AarushSah/scibowl_no_headers · Datasets at Hugging Face

Type stringlengths 0 490	Prompt stringlengths 5 919	Completion stringlengths 1 424
BONUS Biology \(-\) Short Answer	Identify all of the following three statements that are true of lancelets: They possess a post-anal tail; They possess pharyngeal [fair-in-JEE-ul] slits; Their musculature derives from mesoderm.	ALL
TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Multiple Choice	Widmanstatten [WTHD-mahn-STAH-ten] patterns are most commonly found in which of the following objects? W) Stony meteorites X) Iron meteorites Y) Moon rocks Z) Carbonaceous [car-bon-AY-shus] chondrites [KON-drytes]	X) IRON METEORITES
BONUS Earth and Space \(-\) Multiple Choice	Lobate scarps on the surface of Mercury are a result of which of the following processes? W) Cooling X) Plate tectonics [tek-TAWN-iks] Y) Volcanism Z) Land tides	W) COOLING
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	To the nearest whole number of joules, how much work is done by a 4-newton-meter torque applied over one full revolution to a 3-kilogram wheel with radius 7 meters?	25
TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer	Researchers at SLAC [slack] lab are operating and collecting data from the orbiting Fermi [FUR-mee] telescope, which captures light from what region of the electromagnetic spectrum that is useful for studying Type II supernovae [SUper-noh-vee] and pulsars?	GAMMA RAYS
BONUS Energy - Multiple Choice	Scientists at Ames Lab have recently released a study of the various parameters of superconductors, including the superconducting transition temperature and the London Penetration Depth. The London Penetration Depth best measures the penetration of which of the following quantities? W) Current X) External magnetic field Y) Alternating current Z) An external electric field	X) EXTERNAL MAGNETIC FIELD
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	What is 69 times 13?	897
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	An astronaut, who is 60 kilograms and initially at rest, is approached by a crate of supplies that is moving at 4 meters per second. When the crate is close, the astronaut pushes against it, accelerating him to 2 meters per second and slowing the crate down to 2.5 meters per second. What is the mass, in kilograms, of the crate?	80
TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Multiple Choice	Tephrochronology [TEF-roh-krah-NAWL-ah-jee] deals with age-dating what type of material? W) Carbonate shells X) Dead organisms Y) Volcanic ash Z) Ice-rafted debris	Y) VOLCANIC ASH
BONUS Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer	Identify all of the following three statements that are true of fossil fuels: Good reservoir rocks have high permeability; Good cap rocks have low permeability; Natural gas tends to form at shallower depths than oil.	1 AND 2
TOSS-UP Chemistry \(-\) Multiple Choice	Methanol has a more negative standard change in enthalpy [EN-thul-peel] of formation than methane. Which of the following is true regarding their relative chemical stabilities? W) Methanol is more stable than methane X) Methanol is less stable than methane Y) Because both are composed of the same atoms, they are equally stable Z) Their stabilities cannot be compared with standard enthalpy [EN-thul-peel] changes	Z) THEIR STABILITIES CANNOT BE COMPARED WITH STANDARD ENTHALPY CHANGES
BONUS Chemistry \(-\) Multiple Choice	Acetone cyanohydrin [sigh-ANN-oh-HIGH-drin] is formed when a cyanide ion reacts with acetone. What atom is the electrophile in this reaction? W) Nitrogen on the cyanide ion X) Carbon at the 2 position on acetone Y) Carbon at the 1 position on acetone Z) Oxygen on acetone	X) CARBON AT THE 2 POSITION ON ACETONE
TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice	De novo phasing is a technique that structural biologists at SLAC [slack] use to gather information about a new protein's 3D shape. This technique involves the replacement of a single atom inside the protein with a traditionally non-proteinogenic [pro-teen-oh-JEN-ik] atom with similar chemical behavior. In one example, the researchers replaced a sulfur atom with what? W) Nitrogen X) Selenium Y) Phosphorus Z) Arsenic	X) SELENIUM
BONUS Energy - Multiple Choice	Los Alamos National Lab scientists are studying how microbes in the soil can slow down the spread of what long-lived radioisotope that is readily absorbed in the thyroid? W) Strontium-90 [STRAWNCH-ee-um-90] X) Iodine-131 Y) Cesium-137 [SEEZ-ee-um-one-thirty-seven] Z) Iodine-129	Z) IODINE-129
TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice	Which of the following forms of nitrogenous [nye-TRAW-jen-us] waste excretion is most energetically costly to produce? W) Ammonia X) Urea Y) Ammonium Z) Uric acid	Z) URIC ACID
BONUS Biology - Multiple Choice	During Western blotting, a blocking solution is often prepared. What is the primary function of the blocking solution? W) Conditioning of the PVDF membrane X) Limiting non-specific binding of antibodies Y) Preserving antibody-protein interactions Z) Quenching protein denaturation	X) LIMITING NON-SPECIFIC BINDING OF ANTIBODIES
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice	What class of meteorites is composed of undifferentiated, spherical particles that are believed to contain primitive material from which rocky planets formed? W) Achondrites [ay-KAWN-dries] X) Chondrites [KON-drite] Y) Iron meteorites Z) Pallasites	X) CHONDRITES
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	If the graph of \(y\) equals open parenthesis\(x+4\) close parenthesis squared\(+3\) is translated 2 units to the right and 4 units down, what are the coordinates of the vertex of the image?	(-2, -1) (ACCEPT: \(x=-2\) AND \(y=-1\))
TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice	What type of phagocytic cell can primarily be found under mucosal [myoo-KOH-sul] surfaces and plays a primary role in responding to multicellular pathogens? W) Neutrophphils [NEW-toth-fill] X) Eosinophilis [ee-oh-SIN-oh-filz] Y) Dendritic cells [den-DRIH-dik] Z) Macrophages [MACRO-fay-jiz]	X) EOSINOPHILS
BONUS Biology - Short Answer	A scientist is separating proteins using size-exclusion chromatography [crow-mah-TAW-grah-fee]. Identify the relative order of elution from earliest to latest of the following proteins from the column: Titin; Myoglobin [MY-oh-glow-bin]; Hemoglobin; Cytochrome [SIGH-tow-krome] c.	1, 3, 2, 4
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice	Which of the following functional groups can be found in sucrose? W) Alcohol X) Amine Y) Aminal Z) Carboxyl	W) ALCOHOL
