AarushSah/scibowl_no_headers · Datasets at Hugging Face

Type stringlengths 0 490	Prompt stringlengths 5 919	Completion stringlengths 1 424
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice	Which of the following elements is LEAST likely to violate the octet rule? W) Carbon X) Sulfur Y) Phosphorous Z) Xenon [ZEE-non]	W) CARBON
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	A chemist prepares a 10%-by-mass aqueous [AY-kwee-us] solution of a salt with a formula unit mass of 200 grams per mole. To two significant digits and in molal [moh-LAHL], what is the molality of this solution?	0.56
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	What principle of quantum mechanics states that two electrons cannot have the same quantum numbers?	PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	A pair of ten-sided dice, each with the numbers one through 10 printed on the faces, is rolled. What is the probability that the two numbers rolled are different?	9/10 (ACCEPT: 0.9, 90%)
TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Multiple Choice	The Richter scale is a base-10 logarithmic scale. What feature of an earthquake is multiplied by a factor of 10 for a unit increase on the Richter [RIK-tur] scale? W) Total energy radiated by an earthquake X) Fault rupture velocity Y) Seismic [SIZE-mic] wave amplitude Z) Seismic moment	Y) SEISMIC WAVE AMPLITUDE
BONUS Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer	Identify all of the following three minerals that possess two planes of cleavage: Mica; Pyroxene [pie-ROX-een]; Olivine.	2
TOSS-UP Biology \(-\) Multiple Choice	Chlorophyll \(a\) and \(b\) most strongly absorb which of the following colors of light? W) Red X) Yellow Y) Green Z) Blue	Z) BLUE
BONUS Biology \(-\) Short Answer	Identify all of the following three groups of plants that have nitrogen-fixing root nodules: Peanuts; Soybean; Alfalfa.	ALL
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	What mechanical property of a material characterizes its stiffness as a ratio of its stress to strain?	YOUNG'S MODULUS (ACCEPT: ELASTIC MODULUS)
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	If a universal set contains 24 elements, how many elements are in the complement of a set with 9 elements?	15
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	What is the name for the functional group in organic chemistry that consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom, and is a component of aldehydes and ketones [KEE-tones]?	CARBONYL [carboh-NEEL]
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three atoms that have a higher first ionization [eye-on-ih-ZAY-shun] energy than lithium: Sodium; Beryllium [beth-RILL-ee-un]; Magnesium.	2 AND 3
TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer	Berkeley lab scientists are studying "gateway" proteins associated with the nuclear pore complex, which are responsible for blocking aberrant strands of what RNA-polymerase [paw-LIM-er-ace] II-synthesized macromolecule?	MESSENGER RNA (ACCEPT: mRNA)
BONUS Energy - Short Answer	Scientists at SLAC [slack] recently used the SSRL to study the protein complex Cascade that is associated with the bacterial immune system and is of recent interest due to potential uses for gene editing. With what prokaryotic [PRO-care-ee-AW-tic] DNA segments is Cascade associated?	CRISPR (ACCEPT: CLUSTERED REGULARLY INTERSPACED SHORT PALINDROMIC REPEATS)
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice	Which of the following is closest to the average length of time an individual sunspot will persist on the surface of the sun? W) 1 hour X) 50 days Y) 10 years Z) 500 years	X) 50 DAYS
BONUS Earth and Space - Multiple Choice	Which of the following most accurately describes the strength of Mercury's magnetic field at the planet's surface? W) Not detectable X) About the same as that of the Moon Y) About one-hundreth that of the Earth Z) About half that of the Earth	Y) ABOUT ONE-HUNDRETH THAT OF THE EARTH
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	In the Lewis structure of the cyanide anion [AN-eye-on], how many electrons belong SOLELY to the nitrogen atom?	TWO
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three compounds that have a hybridization [HIGH-brih-dye-ZAY-shun] scheme requiring d-orbitals in VSEPR theory: Xenon [ZEE-non] tetrafluoride; Xenon tetroxide [teh-TROX-ide]; Xenon difluoride.	1 AND 3
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	What is the cosine of 240 degrees?	-1/2 (ACCEPT: -0.5)
BONUS Math - Short Answer	The shortest side of a 3-4-5 right triangle lies on the \(x\)-axis. If the triangle is rotated about the \(x\)-axis, what is the volume of the resulting shape?	16\(\pi\)
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	A 60-kilogram sprinter accelerates horizontally off the starting block at 18 meters per second squared. What horizontal force, in newtons, does the sprinter exert on the block?	1080
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	A 9-kilogram ball traveling at 5 meters per second undergoes an elastic collision with a 6-kilogram block that is stationary before the collision. What is the kinetic energy, in joules, of the block after the collision?	10817) Biology - Short Answer What is the term for paired chromosomes that carry genes controlling the same set of inherited characteristics?
TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice	Scientists at Brookhaven National Lab have developed a method to stimulate the anabolic [AN-ah-BAWL-ik] reactions in the smooth endoplasmic [EN-doh-PLAZ-mik] reticulum [reh-TIK-yoo-lum] of plant leaves. These findings could result in better feedstock for production of which of the following? W) Biofuel X) Fertilizer Y) Paper Z) Lumber	W) BIOFUEL
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	Rank the following three elements in increasing order of electron affinity: Lithium; Oxygen; Sulfur.	1, 3, 2
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer	Neptune appears a shade of blue because of what atmospheric gas mixed in with hydrogen and helium?	METHANE (ACCEPT: CH\({}{4}\))
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	Sickle cell anemia is an example of heterozygote [hetero-ZYE-goat] advantage because it protects against what disease?	MALARIA
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	Log base 100 of 50 is equal to log base 10 of 50 divided by log base 10 of what number?	100
BONUS Math - Short Answer	A bag contains 22 socks: 6 are red, 8 are white, and 8 are blue. How many socks must you take out to be certain that you will have at least one pair of blue socks?	16
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	What is the molecular [moh-LEK-yoo-lur] geometry of methane?	TETRAHERDAL
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	A student mixes together aqueous [AY-kwee-us] equimolar solutions of calcium chloride and ammonium phosphate. Which two of the component ions stay in solution?	AMMONIUM AND CHLORIDE (ACCEPT IN ANY ORDER)
TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice	Which of the following is a renewable, primary energy source? W) Nuclear X) Fossil Y) Geothermal Z) Electricity	Y) GEOTHERMAL
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	If one wants to double the period of a simple pendulum, what ratio of new-to-old length is required?	4 (ACCEPT: 4 TO 1)
TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Short Answer	What part of the nitrogen cycle can be performed by lightning?	NITROGEN FIXATION
TOSS-UP Biology \(-\) Multiple Choice	In the Griffith experiment, nonpathogenic bacteria were found to be able to cause disease after being exposed to heat-killed virulent bacteria. Which of the following substances caused this transformation? W) Toxins X) Proteins Y) RNA Z) DNA	Z) DNA
TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice	The Peter Auger cosmic ray observatory is operated by DOE scientists from Fermilab. Which of the following statements is TRUE of how cosmic rays are detected by this observatory? W) The observatory detects cosmic rays by measuring the local electric field X) The observatory directly observes cosmic rays interacting with water Y) The observatory detects the shower of energetic particles produced by a cosmic ray Z) The observatory uses interferometry to detect cosmic rays	Y) THE OBSERVATORY DETECTS THE SHOWER OF ENERGETIC PARTICLES PRODUCED BY A COSMIC RAY
BONUS Energy - Short Answer	Scientists at SLAC [slack] have been studying the iron sulfur cluster in a group of liver-detoxifying enzymes to determine the source of their high activity towards a wide variety of substrates. What is the general name for this group of enzymes?	CYTOCHROME P450
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	The total amount of useful work extractable from a chemical reaction at constant pressure and temperature is equal to the negative change in what state function?	GIBBS FREE ENERGY (ACCEPT: G)
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three molecules that are matched correctly to their hybridization: Xenon dilluoride and dsp\({}^{3}\); Nitrogen tri-iodide and sp\({}^{2}\); Sulfur tetrafluoride and d\({}^{2}\)sp\({}^{3}\).	1
TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice	Which of the following best describes the result of the first step of glycolysis [glye-KAWL-eh-sis] in a fibroblast? W) Glucose-6-phosphate is fully committed to the glycolysis [glye-KAWL-eh-sis] pathway X) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate [biss-FAWS-fatel] is split into two three-carbon sugars Y) ATP is extracted from glucose-6-phosphate Z) Glucose-6-phosphate can no longer exit the cell	Z) GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE CAN NO LONGER EXIT THE CELL
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	What is the greatest common factor of 36 and 92?	4
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice	Which of the following is closest to the ratio of the absolute temperature at the Sun's core to that of its surface? W) 25 X) 250 Y) 2,500 Z) 25,000	Y) 2,500
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	What specific quantity on a reaction diagram does the addition of an enzyme change?	ACTIVATION ENERGY (ACCEPT: TRANSITION STATE ENERGY)
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	Identifify all of the following three quantities that are vector quantities: Impulse; Momentum; Energy.	1 AND 2
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	A 3-kilogram block slides along a horizontal surface, and the coefficient of kinetic friction between them is 0.5. The block's initial velocity is 20 meters per second. To the nearest second, how long does it take for the block to come to a stop?	4
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	Mendeleev famously predicted the existence of eka-silicon in 1871 as well as a list of properties this theoretical element would have, many of which turned out to be correct when the element was discovered in 1886. What is the IUPAC name of this element?	GERMANIUM
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	Identifify all of the following three quantities that are positive for the gas-phase decomposition reaction of carbon dioxide to form carbon monoxide and molecular oxygen at 300 kelvins: Delta-H; Delta-S; Delta-G.	ALL
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	How many exterior angles does an octagon have?	16 (DO NOT ACCEPT: 8)
BONUS Math - Short Answer	What are the coordinates of the vertex of the graph of \(y=-3x^{2}-12x-7\)?	(-2, 5) (ACCEPT: \(x=-2\) AND \(y=5\))
TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice	Researchers at SLAC [slack] are currently working on mining methods to expand proven resources of uranium. Which of the following contains the largest amount of uranium? W) Ocean water X) Salt mines Y) Gold deposits Z) Coal mines	W) OCEAN WATER
BONUS Energy - Short Answer	Scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab discovered a protein important in DNA repair called XPG, whose function was often lost in breast, ovarian, and other cancer types. XPG is in what class of cancer-preventing genes, examples of which also include APC and p53?	TUMOR SUPPRESSOR19) Earth and Space - Short Answer In a stream, what is the term for the sediment load that slides and rolls along the stream bed?
