AarushSah/scibowl_no_headers · Datasets at Hugging Face

Type stringlengths 0 490	Prompt stringlengths 5 919	Completion stringlengths 1 424
BONUS Math \(-\) Short Answer	What is the sixteenth power of \(1+\)\(i\)?	256 (ACCEPT: \(256+0i\))17) Earth and Space \(-\)Short Answer What rock is transitional between igneous and metamorphic rocks, in which the felsic minerals have melted and recrystallized but the mafic [MAA-fik] minerals have not?
BONUS Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer	Identify all of the following three oxide minerals in which all of the iron is in the three plus oxidation state: Ferrihydrite [fair-ih-HIGH-drite]; Magnetite; Goethite [GUR-ite].	1 AND 3
TOSS-UP Biology \(-\) Short Answer	Chromatin [CROW-mah-tin] is a complex structure consisting of DNA wrapped around what proteins?	HISTONES
BONUS Biology \(-\) Short Answer	The somatosensory cortex is located in what lobe of the human cerebral [seh-REE-brul] cortex?	PARIETAL
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	If an exterior angle adjacent to a base angle of an isosceles triangle measures 124 degrees, what is the degree measure of the vertex angle?	68
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer	If the moon is setting around midnight, then it is closest to what phase of the moon?	FIRST QUARTER
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	What is the term for copolymers [koh-polymers] that contain continuous segments of single monomers, rather than a random assortment of single monomers one after another?	BLOCK POLYMER (ACCEPT: BLOCK COPOLYMER)
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	The osmotic pressure of a 0.5 molar solution of glucose is measured to be 12 atmospheres. To the nearest whole atmosphere, what is the osmotic pressure of a 2-molar solution of glucose?	48
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	In beta plus decay, what specific virtual particle mediates the conversion of a proton into a neutron, positron [PAW-zih-trawn], and neutrino [new-TREE-no]?	W PLUS BOSON
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	Two objects each carry one coulomb [KOO-lawml] of excess charge, with one being positive and the other being negative. To the nearest integer multiple of one thousand meters, how far apart must they be so that they have a 22.5-newton attraction between them?	20,000
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	Identifify all of the following three types of genetic material that viruses are known to carry: dsDNA; ssDNA; dsRNA.	ALL
TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice	Researchers at the DOE's Joint Genome [JEE-name] Institute recently performed a transcriptomic [trans-krip-TAWN-ik] analysis on mycorrhizal [MY-koh-RYE-zul] fungi [fun-jil] to understand their mechanisms of drought adaptation. Which of the following procedures was integral to this analysis? W) Measured numbers of RNAs for all of the fungal [FUN-gul] genes X) Sequenced the fungi's [fun-jize] DNA Y) Measured the levels of every fungal protein Z) Sequenced all of the fungi's [fun-jize] proteins	W) MEASURED NUMBERS OF RNAS FOR ALL OF THE FUNGAL GENES
TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice	One vector has a magnitude of six meters, and the other has a magnitude of three meters. The magnitude of their vector product is 0.556. Which of the following is true of this system? W) The angle between the vectors is 33.7 degrees X) The angle between the vectors is 146.3 degrees Y) The scalar product is 19.9 meters Z) There is not enough information to determine the angle or the scalar product	Z) THERE IS NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION TO DETERMIINE THE ANGLE OR THE SCALAR PRODUCT
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	What is the sum of the largest prime number less than 50 and the smallest prime number greater than 50?	100
BONUS Math - Multiple Choice	A regular 15-sided polygon is inscribed in a circle with radius 6. Which of the following is the length of one of its sides? W) 6 sine 24\({}^{\circ}\) X) 6 cosine 24\({}^{\circ}\) Y) 12 sine 12\({}^{\circ}\) Z) 12 cosine 12\({}^{\circ}\)	Y) 12 SINE 12\({}^{\circ}\)
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	What cells in plants function similarly to embryonic [em-bree-ON-ic] stem cells in animals?	MERISTEMATIC (ACCEPT: TOTIPOTENT)
BONUS Biology - Short Answer	The adenovirus [AD-an-oh-virus] capsid is shaped like what platonic solid?	ICOSAHEDRON (ACCEPT: REGULAR ICOSAHEDRON)
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice	Nylon is a polymer formed by condensation reactions of diamines [DYE-ah-meens] and dicarboxylic [dye-car-box-IHL-ik] acids. What functional group is formed by this reaction? W) Alcohol X) Nitrile Y) Ester Z) Amide [AM-ide]	Z) AMIDE
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice	Which of the following methods of determining distances to celestial objects is useful for the greatest distances? W) Stellar parallax X) Hubble's law Y) Variable stars Z) Radar ranging	X) HUBBLE'S LAW
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT true of stellar evolution and the HR diagram? W) White dwarfs occupy the lower left region of the HR diagram X) The sun falls on the main sequence Y) The instability strip falls below the main sequence Z) The Hayashi track is a pre-main-sequence phase of stellar evolution	Y) THE INSTABILITY STRIP FALLS BELOW THE MAIN SEQUENCE
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	In what phylum [FYE-lum] is an octopus classified?	MOLLUSCA
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	Doug pushes a 7-kilogram box up a 30-degree ramp onto the bed of a truck, which is 3 meters above the ground. In joules and rounded to the nearest 10, how much work did he do?	210
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	According to Noether's [Noh-turz] Theorem, the conservation of angular momentum is related to what kind of spatial symmetry?	ROTATIONAL (ACCEPT: ROTATIONAL INVARIANCE)
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice	A student observes the dimerization [dye-mur-ih-ZAY-shun] of a solution of cyclopentadiene [sigh-kloh-penta-DYE-een]. Assuming the reaction is second-order in cyclopentadiene, which of the following will she observe as she continues to monitor the reaction? W) The rate increases X) The rate remains constant Y) The half-life increases Z) The half-life remains constant	Y) THE HALF-LIFE INCREASES
BONUS Chemistry - Multiple Choice	Consider a gas-phase reaction where delta-H is less than delta-U. If the reaction is at equilibrium, which of the following changes will ALWAYS shift the reaction mixture to the right? W) Increasing the temperature X) Decreasing the temperature Y) Increasing the volume Z) Decreasing the volume	Z) DECREASING THE VOLUME