BONUS Chemistry - Multiple Choice	Which of the following techniques would most unambiguously determine the structure of a compound that contains stereocenters? W) Mass spectrometry [spek-TRAW-metry] X) X-ray crystallography [crystal-AW-graphy] Y) 1D NMR spectroscopy [spek-TRAW-scuh-pee] Z) Atomic absorption spectroscopy	X) X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	What is the determinant of the 2-by-2 matrix with first row \(-3,-5\) and second row \(8\), \(-2\)?	46
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	Fairy rings are associated with what division of fungi?	BASIDIOMYCOTA (ACCEPT: BASIDIOMYCETES)
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	A 9-volt battery with internal resistance of 1 ohm is connected to a lightbulb. If the potential drop across the lightbulb is 6 volts, then in watts, how much power is dissipated by the lightbulb?	18
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	Water flows through a horizontally-level pipe at 4 meters per second, until it encounters a section where its static pressure decreases by 10 kilopascals. To the nearest whole number of meters per second, what is its new flow speed?	6
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three rocks that would be classified as aphanitic [AFF-in-it-ik]: Andesite [ANN-deh-sitel]; Basalt [bah-SALT]; Diorite.	1 AND 2
BONUS Earth and Space - Short Answer	Place the following three rock types in increasing order of distance from shore at the time of deposition in a typical sedimentary sequence: Shale; Limestone; Sandstone.	3, 1, 2
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	Aspartame is an artificial sweetener composed of amino acids linked by what type of chemical bond?	AMIDE (ACCEPT: PEPTIDE)
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three chemical moieties that are capable of having cis [sis] -trans isomerism [eye-SAW-mer-izm]: Tetrahedral [letrah-HEE-drul] complex; Alkene; Square planar [PLAY-nar] complex.	2 AND 3
TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Multiple Choice	Which of the following ocean currents does NOT flow from higher latitudes toward the equator? W) The California Current X) The Peru Current Y) The Brazil Current Z) The Benguela [ben-GWAY-la] Current	Y) THE BRAZIL CURRENT
BONUS Earth and Space \(-\) Multiple Choice	Which of the following events occurred in the Late Mississippi? W) Breakup of Rodinia X) Collision of Gondwana with Laurasia Y) Collision of Laurentia with Baltic Z) Breakup of Pangaea	X) COLLISION OF GONDWANA WITH LAURASIA
TOSS-UP Math \(-\) Short Answer	What are the \(x\)-coordinates of the intersections of the graphs of the equations \(y=9x^{2}+3\) and \(y=-27x+3\)?	0 AND -3
BONUS Math \(-\) Short Answer	What is the cube of the complex number \(3+5i\)?	\(-198+10i\)
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice	A student wishes to convert an aldehyde to a secondary alcohol. Which of the following reagents would be most useful? W) Alkyl [AL-keel] Grignard [GRIN-yard] reagent X) Lithium aluminum hydride Y) Sodium borohydride Z) Sodium hydride	W) ALKYL GRIGNARD REAGENT
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	Andrew synthesizes a compound that consists of a benzene ring with an alcohol group in the one position and a primary amine in the four position. Identify all of the following three names that unambiguously represent the structure of this compound: P-aminophenol; 4-aminophenol; 4-hydroxyaniline.	ALL
TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice	Planck resolved the ultraviolet catastrophe for black bodies by postulating the quantization of photon energies to derive an expression showing that the modal energies obey which of the following statistical distributions? W) Fermi-Dirac X) Maxwell-Boltzmann Y) Bose-Einstein Z) Gaussian	Y) BOSE-EINSTEIN
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	A spinning dancer draws her arms inwards until she rotates at 3 times her original velocity. In terms of her original kinetic energy \(E\), how much energy did this maneuver require?	\(2E\)
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	Identify all of the following four phyla [FYE-lah] that exhibit radial symmetry: Porifera [poor-IH-fer-ah]; Cnidaria [nye-DARE-ee-ah]; Mollusca [null-US-kah]; Echinodermata [eh-kye-noh-der-MAH-tah].	2, 4
BONUS Biology - Short Answer	In humans, circadian [sir-KAY-dee-an] rhythms are controlled by a specific group of neurons in the hypothalamus [high-poh-THAL-ah-mus] called what?	SCN (ACCEPT: SUPRACTIASMATIC NUCLEUS)
TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice	Scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab recently captured images of a Type one-A supernova in a galaxy four billion light-years away that appeared 50 times brighter than normal and in four different places in the sky. Which of the following did the scientists discover? W) A Type-one-A supernova with a progenitor that was 20-50 times more massive than normal X) An anomalous type-two supernova with a light curve resembling type Ia Y) A light echo of a type-one-A supernova Z) A type-one-A supernova whose image was strongly gravitationally lensed	Z) A TYPE-ONE-A SUPERNOVA WHOSE IMAGE WAS STRONGLY GRAVITIGNALLY LENSED
BONUS Energy - Multiple Choice	One of the most promising generation IV nuclear reactor designs involves the use of supercritical water as the coolant. What is the main reason to use supercritical water? W) It has a higher neutron absorption cross section X) It has a lower neutron absorption cross section Y) It is fissile Z) It allows for a higher thermal efficiency	Z) IT ALLOWS FOR A HIGHER THERMAL EFFICIENCY
TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Multiple Choice	Which of the following drainage patterns would likely be visible on jointed, rocky terrain? W) Dendritic [den-DRIH-dik] X) Trellis Y) Radial Z) Rectangular	Z) RECTANGULAR
TOSS-UP Biology \(-\) Multiple Choice	A patient is demonstrating loss in bone density. Which of the following hormones would be most useful in treating this symptom? W) Parathyroid hormone X) Vasopressin Y) Calcitonin [kal-sinh-TOE-nin] Z) Mineralocorticoid [mineralo-CORE-deh-KOYD]	Y) CALCITONIN
TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice	DOE scientists are using the Advanced Light Source to study atmospheric reentry heat shields, including PICA [IPEE-kahl], the type currently used by NASA and SpaceX. Which of the following best describes PICA? W) A silicone-based heating pad X) A highly-thermally-conductive epoxy Y) A carbon fiber that slowly ablates Z) Titanium shingles with heat sinks	Y) A CARBON FIBER THAT SLOWLY ABLATES
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	What is the product of the three different prime factors of 315?	105
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	In terms of the elementary charge \(e\), what is the electric charge of an up quark?	POSITIVE (2/3)\(e\) (ACCEPT: (2/3)\(e\), 2\(e\)/3)
