AarushSah/scibowl_no_headers · Datasets at Hugging Face

Type stringlengths 0 490	Prompt stringlengths 5 919	Completion stringlengths 1 424
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	The grand unified theory joins together all of the fundamental forces except which one?	GRAVITY
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer	To what geologic era would you travel if you wanted to observe living dinosaurs?	MESOZOIC
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	What is 27 raised to the 4/3 power?	81
TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer	SLAC [slack] researchers recently published a report on the development of a new, cheap catalyst for the oxygen-evolving reaction relevant to fuel production. On what molecule do these catalysts act to evolve oxygen?	WATER (ACCEPT: H\({}{2}\)O)
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice	When performing bomb calorimetry [cal-or-IH-metree], which of the following physical quantities is being held constant? W) Pressure X) Volume Y) Temperature Z) Entropy [EN-trou-pee]	X) VOLUME
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	Rank the following three molecules in terms of increasing dipole [DYE-pole] moment: O-dihydroxybenzene [dye-high-droxe-BEN-zeen]; M-dihydroxybenez; P-dihydroxybenzene.	3, 2, 1
TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice	Which of the following is true about the function \(f\) of \(x\) = cosine of x? W) It is neither even nor odd X) It has the horizontal asymptote \(y\) = 1 Y) It has period 2 pi Z) It is not differentiable at \(x\) = 0	Y) IT HAS PERIOD 2 PI
BONUS Math - Short Answer	Simplify the following expression involving the complex number i: \(4i+3i^{2}+2i^{3}+i^{4}\)	-2 + 2\(i\) (DO NOT ACCEPT: 2\(i\) - 2)15) Energy - Short Answer SLAC [slack] scientists recently developed a new technique for probing the electronic structure of solid materials via high harmonic generation, or HHG. In this technique, light is produced via the oscillations of what subatomic particle?
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice	Which of the following is the term for the set of planets that will exhibit a full range of phases as observed from Earth? W) Terrestrial X) Jovian Y) Inferior Z) Superior	Y) INFERIOR
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three Linnaean [lin-AY-in] classifications that apply to the leopard: Carnivora [car-NIV-or-ah]; Chordata [kor-DAH-tah]; Canidae [KAN-ih-dee].	1 AND 2
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	In the citric acid cycle, how many molecules of NADH are generated from the conversion of citrate to isocitrate?	ZERO
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	The function describing an object's position is transformed into a function describing velocity by what operation from calculus?	DERIVATIVE (ACCEPT: DIFFERENTIATION, DERIVATIVE OPERATION)
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	Two 6-kilogram masses are connected by a spring with a force constant of 300 newtons per meter. If the spring is compressed by five centimeters, what is the initial acceleration, in meters per second squared, of one of the masses?	2.5
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three chemicals whose addition will increase the percent ionization [eye-on-ih-ZAY-shun] of acetic acid in a solution: Water; Concentrated acetic acid; Concentrated hydrochloric acid.	1
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three reactions that would favor reactants over products: A reaction with K\({}{\rm eq}\) of 3; A reaction with positive delta G; An endothermic reaction with negative delta S.	2 AND 3
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer	What type of well has water coming out of the ground freely because the pressure surface is above ground level?	FLOWING ARTESIAN (DO NOT ACCEPT: ARTESIAN)
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	An artist creates the background for a painting by placing a circle in a square frame so that their centers coincide. If the radius of the circle is 7 inches, and the minimum distance from the circle to the square is 5 inches, what is the perimeter, in inches, of the inside of the frame?	96
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	How many electrons does the beryllium [beh-RILL-ee-um] two plus cation [CAT-eye-on] have in its valence [VAY-lence] shell?	TWO
TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer	Fermilab's [FUR-mee-labs] MicroBooNE collaboration is currently operating a 170-ton Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber that is used to detect what class of leptons?	NEUTRINO
BONUS Energy - Short Answer	Scientists at Los Alamos National Lab are currently using computational models to study the astrophysical processes that produced the lanthanide and actinide elements. Identify all of the following three situations that produce rare-earth elements: Big-bang nucleosynthesis; The core of a four solar-mass main-sequence star; The collision of two neutron stars.	3
TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice	Bacteria at deep sea vents obtain energy by oxidizing hydrogen sulfide. They would be classified as which of the following? W) Photoautotrophic [photo-auto-TROH-fik] X) Chemoautotrophic [kee-moh-auto-TROH-fik] Y) Photoheterotrophic [photo-hetero-TROW-fik] Z) Chemoheterotrophic [kee-moh-hetero-TROH-fik]	X) CHEMOAUTTORPHIC
BONUS Biology - Short Answer	Human vision occurs due to the photoisomerization [photo-eye-saw-mer-ih-ZAY-shun] of what molecule?	RETINAL (ACCEPT: RETINALDEHYDE, DO NOT ACCEPT: RETINOL - if you can tell the difference)7) Chemistry - Short Answer How many aluminum atoms are in one formula unit of the compound aluminum sulfate?
TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice	What is the function of the operculum [oh-PURR-kyoo-lum] in fish? W) Propulsion X) Protection of gills Y) Sensing predators Z) Decreasing drag when swimming	X) PROTECTION OF GILLS
TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer	Lead-acid batteries are commonly found in cars. In these batteries, what substance serves as the electrolyte?	SULFURIC ACID (ACCEPT: H\({}{2}\)SO\({}{4}\))
BONUS Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer	What is the term for a spherically-shaped, dense group of up to a million stars that are thought to share a common origin?	GLOBULAR CLUSTER
TOSS-UP Physics \(-\) Short Answer	What scientist is famous for discovering X-rays?	WILHELM ROENTGEN (ACCEPT: ROENTGEN)
BONUS Physics \(-\) Short Answer	A meteor strikes the Earth and ejects a rock to a final speed of 8 kilometers per second, accelerating it over the course of 5 meters. Assuming the acceleration is constant and in kilometers per second squared, what is the magnitude of the acceleration upon the rock?	6,400
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	What animal phylum [FYE-lumi] has the greatest number of identified species?	ARTHROPODA
BONUS Biology - Multiple Choice	Which of the following is not a characteristic of paedomorphic [ped-oh-MOOR-fik] amphibians? W) Delayed sexual maturity X) Aquatic life Y) External gills Z) Tadpole-like tail	W) DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer	What is the term for the steady downhill flow of soil?	CREEP
BONUS Earth and Space - Short Answer	What is the name for the area of low pressure encircling Earth near the equator where the northeast and southeast trade winds come together?	INERTROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE (ACCEPT ITCZ)15) Energy - Short Answer Researchers at the Advanced Photon Source have been studying a class of high-temperature superconductors based on a barium-arsenic crystal structure. These materials can demonstrate certain hallmarks of superconductivity when the material is ferromagnetic. What is the term for the transition temperature at which these materials will become paramagnetic?
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	What is the second derivative with respect to \(x\) of \(6x^{2}-15\) evaluated at \(x=7\)?	12
TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice	Which of the following is an example of an action that demonstrates negative work? W) Lifting a book X) Holding a book Y) Throwing a book to the ground Z) Gently lowering a book to the ground	Z) GENTLY LOWERING A BOOK TO THE GROUND
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer	How many known objects in our solar system have a radius that is larger than that of Earth?	FIVE
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	In the Clemmensen reduction, zinc amalgam is used to reduce ketones [KEE-tones] and aldehydes to alkanes. In the preparation of zinc amalgam, in what substance is zinc dissolved?	MERCURY
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three statements that are true regarding enthalpies of reaction: For the formation of water from oxygen and hydrogen, the enthalpy [EN-thulpeel] change depends on the final phase of the water; For the combustion of methane, the forward reaction and the reverse reaction have the same enthalpy; Enthalpy is an intensive property.	1
TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice	Hubble's law states that there is a direct correlation between the distance to a galaxy and which of the following quantities: W) Recessional velocity X) Total mass Y) Blue-shift wavelength Z) Precession period	W) RECESSIONAL VELOCITY
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	A track star runs exactly one lap around a circular track at a constant speed. Identify all of the following three statements that are true of this system: Her average speed is greater than the magnitude of her average velocity; Her velocity is constant; The magnitude of her average velocity after half of her journey is equal to her average speed at that time.	1
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	Solve the following equation for \(x\): the absolute value of open parenthesis \(x-3\) close parenthesis is equal to 5.	-2 AND 8
BONUS Math - Short Answer	What is the derivative evaluated at \(x=5\) of the fraction with numerator \(x^{3}-8\) and denominator \(x-2\)?	12
TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice	The tangent of open parenthesis pi + theta close parenthesis is equal to which of the following? W) Tangent theta X) Negative tangent theta Y) Cotangent theta Z) Negative cosecant theta	W) Tangent Theta
BONUS Math - Short Answer	Special water for a 650-liter aquarium is only sold in 42-liter containers. What is the minimum number of these 42-liter containers you would need to buy to be able to completely fill the tank?	16 (DO NOT ACCEPT: 15 10/21 or 325/21)
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	What is the term for infections or diseases that are naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans?	ZOONOSES (ACCEPT: ZOONOTIC)
BONUS Biology - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three plants that associate parasitically with other plants: Vanilla; Mistletoe; Venus flytrap.	2
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT among the criteria that define a substance as a mineral? W) Specific chemical composition X) Specific crystal structure Y) Specific melting point Z) Naturally-occurring	Y) SPECIFIC MELTING POINT
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	The conversion of carbon-14 into nitrogen-14 is an example of what type of radioactive decay?	BETA DECAY (ACCEPT: BETA MINUS DECAY)
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice	In which of the following compounds is the oxidation state of oxygen equal to zero? W) CuO X) H\({}{2}\)O Y) O\({}{2}\) Z) H\({}{3}\)PO\({}{4}\)	Y) O\({}{2}\)
TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer	Scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab recently studied the effect of variation in genes regulating genomic [jeh-NOH-mik] integrity in a myriad of cancers. What specific complex of proteins, to which spindle fibers attach during mitosis, was coded for by many of these genes?	KINETOCHORE