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	What property is exhibited by genes that have multiple phenotypic [FEE-no-TIP-ik] effects?	PLEIOROPY [plee-AW-trou-pee]
BONUS Biology - Multiple Choice	White flowers with a long, narrow corolla tube that flower at night are most likely pollinated by what animals? W) Beetles X) Birds Y) Bats Z) Moths	Z) MOTHS
TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer	EXO-200 is a SLAC [slack]-supported experiment attempting to determine if anti-neutrinos [new-TREE-nozel] and neutrinos are the same particle. They are doing this by observing the double beta [BAY-tah] decay of what noble gas?	XENON [ZE-non]
BONUS Energy - Short Answer	Scientists at Oak Ridge National Lab are using computer simulations to better understand the stability of calcium-52, which is inadequately described by current theories. Most surprisingly, despite having completely filled a nucleon shell, calcium-52 does not appear to behave like what set of nuclei?	MAGIC NUCLEI (ACCEPT: MAGIC NUMBER NUCLEI)
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice	Which of the following pairs of tectonic [tek-TAWN-ik] plates does NOT constitute a primarily convergent boundary? W) North American and Cocos plates X) South American and Nazca plates Y) African and Eurasian plates Z) Pacific and Antarctic plates	Z) PACIFIC AND ANTACTIC PLATES
TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice	The statement that magnetic monopoles do not exist in classical physics is most equivalent to which of the following statements? W) The magnetic field has a divergence of zero X) The electric field has a divergence related to total charge density Y) A changing magnetic field will induce an electromotive force in a closed loop Z) A moving charge will induce a magnetic field	W) THE MAGNETIC FIELD HAS A DIVERGENCE OF ZERO
TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer	What mineral can be found on the continuous branch of Bowen's reaction series?	PLAGIOCLASE FELDSPAR (ACCEPT: PLAGIOCLASE; DO NOT ACCEPT: FELDSPAR)
BONUS Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer	Identify all of the following three statements that are true regarding winds: In general, winds at the equator flow west; Air rising from the equator sinks around 5 degrees north and south latitudes; At 30 degrees south latitude, the sinking air generally yields clear skies.	1 AND 3
TOSS-UP Math \(-\) Short Answer	What is the discriminant of the quadratic function \(y=x^{2}-5x+9\)?	-11
BONUS Math \(-\) Short Answer	In a circle with radius 6, what is the area of a circular segment defined by an arc of \(60^{\circ}\)?	\(6\pi-9\surd 3\)23) Physics - Short AnswerA propeller is accelerating at 2.5 radians per second squared. After 4 seconds, it has rotated through 80 radians. What was the initial angular velocity, in radians per second, at the beginning of the 4 seconds?
## 20 BONUS Physics - Short Answer	A beam of light is traveling inside a solid cube of a material with an index of refraction of 1.414. If the cube is in air, what is the measure, to the nearest degree, of the minimum angle to the normal inside the glass so that the beam of light will not enter the air?	45
TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer	During a solar eclipse, an observer's view of the Sun is completely blocked by the moon. The observer is therefore standing in what region of the Moon's shadow?	UMBRA
BONUS Earth and Space \(-\) Multiple Choice	Which of the following statements best reflects our current understanding of the past and present of Mars' atmosphere? W) It has always been about as thick Earth's atmosphere today X) It has always been much thinner than Earth's atmosphere today Y) It was thick shortly after formation, but has since thinned due to solar wind Z) It was thin shortly after formation, but has since thickened due to volcanic outgassing	Y) IT WAS THICK SHORTLY AFTER FORMATION, BUT HAS SINCE THINNED DUE TO SOLAR WIND
TOSS-UP Chemistry \(-\) Short Answer	Identify all of the following three terms that can describe the behavior of water: Nucleophile [NU-klee-oh-file]; Lewis base; Bronsted [BRON-sted] acid.	ALL
BONUS Chemistry \(-\) Short Answer	Identify all of the following three statements that are true of crystal field theory: \(d\) orbitals in a coordinated metal can be higher in energy than in the isolated metal ion; All \(d\) orbitals are elevated in energy equally when a metal is coordinated; In a coordinated metal ion, the \(d\) orbitals are degenerate.	1
TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice	DOE scientists working on the Dark Energy Survey at Fermilab serendipitously discovered a potential dwarf planet orbiting the Sun at 92 AU. Which of the following is closest, in Earth-years, to the orbital period of this object? W) 110 X) 1,100 Y) 11,000 Z) 110,000	X) 1,100
BONUS Energy - Short Answer	Researchers supported by Ames Lab have recently provided spectroscopic [spek-troln-SCAW-pik] evidence for a type of material in which the electron and hole bands are connected at Weyl [wile] points, which are in turn connected by Fermi [FUR-mee] arcs. These materials are a specific type of what general group of materials in electronic band theory?	SEMIMETAL
TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice	Which of the following thermodynamic quantities is a path function? W) Energy X) Enthalpy [EN-thul-pee] Y) Entropy [EN-troln-pee] Z) Heat	Z) HEAT
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	A solid uniform cylindrical rod has moment of inertia \(I\) when rotating about its center like a propeller. In terms of \(I\), what is the moment of inertia of a second rod of the same density but twice the length, when rotated about its symmetry axis?	8 I
TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice	Let f(x) be a continuous and differentiable function on the closed interval [2,6]. Which of the following could be the x-value guaranteed by the mean value theorem for this situation? W) 0 X) 3 Y) 6 Z) 9	X) 3
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three classes that contain organisms that produce amniotic eggs: Reptilia; Aves [AY-veez]; Mammalia.	ALL
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	What gene-editing method relies on synthetic guide RNAs to direct Cas nucleases [NEW-klee-aces] to target sites for gene editing?	CRISPR (ACCEPT: CRISPR/CAS, CRISPR/CAS9)
BONUS Biology - Multiple Choice	In a typical mouse mammalian research model, which type of epithelial [eh-ph-THEEL-ee-ul] cell would be most prevalent lining kidney tubules? W) Simple cuboidal [kyoo-BOY-dul] X) Simple columnar Y) Simple squamous [SKWAY-mus] Z) Stratified columnar	W) SIMPLE CUBOIDAL
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	What is the largest prime factor of 165?	11
BONUS Math - Short Answer	What is the standard deviation of the following list of 4 numbers: 7, 7, 9, 17?	\(\surd 17\)