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	An excess charge is distributed over the surface of a solid metal sphere that has a radius of one meter. Identify all of the following three distances from the center of the sphere at which the electrical potential relative to infinity is maximized: 50 centimeters; 100 centimeters; 150 centimeters.	1 AND 2
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice	The precipitation reaction caused by the addition of potassium chloride to aqueous [AY-kwee-us] silver nitrate is an example of which of the following types of reactions? W) Metathesis [meh-TATH-uh-sis] X) Decomposition Y) Synthesis Z) Redox	W) METATHESIS
BONUS Chemistry - Multiple Choice	Copper (II) hydroxide is insoluble in water. However, upon the addition of excess ammonia, it dissolves and changes to a deep blue color. Which of the following statements best explains this observation? W) The rise in pH solubilized the copper hydroxide X) The drop in pH solubilized the copper hydroxide Y) The copper reacted with ammonia, forming a soluble species Z) The ammonia neutralized the hydroxide, releasing soluble copper (II)	Y) THE COPPER REACTED WITH AMMONIA, FORMING A SOLUBLE SPECIES13) Biology - Short Answer The five-prime cap added to mRNA is a modified version of what nucleotide base?
TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice	Lithium-ion batteries are generally built in the discharged state, then recharged after construction. Which of the following best explains why this is done? W) The materials in the discharged state can be exposed to the atmosphere safely X) In the charged state, the raw materials pose a risk of dendrite formation Y) Lithium dendrites cannot form in the discharged state Z) Lithiated manganese materials are particularly unstable in the presence of humidity	W) THE MATERIALS IN THE DISCHARGED STATE CAN BE EXPOSED TO THE ATMOSPHERE SAFELY
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice	Which of the following substances is more soluble in toluene than in water? W) Carbon tetrachloride X) Sodium chloride Y) Acetic acid Z) Sodium methoxide	W) CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three quantities that are dimensionless: Tensile [TEN-sile] stress; Tensile strain; Young's Modulus.	2
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	How many terms does the binomial expansion of open parenthesis \(8x^{3}+5y^{2}\) close parenthesis to \(18^{\rm th}\) power contain?	19
BONUS Math - Short Answer	What are the coordinates of the image of the point (-1, when it is rotated about the point (3, by 90 degrees counterclockwise?	(1, -2) (ACCEPT: \(x=1\) AND \(y=-2\))
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	What is the name of the jelly-like fluid that fills the human eye?	VITREOUS HUMOR (ACCEPT: VITREOUS BODY)
BONUS Biology - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three vitamins that are considered fat-soluble: Biotin; Cobalamin [koh-BALL-ah-min]; Niacin.	NONE
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three statements that are true regarding the dentity of ligands [LIH-gundz]: Bromine [BROH-meen] is a monodentate ligand; Diethylenetriamine [dye-ethileen-tri-ah-meen] is a bidentate ligand; EDTA is a quatradentate [kwah-trah-DEN-tate] ligand.	1
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three molecules that have the chemical formula C\({}{4}\)H\({}{8}\)O: Acetone; Butanone; Butyraldehyde.	2 AND 3
TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer	What spectral class of stars possesses the strongest Balmer lines?	A (ACCEPT: A-ZERO)
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice	A student is holding two balloons, one containing one mole of hydrogen gas and the other containing one mole of helium gas. What is the ratio of the volume of the helium balloon to that of the hydrogen balloon? W) 1/2 X) 1 Y) 2 Z) 4	X) 1
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	Rank the following three elements in increasing order of atomic radius: Calcium; Chlorine; Magnesium.	2, 3, 1
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	The radioactive decay of magnesium-23 to sodium-23 is mediated by which fundamental force?	WEAK FORCE (ACCEPT: WEAK NUCLEAR FORCE)
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	A block rests on an inclined plane angled at 30 degrees from the horizontal. What is the ratio of the normal force to the force down the surface of the plane?	\(\forall\)3 (ACCEPT: \(\forall\)3 TO 1)
TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer	Researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab are studying a tunable, hypersensitive form of MRI that could present a breakthrough in cancer diagnostics. Typically, MRI machines use radio frequency pulses to measure the distribution of what element?	HYDROGEN
BONUS Energy - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three fuels that could be used in a fuel cell: Methane; Hydrogen; Carbon monoxide.	ALL
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	Glucagon [GLUE-kah-gon] is primarily manufactured in the alpha cells of what human organ?	PANCREAS
BONUS Biology - Short Answer	A molecular biologist wishes to move a section of DNA from one plasmid to another. After cutting the first plasmid with restriction enzymes and isolating the band of DNA of interest, she mixes together the second, already-cleaved plasmid and the DNA of interest. What enzyme must she add to finish incorporating the gene into the plasmid?	LIGASE (ACCEPT: DNA LIGASE, RECOMBINASE)
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	In the expansion of the cube of \(a+2b\), what is the coefficient of the \(ab^{2}\) term?	12
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer	What technique is employed by astronomers to study the ways in which matter interacts with or emits electromagnetic radiation?	SPECTROSCOPY
TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer	The Deep Underground Neutrino [new-TREE-no] Experiment is an effort at Fermilab to send neutrinos between two points separated by a large distance to give them time to undergo what unique behavior of neutrinos?	OSCILLATION
BONUS Energy - Multiple Choice	Which of the following is the most important difference between fast nuclear reactors and thermal nuclear reactors? W) They use different fuel configurations X) Unlike thermal reactors, fast reactors do not use a moderator Y) Thermal reactors have a higher neutron flux than fast reactors Z) Thermal reactors run at higher temperatures than fast reactors	X) UNLIKE THERMAL REACTORS, FAST REACTORS DO NOT USE A MODERATOR
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	What is the arc length of a sector of a circle with radius 2 and central angle pi over three?	2\(\pi\)/3 (ACCEPT: (2/3)\(\pi\))
