out of littered, vacant lots thoughout our city, from the Mission to the Sunset.” San Francisco Examiner, November 3, 1967. See also Blum, “Ever See a Mini-Park?” - Blum wrote, “The idea came from Philadelphia, where an extensive mini-park system flourishes,” “Ever See a Mini-Park?” 38. Statistics from “Alioto Dedicates 3 Mini-Parks,” San Francisco Examiner, June 14, 1969. - Blum, “Ever See a Mini-Park?” - Ríos may have been inspired by muralist Raymond Howell’s proposal to “renovate the mini-park over the N-Judah tunnel” as referenced by Kathie Wagner and Lori LuJan in “Public Works: San Francisco,” part 1, Sunday Examiner and Chronicle California Living, September 21, 1975, 26. - Laura Wenus, “Baile en la Calle Offers Art, Dance and Solidarity,” Mission Local, May 4, 2015, https://missionlocal.org/2015/05/baile-en-la-calle-offers-art-dance-solidarity. - Wenus, “Baile en la Calle.” - Zahid Sardar, “Garden Snake: A Piece of the Bigger Picture,” SF Gate, December 16, 2006, https://www.sfgate.com/homeandgarden/article/Garden-Snake-A-piece-of-the-bigger-picture-In-2482168.php. - Wenus, “Baile en la Calle.”

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Have you ever thought of growing your favorite vegetables or foods in your garden? If not, try your hands growing your superfoods this time in your backyard. Even if you are a newbie in the field, you can start off easily your food garden. Early spring is an ideal season to start with planting, not only cool weather gardening yields better vegetables, growing own food also means that you are eating more nutritional dose. And of course, is there anything you can love more than the cheap food as it is the food that is grown with your own hands. Though, gardening is considered as the job of retired people, growing food as a student can also save a lot of cash. And most interesting thing is that you don’t need a huge garden space, to begin with, you can also grow food in a small space or indoors. Start simple and then go to the perfection level with practice. Initially, things are going to fail like you are going to get insects and fungi to upset you, but don’t stop and you can build your own garden in just a few days. So here are some of your favorite foods that you can grow in your garden. Celery is the only veggie that can reproduce if you just eat your favorite portion, leave the remaining portion or roots in some water and you are done. Keep the root in a cup of water; just make sure that it doesn’t totally submerge inside the bowl. After a week, you will notice new celery will pop up and your garden will have a bunch of celery in the next few weeks. Either buy tomato seeds or bag a young tomato plant that has already had a vine, use a wooden stake and tie the vine with garden wire, so that the tomato plant stay upright. Once they turn out red, pick them and place near the window to ripen up. Cress is another easy food that doesn’t annoy you while growing. Just grab the leftover by cress pot from the supermarket and a shallow plastic pot, put some soil and seeds into it. Place the pot at the sunny place near the window and water it. Yeah! You are done. (16.1) The most interesting thing about the salad leaves is that you can grow them anytime anywhere in different varieties. Grow it in your own limited space, or a window box. These leaves grow in very limited time. For instance, plant the leaves in summer and you will have a big bunch of salad leaves to put on your sandwich just after 4-5 weeks. Who would mind adding few strawberries in their cereal or pudding? Strawberries are really delicious. So how about planting strawberries in your own garden? You can grow strawberries in the grow bags and even in the garden. Just look after them and you will keep growing strawberries every year. Onions and Garlic are the ingredients to everything, and growing them can literally save you tons of cash. It is super easy to grow them, and if you store them correctly food like onion can last up to 7-8 months and garlic will be fine for months if kept in the freezer. To grow them, plant the whole onion bulbs and garlic cloves in the ground or in a large grow bag. Just remember to check they are well drained in the soil in nearby autumn and spring season. Is there any day when you haven’t eat food containing potatoes? The interesting thing about growing potatoes in the garden is they can be grown anywhere with few basics covered. Find an old bin and fill it half full with compost. Plant two whole potatoes in there; just make sure that the bag has enough space for other potatoes to grow. Once you notice green shoots coming out of the soil, put more compost again and repeat. After 10-15 weeks your potatoes are ready to dig out. How about having a fresh selection of herbs right near your bedroom window? Grab some seeds from the store, hang them in a hanging basket or outside in a pot. Chives, sage etc grows happily, in a plant pot just outside the window or indoor and outdoor anywhere in the garden. Adding peppers in a dish enhances the taste of the meal. Pepper plants will do fine only in a small pot near your window. Just stick to one pot, water a little and that’s it. You don’t have to search for the market to buy chilies and peppers now. Rich in Vitamin A and antioxidants Bok Choy is another food that you can easily grow in your garden. Plant bok choy seeds nearly about 8 -10 inches apart with ¼ inch soil coverage. Check when the plant reaches nearly 3-4 inches, start cutting leaves for eating. An actress, comedian, producer, television host Sofia Vergara is one of the most loved personality in the TV industry. Bo... When you visit McDonald's, you are entertained by several McD characters designed for kids. Do you know how many Mc D characters are there in total? Let's find it out. The recent reports of crime suggest that it has become an inseparable part of our society and the growing numbers continue to s...