TOSS-UP Energy \(-\) Multiple Choice	Scientists at Oak Ridge National Lab are simulating the breakdown of lignocellulosic [Iigno-sellyoo-LOH-sik] biomass in the presence of tetrahydrofuran [tetrah-high-droh-FYOOR-an], or THF. What purpose does THF serve in this reaction? W) Catalyst X) Solvent Y) Reactant Z) Chaotropic [kay-ah-TROH-pik] agent	X) SOLVENT
BONUS Energy \(-\) Short Answer	There is significant interest in thorium as a next-generation fuel for nuclear fission [FIH-zhun] reactors. Identify all of the following three statements that are true regarding thorium: Thorium can be found in nature as one nonfissile isotope; Thorium-232 can undergo neutron capture; Thorium-232 is radioactive with a half-life of 21 minutes.	1 AND 2
TOSS-UP Chemistry \(-\) Multiple Choice	A student is interested in the optical properties of chiral [KYE-ruhl] molecules, so she successively performs a chlorination, bromination [broh-min-AY-shun], and an iodination [eye-oh-dah-NAY-shun] of methane. However, she is disappointed to find out that the resulting product demonstrates no optical rotation of polarized light. Which of the following best explains this? W) She prepared a racemic [ray-SEEM-ik] mixture X) Only certain chiral [KYE-ruhl] molecules demonstrate optical rotation Y) Geometric isomers demonstrate optical rotation, not stereoisomers [stereo-EYE-soh-murs] Z) Only larger, more complex chiral molecules demonstrate optical rotation	W) SHE PREPARED A RACEMIC MIXTURE
BONUS Chemistry \(-\) Multiple Choice	Consider the reaction of 1-bromopentane with sodium hydroxide. Which of the following pairs of characteristics apply to this reaction? W) S\({}{\rm N}\)1 at low temperatures and E1 at high temperatures X) E1 at low temperatures and S\({}{\rm N}\)1 at high temperatures Y) S\({}{\rm N}\)2 at low temperatures and E2 at high temperatures Z) E2 at low temperatures and S\({}{\rm N}\)2 at high temperatures	Y) S\({}{\rm N}\)2 AT LOW TEMPERATURES AND E2 AT HIGH TEMPERATURES
TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice	In the lac [lack] operon, allolactose can be classified as what? W) Repressor X) Inducer Y) Promoter Z) Transcription factor	X) INDUCER
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	Point \(P\) is one of the vertices of a 42-sided convex polygon. How many diagonals of the polygon have point \(P\) as an endpoint?	39
BONUS Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer	Identify all of the following three eras that belong to the Phanerozoic [fah-NAIR-oh-zoh-ik] con: Paleozoicoic [PAY-leo-ZO-ik]; Mesozoic [MEH-zoh-ZOH-ik]; Cenozoic [SEN-oh-ZOH-ik].	ALL
TOSS-UP Chemistry \(-\) Multiple Choice	Which of the following atoms has an atomic radius closest to the atomic radius of sodium? W) Beryllium [beh-RILL-ee-um] X) Magnesium Y) Calcium Z) Strontium [STRAWNCH-ee-um]	Y) CALCIUM
BONUS Chemistry \(-\) Short Answer	Arrange the following three classes of organic compounds in increasing order of electrophilicity: Ketone [KEE-tone]; Ester; Amide [AM-ide].	3, 2, 1
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	What is the dot product of \(4i-7j\) and \(5i+2j\)?	6
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer	On the planet Jupiter, what term describes the cooler, dark bands of latitude that correspond to atmospheric downwelling?	BELTS
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	In order to solve a physics problem, a student calculates the surface integral of the normal component of an electric field over a particular surface area. What physical quantity is the student determining?	ELECTRIC FLUX
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	What is the resonant frequency, in radians per second, of a parallel LC circuit with an inductance of 2 millihenries and a capacitance of 80 microfarads [micro-FAIR-ad]?	2,500
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	P orbitals can form what two types of bonds?	SIGMA AND PI
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three molecules that, according to molecular orbital theory, have non-zero bond orders: H-two [H-2]; He-two [H-E-2]; He-two plus [H-E-2-plus].	1 AND 323) Biology - Short Answer In fungal [FUN-gul] reproduction, what stage is characterized by the haploid [HAP-loid] nuclei [NEW-klee-eye] of different parents fusing into a single diploid [DIH-polyd] nucleus?
## BONUS Biology - Short Answer	Identify all of the following four phyla [FYE-lah] that possess a segmented body plan: Arthropoda ; Mollusca [mull-US-kah]; Nematoda; Chordata [kor-DAH-tah].	1 AND 4
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice	Adding which of the following solutes to hexane would form a solution that most closely obeys Raoult's [rah-OOLZ] law? W) Acetone X) Benzene Y) Pentane Z) Ethanol	Y) PENTANE
BONUS Chemistry - Multiple Choice	A student isolates a natural product from a tropical frog and takes a proton NMR in deuterated chloroform. They notice that there is a sharp peak at 10.5 parts per million in the compound. This suggests the presence of what functional group? W) Nitrile X) Alcohol Y) Aldehyde Z) Ether	Y) ALDEHYDE
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	In classical electromagnetic theory, the speed of light in a vacuum can be written exactly in terms of the permittivity of free space and what other fundamental physical constant?	PERMEABILITY OF FREE SPACE (ACCEPT: PERMEABILITY, MU-0, MU-NAUGHT)
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three statements that are true regarding the relationship between momentum and energy: For a photon, if momentum is doubled, kinetic energy is doubled; For a neutron, if momentum is doubled, kinetic energy is doubled; For an alpha particle, if momentum is doubled, kinetic energy is doubled.	1
TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Multiple Choice	An igneous [IG-nee-us] rock sample is characterized as being composed of crystals of olivine, calcium-rich plagioclase, and augite, and has a phaneritic [fan-er-IT-ik] texture. Which of the following four rocks is it? W) Basalt [bah-SALT] X) Andesite Y) Gabbro Z) Granite	Y) GABBRO
BONUS Earth and Space \(-\) Multiple Choice	You are mapping a flat erosional surface of an anticline fold in which no rock layers have been overturned. Which of the following describes the change in age of the rock layers in the anticline as one walks from the hinge to the limb? W) The layers get older X) The layers get younger Y) The age of the layers is constant Z) Relative age cannot be determined	X) THE LAYERS GET YOUNGER
TOSS-UP Math \(-\) Short Answer	What is the partial derivative with respect to \(x\) of the expression \(x^{3}y^{2}\)?	\(3x^{2}y^{2}\)
BONUS Math \(-\) Short Answer	Teams A and B meet in a best-of-three series. If Team A wins any given game with probability 3/5, what is the probability that Team A wins the series?	81/125 (ACCEPT: 0.648, 64.8%)5) Biology - Short Answer The Weddell seal is able to stay underwater for extraordinarily long periods of time due its ability to store twice as much oxygen per kilogram of body mass than humans. This ability is due to the seal having a high concentration of what protein in its muscles?