BONUS Math - Short Answer	A student has a paper cup in the shape of a right circular cone, with a height of 5 inches and an opening diameter of 3 inches. How many of these paper cups of water will it take the student to fill a cylindrical container of diameter 3 inches and height 10 inches?	6
TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer	What is the term for the point of origin within the Earth of seismic waves in an earthquake?	FOCUS (ACCEPT: HYPOCENTER)
BONUS Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer	What name is given to the boundary between the Earth's crust and mantle where P-wave velocity jumps from approximately 6 kilometers per second to approximately 8 kilometers per second?	MOHO (ACCEPT: MOHORVICIC DISCONTINUITY)
TOSS-UP Biology \(-\) Multiple Choice	Beadle and Tatum's one gene-one enzyme hypothesis was formed from the results of their investigation of which of the following biological processes? W) Operon inhibition X) Amino acid biosynthesis Y) DNA replication Z) Limited proteolysis [pro-tee-AW-lih-sis]	X) AMINO ACID BIOSYNTHESIS
BONUS Biology \(-\) Short Answer	Identify all of the following three plant nutrients that are required for the light reactions of photosynthesis to occur: Iron; Nickel; Molybdenum [muh-LIB-den-um].	1
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	If \(f\) of \(x\) is equal to \(5x^{2}-6x+2\), what is \(f\) of 3?	29
BONUS Math - Short Answer	What is the limit as \(x\) approaches 0 of the fraction with numerator\(x+\mbox{sine}\ x\) and denominator\(e\) to the \(x\) power minus 1?	2
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	What physical quantity is defined as the rate of change of a particle's energy with respect to time?	POWER
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	A linear spring is hung from the ceiling. When a 1-kilogram block is hung from the spring, the spring's length increases by 2 meters. If another 1-kilogram block is hung from 8 similar springs connected in parallel, then, in meters, what will be the change in length of each of the springs?	0.25 (ACCEPT: \(\forall\)a)
TOSS-UP Energy \(-\) Short Answer	The first useful nuclear-generated electricity was produced in Idaho in 1951. The nuclear reactor was designed and built by what DOE national laboratory?	ARGONNE NATIONAL LAB (ACCEPT: ARGONNE)
BONUS Energy \(-\) Short Answer	The electrodes in hydrogen fuel cells are generally composed of what catalytically-active element?	PLATINUM
TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Multiple Choice	Which of the following minerals would be found in least abundance in a typical gabbro [gab-roh]? W) Muscovite X) Plagioclase [PLAY-jee-oh-klaze] Y) Augite [AW-jite] Z) Hornblende	W) MUSCOVITE
BONUS Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer	Identify all of the following three features that are associated with karst landscapes. Disappearing streams; Stalagmites [stah-LAG-mites]; Sinkholes.	ALL17) Chemistry - Short Answer What is the hybridization [HIGH-brih-dye-ZAY-shun] of the carbon atoms in polyethylene?
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	Sand dollars belong to what phylum [FYE-lum]?	ECHINODERMATA
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	What is the slope of the line that passes through the points (6, and (2, ?	1/4 (ACCEPT: 0.25)
TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice	Which of the following length scales best describes the spatial distortion resolution of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory? W) Length of the interferometer arm X) Wavelength of the helium-neon laser Y) Radius of a silver atom Z) Thousandth of a proton diameter	Z) Thousandth of a proton diameter
TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer	What is the brightest star in the constellation Orion?	RIGEL
TOSS-UP Biology \(-\) Short Answer	In order for tropomyosin [troh-poh-MY-oh-sin] to be removed from the myosin-binding sites on actin, troponin [TROH-poh-min] must bind to what second messenger?	CALCIUM (ACCEPT: CALCIUM TWO PLUS)
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	According to VSEPR theory, what is the electron-pair geometry of the central atom in the compound iodine trichloride?	TRIGONAL BIPYRAMIDAL
TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice	Two years after carbon dioxide was sequestered by the Pacific Northwest National Lab near Wallula, Washington, the material was converted into mineral substances resembling what type of sedimentary rock? W) Rock gypsum X) Limestone Y) Coal Z) Rock salt	X) LIMESTONE
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer	What star has the lowest apparent magnitude as observed from Earth?	THE SUN (ACCEPT: SOL)
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	Before amino acids can be used in translation, the free amino acid must be bonded to what class of molecules?	tRNA
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice	Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between 1-butanol [one-BYOO-tan-all] and 4-butanol? W) Structural isomers X) Same compound Y) Diastereomers [dye-ah-STARE-ee-oh-murz] Z) Enantiomers [en-AN-tee-oh-mirs]	X) SAME COMPOUND
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	A 1,000-kilogram block of density 800 kilograms per cubic meter is placed in a fluid of density 1,000 kilograms per cubic meter. What percentage of the block's total volume floats above the surface of the fluid?	20
BONUS Physics - Multiple Choice	A lightning bolt strikes a power station, transmitting a current of 30,000 amps for 100 microseconds into it, which is currently charging a 2,000-milliampere-hour battery. Assuming that the charge from the lightning bolt is perfectly transmitted into the battery, which of the following percentages is closest to the percentage of the battery that it would charge? W) Less than 1 X) 25 Y) 50 Z) 75	W) LESS THAN 1
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	What value of \(x\) minimizes the function \(f\) of \(x\) equals \(x^{2}-6x+2\)?	3
BONUS Math - Multiple Choice If \(f(x)=\) the square root of open parenthesis \(x+4\) close parenthesis and \(g(x)=\) the square root of open parenthesis \(x-4\) close parenthesis, what is the domain of the function \(f(x)\) divided by \(g(x)\)? W) All real numbers greater than 4 X) All real numbers greater than or equal to 4 Y) All real numbers greater than or equal to \(-4\) Z) All real numbers between \(-4\) and 4 Answer: W) All real numbers greater than Biology - Short Answer	Under limited nutrient conditions Bacillus [bah-SIL-us] subtilis [SUB-dil-iss] initiates a morphological change, notably documented by Robert Koch [coke], that results in the formation of what structure?	ENDOSPORE (ACCEPT: SPORE)

