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In keeping with our goal of providing education for sustainable nutrition and food science, our teaching addresses didactic methodologies of vocational education in nutrition/food science as well as nutrition as a scientific discipline in work studies. We teach in the Prevocational Education as well as Food Science and Nutrition teacher training degree programs. Vocational education in nutrition deals on a scientific basis with the issues of working and learning in the vocational field of nutrition to determine, develop and reflect on the objectives, objects, media and methods of teaching and learning in vocational education. The starting point for this is the analysis of professional activities in the vocational field of nutrition and home economics. This includes both craft and industrial professions within food production and processing, food sales and the hospitality industry. In addition to dual training, we also address pre-vocational and full-school courses, courses preparing students to study and vocational schools. We prepare students for school and professional practice and train everyday skills through everyday situations. In our teaching and research we aim to enable students to shape their own nutrition under complex social conditions in a socially responsible as well as democratically participatory and politically responsible manner. In doing so, we seek to achieve an education for nutrition that enables students to lead independent and responsible lives based on social and cultural integration and responsibility. This enables students to make reflective consumer decisions.Students learn to act competently in everyday life and at work. The teachers we train then go on to create awareness in schools for the need of informed and conscious nutrition and consumption decisions as well as the associated challenges, thus transferring their knowledge broadly throughout society The circle is closed when we address and continue to reflect on stimuli and trends in society in our research and teaching.

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https://www.tu.berlin/en/b-nerle/studying-teaching

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A Brief Biography of from The Art of Peace translated by John Stevens Morihei Ueshiba (1883-1969) was one of history’s greatest martial artists. Even as an old man of eighty, he could disarm any foe, down any number of attackers, and pin an opponent with a single finger. Although invincible as a warrior, he was above all a man of peace who detested fighting, war, and any kind of violence. His way was Aikido, which can be translated as “The Art of Peace.” Morihei Ueshiba is referred to by the practitioners of Aikido as O Sensei, “The Great Teacher”. The Art of Peace is an ideal, but it developed in real life on many fronts. Morihei in his youth served as an infantryman in the Russo-Japanese War, later battled pirates and bandits during an adventure in Mongolia, and then, after mastering a number of martial arts, served as an instructor at japan’s elite military acadamies. Throughout his life, however, Morihei was sorely troubled by the contention and strife that plagued his world: his father’s battles with corrupt politicans and their hired goons, the devastation of war, and the brutality of his country’s military leaders. Morihei was on a spiritual quest and was transformed by three visions. The first occurred in 1925, when Morihei was forty-two years old. After defeating a high-ranking swordsman by avoiding all his cuts and thrusts (Morihei was unarmed), Morihei went into his garden. “Suddenly the earth trembled. Golden vapor welled up from the ground and engulfed me. I felt transformed into a golden image, and my body seemed as light as a feather. All at once I understood the nature of creation: the Way of a Warrior is to manifest Divine Love, a spirit that embraces and nurtures all things. Tears of gratitude and joy streamed down my cheeks. I saw the entire earth as my home, and the sun, moon, and stars as my intimate friends. All attachment to material things vanished.” The second vision took place in December of 1940. “Around two o’clock in the morning as I was performing ritual purification, I suddenly forgot every martial art technique I ever learned. All of the techniques handed down from my teachers appeared completely anew. Now they were vehicles for the cultivation of life, knowledge, virtue, and good sense, not devices to throw and pin people.” The third vision was in 1942, during the worst of the fighting of World War II and in one of the darkest periods of human history. Morihei had a vision of the Great Spirit of Peace, a path that could lead to the elimination of all strife and the reconciliation of humankind. “The Way of the Warrior has been misunderstood as a means to kill and destroy others. Those who seek competition are making a grave mistake. To smash, injure, or destroy is the worst sin a human being can commit. The real Way of a Warrior is to prevent slaughter – it is the Art of Peace, the power of love.” Morihei secluded himself in the country and devoted every minute of his life thereafter to refining and spreading Aikido, the Art of Peace. Unlike the authors of old-time warrior classics such as The Art of War and The Book of Five Rings, which accept the inevitability of war and emphasize cunning strategy as a means to victory, Morihei understood that continued fighting – with others, with ourselves, and with the environment – will ruin the earth. “The world will continue to change dramatically, but fighting and war can destroy us utterly. What we need now are techniques of harmony, not those of contention. The Art of Peace is required, not the Art of War.” Morihei taught the Art of Peace as a creative mind-body discipline, as a practical means of handling aggression, and as a way of life that fosters fearlessness, wisdom, love, and friendship. He interpreted the Art of Peace in the broadest possible sense and believed that its principles of reconciliation, harmony, cooperation, and empathy could be applied bravely to all the challenges we face in life – in personal relationships, as we interact with society, at work and in business, when dealing with nature. Everyone can be a warrior for peace. Although Aikido originated with Morihei in Japan, it was intended to be a gift for all humankind. Some have chosen, or will select in the future, Aikido as their own particular Way, practicing it on the mats and applying it to their daily lives. Many more have been and will be inspired by the universal message of the Art of Peace and its implications for our world.

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12-year-old Indian-American student from Santa Clara, California, Shubham Banerjee has invented portable and inexpensive braille printer Braigo using a Lego Mind storms EV3 kit for the visually impaired people. The printer will be retailed for $350, which is dramatically simple and affordable than other Braille printers that cost more than $2,000. Shubham has already secured funding from Intel on November 4, 2014, at the Intel Global Capital Summit and it makes him to be the youngest person to receive thousands of dollars through venture capital investment. Banerjee had put his heart and soul to create the Lego prototype of Braigo to eradicate the most important challenge of 285 million visually impaired people living worldwide. According to Banerjee, the printer is programmed to produce the letters A through Z in Braille in seven seconds. In his YouTube video, he has explained how to print the letter Y first and then how to combine letters to form words like cat or bat. “From the very young age, my parents have always emphasized on helping others and doing meaningful work and that is the inspiration of inventing Braigo” – Shubham Banerjee

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Never before in human history have we collectively faced as much adversity as we do now with the imminent threat of climate change. It seems that despite the peaks we’ve reached with our riches and technological advancements, we feel suddenly overwhelmed in the face of a rapidly changing climate. This issue seems quite straightforward: Radiation from the sun is absorbed by greenhouse gases, and the energy is then transferred to our atmosphere, contributing to a positive feedback loop that leads to warmer winters and harsher summers. Countless ecosystems will perish while the rising oceans engulf coasts and swallow the cities we build on them. So the question begs to be asked, how can we prevent this from happening? It’s no surprise that the answer is much more complicated than the question, and that we cannot simply halt carbon emissions. But more importantly, some of the solutions are simply infeasible given the world dynamic that exists today. The relationship between poverty and emissions, the process by which food gets put on the table and the expenses that come with proposed solutions are all major contributors that exacerbate the conditions of our biosphere. There is an inherent positive correlation between the wealth of a nation and its carbon emissions. Intuitively, we can come to the conclusion that richer people tend to emit more carbon, so the solution must be for the wealthy to dial back on their extravagant lifestyles. This idea, however, is superficial because more than 60% of global emissions come from low to middle-income countries, where most people are attempting to escape poverty at the bare minimum, and perhaps even achieve a comfortable lifestyle. This reality of escaping poverty and becoming middle class creates unavoidable emissions, and asking developing countries to cut back on pollution is as hypocritical as it is unrealistic. It’s very hard to argue that a region should protect their primeval forests and subsidize the solar panel industry instead of burning wood when it can’t meet basic needs for significant portions of its population. By the end of the 21st century, we’ll likely need to feed over 10 billion people, and we are unable to do this without emitting greenhouse gases. The nature of modern food production requires the use of manure or fertilizer, making zero-emissions food effectively impossible. Rice alone emits so much methane and CO2 each year that it practically matches the emissions of global aviation, 1.3% vs. 1.9% of GHG emissions, respectively. The rise of factory farming and industrial-style meat production has made meat a regular indulgence in developed countries and a symbol of status and wealth in developing countries. Today, about 40% of the world’s habitable land is used for meat production of some kind. This is the land on which we could otherwise allow native ecosystems to regrow, like forests in the Amazon, for them to suck carbon out of the atmosphere. Instead, most of it is used to feed animals. Eating less meat won’t alone stop climate change, but we also can’t stop climate change without eating less meat. So, what does this mean for our livelihoods? Can’t some technology save us so we can continue to build our roads, drive our cars and eat meat every day? This technology already exists in principle: Direct air capture of CO2 draws carbon dioxide from the air so that it can be stored underground in geological formations. So why aren’t we implementing this in every industry, everywhere? Because, with the current technology at our disposal, this could cost trillions of dollars per year, which constitutes a significant portion of the United States GDP. Unfortunately, this money cannot come out of thin air. Simply dumping these costs on massive polluters like coal power stations and steel mills would double the cost of their products, and so these industries that operate on very tight profit margins would go bankrupt. Getting the government to pay for it seems logical, but a lot of state resources are already tied up doing the opposite, like subsidizing oil and gas. This seems counterintuitive, but follows very clear incentives. By artificially keeping fuel prices low, shipping and everyday goods are kept artificially cheap too, which has a massive social impact on billions of people around the world. Some argue that a move away from capitalism is the only solution to this crisis, while others insist that markets should be even freer, without any interventions like subsidies. One thing is unequivocally clear. It’s not just about fixing the tendencies of modern industrial society, but achieving a worldwide consensus that unites every human being against the threat of climate change. It is our biological imperative to unify under this common goal, and it starts with the small ways we can change our own daily habits. From the food we eat, the lights we leave on, the way we get around and the political figures that we elect, it’s time we brought forth a social revolution united under these changes. These attempts, though seemingly futile, will hopefully inspire solidarity from one generation to the next, so that we may tackle this issue head on before it’s too late.

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Ikigai (生き甲斐, pronounced [ikiɡai]) is a Japanese concept meaning "a reason for being". Everyone, according to the Japanese, has an ikigai. Finding it requires a deep and often lengthy search of self. Such a search is regarded as being very important, since it is believed that discovery of one's ikigai brings satisfaction and meaning to life. The term ikigai is composed of two Japanese words: iki (生き?), referring to life, and kai (甲斐?), which roughly means "the realisation of what one expects and hopes for". In the culture of Okinawa, ikigai is thought of as "a reason to get up in the morning"; that is, a reason to enjoy life. In a TED Talk, Dan Buettner referenced ikigai as one of the reasons people in the area had such long lives. The word ikigai is usually used to indicate the source of value in one's life or the things that make one's life worthwhile. Secondly, the word is used to refer to mental and spiritual circumstances under which individuals feel that their lives are valuable. It's not necessarily linked to one's economic status or the present state of society. Even if a person feels that the present is dark, but they have a goal in mind, they may feel ikigai. Behaviours that make us feel ikigai are not actions which we are forced to take—these are natural and spontaneous actions. (Source: CC-by-sa the Wikipedia community)

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Data from the New Horizons mission to Pluto show no craters on Sputnik Planum down to the detection limit (2 km for low resolution data, 625 m for high resolution data). The number of small Kuiper Belt Objects that should be impacting Pluto is known to some degree from various astronomical surveys. We combine these geological and telescopic observations to make an order of magnitude estimate that the surface age of Sputnik Planum must be less than 10 million years. This maximum surface age is surprisingly young and implies that this area of Pluto must be undergoing active resurfacing, presumably through some cryo-geophysical process. We discuss three possible resurfacing mechanisms and the implications of each one for Pluto's physical properties. ASJC Scopus subject areas - Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all) - Agricultural and Biological Sciences(all)

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A seismic shift is on the horizon for gas extraction in Africa, with many of the new pre-production fields proposed in countries that historically have not exploited fossil fuels, a trend that would run counter to the global scientific consensus calling for a halt to the construction of new fossil fuel infrastructure. Global Energy Monitor’s (GEM) Global Oil and Gas Extraction Tracker (GOGET) includes data on 421 extraction projects, with 79 fields in the pre-production stages. While historically Nigeria, Egypt, Libya, and Algeria have had the most proven gas reserves and production, data in GOGET show that 84 percent of new reserves in pre-production are located in recent entrants to Africa’s gas market—Mozambique, Senegal, Tanzania, Mauritania, South Africa, Ethiopia, and Morocco. These new reserves total more than 5137.5 billion cubic meters (bcm), with potential emissions equaling about 11.9 billion tons of CO2, with production from many of these fields facing opposition due to the potential impacts to local ecosystems and communities. These countries are expected to drive gas development volumes in the near term, with ‘Mozambique, Mauritania, Tanzania, South Africa, and Ethiopia accounting for more than half of Africa’s gas production by 2038.’ If industry plans for this wave of new gas field extraction projects are allowed to proceed, Africa’s gas production would increase by a third by 2030. An estimated US$329 billion greenfield investment is required for the development of both gas extraction and export infrastructure. Yet most of these gas field developments are destined for export, doing little to address low electrification rates across the continent, while also exposing Africa’s energy mix to the volatility of gas markets. African investment in the development of extraction infrastructure in previously undeveloped areas will likely lead to serious impacts on locals’ health and the environment, while exacerbating climate change and reducing Africa’s ability to invest in its own energy transition and the electrification of its communities. This briefing details the emerging players in Africa’s gas market, the key fields proposed for development, and the cost and ownership structure of this build-out and concludes that the export orientation of gas developments will do little to address the challenges Africa faces in achieving universal access to clean, affordable, and reliable energy.

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https://globalenergymonitor.org/report/changing-of-the-guard-the-new-hubs-of-gas-extraction-in-africa/

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Larval stomatopods have generally been described as having a typical larval crustacean compound eye, which lacks the visual pigment diversity and morphological specializations of the well-studied stomatopod adult eye. However, recent work has suggested that larval stomatopod eyes are more complex than previously described. In this study, we provide physiological and behavioral evidence of at least three distinct photoreceptor classes in three species of larval stomatopods: Gonodactylellus n. sp., Gonodactylaceus falcatus and Pullosquilla n. sp. First, electroretinogram recordings were used to measure the spectral sensitivity of each species. Evidence for at least three spectral classes were identified in each: an ultraviolet, peaking at 340–376 nm; a short-wavelength blue, peaking at 455–464 nm; and a long-wavelength orange, peaking at 576–602 nm. Next, the behavioral response to light was investigated. We found that each species demonstrated positive phototactic responses to monochromatic stimuli across the UV–visible spectrum. In wavelength preference trials, distinct preferences among species were identified when different colored light stimuli were presented simultaneously. All species displayed a strong response to the UV stimulus, as well as responses to blue and orange stimuli, although at different response strengths, but no response to green. The results of this study demonstrate that larval stomatopods not only have multiple physiologically active spectral classes but they also display clear and distinct responses to wavelengths across the spectrum. We propose that the spectral classes demonstrated in each are related to visually guided ecological tasks of the larvae, which may differ between species.

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https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article-abstract/226/10/jeb245371/310419/Physiological-and-behavioral-evidence-for-multiple?redirectedFrom=PDF

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DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY Department Contact No. 0927-291022 ABOUT THE FIELD The science of Geology examines earth materials, processes, and history. Geologists search for petroleum, natural gas, and mineral resources. They study processes acting at the Earth’s surface, such as flooding and landslides, and those generated in the interior, such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Geologists study the history of our planet, including the evolution of life and changes in the atmosphere, oceans, and climate over time. Geologists are employed by the petroleum and mining industries, government agencies (geologic surveys, construction companies, mining and land management organizations), and academia. A BRIGHT FUTURE Keeping in view the need of Geosciences in the region and to overcome the Energy crises of KP and Pakistan, Department of Geology, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak clenches importance for Oil and Gas Companies due to concentration of Exploration and Production activities in the southern districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Department of Geology is a part of Khushal Khan Khattak University Karak’s “Energy Studies Center” project, where faculty and students are conducting research in various fields such as reservoir geology, water resources, minerals exploration, GIS & RS, conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon exploration, and so on. Aspire for leading and trend setting Department of Geology in the province and find due place among country wide. To make the Department’s vision a reality, the Department of Geology is committed to provide state of the art teaching and research facilities to produce professionally sound graduates at the highest national and international levels of excellence for academic institutions, national and international oil companies and mineral exploration/mining and related organizations. IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING GEOLOGY AT KKKUK - District Karak can be considered as the Energy Capital of Pakistan, producing a major portion of hydrocarbons and contributing to the country’s economy. - Understanding geology is fundamental to the exploration of hydrocarbon, minerals and water resources and this is why we offer Geology degree at Khushal Khan Khattak University Karak. However, before such specialism can be made, a basic knowledge of the way the Earth works is vital for understanding the nature and origin of Earth Resources. - Karak is ideally geographically located for the study of geology, having some world- class geological field sites and exploration and production activities at hand which can be frequently and conveniently visited. - Academia – Industry linkage makes Department of Geology, KKKUK a prominent department. - To develop the students’ critical thinking, enthusiasm, initiative and the necessary skills to become lifelong students of Earth Sciences through provision of market-oriented courses and practices. - To prepare students for professional positions in industry, government and for careers in academic research and teaching. - To promote in-depth analysis of the earth crust and explore its economic deposits for the welfare of the country by conducting practical experiments and research in the field. - To produce experts in Earth sciences. The department will not be restricted to one specialization i.e. Geology but also undertake other relevant disciplines like: - Structural Geology - Petroleum Geology - Mineral Resources - Reservoir Geology - Environmental Geosciences - Engineering Geology - GIS and Remote Sensing Dr. Nazir Ur Rehman Research Interests: Structural Geology, Tectonics, Uranium Geology Mr. Muhammad Waqar Azeem Research Interests: Paleogeography, Hydrogeology and Geophysical exploration techniques Mr. Waheed Ullah Research Interests: Petroleum and Economic Geology, Field Geology Research Interests: Sedimentology, Paleontology, GIS & RS Mr. Fakhrul Islam Research Interests: GIS & RS, Geomorphology and Basin Modeling Mr. Kamran Shehzad Research Interests: Mineralogy, Petrography and Reservoir Geology

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A child starts to observe and learn about the world around him as soon as he is born. So, it is never too early to start looking for healthy and appropriate toys for your children to aid in the growth of their inquisitive minds. This article is going to help you choose the right toys for babies under 1 year old. First of all, you need to remember that a good toy should be not only safe for your babies but also suitable for each stage of your child’s development. And each child will have his or her own pace of development. So, the same toy can be both suitable for a child of this age, also suitable for another child at a younger or older age. Toys for infants under 6 months old At this age, babies mostly like to observe people and follow them with their eyes. Babies are also excited with what their arms and legs can do, they can reach things, lift and rotate their heads toward sounds, put objects in their mouths, and so on. So, the first toy should be pictures of colorful faces that they can see or female mirrors that cannot be broken. Next are toys that help them explore sounds. Examples are books with poems or nursery rhymes, and recordings of lullabies or simple songs. Finally, objects that they can reach, suck, shake are also suitable toys for babies at this age range. Some of the typical toys of this type include squeeze toys, rattles, large rings, soft dolls, textured balls, and board and vinyl books. Toys for children aged from 7 to 12 months Older infants love to explore simple body movements such as rolling back and forth, sitting, bouncing, creeping, scooting, pulling themselves up, and standing. They can recognize their names and other familiar words as well as other cognitive activities like finding hidden items or inserting and removing things from containers. Toys suitable for children of this age: - Things that help them use their big and small muscles such as soft things such as pillows, stuffed animals; large balls, tunnels, taller climbers, tricycles, etc. - Construction toys such as wooden cubes or large soft blocks. - Things to drop and pick up such as plastic cups and bowls, balls, and large beads. - Toys for pretend play: dolls and teddies, puppets, toy vehicles. Toys for children from 1 to 2 years old At this age, children can walk and might climb stairs. They love listening to stories, begin to say their very first words, and enjoy playing with their friends. Also, they like to discover something new, which you need to keep your eyes on. Good toys for them can be: - Books with simple pictures and illustrations of real things. - Toys with rhymes, songs, pictures, and stories. - Things to use the muscles such as puzzles, switches, knobs, balls. - Things for creativity such as crayons and papers. - Things to build: wood blocks, cardboard. The woodblocks’ size now can be smaller than those of under-one-year children 2 to 4 inches. Safety standard for young children toys Safe toys should be made of baby-friendly material, coated with non-toxic paint, and easy to clean. They also must not have sharp parts or small pieces. For electric toys, choose one that has got approval from Underwriters Laboratories. In addition, you should also make sure that there are no breakable pieces or small parts that can put your babies at the potential of choking and suffocation. You should also keep in mind that it is also very dangerous to let your child use old toys. These toys might be inexpensive or have sentimental value, but they do not meet safety standards. So, you should not let your babies play with worn toys and have to check toys regularly to make sure they are always in good condition. Having the right toys to play with at an early age will help your children develop more comprehensively. These toys may be free items that you can easily find at home such as plastic bowls, cardboard boxes, and more. Apart from choosing appropriate toys for each stage of development, you also have to ensure the safety of toys because infants are very vulnerable.

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Prayer is the first pillar of Islam that the Prophet (peace be upon him) mentioned after mentioning the testimony of faith, by which one becomes a Muslim. It was made obligatory upon all the prophets and for all peoples. Allah has declared its obligatory status under majestic circumstances. The things that invalidate the prayer are well known, but the number differs according to differences among the fuqaha’. They are as follows: 1) That which invalidates wudoo’, such as breaking wind or eating camel meat. 2) Uncovering the ‘awrah deliberately. But if it is uncovered by accident and what is uncovered is only a little, or if a lot becomes uncovered but he covers it immediately, then the prayer is not invalidated. 3) Turning away from the qiblah to a large extent. 4) Presence of najaasah (impurity) on one’s body or clothes, or in the place where one is praying. If he notices it or remembers it during the prayer and removes it immediately, then his prayer is valid. Similarly, if he does not find out about it until after the prayer is over, his prayer is still valid. 5) Excessive continuous movement during the prayer for no essential reason. 6) Omitting one of the pillars (essential parts) of the prayer, such as bowing and prostration. 7) Deliberately doing an extra pillar, such as bowing. 8) Deliberately doing some pillars before others. 9) Deliberately saying the salaam before completing the prayer. 10) Deliberately changing the meaning whilst reciting. 11) Deliberately omitting one of the obligatory parts of prayer, such as the first tashahhud. But if a person forgets, his prayer is valid but he must do the prostration of forgetfulness (sujood al-sahw). 12) Deciding to stop praying. 13) Laughing out loud. Merely smiling does not invalidate the prayer. 14) Deliberately speaking. If one speaks by mistake or out of ignorance of the ruling, the prayer is not invalidated. 15) Eating and drinking. See: Daleel al-Taalib li Nayl al-Mataalib by Shaykh Mar’i ibn Yoosuf al-Hanbali (p. 34). And Duroos Muhimmah by Shaykh Ibn Baaz. And Allaah knows best.