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In this article, we will discuss about the difference between Financial Year (FY) & Assessment Year (AY) & changes made in the income tax rules effective from 1st April, 2023 (For Financial Year 2023-24). Difference between Financial Year (FY) & Assessment Year (AY) - From Income Tax point of view, FY is the year in which income is earned by assessee. AY is the year following the financial year in which assessee need to evaluate the previous year income and pay taxes on it. For Example – If assessee financial year is from 1st April 2022 to 31st March 2023 (i.e., FY 2022-23), then assessment year is the period which will begin after the financial year ends (i.e., AY 2023-24 from 1st April 2023 to 31st March 2024). - A taxpayer should file an income tax return (ITR) in the assessment year (AY), which is the year following the completion of a financial year. Taxpayer should calculate his/her income for full FY & calculate tax on such income, if any.He/she need to file ITR when his/her total income exceeds Rs 2.5 lakh after claiming deductions & exemptions allowed under income tax act. He/she can claim credit for advance tax, TDS & TCS paid during the financial year at the time of filing his/her ITR return. Changes in the income tax rules effective from 1st April, 2023 (For Financial Year 2023-24) 1 New Income Tax regime to be default regime From 1 April 2023, the new tax regime will be the default tax regime. If any assessee chooses new tax regime, then he/she will not have to invest in any investment tools such as PPF, NPS, LIC, ELSS etc. to claim deduction u/s 80C, 80D, 80CCD(1B). However, assessee will still be able to choose the old regime tax. 2. Tax rebate limit is increased to Rs 7 Lakhs Tax rebate limit under new tax regime has been increased to ₹7 lakh from ₹5 lakh in earlier income tax slab. Tax-free limit for salaried taxpayers under old regime is Rs 5.5 lakhs & under new tax regime is Rs 7.5 lakhs. So, it means that an individual with a salary of less than this tax-free limit under new tax regime will not have to make any investments to claim deductions. Also, no TDS will be deducted if the salary income is within the tax-free limit. 3. New Income Tax Slab Regime for Salaried persons & pensioners including family pensioners Up to Rs 3,00,000 – Nil Above Rs 3,00,000 & up to Rs 6,00,000 – 5% Above Rs 6,00,000 & up to Rs 9,00,000 – 10% Above Rs 9,00,000 & up to Rs 12,00,000 – 15% Above Rs 12,00,000 & up to Rs 15,00,000 – 20% Above Rs 15,00,000 – 30% Note – The new tax regime will be the default choice, but assessee can still opt for the old tax regime. 4. Standard Deduction & Family Pension deduction There is no change in standard deduction of Rs 50000 under old tax regime for employees. For Salaried persons & Pensioners, the benefit of standard deduction under the head salary of Rs 50,000 & family pension deduction of Rs 15,000 will now be allowed under new tax regime also. 5. No LTCG tax on debt mutual fund Investments in debt mutual funds will be taxed as per the income tax slab rate of the assessee from 01.04.2023. Earlier, if debt mutual funds were held for > 36 months, then it will be treated as LT capital assets & Long-Term Capital Gain @ 20% with indexation benefit was allowed but now it has been removed. 6. Taxation on Life Insurance Policy Any sum received from life insurance policy having premium annually in a financial year is more than Rs 5 lakh would be taxable from 1st April 2023. This Income tax rule will not be applicable on ULIP policy. Any amount received on the death of the person insured will still be exempt from tax. 7. Tax on Online Gaming As per the new Section 115BBJ, tax on winnings from online games i.e., all forms of winnings such as cash, kind, vouchers or any other benefit from online gaming will be liable to tax at a flat 30%, which will be deducted at source immediately at the time of receiving the winning amount. No Threshold limit has been prescribed on deducting tax on winning from online games. 8. Conversion of Physical gold into Digital gold & vice-versa to be tax-free Any Conversion of physical gold into digital gold receipts (EGRs) & vice versa from April 1, 2023 will be exempt from capital gain tax. It will boost the digital gold market in India & make gold investment opportunities available to Indian investors. 9. Gifts received by Resident but not-ordinarily residents (RNOR) will be taxable Any gift received by an RNOR over and above Rs 50,000 will be taxable in their hands. 10. Deduction claims under section 54 & 54F will be restricted Taxpayers who sell their house property or any other capital asset & invest the sale amount in a new house property can claim a deduction under sections 54 and 54F. Now from 1st April, 2023, deduction under sections 54 and 54F will be restricted to Rs 10 crores. Any long- term capital gain (LTCG), if the period of holding is more than 24 months will be taxed at 20% with indexation benefit under section 112. 11. Senior Citizens Savings Scheme Senior citizens can now deposit up to Rs 30 lakh under the senior citizens savings scheme from 1st April, 2023. Earlier, the deposit limit was restricted to Rs 15 lakhs. The maximum deposit for the monthly income scheme has been increased to Rs 9 lakh from Rs 4.5 lakhs for single accounts. For joint accounts, the limit has been raised to Rs 15 lakhs from Rs 7.5 lakhs. 12. Leave Travel Allowance (LTA) Leave encashment limit for non-government employees has been increased from Rs 3 Lakhs to Rs 25 Lakhs. 13. Reduction in Surcharge rate Currently, the highest income tax rate is 42.74% (30% income tax + 37% Surcharge + 4% Cess) if income of the assessee is more than Rs 5 crores. It has been proposed to reduce the highest surcharge from 37% to 25% in the new tax regime, maximum income tax rate will be 39% (30% income tax + 25% Surcharge + 4% Cess). 14. Presumptive Taxation u/s 44ADA & 44AD limit increased For Presumptive taxation under Section 44ADA & Section 44AD, the turnover/gross receipt limit has been increased to Rs 75 lakhs & Rs 3 crores respectively. The increase limit u/s 44ADA & 44AD will apply only in case the amount or aggregate of the amounts received during the year in cash does not exceeds 5% of the total gross receipts/turnover. Disclaimer: The information contained in this website is provided for informational purposes only, and should not be construed as legal/official advice on any matter. All the instructions, references, content, or documents are for educational purposes only and do not constitute legal advice. We do not accept any liabilities whatsoever for any losses caused directly or indirectly by the use/reliance of any information contained in this article or for any conclusion of the information.

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Matzevot for Everyday Use: Photographs by Łukasz Baksik The Florida Holocaust Museum is pleased to present the North American premiere of Matzevot for Everyday Use by Łukasz Baksik. This exhibition features photographs taken in Poland by Polish photographer Łukasz Baksik to document the ways in which Jewish gravestones have been stolen and re-appropriated. The matzevot are now parts of fences, pavements, and grindstones. Even today, the matzevot continue to be used in cases where ordinary stone, of which there is no shortage, could be used. The photographer wishes to illuminate the lengths that “people have gone to wipe out traces of Jewish culture” and to start a dialogue about how people can live in the midst of relics of antisemitism, ignoring their shared history with a community that is no longer there. The showing of Matzevot for Everyday Use at The Florida Holocaust Museum will be the North American premiere of the exhibition. This exhibition is made possible through the generous sponsorship of the Gemunder Family Foundation, with additional support from the Jewish Federation of Pinellas and Pasco Counties. For an exhibition study guide for educators, click here.