BONUS Biology \(-\) Short Answer

Identify all of the following three statements that are true of lancelets: They possess a post-anal tail; They possess pharyngeal [fair-in-JEE-ul] slits; Their musculature derives from mesoderm.

ALL

TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Multiple Choice

Widmanstatten [WTHD-mahn-STAH-ten] patterns are most commonly found in which of the following objects? W) Stony meteorites X) Iron meteorites Y) Moon rocks Z) Carbonaceous [car-bon-AY-shus] chondrites [KON-drytes]

X) IRON METEORITES

BONUS Earth and Space \(-\) Multiple Choice

Lobate scarps on the surface of Mercury are a result of which of the following processes? W) Cooling X) Plate tectonics [tek-TAWN-iks] Y) Volcanism Z) Land tides

W) COOLING

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

To the nearest whole number of joules, how much work is done by a 4-newton-meter torque applied over one full revolution to a 3-kilogram wheel with radius 7 meters?

25

TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer

Researchers at SLAC [slack] lab are operating and collecting data from the orbiting Fermi [FUR-mee] telescope, which captures light from what region of the electromagnetic spectrum that is useful for studying Type II supernovae [SUper-noh-vee] and pulsars?

GAMMA RAYS

BONUS Energy - Multiple Choice

Scientists at Ames Lab have recently released a study of the various parameters of superconductors, including the superconducting transition temperature and the London Penetration Depth. The London Penetration Depth best measures the penetration of which of the following quantities? W) Current X) External magnetic field Y) Alternating current Z) An external electric field

X) EXTERNAL MAGNETIC FIELD

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

What is 69 times 13?

897

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

An astronaut, who is 60 kilograms and initially at rest, is approached by a crate of supplies that is moving at 4 meters per second. When the crate is close, the astronaut pushes against it, accelerating him to 2 meters per second and slowing the crate down to 2.5 meters per second. What is the mass, in kilograms, of the crate?

80

TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Multiple Choice

Tephrochronology [TEF-roh-krah-NAWL-ah-jee] deals with age-dating what type of material? W) Carbonate shells X) Dead organisms Y) Volcanic ash Z) Ice-rafted debris

Y) VOLCANIC ASH

BONUS Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer

Identify all of the following three statements that are true of fossil fuels: Good reservoir rocks have high permeability; Good cap rocks have low permeability; Natural gas tends to form at shallower depths than oil.

1 AND 2

TOSS-UP Chemistry \(-\) Multiple Choice

Methanol has a more negative standard change in enthalpy [EN-thul-peel] of formation than methane. Which of the following is true regarding their relative chemical stabilities? W) Methanol is more stable than methane X) Methanol is less stable than methane Y) Because both are composed of the same atoms, they are equally stable Z) Their stabilities cannot be compared with standard enthalpy [EN-thul-peel] changes

Z) THEIR STABILITIES CANNOT BE COMPARED WITH STANDARD ENTHALPY CHANGES

BONUS Chemistry \(-\) Multiple Choice

Acetone cyanohydrin [sigh-ANN-oh-HIGH-drin] is formed when a cyanide ion reacts with acetone. What atom is the electrophile in this reaction? W) Nitrogen on the cyanide ion X) Carbon at the 2 position on acetone Y) Carbon at the 1 position on acetone Z) Oxygen on acetone

X) CARBON AT THE 2 POSITION ON ACETONE

TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice

De novo phasing is a technique that structural biologists at SLAC [slack] use to gather information about a new protein's 3D shape. This technique involves the replacement of a single atom inside the protein with a traditionally non-proteinogenic [pro-teen-oh-JEN-ik] atom with similar chemical behavior. In one example, the researchers replaced a sulfur atom with what? W) Nitrogen X) Selenium Y) Phosphorus Z) Arsenic

X) SELENIUM

BONUS Energy - Multiple Choice

Los Alamos National Lab scientists are studying how microbes in the soil can slow down the spread of what long-lived radioisotope that is readily absorbed in the thyroid? W) Strontium-90 [STRAWNCH-ee-um-90] X) Iodine-131 Y) Cesium-137 [SEEZ-ee-um-one-thirty-seven] Z) Iodine-129

Z) IODINE-129

TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice

Which of the following forms of nitrogenous [nye-TRAW-jen-us] waste excretion is most energetically costly to produce? W) Ammonia X) Urea Y) Ammonium Z) Uric acid

Z) URIC ACID

BONUS Biology - Multiple Choice

During Western blotting, a blocking solution is often prepared. What is the primary function of the blocking solution? W) Conditioning of the PVDF membrane X) Limiting non-specific binding of antibodies Y) Preserving antibody-protein interactions Z) Quenching protein denaturation

X) LIMITING NON-SPECIFIC BINDING OF ANTIBODIES

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice

What class of meteorites is composed of undifferentiated, spherical particles that are believed to contain primitive material from which rocky planets formed? W) Achondrites [ay-KAWN-dries] X) Chondrites [KON-drite] Y) Iron meteorites Z) Pallasites

X) CHONDRITES

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

If the graph of \(y\) equals open parenthesis\(x+4\) close parenthesis squared\(+3\) is translated 2 units to the right and 4 units down, what are the coordinates of the vertex of the image?

(-2, -1) (ACCEPT: \(x=-2\) AND \(y=-1\))

TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice

What type of phagocytic cell can primarily be found under mucosal [myoo-KOH-sul] surfaces and plays a primary role in responding to multicellular pathogens? W) Neutrophphils [NEW-toth-fill] X) Eosinophilis [ee-oh-SIN-oh-filz] Y) Dendritic cells [den-DRIH-dik] Z) Macrophages [MACRO-fay-jiz]

X) EOSINOPHILS

BONUS Biology - Short Answer

A scientist is separating proteins using size-exclusion chromatography [crow-mah-TAW-grah-fee]. Identify the relative order of elution from earliest to latest of the following proteins from the column: Titin; Myoglobin [MY-oh-glow-bin]; Hemoglobin; Cytochrome [SIGH-tow-krome] c.