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Why It’s Dangerous For Newborn Babies to Drink Water? Can I feed my newborn & infant below 6 months plain water? While we all know that keeping hydrated is essential for health and well-being, newborn and infants under 6 months old should not be provided with plain water. You probably heard about this, but you might not know why. Here’s why you should not feed your baby any other form of fluid besides breast milk or infant formula. Why water is dangerous? - Water intoxication. Unlike adults, the vital organs like kidneys of the newborn and infants below 6 months are actually less developed. When their kidneys are provided with excess water that they are able to handle, a condition called hyponatremia occurs. This situation happens when they are unable to process too much water at a time, causing the blood to be over diluted, which is a very dangerous situation that may cause the swelling of the brain and to lesser extent, death. - Nutrient inadequacy. When newborn and infants are fed with plain water, their stomach will be filled with fluid without nutrients, and this will negatively impact their growth and development. When is the right time to feed them water? You can start to feed your newborn or infant water when you start to wean your baby. It means complementary feeding, in other words, the introduction of pureed or solid food, and this should start when they are around 6 months old. Do remember to start with a small amount, not more than 2-4oz (60-120ml) per day and this shall not replace breast milk or infant formula as the main source of hydration. Talk to your pediatrician if you have any concerns about your baby’s hydration or their readiness for water. Article written by: Foo Kai Li Registered Member of Nutrition Society Malaysia (NSM) 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐫: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐥𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐯𝐢𝐞𝐰 𝐛𝐲 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐍𝐮𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐬𝐭 & 𝐃𝐢𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐧. 𝐀𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐟𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐝𝐯𝐢𝐬𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐲𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬. - NHS (n.d). What is Weaning? Retrieved from https://www.nhs.uk/start4life/weaning/ - Parenthood Healthline, (2018). When Should My Baby Drink Water, retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/parenting/babies-drink-water - Parenthood Healthline, (2020). Why You Shouldn’t Give Your New Baby Water- and When They’ll Be Ready for It, retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/baby/why-cant-babies-have-water

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ENGLISH 5 (2022 Edition) Student's book INT Vocabulary range: General English, vocabulary related to work included. Level: B1. Pre-intermediate, 17 lessons, 4 modules, 138 pages. Aimed at: adults and teenagers aged 16-19 Included in the price: online coursebook, MP3 files, online exercises (ask your school or your teacher for access to the online support). Files to download: |Contains||17 units; 4 modules| |Number of pages||138| |For free||online coursebook, MP3 files, online exercises|

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An Ice Age mystery In 1999, archaeologists working in Hohle Fels cave in southern Germany discovered the head of a 35,000-year-old ivory figurine, believed to depict a horse. Recent excavations have now produced part of the figurine’s missing body, which has thrown this interpretation into question. The newly discovered fragment, which measures c.4cm long and 2.5cm tall and makes up part of the animal’s neck and shoulder, perfectly matches the head found more than 20 years ago. However, the resulting animal is clearly not equine in nature: archaeologists are currently divided between cave bear and cave lion as the most likely contenders. The excavator, Nicholas Conard from the University of Tübingen, argues that the figurine is most likely a depiction of a bear. A search of other ivory recovered from the site identified several more small fragments belonging to the figurine, but it remains incomplete. Perhaps the discovery of further missing parts in the future will shed clearer light on what it represents. In the meantime, the newly expanded figurine has been placed back on display in the Prehistoric Museum in Blaubeuren. Australia’s underwater archaeology Marine archaeology off the coast of north-west Australia has confirmed the existence of the deepest ancient Aboriginal site currently known in the country. Research in 2019 as part of the Deep History of Sea Country Project identified two underwater sites on the Murujuga coastline: Cape Bruguieres Channel and Flying Foam Passage (CWA 103). Divers discovered more than 200 artefacts at Cape Bruguieres, but just a single stone tool at Flying Foam. In 2022, the project returned to the site to find out more. They recovered four more stone tools, confirming Flying Foam Passage’s status as an ancient site occupied at least 9,000 years ago and possibly significantly earlier. Study of the site’s geology also confirmed that it was once the location of a freshwater spring. The results have been published in Quaternary Science Reviews (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108190). To find out more about the project visit www.deephistoryofseacountry.com. Early cattle in the Americas Historical records suggest that the earliest cattle in the Americas originated from a few hundred animals brought from Europe to the Caribbean by Spanish colonists in the early 16th century. However, the authors of a new paper published in Scientific Reports (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-39518-3) suspected that this was not the full story. They compared DNA from cattle bones from several archaeological sites in the Caribbean and Mexico with modern breeds around the world. As expected, many shared similarities with European cattle, but the analysis also revealed an example of one genetic sequence that is virtually unknown except in Africa. This came from a sample dating to the 17th century, more than 100 years before official documents record the arrival of African cattle, suggesting that the the early cattle of the Americas were more diverse than written records indicate; further research is clearly required. Text: Amy Brunskill / Image: University of Tübingen, R Litzenberg

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February is Black History Month in Canada. Our celebration of Black History Month stems from the 2020 global response to systemic racism that has existed for centuries against Black, Indigenous, and people of colour (BIPOC). We were horrified at the events as they unfolded, and many organizations—including our own—showed their support and issued statements in solidarity and support against systemic racism. At Housing Central, the events of 2020 compelled CHF BC and the BC Non-Profit Housing Association (BCNPHA) to hold a mirror to ourselves and reflect on our efforts to address racial inequity as a community. With the help of advocates like Hogan’s Alley Society, we have learned how systemic racism has contributed to the disproportionate number of Black people in Metro Vancouver experiencing homelessness. And viewed through an equity lens, every meaningful indicator—health, education, income, or employment —leads to one inescapable conclusion: racism is a fundamental characteristic of our social, economic and political systems, and always has been. Housing Central’s work is focused on strengthening and growing the community housing sector and we have done some incredible work since we created our alliance in 2015. Building on that work and with our united efforts, we believe that sharing the rich cultural heritage and positive contributions of Black Canadians in our province will be a tangible step toward ensuring the goal of racial equality remains at the forefront of our work. The experiences of many Black Canadians has never been heard, or heeded—both historically. and still, every day. Thriving in our communities is only possible when we are valued. We can only make our best creative contributions if we feel enough psychological safety to trust others to treat us equitably. Part of this is having our stories heard and understood. In our effort progress towards a more equitable, inclusive, and just future, we want to to make the stories of Black Canadians more visible and concrete. As a manifestation of this journey, we are convening a panel of Black Canadians to share stories of the challenges that Black Canadians from across Canada faced and the lasting legacy they have left in the efforts to find a place to call home. This year, we are again partnering with BCNPHA to celebrate this month by telling the story of the challenges of black Canadians as they try to make a home for themselves in Canada. On February 24 at 6:00pm PT, we are hosting a free online panel discussion with 4 black Canadians from coast to coast who will be sharing stories of Black Canadians. This discussion will look a the long history of Black Canadians, the systemic racism that impacted their ability to create home and the displacement that resulted. The panel members will weave together stories of Black communities across our country and their lasting legacy on Canadian society and culture. Learn more and register HERE. If you would like to learn more about Black history in BC and Canada, the BC Black History Awareness Society is showcasing an informative series of online and in-person discussions, performances and other events to celebrate. February is Black History Month. As UBC President Santa Ono oberves, “while we should celebrate Black history and excellence every day, this is an opportunity for a focused, intentional, and elevated reflection and recognition of Black history and achievement – and the many contributions of Black people across Canada including Black British Columbians, and Black students, faculty and staff at UBC.” In honour of Black History Month, the SFU Library invites you to explore our books and movies to learn more about the stories, histories, and experiences of Black Canadians.

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Can stem cells be used to relieve the pain of arthritis in the feet and ankles? Worldwide, the number one cause of joint pain and impaired mobility is osteoarthritis (OA). Just in the U.S., we spend more than 100 billion dollars per year on various treatment methods, ranging from non-invasive behavior modification recommendations to total knee replacement surgeries. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease, which means that years of constant demand on the joints results in the inevitable breakdown of tissue. This is particularly true for the cartilage that serves as a shock absorber between the bones of the joint. Although the knee joint is the one most commonly affected by osteoarthritis, the 30 joints of the ankle and foot are also susceptible to OA. Those most often affected are: - the ankle joint - joints in the heel - inner and outer mid-foot joints - joint at the base of the big toe The cartilage that protects the joints is actually amazingly strong and resilient. It typically takes most of a lifetime before there has been enough damage to allow the bones to start rubbing together and for the symptoms of osteoarthritis to be felt. The symptoms commonly associated with arthritis in the ankle and foot joints include: - Tender to the touch - Impaired mobility, difficulty walking or even bearing weight on the affected foot Stem Cells as a Treatment Option Traditionally, treatment options have been a choice between non-invasive, nonsurgical methods and surgery, which would typically be joint replacement surgery or fusion surgery. Physicians often suggest some combination of the following before recommending surgery: - Reducing inflammation with steroid injections and anti-inflammatory drugs - Medications to relieve pain - Physical therapy - Lose weight - Custom shoes or inserts (orthotics), pads or supports - Support aids, such as braces, canes, walkers Any time that the goal can be achieved without surgery, that is almost always going to be the best option. Unfortunately, with the more conservative methods, the result is palliative; relieving pain and controlling, to some extent, the associated symptoms, but it does not correct or reverse the damage. Healthcare professionals and researchers have been looking for ways to slow down the progression of the arthritis and adipose-derived stem cells are believed to have great potential. Many people are familiar with the term “stem cell” but due to the controversy surrounding those obtained from embryos, a lot of people have a negative attitude toward them without really understanding what they are. Stem cells are basic building blocks of the body: they are the cells that form the raw material that is used to create all the other cells that end up with specialized functions throughout the body. Because they have the ability to be used to replace or repair other cells, it’s easy to understand the excitement that they generate. In the years right before his death, Christopher Reeve, the actor who played Superman on screen and who was left a paraplegic from an equestrian accident, was hopeful that stem cells would one day enable him to be able to walk again. Scientists and researchers believe that the day will come when we will be able to counteract the devastating effects of diseases like Alzheimer’s through the use of stem cells. Orthopedists are looking to stem cells that are derived from a patient’s own adipose tissue to repair and, possibly, even regenerate tissue in the joints. This would provide that next layer of treatment; more than simple symptom management but short of surgery. If you have questions about osteoarthritis or about any foot or ankle concerns, Dr. Christopher Hubbard is a board-certified Orthopedic Surgeon and is the former Chief of the Foot and Ankle Service at Mount Sinai Beth Israel in NYC. To schedule an appointment, or if you just have questions, please use our convenient online contact form by clicking here.

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Greek Language, Italian Landscape traces the transformation of language ideologies and practices of Griko, a variety of Modern Greek used in the southern Italian province of Lecce, in Apulia. Building on ethnographic and linguistic data collected in Grecìa Salentina and Greece, Manuela Pellegrino recounts the story of Griko, highlighting the effects of the interplay of language ideologies and policies promoted by the European Union, Italy, and Greece. She shows how the longstanding concern about language demise has, over time, generated social relationships and fueled moral feelings and political interests that have ultimately shaped the predicament of Griko. Pellegrino proposes the concept of “the cultural temporality of language” to describe how locals are continually re-storying Griko by recounting its multiple pasts, converting what was once considered a “backward language” into a symbolic resource that has reentered their daily lives in multiple ways. Yet the question as to which chapter of Griko’s past best represents the language—and is best represented by it—becomes a discursive struggle for community self-understanding and representation. Griko and its cultural heritage are used to redeem the past, to contest the present, and to envision the future of this land and its people.

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What is Transient Synovitis or Irritable Hip Syndrome? Irritable hip syndrome, also known as acute transient synovitis is a common cause of acute hip pain in children and there is swelling of tissues around the hip joint. It is one the most common hip joint disorders which is usually present at birth (congenital hip disorders). In most cases just one hip is affected. Irritable hip occurs in children before puberty. Boys are affected two to four times as often as girls. It commonly occurs about two weeks after a viral illness, especially of the upper respiratory tract. Sometimes the child may experience pain that spreads from the hip to the groin, thigh and knee. It does not usually last long, hence the term transient. However, the symptoms of pain and limping may alarm parents and guardians. What are the symptoms of irritable hip? The main symptom of irritable hip is pain in one of the hips. The pain isn’t usually severe, but it may prevent your child from placing weight on the affected leg, and it may cause them to limp. Occasionally, a child with irritable hip may also complain about additional pain in their knee or thigh, or restricted movement in one of the hip joints. In younger children who are unable to speak, the only noticeable symptom may be them crying at night. Sometimes, a child with irritable hip will have a slightly higher temperature than normal. Normal body temperature for a child is about 37ºC (98.6ºF). What are the causes of irritable hip? Irritable hip occurs when the synovial membrane in the hip area becomes irritated and inflamed. All of the body’s joints have a thin layer of delicate tissue that lubricates the joint and helps it to move. The layer of tissue is called the synovial membrane. Exactly what causes the membrane to become irritated and inflamed is unclear. Some cases of irritable hip occur after a child has had a viral infection of their chest, throat or digestive system. As a result of this, many experts think that the synovial membrane in the hip becomes inflamed as a complication of the infection. However, there is no hard evidence to support this theory. Another theory is that a hip injury may cause the swelling, although many cases develop in children who do not have a history of injury. How is irritable hip diagnosed? Irritable hip is fairly straightforward to diagnose. Your GP will ask your child to move the affected leg and they will examine their leg and hip. Further tests may be recommended to rule out other possible causes of your child’s symptoms, such as a hip fracture. These tests may include: - an X-ray to see if there’s a problem with your child’s bones - blood tests to look for evidence of a bone or joint infection - an ultrasound scan to create an image of the affected hip joint that will highlight any fluid that may be on the joint If there’s fluid on the joint, a sample can be removed and checked for an infection. What are the treatments for irritable hip? The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) called ibuprofen is the painkiller that’s usually recommended to treat hip pain. Ibuprofen should help to relieve pain, reduce inflammation and speed up your child’s recovery. Do not give aspirin to children who are under 16 years old because it can trigger a serious condition called Reye’s syndrome, which can cause brain and liver damage. Massaging the affected hip and applying heat may also help to reduce your child’s hip pain. Bed rest is recommended until the symptoms of pain resolve, which usually takes around 7 to 10 days. Your child may be admitted to hospital if diagnosis is uncertain or painkillers and bed rest haven’t eased the pain. Further tests may be given to rule out an infection inside the hip joint (septic arthritis). These tests may include: - a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan to build-up an image of the inside of the joint - removing a sample of fluid from the affected joint and checking it for infection Septic arthritis can be treated by taking antibiotics and by draining the infected fluid out of the joint. How long does it take to recover from irritable hip? It usually takes a fortnight to recover from irritable hip, although your GP may recommend that your child does not play sport or take part in any strenuous activities for at least another two weeks following treatment. This is to reduce the chance of irritable hip returning. Swimming is a good way to strengthen the joint and get it moving again. Orthopedic Solutions from our Doctors and Hospitals Irritable Hip treatment in DelhiIrritable Hip treatment in ChennaiIrritable Hip treatment in PuneIrritable Hip treatment in MumbaiIrritable Hip treatment in BangaloreIrritable Hip treatment in KolkataIrritable Hip treatment in HyderabadIrritable Hip treatment in KochiIrritable Hip treatment in AhmedabadIrritable Hip treatment in Surat