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	When used as adjectives, Fresnel [fresh-NELL] and Fraunhofer [FR4WN-hofer] are examples of what property of waves that results in them bending around obstacles?	DIFFRACTION
TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice	Which of the following is true regarding the graph of \(y=-x^{5}\) at \(x=-4\)? W) Increasing and concave up X) Increasing and concave down Y) Decreasing and concave up Z) Decreasing and concave down	Y) DECREASING AND CONCAVE UP
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer	What type of tide occurs when the Moon is at first or third quarter?	NEAP
BONUS Earth and Space - Multiple Choice	A moon with a small mass is orbiting a large planet of unknown mass with an orbital period of ten to the fifth seconds and with a semimajor axis of ten to the eighth meters. Which of the following values is closest to the mass, in kilograms, of the planet? W) 6 times 10 to the 15\({}^{\rm th}\) X) 6 times 10 to the 20\({}^{\rm th}\) Y) 6 times 10 to the 25\({}^{\rm th}\) Z) 6 times 10 to the 30\({}^{\rm th}\)	Y) 6 TIMES 10 TO THE 25TH
TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer	In the uranium fuel cycle, mined ore is milled and uranium is precipitated using solvent extraction or trituration. The precipitate is formed into bricks known as what?	YELLOWCAKE (ACCEPT: URANIA)
BONUS Energy - Short Answer	The Dark Energy Camera was built at Fermilab to image the universe from an observatory in Chile. Identify all of the following three statements that are true of the Dark Energy Camera: It uses charge-coupled devices to detect light; It is better at detecting red and near-infrared light than violet and ultraviolet light; It is part of an interferometer.	1 AND 2
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three acids that are polyprotic [poly-PRO-tic]: Phosphorous acid; Hydroiodic [HIGH-droh-eye-AW-dikj acid; Selenic acid.	1 AND 3
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	Consider the dehydration of isopropanol by sulfuric acid to form propene. What is the mechanism of this reaction?	E1 (ACCEPT: ELIMINATION UNIMOLEULAR UNIMOLEULAR ELIMINATION, ELIMINATION 1)
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	What structures at the ends of eukaryotic [YOU-care-ee-AW-tic] chromosomes prevent their degradation?	TELOMERES
BONUS Biology - Multiple Choice	In DNA replication, which of the following components is necessary for the synthesis of the lagging strand but not the leading strand? W) Helicase [HEEL-ih-case] X) Ligase [LYE-gase] Y) Primase Z) Single-strand binding proteins	X) LIGASE13) Physics - Short Answer What is the thermodynamic efficiency of a Carnot [CAR-noh] engine whose hot source is at 2000 kelvins and whose cold sink is at 250 kelvins?
TOSS-UP Biology \(-\) Short Answer	The neurons found in humans require nourishment from supporting cells known as what?	GLIA (ACCEPT: NEUROGLIA, GLIAL CELLS)
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	What is the distance between the points (0, and (4, ?	4\(\backslash\)2
TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer	Gaseous [gah-shus] diffusion is currently the most common method used in the United States for the enrichment of uranium. What is the chemical formula of the gaseous uranium compound in this stage?	UF\({}{6}\)
BONUS Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer	The Kirkwood gaps in the asteroid belt are due to orbital resonance with what body?	JUPITER
TOSS-UP Chemistry \(-\) Short Answer	A reaction has a rate constant with units of liters to the 3rd, moles to the negative 3rd, and seconds to the negative 1. What is the order of this reaction?	4
BONUS Chemistry \(-\) Short Answer	Identify all of the following three statements that are true about intermolecular [inter-moh-LEK-yoo-lur] forces and phase diagrams: Dinitrogen has a high critical temperature relative to water; Substances with higher vapor pressures have lower boiling points; Substances with stronger intermolecular forces have lower vapor pressures.	2 AND 3
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	What is the slope of the line with equation \(4x-7\mbox{y}=8\)?	4/7
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	One common method of cloning DNA is incorporating a small loop of DNA containing the gene of interest into E. coli [ee COLE-eye]. What is the term for these small loops?	PLASMIDS
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	What set of rules states that for an electron configuration, the term with maximum multiplicity has the lowest energy?	HUND'S RULES
TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice	The National Energy Technology Lab is leading a project that gasifies coal and coal-biomass blends to form syngas, which is primarily a mixture of hydrogen and what other chemical compound? W) Carbon monoxide X) Carbon dioxide Y) Methane Z) Sulfur dioxide	W) CARBON MONOXIDE
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer	In what corner of a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram can one find an O-class supergiant?	TOP LEFT
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	Giving your answer in standard form, what is the equation of the circle with center at (0, and diameter 28?	\(x^{2}+y^{2}=196\)
BONUS Math - Short Answer	What is the \(x\)-coordinate of the solution of the following system of two equations in two unknowns: \(5x-3y=6\) and \(4x-7y=5\)?	27/23 (ACCEPT: 1 4/23)
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	Deficiency of what vitamin is linked to the connective-tissue disorder scurvy?	VITAMIN C
BONUS Biology - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three statements that are true of eukaryotic [YOU-care-ee-4W-tic] cell structures: The cilia [SILL-ee-ah] has a characteristic 9 plus 2 arrangement of microtubules [micro-TUBE-yules]; Lysosomes [LYE-soh-solums]are responsible for assembling ribosomes; The endoplasmic reticulum [reh-TIK-yoo-lum] plays a role in synthesizing lipids.	1 AND 3
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	What is the oxidation state of copper in Cu\({}{2}\)O?	1+