### 11 TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	A guitar string is plucked, producing the single A5 tone at 880 hertz. To two significant figures and in milliseconds, what is the period of vibration of this string?	1.1
TOSS-UP Math \(-\) Short Answer	The end of a pendulum swings through an arc 4 feet long when the string swings through an angle of 0.8 radians. In feet, what is the length of the pendulum?	5
TOSS-UP Biology \(-\) Short Answer	Which of the three meninges [meh-NIN-jeez] of the brain is closest to the cerebral [seh-REE-brull] cortex?	PIA MATER
TOSS-UP Energy \(-\) Multiple Choice	When Oak Ridge National Lab physicists use the term "doubly magic," it describes atomic nuclei [NEW-klee-eye] that have greater stability than their neighbors due to having shells that are fully occupied by both protons and neutrons. What nuclear property is maximized to create this effect? W) Neutron degeneracy [dee-JEN-er-ah-see] pressure X) Quantum spin Y) Electron-degeneracy pressure Z) Nucleon binding energy	Z) NUCLEON BINDING ENERGY
BONUS Energy \(-\) Multiple Choice	Researchers at Argonne National Lab are developing smart materials that can self-assemble and break down in response to external stimuli. They recently demonstrated self-assembly of nickel microparticles in the presence of what? W) Changing electrical field X) Changing magnetic field Y) Changing temperature Z) Changing particle concentration	X) CHANGING MAGNETIC FIELD
TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer	For how many planets in the solar system is hydrogen the most abundant atmospheric gas?	FOUR
BONUS Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer	An alien astronomer is observing our Sun as a flat disk with a temperature of 5800 kelvins when Jupiter passes in front of it. Given that the Sun has a radius of approximately 430,000 miles and Jupiter has a radius of approximately 43,000 miles and that Jupiter contributes negligible brightness to the system, then, to one significant figure, by what percentage does the brightness of the disk drop when Jupiter passes in front of the Sun?	1
TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice	Most angiosperm [AN-jee-oh-sperns] species can be classified in which of the following clades? W) Basal [BAY-zul] X) Magnoliids [mag-NO-lee-idz] Y) Monocots	Z) Eudicots [YOU-dih-kawts] Z) EUDICOTS
BONUS Biology - Multiple Choice	Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for maintaining pregnancy in most mammalian species? W) Estrogen X) Lutenizing hormone Y) Progesterone	Z) Prostaglandin [PRAW-stah-glan-din] Y) PROGESTERONE
TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice	The liquid-drop model of the nucleus was originally proposed based on what observation? W) Rutherford gold-foil experiment X) All nuclei [NEW-klee-eyel] have similar densities Y) Emission lines vary between elements Z) Millikan oil-drop experiment	X) ALL NUCLEI HAVE SIMILAR DENSITIES
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	A square surface with side length 3 meters is placed in a constant magnetic field of 2 teslas such that the normal to the surface forms a 45-degree angle with the field lines. In webers [WEH-burz]to the nearest whole number, what is the magnetic flux through the surface?	13
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice	Which of the following carboxylic [CAR-box-IHL-ik] acid derivatives would be most reactive with a nucleophilic [NU-klee-oh-file]? W) Amide [AM-ide] X) Acid chloride Y) Ester Z) Acid anhydride [an-HIGH-dried]	X) ACID CHLORIDE
BONUS Chemistry - Multiple Choice	Methylamine [meh-thil-ah-MEEN] reacts with 1-bromobutane [one-broh-mo-BYOO-tanel]by donating electrons into what orbital of the carbon at the one position of bromobutane? W) C-C sigma bonding orbital X) C-C sigma antibonding orbital Y) C-Br sigma bonding orbital Z) C-Br sigma antibonding orbital	Z) C-Br SIGMA ANTIBONDING ORBITAL
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice	What object may be formed by the collision of two galaxies, each containing a large black hole at the core? W) Quasar X) Pulsar Y) Neutron star Z) Supercluster	W) QUASAR
BONUS Earth and Space - Short Answer	Place the following three Galilean satellites of Jupiter in increasing order of distance from Jupiter: Europa; Ganymede [GAN-ih-meed]; lo [EYE-oh].	3, 1, 2
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	What is the integer part of the log base 5 of 1000?	4
TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer	Due to environmental concerns with lead perovskites [purr-OFF-skites] as solar-cell materials, researchers at Ames Lab are studying what same-row, period 6 metal as an alternative thin-film material?	BISMUTH (ACCEPT: BI)
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	A concave mirror has a radius of curvature of 54 centimeters. In centimeters, what is its focal length?	27
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	The point \((3,-\) is reflected through the \(x\)-axis, with the result then translated 4 units down. What are the coordinates of the final image?	(3, 1) (ACCEPT: \(x=3\) AND \(y=1\))
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	A 19th-century Danish scientist classified bacteria based on the ability of their cell walls to retain crystal violet, which is due to the abundance of what polymer?	PEPTIDOGLYCAN [peptihdo-GLY-can]
BONUS Biology - Short Answer	Parathyroid [para-THIGH-royd] hormone is necessary for human survival because it controls the blood concentration of what?	CALCIUM (ACCEPT: Ca\({}^{2+}\))
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three statements that are true of cyclohexane: It is miscible with benzene; The bond angles in the ring are sixty degrees; It is more strained than cyclooctane.	1
BONUS Chemistry - Multiple Choice	Lithium aluminum hydride would likely be used by a synthetic chemist for what type of reaction? W) Amide [AM-ide] bond formation X) Nucleophilic substitution Y) Reduction Z) Aromatic substitution	Y) REDUCTION
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	A bag contains three red and three blue marbles. One marble is drawn, and then a second, without replacement. What is the probability of drawing one marble of each color?	3/5 (ACCEPT: 0.6, 60%)
BONUS Math - Short Answer	Solve the following system of three equations in three unknowns: \(x+y=4\), \(y+z=1\), and \(x+z=13\)?	\(x=8\); \(y=-4\); \(z=5\) (ACCEPT: (8, \(-4\), 5))
TOSS-UP Biology \(-\) Multiple Choice	In humans, hyperfunctioning of the thyroid gland can result from which of the following conditions? W) Cushing's syndrome X) Addison's disease Y) Cretinism [KREE-tin-izm] Z) Graves' disease	Z) GRAVES' DISEASE