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Text © DrSc Giuliano Russini – Biologist Zoologist English translation by Mario Beltramini Subfamily. Three groups: Crocodylinae, Alligatorinae and Gavialinae. The members of the family of the Crocodiles (Crocodylidae) form a small group, relatively homogeneous and are the only survivors, along with the birds, of the vast evolutionary line of the Sauropsids (Sauropsida). This is a family known since the Upper Cretaceous (Mesozoic era), with specimens which have left several fossil traces in all the continents, including most of Europe and of North America, in the Old and New World. None of the old forms was particularly differing from the present ones and it seems therefore the type “crocodile” has formed since very long time. Then, different lines have originated, independently, close to short snouted forms, called “brevirostral”, long snouted forms, “longirostral”. But this is a typical adaptation, which profits by the phenotypical plasticity, caused by the piscivorous diet adopted by the species and not by a generic evolutionary tendency, even if the ancestral forms, the Triassic Protosuchids (Protosuchia all had a very short snout. Among the three recognized subfamilies, the Alligatorines (Alligatorinae) are considered as the most primitive, whilst the Gavialids (Gavialinae), members of a unique genus known since only the Miocene, form a distinct group, which may be possibly stand closer to the Jurassic Telosaurids (Telosauridae) than the other crocodiles. The overall appearance of the crocodiles, big head with long and robust jaws, heavy body, robust legs and thick, laterally flattened, tail, renders them one of the reptilians better known to the inexperienced persons, also because they are often present in the zoological gardens, aquatic parks and in many natural reserves, not to forget the private individuals homes, where at times they are the origin of deadly occurrences. They have an armoured skin with scales, subject to change, with a grey sand- dark green colour. The eyes are very close and protruding, placed on top of the head, and the nostrils, equipped with valves, are located at the front end of the snout. The flattened tail and other particularities, such as the ears provided with a mobile pinna, the secondary bony palate, etc., are all indications of an aquatic and terrestrial life at the same time. Although being descendants of biped terrestrial forms (dinosaurs) and perhaps at the beginning also partially arboreal, the present crocodiles are semi-aquatic tetrapods: they hunt and mate in the water, take shelter there, and usually come to the land only for basking or for laying the eggs. However, at least some species has the habit to dig deep dens on the banks, for spending, depending on the needs, some periods of summer or of winter, or resting, by day as well as by night. All crocodiles are oviparous. The females lay from 15 to 95 eggs on the banks: some, in simple holes dug in the sand, others at the centre of a relatively high mound, made with a mixture of mud and vegetal debris. They are useful, with their fermentation, for generating the necessary warmth for the right incubation of the eggs, and it seems that in this case the females do remain in the vicinities for surveying the nest. During the first half of the seventies of the last century, the herpetological American biologist Dr. H.B. Cott, has shown by means of field observations which had started in the sixties, how much important is such form of watch in the case of the Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus). In the Uganda national Park, where the scientist was working as wildlife conservator, he observed that the quantity of the nests destroyed, normally going from 40 to 50%, might even increase to the 70-100% where the excessive amount of tourists did disturb the females during the reproductive time. The author, among other things, did note that the main predators of the eggs are the baboons, the hyenas and the monitor lizards, are responsible, just them, of about the 80% of the damages caused. Obviously, we are talking of not watched nests as, when the mother is present, a hyena and, much less, a baboon or a monitor lizard would not have any chance! All crocodiles are carnivorous, and do not disdain the carrions and the various residuals (necrophagous), but their preys vary depending on their size, and therefore on the age and the species. The short-snouted species (brevirostral) nourish willingly of terrestrial animals, at times even of rather big mammals. They seize them by surprise in the shallow water and, with a precise and instantaneous snap, make them fall with a very fast torsion of the whole body. Then, they drag them to the bottom in order to drown them. They calmly tear them and when there are some difficulties, they wait for them to become more or less tender or decomposed for then eating them. In fact, it is often matter of preys of a certain size, which fight for surviving, such as gnus, zebras, antelopes and gazelles, which go to water along the rivers where these reptilians stand in ambush, during their social seasonal migrations or during the daily wandering looking for food. The highly efficient hunting technique of the crocodiles has remained mysterious until about the half of the sixties of lat century, when, by means of the cinematography associated with the photography, the zoological biologists and the documentarians have been able to clarify, at least in part, its mechanisms. However, also in this case, as usual, most of the diet is formed by preys of a much more modest size of what is commonly thought. The young individuals and the smaller species nourish mainly of aquatic invertebrates, big insects fallen into the water, amphibians, nestlings of birds and, of course, of fishes (cichlids) which they can grasp. The long-snouted forms (longirostral) are markedly piscivorous, but never in an exclusive manner, even if, generally, do not tend to seize terrestrial preys. The crocodiles, which are perfectly comfortable in the water, where they swim with strong lateral undulations of the tail and the legs folded along the body, when on the soil are clumsy, when they have to hoist themselves laboriously on the bank or the bask lying on their belly. But this is only an impression, as also the biggest specimens are able to move quickly on the ground, with the body kept much higher than the saurians and the legs that move on a practically vertical posture. The structure of the pelvis, anatomically closer to that of the birds than to that of the reptilians, explains this type of walk, justified, talking in an evolutional and paleontological way, by the origins of the family. The size of the crocodiles fluctuates between a wide range of values, as it may be seen in the scheme below: In any case, if considered as group, they are, without any discussion, the greatest extant reptilians and the weight of some seized individuals exceeds the ton! Once adult, most of the crocodiles do not have foes, but the man with firearms or the spears, even if the Lions (Panthera leo), when upset or menaced, do not hesitate in attacking them. And, for the sake of the truth, even the greatest crocodile must be careful not to disturb too much the Hippos (Hippopotamus amphibius), seen that these animals do not tolerate in any way their harassment, especially hen they see their own progeny in danger. As it happens for the sea turtles, the eggs and the much young specimens become victims of various predators to which we have to add, in this case, also the congeners and the adult conspecifics. The specimens included between the meter and the meter and a half, and therefore also the adults for some species, are at times eaten by the big Boids (Boidae), for instance, as we have seen in the Serpentes, by the anacondas that, being semi-aquatic, often do attack the small caimans and the alligators, menaced also by the Jaguars (Panthera onca), whilst the crocodiles of this size may form a meal for the Lions (Panthera leo) and the Leopards (Panthera pardus), and the gavials must deal with the Tigers (Panthera tigris) and the Asian leopards. After this general introduction on the family of the Crocodiles (Crocodylidae), we shall treat in a more detailed way the subfamilies in which it divides, and then outline the ecology and the compared physiology of the group, treating the typical aspects of these animals. It should be noted that, whilst for the Chelonia, the Serpentes and the Sauria, the quantity of studies done, both on the field and in controlled environment (terrarium-vivarium in a zoological garden or and aquatic park) is conspicuous, for the members of the group of the crocodiles, the knowledge about their ethology, physiology and ecology are rather poor, seen the size and the dangerousness characterizing them, their wary nature and their capacity of spending a lot of time underwater. Subfamily of the Crocodylines (Crocodylinae or Crocodilinae) The crocodylines are spread in almost all the tropical zones of the planet, but a small part of southern America, and do not expand in the subtropical zones, excepting one only species which reaches the Florida. Of the 13 species of which presently consists this subfamily, 11 do belong to the genus Crocodylus. Among these ones, four live in Central America and in the northern part of South America, two in Africa, and five in the zone located between India, Philippines and northern Australia. The American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) is the best known species in the New World. This huge animal, which in some rare specimen may exceed the 6 m of length, lives in the swamps and in the large water streams, and does not hesitate in venturing also in the sea. Due to this reason, it is met in the north-western coast of South America, starting from northern Peru and in Central America, at the southern tip of Florida and in the Antilles. More active and aggressive than the alligator, with whom it cohabits in Florida, this animal attacks big preys, but is not considered as a menace for the man, provided it is not disturbed. The Crocodylus intermedius, of the Orinoco basin, reaches the same size of the previous species (with the gavial and the saltwater crocodile they are the greatest extant crocodiles), but with a much thinner and elongated snout, possibly due to its piscivorous diet. But this, very few information are available about its behaviour. The other two American members of the genus, smaller, are rare and are localized in the swamps. They are the Crocodylus moreletii, at home in south-western Mexico, in Honduras and in Guatemala and the Crocodylus rhombifer of Cuba. This second species, however, extends (unique case) also up to the Isle of Pines, in the French archipelago of the New Caledonia in the Pacific Ocean. The most famous of the proper crocodiles is, without any doubt, the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus). Spread practically everywhere south to Sahara, at least till a recent time (the seventies of the last century), it has nowadays disappeared in many locations, especially in southern Africa, due to the intense hunting related to the leather industry. In the past times, it had a remarkably ampler distribution. Some small population was present, until the second half of the seventies of the last century, in some “gueltas” (oasis area, formed by stagnating water, often surrounded by rocks, where nomadic peoples, such as the Sahrawis and the Tuaregs, installed temporary camps) of southern Sahara (Ennedi: system of mountains whose particular characteristics are its bizarre and impressive formations of Tassilian formations, which, along hundreds of kilometres originate a maze of canyons, gorges and narrow passages, where hide cool and crystal clear gueltas) and central (Tassili and Hoggar, mountainous and rocky systems of the Berber highlands of North Africa and Chad), reflects the fact that these animals did occupy good part of northern Africa, if not the whole of it, before the same did transform in desert. They were still found, in historical times, in the Mediterranean area where they did arrive by following the course of the Nile and even in Syria. The Cocrodylus niloticus is robust and active, with a remarkable adaptability. It is content with little (the specimens of the “gueltas” of the Ennedis, which, to say the truth, are always small, nourish of insects or of terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates), but are always ready to attack also big preys, such a desert Oryx while watering. It is a species which lives well in the arid zones, where it may spend in deep dens a summer sleep (“estivation”, see Chelonia), as well as in the big rivers, not to forget the central African reed marshes. It does not hesitate in swimming offshore and in such a way it has reached not only the Madagascar, but even the Comoro and Seychelles Islands. The Cocrodylus niloticus gets often close to the villages, as it is greedy of dogs, and it is the only reptilian, along with the Saltwater crocodile of Asia and of Oceania (Crocodylus porosus), which sees the man as a prey. It seems however that this attitude is to be attributable to local habits, as in Africa the incidents do happen almost always in the same locations, whilst in the rest of the continent they tend to consider these animals dangerous only when disturbed. The second African species, the Crocodylus cataphractus, is a predator of fishes, and may reach the 4 m of length. Typically tropical, it lives in central and western Africa. Rather shy, it is much more tied to great expanses of water than the previous one. It is often found in the coastal lagoons and comes rarely to the ground. The last 4 species of real crocodiles live in the eastern regions. The biggest one and more feared among these, which has also the widest diffusion area, is the Saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus). As indicated by its common name, this animal is perfectly comfortable at sea, even more than the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) or the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus), and this fact explains the vast distribution, from the southern tip of India to the Fiji Islands, and from the north of Australia to the Philippines. We remind, however, that the great density populations stop close to the Solomon Islands archipelago, and that only isolated individuals have been sighted in the Vanuatu Republic (former New Hebrides, name they had when still under international, Anglo-French, rule, lasted from 1906 to 1980, date of their independency as Vanuatu Republic) as well as in the Fiji Islands. The preferred habitat of the species is represented by the estuaries and the margins of the mangrove zones, what allows them to venture not only in the sea, but, as already written, also in the rivers with a fairly consistent water flow rate. Its diet, quite varied, includes fishes, although the extended snout is not suitable for this sort of hunting, aquatic serpents, quite numerous in these regions (see Serpentes), turtles, small crocodiles, nestlings of aquatic birds, carrions and, at times, mammals of various sizes. Even if not frequent, deadly attacks to children and even to adult humans are not and exception. The reproduction takes always place in fresh water and it seems that, in the time standing between the two reproductive periods, the males live on the banks and undertake also long marine explorations. In the Indian peninsula, from western Pakistan to Assam, up to Sri Lanka, the Mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) practically occupies the place which the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) holds in Africa, even if it is found only in fresh waters. Also this one, however, may live in rather arid zones, with estivation done in deep dens dug along the banks of the rivers, and, in case of serious drought, it may undertake quite long terrestrial displacements, looking for permanent water streams. But it is mainly common in the swamps, or in the wide and slow rivers. This flattened-snout animal has a varied alimentation, where the carrions occupy an important place. In spite of the remarkable size, it is considered as little dangerous for the man, and it can be easily tamed. In the natural reserves, which surround some temples, several specimens of this race may be found living quite well in conditions of semi-captivity. It seems, however, the Sri Lanka populations, which are often considered as a particular race or subspecies of the Crocodylus palustris, are much more aggressive. Further east, the mugger crocodile is replaced by the Siamese crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis), which is much alike, but a little smaller. It carries an absolutely similar life, apart the fact that it will never be found in the arid regions. This is found in the Indochina Peninsula, where it is never too much abundant, from Java to Borneo, whilst it seems to be absent in Malaysia and in Sumatra. Little farther east lives the Crocodylus novae-guineae, which, as the name suggests, is endemic to Papua-New Guinea, with a subspecies, or race, the Crocodylus novae-guineae mindorensis, which lives in the Philippines. This crocodile seldom exceeds the 2,50 m of length and lives exclusively in fresh waters, even if this has not prevented it to colonize the Sulu archipelago, at the extreme western south of the Philippines. The Filipino race, once most abundant in several regions, is, as for most of the crocodiles, on the way of a quick rarefaction, from the eighties of the last century up to now, due to the commercial and gaming hunting to which is subjected. The last species of the genus Crocodylus, the Crocodylus johnsoni of northern Australia, has the same type of snout, much elongated, as the species Crocodylus cataprhactus of tropical Africa, and like this last is mainly piscivorous, even if it eats what ever, also if small, comes under its teeth, from rodents to insects. Only exceptionally it overcomes the length of 2 m and is therefore totally harmless for the man, provided, of course, that it is not disturbed, because one 1,50 m long crocodile, is still capable, if it is grasped without any precaution, to cause deep and quite serious wounds. It is a fresh water species living in all the rivers of northern Australia, from the Fitzroy on the west, up to about the twenty-first degree of latitude south, on the south-east. Although the Saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) lives in the same regions, it never happens the two species abound in the same ecological niche. The other two genera of the subfamily of the Crocodylines (Crocodylinae) are monospecific. The Dwarf or Bony crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis) of tropical Africa is represented by two subspecies or races: the Osteolaemus tetraspis tetraspis in western Africa and the Crocodylus tretaspis osborni in central Africa. The first reaches the 1,80 m of length and lives in much varied biotopes, south of the 10th degree of latitude north. The second one does not exceed the metre of length and lives more strictly in the forest. They are small, pacific, animals, with a very short snout, equipped with ventral osteoderms (bony plates), from which comes the name of bony crocodiles. Their diet is varied and includes a remarkable proportion of aquatic invertebrates, fishes, amphibians and perhaps also fruits. They live especially close to the isolated swamps, or by the small warm water streams, and it seems that they spend good part of their time on the ground, in shady locations. The Tomistoma schlegelii, also known as false gavial, due to its more elongated and narrower snout than any other crocodyline, and quite similar to that of the true gavial, may be found in Malaysia as well as in Sumatra and Borneo. It is a fairly big piscivore, totally harmless and quite rare, so much to belong to the painful “red list”, thus standing among the IUCN endangered species. It lives only in fresh water, especially in the water stream of a certain flow rate and in the big rivers. At times, the genus Tomistoma is classified by some zoologists in a special subfamily, that of the Tomistomines (Tomistominae), but the International Commission for Zoological Nomneclature (ICZN) is still discussing about the validity of this classification. Subfamily of the Alligatorines (Alligatorinae) Excepting the Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis), the alligatorines are found only in the New World and in particular in southern America. There are, however, several genera which have lived in the Old World, especially in Europe, until the mid-Tertiary, Cenozoic Era. The alligatorines, usually smaller than the crocodylines and considered as more primitive, have all a fairly flattened and broad snout. Usually they are lazy and little dangerous animals, strictly closely tied to the fresh waters. The alligators do have the characteristic of living in subtropical and almost temperate zones, between the 25° and 35° of latitude north. For this reason, at least when in the most northern zone of their range, they are obliged to hibernate and spend therefore the coldest months in deep dens dug along the banks. Once, the Alligator mississippiensis was very much common in all rivers, water streams, lakes and swamps of the south-east of USA, from Florida to Texas, reaching, west, the northern California. The intensive hunting has rarefied it so much that a legal protection by the USA Government has been necessary. It is by sure one of the crocodiles which better tolerate the life in captivity, and in fact the zoological biologists often form breedings called “farms”, especially in Florida, in order to ensure their repopulation. A particular morphological characteristic which allows to distinguish at first sight an alligator from a crocodile itself is that this last one, when the jaws are tightened, it has the fourth canine of the lower mandibular exposed, whilst in the alligator the same rests in a gingival pocket concealing it from view. Like many crocodiles, its diet changes with the age. The young specimens nourish mainly of aquatic invertebrates (molluscs, crustaceans and insects). While growing up, they start paying attention to small fresh water vertebrates (fishes, amphibians, serpents at times), to which, quite soon they will add bigger preys such as rodents and aquatic birds. The big adults occasionally eat fairly great mammals, such as dogs, cervids and calves, but, as a general rule, the alligators are much less active and resourceful than the genuine crocodiles and in spite of their size, they do not ever represent a danger for the human being. But obviously, if disturbed or menaced, they do not have any difficulty in killing even an adult human. The second member of the genus Alligator, the Alligator sinensis, lives in China, Therefore very much far away from the similar America form, but in a climatic zone of the same type: subtropical biome, with rains during the warm season. Few specimens are known, all coming from the lower basin of the Yangtze Kiang. We do not know if this species, presently rare and limited to definite zones, has had in historical times a more extended distribution, and is man is responsible for this deterioration. As there the winters are very cold, the Alligator sinensis has a very long hibernation; but, apart from this, quite little is known about this small alligator, shy and very difficult to observe in the wide flooded valley where it lives. All other alligatorines are native to southern America and are called currently caimans, even though the zoological biologists have subdivided them in three different genera. The most known is the Caiman crocodylus, spread from the southern part of Central America to Paraguay. There are three subspecies, or races, of it, well differentiated, which have been, for long time, considered as true and proper species. They were called Caiman yacare, Caiman crocodilus (or Caiman sclerops) and Caiman fuscus. They are often called spectacled caimans, because, right between the eyes, they have a bony crest which somewhat reminds the central frame of the glasses. These animals, which seldom exceed the 2 m of length, are definitely harmless. The live in the still waters: slow water streams, swamps and lakes. Their diet is in good part based on aquatic invertebrates (molluscs and crustaceans), small fishes, amphibians and small serpents. The Caiman latirostris, living in Brazil south to the Amazon River and in Paraguay, has similar size and attitudes. On the contrary, the Paleosuchus (Paleosuchus sp. ) frequent the fast waters, at times even the rapids disseminated among the rocks. Their osteoderms (we remind that they are bony plates), extremely developed, form a sort of cuirass wrapping them completely. This morphological character has been related to their habitat, seen the high risk of violent collisions with the rocks. This hypothesis is clearly valid, but we have also seen that the dwarf of bony crocodiles of the genus Osteolaemus, more or less protected by the ventral osteoderms, lived in quite different habitats. For this reason, the zoologists have not yet validated such hypothesis. Even though the Paleosuchus are of a rather reduced size (the biggest specimens never exceed the 1,50 m of length, as it can be seen on the list), the Smooth-fronted caiman (Paleosuchus palpebrosus) and the Dwarf caiman (Paleosuchus trigonatus) both have a diet composed mainly by vertebrates: amphibians, fishes, serpents, aquatic birds and small mammals. The last member, the Black caiman (Melanosuchus niger), is the giant of the group. Most of the adults exceed in fact the 3 m of length and some of them reach the 4,57 m. This caiman, widely spread in the basins of the Amazon and Orinoco Rivers, from Peru to Guianas, is the only one which, occasionally, attacks the big mammals, but, being little aggressive, there is the tendency to consider it as non dangerous for the man. But the fact remains that considering a species of crocodile or alligator little aggressive does not mean that it cannot seriously cause harm to a man, if disturbed or manipulated without the proper caution. The subfamily of the Gavialids (Gavialinae) is represented by one only species: the Gavial (Gavialis gangeticus), diffused in southern Asia, from Indo to Irrawaddy, but is completely absent in all the south of India. It is maybe the biggest, if not the heaviest of all crocodiles and the biologists have registered specimens long even more than 7 m! But its fundamental characteristic is formed by the extraordinarily long and narrow snout (longirostral), which, in the adult males shows a clear swelling. The gavials do preferably live in the ample water streams and in the large rivers, as well as in the estuaries and seldom come ashore. Their diet is mostly based on fishes, to which, at times, they add birds, aquatic serpents and carrions, in particular human corpses, not completely burnt, and carried regularly by the Ganges River. It does not seem, however, that they attack big living animals, in spite of their impressive size. Therefore, they do not form a danger for the man, except what mentioned above. Comparative Physiology of the crocodiles In the introductions of the Chelonia, Serpentes and Sauria, we have treated about the characteristics which are common to the class of the Reptilia, in terms of systems and organs. For instance, the Jacobson’s organ, the structure of the eye, the psychology and the central nervous and neurovegetative system, have been widely described, as well as the excretory system, comparing this last with that of the birds; furthermore, talking of the mechanisms of the “moulting” in the serpents, we have mentioned also the mechanisms which rule the renewal of the skin in the crocodiles (which, however, is not a moulting) and the aspects of the dermal appendices. The same goes for the skeletal system. For such reason, we shall treat in the case of the order of the Crocodilia, about those structures more typical of the group, that is, the ears, as they are the only reptilians presenting a developed tympanic bulla. We shall talk about their reproductive mechanisms, and in particular about their growth rate, which has been object of study and interest by the herpetological biologists, as it has some peculiar characteristics and especially because it is characterized by much evident “allometric” increments, in times relatively short, thus involving the intermediary metabolism and relevant variations. Finally, we shall talk about their circulatory system, as, even if standing among the most primitive extant reptilians, the same is much closer to that of the mammals if compared to that of the serpents, saurians and turtles. Paradoxically, although the crocodiles were born just 5 million of years after the decline of the dinosaurs, having maintained intact their ancestral anatomy and physiology, they are nowadays more evolved than the other reptilians for what the circulatory system is concerned. As it is well known, the heart of the reptilians is divided only in three cavities: two atria and one ventricle. There are, however, two aortic arches, the right and the left one; this particular anatomical characteristic is utilized as a further demonstration of the direct evolutionary descent of the class of the birds from the reptilians one (besides the cleidoic egg); as a matter of fact, in the birds the aortic arch is single and right, as vestigial residue of the reptilians structure; actually, also in the mammals, and therefore also in the Homo sapiens sapiens, the presence of a single and left aortic arch suggested to the XVIII century biologists the direct descent also of the man from the reptilians, when talking of Homo reptilis. Obviously, this last descent is not direct, even if traces of a gradual evolution from the reptilians, passing through the birds, is evident in the mammals, not only due to the presence of the aortic arch, but also due to the limbic system (the most primitive brain structure, called “paleoencephalon”, or, also, reptilian brain) and in the case of the oldest order among the extant mammals, the Monotremes (Monotremata), for an ovoviviparous reproduction, as is the case of the Spiny anteater (Tachyglossus aculeatus) and of the Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). The term Monotremes (Monotremata), is indeed a denomination given by the zoological biologists of the early XIX century, in common to the birds and reptilians, because they have a duct of reproduction and of delivery coinciding with that for the disposal of excretes (faeces, with urine, semi-solid as in the birds or liquid as in the reptilians and monotreme mammals). The heart of the saurians, turtles and serpents is provided of two atria and one only ventricle, which two walls (emiseptae) divide in an incomplete manner. These walls limit but do not entirely prevent the mixing of the blood. The right aortic arch, from which originate the carotids, departs from the left portion of the ventricle; the left aortic arch and the pulmonary artery, which later on forks, depart for the right portion. The heart of the crocodiles is, on the contrary, more evolved: the ventricles are two, instead of one, separated by a complete septum, like the mammals. The oxygenated blood does not mix any more in the ventricle with the blood borne of carbon dioxide (venous). The circulation looks perfect (double and complete); but there are always the two aortic arches, one of which departs from the right ventricle and the other from the left one. As a consequence, the venous blood goes back in circulation through the aorta. Furthermore, in the crocodiles, the left aortic arch where the venous blood floods is narrower than the right one; between the two arches there is a communication, the “foramen of Panizza”, which allows the oxygenated blood to partially pass from the right to the left arch. Into the systemic circulation enters mainly oxygenated blood. And rightly as a consequence of the double imperfection of their circulatory and respiratory apparatuses, the reptilians never have a quantity of oxygen sufficient for well supplying their tissues. This metabolic factors combination leads them to be defined as “cold blooded” or, more correctly, poikilotherms or poecilotherms, or ectotherms or eurytherms (all synonyms), that is: the body temperature is variable and depends from that of the environment. Usually, it is just capable to increase of some degrees over the surrounding temperature; only a few species (such as the boa and the python) are able to increase the heat of their body during the period of the hatching of the eggs, by contracting rhythmically their coils. Such an advanced anatomic-physiologic characteristic, for the heart of one of the oldest extant reptilians, still does not find a clear and complete explanation in evolutionary terms. The crocodiles are the only reptilians with ears equipped with ample external pinnae. These ones, usually, are fixed and do not protrude from the surface of the head. They are attached just behind the eyes and extend from each side up to the calvarium, covering the tympanium completely. It is thought that this sort of wings protect effectively these so much sensitive organs from possible lacerations caused by submerged roots and probably also from the increase of pressure during the immersions. At the forward extremity of each pinna, there is an operculum which is usually open when the head of the crocodile surfaces, whilst is closed during the immersion. This orifice seems to represent the way normally followed by the sound waves, carried by the air, for reaching the tympanium. The whole pinna has some possibility of movement, as it is articulated to the skull along its upper edge. If an animal is docile, it is possible to uplift its pinna; and with the dissection they have been able to highlight the existence of two small muscles on the rear edge which allow the animal to raise and to lower it depending on the circumstances. In any case, in order to see a crocodile contracting its pinna, it is sufficient to spray a little water directly on the surface of the pinna. In this way, the same quickly opens and then closes several times, as it should have to expel the water, and then definitely locks. What is however difficult to understand is why in the crocodiles there is a pinna-like structure so ample, when a simple piece of skin with a mobile folding movement should be enough for covering and discovering the auditory orifice. The structure of the middle ear and of the “Eustachian tube” is extraordinarily complicated in the crocodiles. The whole is practically surrounded by bones, in such a way that the back part of the skull appears traversed by a maze of tubes and communicating spaces, all full of air. The connexion of the middle ear and the pharynx happens through the two Eustachian tubes. Besides this connexion, the two ears communicate among themselves through the head, under the calvarium. Another extension of each cavity wedges inside the quadrate bone, getting out from its dorsal wall, for reaching a membranous tube called “Siphonium”. This penetrates the mandible through a tiny orifice of the internal face of the articular surface, ending up, finally, in the cavity of the bone. This structure is possibly drawn for the reception of the acoustic-mechanic vibrations. The most prolific reptilians are probably the great sea turtles, whose deposition may reach even more than 100 eggs! But, we have to add that the Chelonia have also a particular case, that of the Pancake tortoise (Malacochersus tornieri), which lays just one unique egg at a time! The females of crocodile, like also those of the great pythons, lay an abundant quantity of eggs, but it almost sure that they reproduce only once per year. At each deposition, the number of the eggs varies between 15 and 88 in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) and between 25 and 95 (about 60, as an average), for the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus). Also the crocodiles, like some saurians, prepare nests close to the water. The female of the American alligator, for instance, builds up its nests with a complex technique. At the beginning, by biting and tearing up by the roots the vegetation, cleans the ground on a surface of about 2,5 m x 3 m. Then, with the help of its jaws and body, it piles up the torn plants in a compact small bridge where it creates a sort of crater with the hind legs and rotating the body. At this stage, the hole is filled up, they say, with mud and chopped vegetables. The alligator then digs in its centre a cavity and lays there the eggs, covering them with the surrounding debris, fresh mud and aquatic plants, which it goes to find in the water and carrying them with the mouth. Finally, it flattens the nest with the body and crawls all around in such a way that the whole assumes the shape of a smooth and well formed cone, about one metre tall. The whole operation lasts about 2-3 days. The fermentation process of the vegetables increases the temperature inside the nest, allowing the normal development of the eggs, as their metabolism is kept constant. Also other species, such as the Saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) and some caimans, for instance the Caiman larostris, build up nests of plants mixed with mud, whilst the Nile and the American crocodiles utilize a different method, by burying their eggs along the sandy banks. The behaviour of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus), has been precisely described by the herpetological American biologist Dr. H.B. Cott, during the second half of the sixties of the XX century. To him we owe many of the observations done on this extraordinary African reptilian, which are still absolutely valid and confirmed. Usually, the nests are dug into the muddy and sandy ground, propped against trunks or other objects which may cast shade, at a distance of 1,80 m or even more, from the water. Where the crocodiles are left in peace, they tend to lay the eggs together on the beach, as turtles do; but this behaviour has become rare as it is difficult, due to phenomena of human settlements and eco-tourism that the crocodiles can now live undisturbed. Where possible, they dig the nest with the hind limbs up to 60 cm of depth, and lay there the eggs, which are covered at once. For what the reproduction method is concerned, the crocodiles are not less careless than the turtles; but it is possible that the monitoring of these aggressive mothers is capable to markedly reduce the risks. During the whole incubation time, the females of the American alligator or of the Nile crocodile stay on top of the net or close to the same, abstaining from eating in order to prevent intruders from approaching. It is not given to know if also other species of crocodiles do survey their eggs in the same way, but they say that the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) leaves the nest unprotected. It is difficult to evaluate the aggressiveness of the female which are watching the nests. It is sure that the alligators attack without any hesitation, or, at least, they frighten anyone who approaches, but these are attacks easy to avoid. Furthermore, H.B. Cott thinks that in the case of the Crocodylus niloticus, the monitoring is always passive: most of the females observed by the scholar, while in their nest, were, in fact, in a state of torpor. It is possible that the mother’s presence by itself is sufficient to discourage the most audacious and biggest monitor lizard, as well as other predators, which hurry up in quickly plundering the nests, when the females leave them, even for short periods of time. When the time to leave the nest comes, the young of Crocodylus niloticus emit a raucous sound for alerting the mother, which helps them stretching on the nest and rolling on itself for pushing away the sand. In fact, it would be very difficult for the young to get out by themselves, seen that the about 30 cm thick layer which covers the eggs placed closer to the surface has hardened so much under the sun that a knife should be necessary for breaking it. It is also possible that the mother continues the monitoring of the newborns (we remind that it is matter of apt-presocial offspring, which gets out from dirty white-white eggs with a membranous, cleidoic, with absence of cares, both homo and allo-parental) just gotten out from the nest; some reports, deemed reliable (especially by members of local tribal populations), talk about mothers worrying to accompany the brood, unharmed, up to the water, sending away storks and other types of predators. In spite of this, a great number of young crocodiles end up eaten by birds, big fishes, lizard monitors and turtles, not to forget the adult crocodiles. The paleontological biologist H.B. Colbert, has described, during the second half of the fifties of the XX century, the fossil nests of the horned dinosaur, Protoceratops, of the Cretaceous, Mesozoic era, discovered by this scholar in Mongolia along with the skeletons of other adult individuals. The up to 20 cm long eggs, were placed in concentric circles, as if the female should have turned several times on itself during the deposition, forming increasingly larger circles, at the centre of a crater dug in the sand. The most important group consisted in 18 eggs, but it is quite possible that, originally, there were many more of them. And we do not have to be surprised when looking to such sophisticated techniques of nidification in the reptilians belonging to the line of the Archosaurs (Archosauria), if we think that from other, more primitive, members of this group, possibly the Thecodonts (Thecodontia), have come, later on, the birds. Growth rate and sexual maturity The weight and growth increases in the various sizes of the reptilians are probably much more irregular than those of the mammals; a serpent, a lizard, a turtle or a crocodile present irregular variations in their growth, if compared to a sheep, a monkey, a lion or a human being. The zoological biologist Fitch has observed that in specimens of the pit viper, copperhead moccasin, the length, upon the birth, may vary between 160 and 264 mm and the weight between 7,1 and 14,9 g. These differences increase strongly during the first phases of the post-natal life; they depend from various environmental factors, in particular the possibility the young have to seize the preys. The American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), which, upon the birth, measures 20 cm, during the first three years of life grows up at the rhythm of 30 cm per year, thus easily reaching 135 cm. The growth keeps probably very quick and sustained till the ninth year of life, seen that the alligators of this age vary from the 2 to the 2,60 m, and then show a poor variability. Probably there is a window of time where the growth spurt reaches the maximum values. These values are function of the trophic resources (ultimately, proteins are needed for growing up), the local temperature, the level of relative humidity and the quantity of day light, connected to the rhythm of the seasons, dictated by the astronomical curve done by the planet Earth; the light regulates in part the endocrine rhythms and the secretion of the somatotropin, or growth, hormone. Basically, the environment, as well as the microclimate of the biotope, significantly affects the growth of the animal. The size of an animal, in particular the maximum dimension reached by one species, always arouses curiosity which often goes beyond the scientific interest. For what the reptilians, and in the specific the crocodiles, are concerned, it is not easy to get data in this regard, without forgetting that it is difficult to fix a maximum limit for a species which has a theoretically continuous growth. The only reliable figures are those coming form the collections of the natural history museums or from the zoological gardens, where the biologists have concrete material on which to operate. A stuffed individual, a skeleton or a species in captivity on which constant biometric measurements may be done, form undeniable realities, even if the specimens of great reptilians present in the zoology museums, or giant alive individuals, present in the zoological gardens, are, really, quite rare. The great specimens of stuffed and taxidermied crocodiles which are proudly exhibited by the biologists of the British Museum of London, do not, however, exceed the 4 m of length. Moreover, it is rare that so strong and dangerous animals (and this applies also for the great Boidae) are seized or killed entire. Often fairly valid information come from the data collected in the wild by biologists, professional hunters or rangers. The reputation of the observer is to be taken into account; if he is a zoological biologist or an herpetological biologists, the data are reliable. In the reptilians’ specific, they are reliable also if, at the moment of the observation, they do not have a metre and utilize a rope and stakes, rounding the numbers for accomplishing his measurements. The same thing may be said for the rangers of the reserves, who, for getting enrolled, must acquire at least basic scientific knowledge in biology (zoology and botany). On the contrary, this cannot be said about the hunters, as the excitement of the meeting or of the attempted killing of the animal, often induces to emphasize its dimensions, especially if the prey has run away. Furthermore, to extrapolate the length of an alligator or a crocodile from a skin obtained after having killed the animal and its skinning is quite relative as the skin has been subjected to stretching and pulling and therefore has become longer. It happens often to get information from hunters reports (especially in Africa and South America) who say having met individuals as long as the pirogue on which they were, or so much big that the carriers accompanying them had difficulties, all together, in carrying the animal. These information are to be kept in consideration, but with the due reservations. Most of the measures reported in the scheme are obtained from seized alive specimens or from others dead in captivity; others are under assessment and confirmation. The stage of sexual maturity in a reptilian, therefore in a crocodile, alligator and gavial, may be recognized from the examination of the ovaries and the testicles, verifying if the produce eggs or mature spermatozoa. Usually, the appearance of the sexual maturity in the reptilians depends more from the size than from the age, and, as we have seen, the size of the young individuals inside a same brood may greatly vary in function of several factors, especially environmental. H. B. Cott believes that the Crocodylus niloticus normally does not mate before the age of at least twenty years. The Alligator mississippiensis, one of the species with fastest growth, reaches the sexual maturity when 6 years old, when it has already reached a length of about 1,80 m. The group of the crocodiles is, after me, one of the most fascinating (the reptilians in general, along with the birds, many genera of mammals, fishes and invertebrates, have been those who have induced me to become a zoologist), not only for their so much mysterious styles and customs of life, but also because it is undeniable that in their external morphology, not only the fantasy of the children, but also the adults, rightly see some tracts of those which stand between the most primitive forms of life of the vertebrates, that is the dinosaurs. Actually, their derivation from these animals known to us only through the fossils and which have lived so much far away in the time may be observed in a sort of “crystallization” of the ancestral characters present in them. There is no doubt that for a biologist the study of their characteristics, in a natural environment as much as possible, would help in understanding their ecology, ethology and physiology, as well as their zoogeography, which would be “fundamental”, not only in terms of evolutionary biology, but also, and mainly in practical terms, for a correct management in the nature and for a most efficient biology of the conservation.