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What do mountains, peninsulas, lakes and wetlands have in common? Take a moment to think about it. That’s right, they are all landforms. Right now, as the summer trails off and closes in on fall I thought it might be a good time to share these free landforms flash cards. Remember Being a Small Bean in a Huge World? Last week, while visiting my brother and his family at a cottage in Sauble Beach I listened to his adorable kids, my niece and nephew refer to Lake Huron as a river, or the ocean. That simple childhood slip reminded me of being small and that period of time during your life where you think all the water is the same. It’s both adorable and absurd in a trillion different ways that remind you of how big the world seems when you are so small. Sometimes children are so cute you don’t want to correct their little slips. They are charming. But eventually they have to learn the correct words, pronunciation and terms for things in the world. Flash cards and work sheets and repetition all help. These landforms flash cards can help your kids too. Colourful Landforms Flash Cards At a certain point in the school curriculum, every child learns about geological features and landforms like lakes, peninsulas, mountains and basins. It’s around grade 4 or 5 here. Social sciences, and geography were some of my favourite subject areas in school. Learning about the earth and the landforms that made it up just made me want to travel. Then reading great books set in far-flung countries or islands, increased that wanderlust. That’s still true today actually. Every time I see an image of mountains, a photo or a Youtube video of a destination featuring mountains I am inspired to fly or drive there. When I read a story in which the setting is as defined and strong as a character, I am transfixed and transported and ready to visit. Encourage your kids to keep learning and exploring the world with a few easy resources. We can help with that. I have all sorts of free printables for kids. If you liked this then check out my Canada Colouring and Writing Book out now. Get the Flash Cards Here: Download easily below. And don’t miss the variety of other free kid’s activities that I have on my Free Printables Pinterest board. If you have any ideas for tools that you can use, let me know. I’d love to have one of my helpers create some for you.

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the Incan Empire, history project help – Excelsior Writers | excelsiorwriters.com – Excelsior Writers | excelsiorwriters.com In this unit, we learned about the Incan Empire. Before you begin your project, review your notes thoroughly. Pay special attention to the government structure of the Incas. - Click on the link in the Red Box to view the Project Rubrics for this project. The Incan Empire has been compared to a modern welfare state. For this Unit Project, you will conduct research on a modern welfare state of your choice (Sweden is a good example, but you may choose another if you wish). As you research, refer back to the initial lesson in this course for reminders about good research habits. Make use of the resources such as graphic organizers there. Your project will be a 400-word academic essay. Discuss the similarities and differences between the modern welfare state (such as Sweden) and the Incan Empire. Choose three points of comparison, similarities or differences, for your body paragraphs. Avoid an essay structure that lists all similarities in one paragraph and all differences in another. Create a PowerPoint that illustrates these points. Your PowerPoint must have the following components: - Six slides with three bullet points. Each point must have 3-5 complete sentences. - In-text citations for all outside sources that you use. (Here is a website if you need a reminder of how to use in-text citations: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/02/ ). You will also use in-text citations for your essay in Part One of this project. - Use Photos, graphs, charts, data structures, etc., to further support your main ideas or demonstrate empirical evidence. This paper must be written in MLA style. For more information on using the MLA citation format, please visit the following website. This is a great website to bookmark for future reference when writing academic papers: Use at least two sources, in-text citations and create a works cited page. Submit Part One by copying and pasting the text in the open space and attach the presentation to File Upload so that all parts are submitted together. Save a copy of both parts on your computer or upload a copy in your student backpack in your dashboard profile. ORDER NOW – Excelsior Writers | excelsiorwriters.com

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UD’s Feng Jiao wins DOE funding to produce alcohols from CO2 flue gas Modern society’s extensive use of fossil fuels has led to unprecedented atmospheric carbon dioxide levels with widespread climate impacts. Carbon dioxide capture and sequestration is one of the technologies under investigation to mitigate CO2 emissions associated with coal-fired power plants. However, according to the University of Delaware’s Feng Jiao, large-scale CO2 sequestration poses risks to the environment from leakage. Other disadvantages include limited efficient geological repositories and high transportation and compression costs. In contrast, the use of CO2 as a cheap carbon feedstock for the production of fuels and chemicals has a number of economic and environmental advantages. Jiao recently received a $1 million grant from the U.S. Department of Energy to investigate this alternative. The grant, “Electrochemical Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Alcohols,” was awarded through the National Energy Technology Laboratory. Jiao explains that the proposed technology is an integrated electrolyzer system that takes flue gas from the power plant and produces multi-carbon alcohols through a two-stage electrolysis process. “This is the first integrated electrolysis system that can produce high-concentration alcohols using the CO2 from flue gas,” he says. “Successful completion of this project will offer society a new approach to utilize greenhouse gas CO2 from coal-fired power plants as a chemical stock to produce valuable chemicals, such as ethanol and propanol. This is an approach that offers numerous benefits in terms of environmental and economic impacts.” The three-year effort involves electrocatalyst development, system design and evaluation, and investigation of compatibility with simulated flue gas from coal-fired power plants. About the professor Feng Jiao joined UD in 2010. In addition to his faculty role as an assistant professor in the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, he is affiliated with the Center for Catalytic Science and Technology. His research interests include developing clean, sustainable and environmental friendly energy supplies by combining catalysis, materials science and electrochemistry to address current energy conversion and storage challenges. In January 2014, he and his team reported the development of a nanoporous silver catalyst capable of electrochemically converting carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide with 92 percent efficiency. Silver offers high selectivity, costs much less than other precious metal catalysts, and remains stable under harsh catalytic environments. The breakthrough was documented in a paper published in Nature Communications. Later in 2014, Jiao received a National Science Foundation Career Award to support his research on the use of bimetallic catalysts for converting carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide.