1, 3, 2, 4

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Which of the following functional groups can be found in sucrose? W) Alcohol X) Amine Y) Aminal Z) Carboxyl

W) ALCOHOL

BONUS Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Which of the following techniques would most unambiguously determine the structure of a compound that contains stereocenters? W) Mass spectrometry [spek-TRAW-metry] X) X-ray crystallography [crystal-AW-graphy] Y) 1D NMR spectroscopy [spek-TRAW-scuh-pee] Z) Atomic absorption spectroscopy

X) X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

What is the determinant of the 2-by-2 matrix with first row \(-3,-5\) and second row \(8\), \(-2\)?

46

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

Fairy rings are associated with what division of fungi?

BASIDIOMYCOTA (ACCEPT: BASIDIOMYCETES)

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

A 9-volt battery with internal resistance of 1 ohm is connected to a lightbulb. If the potential drop across the lightbulb is 6 volts, then in watts, how much power is dissipated by the lightbulb?

18

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

Water flows through a horizontally-level pipe at 4 meters per second, until it encounters a section where its static pressure decreases by 10 kilopascals. To the nearest whole number of meters per second, what is its new flow speed?

6

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three rocks that would be classified as aphanitic [AFF-in-it-ik]: Andesite [ANN-deh-sitel]; Basalt [bah-SALT]; Diorite.

1 AND 2

BONUS Earth and Space - Short Answer

Place the following three rock types in increasing order of distance from shore at the time of deposition in a typical sedimentary sequence: Shale; Limestone; Sandstone.

3, 1, 2

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

Aspartame is an artificial sweetener composed of amino acids linked by what type of chemical bond?

AMIDE (ACCEPT: PEPTIDE)

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three chemical moieties that are capable of having cis [sis] -trans isomerism [eye-SAW-mer-izm]: Tetrahedral [letrah-HEE-drul] complex; Alkene; Square planar [PLAY-nar] complex.

2 AND 3

TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Multiple Choice

Which of the following ocean currents does NOT flow from higher latitudes toward the equator? W) The California Current X) The Peru Current Y) The Brazil Current Z) The Benguela [ben-GWAY-la] Current

Y) THE BRAZIL CURRENT

BONUS Earth and Space \(-\) Multiple Choice

Which of the following events occurred in the Late Mississippi? W) Breakup of Rodinia X) Collision of Gondwana with Laurasia Y) Collision of Laurentia with Baltic Z) Breakup of Pangaea

X) COLLISION OF GONDWANA WITH LAURASIA

TOSS-UP Math \(-\) Short Answer

What are the \(x\)-coordinates of the intersections of the graphs of the equations \(y=9x^{2}+3\) and \(y=-27x+3\)?

0 AND -3

BONUS Math \(-\) Short Answer

What is the cube of the complex number \(3+5i\)?

\(-198+10i\)

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice

A student wishes to convert an aldehyde to a secondary alcohol. Which of the following reagents would be most useful? W) Alkyl [AL-keel] Grignard [GRIN-yard] reagent X) Lithium aluminum hydride Y) Sodium borohydride Z) Sodium hydride

W) ALKYL GRIGNARD REAGENT

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

Andrew synthesizes a compound that consists of a benzene ring with an alcohol group in the one position and a primary amine in the four position. Identify all of the following three names that unambiguously represent the structure of this compound: P-aminophenol; 4-aminophenol; 4-hydroxyaniline.

ALL

TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice

Planck resolved the ultraviolet catastrophe for black bodies by postulating the quantization of photon energies to derive an expression showing that the modal energies obey which of the following statistical distributions? W) Fermi-Dirac X) Maxwell-Boltzmann Y) Bose-Einstein Z) Gaussian

Y) BOSE-EINSTEIN

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

A spinning dancer draws her arms inwards until she rotates at 3 times her original velocity. In terms of her original kinetic energy \(E\), how much energy did this maneuver require?

\(2E\)

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

Identify all of the following four phyla [FYE-lah] that exhibit radial symmetry: Porifera [poor-IH-fer-ah]; Cnidaria [nye-DARE-ee-ah]; Mollusca [null-US-kah]; Echinodermata [eh-kye-noh-der-MAH-tah].

2, 4

BONUS Biology - Short Answer

In humans, circadian [sir-KAY-dee-an] rhythms are controlled by a specific group of neurons in the hypothalamus [high-poh-THAL-ah-mus] called what?

SCN (ACCEPT: SUPRACTIASMATIC NUCLEUS)

TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice

Scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab recently captured images of a Type one-A supernova in a galaxy four billion light-years away that appeared 50 times brighter than normal and in four different places in the sky. Which of the following did the scientists discover? W) A Type-one-A supernova with a progenitor that was 20-50 times more massive than normal X) An anomalous type-two supernova with a light curve resembling type Ia Y) A light echo of a type-one-A supernova Z) A type-one-A supernova whose image was strongly gravitationally lensed

Z) A TYPE-ONE-A SUPERNOVA WHOSE IMAGE WAS STRONGLY GRAVITIGNALLY LENSED

BONUS Energy - Multiple Choice

One of the most promising generation IV nuclear reactor designs involves the use of supercritical water as the coolant. What is the main reason to use supercritical water? W) It has a higher neutron absorption cross section X) It has a lower neutron absorption cross section Y) It is fissile Z) It allows for a higher thermal efficiency

Z) IT ALLOWS FOR A HIGHER THERMAL EFFICIENCY

TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Multiple Choice

Which of the following drainage patterns would likely be visible on jointed, rocky terrain? W) Dendritic [den-DRIH-dik] X) Trellis Y) Radial Z) Rectangular

Z) RECTANGULAR

TOSS-UP Biology \(-\) Multiple Choice

A patient is demonstrating loss in bone density. Which of the following hormones would be most useful in treating this symptom? W) Parathyroid hormone X) Vasopressin Y) Calcitonin [kal-sinh-TOE-nin] Z) Mineralocorticoid [mineralo-CORE-deh-KOYD]

Y) CALCITONIN

TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice

DOE scientists are using the Advanced Light Source to study atmospheric reentry heat shields, including PICA [IPEE-kahl], the type currently used by NASA and SpaceX. Which of the following best describes PICA? W) A silicone-based heating pad X) A highly-thermally-conductive epoxy Y) A carbon fiber that slowly ablates Z) Titanium shingles with heat sinks

Y) A CARBON FIBER THAT SLOWLY ABLATES

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

What is the product of the three different prime factors of 315?