BONUS Math \(-\) Short Answer

What is the sixteenth power of \(1+\)\(i\)?

256 (ACCEPT: \(256+0i\))17) Earth and Space \(-\)Short Answer What rock is transitional between igneous and metamorphic rocks, in which the felsic minerals have melted and recrystallized but the mafic [MAA-fik] minerals have not?

BONUS Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer

Identify all of the following three oxide minerals in which all of the iron is in the three plus oxidation state: Ferrihydrite [fair-ih-HIGH-drite]; Magnetite; Goethite [GUR-ite].

1 AND 3

TOSS-UP Biology \(-\) Short Answer

Chromatin [CROW-mah-tin] is a complex structure consisting of DNA wrapped around what proteins?

HISTONES

BONUS Biology \(-\) Short Answer

The somatosensory cortex is located in what lobe of the human cerebral [seh-REE-brul] cortex?

PARIETAL

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

If an exterior angle adjacent to a base angle of an isosceles triangle measures 124 degrees, what is the degree measure of the vertex angle?

68

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer

If the moon is setting around midnight, then it is closest to what phase of the moon?

FIRST QUARTER

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

What is the term for copolymers [koh-polymers] that contain continuous segments of single monomers, rather than a random assortment of single monomers one after another?

BLOCK POLYMER (ACCEPT: BLOCK COPOLYMER)

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

The osmotic pressure of a 0.5 molar solution of glucose is measured to be 12 atmospheres. To the nearest whole atmosphere, what is the osmotic pressure of a 2-molar solution of glucose?

48

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

In beta plus decay, what specific virtual particle mediates the conversion of a proton into a neutron, positron [PAW-zih-trawn], and neutrino [new-TREE-no]?

W PLUS BOSON

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

Two objects each carry one coulomb [KOO-lawml] of excess charge, with one being positive and the other being negative. To the nearest integer multiple of one thousand meters, how far apart must they be so that they have a 22.5-newton attraction between them?

20,000

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

Identifify all of the following three types of genetic material that viruses are known to carry: dsDNA; ssDNA; dsRNA.

ALL

TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice

Researchers at the DOE's Joint Genome [JEE-name] Institute recently performed a transcriptomic [trans-krip-TAWN-ik] analysis on mycorrhizal [MY-koh-RYE-zul] fungi [fun-jil] to understand their mechanisms of drought adaptation. Which of the following procedures was integral to this analysis? W) Measured numbers of RNAs for all of the fungal [FUN-gul] genes X) Sequenced the fungi's [fun-jize] DNA Y) Measured the levels of every fungal protein Z) Sequenced all of the fungi's [fun-jize] proteins

W) MEASURED NUMBERS OF RNAS FOR ALL OF THE FUNGAL GENES

TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice

One vector has a magnitude of six meters, and the other has a magnitude of three meters. The magnitude of their vector product is 0.556. Which of the following is true of this system? W) The angle between the vectors is 33.7 degrees X) The angle between the vectors is 146.3 degrees Y) The scalar product is 19.9 meters Z) There is not enough information to determine the angle or the scalar product

Z) THERE IS NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION TO DETERMIINE THE ANGLE OR THE SCALAR PRODUCT

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

What is the sum of the largest prime number less than 50 and the smallest prime number greater than 50?

100

BONUS Math - Multiple Choice

A regular 15-sided polygon is inscribed in a circle with radius 6. Which of the following is the length of one of its sides? W) 6 sine 24\({}^{\circ}\) X) 6 cosine 24\({}^{\circ}\) Y) 12 sine 12\({}^{\circ}\) Z) 12 cosine 12\({}^{\circ}\)

Y) 12 SINE 12\({}^{\circ}\)

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

What cells in plants function similarly to embryonic [em-bree-ON-ic] stem cells in animals?

MERISTEMATIC (ACCEPT: TOTIPOTENT)

BONUS Biology - Short Answer

The adenovirus [AD-an-oh-virus] capsid is shaped like what platonic solid?

ICOSAHEDRON (ACCEPT: REGULAR ICOSAHEDRON)

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Nylon is a polymer formed by condensation reactions of diamines [DYE-ah-meens] and dicarboxylic [dye-car-box-IHL-ik] acids. What functional group is formed by this reaction? W) Alcohol X) Nitrile Y) Ester Z) Amide [AM-ide]

Z) AMIDE

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice

Which of the following methods of determining distances to celestial objects is useful for the greatest distances? W) Stellar parallax X) Hubble's law Y) Variable stars Z) Radar ranging

X) HUBBLE'S LAW

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT true of stellar evolution and the HR diagram? W) White dwarfs occupy the lower left region of the HR diagram X) The sun falls on the main sequence Y) The instability strip falls below the main sequence Z) The Hayashi track is a pre-main-sequence phase of stellar evolution

Y) THE INSTABILITY STRIP FALLS BELOW THE MAIN SEQUENCE

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

In what phylum [FYE-lum] is an octopus classified?

MOLLUSCA

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

Doug pushes a 7-kilogram box up a 30-degree ramp onto the bed of a truck, which is 3 meters above the ground. In joules and rounded to the nearest 10, how much work did he do?

210

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

According to Noether's [Noh-turz] Theorem, the conservation of angular momentum is related to what kind of spatial symmetry?

ROTATIONAL (ACCEPT: ROTATIONAL INVARIANCE)

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice

A student observes the dimerization [dye-mur-ih-ZAY-shun] of a solution of cyclopentadiene [sigh-kloh-penta-DYE-een]. Assuming the reaction is second-order in cyclopentadiene, which of the following will she observe as she continues to monitor the reaction? W) The rate increases X) The rate remains constant Y) The half-life increases Z) The half-life remains constant

Y) THE HALF-LIFE INCREASES

BONUS Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Consider a gas-phase reaction where delta-H is less than delta-U. If the reaction is at equilibrium, which of the following changes will ALWAYS shift the reaction mixture to the right? W) Increasing the temperature X) Decreasing the temperature Y) Increasing the volume Z) Decreasing the volume

Z) DECREASING THE VOLUME

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

What property is exhibited by genes that have multiple phenotypic [FEE-no-TIP-ik] effects?