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Access Note: Concurrent User(s): 1 Print Copy: W 84 AA1 2016 Rothstein Reading Room and Eisenberg Collection Publication Date: 2015-02-01 This well regarded textbook provides students with a multifaceted overview of the important emerging discipline known as population health. The book provides multiple perspectives in three key areas: an overview of population health, including current activities and concepts; the business case for population health; and a close look at the national policy discussion on health care. Liburd's text provides in-depth analyses of community-based interventions including effective intervention approaches for prevention and control of diabetes in racial and ethnic populations, plus much more. eBooks covering key areas of study in medical, nursing and biomedical education such as anatomy and basic sciences. Includes case studies. Question banks and added functionality available with personal account. Good for background questions . Anatomy, basic sciences, clinical sciences, radiology, physical therapy and other subject specific eBooks and multimedia content in support of medical education. Question Banks. Added functionality available with personal account.

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January 2, 2020 A Brief Explanation of Firewalls Posted by Rhiannon Untold dangers lurk in corners near and far on the internet. Some of those dangers can attack the devices with which you browse the web. They include viruses, malware, ransomware, and other attacks devised by hackers. Their main goal is stealing your information or money, or simply causing damage to your technology. One of the most effective ways to protect yourself is ensuring your devices have and actively use a firewall. So what are firewalls and how do they work? - What is a firewall? - How do they work? - What are the different types? - Why should you use a firewall? What is a Firewall? A firewall is a piece of cybersecurity technology. It acts as a filter between external web content and the internal device (or, in some cases, the network) you’re using to browse the internet. If the content that it’s filtering is potentially dangerous, the firewall bars it from accessing your device. It helps block threats and prevents hackers from accessing your devices without authorization. How do Firewalls Work? Every device that can connect to the internet has a set of “entry points” called ports. A firewall sits in front of the ports as a guard. Every time a piece of data reaches the port, the firewall chooses whether or not to let it through. Its decision is based on a set of pre-determined rules that decide what’s safe and what’s not. A variety of factors dictate those rules. They include your IP address, the web domain you’re visiting, and the permissions of programs on your device. What are the Types of Firewalls? In many cases, you may be able to choose which type of firewall you’d like to use. Different versions are better for different uses, such as for individuals or businesses. Take a look at the most popular types: - Software: A software firewall is one of the most-used varieties of this tool. They’re installed as software (hence the name) onto pieces of internet-connected tech. The purpose of a software firewall is to guard the ports on an individual device against malicious web content. This type of firewall works best for individuals who only need to protect a single device (like a laptop). - Hardware: Occasionally, people have need of a firewall that protects a range of devices all connected to the same network. A hardware firewall is the best solution. Hardware firewalls come as a physical piece of technology that inspects every bit of data before it even reaches the internet network trying to access it. If the data is deemed unsafe, the hardware firewall blocks it before it comes anywhere near your network or device. This type of firewall is best for businesses because it collectively protects all devices on the network (a software firewall would have to be installed on every device, which requires too much maintenance for most businesses). - Cloud: A cloud firewall is one that uses a cloud server to protect all devices connected to that server. This is a less conventional option than software and hardware firewalls. However, it works well for businesses planning to grow because a cloud firewall is easier to setup and maintain. Why Should You Use a Firewall? As mentioned earlier, a firewall is a crucial tool for maintaining your cybersecurity. They prevent malicious data from affecting your devices and networks. If that’s not enough to convince you, here are some other benefits of regularly using a firewall: - Prevent Malicious Downloads: If you’ve ever downloaded content from an unknown source on the web, be it a photo, video, game or other media, you can thank your firewall for ensuring that the content didn’t come attached with a virus, malware, or ransomware. These types of content, when mistakenly downloaded to a device, can lead to the device breaking, being filled with ads you can’t get rid of, or being locked out until you pay money to get back into the device. - Prevent Unauthorized Access: In some cases, a hacker may be able to gain entry to your device which allows them to use the device for their own purposes. This could result in illegal activities being conducted from your device, or in the loss of your private data. A firewall is able to prevent unauthorized access. - Make Online Gaming Safer: Online gaming is incredibly popular, with millions of people participating in hundreds of games around the world. Although game security has increased drastically over the years, there is still some slight risk that a hacker can sneak malware into your system through an online game. A firewall can prevent that. - Block Content: If you share a device with other users and don’t want them accessing certain kinds of content (for example, blocking children from accidentally opening adult content), a firewall has the ability to block specific locations online. To protect yourself further, browse the web privately and safely with HotBot.com. Posted by Rhiannon More Blog Posts February 14, 2023 How the Investigatory Powers Act Impacts Citizen PrivacyIn 2016, the United Kingdom passed the Investigatory Powers Act or IP Act, into law. This act empowered the government and related agencies to access and collect citizen data, without consent. Critics immediately slammed the new law. The media dubbed it the “Snoopers’ Charter.” Meanwhile, Edward Snowden described the act as “the most extreme surveillance […] Read more February 14, 2023 Unblock Instagram Instantly with HotBot VPNPhotographers, foodies, and models alike all love Instagram for its ability to quickly and easily share beautiful photos with wide audiences. However, networks sometimes block the app in schools, workplaces, and regions for its ability to act as a distraction. Unblock Instagram as quickly and easily as you can share your latest selfie by using […] Read more February 14, 2023