105

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

In terms of the elementary charge \(e\), what is the electric charge of an up quark?

POSITIVE (2/3)\(e\) (ACCEPT: (2/3)\(e\), 2\(e\)/3)

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

An excess charge is distributed over the surface of a solid metal sphere that has a radius of one meter. Identify all of the following three distances from the center of the sphere at which the electrical potential relative to infinity is maximized: 50 centimeters; 100 centimeters; 150 centimeters.

1 AND 2

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice

The precipitation reaction caused by the addition of potassium chloride to aqueous [AY-kwee-us] silver nitrate is an example of which of the following types of reactions? W) Metathesis [meh-TATH-uh-sis] X) Decomposition Y) Synthesis Z) Redox

W) METATHESIS

BONUS Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Copper (II) hydroxide is insoluble in water. However, upon the addition of excess ammonia, it dissolves and changes to a deep blue color. Which of the following statements best explains this observation? W) The rise in pH solubilized the copper hydroxide X) The drop in pH solubilized the copper hydroxide Y) The copper reacted with ammonia, forming a soluble species Z) The ammonia neutralized the hydroxide, releasing soluble copper (II)

Y) THE COPPER REACTED WITH AMMONIA, FORMING A SOLUBLE SPECIES13) Biology - Short Answer The five-prime cap added to mRNA is a modified version of what nucleotide base?

TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice

Lithium-ion batteries are generally built in the discharged state, then recharged after construction. Which of the following best explains why this is done? W) The materials in the discharged state can be exposed to the atmosphere safely X) In the charged state, the raw materials pose a risk of dendrite formation Y) Lithium dendrites cannot form in the discharged state Z) Lithiated manganese materials are particularly unstable in the presence of humidity

W) THE MATERIALS IN THE DISCHARGED STATE CAN BE EXPOSED TO THE ATMOSPHERE SAFELY

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Which of the following substances is more soluble in toluene than in water? W) Carbon tetrachloride X) Sodium chloride Y) Acetic acid Z) Sodium methoxide

W) CARBON TETRACHLORIDE

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three quantities that are dimensionless: Tensile [TEN-sile] stress; Tensile strain; Young's Modulus.

2

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

How many terms does the binomial expansion of open parenthesis \(8x^{3}+5y^{2}\) close parenthesis to \(18^{\rm th}\) power contain?

19

BONUS Math - Short Answer

What are the coordinates of the image of the point (-1, when it is rotated about the point (3, by 90 degrees counterclockwise?

(1, -2) (ACCEPT: \(x=1\) AND \(y=-2\))

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

What is the name of the jelly-like fluid that fills the human eye?

VITREOUS HUMOR (ACCEPT: VITREOUS BODY)

BONUS Biology - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three vitamins that are considered fat-soluble: Biotin; Cobalamin [koh-BALL-ah-min]; Niacin.

NONE

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three statements that are true regarding the dentity of ligands [LIH-gundz]: Bromine [BROH-meen] is a monodentate ligand; Diethylenetriamine [dye-ethileen-tri-ah-meen] is a bidentate ligand; EDTA is a quatradentate [kwah-trah-DEN-tate] ligand.

1

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three molecules that have the chemical formula C\({}{4}\)H\({}{8}\)O: Acetone; Butanone; Butyraldehyde.

2 AND 3

TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer

What spectral class of stars possesses the strongest Balmer lines?

A (ACCEPT: A-ZERO)

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice

A student is holding two balloons, one containing one mole of hydrogen gas and the other containing one mole of helium gas. What is the ratio of the volume of the helium balloon to that of the hydrogen balloon? W) 1/2 X) 1 Y) 2 Z) 4

X) 1

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

Rank the following three elements in increasing order of atomic radius: Calcium; Chlorine; Magnesium.

2, 3, 1

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

The radioactive decay of magnesium-23 to sodium-23 is mediated by which fundamental force?

WEAK FORCE (ACCEPT: WEAK NUCLEAR FORCE)

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

A block rests on an inclined plane angled at 30 degrees from the horizontal. What is the ratio of the normal force to the force down the surface of the plane?

\(\forall\)3 (ACCEPT: \(\forall\)3 TO 1)

TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer

Researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab are studying a tunable, hypersensitive form of MRI that could present a breakthrough in cancer diagnostics. Typically, MRI machines use radio frequency pulses to measure the distribution of what element?

HYDROGEN

BONUS Energy - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three fuels that could be used in a fuel cell: Methane; Hydrogen; Carbon monoxide.

ALL

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

Glucagon [GLUE-kah-gon] is primarily manufactured in the alpha cells of what human organ?

PANCREAS

BONUS Biology - Short Answer

A molecular biologist wishes to move a section of DNA from one plasmid to another. After cutting the first plasmid with restriction enzymes and isolating the band of DNA of interest, she mixes together the second, already-cleaved plasmid and the DNA of interest. What enzyme must she add to finish incorporating the gene into the plasmid?

LIGASE (ACCEPT: DNA LIGASE, RECOMBINASE)

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

In the expansion of the cube of \(a+2b\), what is the coefficient of the \(ab^{2}\) term?

12

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer

What technique is employed by astronomers to study the ways in which matter interacts with or emits electromagnetic radiation?

SPECTROSCOPY

TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer

The Deep Underground Neutrino [new-TREE-no] Experiment is an effort at Fermilab to send neutrinos between two points separated by a large distance to give them time to undergo what unique behavior of neutrinos?

OSCILLATION

BONUS Energy - Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the most important difference between fast nuclear reactors and thermal nuclear reactors? W) They use different fuel configurations X) Unlike thermal reactors, fast reactors do not use a moderator Y) Thermal reactors have a higher neutron flux than fast reactors Z) Thermal reactors run at higher temperatures than fast reactors

X) UNLIKE THERMAL REACTORS, FAST REACTORS DO NOT USE A MODERATOR

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

What is the arc length of a sector of a circle with radius 2 and central angle pi over three?