PLEIOROPY [plee-AW-trou-pee]

BONUS Biology - Multiple Choice

White flowers with a long, narrow corolla tube that flower at night are most likely pollinated by what animals? W) Beetles X) Birds Y) Bats Z) Moths

Z) MOTHS

TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer

EXO-200 is a SLAC [slack]-supported experiment attempting to determine if anti-neutrinos [new-TREE-nozel] and neutrinos are the same particle. They are doing this by observing the double beta [BAY-tah] decay of what noble gas?

XENON [ZE-non]

BONUS Energy - Short Answer

Scientists at Oak Ridge National Lab are using computer simulations to better understand the stability of calcium-52, which is inadequately described by current theories. Most surprisingly, despite having completely filled a nucleon shell, calcium-52 does not appear to behave like what set of nuclei?

MAGIC NUCLEI (ACCEPT: MAGIC NUMBER NUCLEI)

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice

Which of the following pairs of tectonic [tek-TAWN-ik] plates does NOT constitute a primarily convergent boundary? W) North American and Cocos plates X) South American and Nazca plates Y) African and Eurasian plates Z) Pacific and Antarctic plates

Z) PACIFIC AND ANTACTIC PLATES

TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice

The statement that magnetic monopoles do not exist in classical physics is most equivalent to which of the following statements? W) The magnetic field has a divergence of zero X) The electric field has a divergence related to total charge density Y) A changing magnetic field will induce an electromotive force in a closed loop Z) A moving charge will induce a magnetic field

W) THE MAGNETIC FIELD HAS A DIVERGENCE OF ZERO

TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer

What mineral can be found on the continuous branch of Bowen's reaction series?

PLAGIOCLASE FELDSPAR (ACCEPT: PLAGIOCLASE; DO NOT ACCEPT: FELDSPAR)

BONUS Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer

Identify all of the following three statements that are true regarding winds: In general, winds at the equator flow west; Air rising from the equator sinks around 5 degrees north and south latitudes; At 30 degrees south latitude, the sinking air generally yields clear skies.

1 AND 3

TOSS-UP Math \(-\) Short Answer

What is the discriminant of the quadratic function \(y=x^{2}-5x+9\)?

-11

BONUS Math \(-\) Short Answer

In a circle with radius 6, what is the area of a circular segment defined by an arc of \(60^{\circ}\)?

\(6\pi-9\surd 3\)23) Physics - Short AnswerA propeller is accelerating at 2.5 radians per second squared. After 4 seconds, it has rotated through 80 radians. What was the initial angular velocity, in radians per second, at the beginning of the 4 seconds?

## 20 BONUS Physics - Short Answer

A beam of light is traveling inside a solid cube of a material with an index of refraction of 1.414. If the cube is in air, what is the measure, to the nearest degree, of the minimum angle to the normal inside the glass so that the beam of light will not enter the air?

45

TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer

During a solar eclipse, an observer's view of the Sun is completely blocked by the moon. The observer is therefore standing in what region of the Moon's shadow?

UMBRA

BONUS Earth and Space \(-\) Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements best reflects our current understanding of the past and present of Mars' atmosphere? W) It has always been about as thick Earth's atmosphere today X) It has always been much thinner than Earth's atmosphere today Y) It was thick shortly after formation, but has since thinned due to solar wind Z) It was thin shortly after formation, but has since thickened due to volcanic outgassing

Y) IT WAS THICK SHORTLY AFTER FORMATION, BUT HAS SINCE THINNED DUE TO SOLAR WIND

TOSS-UP Chemistry \(-\) Short Answer

Identify all of the following three terms that can describe the behavior of water: Nucleophile [NU-klee-oh-file]; Lewis base; Bronsted [BRON-sted] acid.

ALL

BONUS Chemistry \(-\) Short Answer

Identify all of the following three statements that are true of crystal field theory: \(d\) orbitals in a coordinated metal can be higher in energy than in the isolated metal ion; All \(d\) orbitals are elevated in energy equally when a metal is coordinated; In a coordinated metal ion, the \(d\) orbitals are degenerate.

1

TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice

DOE scientists working on the Dark Energy Survey at Fermilab serendipitously discovered a potential dwarf planet orbiting the Sun at 92 AU. Which of the following is closest, in Earth-years, to the orbital period of this object? W) 110 X) 1,100 Y) 11,000 Z) 110,000

X) 1,100

BONUS Energy - Short Answer

Researchers supported by Ames Lab have recently provided spectroscopic [spek-troln-SCAW-pik] evidence for a type of material in which the electron and hole bands are connected at Weyl [wile] points, which are in turn connected by Fermi [FUR-mee] arcs. These materials are a specific type of what general group of materials in electronic band theory?

SEMIMETAL

TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice

Which of the following thermodynamic quantities is a path function? W) Energy X) Enthalpy [EN-thul-pee] Y) Entropy [EN-troln-pee] Z) Heat

Z) HEAT

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

A solid uniform cylindrical rod has moment of inertia \(I\) when rotating about its center like a propeller. In terms of \(I\), what is the moment of inertia of a second rod of the same density but twice the length, when rotated about its symmetry axis?

8 I

TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice

Let f(x) be a continuous and differentiable function on the closed interval [2,6]. Which of the following could be the x-value guaranteed by the mean value theorem for this situation? W) 0 X) 3 Y) 6 Z) 9

X) 3

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three classes that contain organisms that produce amniotic eggs: Reptilia; Aves [AY-veez]; Mammalia.

ALL

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

What gene-editing method relies on synthetic guide RNAs to direct Cas nucleases [NEW-klee-aces] to target sites for gene editing?

CRISPR (ACCEPT: CRISPR/CAS, CRISPR/CAS9)

BONUS Biology - Multiple Choice

In a typical mouse mammalian research model, which type of epithelial [eh-ph-THEEL-ee-ul] cell would be most prevalent lining kidney tubules? W) Simple cuboidal [kyoo-BOY-dul] X) Simple columnar Y) Simple squamous [SKWAY-mus] Z) Stratified columnar

W) SIMPLE CUBOIDAL

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

What is the largest prime factor of 165?

11

BONUS Math - Short Answer

What is the standard deviation of the following list of 4 numbers: 7, 7, 9, 17?