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Lemon Grass is a fragrant herb which is increasingly being used in teas, beverages, herbal medicines. Cymbopogon, better known as lemongrass is a genus of Asian, African, Australian, and tropical island plants in the grass family. Some species, are commonly cultivated as culinary and medicinal herbs because of their scent, resembling that of lemons. This grass grows in dense clumps that can grow to 6 ft in height and about 4 ft in width, although it commonly has seen much smaller. Leaves are strap-like, 1.3 to 2.5 cm wide, to 3 ft long, and have gracefully drooping tips. |Plant Height||19 inch (48 cm)| |Plant Spread||7 inch (18 cm)| |Common Name||Lemon grass, barbed wire grass, silky heads, citronella grass, gavati chaha, oil grass| |Maximum Reachable Height||2 to 4 feet| |Bloom Time||Rarely flowers| |Difficulty Level||Easy to grow| Planting And Care You can harvest your lemongrass anytime during the growing season. Choose stalks that are at least half an inch thick and cut them at ground level with a sharp, clean knife. Lemon Grass Care Although this plant is native to hot and humid areas in Southeast Asia, with proper care, lemongrass can be grown in almost any sunny garden. |Temperature||40 degrees F| |Fertilizer||Apply any organic fertilizer| Lemon Grass Special Feature The stalk is used for cooking, and the leaves are used for teas. Lemongrass tea can be calming and soothing to stomachs. A popular tea blend is Sleepy Time Tea, which is a mixture of lemongrass, lavender, and German chamomile flower. Lemon Grass Uses - The plant is used for an ornamental purpose - Lemon Grass is a fragrant herb which is increasingly being used in teas, beverages, herbal medicines, and Eastern inspired soups and other dishes - This grass grows in dense clumps that can grow to 6 ft in height and about 4 ft in width, although it commonly seen much smaller

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Summary: Study of female fertility from age 9 to menopause reveals specific mechanisms that may affect fertility at different ages. The mechanisms depend on naturally occurring chromosome errors that vary depending on age. Source: University of Copenhagen Researchers have mapped out some of the mechanisms that may affect women’s fertility from the teenage years to menopause. These mechanisms largely depend on naturally occurring chromosome errors – errors that vary depending on age group. This is the conclusion by an international research group in a new study, led by researchers from the University of Copenhagen. The scientists, who come from a number of European universities, have reached their conclusion after examining 3000 egg cells from girls and women between the ages of nine and 43. ‘We have known for a long time that we humans have a unique fertility curve compared to many other species. The curve starts out very poorly in the teenage years and starts to go downhill again when women reach their 30s. But until now, we have not known what is actually causing these changes’, says Head of Research and Professor Eva Hoffmann from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine at the University of Copenhagen. Unlike men who do not form sperm until they reach puberty, women are born with all the egg cells they will have available throughout life. However, the eggs are immature and do not fully develop until the menstrual cycle begins. ‘While the eggs lie dormant, a kind of molecular glue will make the chromosomes stick together. Later, when the eggs are maturing, the chromosomes divide. But the older the women become, the greater the risk that the glue will break down prematurely’, says Eva Hoffmann. The hereditary material thus falls apart, resulting in chromosome errors which may, for example, lead to syndromes such as Down, Turner or Kleinfelter. Or which may make the eggs infertile. Also in teenage girls, the researchers found a greater incidence of chromosome errors during the maturing of the eggs. In this case mostly due to the eggs not reaching a sufficient level of maturity. This meant that in adolescence, especially the larger chromosomes in the hereditary material developed defects – and thus increased the likelihood that the eggs would be expelled by the body without being fertilized. As the teens turned into young women, the researchers observed how the eggs became healthier, while the chromosome errors gradually disappeared. A trend that continued until the women were in their late 20s, after which other types of chromosome errors started to set in. Wider Hips and Grandmothers Scientists do not yet know for sure exactly why human fertility rises, peaks and falls within a defined age range. By comparison, our close fellow species, the chimpanzees, do not in the same way experience menopause, but are rather consistently fertile throughout their adult life. According to Eva Hoffmann, it may be a matter of two evolutionarily developed mechanisms in humans. First, a mechanism that protects very young women from becoming pregnant until their bodies are fully developed – and thus better able to bear children due to, for example, wider hips that reduce the risks associated with giving birth. Second, a mechanism that potentially makes older women take on a new, supportive role as grandmothers when their own children become able to produce offspring – a theory which within a number of research fields has become known as the ‘grandmother hypothesis’. Eva Hoffmann points out that the new results may be used to improve the dissemination of information about child-bearing and pregnancy loss. Just as the increased knowledge may be able to improve the treatment of infertility in the long term. ‘Pregnancy loss is still a taboo, but with knowledge like this, we are able to better understand and demonstrate that it is a natural thing. At the same time, a greater understanding of the mechanisms behind our biological clock may enable us to better control the breakdown of the eggs. Either in the eggs themselves or in the maturation process in the fertility clinic’, says Eva Hoffmann. About this neuroscience research article Source: University of Copenhagen Media Contacts: Eva Hoffmann – University of Copenhagen Image Source: The image is credited to Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen. Chromosome errors in human eggs shape natural fertility over reproductive life span Chromosome errors, or aneuploidy, affect an exceptionally high number of human conceptions, causing pregnancy loss and congenital disorders. Here, we have followed chromosome segregation in human oocytes from females aged 9 to 43 years and report that aneuploidy follows a U-curve. Specific segregation error types show different age dependencies, providing a quantitative explanation for the U-curve. Whole-chromosome nondisjunction events are preferentially associated with increased aneuploidy in young girls, whereas centromeric and more extensive cohesion loss limit fertility as women age. Our findings suggest that chromosomal errors originating in oocytes determine the curve of natural fertility in humans.