BONUS Chemistry - Multiple Choice	Di-iodine gas can dissociate into two atoms of iodine gas. At 1200 kelvins, the forward reaction has an equilibrium constant of approximately 10. In kiljoules [KILL-oh-jools] per mole, which of the following is closest to the standard change in Gibbs free energy of this reaction? W) -20 X) -2 Y) +2 Z) +20	W) -20
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	What is the term for the point on a pressure-temperature diagram at which a substance can exist in three phases of matter simultaneously?	TRIPLE POINT
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	A circuit consists of a 10-volt battery connected to a parallel branch of three 90-ohm resistors. Expressing your answer in amperes and as a decimal with one significant figure, what is the total current flow through the circuit?	0.37) Energy - Short Answer Scientists at Ames Lab are developing methods to encapsulate catalysts inside porous glass nanoparticles to offer exquisite control of stability and reactivity. What is the chemical formula of the encapsulating material they are using?
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	What constant, which appears in the denominator of the Nernst equation, is the amount of charge present in one mole of electrons?	FARADAY (ACCEPT: F)
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	For the gas-phase reaction of hydrogen and bromine [BROH-meen] to generate HBr, identify all of the following three changes that would shift the equilibrium towards products: Adding more hydrogen gas; Increasing the volume of the container; Adding a catalyst to the reaction.	1
TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice	A plant loses the greatest amount of water through what structures? W) Root cuticle X) Leaf cuticle Y) Lenticels Z) Stomata	Z) STOMATA
BONUS Biology - Multiple Choice	A flower that has four stamens, one pistil, four petals, and no sepals would be considered which of the following? W) Complete X) Incomplete Y) Monoecious Z) Imperfect	X) INCOMPLETE
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	What is the expected value when rolling a single ten-sided die?	5.5 (ACCEPT: 11/2, 5\(\%\))
BONUS Math - Short Answer	If the third derivative of a position function can be described by the function 6t\({}^{3}\), what is the coefficient of the highest-order term in the position function?	1/20 (ACCEPT: 0.05)
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	Currents induced inside conductors due in the presence of a time-varying magnetic field are called what?	EDDY CURRENTS (ACCEPT: FOUCAULT CURRENTS)
BONUS Physics - Multiple Choice	Which of the following mathematical representations is commonly used to model AC voltages and currents as a rotating vector in the complex plane? W) Wavefunction X) Phasor Y) Cosine vector Z) Tangent vector	X) PHASOR13) Energy \(-\) Short Answer Alkaline batteries are a common type of commercialized battery that involves the reaction of manganese [MAYN-gan-eez] dioxide and what other metal?
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	What is the antilog base 9 of 2?	81
BONUS Math - Short Answer	Each day, Sue cats 25% of the cookies left in a jar. At the end of the second day, there are 36 cookies left in the jar. How many cookies were in the jar originally?	64
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice	Which of the following statements is true regarding a gas-phase reaction at chemical equilibrium? W) The forward and reverse reactions stop at equilibrium X) Adding reactant will increase the concentration of product Y) Adding reactant will increase the equilibrium constant Z) The reverse reaction only begins at equilibrium	X) ADDING REACTANT WILL INCREASE THE CONCENTRATION OF PRODUCT
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	How many three-center two-electron bonds are present in the compound with formula B\({}{2}\)H\({}{6}\)?	2
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer	What substance serves as a lubricant in glacier basal slip?	WATER
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	The uranium-238 decay series terminates at the 206 isotope of what element?	LEAD
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	What is the sum of the two vectors \(8i+3j\) and \(-6i-7j\)?	\(2i-4j\)
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	What is the name given to a special mixture of liquids whose composition cannot be changed by simple distillation, such as 95% ethanol to 5% water?	AZEOTROPES
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	Pneumatophores [new-MAT-ah-forz] and beets are modified versions of what plant organ?	ROOTS
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	In what organelle does the Calvin cycle occur?	CHLORPOLAST
BONUS Biology - Short Answer	In humans, the inactive \(X\) chromosome condenses into a compact structure called what?	BARR BODY
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer	What is the term for areas of the ocean floor that are relatively flat and found 5 to 6 kilometers below sea level?	ABYSSAL PLAINS
BONUS Earth and Space - Multiple Choice	If a metamorphic rock was subjected to high temperature and pressure deep in the crust long enough to reach equilibrium with its environment, which of the following would be most useful for determining the temperature and pressure range at which it formed? W) Elemental analysis X) Mineralogical analysis Y) Grain-size analysis Z) Stress-strain analysis	X) MINERALOGICAL ANALYSIS
TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer	Scientists at the National Energy Technology Lab have been working with ION in Norway to evaluate the "Advanced Liquid Absorbent System" that works to capture and sequester what chemical produced by combustion?	CARBON DIOXIDE (ACCEPT: CO\({}{2}\))
BONUS Energy - Short Answer	Scientists at Oak Ridge National Lab are working on a novel accelerated membrane-based gas separation process that will be used to separate what molecule from flue gas?	CARBON DIOXIDE (ACCEPT: CO\({}{2}\))