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Coronavirus and its impacts The new novel virus first appeared in China’s city of Wuhan that has shaken everyone around the globe. The virus started its horror from Wuhan then contaminated some neighborhoods of china like South Korea and Japan, now finally has reached the European lands. The disaster caused by a virus can be visibly seen in Italy, Spain, and France although these do not include the top countries hit by the virus severely. You will be shocked knowing that the United States is the country on top that is badly smashed by the virus and surprisingly it’s the same country that was accused as a secret container of the virus by China. Seriously no one really can blame anyone for the virus spread. Honestly speaking! We can’t play politics here in this grave situation where we all have to collaborate to contain this deadly virus. Let’s now talk about media and its role in these trembling situations of crisis. Is media a vital factor in our fight against the virus which is called SARS-2 VIRUS or COVID-19 due to its emergence from the SARS virus family in December 2019? Yes! It can be. There are certain categories in which media can act as the most effective cohort to win the fight against this confrontation of the virus. Facts and Updates Every day we watch news channels to know the exact number of new corona cases reported as well as death caused by disease. We are actually frightened to so much extent that we are just keeping an eye on every country, every area, every town where the virus is making its place and which are safe places. online blog writing is somewhat participating in updating people about Covid-19 effects via different platforms. These types of things are really everyone wants to know just to seek calm or sometimes to be more attentive towards taking necessary precautions. Journalists and news agencies have real jobs in this regard to provide all up-to-date stuff to the public although it’s the toughest job on the planet right now because of continuously increasing cases every minute of testing. Media broadcasters ought to present the facts without spices to make the public more aware of real danger. I would say that any negligence, in this case, can cause real disaster and the media might be given all accusations of that false reporting. Half-truths, Fake news, and disgrace Unfortunately! A few months ago, there were Twitter trends of the Wuhan virus or biological warfare with all racist comments, misinformation, and a series of blames going around on social media as well as on all media platforms. Some news was also about 5 G technology is associated with the spread of the virus. We all know these are just rumors to cause panic among the masses. The fundamental incentives of media suggest acting in the most appropriate way during the crisis by using apposite language, behaving humanly by showing compassion towards those affected and threatened by the virus. The acknowledged media agents always go up against fake news and show their feeling of resentment against misinformation. All media platforms should take expert, sensible persons in the count and act against all the misleading factors which are a real threat to society. Honestly speaking this is a virus without any boundaries. Therefore media can extend unity and sympathy among people from all races and can discourage faulty news. Awareness that is the obvious task of media Media channels are the greatest companions in this war which can be trusted and can save the life of everyone by just simply running proper campaigns for making masses aware of all necessary measures. People who do not know how to restrain themselves from viruses and how to keep them sanitize how to self isolate in lockdown situations can seek suitable guidelines from media sources. These are questions that can be beautifully addressed by media persons. Basic safety precautions like washing hands with sanitizer of 95 % alcohol or soap for at least 20 minutes, wearing gloves in the crowd, self-isolation and most prominently staying home during lockdowns can be advertised by every media channels although Govt. channels are bound to televise preventive techniques and tactics of keeping yourself safe from virus. T.V channels really can help the masses practically by showing the emergency numbers like health care numbers, the center of corona testing, and areas of virus spread as well as safe areas. Our Social Media Platforms like TWITTER, FACEBOOK, and SNAPCHAT Are Better Platforms for Our Battle? Yes! You know these days’ people are mostly influenced by their ideals or celebrities like actors, athletes, singers, and live performers. Believe me, these personalities can convince their fans more amazingly than other factors. For example, if you are Ronaldo’s fan then you must be following his daily routine during the quarantine days. You know what his routine is. Yes! You are right he can be seen in his live video where he is giving his kids sanitizer to wash hands properly and staying home during the quarantine. He has more than 200 million fans on Instagram. They must be wondering by the brilliant example put down by their greatest footballer. This is one case of just making your followers aware and convinced about ongoing things. There are also some bad sides from which every celebrity should refrain himself like a spasm or fake posting. Although most social media forums have launched a complaint against fake posts like on Facebook when you put off beam post about virus suddenly your post is crashed due to misleading information. So basically being an influencer all these stars ought to be careful and responsible during posting any kind of post because they have millions of fans who trust them as well as follow them in real life. Hope we can stand firm against this pandemic and the media can perform its duties without any fear and greed. The media needs to be more sensible in this regard. We will plunk compact in this combat as we do not call it a virus of a particular country and showing this attitude we are surely going to overshadow the virus in the future.

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This set of Software Engineering Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Embedded Software”. 1. Which of the following is a category of a stimuli? a) Periodic stimuli b) Software stimuli c) Hardware stimuli d) Management stimuli Explanation: Periodic stimuli occur at predictable time intervals. For example, the system may examine a sensor every 50 milliseconds and take action depending on that sensor value. 2. Which of the following activities may be included in a real-time software design process? a) Platform selection b) Timing analysis c) Process design d) All of the mentioned Explanation: All these can be implemented. 3. Which of the following is not a real-time architectural pattern a) Observe and React b) Environmental Control c) Embedded System d) Process Pipeline Explanation: Embedded systems’ patterns are process-oriented rather than object- or component-oriented . 4. RTOS stands for a) real-life operating system b) real-time operating system c) real-time operating software d) real-life operating software Explanation: Embedded applications are built on top of a real-time operating system (RTOS). 5. The times by which stimuli must be processed and some response produced by the system is known as a) Compile time d) Execution time Explanation: If the system does not meet a deadline then, it results in a system failure; in a soft real-time system, it results in degraded system service . 6. The switch to backup power must be completed within a deadline of a) 50 ms b) 55 ms c) 70 ms d) 100 ms Explanation: The time required to power failure stimuli is 50 millisecond. 7. An example of a system that may use a process pipeline is a _________ a) High-speed data acquisition system b) Failure of a power supply in an embedded system c) Both High-speed data acquisition system AND Failure of a power supply in an embedded system d) None of the mentioned Explanation: Data acquisition systems collect data from sensors for subsequent processing and analysis. These systems are used in situations where the sensors are collecting a lot of data from the system’s environment and it isn’t possible or necessary to process that data in real time. 8. Periodic occur irregularly and unpredictably and are usually signaled using the computer’s interrupt mechanism. Explanation: This is the case for Aperiodic stimuli 9. If you detect power failure by monitoring a voltage level, you have to make more than one observation to detect that the voltage is dropping. Explanation: If you run the process 250 times per second, this means that it runs every 4 ms and you may require up to two periods to detect the voltage drop. 10. The average execution time of the power monitor process should be less than d) none of the mentioned Explanation: General embedded software property. Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series – Software Engineering. - Get Free Certificate of Merit in Software Engineering - Participate in Software Engineering Certification Contest - Become a Top Ranker in Software Engineering - Take Software Engineering Tests - Chapterwise Practice Tests: Chapter 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 - Chapterwise Mock Tests: Chapter 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

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Interfaith & Intra-faith Initiatives This document of historical importance was produced in 2006 by unanimous and universal consensus (ijma‘) among both the political and acknowledged religious leadership of the worldwide Islamic community (Ummah). It represents an agreement, without parallel for fourteen centuries, upon the most fundamental matters defining the Islamic faith. “It thus constitutes a definitive demarcation of true Islam in all its forms, and an authoritative identification—if not a definition—of orthodoxy in Islam.” Society for the dialogue and spiritual exchange between Hindus and Christians. Site in French only. The Archbishop of Canterbury’s Building Bridges Seminar is an annual conference which brings together internationally recognised Christian and Muslim scholars for intensive study. Their website is hosted and maintained by The Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs at Georgetown University, Washington DC. Muslim sermons and talks in English, including mostly sermons and some lectures by Abdal Hakim Murad (Tim Winter), both for listening and reading. A very comprehensive website dedicated to furthering knowledge about the historic open letter, dated 13 October 2007, from leaders of the Muslim faith to leaders of the Christian faith. With the letter text to download in several languages, and an interesting section containing recommended reading lists. Deen Intensive Foundation is a North American initiative dedicated to the preservation and dissemination of the core sacred sciences of Islam from traditional sources. They provide quality educational programs for men and women to come together to study with qualified scholars and teachers from all the world. Monastic Interreligious Dialogue, an international organization of Catholic monks and nuns who promote and support dialogue with followers of other religions. With content in several languages, they publish the online journal Dilatato Corde. Founded in 1967, Abraham’s Fraternity, based in Paris, brings together Jews, Christians and Muslims in the realisation of their common patrimony, and in effective work towards conciliation. Site in French. “The specific intention and goal of this endeavor is to identify a spiritual ‘Common Ground’ (authentically based on the religious sacred texts of Islam and Buddhism) between Muslims and Buddhists that will enable both communities to love and respect each other not merely as human beings in general, but also as Muslims and Buddhists in particu lar.” Founded in the wake of the 7/7 attacks on the London underground, they promote a mainstream, moderate understanding of Islam that young people can relate to and that is at the same time a faithful representative and transmitter of traditional values and scholarship. “A coordinating body supporting activities related to the comparative study of, and the practical interaction between, Buddhism and Christianity.” The World Congress of Faiths is a personal membership educational charity established in 1936. Based in London, they publish the journal Interreligious Insight, and they arrange a variety of conferences, retreats, visits and group travels.

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The Metropolitan Museum of Art (the MET) in New York City owns one of the greatest and most comprehensive collections of Dutch art outside of Europe. With over two hundred paintings dating mostly from the seventeenth century, the MET's collection is largely comprised of works donated or purchased specifically for the museum by American collectors. From VOA's New York Bureau, Mona Ghuneim has the story. All 228 paintings are on exhibit together for the first time in the MET's history, and 20 of the works are by the celebrated Dutch artist Rembrandt van Rijn. Eleven paintings from the museum's collection are by Frans Hals and five works of art featured in the show are by the much-beloved Johannes Vermeer. The curator for the exhibition, called The Age of Rembrandt, says the MET's collection was intentionally built by late 19th and early 20th century New York collectors who were drawn to 17th century Dutch art. Curator Walter Liedtke says there was a link between Dutch society and the growing American republic. "America in the 19th century saw itself as a democracy of strong working-class or middle-class individuals who made their own way in life. And they compared themselves in that regard to the seventeenth century Dutch republic," he said. In the art world, the 1600s in the Netherlands are considered the Golden Age of Dutch painting and Rembrandt is seen as the master artist of that time. Liedtke says that period in painting continues to be one of the most popular in all of art. He says the MET began its collection of seventeenth century Dutch paintings in 1871, a year after the museum was founded. He says the booming economy in the United States and the fact that European economies were not doing so well at the turn of the twentieth century helped in the purchasing of many of the works. Art historian Esmee Quodbach agrees that the MET's collection was formed deliberately by the earliest officers and trustees of the museum and that there was a push to create an art institution in New York that would rival any great museum in Europe. But, she says, many of the New York collectors were probably also competing with each other. "They liked the same artists. They liked the big names, and if one would have had a Rembrandt, perhaps his friend or his business rival also wanted a Rembrandt. And I'm sure that that's part of the reason that these collections are what they are," she said. Liedtke says there is another reason why Americans, and particularly New Yorkers, found these paintings appealing - nature. Many of the works in the show depict landscapes, seascapes and other naturalistic themes. During the exhibition's audio guide, we hear about a painting by Meyndert Hobbema, a leading landscape painter during Holland's Golden Age, which portrays quiet village life in the Dutch countryside. "Holland's largely urban population favored rural views like these with their sense of well being, and more than two centuries later, so did New York collectors." Liedtke says the show reveals how great New York collectors, like Henry Marquand, J.P. Morgan and Benjamin Altman, coveted Dutch art and provided the cornerstone of the MET's permanent collection. He says the paintings are closely tied to the institution's history, but the collectors were also forward looking. Liedtke says nowhere is this more apparent than in the works of Vermeer, who today is one of the world's most admired artists, Dutch or otherwise. In the audio-guided tour of the show, we hear about Vermeer's popularity in the United States. "The poetic light-filled images of Vermeer exerted extraordinary appeal to [U.S.] East Coast collectors. The artist produced an extremely small body of work, and today only some 35 are regarded as authentic Vermeers. There are five Vermeers at the MET alone, which is more than any other museum in the world," said the recording. Of the 35 Vermeers, 13 are in the United States and eight of those are in New York. But while the five Vermeers in the MET's collection are truly gems in the museum's treasure trove of Dutch paintings, Liedtke says all the works are appealing to viewers. He says that is partly because the Dutch masters painted works that did not need a lot of historical or scholarly or even Biblical knowledge to be appreciated. "People are drawn to these pictures partly because they are naturalistic. Things are recognizable and anyone can appreciate a good-looking landscape or an interesting-looking person," he said. Liedtke says looking at these pictures is like relaxing in a hammock with a good book, or in New York, getting out of the city's 21st century hustle and bustle to escape into the stillness of 17th century Holland,even if for just a little while.

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Wind is the natural flow of air that is created when changes in temperature causes air to move from high to low pressure areas. As one area heats up more than another, the difference in pressure creates wind and becomes a cycle of cool air and warm air. When the sun doesn’t give the same amounts of light and heat to the entire surface of the earth at the same time, wind occurs. The reason for the uneven distribution from the sun is due to the fact that the Earth’s surface is uneven. The mountains, valleys, deserts and oceans all absorb heat differently. Warm and cool air both move upwards toward the atmosphere (updraft) however, because warm air weighs less, it continues to push up through the cold air. The speed of wind is determined by how different the temperature is between cool and warm air as they push up against each other. The greater the difference of temperature, the faster the wind speed. The direction of the wind is dependent on how much friction or resistance the wind runs into as it blows. Wind is useful in many different ways. It dries up wet areas, allowing moisture that wasn’t absorbed into the ground back into the atmosphere. Wind also helps plants reproduce by carrying their seats and pollen from one plant to another. Lastly, we use wind to help generate electricity with Windmills. Windmills are connected to a generator that connects the positive and negative charges that produces electricity. As the wind turns the blades, it generates electricity!

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A person with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASM) may exhibit a wide range of symptoms that include having difficulty communicating with peers and navigating social situations. Restricted, repetitive behavior, such as lining up objects in a certain way, is another common symptom of autism . An autistic person may also have narrow interests, such as being fixated on a specific hobby, and be sensitive to certain sensory experiences, such as bright lights, loud noises, or being touched. Each autistic child or adult is different, so their specific symptoms and experiences can vary.