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A study conducted by researchers from several countries over 30 years revealed that moderate alcohol consumption in people over 40 years of age is beneficial to health, however, in general, it emphasizes that, despite the findings, alcohol intake is strongly discouraged. According to the analysis, published by the scientific journal The Lanceta group of researchers undertook the task of analyzing the effects of alcohol among people between 15 and 95 years of age based on the Global Burden of Disease study. This study on the effects of alcohol has not been done lightly as data has been taken from people in 204 countries from 1990 to 2020. The analysis included 22 health indicators ranging from cardiovascular diseases, cancer and traffic accidents. The results of the study, while not entirely positive, are encouraging in terms of moderate consumption of one to two glasses of wine for some members of the population aged 40 years and older, which could have some health benefits. This, according to the article, is due to the fact that ethanol - the main ingredient of alcoholic beverages - increases the production of good cholesterol in the entodelium - the tissue that lines the inside of veins and arteries - which could be beneficial for cardiovascular diseases or type 2 diabetes. The groups of people who could benefit from this exhaustive analysis are men between 40 and 64 years of age consuming a total of 1.69 glasses of wine and women 1.89 glasses. However, as age increases, in those over 65 years of age, the margin of consumption increases, reaching a total of 3.19 glasses of wine in men and 3.51 in women. Despite the above, it highlights the importance of alcohol consumption related to the loss of health due to diseases such as liver cirrhosis, breast cancer and tuberculosis. For this reason, its consumption is strongly discouraged. In addition, the study emphasizes, the risks of alcohol burden vary by region and age. It should be noted that, although alcohol consumption dates back some 10 million years, the health consequences of its consumption are also significant, since in 2020 alone, the consumption of these beverages was responsible for 78 million deaths worldwide and was the main risk factor for mortality among men aged 15 to 49 years, according to the study. You may be interested in: Discrimination against older adults is on the rise

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By measuring the compilation of similar stocks instead of just one or two stocks, a stock index provides information about that particular market or segment. One of the most talked about and popular indexes is The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) which consists of 30 of the biggest companies in the U.S. Stock indices are typically related by some commonality: for example, the Dow Jones Wilshire 5000 is an index that measures or tracks almost every publicly traded stock in the United States. The Morgan Stanley Biotech Index is a small index that follows the biotechnology market. Each stock index has a specific focus that can provide highly specific or very generalized information. Interested in learning more? Explore new stock market indexes such as: Ethical Stock Market Indexes and Environmental Stock Market Indexes.

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Musicians and Singers I. JOB SUMMARY Main Topic: Human and Cultural Geography Secondary Topic: Environment and Society Overview: Musicians play instruments or sing for live audiences and in recording studios. They perform a variety of genres, such as classical, jazz, and rock. They typically perform music for live audiences and recordings, audition for positions in orchestras, choirs, bands and other types of music groups, practice playing instruments or singing to improve their technique, rehearse music and parts to prepare for performances, find and book locations for performances or concerts and create online and media presence to promote themselves. Musicians play solo or in orchestras, bands, or limited-size groups, such as trios. Those in bands or groups may play at small venues, such as private parties or bars, sometimes building enough of a fan base to get a recording contract or representation by an agent. Musicians who work in orchestras perform in venues with a stage large enough to accommodate all the musicians and their instruments. A few orchestra musicians become section leaders, who may be responsible for assigning parts to other musicians or for leading rehearsals. Many times musicians are also singers and may be the lead of the band or perform back-up vocals. Musicians and singers need geographic skills as their career is usually place based. Geographic location affects what kind of music they play, perform, record or promote and how far they need to travel to different venues as a touring artist. Furthermore, they not only need to know the location but also understand the cultural context of a certain place during a certain time period. Musicians could use cultural geographical knowledge to understand these elements. Other than navigation to different cultural and tourist hubs, they can also use geographic information system (GIS), modeling software, and other computer programs to analyze and predict locational patterns of social behavior that directly correlates to the audience behavior, record sales, ticket sales, cultural relevance and audience reaction to their music. In the bigger picture, music and singing is all about cultural geography. The genre of music is based upon geographic location, for example, country is found in Nashville, Tennessee; grunge rock came from Seattle, Washington; Memphis, Tennessee is home to the blues; New Orleans is home to jazz, blues, and zydeco; the Bronx in New York City is known as the birthplace of hip hop. Salsa can be a blanket term to describe the dance music that comes out of Latin America and the Caribbean, but more precisely, salsa music is a Cuban-influenced genre created in New York City in the 1960s. The instruments used are also based upon geography and cultural factors. For example jazz uses trumpet, saxophone, trombone, clarinet, piano, a bass instrument (such as a double bass or electric bass guitar), and drums. While country music uses the fiddle, steel guitar, mandolin, banjo, harmonica, piano, guitar, and drums. Regionally there are instruments that are specific like Latin America utilizing congas, steel drums, maracas, and bongos. Geographers at work: Cultural geographers, human geographers, social geographers, music geographers, geographic information scientists Recommended College Courses: Human geography, social geography, social theories, environmental geography, geographic information science Skills: Socio-cultural analysis, Mapping and modeling, geographic information systems, computer and database systems, spatial analysis, map reading and interpretation Occupation Group: Entertainment and Sports Learn more about Musicians and Singers from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and U.S. Department of Labor: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/entertainment-and-sports/musicians-and-singers.htm#tab-1 Written by Binay Thapa and Dr. Joanna Zadrozny II. POWERFUL GEOGRAPHIC KNOWLEDGE