2\(\pi\)/3 (ACCEPT: (2/3)\(\pi\))

BONUS Math - Short Answer

A student has a paper cup in the shape of a right circular cone, with a height of 5 inches and an opening diameter of 3 inches. How many of these paper cups of water will it take the student to fill a cylindrical container of diameter 3 inches and height 10 inches?

6

TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer

What is the term for the point of origin within the Earth of seismic waves in an earthquake?

FOCUS (ACCEPT: HYPOCENTER)

BONUS Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer

What name is given to the boundary between the Earth's crust and mantle where P-wave velocity jumps from approximately 6 kilometers per second to approximately 8 kilometers per second?

MOHO (ACCEPT: MOHORVICIC DISCONTINUITY)

TOSS-UP Biology \(-\) Multiple Choice

Beadle and Tatum's one gene-one enzyme hypothesis was formed from the results of their investigation of which of the following biological processes? W) Operon inhibition X) Amino acid biosynthesis Y) DNA replication Z) Limited proteolysis [pro-tee-AW-lih-sis]

X) AMINO ACID BIOSYNTHESIS

BONUS Biology \(-\) Short Answer

Identify all of the following three plant nutrients that are required for the light reactions of photosynthesis to occur: Iron; Nickel; Molybdenum [muh-LIB-den-um].

1

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

If \(f\) of \(x\) is equal to \(5x^{2}-6x+2\), what is \(f\) of 3?

29

BONUS Math - Short Answer

What is the limit as \(x\) approaches 0 of the fraction with numerator\(x+\mbox{sine}\ x\) and denominator\(e\) to the \(x\) power minus 1?

2

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

What physical quantity is defined as the rate of change of a particle's energy with respect to time?

POWER

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

A linear spring is hung from the ceiling. When a 1-kilogram block is hung from the spring, the spring's length increases by 2 meters. If another 1-kilogram block is hung from 8 similar springs connected in parallel, then, in meters, what will be the change in length of each of the springs?

0.25 (ACCEPT: \(\forall\)a)

TOSS-UP Energy \(-\) Short Answer

The first useful nuclear-generated electricity was produced in Idaho in 1951. The nuclear reactor was designed and built by what DOE national laboratory?

ARGONNE NATIONAL LAB (ACCEPT: ARGONNE)

BONUS Energy \(-\) Short Answer

The electrodes in hydrogen fuel cells are generally composed of what catalytically-active element?

PLATINUM

TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Multiple Choice

Which of the following minerals would be found in least abundance in a typical gabbro [gab-roh]? W) Muscovite X) Plagioclase [PLAY-jee-oh-klaze] Y) Augite [AW-jite] Z) Hornblende

W) MUSCOVITE

BONUS Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer

Identify all of the following three features that are associated with karst landscapes. Disappearing streams; Stalagmites [stah-LAG-mites]; Sinkholes.

ALL17) Chemistry - Short Answer What is the hybridization [HIGH-brih-dye-ZAY-shun] of the carbon atoms in polyethylene?

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

Sand dollars belong to what phylum [FYE-lum]?

ECHINODERMATA

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

What is the slope of the line that passes through the points (6, and (2, ?

1/4 (ACCEPT: 0.25)

TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice

Which of the following length scales best describes the spatial distortion resolution of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory? W) Length of the interferometer arm X) Wavelength of the helium-neon laser Y) Radius of a silver atom Z) Thousandth of a proton diameter

Z) Thousandth of a proton diameter

TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer

What is the brightest star in the constellation Orion?

RIGEL

TOSS-UP Biology \(-\) Short Answer

In order for tropomyosin [troh-poh-MY-oh-sin] to be removed from the myosin-binding sites on actin, troponin [TROH-poh-min] must bind to what second messenger?

CALCIUM (ACCEPT: CALCIUM TWO PLUS)

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

According to VSEPR theory, what is the electron-pair geometry of the central atom in the compound iodine trichloride?

TRIGONAL BIPYRAMIDAL

TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice

Two years after carbon dioxide was sequestered by the Pacific Northwest National Lab near Wallula, Washington, the material was converted into mineral substances resembling what type of sedimentary rock? W) Rock gypsum X) Limestone Y) Coal Z) Rock salt

X) LIMESTONE

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer

What star has the lowest apparent magnitude as observed from Earth?

THE SUN (ACCEPT: SOL)

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

Before amino acids can be used in translation, the free amino acid must be bonded to what class of molecules?

tRNA

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between 1-butanol [one-BYOO-tan-all] and 4-butanol? W) Structural isomers X) Same compound Y) Diastereomers [dye-ah-STARE-ee-oh-murz] Z) Enantiomers [en-AN-tee-oh-mirs]

X) SAME COMPOUND

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

A 1,000-kilogram block of density 800 kilograms per cubic meter is placed in a fluid of density 1,000 kilograms per cubic meter. What percentage of the block's total volume floats above the surface of the fluid?

20

BONUS Physics - Multiple Choice

A lightning bolt strikes a power station, transmitting a current of 30,000 amps for 100 microseconds into it, which is currently charging a 2,000-milliampere-hour battery. Assuming that the charge from the lightning bolt is perfectly transmitted into the battery, which of the following percentages is closest to the percentage of the battery that it would charge? W) Less than 1 X) 25 Y) 50 Z) 75

W) LESS THAN 1

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

What value of \(x\) minimizes the function \(f\) of \(x\) equals \(x^{2}-6x+2\)?

3

BONUS Math - Multiple Choice If \(f(x)=\) the square root of open parenthesis \(x+4\) close parenthesis and \(g(x)=\) the square root of open parenthesis \(x-4\) close parenthesis, what is the domain of the function \(f(x)\) divided by \(g(x)\)? W) All real numbers greater than 4 X) All real numbers greater than or equal to 4 Y) All real numbers greater than or equal to \(-4\) Z) All real numbers between \(-4\) and 4 Answer: W) All real numbers greater than Biology - Short Answer

Under limited nutrient conditions Bacillus [bah-SIL-us] subtilis [SUB-dil-iss] initiates a morphological change, notably documented by Robert Koch [coke], that results in the formation of what structure?

ENDOSPORE (ACCEPT: SPORE)