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Host selection and egg laying behavior of wild populations of the mountain white butterfly, Leptophobia aripa (Boisduval), was observed in the presence of a group of host plants (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) of varying quality. Host variation was generated by manipulating three crop management variables: fertilization, water, and light. Leptophobia aripa was not indifferent to host quality variation, and showed great ability to evaluate and discern among a group of hosts. A sigmoidal relation was found between egg laying and host plant size. The latter was probably perceived through the host's diameter, or other physical and chemical characteristics related to this attribute. More detailed studies are necessary in order to understand which cues this insect uses to locate its host and which other attributes it evaluates upon deciding to lay eggs. This understanding could allow for the development of agro-ecological alternatives in controlling this insect, considered to be a crop pest in some regions of Mexico and Central America. All herbivorous insects show some degree of host selectivity. Most adult holometabolous species must select an appropriate host for larval growth and survival (Bernays & Chapman 1994). Under natural conditions, insects confront many external stimuli, their own internal physiological stimuli, and a series of environmental constraints (Visser 1986; Bernays & Chapman 1994; Badenes et al. 2004). This makes it very difficult to discern the relative importance to the insect of chemical, visual, and mechanical stimuli from host and non-host plants (Schoonhoven et al. 1998; Hooks & Johnson 2001). However, it is generally assumed that the host selection process in specialist insects is governed primarily by volatile chemical signals, later by visual stimuli, and finally by non-volatile chemical signals (Hern et al. 1996; Hooks & Johnson 2001). Female butterflies reject many potential hosts when searching for egg laying sites. They demonstrate a hierarchy in host preferences, discriminating among plant species, among genotypes, among individuals with different phenological and physiological conditions, and even among plant parts, although not all discriminate at the finer scales (Thompson & Pellmyr 1991; Bernays & Chapman 1994). However, this knowledge is derived from studies of very few insect species (Bernays & Chapman 1994; Schoonhoven et al. 1998). Furthermore, there may be significant behavioral differences within a family, among species of the same genus, or even among different populations of the same species (Jones 1977; Singer & Parmesan 1993; Reich & Downes 2003). To this date, there are no studies on host selection behavior of the mountain white butterfly, Leptophobia aripa (Boisduval). This insect is a multivoltine species with overlapping generations. Females lay masses of 15 to 80 eggs (Bautista & Vejar 1999). The mountain white butterfly specializes in the family Brassicaceae, and it is an important pest of Brassica crops in Southeastern Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean (CATIE/MIP 1990, Santiago et al. in press). However, it is not known which plant physiological stage is best suited for oviposition of L. aripa. In the case of cultivated plants, crop management choices may determine the quality of the plant as a host (Andow 1991). The objective of the present study was to observe the egg laying behavior of L. aripa in host plant patches (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) of different qualities. Materials and Methods The experiment was established in the Valley of San Cristóbal de Las Casas Chiapas, México (2,113 m.a.s.l.; C(w2)(w); García 1973) within the cabbage production area of the Highlands of Chiapas. Cabbage plants of the variety Copenhagen Market were started in seed beds. Twenty five days after germination, each seedling was transplanted to a black plastic bag (20 cm high by 15 cm in diameter). The bag contained a 1:1 proportion of clay-loam forest soil and sand. Sixty four plants were prepared. These were divided into eight groups of eight plants each, and placed in a greenhouse. In order to generate different host qualities, each group was submitted to one of eight treatments for 40 days. These treatments consisted of all possible combinations of two fertilization levels, two watering levels, and two photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) levels (Table 1). Nitrogen fertilization was equivalent to 100 kg Ha-1, the most common dose applied to cabbage in the study zone (Santiago et al. in press). Treatments were irrigated with high or low water treatments every four and eight days, respectively, from August 1 to September 20, 2002. Accumulated irrigations (326 and 183 mm, respectively) were roughly equivalent to the high (320 mm) and low (195 mm) average cumulative rainfalls during the same period, to be found within the cabbage production zone where L. aripa was studied (Cervantes 1997). Sixty five days after germination, the bagged plants were moved to an open field 200 m from a cabbage field to promote visits from wild populations of L. aripa. The 64 bags were randomly distributed in a square pattern without contiguous repetitions (Hurlbert 1984), with 50 cm between plants. Watering treatments were continued throughout the time of the plants' exposure to L. aripa. For five days, L. aripa's flights during host location and egg laying behavior were observed (for 1 h per day between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m.) and this information was recorded. A total of 28 individuals were observed from the time they entered until they left the group of host plants. The behavior of 8 females (that actually laid eggs during the five recorded hours) was classified into four types of acts: linear flight, turning flight, landing and egg laying. Each behavioral act was recorded on an experiment layout map. The cabbage plants were reviewed daily in the afternoon (5 to 5:30 p.m.) for 11 days, and the number of eggs laid per plant during 9 h of exposure (8 a.m. to 5 p.m.) was recorded. After being counted, the eggs were carefully removed with a damp flannel cloth, in order to avoid hatching and to minimize visual or chemical stimuli from the eggs which could inhibit egg laying of conspecific females (Bernays & Chapman 1994). Hilker & Meiners (2002) reported for Pieris brassicae (L.) that egg removal might not completely eliminate such stimuli. However, in this study, L. aripa laid eggs repeatedly on most plants from which previously laid eggs were removed. Each afternoon after sampling, the group of plants was enclosed with greenhouse plastic in order to prevent them from receiving rain water and additional butterfly visits. Eighty two days after planting, the height and diameter of plants were measured, and above ground biomass was harvested to determine fresh weight per plant. Also, a 2-cm2 leaf sample was taken from each plant for determining the foliar nitrogen and chlorophyll concentrations with standard methods (AOAC 1999). The experiment was designed to relate oviposition to host plant management treatments, assuming that the latter produce variation in host plant parameters that are relevant for egg-laying behavior (Myers 1985; Hern et al. 1996; Hooks & Johnson 2001). To check this assumption, we also explored to what extent such variation was actually produced by treatments. Nutrient, water, and light treatment effects on plant height, diameter, above-ground fresh weight, leaf nitrogen concentration, and leaf chlorophyll concentration were analyzed with three-factor ANOVAs (Underwood 1997). A step-wise multiple linear regression analysis was carried out between the number of eggs laid and the five parameters measured for each plant. A non-linear regression model was fitted between the number of eggs laid and that factor best explaining the egg-laying pattern observed in the linear model. Factors discarded in the linear model were proven to be non significant for the non-linear model as well. The non-linear regression model was fitted and selected with the program TableCurve™ 2D (AISN Software, Inc. 1994). The statistical software SPSS version 10.0.5 (1999) was used for the remaining analyses. When a female L. aripa entered the host plant patches, on average 64% of behavioral acts were turning flights over the potential hosts, possibly for recognition and evaluating purposes. Landing on the host comprised 12% of behavioral acts. Egg laying was always preceded by a turning flight. Linear flights also were observed. The latter alternated with turning flights and landings. Sixty percent of linear flights were over lesser-quality hosts (e.g., non-fertilized plants). A typical search behavior in egg-laying L. aripa females is shown in Fig. 1, which shows that the butterfly flew over almost the entire group of plants and selectively laid eggs on up to four different highest-quality hosts. The logistical regression model (maximum likelihood test: χ2 = 14.001, df = 3, P = 0.003) showed a greater probability of oviposition on fertilized plants (N2) than on non-fertilized plants (N1) (χ2Wald = 4.163, df = 1, P = 0.041). There was a marginally greater egg laying probability for plants which received more watering (W2) than on those which were watered less (W1) (χ2Wald = 3.212, df = 1, P = 0.073). The probabilities of laying eggs on plants with a greater (L2) and lesser (L1) PAR availability were not different (χ2Wald = 0.965, df = 1, P = 0.326) (Fig. 2). None of the interactions among the three factors was significant: Nutrient × Watering (χ2Wald = 0.288, df = 1, P = 0.591). Nutrient × PAR (χ2Wald = 0.039, df = 1, P = 0.843). Watering × PAR (χ2Wald = 0.088, df = 1, P = 0.767). Nutrient × Watering × PAR (χ2Wald = 0.021, df = 1, P = 0.885). Nutrient, watering, and PAR caused significant variation in physical and chemical plant parameters evaluated in this study (Table 2 and Table 3). Fertilized plants (N2) were taller, had a greater diameter, greater fresh weight, greater nitrogen concentration, and greater chlorophyll concentration than non-fertilized plants (N1). Plants receiving more water (W2) had a greater diameter and greater fresh weight, but similar height, nitrogen concentration, and chlorophyll concentration as compared to less watered plants (W1). Plants exposed to greater PAR availability (L2) were the shortest, had a smaller diameter, less fresh weight, greater nitrogen concentration, and similar chlorophyll concentration as compared to plants with less available PAR (L1). (Some of these effects of PAR reduction were possibly caused by better soil humidity conservation in shaded bags). Significant Nutrient × Watering interactions were found for plant weight and crown diameter. These plant parameters did not respond to nutrient addition at low watering levels, but responded strongly at high watering levels (Table 2). Significant Nutrient × PAR interactions were found for nitrogen concentration. The step-wise multiple linear regression analysis determined that fresh weight is the parameter that best explains variation in the number of eggs laid per plant (R2 = 0.61, df = 59, F = 90.731, P < 0.0005). The other four attributes evaluated proved to be non-significant (diameter, P = 0.248; height, P = 0.245; chlorophyll, P = 0.615; nitrogen, P = 0.779). When fresh weight was not included in the analysis, the only parameter selected as significant was diameter (R2 = 0.39, df = 59, F = 36.782, P < 0.0005). Again, the other three parameters were not significant (height, P = 0.905; chlorophyll, P = 0.718; nitrogen, P = 0.743). A non-linear regression model was fitted between fresh weight and number of eggs per plant. The best among biologically reasonable models was a sigmoidal function. This function shows an abrupt increase in the response variable when the fresh weight of the plant exceeds a threshold, estimated for this study to be between 30 and 40 g (Fig. 3). In this study, L. aripa was offered heterogeneous patches of hosts. Its egg laying behavior was not arbitrary or indifferent to options presented; rather the butterfly showed a capacity to evaluate and discriminate among the group of hosts. Selection behavior is common among Pieridae, but had not been previously documented for L. aripa. Many studies have shown that Pieridae larvae survive and grow better on well fertilized and well watered Brassicaceae plants (e.g., Myers 1985; Chen et al. 2004). Leptophobia aripa preferred to lay eggs on plants that were fertilized and which grew under conditions of greater soil humidity. In this study, host size, probably perceived as foliar crown diameter, was the plant parameter factor associated to host preference by L. aripa. Host size increased significantly when both nutrient addition and high watering levels were present. Other plant parameters commonly modified by management (Chen et al. 2004), such as volatiles that act as cues and/or stimulate oviposition, were not studied and cannot be ruled out. No single host management factor or host parameter has explained selection by Pieridae, and the importance of different factors varies and remains controversial. One of the species most closely related to L. aripa is Pieris rapae (L.), whose egg laying behavior has been widely studied, but remains controversial. For instance, Root & Kareiva (1984) reported that P. rapae follows a random flight host search, and lays eggs without discriminating quality factors. Renwick & Radke (1983) found that P. rapae was not attracted by volatile host cues. They also found that host size and form were not important in egg laying behavior. Radcliffe & Chapman (1966) did not find a correlation between plant size and P. rapae's egg laying preference. They concluded that color or chemical stimuli could be determining factors in host choice. In contrast, other authors have demonstrated that P. rapae's flight and egg laying patterns are modified by factors such as plant size, phenology, species, humidity content, nutrients, leaf color and plant chemistry (Jones 1977; Latheef & Irwin 1979; Myers 1985; Andow et al. 1986; Jones et al. 1987; Hern et al. 1996; Hooks & Johnson 2001). Another related species is Pieris virginiensis (Edwards). Flight and egg laying patterns of P. virginiensis are very similar to those of P. rapae. Their flight is markedly linear; they widely disperse their eggs, and leave behind apparently attractive hosts. Their egg laying behavior does not respond to host-plant size (Cappuccino & Kareiva 1985). Egg laying behavior observed for L. aripa, unlike that reported for P. rapae and P. virginiensis, did respond to plant size. We found a sigmoidal relation, as would be expected with species that lay eggs in masses and confront host quality heterogeneity (Roitberg et al. 1999). Perhaps L. aripa perceived size through the host's foliar crown diameter, as this was the second most important plant parameter explaining host selection. Host selection by Leptophobia aripa also could have occurred through other size-related physical and chemical characteristics not evaluated in this study. These signals could play an important role in other ecological interactions. For example, Pieris napi (L.) uses Arabis gemmifera (Mastum.) as a plant host. This plant species grows covered by neighboring vegetation, and for this reason is a host of inferior quality (in nutritional content and biomass), but it allows P. napi to avoid parasitism by the Cotesia glomerata (L.) wasp and the Epicampocera succincta (Meigen) fly (Ohsaki & Sato 1999). Fertilization and watering treatments also could have modified the plant's chemical composition; in the case of members of Brassicaceae family, it could modify glucosinolate concentrations (Myers 1985; Mewis et al. 2002; Chen et al. 2004). These secondary metabolites are produced by the plants as a chemical defense (Renwick & Radke 1983; Lambdon et al. 2003; Müller et al. 2003). Specialized insects sometimes use these compounds as chemical cues, and even incorporate them into their body and use them to defend against predators and parasitoids (Messchendorp et al. 2000; Mewis et al. 2002). Several crucifer insects are known to have glucosinolate detoxification and sequestration mechanisms (Wadleigh & Yu 1988). Müller et al. (2003) did not find glucosinolate sequestration in P. rapae and P. brassicae; the case for L. aripa still needs to be studied. Another manner in which L. aripa could be attracted to larger plants is that observed in P. brassicae. This species, like L. aripa, tends to lay eggs in large masses when locating large-size hosts with abundant leaves (Stamp 1980; Le Masurier 1994). The aggregate lifestyle and conspicuous coloration of its larvae may provide a defense against predators and parasitoids (Stamp 1980; Le Masurier 1994). In many cases, insect egg laying behavior results from balancing among factors which include minimizing parasitic and predatory risk, selecting the most nutritious host, avoiding intra-specific competition for food, and maximizing egg laying (Myers 1985; Ohsaki & Sato 1999). The insect internally weighs the various stimuli and inhibitors perceived through visual, chemical, and mechanical signals (Thompson & Pellmyr 1991; Hern et al. 1996). Leptophobia aripa's searching and egg laying behavior observed in this study demonstrates its capacity to evaluate and discriminate among a group of hosts. Egg laying preference associated to host size has also been found for P. brassicae but not for P. rapae, P. virginiensis and P. napi. This confirms that related species may have significantly different behavior (Jones 1977; Singer & Parmesan 1993; Reich & Downes 2003). Leptophobia aripa is a pest for Brassicaceae crops in some regions of Mexico and Central America. Producers in the region have adopted fertilizers and pesticides rather recently (Santiago et al. in press). Agroecological alternatives to heavy agrochemical use are desirable. Our findings suggest that nutrient addition to well-watered plants significantly increases plant weight (as expected) and, beyond a plant weight threshold, it also increases oviposition. It is important to study to what extent increased oviposition affects larval survival and growth, and cabbage head damage. Other plant parameters such as production of cue volatiles need to be investigated and their relation with plant size established. It is also important to study tradeoffs between plant size, cabbage head value, and crop damage caused by L. aripa, as well as the capacity of alternative management strategies (e.g., intercropping and moderate organic fertilization) to improve tradeoffs. We thank Carlos V. Pérez Rodríguez and Juan Collazo López for technical support in the field, and Juan J. Morales López and Jesús Carmona de La Torre for chemical analysis. This study was supported by a grant from Fundación Produce Chiapas, A. C., and by a graduate scholarship from CONACYT to JASL. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for useful and constructive comments. Table 1. Description of factors and levels for the treatments. Each level of a factor was combined with both levels of the other two factors. Table 2. Summary of results from three-factor anovas testing the effects of nutrient (N), water (W), and PAR (L) on plant height, diameter, above-ground fresh weight, leaf nitrogen concentration, and leaf chlorophyll concentration. Test of significant P values < 0.05 are in bold. Table 3. Mean (± 1 SE) of plant height, diameter, above-ground fresh weight, leaf nitrogen concentration, and leaf chlorophyll concentration for each factor level.

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Vodka DSP 162: the metamorphosis of a spirit within its industrial chrysalis Federal regulation defines vodka as “neutral spirits distilled or treated after distillation with charcoal or other materials so as to be without distinctive character, aroma, taste or color”. Neutral spirits are “distilled from any material at or above 95% alcohol by volume”. However, it is permitted to add a small percentage of “neutral blender”, which domestic manufacturers use to add citric acid, sugar, and other mild additives. We suspect that some European producers include other additives. Until recently, vodka was essentially an industrial product. In 1998, Charbay Distillery, followed by St George Spirits in 2002, introduced vodkas made by craft methods.

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A significant portion of the body is made up of water. Water is necessary for organs to function at optimum levels. However, sometimes the body can hold onto too much water. Excess water weight can be incredibly frustrating. It can occur for many reasons, including dehydration, an unhealthy diet, kidney disease, and certain types of cancer. Water weight can appear as swelling throughout the body, including in the fingers and feet. Everyone wants water weight treatment. After all, feeling bloated all the time is not fun. There are many options available to individuals, including diuretics, to eliminate excess water in the body. Natural remedies for water weight are also out there. They include tips on diet and exercise. Of course, treating underlying conditions, such as kidney disease medications, is also crucial to lose water weight. Individuals can lose up to two liters of water for every hour of intense and vigorous exercise. The exact amount varies based on what they are wearing and the temperature outside or in the room they have for exercise. Sweating is the body's method of lowering its internal temperature. The sweat, of course, is a mix of water and sodium. The evaporation of water in sweat is what reduces the body's internal temperature. Individuals who exercise regularly typically drink sufficient amounts of water during the day. Drinking lots of water helps keep it in balance with the sodium in the body. The balance, discussed further later, helps stop the body from retaining excess water weight. Get to know the next way to get rid of water weight now. Drink More Water Individuals become dehydrated when they are losing more fluid than they are drinking. When the body is dehydrated, the body knows that it needs to conserve water. It has to prevent water levels from dropping too much. When individuals are adequately hydrated, the body no longer has to compensate. Thus, it will stop retaining excess water. Drinking enough water allows the water to sodium ratio to remain balanced. However, drinking too much water can also cause individuals issues. Thus, individuals need to watch the color of their urine. This is the best indicator of their fluid to sodium ratio. Clear urine or very pale yellow urine indicates that individuals are drinking enough water. However, dark yellow urine means that the individual is dehydrated. Uncover more ways to get rid of water weight now. Use Of Diuretics Water pills, which are also called diuretics, can help individuals get rid of water weight in the short term. Diuretics force the kidneys to expel more sodium into the urine, resulting in an imbalance of water and sodium in the blood. The body will attempt to fix this by absorbing water from the blood, which it will then expel in the urine. Water pills can help with short-term weight loss. However, the short-term use of water pills can cause dehydration. Additionally, when individuals stop taking them, they will go back to storing more water because of the dehydration. Even if an individual is not dehydrated when they stop taking diuretics, there are still effects. The body will revert to storing the same amount of water as it did before the diuretic use. Additionally, it is best to obtain water pills for short term use from a physician rather than the local drugstore. Over-the-counter water pills are not regulated, so they could contain substances that are harmful to the body. Learn more about how to get rid of water weight now. Reduce Consumption Of Sodium Sodium is an electrolyte. It must be appropriately balanced with the fluid to sodium ratio in an individual's body. The kidneys compensate for an imbalance, though this causes more work. When there is more fluid in the body than sodium, the kidneys absorb fluid from the blood. They will then excrete this fluid through urine. When there is more sodium than fluid, the kidneys will take water from urine to return it to the blood and tissues. The vast majority of individuals consume much more sodium than they should. Thus, this means that their bodies are retaining more water than necessary. Remember how the kidneys compensate for this. If individuals reduce how much sodium they consume in their diet, they will see results. There will be, for instance, lower levels of sodium throughout the whole body. The kidneys will then keep water moving and excrete it very well. They will not retain more than necessary. Get the details on more methods to get rid of water weight now. Reduce Carbohydrate Intake Carbohydrates are a critical energy source for the body. Unfortunately, the body cannot create carbohydrates, which means that individuals need to consume them. Although they are necessary, consuming too much can result in water weight. This is because when individuals consume lots of carbohydrates, their body will store the extra in their muscles and liver. It stores carbohydrates as glycogen. This compound adheres to water when it is stored. Typically, this occurs with four grams of water attached to each gram of glycogen. When individuals consume fewer carbohydrates, their body will not store the excess as glycogen. Thus, their body will not save as much water as before. It is also worth noting that carbohydrates also increase an individual's insulin. This causes the body to retain additional sodium. Remember, excess sodium retention forces the kidneys to absorb more water. This is water that would have been excreted through urine.

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Born in 1884, he was one of 5 boys. Joseph was a devout young man, and felt a calling to join the Order of the Friars Minors. This order of Franciscans has a mission to serve in the Holy Land. " ... to serve the local church and to look after, restore and protect the holy places of Christianity" Paul VI A number of shrines were acquired over the course of the years: In 1867, Servant of God Pauline Nicolay gave the Custody the shrine at Emmaus; in 1875, the 7th Station on the Via Dolorosa was acquired; in 1878, the shrine of Naim; in 1879, talks concluded over the shrine at Cana; in 1880, the shrine of Bethpage was acquired; between 1889-1950, the Franciscans acquired the right to take possession of the 5th Station, the "Dominus Flevit", Tabgha, Capernaum, the Shepherds' Field near Bethlehem, the Monastery of St. John the Baptist in the Desert, Mount Nebo, the place of Jesus' baptism on the banks of the Jordan, a small place in the immediate vicinity of the Holy Cenacle and Bethany. This was not an easy calling for Joseph and his brother friars. Troubles were frequent. In 1901, bloody attacks arose partially due to tensions concerning the status quo. On one occasion, Greek monks stoned friars over whose right it was to sweep the square next to the stairs that led to the so-called chapel of the Franks. In 1920, Turks killed three priests and two friars over tensions related to the persecution of the Armenians. Joseph believed the Holy Land belonged to the Christians. How can a faith system based on compassion and mutual charity be so judgemental and exclusive?

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What are medical gloves? The uses of medical gloves Medical gloves are also a type of labor protection gloves, but thin, light, tough and specialized in medical, food and beverage industry, laboratory, some light industries such as paint... Let's learn more about medical gloves with LKS 360 Exim - medical supplier (gloves, masks, surgical products, orbital pharmaceutical...) What Are Medical Gloves? Medical gloves, also known as medical gloves, are a type of disposable protective gloves used in medical examination and procedures to help prevent infection between caregivers and patients, protect Users avoid infection from work tools and vice versa protect their hands from chemicals or disease-causing fluids. Medical gloves are made from natural rubber materials but are compact, lightweight, waterproof. With a compact, flexible design but very thin, wearing medical gloves will not lose the feeling of the skin of your hands when touching or touching, touching that object. Applications Of Medical Gloves Nowadays, industrial rubber gloves, household rubber gloves have become popular in applications such as automotive, manufacturing, food processing services, kitchen cleaning... Rubber is an ideal and popular material in glove-making applications. - Medical gloves are used in the medical industry, hospitals, clinics, laboratories, beauty care centers, veterinary care, animal and plant quarantine stations - Use medical gloves when slaughtering livestock, poultry... avoid contact with fluids from animals - Used a lot at meat and fish stalls... to help keep your hands clean - Use medical gloves when periodically cleaning electronic devices, computers, phones, speakers, radios, etc. to avoid electrification, causing scratches to items. - Used to ensure hygiene for workers and customers when doing nails, tattoos... to help prevent infection from customers to employees. - Use gloves when processing food, processing Agro-forestry, seafood, processing consumer goods... Types of Medical Gloves There are many criteria to classify medical gloves: function of use, construction material, length, weight (thickness) ... - Classification according to the function of use, there are two types: examination gloves and surgical gloves. - Classified by usage, there are Powder-free Gloves and Powdered Gloves. - And the most basic is the classification by material, there are latex gloves (natural rubber) and nitrile gloves (synthetic rubber). Latex gloves: Latex is a resin taken from the natural rubber tree, so Latex is also known as rubber, Latex gloves are formed during processing along with heat and chemicals (allowed to use). ). It makes an extremely good protective layer, fits when we wear gloves and is very supple. This type of rubber is widely used in the production of medical devices, especially in the production of Gloves such as Powdered, Non-Powdered and Surgical Latex Gloves. Nitrile gloves: Nitrile (Latex Free) is a synthetic rubber, formed exactly like Latex but does not contain Latex, so it does not cause allergies in some people who are sensitive to Latex, has good water resistance and oil resistance, so Nitrile gloves are widely used in all industries that require high hygiene such as testing, dentistry and health care as well as non-medical industries such as industry, food processing... Where to buy quality Medical Gloves? On July 28, 2017, LKS 360 IMPORT EXPORT TRADING COMPANY LIMITED (LKS 360 CO., LTD) was formally founded in Vietnam. In our more than 9 years of operation, LKS 360 has improved its technology and broadened its selection of plants. We specialize in producing and cultivating crops like coffee, pepper, coconuts, lemongrass, shallot, and others, as well as selling healthcare and medical supplies (gloves, masks, surgical products, orbital pharmaceutical...). We grow a wide range of fruits, vegetables, and field crops. With the current era of technology development, it is not too difficult for you to find an address that provides medical gloves. The easy and widespread sale of medical rubber gloves is a favorable condition for some bad actors to sell poor quality gloves of unknown origin. Buyers who do not pay attention will easily mistakenly order fake goods, poor quality goods. That affects the use, even threatens health. Therefore, when buying medical gloves, you should choose to buy them at reputable establishments. A reputable supplier of medical gloves that you can choose from is the chain of LKS 360. Here you can find qualityproducts.These are the addresses that are always committed to the quality of medical gloves. The products offered here are of clear origin, and the prices are publicly listed.

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Human Migration-A Social Phenomenon Human migration is one of the most important aspects of social science, and recognised as an essential area of contemporary research in population studies. Migration is entirely a social process. It has an immense importance in India. In case of North Bengal region, where the migration situation is much more intricate. Because, the region has already achieved and is still achieving significant experience of steady and continuous flow of migrants from different places of India as well as neighbouring border countries like Nepal, Bangladesh, and also Bhutan. Moreover, much of the socio-political articulation in North Bengal including Sikkim and North-East India can be understood in the context of migration situation in these regions. The book is the product of comprehensive study which offers an empirical analysis of the role and importance of social factors (aspects) in human voluntary migration. The main contention of the study is that the effects of social factors has been ubiquitous in every steps of voluntary migration. And, voluntary migration is more a social phenomenon rather than an economic phenomenon. No such in-depth and empirical study emphasizing greater and decisive role of social factors in migration and adaptation has been taken so far in migration studies. Obviously, this book will be a very useful source of reference of students, teachers and researchers of social sciences. Moreover social scientists, town planners, policy maker and programme planners may of special interests too. Guaranteed Safe Checkout

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We often hear the term “unemployment” in the news. Most of us have a general idea of what unemployment is but are not aware of the economics behind it. Today, we will be discussing the concept of unemployment, together with the different types and causes of unemployment. What is Unemployment? Unemployment occurs when a number of factors of production (FOPs) are not used to produce goods and services. Labour forces that are willing and able to work but are without work are considered unemployed. The unemployed are actively searching for employment or are pending an appointment. Different countries have different calculating criteria for determining the percentage of unemployed individuals in their labour force. The labour force includes both the employed and the unemployed that are economically active. On the other hand, economically inactive individuals are unemployed individuals who have neither sought employment in the past two weeks, nor started work in the next two weeks. They are either unwilling or unable to work. Some of the formulae concerning unemployment includes: Unemployment rate = [Number of unemployed individuals ÷ Labour force] × 100% Labour force participation = [Labour force ÷ Working-age population] × 100% However, when we say full employment, it does not mean that unemployment does not exist in the economy. There is a natural unemployment rate – non-cyclical unemployment that includes frictional, seasonal, and structural unemployment. Three main factors affect the unemployment rate – the composition of the labour force, the size of the labour force, and the labour productivity of the employed. The composition of the labour force involves the educational and skill qualifications attained by the workforce. Should workers possess skills that are no longer relevant to the economy, there may be a higher unemployment rate. The size of the labour force is dependent on the number of individuals in the working-age population. If the size of the labour force increases but the number of employed individuals remain constant, there will be a higher unemployment rate. This occurs due to increased birth rates, decreased death rates, or increased net immigration. Labour productivity is the output of work produced per person-hour. This is often based on the level of education and technology of the country. With higher productivity, firms are more attracted to increase employment. As such, the demand for labour increases and the unemployment rates will fall. Cyclical, or demand-deficient unemployment, is caused by cycles of economic boom and decline. This means that it is determined by the aggregate demand – it is caused by a fall in aggregate demand (AD). It relates to the trends in the growth and production occurring within the business cycle, measured by the gross domestic product (GDP). When AD falls, firms cannot sell their current output level. While they may have unsold goods in inventories, they have to inevitably cut back on production after some time. As such, there is less demand for labour, and consumer spending falls because of the multiplier effect. This causes a gap between the potential output and the actual output of the economy. Frictional unemployment happens when workers resign or graduate, and are unemployed while seeking employment. This is caused by the time taken to find jobs – employers may choose to hire people that are better qualified, or candidates may choose to turn down the offer. If individuals choose to accept a job that they may not excel as much in, then there would be lower productivity. As such, the time taken to find a suitable job is necessary to ensure allocative efficiency. There are two main causes – imperfect information and lack of incentives. Frictional unemployment occurs when the unemployed are unaware of available employment opportunities, together with perfect information about different aspects of the jobs. Lack of Incentives Some of the unemployed may be unwilling to take up positions if they perceive the tax and benefit system as a loss in income as compared to remaining unemployed. Institutional unemployment is a by-product of institutional factors and incentives that are permanent. Labour market institutions and phenomena, together with government policies such as high minimum wage floors, can result in institutional unemployment. Seasonal unemployment occurs due to the demand for various types of labour based on the different seasons of the year. This is seen especially in the agricultural sector when labour is employed primarily during harvest season but are unemployed for the remainder of the year. This can also occur based on the condition of the climate. Structural unemployment occurs due to occupational immobility and structural changes in the economy. This causes a mismatch of skills between unemployed and potential employers. As such, some workers may become unemployed for very long since they cannot find jobs that require their specialised skills. There are a few reasons for this. Change in Demand As the free market works based on the demand and supply mechanism, a fall in the demand for a certain good will cause the price of the good to drop. This means that companies earn less and thus have to reduce the number of goods. As such, fewer workers are needed to produce the good, resulting in workers being retrenched. Change in Production Methods As technology progresses, new production methods are invented – fewer workers are needed for the same level of output. Some jobs with specific skills needed are rendered obsolete, resulting in workers being unemployed. Occupational immobility worsens this, as retrenched workers do not possess skills that are in demand. However, this can also create new employment opportunities, especially for workers with the skills needed to operate and maintain the technology. In developed countries, labour-intensive jobs are no longer economically feasible, since developing countries can offer them for a lower cost. These workers are then retrenched as companies shift their jobs abroad. Countries may consider restructuring their economy to turn their attention to other industries to remain competitive in the global economy. Persistent Cyclical Unemployment When cyclical unemployment continues over a long time, there will be a low AD for long periods in the economy. Unemployed workers become out of practice or have their skills become irrelevant. Regional unemployment refers to structural unemployment in a certain part of a country caused by certain industries being located in certain regions. Its main cause is geographical immobility as workers are unwilling or unable to move between parts of the country. While it is normal in the economy, high unemployment rates can cause every aspect of the economy to suffer. For consumers, unemployment will cause the unemployed to lose income. This causes a lower material standard of living since they have a lower purchasing power and will consume fewer goods and services. When the unemployed consume fewer goods and services, firms will earn less revenue and thus produce fewer goods and services. They may also receive fewer investments due to lower returns of investment. On the other hand, the government will receive less tax revenue from the unemployed. Taxes include income tax due to the lack of work, together with goods and services tax (GST) as unemployed consumers spend less. Some governments also pay out benefits to unemployed individuals, which incurs a larger government expenditure. There is an opportunity cost incurred as the funds can be spent on other sectors of the economy. For the overall economy, unemployment causes productive inefficiency. Many other factors will result in a decrease in the AD of the economy. The potential growth of the economy will also increase at a slower rate. Other social costs may be incurred, such as political instability, which will further result in the loss of tourism and profits.