\(\surd 17\)

TOSS-UP Energy \(-\) Multiple Choice

Scientists at Oak Ridge National Lab are simulating the breakdown of lignocellulosic [Iigno-sellyoo-LOH-sik] biomass in the presence of tetrahydrofuran [tetrah-high-droh-FYOOR-an], or THF. What purpose does THF serve in this reaction? W) Catalyst X) Solvent Y) Reactant Z) Chaotropic [kay-ah-TROH-pik] agent

X) SOLVENT

BONUS Energy \(-\) Short Answer

There is significant interest in thorium as a next-generation fuel for nuclear fission [FIH-zhun] reactors. Identify all of the following three statements that are true regarding thorium: Thorium can be found in nature as one nonfissile isotope; Thorium-232 can undergo neutron capture; Thorium-232 is radioactive with a half-life of 21 minutes.

1 AND 2

TOSS-UP Chemistry \(-\) Multiple Choice

A student is interested in the optical properties of chiral [KYE-ruhl] molecules, so she successively performs a chlorination, bromination [broh-min-AY-shun], and an iodination [eye-oh-dah-NAY-shun] of methane. However, she is disappointed to find out that the resulting product demonstrates no optical rotation of polarized light. Which of the following best explains this? W) She prepared a racemic [ray-SEEM-ik] mixture X) Only certain chiral [KYE-ruhl] molecules demonstrate optical rotation Y) Geometric isomers demonstrate optical rotation, not stereoisomers [stereo-EYE-soh-murs] Z) Only larger, more complex chiral molecules demonstrate optical rotation

W) SHE PREPARED A RACEMIC MIXTURE

BONUS Chemistry \(-\) Multiple Choice

Consider the reaction of 1-bromopentane with sodium hydroxide. Which of the following pairs of characteristics apply to this reaction? W) S\({}{\rm N}\)1 at low temperatures and E1 at high temperatures X) E1 at low temperatures and S\({}{\rm N}\)1 at high temperatures Y) S\({}{\rm N}\)2 at low temperatures and E2 at high temperatures Z) E2 at low temperatures and S\({}{\rm N}\)2 at high temperatures

Y) S\({}{\rm N}\)2 AT LOW TEMPERATURES AND E2 AT HIGH TEMPERATURES

TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice

In the lac [lack] operon, allolactose can be classified as what? W) Repressor X) Inducer Y) Promoter Z) Transcription factor

X) INDUCER

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

Point \(P\) is one of the vertices of a 42-sided convex polygon. How many diagonals of the polygon have point \(P\) as an endpoint?

39

BONUS Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer

Identify all of the following three eras that belong to the Phanerozoic [fah-NAIR-oh-zoh-ik] con: Paleozoicoic [PAY-leo-ZO-ik]; Mesozoic [MEH-zoh-ZOH-ik]; Cenozoic [SEN-oh-ZOH-ik].

ALL

TOSS-UP Chemistry \(-\) Multiple Choice

Which of the following atoms has an atomic radius closest to the atomic radius of sodium? W) Beryllium [beh-RILL-ee-um] X) Magnesium Y) Calcium Z) Strontium [STRAWNCH-ee-um]

Y) CALCIUM

BONUS Chemistry \(-\) Short Answer

Arrange the following three classes of organic compounds in increasing order of electrophilicity: Ketone [KEE-tone]; Ester; Amide [AM-ide].

3, 2, 1

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

What is the dot product of \(4i-7j\) and \(5i+2j\)?

6

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer

On the planet Jupiter, what term describes the cooler, dark bands of latitude that correspond to atmospheric downwelling?

BELTS

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

In order to solve a physics problem, a student calculates the surface integral of the normal component of an electric field over a particular surface area. What physical quantity is the student determining?

ELECTRIC FLUX

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

What is the resonant frequency, in radians per second, of a parallel LC circuit with an inductance of 2 millihenries and a capacitance of 80 microfarads [micro-FAIR-ad]?

2,500

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

P orbitals can form what two types of bonds?

SIGMA AND PI

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three molecules that, according to molecular orbital theory, have non-zero bond orders: H-two [H-2]; He-two [H-E-2]; He-two plus [H-E-2-plus].

1 AND 323) Biology - Short Answer In fungal [FUN-gul] reproduction, what stage is characterized by the haploid [HAP-loid] nuclei [NEW-klee-eye] of different parents fusing into a single diploid [DIH-polyd] nucleus?

## BONUS Biology - Short Answer

Identify all of the following four phyla [FYE-lah] that possess a segmented body plan: Arthropoda ; Mollusca [mull-US-kah]; Nematoda; Chordata [kor-DAH-tah].

1 AND 4

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Adding which of the following solutes to hexane would form a solution that most closely obeys Raoult's [rah-OOLZ] law? W) Acetone X) Benzene Y) Pentane Z) Ethanol

Y) PENTANE

BONUS Chemistry - Multiple Choice

A student isolates a natural product from a tropical frog and takes a proton NMR in deuterated chloroform. They notice that there is a sharp peak at 10.5 parts per million in the compound. This suggests the presence of what functional group? W) Nitrile X) Alcohol Y) Aldehyde Z) Ether

Y) ALDEHYDE

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

In classical electromagnetic theory, the speed of light in a vacuum can be written exactly in terms of the permittivity of free space and what other fundamental physical constant?

PERMEABILITY OF FREE SPACE (ACCEPT: PERMEABILITY, MU-0, MU-NAUGHT)

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three statements that are true regarding the relationship between momentum and energy: For a photon, if momentum is doubled, kinetic energy is doubled; For a neutron, if momentum is doubled, kinetic energy is doubled; For an alpha particle, if momentum is doubled, kinetic energy is doubled.

1

TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Multiple Choice

An igneous [IG-nee-us] rock sample is characterized as being composed of crystals of olivine, calcium-rich plagioclase, and augite, and has a phaneritic [fan-er-IT-ik] texture. Which of the following four rocks is it? W) Basalt [bah-SALT] X) Andesite Y) Gabbro Z) Granite

Y) GABBRO

BONUS Earth and Space \(-\) Multiple Choice

You are mapping a flat erosional surface of an anticline fold in which no rock layers have been overturned. Which of the following describes the change in age of the rock layers in the anticline as one walks from the hinge to the limb? W) The layers get older X) The layers get younger Y) The age of the layers is constant Z) Relative age cannot be determined

X) THE LAYERS GET YOUNGER

TOSS-UP Math \(-\) Short Answer

What is the partial derivative with respect to \(x\) of the expression \(x^{3}y^{2}\)?

\(3x^{2}y^{2}\)

BONUS Math \(-\) Short Answer

Teams A and B meet in a best-of-three series. If Team A wins any given game with probability 3/5, what is the probability that Team A wins the series?