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

The grand unified theory joins together all of the fundamental forces except which one?

GRAVITY

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer

To what geologic era would you travel if you wanted to observe living dinosaurs?

MESOZOIC

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

What is 27 raised to the 4/3 power?

81

TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer

SLAC [slack] researchers recently published a report on the development of a new, cheap catalyst for the oxygen-evolving reaction relevant to fuel production. On what molecule do these catalysts act to evolve oxygen?

WATER (ACCEPT: H\({}{2}\)O)

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice

When performing bomb calorimetry [cal-or-IH-metree], which of the following physical quantities is being held constant? W) Pressure X) Volume Y) Temperature Z) Entropy [EN-trou-pee]

X) VOLUME

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

Rank the following three molecules in terms of increasing dipole [DYE-pole] moment: O-dihydroxybenzene [dye-high-droxe-BEN-zeen]; M-dihydroxybenez; P-dihydroxybenzene.

3, 2, 1

TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice

Which of the following is true about the function \(f\) of \(x\) = cosine of x? W) It is neither even nor odd X) It has the horizontal asymptote \(y\) = 1 Y) It has period 2 pi Z) It is not differentiable at \(x\) = 0

Y) IT HAS PERIOD 2 PI

BONUS Math - Short Answer

Simplify the following expression involving the complex number i: \(4i+3i^{2}+2i^{3}+i^{4}\)

-2 + 2\(i\) (DO NOT ACCEPT: 2\(i\) - 2)15) Energy - Short Answer SLAC [slack] scientists recently developed a new technique for probing the electronic structure of solid materials via high harmonic generation, or HHG. In this technique, light is produced via the oscillations of what subatomic particle?

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the term for the set of planets that will exhibit a full range of phases as observed from Earth? W) Terrestrial X) Jovian Y) Inferior Z) Superior

Y) INFERIOR

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three Linnaean [lin-AY-in] classifications that apply to the leopard: Carnivora [car-NIV-or-ah]; Chordata [kor-DAH-tah]; Canidae [KAN-ih-dee].

1 AND 2

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

In the citric acid cycle, how many molecules of NADH are generated from the conversion of citrate to isocitrate?

ZERO

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

The function describing an object's position is transformed into a function describing velocity by what operation from calculus?

DERIVATIVE (ACCEPT: DIFFERENTIATION, DERIVATIVE OPERATION)

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

Two 6-kilogram masses are connected by a spring with a force constant of 300 newtons per meter. If the spring is compressed by five centimeters, what is the initial acceleration, in meters per second squared, of one of the masses?

2.5

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three chemicals whose addition will increase the percent ionization [eye-on-ih-ZAY-shun] of acetic acid in a solution: Water; Concentrated acetic acid; Concentrated hydrochloric acid.

1

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three reactions that would favor reactants over products: A reaction with K\({}{\rm eq}\) of 3; A reaction with positive delta G; An endothermic reaction with negative delta S.

2 AND 3

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer

What type of well has water coming out of the ground freely because the pressure surface is above ground level?

FLOWING ARTESIAN (DO NOT ACCEPT: ARTESIAN)

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

An artist creates the background for a painting by placing a circle in a square frame so that their centers coincide. If the radius of the circle is 7 inches, and the minimum distance from the circle to the square is 5 inches, what is the perimeter, in inches, of the inside of the frame?

96

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

How many electrons does the beryllium [beh-RILL-ee-um] two plus cation [CAT-eye-on] have in its valence [VAY-lence] shell?

TWO

TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer

Fermilab's [FUR-mee-labs] MicroBooNE collaboration is currently operating a 170-ton Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber that is used to detect what class of leptons?

NEUTRINO

BONUS Energy - Short Answer

Scientists at Los Alamos National Lab are currently using computational models to study the astrophysical processes that produced the lanthanide and actinide elements. Identify all of the following three situations that produce rare-earth elements: Big-bang nucleosynthesis; The core of a four solar-mass main-sequence star; The collision of two neutron stars.

3

TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice

Bacteria at deep sea vents obtain energy by oxidizing hydrogen sulfide. They would be classified as which of the following? W) Photoautotrophic [photo-auto-TROH-fik] X) Chemoautotrophic [kee-moh-auto-TROH-fik] Y) Photoheterotrophic [photo-hetero-TROW-fik] Z) Chemoheterotrophic [kee-moh-hetero-TROH-fik]

X) CHEMOAUTTORPHIC

BONUS Biology - Short Answer

Human vision occurs due to the photoisomerization [photo-eye-saw-mer-ih-ZAY-shun] of what molecule?

RETINAL (ACCEPT: RETINALDEHYDE, DO NOT ACCEPT: RETINOL - if you can tell the difference)7) Chemistry - Short Answer How many aluminum atoms are in one formula unit of the compound aluminum sulfate?

TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice

What is the function of the operculum [oh-PURR-kyoo-lum] in fish? W) Propulsion X) Protection of gills Y) Sensing predators Z) Decreasing drag when swimming

X) PROTECTION OF GILLS

TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer

Lead-acid batteries are commonly found in cars. In these batteries, what substance serves as the electrolyte?