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The upper surface or boundary of a saturated zone that is not confined (i.e., unconfined) by an overlying impermeable geologic layer (i.e., clay). Saturated geologic material with connected openings that can readily convey adequate quantities of water for useful purposes. An opening constructed in saturated geologic materials (i.e., aquifer) that is used to remove groundwater in useful quantities. A well in which the static water level rises above a confined aquifer. A well in which the static water level rises above the ground surface and naturally flows out of the well. An aquifer that is confined by an overlying and underlying impermeable geologic layer. Water that exists in the openings of completely saturated geologic sediments and rocks beneath the land surface. The openings or voids in geologic materials such as sediments and rocks that is expressed as a percentage respective of the ratio of the volume of the openings to the total volume of the An aquifer where there is no impermeable layer between the water table and the ground surface. Groundwater that naturally flows out of saturated geologic materials. The study of the geologic environments that control the occurrence of groundwater and the physical laws that describe the natural and human-induced flow of groundwater Source: Freeze and Cherry, 1979. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J. pp. 604. A person who studies the science of hydrogeology with a groundwater flow dynamics and/or water quality emphasis. Water that occurs above the water table within the pore spaces and other openings of unsaturated soil and geologic material and is held under tension within the openings by capillary forces, surface tension, and adsorption of the water along the surface area of the

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There are various types of heaters available in the market. All have different specifications and benefits to meet the requirements of the people. Here we’ll focus on one of the most effective types of heaters, catalytic propane heaters. We will discuss it in detail and also know the benefits of having a catalytic heater. Last update on 2022-01-25 / Affiliate links / Images from Amazon Product Advertising API What is a catalytic propane heater? Catalytic heaters are in use for industrial purposes from decades, catalytic chemical reactions take place inside catalytic heaters that break down the molecules of their fuel to produce heat. A catalytic propane heater is a catalytic heater that uses propane as its fuel to work, they also use a preheated catalyst for carrying out a catalytic chemical reaction. Now that you are clear about the definition of a catalytic propane heater we are ready to move on to see how they function. How catalytic heaters work? As we have already told you that inside a catalytic propane heater catalytic chemical reactions takes place, Now you must be wondering what is a catalytic chemical reaction, to be more precise it is just a chemical reaction that takes place in the presence of a catalyst, the catalysts in a chemical reaction speed up the chemical reaction and in case of heater, fuel molecules(propane) break down more quickly because of the catalyst and thus provide heat to us quickly which makes them the very efficient type of heaters and this is their main principle of working. Platinum or other platinum-like works as a catalyst in a catalytic propane heater. Do not make a mistake by thinking that a catalyst is consumed in a reaction, if you know basic chemistry then you would be clear about the fact that catalysts just speed up the reactions without being consumed. Inserting a catalyst is not that complex and one can do it easily without applying any difficult chemistry. A catalytic propane heater just need three things to carry out its functions those things are - Fuel- which is propane in the case of a catalytic propane heater. - Enough oxygen to carry out the chemical reaction for breaking down molecules of propane to produce heat. - A catalyst to speed up the catalytic reaction. When you turn on a catalytic propane heater, the platinum plates or platinum-like plates that work as a catalyst charge up and start speeding up the chemical reaction, and this will start producing more heat. One more amazing thing in this catalytic reaction is that it does not produce poisonous gases in more amounts as these heaters do not combust but just speed up the reaction. Pros and cons of a catalytic propane heater - Catalytic heaters do not produce any harmful gases like carbon monoxide in large amounts, and this is a very good thing for you and the environment also. - They are very efficient, and they produce heat very quickly as they use the catalysts to speed up the heating process. - These heaters just produce steam and heat without flame because catalysts activate the oxidation of propane at a temperature which is less than the ignition of its temperature, which makes them safe as there is no risk of fire. - They operate safely even in small spaces. - Catalytic propane heaters are very cost-effective as they use very little electricity because of their efficiency and property to start quickly. - You can also adjust the temperature of these heaters according to yourself. What Not So Good Apart from these benefits the catalytic propane heaters also have some demerits which are as follows: - Propane is a very costly fuel. - You have to keep an eye on your propane supply, as you can run out of it anytime. Does a propane heater need vents? Although a propane heater produces less carbon monoxide than other heaters, still, they need vents for safety purposes. I am Richard A. Jackson man behind propane heating solution, An HVAC expert working as a team lead of the heating department, Provide services all over the USA (around all major cities), and from planning to implementation, you will get all your solution here. We provide various tanks (propane and other natural gases) and deal with disposable waste.

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Official: The most basic type of DNS record used to point a domain or subdomain to an IP address. DNS record that maps an alias name to the true domain name. Site address purchased from a registrar. Unique numeric string separated by periods that identifies each computer using the Internet Protocol to communicate over a network. Domain Name Server, DNS, or Name Server A computer that hosts a network service that provides responses to queries against a directory service, like what we would call a phone book. It translates word based addresses to IP addresses. A company or organization that manages the registration of domain names and maintains the official registration information. A domain name registrar must be accredited by a generic top-level domain (gTLD) registry and/or a country code top-level domain (ccTLD) registry. The time required for DNS changes made to a DNS zone to be observed at the client. DNS entries are cached by many applications including browsers and other DNS servers. A cached DNS entry will be saved locally and reused for every request until the cached entry expires on the server. Typically 12 to 24 hours. In a previous post on How to Use Heading Tags. We left out a key piece of information, defining what a title tag designates, and what it does not. Headings tags wrap headlines or important points only. Applying them designates the wrapped content as a headline of some type. They do not designate or wrap the section of body copy supporting the headline. The h1 tag wraps the blog title. An h2 tag could wrap section headings. H3 tags could wrap subheadings or important points, but you don’t wrap a whole paragraph in an h tag. Here’s an example: Each bit of copy wrapped in <h#> tags above is simply a headline of one type or another. The supporting paragraphs of information that come after are not wrapped in header tags. Instead, they are the supporting information for the headline. HTML Header Tags , or heading tags, as their name suggests, differentiate the types of headings and subheadings in a blog post. Some people call them head tags or SEO header tags. H1 through h6 tags designate a top down hierarchy of importance in html. The h1 tag is the most important tag. Every page should have a single h1 tag reserved for the title of the article, page or product. H2 through h6 are then used for decreasingly significant titles. We do not break the chain or skip levels of the hierarchy as we write to maintain on-page SEO. For example, if your page title is an h1 tag and you immediately follow that with an h4 tag, the hierarchy is broken. It makes the heading structure harder for the search engine to crawl and categorize. Advantages of Using Heading Tags Structure your heading tags for search Prepare and segregate content for end users Improve site accessibility for people with disabilities Header tags and SEO: Search engines succeed when they provide more recent, relevant content than their competitors. To establish relevancy, they compare the words in the header tags with the content in respective sections. Google, Bing and other search engines use a program called a spider to crawl your posts, pages and products. It sends your content back for their servers and algorithms to measure the content. One of the most important measurements is keyword consistency. The h1 is the most important tag and should never be skipped The comparison starts with the H1 Tag. This tag provides a basic description which all successive content is compared. Search spiders pay special attention to the words used in the h1 tag. Because of this, it should contain a basic description of the page content, In WordPress, your page title is automatically made into your h1 tag. Search engines don’t just measure everything against the h1 tag. H2 through h6 tags are measured as well. Each successive SEO header tag should be supported with a paragraph or more of relevant content. There is no magic number of words, use what is required to support your content. The primary use of heading tags is for SEO, not to gain the larger, more prominent fonts. However, well thought out styling, applied via CSS enhances and standardizes the presentation of a web page. It provides a cleaner look. Head Tags to Enhance UX: Heading tags give the user a clear idea of what the page content is about. The human eye scans content easily with head tags in place. By reading the different heading tags, users can scan a page and read only the section they are interested in. You’ll improve readability, time on site and click through rates by properly implementing head tags. As a side benefit, search engines give a great deal of importance to user-experience on a site, meaning the presence of heading tags becomes an important component of SEO. Header Tags and Accessibility: Poorly structured content makes it difficult for users of screen readers to navigate and harder to understand what they are being presented with. by taking the time to identify your titles when you write, you save end users with screen readers countless hours of frustration. It’s each bloggers responsibility to properly structured headings on a page. There are accessibility standards we should all strive to achieve. We begin to address many of these standards, such as providing navigable, readable, predictable & compatible content, through the proper use of heading tags. These tags enhance content readability and make your web pages appear and operate in predictable ways. Heading Tags also maximize compatibility with current and future user agents, including assistive technologies. They provide ways to help users navigate, find content, and determine where they are. Things you should not be doing with heading tags Do not stuff your heading tags with keywords – Use what’s necessary to provide a short, sensible description. Do not use more than one h1 tag on a page – One h1 heading per page lets everyone know what one thing to expect in the content. Do not use heading tags as hidden text – Hidden text has long been decried by search engines and users. It never helps and always causes penalties for your site ranking. Do not repeat heading tags on different pages of your site. It’s confusing to search engines and users. Maintain unique heading tags sitewide. Do not use identical content for both your page’s h1 tag and meta title tag – Differentiating the two enhances SEO and enhances usability. Do not use heading tags for styling text – Use CSS to accomplish styling and use header tags to organize and structure content. Lately I’ve had quite a few conversations with fellow web developers looking for guidance on how to win an RFP. We’ve been blessed recently with quite a few successes and I’d like to share a little secret with you, the same secret I’ve shared with them. Winning RFPs simply comes from listening. Understanding your clients needs and demonstrating you can meet them quantitatively. You don’t win RFPs by betting on qualitative information, hoping for uneducated customers or relying on slick salesmen. You don’t win RFPs by having been in business longer than your competitor, by having more sites or by having a huge staff. You win RFPs by demonstrating good work, by matching the right staff to the project, and by showing the client your capability to exceed their expectations. We’ve all felt insecurities but they are just that, insecurities. Remember these two things; 1) RFPs are part of a vetting process designed to separate wheat from the chaff and 2) RFPs are often written by committee so simple, clear objectives are hard to come by. This is where the saying, “Fail quickly” comes to mind. It’s OK to be the chaff, but find out quickly by identifying objectives, understanding why the objectives exist, and proving whether you meet the need. Base your decision on facts, not insecurities. Achieving 100% compliance and traceability shows that you understand the project from the clients point of view As to whether you’re wheat or chaff for the project you’re looking at right now, find out fast by bringing a Requirements Traceability Matrix, RTM, into your bidding workflow. In programming, this can be an extensive project in itself, but here we are using simplified chart to prove, through small Test Cases, whether you can fulfill each requirement. It’s an easy way to see how requirements relate to services. When you’re done, you’ll know whether to bid with confidence or no-bid. How do you set up a Requirements and Test Cases for a Traceability Matrix? Set up a graph and create three columns titled Requirement, RFQ Location and Response Location. list what the client wants, their Requirements, vertically under the first column. Now show the relationship to the RFP by filling in the second column where the request is located. Your ability to fulfill a need is the result of a Test Case, often referred to as a Test Oracle. If you move forward, you’ll have to write out the proposal. What better way to start than with all of the Test Cases and their related Test Oracles in a concise outline. Proving your capabilities in outline format in a separate document and listing the numbers from your outline in the third column of your chart provides an easy to follow index for your team and for your client. As a side note, you’ll often find that your clients will refer back to the RTM you’ve created as the basis for determining project completion. That in itself is a key differentiator. What does an RTM look like for ? The list of requirements can become extensive, but let’s look at what a few examples would look like in chart format: Requirements Traceability Matrix Name, Title, Address of three references Ability to complete the project within the allotted timeline Development of 3 Custom Post Types The corresponding Response Location’s outline would look like this: I. Name, title and address of three references: A. Name, Title and address of reference 1 B. Name, Title and address of reference 2 C. Name, Title and address of reference 3 II. Ability to complete the project within the allotted timeline: A. Schedule clear for dates specified in RFQ Section 4. Ability to complete reviewed by KM and JW. B. Real Big Marketing is able to begin the project upon issue of purchase order per client request and will be completely implemented no later than August XX, XXXX(NOTE: Per client instruction this excludes Section 12 – Content Migration). III. Development of 3 Custom Post Types and 3 corresponding templates: A. Per RFP Section 5, client requires three CPTs; 1) Testimonials, 2) Coupons, 3)Staff. Reviewed by SB, KM, JW. No technical barriers. Add .5 hours to meet design spec. It’s a simple solution to remove the insecurities and make the bid/no-bid decision. Wheat or chaff, you’re streamlining your RFP response process. When you decide to bid, you’ll find that you’re tightly aligned to the client. You can quickly demonstrate, point-by-point, that you’ll meet and exceed their expectations. No slick salesman required, just build out the outline. You’re more qualified than you think. We are planning an upcoming CPG promotion and determining what data is need to move forward with inbound marketing as one component of an integrated strategy. Success means motivating parents and grand parents to buy a retail item, especially online; an item designed to help children grow. A segment of our target audience contains senior citizens, who are not as well represented online. We’re buying lists for direct marketing. Those are easy to use and packed with data. However, our desire to have clients purchase online is dynamically opposed to their desire to be there. We’re aware that this group will require alternative means of order placement, and those channels exist. This discussion is in regard to optimization the conversion rate for seniors that do visit the site. How much do I need to know about my customers? “Everything” is a cumbersome, clunky response that’s ill conceived especially with this demographic. Many media articles would have you believe that big data is the only way to unlock success. Consider these four points: Mental Models and age groups Protection of consumer data Friction to completion Testing means change Make it familiar User experience (UX) engineers rely on what are called mental models or intuition of how something works based on previous experiences. Hypothetically this is why your grandparents can use a complex object like a car or a microwave but have a lower representation on the internet. Their mental model of a remote control is extensive and familiar whereas their comprehension of the internet is less robust. Consumers have their guard up for good reason. The same media outlets telling you that data is useful are the same media outlets warning consumers about the nefarious reasons data is collected and evil corporate intentions. With good reason. Spam and exploitation are two of the biggest consumer fears coming from black hat marketing. These are people who either believe their tactics are perfectly ethical, even though they’re not; or worse, they know they are horrible and do it on purpose. Keep it simple There’s also a school of thought among marketers about friction. Basically, that adding questions or complexity to a workflow also ads friction toward completion. More questions therefore equals fewer respondents. Narrow it down There are a million data points you could request: name, email, address, children’s names, etc. Narrow it down to optimize the response rate. Segregate your data into groups; required, useful, and extra. The only required field to communicate for inbound portion of this campaign was the purchasers email address. Personalization of the message could come from first and last name, so they were useful. Everything else, like physical location and other demographic data could come later so it’s extra. Always Be Testing There is middle ground. By clearly defining the data needed versus the data that’s wanted you’ll quickly identify the items To test on the form. For our example we’ll start with Email address required and the first and last names will be available to fill out but not required. The form gathers the necessary information but is simple enough to remove friction. From there we’ll begin split A/B testing to produce the highest conversion rate. Marketers are testing and pushing against the hypothesis that seniors prefer not to go online. Our team believes that there are tools we can use to overcome the obstacles. Moving mature clientele online is just the first hurdle. Once there, It’s our responsibility to bolster response by; making the workflow familiar to other situations where they have ordered products, protecting their data and demonstrating that trust both visually and in our actions, keeping the workflow simple, asking for little more than what’s required, and continuously testing.

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Don’t worry if you recognize the imposing stone structure—it doesn’t mean you have a criminal record. The Ohio State Reformatory at Mansfield was used in several movies but particularly featured in The Shawshank Redemption. The stunning architecture, however, doesn’t need residual Hollywood glory to impress. During a recent trip to Ohio to hang out at a rented house among the hills, after biking and canoeing and making s’mores over a campfire, we toured the reformatory. Despite the Romanesque castle-like appearance, the structure was designed to be a prison from the start, opening in 1896 after ten years of construction. The Cleveland architect based it on a castle in France and wanted the limestone building to be as inspiring as it was intimidating, since the goal was to reform and rehabilitate instead of punish. The inmates sent there were too old for juvenile corrections but had committed relatively minor offenses. They were to receive three things—religion, education, and a trade. I was impressed that incoming prisoners were tested for a full four to six weeks to assess their level of education, abilities, and psychological stability. The reformatory would be their home for eighteen months; they would be released after that if they showed sincere progress. If not, in for another eighteen. This may sound a bit crazy to us today, but it worked: the warden reported only a 10% recidivism rate. Current rates today are reported as anywhere from 65-85%, though it’s generally lower for nonviolent offenses such as Reformatory inmates may have committed. The Reformatory was influenced by a reform movement in America that began before the Civil War and emphasized the importance of impartiality, routine and non-idleness to benefit the inmates. Also, strict cleanliness—tuberculosis was the leading cause of death in the U.S. and the close quarters of a prison made it a special danger. As for non-idleness, the inmates could work at the furniture or shoe factory, the print or machine shops, the power plant, or the farm which provided a great deal of the prison’s food. Religious services of every stripe were provided and encouraged—as were sports and even outside performers to put on plays and musical recitals. This is not to make the prison a pleasant place to be, especially as an increase in crime during Prohibition brought on overcrowding. As I toured the cells I realized that not only are they half the size of what you see in the movie, they were shared by two inmates in bunk beds. Mansfield’s fortunes continued to change after a fire at the maximum-security Ohio Penitentiary in Columbus, a tragedy that killed three hundred and twenty-two people. This led to two hundred of those maximum-security prisoners being transferred to the ‘intermediate’ prison in Mansfield, which increased both overcrowding and the dangerous quality of the inmates. Prison reform has always interested me. I read up on it as research for a few of my books. I found one author who suggested that instead of minimum, medium and maximum levels there should be ten different levels of incarceration. The worst offenders would start at 1, with absolutely nothing in their cell. For level 2, one book at a time, level 3, a radio and a book, and so on up to a halfway house at 10. He thought this would provide great incentive for good behavior because no one would want to go down a level. I thought a similar tweak would be to segregate prisoners by age, in five-year increments, so a fifty year old inmate wouldn’t have to worry about attack from a guy half his age. I used that idea in a different way in my juvenile detention facility in Suffer the Children—the kids’ secure areas each held only two age groups and they moved on their birthday, no exceptions. It might break up friendships, but as with adults, hanging out with types like their fellow inmates most likely contributed to their incarceration in the first place. My book Blunt Impact revolved around a towering prison under construction, one with a radical interior design. Assuming inmates must be most afraid of other inmates, I designed the cells to have educational resources, exercise and even a caged balcony for some fresh air, so that inmates would never leave their cells. Boring, but safe. Inmates could talk to their neighbors all they wanted, but no one had to worry about being shivved in the lunch line. Perhaps not practical, but if I had to go to prison, it’s what I would prefer. Despite various reform efforts over the years, the United States puts more people in jail per capita than any country in the world. But I’m not terribly comfortable with many European countries where many convicted of murder only serve ten or so years. Surely there has to be better way. It’s a vast, sprawling topic that could barely be covered in a college course, so I won’t try to tackle it in any real way here. By the 1980s Mansfield’s situation had deteriorated so much that a group of inmates sued the state of Ohio over their conditions, and won in federal court. The Reformatory closed for good in 1990 and sat empty for several years until local activists purchased the building from the state for one dollar. They renovated several rooms on the first floor but left the rest of it as is. But if you ever find yourself in Mansfield, Ohio, check out the magnificent architecture of their very pretty, supposedly haunted, available for corporate events, (ex-) prison. Would you host your next corporate event at this uniquely pretty former prison?

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The coronavirus family (Coronaviridae) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA, with a size of 27 kb. These viruses have a potential species specificity and interspecies transmission. The interspecies transmission of viruses from one host species to another is a major factor responsible for the majority of emerging and reemerging infections. The Coronaviridae is one of the most popular emerging viral families that threaten to the public health. Emerging and Reemerging Viral Pathogens, Volume 1: Fundamental and Basic Virology Aspects of Human, Animal and Plant Pathogens, 2020, Pages 127-149,

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The mysterious figure of the dinosaur has been a source of fascination for generations of both children and adults. These majestic creatures were some of the most imposing to ever walk the earth, and yet much of what we know about them is up for speculation. The detailed models and illustrations we see today are all based on the tireless efforts of archaeologists and other scientists. These intuitive professionals work painstakingly to put together ill-defined pieces in what could be thought of as a very ancient and incomplete puzzle: the fossil record beneath the earth’s surface. Luckily, the Indiana Jones that lurks in each of us can readily keep up with news of their latest discoveries and see these new discoveries manifest in the way model dinosaurs evolve over the years. Just like how we keep our fascination with The Lion King’s popular franchise, the Lion Guard toys. These exciting toys surely help children’s cognitive development while making their playtime more exciting. The KudaKid toy known as “The Amazing Brachiosaurus” is one of the most intricate and accurately designed dinosaur models on toy store shelves. What’s more, you can start an extensive collection of “amazing” KudaKid dinosaurs for yourself or the budding paleontologist in your family. The models set the scene for ideal experiential playtime moments. The brachiosaurus will become an extension of your child’s hand, rather than some video game console or mobile phone device. Plus, the dinosaurs often seem to spark an educational dialog about the animal’s diet, habitat, prey, predators, etc. Kids spend hours tracing the prehistoric footsteps of the brachiosaurus and his Jurassic cohorts. Then, they want to learn more and more. The brachiosaurus figure weighs approximately two pounds and is durable enough for years of roughhousing and educational fun. There are no small parts or choking hazards associated with the toy either. That means you could easily leave it in the hands of a two or three-year old, though it is probably ideal for kids aged five years and older. With Jurassic World, the newest installment in the Jurassic Park movie franchise, fresh in our minds as a recent summer blockbuster, dinosaurs are all the rage once again. Encourage your kids to set aside electronic devices and pick up the KudaKid brachiosaurus. Later, you might even choose to use the dinosaur as a family learning project as you look up more information about the life of the brachiosaurus. Who wouldn’t want to get their son or daughter hooked on a topic that comes with an opportunity for a lifetime of learning? It’s all available with the simple yet expertly designed KudaKid dino “The Amazing Brachiosaurus”. I received payment, product(s) or services in exchange for an honest opinion. I only recommend products or services I use personally and/or I believe would be helpful for my readers. The opinions expressed in this post are entirely my own. Your experience with the product(s) or service(s) may differ from mine.