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Hazard classification & labelling Hazard classification and labelling The ‘Hazard classification and labelling’ section shows the hazards of a substance based on the standardised system of statements and pictograms established under the CLP (Classification Labelling and Packaging) Regulation. The CLP Regulation makes sure that the hazards presented by chemicals are clearly communicated to workers and consumers in the European Union. The CLP Regulation uses the UN Global Harmonised System (GHS) and European Union Specific Hazard Statements (EUH). This section is based on three sources for information (harmonised classification and labelling (CLH), REACH registrations and CLP notifications). The source of the information is mentioned in the introductory sentence of the hazard statements. When information is available in all sources, the first two are displayed as a priority. The purpose of the information provided under this section is to highlight the substance hazardousness in a readable format. It does not represent a new labelling, classification or hazard statement, neither reflect other factors that affect the susceptibility of the effects described, such as duration of exposure or substance concentration (e.g. in case of consumer and professional uses). Other relevant information includes the following: - Substances may have impurities and additives that lead to different classifications. If at least one company has indicated that the substance classification is affected by impurities or additives, this will be indicated by an informative sentence. However, substance notifications in the InfoCard are aggregated independently of the impurities and additives. - Hazard statements were adapted to improve readability and may not correspond textually to the hazard statements codes description in the European Union Specific Hazard Statements (EUH) or the UN Global Harmonised System (GHS). To see the full list of notified classifications and to get more information on impurities and additives relevant to classification please consult the C&L Inventory. More information about Classification and Labelling is available in the Regulations section of ECHA website. More help available here. Harmonised classification and labelling (CLH) Harmonised classification and labelling is a legally binding classification and labelling for a substance, agreed at European Community level. Harmonisation is based on the substance’s physical, toxicological and eco-toxicological hazard assessment. The ‘Hazard classification’ and labelling section uses the signal word, pictogram(s) and hazard statements of the substance under the harmonised classification and labelling (CLH) as its primary source of information. If the substance is covered by more than one CLH entry (e.g. disodium tetraborate EC no. 215-540-4, is covered by three harmonisations: 005-011-00-4; 005-011-01-1 and 005-011-02-9), CLH information cannot be displayed in the InfoCard as the difference between the CLH classifications requires manual interpretation or verification. If a substance is classified under multiple CLH entries, a link to the C&L Inventory is provided to allow users to view CLH information associated with the substance and no text is automatically generated for the InfoCard. It is possible that a harmonisation is introduced through an amendment to the CLP Regulation. In that case, the ATP (Adaptation to Technical Progress) number is displayed. More info on CLH can be found here. Classification and labelling under REACH If available, additional information on classification and labelling (C&L) is derived from REACH registration dossiers submitted by industry. This information has not been reviewed or verified by ECHA, and may change without prior notice. REACH registration dossiers have greater data requirements (such as supporting studies) than do notifications under CLP. Notifications under the Classification Labelling and Packaging (CLP) Regulation If no EU harmonised classification and labelling exists and the substance was not registered under REACH, information derived from classification and labelling (C&L) notifications to ECHA under CLP Regulation is displayed under this section. These notifications can be provided by manufacturers, importers and downstream users. ECHA maintains the C&L Inventory, but does not review or verify the accuracy of the information. Note that for readability purposes, only the pictograms, signal words and hazard statements referred in more than 5% of the notifications under CLP are displayed. Danger! According to the harmonised classification and labelling (CLP00) approved by the European Union, this substance causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Additionally, the classification provided by companies to ECHA in REACH registrations identifies that this substance is toxic if inhaled, is a flammable liquid and vapour, is harmful if swallowed and causes serious eye damage.

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Know your referencing style Find out which referencing style your lecturers are expecting you to use, and which style manual or guide is recommended. Some Schools have their own referencing guides. Identify your source What are you trying to reference? Is it a book, an ebook, an article, an online article, a conference report, a website, or something else? The type of document you have dictates the details you must use in your reference. Collect the referencing details Write down the details you need to include in a reference for your document (i.e. author/s, year, book title, edition, article title, journal title, volume number, page numbers, etc.) Your style manual or referencing guide will tell you what these should be. Write it up Use your style manual or referencing guide to arrange the referencing details in the correct order (i.e. author/s year title etc.) Now include the correct punctuation - exactly as it appears in the examples in the style manual or guide. Beware of copy & paste Never blindly trust the Cite links you find on websites or even library databases, because there are many different referencing styles, and even different versions of the same style. When you copy and paste a reference, you will probably have to edit it to match the referencing style used by your School - so check each reference carefully. Consistency is key Make sure all of your references follow the same style. A reference list that is a jumble of different styles is very noticeable to the person who is marking your paper. Online Referencing Guide See the Library's Referencing and Assignment Writing Guide (link below) for examples of how to cite different publications in the most commonly used referencing styles. We acknowledge the palawa/pakana and Gadigal people, the traditional custodians of the land upon which we live and work. We honour their enduring culture and knowledges as vital to the self-determination, wellbeing and resilience of their communities, and to shaping a just, inclusive and equitable Australian society.

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Africa dances and sings always and everywhere: whether in the queue at the bus stop, gas station and supermarket, at tragedies and funerals, in hour-long religious services and festivals or when performing daily activities. From an early age on music in Africa has a great social importance, it structures events that accompany living together and determines the atmosphere. In African songs the African life is reflected. They tell of the small and large joys, express pain and despair, are evidence of Africa's deep faith and have the relationship between man and woman as their topic, sometimes with feeling, sometimes with irony. Black African choral music stems from the tension and the mixing of "black" African and "white" European culture. It combines elements of original rhythms and elements of classic and modern gospel and spirituals and integrates jazz and blues harmonies. Unlike in Germany, in most African countries there is a variety of languages. The Heidelberg Africa choirs sing the songs from southern Africa in Zulu, Xhosa and Sesotho, from Ghana in Fanti and Ga, and from East Africa in Swahili and other languages of Tanzania and Kenya.