SULFURIC ACID (ACCEPT: H\({}{2}\)SO\({}{4}\))

BONUS Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer

What is the term for a spherically-shaped, dense group of up to a million stars that are thought to share a common origin?

GLOBULAR CLUSTER

TOSS-UP Physics \(-\) Short Answer

What scientist is famous for discovering X-rays?

WILHELM ROENTGEN (ACCEPT: ROENTGEN)

BONUS Physics \(-\) Short Answer

A meteor strikes the Earth and ejects a rock to a final speed of 8 kilometers per second, accelerating it over the course of 5 meters. Assuming the acceleration is constant and in kilometers per second squared, what is the magnitude of the acceleration upon the rock?

6,400

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

What animal phylum [FYE-lumi] has the greatest number of identified species?

ARTHROPODA

BONUS Biology - Multiple Choice

Which of the following is not a characteristic of paedomorphic [ped-oh-MOOR-fik] amphibians? W) Delayed sexual maturity X) Aquatic life Y) External gills Z) Tadpole-like tail

W) DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer

What is the term for the steady downhill flow of soil?

CREEP

BONUS Earth and Space - Short Answer

What is the name for the area of low pressure encircling Earth near the equator where the northeast and southeast trade winds come together?

INERTROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE (ACCEPT ITCZ)15) Energy - Short Answer Researchers at the Advanced Photon Source have been studying a class of high-temperature superconductors based on a barium-arsenic crystal structure. These materials can demonstrate certain hallmarks of superconductivity when the material is ferromagnetic. What is the term for the transition temperature at which these materials will become paramagnetic?

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

What is the second derivative with respect to \(x\) of \(6x^{2}-15\) evaluated at \(x=7\)?

12

TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of an action that demonstrates negative work? W) Lifting a book X) Holding a book Y) Throwing a book to the ground Z) Gently lowering a book to the ground

Z) GENTLY LOWERING A BOOK TO THE GROUND

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer

How many known objects in our solar system have a radius that is larger than that of Earth?

FIVE

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

In the Clemmensen reduction, zinc amalgam is used to reduce ketones [KEE-tones] and aldehydes to alkanes. In the preparation of zinc amalgam, in what substance is zinc dissolved?

MERCURY

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three statements that are true regarding enthalpies of reaction: For the formation of water from oxygen and hydrogen, the enthalpy [EN-thulpeel] change depends on the final phase of the water; For the combustion of methane, the forward reaction and the reverse reaction have the same enthalpy; Enthalpy is an intensive property.

1

TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice

Hubble's law states that there is a direct correlation between the distance to a galaxy and which of the following quantities: W) Recessional velocity X) Total mass Y) Blue-shift wavelength Z) Precession period

W) RECESSIONAL VELOCITY

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

A track star runs exactly one lap around a circular track at a constant speed. Identify all of the following three statements that are true of this system: Her average speed is greater than the magnitude of her average velocity; Her velocity is constant; The magnitude of her average velocity after half of her journey is equal to her average speed at that time.

1

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

Solve the following equation for \(x\): the absolute value of open parenthesis \(x-3\) close parenthesis is equal to 5.

-2 AND 8

BONUS Math - Short Answer

What is the derivative evaluated at \(x=5\) of the fraction with numerator \(x^{3}-8\) and denominator \(x-2\)?

12

TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice

The tangent of open parenthesis pi + theta close parenthesis is equal to which of the following? W) Tangent theta X) Negative tangent theta Y) Cotangent theta Z) Negative cosecant theta

W) Tangent Theta

BONUS Math - Short Answer

Special water for a 650-liter aquarium is only sold in 42-liter containers. What is the minimum number of these 42-liter containers you would need to buy to be able to completely fill the tank?

16 (DO NOT ACCEPT: 15 10/21 or 325/21)

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

What is the term for infections or diseases that are naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans?

ZOONOSES (ACCEPT: ZOONOTIC)

BONUS Biology - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three plants that associate parasitically with other plants: Vanilla; Mistletoe; Venus flytrap.

2

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT among the criteria that define a substance as a mineral? W) Specific chemical composition X) Specific crystal structure Y) Specific melting point Z) Naturally-occurring

Y) SPECIFIC MELTING POINT

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

The conversion of carbon-14 into nitrogen-14 is an example of what type of radioactive decay?

BETA DECAY (ACCEPT: BETA MINUS DECAY)

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice

In which of the following compounds is the oxidation state of oxygen equal to zero? W) CuO X) H\({}{2}\)O Y) O\({}{2}\) Z) H\({}{3}\)PO\({}{4}\)

Y) O\({}{2}\)

TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer

Scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab recently studied the effect of variation in genes regulating genomic [jeh-NOH-mik] integrity in a myriad of cancers. What specific complex of proteins, to which spindle fibers attach during mitosis, was coded for by many of these genes?

KINETOCHORE

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

When used as adjectives, Fresnel [fresh-NELL] and Fraunhofer [FR4WN-hofer] are examples of what property of waves that results in them bending around obstacles?