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Lottery is a form of gambling wherein numbers are drawn to determine the winners of a prize. Lotteries are typically organized by governments and regulated by law. While they may not offer the same level of security as traditional casinos, the government does provide oversight to ensure that the games are fair and that the proceeds are used appropriately. While many people play lottery for the money, there are also those who use it as a way to improve their life. This is especially true for those who have been dealt a bad hand in life, such as the victims of domestic violence or drug addiction. For them, winning the lottery is their only hope of a fresh start. People who have won the lottery are often able to maintain their wealth, but others are not so lucky. In fact, a lot of lottery winners end up losing most or all of their newfound riches soon after the win. The main reason for this is that many people do not understand how to manage their finances. Lottery promoters know this and are aware of the psychology behind their games. They make sure to advertise the enormous jackpots and entice customers with promises of instant wealth. But there’s a lot more going on here than just that. These games are dangling the promise of easy riches in an age of inequality and limited social mobility. They’re using this to get people to buy tickets, even if they aren’t likely to win.

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Yesterday was, of course, Memorial Day and most of us were probably outdoors, celebrating at a picnic or a parade—eating, drinking and soaking up the sun. But yesterday was also Sunscreen Protection Day, so we thought this would be a good time to look into the history of sunscreen. Let’s take a look at how this wonderful protective product came into being. With summer on the horizon and long hot sunny days ahead, we all want to enjoy our time in the sun and to avoid a nasty sunburn. Of course, you can simply cover your entire body in a sheet or hide under an umbrella to avoid the harmful rays of the sun; but if you have any desire to move, play or swim, that’s probably not practical. So sunscreen was invented as a way to give us protection from the burning rays of the sun in a way that lets us enjoy the great outdoors. From ancient times, humans have made the connection between overexposure to sunlight and painful, blistering red skin. In fact, the ancient Egyptians made potions of rice bran extracts and jasmine to ward off sun damage and heal burned skin. But until the 19th century, most scientists believed that sunburn was caused by heat damage. Then in 1801, a scientist named Johann Wilhelm Ritter was able to measure light below the visible spectrum and discovered ultraviolet (UV) rays. He postulated, correctly, that the UV radiation was causing skin cells to become inflamed, and that it was this radiation, not heat, that caused sunburn. Further experiments throughout the 1800s clearly demonstrated the causal link between UV rays and sunburn, but it took another century before a practical lotion was invented to protect skin (this explains why large hats and parasols were in fashion). Then in 1928, Karl Hausser and Wilhelm Vahle reported that sunburn in human skin is caused by specific wavelengths of the UV spectrum, and realized that the skin could be protected by filtering out those wavelengths using an emulsion of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and benzyl salicylate. This led to the first commercially available sunscreen produced in the United States. Around the same time in Europe, Eugene Schueller invented another type of sunscreen and went on to start the company L’Oreal, now a billion dollar conglomerate for skin and hair products. Another European, Franz Greiter, created a product called Gletscher Crème (Glacier Cream) after getting a bad sunburn while mountain climbing in the Alps. He developed a way to measure a product’s ability to block ultraviolet rays, which became known as the Sun Protection Factor, or SPF. Back in the United States, Benjamin Green, an airman and pharmacist, used a greasy substance called ‘red vet pet’ (red veterinary petrolatum) to protect himself and other soldiers stationed in the Pacific from ultraviolet rays during World War II. It worked primarily as a sun ‘block’—a physical barrier between the skin and the sun. While it did the job, the petroleum-based compound was sticky, uncomfortable, and stained fabrics; making it impractical as a commercial venture. After the war, Greene later developed a more consumer-friendly formula and founded the company Coppertone. Today scientists have positively confirmed that spending time in the sun increases the risk of skin cancer and early skin aging. Medical organizations such as the American Cancer Society and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommend the use of sunscreen because it aids in the prevention of developing skin cancer. In fact, the FDA has just this month released new labeling rules for sunscreens and offered more guidance for consumers trying to avoid sunburns. So go outside and enjoy your summer, but remember to use at least an SPF 15 before you do.

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As a practice we specialise in the adaption and re-use of existing and historic buildings, to help make them as sustainable as possible. Our two directors are passionate about sustainability and the historic built environment. With Stuart having expertise in all things eco-tech and Kirsty a qualified Conservation Architect, they make a great combination. We were heartened by the campaign launched recently by the Architects Journal encouraging the Re-use of existing buildings. RetrofitFirst asks architects to sign up to putting the re-use of buildings first and to work , where possible, with what is already in our built world. The quote above is from last week’s magazine cover and we thought it perfectly encapsulated our own beliefs about working with existing buildings in the south west. The demolition of existing structures to enable the building of new ones is clearly not a sustainable approach – even if the new building uses less energy. The best approach is to help make our existing building stock more sustainable by reducing unnecessary air leakage, improving insulation in an appropriate manner and making sure they are well looked after by carefully repairing and renewing them. Old buildings are incredibly adaptable – not something that can always be said of our new building stock, which is often difficult to adapt to new uses. Careful extensions and alterations to older buildings can help to breathe new life into a project, without detrimentally impacting on their historic significance. Many of our projects use natural, breathable insulation to help reduce heat loss. The use of natural fibre insulation is growing rapidly at the moment, with natural and sustainable options on the market such as sheep wool, find out more here. This is particularly successful when converting loft spaces or barns. Solid walls however don’t always need an additional layer of insulation, with thick stone and cob walls working as excellent heat stores. The image below shows the addition of external wood fibre insulation to a 1970’s extension. This approach works well with existing cavity walls, although insulating internally is often a better approach for listed buildings. Historic England encourage owners to look to the past for solutions to problems of heat loss and draughts. Historically home owners would have hung tapestries and had thick curtains or shutters to help keep them warm. A similar approach today and help keep your Listed property warm without unnecessary intervention. See their advice on their website here. Repairing old windows is also a much more sustainable approach than replacing them with UPVC. Many windows are able to be adapted with the insertion of slim double glazing units with systems like Pilkington Spacia providing a high quality option. Secondary glazing is not always the most practical solution, but can works well and companies like Mitchell & Dickinson in North Devon offer a service to repair and renovate timber windows alongside installing very low impact secondary glazing. Using recycled materials is an approach we would like to take more often. Rotor, a Brussels-based design practice are creating a website that will help architects and building owners source recycled materials for their build. The UK version of the site can be accessed Here We are pleased to see Exeter’s Toby’s Reclamation Yard on the list, and hopefully more locations in the south west will be added. Rotor have an arm of their business that salvages materials from demolition sites and sorts them for re-use. Hopefully this idea will be will be taken on in the UK and it will become easier to source recycled materials for new build and refurbishment projects.

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When the island of Manhattan became too crowded, architects responded by building skyscrapers. The increasing density of components on “flat” computer chips is encouraging similar ideas, building upwards to create three-dimensional chips. But moving from flat interconnecting wires to 3D ones to link up different “storeys” has proved a tricky business – until now. Instead of soldering prefabricated wires in place, as is traditionally done to connect two parts of a chip, Min-Feng Yu and Jie Hu at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign have developed a technique to grow tiny 3D wires in situ which are tailor-made for their location. Yu and Hu’s technique is a modified form of electroplating, in which an electric current is used to coat a conductive surface with a thin layer of metal, deposited from a liquid electrolyte. Such a technique theoretically offers a way to directly “write” metal wires onto a surface. But using such electrodeposition to build tiny wires, rather than indiscriminately plating an entire surface, is challenging. One option is to hold the electrolyte in a pipette that’s then brought near to the conductive surface. Then, when an electrical potential is applied between the two, a thin “liquid bridge” is established. Copper or platinum particles in the electrolyte are attracted to the surface, creating a small metallic blob. Yu and Hu realised that because the metallic blob continues to grow away from the surface and along the liquid bridge as long as the electrical potential is applied, the method offers a way to grow 3D wires that extend above the surface instead of just “two-dimensional” ones that run along it. The trick is to carefully synchronise the speed with which the micropipette is withdrawn from the surface so that it matches the growth rate of the metal blob. When done correctly, the micropipette leaves a solid, 3D metallic structure in its wake. By moving the pipette parallel to the surface, instead of just vertically away from it, it is possible to create intricate 3D structures (see image). Such metallic bridges could link different parts of a conductive surface, or link two conductive surfaces or components at different heights on a 3D chip. With a small enough pipette, the researchers have grown freestanding interconnects more than 80 micrometres long but just 100 nanometres wide. “That’s one order of magnitude smaller in diameter than is possible in current practice,” says Yu. Take the heat These interconnects can withstand current densities a million times higher than those that will burn out a traditionally soldered interconnect, because the electrodeposited metal forms a much stronger bond with the surface than a soldered joint. The work provides an “elegant solution” to the problem of growing intricately shaped 3D wires in chip manufacture, says Peter Searson of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. “It is likely to be an important new tool for the fabrication of three dimensional architectures at the micron scale.” Yu and Hu now hope to shrink the diameter of their wires by yet another order of magnitude, while also scaling up the technique to create a quick, industrially compatible process. “Instead of fabricating wires one by one, we will try to find a way to fabricate them in an array fashion,” says Yu. Journal reference: Science, DOI: 10.1126/science.1190496

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Picture Book Biographies for Kids who Love Modern Art So you have a budding artist in the house. Or maybe you just want to expose your kiddo to the great modern masters from an early age. Whatever your motive, introducing your children to modern art is a great way to get them expressive. If nothing else, artists can teach us all a lesson or two in perseverance, overcoming obstacles, and following your passion. Modern art allows kids to be daring – to take risks and push the boundaries of creativity. And reading real life stories of pioneers in art teaches kids that it’s ok to be different. There are a number of great series out there (and we do encourage you to pick them up as well)...Smart About Art does a nice job. So does the Who Was . . . ? series and Getting to Know the World’s Greatest Artists. And Laurence Anholt’s books are about children making a pivotal impact in various artists’ careers. But don’t overlook these lovely picture book biographies that are practically a work of art themselves! by Jan Greenberg and Sandra Jordan Looking for a glimpse into the real life of an artist? This book focuses on a two-month period in Jackson Pollock’s life that leads up to the creation of his painting, No. 1, 1950 (Lavender Mist). From insight into daily routines, inspirations, and techniques, the lyrical text weaves in Pollock’s own quotes as well as comments from his inner circle – making it almost as energetic as his paintings. Lively watercolors burst off the page and capture the spirit of the artist. Pollock swoops, curves, and gets extremely physical – splattering paint in his uniquely choreographed style of action painting. Full of energy and grand gestures, this book is truly dazzling. by Duncan Tonatiuh Ever wonder what a famous artist would paint if he or she were alive today? This picture book biography takes little ones on Diego Rivera’s artistic journey and beyond. From an early age, Diego was mischievous. He loved trains. And he loved painting. Tonatiuh nicely depicts the artist’s key defining moments while introducing little ones to ancient Mexican civilizations – and giving them a lesson in art history. A tall order indeed. But one that he executes perfectly. As a bonus, the latter half of the book is dedicated to imaging what Rivera might paint today, if he were alive. Then and now comparisons are fun and thought-provoking . . . a nice format to get those critical thinking skills working. by Natasha Wing Colors and shapes aren’t just for preschoolers . . . you can base an entire career on studying them! As a child in Germany, Joseph Albers loved watching his father paint doors as if they were canvases. As a young man in the States, he pursued experiments in art. But when he visited Mexico, he fell in love with...color! Joseph studied color meticulously like a scientist. He reduced art to a simple form – nothing more than a square. But he played with the shape endlessly, mixing up colors and changing the mood of each piece accordingly. The book does a great job of showing how Joseph forever changed the way we understand color and the way we look at art. It includes a color wheel and plenty of incredibly vibrant, interactive illustrations to get kids experimenting themselves. by Maya Angelou, illustrated by Jean-Michel Basquiat Ever thought you could 1) calm your child’s scariest thoughts 2) get them begging you to read them poetry and 3) expose them to some super hip modern art all with one picture book? Life Doesn’t Frighten Me pairs Maya Angelou’s lyrical verse with Jean-Michel Basquiat’s edgy art for a real lesson in fearlessness. Angelou’s poem explodes off the page: "Dragons breathing flame / On my counterpane / That doesn't frighten me at all. / I go boo / Make them shoo / I make fun / Way they run / I won't cry / So they fly" – words of defiance and courage. And Basquiat’s paintings? Well, they’re raw and visceral, capturing childhood fears through intense imagery. Brief biographies on both the poet laureate and the renowned artist are included in the book. A truly stunning read! by Jeanette Winter At some point, every child has to make one very important decision . . . whether to follow the masses or do their own thing. Georgia O’Keefe decided to do the latter. She refused to wear a sash or stockings. She never braided her hair. And she decided to be an artist. This book chronicles O’Keefe’s journey as an artist from a little girl playing by herself to a debutant discovering the steel canyons of NYC, an artist painting the vast plains of New Mexico, and on to the ripe, old age of ninety-eight. The text is sparse and includes quotes from the artist’s own writings. The illustrations are bright, folksy, and full of color – including famous sky, flower, and skull paintings in Winter’s signature style. by Tanya Lee Stone Think Alexander Calder and you’re probably seeing a variety of elegantly minimalist mobiles in primary colors. But did you know that he owned an entire circus? As a little boy, Sandy would tinker with odds and ends, making toys and trinkets for his friends. And as an adult, he couldn’t stop. He paraded around Paris with wire and pliers, ready to create something fabulous on the spot. When Sandy made a little lion out of wire, a circus was born! Before long he had acrobats, lion tamers, a strongman . . . . a motley of big top characters crammed into five suitcases. And he traveled the world, putting on an animated circus performance for cheering crowds. The book is fast-paced and the illustrations are really spectacular. Besides, what little kids aren’t going to love the idea of a circus of their own? by James Warhola What would it be like to have the world’s hippest uncle? Just ask James Warhola, Andy Warhol’s nephew. Better yet, read the true story of his encounters with the famous artist. Warhola grew up on his father’s junkyard, with trash and treasures strewn all about. But on surprise visits to see his uncle in NYC, life couldn’t be more different. There, the streets were lined with sublime buildings and even cooler cars. There, Warhol’s house was filled with wigs and paintings and 25 cats all named Sam. But most important, there, junk could be turned into art. Illustrations pull little ones into 1960’s NYC and offer up nice reproductions of Warhol’s work, as well as cutaways of his amazing house. With all the off-beat antics, kiddos will truly fall for the king of Pop Art. Do your little ones have a favorite artist biography they just can’t put down? Share your best-loved books with us! We are a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.Tags : books picture books biography art

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Lessons for Living "Simple is easily understood, not What does it mean to say that some problems have simple solutions? It means that you most likely already know what to do or can easily find out. You dont need a complex answer. For example the solution to the problem of losing weight is simple. You only need to know two things and almost everyone knows them. Eat less and exercise more. What could be simpler? Now, have you ever tried to do these two things? Have you tried this simple solution for losing weight? If so, you probably found it very difficult to do. You see, simple and easy are not the same. Simple is easily understood, not easily done. Life actually has a lot of simple solutions. Do you need to stop smoking? It is simple. Dont light up again. Do you need more exercise? Also simple, always climb the stairs. Need to relax? Sit down and take a deep breath. Solving lifes problems means that you need to change and the real difficulty of changing is not one of "not knowing" but rather of "not doing." To change, you have to act. You must do something different. Understanding alone is not sufficient. The doing is the hard part and that is where discipline comes in. As the athletic shoe commercial says, "Just do it." What is required is intentional daily effort. You wake up one morning, focus on your goal, and begin the effort of change. Then, you do it all day long, everyday, until the goal is reached. This effort must be done mindfully. This means you must observe yourself in the process and when you wander away from the task (which you will) just bring yourself back and begin again. If you wander away and return enough you will eventually reach your goal. This process works much like an airplanes autopilot. The autopilot is programmed towards a destination. As the airplane flies it wanders off course to the right but soon self-corrects and comes back on course only to wander too far to the left. Again, it self-corrects. Through this process of continually returning to the goal the airplane eventually arrives at its destination even though it may have been off course 90% of the time. You too can reach your goal even if you are frequently off course. Just, monitor yourself and self-correct. Solving lifes problems requires effort plus self-correction. It is important to note that this is self-correction and not self-criticism. Self-correction uses information to help you refocus and begin again. Self-criticism uses information to rob you of energy and stop the process of change. So, the next time you stray from a goal and eat that doughnut or light up that cigarette, dont fall into negative self-criticism. It will only distract and discourage you. Simply refocus on the goal and begin again. Begin enough times and you will succeed. When facing a problem in life always look to see if the solution is simple. See if you already know what to do. If you do, then, "Just do it." ©2000 Daniel H. Johnston. All Rights Reserved.

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When you compose essays, it’s easy to become caught up in the mechanics of the written sentence and lose sight of the idea . However, an essay is more, in general, an essayist statement that present the author’s standpoint, but sometimes the definition is unclear, overlapping with that of an individual letter, article, report, short story, and an article. Essays are historically categorized as casual and formal. Formal essays involve well-developed argument and are written for a particular purpose or audience, whereas informal essays are written more for amusement or entertainment purposes, even though they could possibly be written in any subject or subject provided that the style doesn’t deviate from the subject itself. The rules for formal and casual essay styles are almost identical, but in regards to structure, the rules change slightly. Since we all know how to compose an essay, writing one could be a simple matter of using a pencil and paper to summarize the main points and then after the outline to write the body of your essay. But it may not be as simple to write an essay using this process, particularly if you’ve never written one before. In order to write an essay with construction, it’s very important to make an outline. When you summarize, you develop the idea of your essay subject, giving you thoughts about the major points you want to go over from the body of your own job, as well as creating sub-areas so you can flesh out your arguments and send it at a well-planned manner. The structure of an essay depends mostly on the fashion of the author. Several of the most admired essayists in the background of essay writing developed their thoughts over a period of time. For instance, Montaigne is famed for his composition“Je Suis Un homme earache,“ that was written between about 1630 and 1660. Montaigne’s style of argumentation and his usage of personal pronouns (he, she, him) makes his essays unique among contemporary essayists. John Locke wrote many powerful and significant essays, a few of which are still highly regarded. His type of argumentation is also quite distinctive and very like that of Montaigne. If you want to learn how to write essays, then you should first learn how to compose a paragraph essay. The structure of a paragraph essay looks like that of most written pieces of literature, though some degree of separation is permitted between paragraphs. Among the most significant rules of how to compose essays is that each paragraph must build upon the previous one. A good instance of this would be the end of the last paragraph. You don’t have to start and end each paragraph in precisely the exact same manner as the other onesnevertheless, the conclusion must correctly relate to the prior paragraphs. A student who wants to learn how to write essays can benefit a whole lot from the help of an application essay trainer. These are professionals that have a fantastic deal of expertise in assisting students to write a perfect essay. They are also quite good in developing a personal connection with their clients and helping them to tailor the article to their specific needs. If you’re a student interested in learning how to compose essays and would like to improve your essay writing skills, a program essay trainer may be the answer. Among the most common kinds of essay subjects taught at all four US universities would be the United States history program. Students have a good deal of choices when it comes to writing https://www.affordable-papers.net/ this kind of essay. Students can choose to write a persuasive composition, including using primary and secondary sources to support a particular point of view, or they can write a composition that simply assesses the evidence and makes a general statement concerning the events and people of the previous century. Regardless of what style of essay they choose to compose, students will have the ability to use the examples and tips provided by an essay trainer to compose an impressive and persuasive composition.

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The 2021 edition of Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report monitors and assesses achievements in the global quest for universal access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy by 2030. The latest available data and selected energy scenarios reveal that at today’s rate of progress, the world is not on track to achieve SDG 7. This is particularly true of the most vulnerable countries and those that were already lagging. This report also examines various ways to bridge the gaps, chief among them the goal of significantly scaling up renewable energy while maximizing its socioeconomic benefits. Figure ES.1 offers a snapshot of the primary indicators. This report was prepared as the COVID-19 pandemic and its broad social and economic disruptions entered a second year. The consequences of the pandemic are considered in this report, along with results from global modeling exercises—first to determine whether current policy ambitions are meeting the SDG 7 targets and, second, to identify what additional actions might be needed. The report also examines the investments levels required to achieve the goals. It presents scenarios drawn from the International Energy Agency’s (IEA) flagship publication, World Energy Outlook (IEA 2020b), and the International Renewable Energy Agency’s (IRENA) Global Renewables Outlook: Energy Transformation 2050 (IRENA 2020a). While renewable energy has demonstrated remarkable resilience during the pandemic, the unfortunate fact is that gains in energy access throughout Africa are being reversed: the number of people lacking access to electricity is set to increase in 2020, making basic electricity services unaffordable for up to 30 million people who had previously enjoyed access. The COVID-19 crisis has revealed the stark worldwide inequalities in access to reliable energy and health care, especially in rural and peri-urban areas, and has highlighted the need to expand energy access to help populations mitigate the effects of the crisis. With the world preparing for the September 2021 launch of the first United Nations High-Level Dialogue on Energy in decades, the time is right to enhance international collaboration and progress toward SDG 7. In this context, the SDG 7 custodian agencies—IEA, IRENA, the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), the World Bank, and the World Health Organization (WHO)—urge the international community and policy makers to safeguard existing gains toward SDG 7; not to lose sight of the need for continued action on affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all; and to maintain a strategic focus on the vulnerable countries needing the most support. Universal access to electricity. SDG target 7.1 is universal access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy services; 7.1.1 focuses on access to electricity. Recent progress in access to electricity was mixed, as is the outlook for 2030. While the share of people with access grew up to 90 percent in 2019, 759 million people still lack it. Half live in fragile and conflict-affected settings and 84 percent in rural areas. The IEA’s Stated Policies Scenario projects that in 2030 some 660 million people will still lack access to electricity. About 940 million people will have to be connected by 2030 to reach universal access. The COVID-19 crisis threatens progress in some parts of the world. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the number of people without access to electricity most likely grew in 2020. This means the access rate will have to more than triple between now and 2030. In Sub-Saharan Africa alone, this would mean connecting around 85 million people each year through 2030. Clean cooking solutions. If clean cooking fails to secure a foothold in the global political agenda, 2.4 billion people will be left with no access in 2030, according to IEA’s Stated Policies Scenario. Continuing to rely on polluting fuels and ine"cient technologies will have dramatic consequences for the environment, economic development, and most notably, on the health of women and children. The challenge in Developing Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa is to understand, first, how cultural, economic, and social factors combine to slow progress; and, second, how to expand acceptance of affordable and available solutions centered on cleaner fuels, cookstoves with very low emissions, and e"cient electric appliances that can be plugged into the grid or run on solar photovoltaic (PV) panels connected to a battery. Renewable energy. SDG target 7.2 is defined as a substantial increase in the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix. Renewable energy has seen unprecedented growth over the past decade, particularly for the generation of electricity. During the COVID-19 pandemic, renewables have proven more resilient than other parts of the energy sector, and their short-term outlook shows resilience in all regions, helped along by supportive policies and falling technology costs. Despite progress, however, the share of renewables in total final energy consumption (TFEC) is still only 17 percent, not much higher than the year before—because TFEC has grown at the same rate as renewables. The fact is that deployment levels of renewables are still quite far from those needed to meet SDG 7 and to achieve a meaningful decarbonization of the energy sector. The IEA’s Sustainable Development Scenario shows that intensified policy support and cost reductions could push the share of modern renewables in TFEC above 25 percent, with renewables accounting for a little more than half of electricity supply. IRENA’s Transforming Energy Scenario goes further, showing how the rapid growth in renewable energy could continue over the coming decade, with its share in TFEC reaching 28 percent by 2030 and the share of renewable sources in power generation reaching 57 percent. In the power sector, both the IEA and IRENA scenarios envisage that solar PV and wind will account for most renewables-based electricity generation by 2030. The outlook for the use of renewables in transport and heat is not as strong. Despite its large share of final energy consumption, heat receives limited policy attention globally compared with other end-use sectors. Energy effciency. SDG target 7.3 is to increase the global rate of improvement in energy e"ciency by 2030 to 2.6 percent annually (doubling the average of 1.3 percent achieved annually between 1990 and 2010).1 The rate of global primary energy intensity improvement—defined as the percentage decrease in the ratio of global total primary energy supply per unit of gross domestic product—has slowed in recent years. In the IEA’s Stated Policies Scenario, lower fuel prices are a key reason for a further slowing of the rate at which the energy intensity of the global economy improves. The annual rate of improvement stays at around 2 percent annually for 2019– 25 before rising slightly in subsequent years. In contrast, in the Sustainable Development Scenario, the average rate of improvement needed to meet the SDG 7.3 target has increased to 3 percent per year between 2018 and 2030, an increase of 0.4 percent from initial estimates prepared when the SDGs were developed. International public financial flows. The SDG 7.a.1 indicator measures international public financial flows to developing countries in support of renewable energy. These flows amounted to USD 14 billion in 2018, a 35 percent decrease from an all-time high of USD 21.9 billion the year before. Nevertheless, the overall trend in public financial flows has been positive over the past decade, increasing threefold during the period 2010– 18 when viewed as a five-year moving average. This trend, however, masks some important distributional discrepancies, with financial commitments concentrated in a few countries and thus failing to reach many of those most in need of international support. The 46 least developed countries (LDCs) received a mere 20 percent of public financial flows over the period 2010–18 and a total of USD 2.8 billion in 2018—the same level as in 2017 but lower than in 2016 and 2015. IEA and IRENA scenarios project that renewables investment needs to increase considerably — in the power sector alone, investment would need to grow from USD 300 billion to USD 550-850 billion a year throughout 2019-30. This would need to be supported by additional investments to an expanded and modernized electricity network and grid battery storage. International public financial flows are critical to reach these investment levels and to leverage the necessary amounts of private capital, especially in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has dramatically increased investors’ risk perception and shifted public funding priorities in developing countries. Source: United Nations