81/125 (ACCEPT: 0.648, 64.8%)5) Biology - Short Answer The Weddell seal is able to stay underwater for extraordinarily long periods of time due its ability to store twice as much oxygen per kilogram of body mass than humans. This ability is due to the seal having a high concentration of what protein in its muscles?

### 11 TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

A guitar string is plucked, producing the single A5 tone at 880 hertz. To two significant figures and in milliseconds, what is the period of vibration of this string?

1.1

TOSS-UP Math \(-\) Short Answer

The end of a pendulum swings through an arc 4 feet long when the string swings through an angle of 0.8 radians. In feet, what is the length of the pendulum?

5

TOSS-UP Biology \(-\) Short Answer

Which of the three meninges [meh-NIN-jeez] of the brain is closest to the cerebral [seh-REE-brull] cortex?

PIA MATER

TOSS-UP Energy \(-\) Multiple Choice

When Oak Ridge National Lab physicists use the term "doubly magic," it describes atomic nuclei [NEW-klee-eye] that have greater stability than their neighbors due to having shells that are fully occupied by both protons and neutrons. What nuclear property is maximized to create this effect? W) Neutron degeneracy [dee-JEN-er-ah-see] pressure X) Quantum spin Y) Electron-degeneracy pressure Z) Nucleon binding energy

Z) NUCLEON BINDING ENERGY

BONUS Energy \(-\) Multiple Choice

Researchers at Argonne National Lab are developing smart materials that can self-assemble and break down in response to external stimuli. They recently demonstrated self-assembly of nickel microparticles in the presence of what? W) Changing electrical field X) Changing magnetic field Y) Changing temperature Z) Changing particle concentration

X) CHANGING MAGNETIC FIELD

TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer

For how many planets in the solar system is hydrogen the most abundant atmospheric gas?

FOUR

BONUS Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer

An alien astronomer is observing our Sun as a flat disk with a temperature of 5800 kelvins when Jupiter passes in front of it. Given that the Sun has a radius of approximately 430,000 miles and Jupiter has a radius of approximately 43,000 miles and that Jupiter contributes negligible brightness to the system, then, to one significant figure, by what percentage does the brightness of the disk drop when Jupiter passes in front of the Sun?

1

TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice

Most angiosperm [AN-jee-oh-sperns] species can be classified in which of the following clades? W) Basal [BAY-zul] X) Magnoliids [mag-NO-lee-idz] Y) Monocots

Z) Eudicots [YOU-dih-kawts] Z) EUDICOTS

BONUS Biology - Multiple Choice

Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for maintaining pregnancy in most mammalian species? W) Estrogen X) Lutenizing hormone Y) Progesterone

Z) Prostaglandin [PRAW-stah-glan-din] Y) PROGESTERONE

TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice

The liquid-drop model of the nucleus was originally proposed based on what observation? W) Rutherford gold-foil experiment X) All nuclei [NEW-klee-eyel] have similar densities Y) Emission lines vary between elements Z) Millikan oil-drop experiment

X) ALL NUCLEI HAVE SIMILAR DENSITIES

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

A square surface with side length 3 meters is placed in a constant magnetic field of 2 teslas such that the normal to the surface forms a 45-degree angle with the field lines. In webers [WEH-burz]to the nearest whole number, what is the magnetic flux through the surface?

13

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Which of the following carboxylic [CAR-box-IHL-ik] acid derivatives would be most reactive with a nucleophilic [NU-klee-oh-file]? W) Amide [AM-ide] X) Acid chloride Y) Ester Z) Acid anhydride [an-HIGH-dried]

X) ACID CHLORIDE

BONUS Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Methylamine [meh-thil-ah-MEEN] reacts with 1-bromobutane [one-broh-mo-BYOO-tanel]by donating electrons into what orbital of the carbon at the one position of bromobutane? W) C-C sigma bonding orbital X) C-C sigma antibonding orbital Y) C-Br sigma bonding orbital Z) C-Br sigma antibonding orbital

Z) C-Br SIGMA ANTIBONDING ORBITAL

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice

What object may be formed by the collision of two galaxies, each containing a large black hole at the core? W) Quasar X) Pulsar Y) Neutron star Z) Supercluster

W) QUASAR

BONUS Earth and Space - Short Answer

Place the following three Galilean satellites of Jupiter in increasing order of distance from Jupiter: Europa; Ganymede [GAN-ih-meed]; lo [EYE-oh].

3, 1, 2

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

What is the integer part of the log base 5 of 1000?

4

TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer

Due to environmental concerns with lead perovskites [purr-OFF-skites] as solar-cell materials, researchers at Ames Lab are studying what same-row, period 6 metal as an alternative thin-film material?

BISMUTH (ACCEPT: BI)

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

A concave mirror has a radius of curvature of 54 centimeters. In centimeters, what is its focal length?

27

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

The point \((3,-\) is reflected through the \(x\)-axis, with the result then translated 4 units down. What are the coordinates of the final image?

(3, 1) (ACCEPT: \(x=3\) AND \(y=1\))

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

A 19th-century Danish scientist classified bacteria based on the ability of their cell walls to retain crystal violet, which is due to the abundance of what polymer?

PEPTIDOGLYCAN [peptihdo-GLY-can]

BONUS Biology - Short Answer

Parathyroid [para-THIGH-royd] hormone is necessary for human survival because it controls the blood concentration of what?

CALCIUM (ACCEPT: Ca\({}^{2+}\))

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three statements that are true of cyclohexane: It is miscible with benzene; The bond angles in the ring are sixty degrees; It is more strained than cyclooctane.

1

BONUS Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Lithium aluminum hydride would likely be used by a synthetic chemist for what type of reaction? W) Amide [AM-ide] bond formation X) Nucleophilic substitution Y) Reduction Z) Aromatic substitution

Y) REDUCTION

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

A bag contains three red and three blue marbles. One marble is drawn, and then a second, without replacement. What is the probability of drawing one marble of each color?

3/5 (ACCEPT: 0.6, 60%)

BONUS Math - Short Answer

Solve the following system of three equations in three unknowns: \(x+y=4\), \(y+z=1\), and \(x+z=13\)?

\(x=8\); \(y=-4\); \(z=5\) (ACCEPT: (8, \(-4\), 5))

TOSS-UP Biology \(-\) Multiple Choice

In humans, hyperfunctioning of the thyroid gland can result from which of the following conditions? W) Cushing's syndrome X) Addison's disease Y) Cretinism [KREE-tin-izm] Z) Graves' disease

Z) GRAVES' DISEASE