DIFFRACTION

TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice

Which of the following is true regarding the graph of \(y=-x^{5}\) at \(x=-4\)? W) Increasing and concave up X) Increasing and concave down Y) Decreasing and concave up Z) Decreasing and concave down

Y) DECREASING AND CONCAVE UP

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer

What type of tide occurs when the Moon is at first or third quarter?

NEAP

BONUS Earth and Space - Multiple Choice

A moon with a small mass is orbiting a large planet of unknown mass with an orbital period of ten to the fifth seconds and with a semimajor axis of ten to the eighth meters. Which of the following values is closest to the mass, in kilograms, of the planet? W) 6 times 10 to the 15\({}^{\rm th}\) X) 6 times 10 to the 20\({}^{\rm th}\) Y) 6 times 10 to the 25\({}^{\rm th}\) Z) 6 times 10 to the 30\({}^{\rm th}\)

Y) 6 TIMES 10 TO THE 25TH

TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer

In the uranium fuel cycle, mined ore is milled and uranium is precipitated using solvent extraction or trituration. The precipitate is formed into bricks known as what?

YELLOWCAKE (ACCEPT: URANIA)

BONUS Energy - Short Answer

The Dark Energy Camera was built at Fermilab to image the universe from an observatory in Chile. Identify all of the following three statements that are true of the Dark Energy Camera: It uses charge-coupled devices to detect light; It is better at detecting red and near-infrared light than violet and ultraviolet light; It is part of an interferometer.

1 AND 2

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three acids that are polyprotic [poly-PRO-tic]: Phosphorous acid; Hydroiodic [HIGH-droh-eye-AW-dikj acid; Selenic acid.

1 AND 3

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

Consider the dehydration of isopropanol by sulfuric acid to form propene. What is the mechanism of this reaction?

E1 (ACCEPT: ELIMINATION UNIMOLEULAR UNIMOLEULAR ELIMINATION, ELIMINATION 1)

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

What structures at the ends of eukaryotic [YOU-care-ee-AW-tic] chromosomes prevent their degradation?

TELOMERES

BONUS Biology - Multiple Choice

In DNA replication, which of the following components is necessary for the synthesis of the lagging strand but not the leading strand? W) Helicase [HEEL-ih-case] X) Ligase [LYE-gase] Y) Primase Z) Single-strand binding proteins

X) LIGASE13) Physics - Short Answer What is the thermodynamic efficiency of a Carnot [CAR-noh] engine whose hot source is at 2000 kelvins and whose cold sink is at 250 kelvins?

TOSS-UP Biology \(-\) Short Answer

The neurons found in humans require nourishment from supporting cells known as what?

GLIA (ACCEPT: NEUROGLIA, GLIAL CELLS)

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

What is the distance between the points (0, and (4, ?

4\(\backslash\)2

TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer

Gaseous [gah-shus] diffusion is currently the most common method used in the United States for the enrichment of uranium. What is the chemical formula of the gaseous uranium compound in this stage?

UF\({}{6}\)

BONUS Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer

The Kirkwood gaps in the asteroid belt are due to orbital resonance with what body?

JUPITER

TOSS-UP Chemistry \(-\) Short Answer

A reaction has a rate constant with units of liters to the 3rd, moles to the negative 3rd, and seconds to the negative 1. What is the order of this reaction?

4

BONUS Chemistry \(-\) Short Answer

Identify all of the following three statements that are true about intermolecular [inter-moh-LEK-yoo-lur] forces and phase diagrams: Dinitrogen has a high critical temperature relative to water; Substances with higher vapor pressures have lower boiling points; Substances with stronger intermolecular forces have lower vapor pressures.

2 AND 3

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

What is the slope of the line with equation \(4x-7\mbox{y}=8\)?

4/7

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

One common method of cloning DNA is incorporating a small loop of DNA containing the gene of interest into E. coli [ee COLE-eye]. What is the term for these small loops?

PLASMIDS

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

What set of rules states that for an electron configuration, the term with maximum multiplicity has the lowest energy?

HUND'S RULES

TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice

The National Energy Technology Lab is leading a project that gasifies coal and coal-biomass blends to form syngas, which is primarily a mixture of hydrogen and what other chemical compound? W) Carbon monoxide X) Carbon dioxide Y) Methane Z) Sulfur dioxide

W) CARBON MONOXIDE

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer

In what corner of a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram can one find an O-class supergiant?

TOP LEFT

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

Giving your answer in standard form, what is the equation of the circle with center at (0, and diameter 28?

\(x^{2}+y^{2}=196\)

BONUS Math - Short Answer

What is the \(x\)-coordinate of the solution of the following system of two equations in two unknowns: \(5x-3y=6\) and \(4x-7y=5\)?

27/23 (ACCEPT: 1 4/23)

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

Deficiency of what vitamin is linked to the connective-tissue disorder scurvy?

VITAMIN C

BONUS Biology - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three statements that are true of eukaryotic [YOU-care-ee-4W-tic] cell structures: The cilia [SILL-ee-ah] has a characteristic 9 plus 2 arrangement of microtubules [micro-TUBE-yules]; Lysosomes [LYE-soh-solums]are responsible for assembling ribosomes; The endoplasmic reticulum [reh-TIK-yoo-lum] plays a role in synthesizing lipids.