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The Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and Cattle Trough Association is an association that was set up in London by Samuel Gurney, a member of Parliament and philanthropist, and Edward Thomas Wakefield, a barrister, in 1859 to provide free drinking water. Originally called the Metropolitan Free Drinking Fountain Association it changed its name to include cattle troughs in 1867, to also support animal welfare. In 2011, as the Drinking Fountain Association, it began to support the Find-a-Fountain campaign to map the UK's drinking water fountains. Water provision in the nineteenth century was from nine private water companies each with a geographic monopoly, which provided inadequate quantities of water which was often contaminated, as was famously discovered by John Snow during the 1854 cholera epidemic. Population growth in London had been very rapid (more than doubling between 1800 and 1850) without an increase in infrastructure investment. Legislation in the mid nineteenth century gradually improved the situation. The Metropolitan Commission of Sewers was formed, water filtration was made compulsory, and water intakes on the Thames were forced to be moved above the sewage outlets. In this environment the public drinking fountain movement began, initially in Liverpool where the local government was granted the ability to buy out the private water companies in 1847. It built the first public baths and then encouraged philanthropic public drinking water fountains. This was taken up by Samuel Gurney. The Society was inaugurated in 1859 with the requirement "That no fountain be erected or promoted by the Association which shall not be so constructed as to ensure by filters, or other suitable means, the perfect purity and coldness of the water." The first fountain was built on Holborn Hill on the railings of the church of St Sepulchre-without-Newgate on Snow Hill, paid for by Samuel Gurney, and opened on 21 April 1859. It was moved in 1867 when the Holborn Viaduct was built but reinstated in 1913 where it remains. The fountain became immediately popular, used by 7000 people a day. In the next six years 85 fountains were built, but much of the funding came directly from the association; much of that money was provided directly by Samuel Gurney, as donations were not sufficient. Gradually the association became more widely accepted, benefiting from its association with Evangelical Christianity and the Temperance movement. Many were known as temperance fountains. Beer was the main alternative to water, and generally safer. The temperance societies had no real alternative as tea and coffee were too expensive, so drinking fountains were very attractive. Many were sited opposite public houses. The evangelical movement was encouraged to build fountains in churchyards to encourage the poor to see churches as supporting them. Many fountains have inscriptions such as "Jesus said whosoever drinketh of this water shall thirst again but whosoever drinketh of the water I shall give him shall never thirst". By 1877, the association was widely accepted and Queen Victoria donated money for a fountain in Esher. Charles Dickens, Jr.'s Dickens's Dictionary of London said in 1879, under "Drinking Fountains": Until the last few years London was ill-provided with public drinking fountains and cattle troughs. This matter is now well looked after by the Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and Cattle Trough Association, which has erected and is now maintaining nearly 800 fountains and troughs, at which an enormous quantity of water is consumed daily. It is estimated that 300,000 people take advantage of the fountains on a summer’s day, and a single trough has supplied the wants of 1,800 horses in one period of 24 hours. Several ornamental fountains have been provided by private munificence. Amongst these may be instanced the Baroness Burdett Coutts’s beautiful fountains in Victoria-park and Regent’s-park the Maharajah of Vizianagram’s in Hyde-park; Mrs. Brown’s, by Thornycroft, in Hamilton-place, Mr. Wheeler’s at the north of Kew-bridge; and Mr. Buxton’s at Westminster. In collaboration with the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, troughs were built for horses, cattle and dogs. Live cattle were still brought to market (at Smithfield and the Metropolitan Cattle Market); horses were vital for transport. Previously troughs were provided for patrons of public houses or for a charge (one example was inscribed All that water their horses here Must pay a penny or have some beer), and free ones made a huge difference; Hansom cabs travelled with maps showing the new free troughs, and they have been described as Victorian filling stations. The surviving cattle troughs are mainly large granite ones, in many cases planted with flowers. Earlier designs were of cast iron or zinc lined timber, but both were too easily damaged. Gradually the association became less radical. Having originally been one of the manifestations of Victorian private philanthropy recognising the limitations of the free market it became less important as local government began to provide more public services, and evangelical Nonconformism declined in importance. Wealthy patrons began to commission more elaborate fountains, designed by well known architects, as well as the simple granite standard patterns. The most elaborate were those built in 1862 by Angela Burdett-Coutts in Victoria Park which cost over £6000, and the Buxton Memorial Fountain commemorating the emancipation of slaves. By 1936, the association stopped building troughs, as cars and lorries were gradually replacing the horse. More drinking fountains were provided in schools and parks, and the old cups were replaced by jets of water as these were seen as more hygienic. The 1929 small standard design of fountain for parks and schools is still common. The association survives as the Drinking Fountain Association and received a National Lottery grant to build more fountains in 2000, and to restore existing ones. It now builds drinking fountains in schools, restores existing fountains and provides wells and other water projects in developing countries.

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While EV is the future and is growing exponentially, there are still a few things that stand tall as challenges between the growth of EV and its globalization. A few things that people complain about are the Cost of EVs, mileage, lack of charging stations, fewer sources for help and guidance, etc. But according to us, the fundamental problem lies in the unavailability of proper resources to learn and understand EV. People don’t mind paying for things that serve them well. So, even though the price range looks like a problem, it might not be. We all know that EVs, anyway, cost lesser than conventional fuel cars in the longer run. But people don’t! They might know it as a fact but wouldn’t know the proper reasoning behind it, and that’s where the lack of awareness jumps in. The problem of range anxiety could have been easily solved if people had access to the map of charging stations and access to chargers at home and in public places. Solutions for solving range anxiety have already started emerging in the market. Now what lies in the future of EVs is also something that people want to discuss, and it highly impacts their decisions. There are a loT of proposed variations of charging solutions in the market, solar-based charging, power banks for EVs, wireless charging, battery swapping, and so forth. There are many charging options that might come in the future to popularize EVs, like Regular Public charging stations, where the idea is to create a chain of charging stations within the cities. The idea of Fast In-transit EV charging stations is also proposed for expressways and highways. SPCSs, i.e., Solar Powered Charging Stations, have the idea of converting parking sheds into charging stations, and charging through street light poles are some of the emerging ideas within the EV industries. Another idea that fascinates us is charging through power banks, which can remove the anxiety of long-distance travelers. Charging using Pantographs is nothing new, and it is being revived for electric vehicles. There are also discussions about one vehicle being able to charge the other one, abbreviated under the term V2V (Vehicle to Vehicle) charging. Companies like TelioEV has devised a mobile application that shows you the location and specifications of all the nearby charging stations that eliminate range anxiety among EV users to a large extent. The world is evolving, both technically and environmentally. Theories are coming true, and books are becoming far more than just stories. The quantity of charging stations is also increasing. Many charging stations are also being sanctioned by the government under the FAME-I and FAME-II policies of India. And this is just the start; the future even promises the self-charging of EVs. There are speculations on measures to monitor the battery’s health and draw statistics. From self-charging batteries to IoT-infused vehicles, from self-monitoring to switching to affordable alternatives, the future is exciting and full of theories and speculations, and we are all geared up for it.

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|Region||Sikkim, India; parts of Nepal and Bhutan| Official language in Despite spirited attempts to preserve the language, Lepcha has already effectively been lost everywhere in favour of Nepali. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) lists Lepcha as an endangered language with the following characterization. The Lepcha language is spoken in Sikkim and Darjeeling district in West Bengal of India. The 1991 Indian census counted 39,342 speakers of Lepcha. Lepcha is considered to be one of the indigenous languages of the area in which it is spoken. Unlike most other languages of the Himalayas, the Lepcha people have their own indigenous script (the world's largest collection of old Lepcha manuscripts is kept in Leiden, with over 180 Lepcha books). Lepcha is the language of instruction in some schools in Sikkim. In comparison to other Tibeto-Burman languages, it has been given considerable attention in the literature. Nevertheless, many important aspects of the Lepcha language and culture still remain undescribed. There are very few remaining households where the younger generation actively speaks the language, and these households are few and far between. The entire Lepcha area is bilingual. Revitalization efforts are minimum and have had no major impact in conserving the language where it was indigenously spoken. Dwindling population and culture loss have rendered the use of Lepcha superficial and its importance has remained confined to only where cultural and ceremonial activities where it is required as a part of a tradition is endured. Lepcha is spoken by minorities in the Indian states of Sikkim and West Bengal, as well as parts of Nepal and Bhutan. Where it is spoken, it is considered to be an aboriginal language, pre-dating the arrival of the Tibetan languages (Sikkimese, Dzongkha, and others) and more recent Nepali language. Lepcha speakers comprise four distinct communities: the Renjóngmú of Sikkim; the Támsángmú of Kalimpong, Kurseong, and Mirik; the ʔilámmú of Ilam District, Nepal; and the Promú of southwestern Bhutan. Lepcha-speaking groups in India are larger than those in Nepal and Bhutan. Lepcha is internally diverse, showing lexical influences from different majority language groups across the four main Lepcha communities. According to Plaisier (2007), these Nepali and Sikkimese Tibetan influences do not amount to a dialectical difference. Script and romanization The Lepcha script (also known as "róng") is a syllabic script featuring a variety of special marks and ligatures. Its genealogy is unclear. Early Lepcha manuscripts were written vertically, a sign of Chinese influence. Prior to the development of the Lepcha script, Lepcha literary works were composed in the Tibetan script. Lepcha language is romanized according to varying schemes, the prevailing system being that of Mainwaring (1876). Most linguists, including Plaisier (2007), whose system is used in this article, have followed modified versions of Mainwaring's system. Other linguists and historians have used systems based on European languages such as English, French, and German. Lepcha consonants appear in the chart below, following Plaisier (2007)::21–32 |Nasal||m ⟨m⟩||n ⟨n⟩||ɲ ⟨ny⟩||ŋ ⟨ng⟩| |Plosive||voiceless||p ⟨p⟩||t ⟨t⟩||ʈ ⟨tr⟩||c ⟨c⟩||k ⟨k⟩||ʔ ⟨ʔ⟩| |aspirated||pʰ ⟨ph⟩||tʰ ⟨th⟩||ʈʰ ⟨thr⟩||cʰ ⟨ch⟩||kʰ ⟨kh⟩| |voiced||b ⟨b⟩||d ⟨d⟩||ɖ ⟨dr⟩||ɡ ⟨g⟩| |Fricative||voiced||v ⟨v⟩||ʒ ⟨j⟩| |voiceless||f ⟨f⟩||s ⟨s⟩||ʃ ⟨sh⟩| |Approximant||w ⟨w⟩||l ⟨l⟩||j ⟨y⟩||h ⟨h⟩| Retroflex phonemes /ʈ/, /ʈʰ/, and /ɖ/ are written in Lepcha script as ᰀᰥkr, ᰝᰥ hr, and ᰃᰥ gr, respectively. Most, though not all, instances of retroflex consonants indicate a word is of Tibetan origin. To distinguish this retroflex sound in Lepcha script, a dot may be written underneath: ᰀᰥ᰷, ᰝᰥ᰷, and ᰃᰥ᰷. Native instances of non-retroflex ᰀᰥ kr, ᰝᰥ hr, and ᰃᰥ gr may be pronounced either as written or as ⟨tr⟩, ⟨thr⟩, and ⟨dr⟩. For example, tagrikup, "boy," may be said either [ta ɡri kɯʔp̚] or [ta ɖi kɯʔp̚]. Lepcha has three glide consonants that may occur after certain initial consonants: /r/, /j/, and /l/. When the phoneme /r/ operates as a glide, it can combine with /j/ as a double-glide: ᰕᰥᰤᰩᰮ mryóm, "to spread over the ground, creep." Notably, syllables with the glide /l/ are given their own independent forms in the Lepcha script. Velar consonants /k/ and /ɡ/ preceding front vowels /i/ or /e/ are palatalized as [kʲ] and [ɡʲ], respectively. Fricatives /s/ and /ʃ/ are merged before /i/. Lepcha speakers tend not to distinguish between /z/ and /ʒ/, pronouncing both as [z]~[dz]~[ʒ]. Additionally, initial /ŋ/ is occasionally realized as [ɦ]. Under the influence of Nepali, some Lepcha speakers have lost the distinction between /pʰ/ and /f/, and between /v/ and /w/. Of the above phonemes, only /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /k/, /t/, /p/, /r/, and /l/ may be syllable-final. Native speakers tend to neutralize the difference between final /n/ and /ŋ/. In syllable-final position, stops are realized as an unreleased stop, usually pronounced with a simultaneous /ʔ/: for example, /k/ becomes [ʔk̚]. According to Plaisier (2007), Lepcha has eight vowels::17–21 |Close||i ⟨i⟩, ⟨í⟩||ɯ ⟨u⟩||u ⟨ú⟩| |Close-mid||e~ɛ ⟨e⟩||o ⟨o⟩| |Mid||ə ⟨a⟩, ⟨â⟩| The phoneme denoted by ⟨í⟩ is shortened and appears in closed syllables; ⟨i⟩ is longer and appears in open syllables. The phoneme /e/ is realized as [e] in open syllables and in closed syllables before /ŋ/ or /k/. Closed syllables ending in /p/, /m/, /l/, /n/, /r/, and /t/ show free variation between [e], [ɛ], and even [ɪ]. Distinctions between /o/ and /ɔ/ are often lost among non-literate speakers, particularly those highly fluent in Nepali language, which does not contrast the sounds. Lepcha grammar features nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and verbs. Word order is typically subject–object–verb (SOV). Lepcha morphology is somewhat agglutinative, though most bare Lepcha lexicon is made up of one- or two-syllable words. Nouns are arranged into either head-first or head-last noun phrases. Relative clauses and genitive phrases precede nouns, whereas markers for demonstratives, definiteness, number, case, and other particles follow the noun. Lepcha is an ergative language, where the ergative case indicates transitivity and completedness of the event. There is no grammatical agreement between different parts of speech (i.e. verb conjugation). Adjectives follow nouns they modify, function as predicates, or stand independently as nominal heads. Adverbs generally directly precede verbs, and reduplication is generally productive for adverbs of time (e.g. nám, "year" → nám-nám, "yearly"). According to Plaisier (2007), Lepcha has only two true "cases" that modify the noun morphologically: the definite article -re and the dative case marker -m. All other noun markers, including for example the genitive marker, are actually invariable postpositions. A series noun markers may follow a single noun. Together, these cases and postpositions are: |-ᰠᰴ / -ᰎᰴ |-ᰛᰬ -re||definite, topic| |- ᰮ -m||dative| Plurals are marked differently according to whether they are human (-sang) or non-human (-pong) nouns. Notably, the plural is not used when the noun is followed by a number. |First person||ᰃᰨ go |ᰀᰦᰉᰧᰶ kányí||ᰀᰦᰚᰫ káyú| |Second person||ᰝᰩ hó |ᰣᰦᰉᰧᰶ ʔányí||ᰣᰦᰚᰫ ʔáyú| |Third person||ᰝᰪ hu |ᰝᰪᰉᰧᰶ hunyí||ᰝᰪᰚᰫ huyú| Oblique forms appear in italics above. Lepcha personal pronouns can refer only to humans; otherwise demonstratives are used. Personal pronouns may take the definite article -re. Many Lepcha nouns can be grouped into one of several classes based on associated characteristics. For example, many animal names begin with the Lepcha script syllabic /sâ/: ᰠᰲᰶ sâr means "goat," ᰠᰶᰛᰤᰨᰮ sâryom means "otter," ᰠᰶᰜᰩᰭ sâlók means "rhinoceros," and ᰠᰝᰪ sâhu means "monkey." Other noun classes include /sâ/ and /ka/ for plants, and /pe/ or /pâ/ for snakes and bamboo products. Lepcha verbs generally function as predicates or, in relative clauses, as modifiers before a head-noun. Verbs may also be nominalized by a combination of suffixes. For example, zo, "eat," may be suffixed to produce zo-shang-re, "eating." Many intransitive verbs incorporate a causative -/y/- infix, sometimes followed by a -/t/ suffix, to take a transitive sense: ᰕᰦᰭ mák, "die" → ᰕᰤᰦᰭ myák, "kill;" ᰏᰶ plâ, "come forth" → ᰏᰤᰶ plyâ, "bring forth;" ᰄᰫ glú, "fall down" → ᰄᰤᰳ/ᰄᰤᰬᰳ glyat/glyet, "drop." Verbs are followed by grammatical suffixes and particles. Verbal particles indicating sureness, polite requests, authoritativeness, dubiousness, and other nonlexical information follow clauses. Below is a chart of such verb- and clause-final suffixes and particles largely following Plaisier (2007): |English||Lepcha (Latin)||Lepcha (Róng/Lepcha script)| |Reach a height||Thók||Template:Huge| |To be short||Tan||Template:Huge| |What comes first||Ták||Template:Huge| |A spec of Sterculia||Ke-hlyám kun||Template:Huge| |Be on strong legs||Krang||Template:Huge| |To be drawn together||Chom||Template:Huge| |A spec of Solanum||Ke-lim-bi||Template:Huge| - "Lepcha". Ethnologue. Retrieved 8 August 2018. - "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 7 July 2018. - Plaisier, Heleen (2007). A grammar of Lepcha. Tibetan studies library: Languages of the greater Himalayan region. 5. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-15525-1. - "Lepchas and their Tradition". Official Portal of NIC Sikkim State Centre. National Informatics Centre, Sikkim. 25 January 2002. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2011. - Lepcha language at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) - van Driem, George (2001). Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill. ISBN 90-04-12062-9. - Blench, Roger. 2013. Rongic: a vanished branch of Austroasiatic. - Coulmas, Florian (1996). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems. Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-21481-X. - Mainwaring, George Byres (1898). Albert Grünwedel (ed.). Dictionary of the Lepcha-language. Unger bros. (multiple entries) - "Translation Lepcha-English-Lepcha - FREELANG online dictionary". - Plaisier, Heleen (13 November 2010). "Information on Lepcha Language and Culture". Retrieved 16 April 2011. - Mainwaring, George Byres (1876). A grammar of the Róng (Lepcha) language, as it exists in the Dorjeling and Sikim hills. Calcutta: Printed by C. B. Lewis, Baptist Mission Press.

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Every day, newer, better, more interactive games are getting released. This growth from traditional games is mostly thanks to artificial intelligence. Here’s more on the role this technology plays in the gaming industry. Must Watch: Would you live on 3D Printed Mars for a year for $60,000? A lot of the games released today feature different components powered by AI, such as enemy combatants or non-player characters (NPCs). The primary reason for using AI in games is to deliver a more realistic gaming experience to players. Additionally, AIs help enhance graphics, develop stories, and balancing the game’s complexity. The role AI plays in game development keeps growing. As AIs are utilized to create better games, the games are also helping develop AI. after helping create more interactive, smarter games; the games can be designed with the purpose of studying their own patterns, thus improving the AI algorithms. The role of AI in gaming The best way to appreciate everything AI has brought to gaming is by reviewing the differences between traditional games and those developed using AI. Here are some of the ways AIs are changing the gaming scene. Helping create better, smarter games As you play, AIs collect data on how you play and use it to create a virtual environment with different scenarios specifically engineered to your preferences. This means game elements such as enemy characters and other game components react to your actions rather than playing out a predefined script. Subscribe to GreatGameIndia Here’s an example, if NPCs are injured, they can find first aid; if you attack, they can attack back or evade. If you’re in their line of sight, they can attack; if they lose track of you, they wander, etc. This is a very simplistic example of an AI algorithm that stipulates specific actions for every situation. Here how you play determines how the NPCs will react. Additionally, the inclusion of AI elements such as virtual augmented and mixed reality and even voice recognition are changing how games are played. These elements are helping create self-learning characters that analyze and learn from their own behavior leading them to evolve accordingly. This, in turn, leads to the creation of smarter, more interactive games. AIs make games more realistic The same virtual, augmented, and mixed reality technology is helping make games more realistic. Traditional games used a combination of still images, stop-motion animation, and limited 3D graphics to create games. However, since the introduction of AIs in game development, there have been numerous strides made in the look and feel of games. Now thanks to advances in 3D visualization techniques, game developers can create visually appealing games. Some are so realistic you might have a hard time telling them apart from the real world. Enhances gaming experience Today, gamers have a higher regard for details, from the visual appearance of the game to good graphics and how interactive it is. Thanks to AI, games are more interactive and fun to play. The enhanced graphics and visualizations in games such as FIFA, NBA 2K, PUBG, Call of duty, etc., feel real thanks to a blend of AI and virtual reality. This shows game developers are focusing on the minor details that matter to gamers. Similarly, if you are an avid casino game fan, you want to have the same experience you have playing slots in a casino on your phone. Through trustworthy portals such as AskGamblers.com, you can play interactive casino games that make you feel like you are right there in the casino. All of this is possible because artificial intelligence can take gaming to new heights, something gamers are very happy about. Games are more human The inclusion of AI in gaming adds an element of unpredictability to the game, which is quite similar to how a human player would react. Through data analysis, pattern recognition, and other AI elements, game developers are coming up with game characters that are reacting in a more human way. This, in turn, reduces human interference and influence in internal game processes such as story generation and development. Additionally, this human-like interaction gives you the flexibility and freedom to interact with non-game-specific characters such as clothes, cars, weapons, trash cans, etc. This enhanced interaction gives these games a human-like element. Lastly, AIs help developers cut down on the time and resources used to create games. Previously, games took anywhere between months to years from inception to release. Even simplistic games require a lot of research and development before they can be released to the masses. This long development time means a lot of time and resources have to be utilized to create games. However, with AIs, the time taken to develop games reduces drastically, allowing gaming developers to save on resources they can channel into new games. Right now, AIs are being used to spur the next wave of technological advancement in gaming by creating artificial environments that incorporate AI elements such as virtual, augmented, and mixed reality. The rise and development of AI is an important stepping stone to creating smarter, more interactive games set to revolutionize gaming.

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