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Esperanza was a sixteen-year-old girl when she was brutally raped by a man named Rey. He forced her to become a sex slave, and eventually brought her to New York, where she was raped, beaten and threatened in brothels day after day Like so many other trafficking victims, Esperanza could not speak English. A man who saw the bruises on her body connected her with Safe Horizon, a program that specializes in helping trafficking victims; they helped to rescue her. On the other side of the world from Esperanza, Sina Vann, in Cambodia, was taken as a sex slave when she was 13. Sina and the other girls were kept in underground cages -- not able to see the difference between night and day. They were then brought into a room where they were raped by man after man. Sina was rescued in a raid organized by a former sex slave, Somaly Mam, who now runs an anti-trafficking program. The fifteenth anniversary of the landmark Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000 took place recently, on October 28. After hearing of the plight of many women in Eastern Europe, Congressman Chris Smith of New Jersey authored the Act to set forth the legal framework for prosecuting criminals involved in the crimes of modern day slavery, and to support traumatized victims in the U.S. In addition to strengthening U.S. laws, the TVPA also targeted human trafficking throughout the world. The State Department annually reports on the efforts of all nations to combat trafficking. It also targets with sanctions on non-humanitarian aid countries that fail to meet minimum standards. Last year, thanks to their lack of effort to combat human trafficking, authoritarian regimes including Iran, Russia, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe, along with 19 other countries, were subjected to sanctions. Nevertheless, even though from 2007 to 2014 there were a total of 218 new or amended anti-trafficking laws in the world, only a small percentage of the world's trafficked victims are being rescued. The State Department's Trafficking in Persons Report estimates that more than 44,000 trafficking victims have been identified throughout the world, out of which the Department of Justice has gained convictions in just 184 cases. Compare this to the International Labor Organization 2012 estimate of a total of 20.9 million trafficked victims in the world, with hundreds of thousands in the United States. A United Nations report also shows that trafficking among children is on the rise. One out of three trafficking victims is a child; girls and women make up 70% of trafficking. The media usually pays scant attention to their plight. A University of North Carolina study details how, when it comes to stories about sex trafficking victims, the media often fails to report the nature of the crime and the need for action. Only 16% of sex trafficking cases were covered as a human rights issue, according to the study, and 41% failed to mention possible solutions to the tragedy of human trafficking. Many newspapers advertise "massage parlors" -- often fronts for trafficking and prostitution rings -- in their sports pages. At the forefront of trying to uncover massage parlors that are fronts for these rings has been, for example, the Polaris Project, a Washington DC based anti-trafficking organization. It estimates that in the U.S. there are an estimated 9,000 massage parlors, in which, every day, 27,000 women are suffering in prostitution or forced human trafficking. The Polaris Project's hotline has identified more than 2,000 cases of human trafficking related to massage parlors. In 2010, after years of pleas from the Polaris Project on behalf of victims of trafficking and prostitution, The Washington Post finally announced that it would no longer accept ads from massage parlors. Yet, fifteen years after the signing of TVPA, the fight continues. Esperanza and Sina are two of the very few lucky ones who have been rescued from human trafficking. But all of us, especially in the media, need dramatically to increase our efforts to rescue the millions of others trapped in one of the darkest, most vicious human rights violations of our time. George Phillips served as an aide to Congressman Chris Smith of New Jersey, working on human rights issues.

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CBD's role in treating anxiety and substance use disorders A review article published in the British Journal of Pharmacology earlier this year suggests that cannabidiol (CBD), the major non-psychoactive component of cannabis, may have utility as an adjunct to treatment approaches for anxiety disorders such as PTSD and substance abuse disorders. This is mainly due to the way CBD interacts with learning and memory processes. But first, a look at CBD’s anti-anxiety effects and a brief overview of classical conditioning. Animal studies have clearly established CBD’s anxiolytic effect using tests which measure defensive behaviors in response to a variety of threatening or unpleasant stimuli. Broadly, these anxiolytic effects occur at low and medium doses, but not at high doses. These anxiolytic effects have also been shown in human studies in which participants are exposed to anxiety-provoking stimuli, as well as in studies of people with anxiety disorders. While CBD has many effects in the brain, only two of these mechanisms seem to be directly related to its anxiolytic effects. The first is the direct activation of serotonin 5-HT1A receptors in the periaqueductal gray, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the infralimbic cortex. The second relevant mechanism of action is the indirect activation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors. CBD achieves these by interfering with the reuptake and metabolism of anandamide, one of the endocannabinoids produced by the body, resulting in an increase of serum and hippocampal anandamide levels. Fear learning and classical conditioning Classical conditioning refers to a kind of learning by association where a neutral cue or context (unconditioned stimulus or ‘US’) is repeatedly presented alongside a desirable or undesirable event (conditioned stimulus, CS). Eventually, the organism forms a strong association between the US and the CS such that the CS presented on its own now triggers the same reaction that the US does. This process is referred to as conditioning. For example, if a small electric shock (US) is repeatedly applied to a rat at the same time that a neutral sound (CS) is played, the rat will eventually respond to the sound (CS) on its own as it would have to the shock. This fundamental mechanism is at play in anxiety disorders as well as substance use disorders. For example, a veteran with PTSD may have a strong association between loud noises and a vital threat, such that fireworks, previously indicative of celebration, may now trigger intense anxiety and feelings of imminent danger. In a similar fashion, a person who has overcome a drug dependency may feel a strong craving or be more inclined to relapse if they are exposed to a person or environment that was strongly associated with their past drug use. Once the association has been forged, it is encoded into long-term memory, a process called “consolidation.” Re-exposure to the CS retrieves the association from memory, creating a window within which the memory can be maintained or updated before reconsolidation takes place. This is the principle by which extinction therapy works—repeated or prolonged re-exposure to the CS can, over time, create a new association between the CS and the lack of US, which competes with the original association. Thus, the process of classical conditioning provides several points for potential intervention: conditioning, consolidation, retrieval, and reconsolidation. Treating anxiety-related and substance-use disorders CBD appears to affect the formation and expression of fear memories in a way that may have clinical relevance. Animal studies have shown that administration of CBD at the time of retrieval diminishes the fear response. It also appears to impact the formation of the fear memory—when CBD was acutely administered to rats alongside the initial formation of a fear memory, these rats showed a diminished fear response during later retrieval compared to the group that did not receive CBD. However, the research is unclear about the effect of repeated CBD administration, with some studies showing that repeated administration actually facilitated learning while others showed that it had no effect. CBD does seem to show clear promise in the extinction of fear memories. In rats that were undergoing contextual fear extinction sessions (that is, the extinction of fear associated with a specific room, chamber, or other context), CBD administered prior to the session displayed greater extinction of the fear memory compared to rats that did not get CBD. This approach was particularly effective for strong fear memories, while CBD appeared to impair the extinction of weaker conditioning."... To read this article in full, click here.

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