1 AND 3

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

What is the oxidation state of copper in Cu\({}{2}\)O?

1+

BONUS Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Di-iodine gas can dissociate into two atoms of iodine gas. At 1200 kelvins, the forward reaction has an equilibrium constant of approximately 10. In kiljoules [KILL-oh-jools] per mole, which of the following is closest to the standard change in Gibbs free energy of this reaction? W) -20 X) -2 Y) +2 Z) +20

W) -20

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

What is the term for the point on a pressure-temperature diagram at which a substance can exist in three phases of matter simultaneously?

TRIPLE POINT

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

A circuit consists of a 10-volt battery connected to a parallel branch of three 90-ohm resistors. Expressing your answer in amperes and as a decimal with one significant figure, what is the total current flow through the circuit?

0.37) Energy - Short Answer Scientists at Ames Lab are developing methods to encapsulate catalysts inside porous glass nanoparticles to offer exquisite control of stability and reactivity. What is the chemical formula of the encapsulating material they are using?

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

What constant, which appears in the denominator of the Nernst equation, is the amount of charge present in one mole of electrons?

FARADAY (ACCEPT: F)

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

For the gas-phase reaction of hydrogen and bromine [BROH-meen] to generate HBr, identify all of the following three changes that would shift the equilibrium towards products: Adding more hydrogen gas; Increasing the volume of the container; Adding a catalyst to the reaction.

1

TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice

A plant loses the greatest amount of water through what structures? W) Root cuticle X) Leaf cuticle Y) Lenticels Z) Stomata

Z) STOMATA

BONUS Biology - Multiple Choice

A flower that has four stamens, one pistil, four petals, and no sepals would be considered which of the following? W) Complete X) Incomplete Y) Monoecious Z) Imperfect

X) INCOMPLETE

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

What is the expected value when rolling a single ten-sided die?

5.5 (ACCEPT: 11/2, 5\(\%\))

BONUS Math - Short Answer

If the third derivative of a position function can be described by the function 6t\({}^{3}\), what is the coefficient of the highest-order term in the position function?

1/20 (ACCEPT: 0.05)

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

Currents induced inside conductors due in the presence of a time-varying magnetic field are called what?

EDDY CURRENTS (ACCEPT: FOUCAULT CURRENTS)

BONUS Physics - Multiple Choice

Which of the following mathematical representations is commonly used to model AC voltages and currents as a rotating vector in the complex plane? W) Wavefunction X) Phasor Y) Cosine vector Z) Tangent vector

X) PHASOR13) Energy \(-\) Short Answer Alkaline batteries are a common type of commercialized battery that involves the reaction of manganese [MAYN-gan-eez] dioxide and what other metal?

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

What is the antilog base 9 of 2?

81

BONUS Math - Short Answer

Each day, Sue cats 25% of the cookies left in a jar. At the end of the second day, there are 36 cookies left in the jar. How many cookies were in the jar originally?

64

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements is true regarding a gas-phase reaction at chemical equilibrium? W) The forward and reverse reactions stop at equilibrium X) Adding reactant will increase the concentration of product Y) Adding reactant will increase the equilibrium constant Z) The reverse reaction only begins at equilibrium

X) ADDING REACTANT WILL INCREASE THE CONCENTRATION OF PRODUCT

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

How many three-center two-electron bonds are present in the compound with formula B\({}{2}\)H\({}{6}\)?

2

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer

What substance serves as a lubricant in glacier basal slip?

WATER

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

The uranium-238 decay series terminates at the 206 isotope of what element?

LEAD

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

What is the sum of the two vectors \(8i+3j\) and \(-6i-7j\)?

\(2i-4j\)

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

What is the name given to a special mixture of liquids whose composition cannot be changed by simple distillation, such as 95% ethanol to 5% water?

AZEOTROPES

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

Pneumatophores [new-MAT-ah-forz] and beets are modified versions of what plant organ?

ROOTS

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

In what organelle does the Calvin cycle occur?

CHLORPOLAST

BONUS Biology - Short Answer

In humans, the inactive \(X\) chromosome condenses into a compact structure called what?

BARR BODY

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer

What is the term for areas of the ocean floor that are relatively flat and found 5 to 6 kilometers below sea level?

ABYSSAL PLAINS

BONUS Earth and Space - Multiple Choice

If a metamorphic rock was subjected to high temperature and pressure deep in the crust long enough to reach equilibrium with its environment, which of the following would be most useful for determining the temperature and pressure range at which it formed? W) Elemental analysis X) Mineralogical analysis Y) Grain-size analysis Z) Stress-strain analysis

X) MINERALOGICAL ANALYSIS

TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer

Scientists at the National Energy Technology Lab have been working with ION in Norway to evaluate the "Advanced Liquid Absorbent System" that works to capture and sequester what chemical produced by combustion?

CARBON DIOXIDE (ACCEPT: CO\({}{2}\))

BONUS Energy - Short Answer

Scientists at Oak Ridge National Lab are working on a novel accelerated membrane-based gas separation process that will be used to separate what molecule from flue gas?

CARBON DIOXIDE (ACCEPT: CO\({}{2}\))