BONUS Earth and Space - Short Answer	Rank the following three materials in increasing order of speed of P-waves when traveling through them: Ultramafic; Felsic; Mafic.	2, 3, 1
TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice	Which of the following adjacent pairs of thermodynamic processes are a part of a Carnot [CAR-noh] cycle? W) Isothermal expansion and isentropic [eye-sen-TROH-pik] expansion X) Isentropic compression and isochoric [eye-soh-KOR-ik] heating Y) Isentropic compression and isobaric [eye-soh-BARE-ik] heating Z) Isothermal compression and isochoric cooling	W) ISOTHERMAL EXPANSION AND ISENTRropic EXPANSION
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	The force on an object was kept constant for 1 second and then changed to a new value for each successive second, for a total of five force values over a five-second time interval. All five forces were in the same direction and had magnitudes of 0 newtons, 5 newtons, 15 newtons, 5 newtons, and 0 newtons. What was the magnitude of the total impulse, in newton seconds, exerted on the object during this time?	25
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice	Which of the following is not a Lewis acid? W) Aluminum chloride X) Ammonia Y) Carbon dioxide Z) Magnesium ion	X) AMMONIA
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	If the probability of it raining on a given day is 0.21, what is the probability of it NOT raining?	0.79 (ACCEPT: 79/100)
TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT true? W) 37 is congruent to 6 mod 5 X) 71 is congruent to 5 mod 3 Y) 43 is congruent to 8 mod 7 Z) 17 is congruent to 2 mod 3	W) 37 IS CONGRUENT TO 6 MOD 5
BONUS Math - Short Answer	Find the \(y\)-intercept of the line passing through the point \((4,-\) that is perpendicular to the line \(3x-7y=12\).	19/3 (ACCEPT: 6 1/3, (0, 19/3), (0, 6 1/3))
TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice	At the National Renewable Energy Lab, scientists are using sunlight to split what chemical compound during photoelectrochemical processes that employ stacks of light-absorbing semiconductors immersed in an acid-water solution? W) Methane X) Ammonia Y) Hydrogen Peroxide Z) Water	Z) WATER
BONUS Energy - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three statements that are true of secondary batteries: They are not rechargeable; They require a constant source of energy; The electricity-producing reaction in them is chemically reversible.	3
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice	Addition of which of the following compounds will increase the solubility of calcium carbonate in water? W) Sodium carbonate X) Phosphoric acid Y) Sodium hydroxide Z) Calcium chloride	X) PHOSPHORIC ACID
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice	Which of the following numbers corresponds to the approximate temperature in kelvins of red stars? W) 300 X) 3,000 Y) 30,000 Z) 300,000	X) 3,000
TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice	Cataracts occur in what part of the eye? W) Retina X) Posterior chamber Y) Cornea Z) Lens	Z) LENS
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	The henry is the SI unit corresponding to what property of an electric circuit?	INDUCTANCE
TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Multiple Choice	If the total energy flux from a star quadruples, by what factor is its temperature multiplied? W) \(\surd\)2 [square root of 2] X) 2 Y) 4 Z) 16	W) \(\surd\)
TOSS-UP Biology \(-\) Short Answer	Fungal cell walls are primarily composed of what compound?	CHITIN
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice	The pKa [p.k.a.] of deprotonation [dee-pro-tun-AY-shun] for most primary amines [ah-MEENS] is between 35 and 45. Which of the following is closest to the pKa of cyanamide [sigh-ANN-ah-mide], a primary amine in which the R group is a cyano group? W) 1 X) 15 Y) 35 Z) 45	W) 1
BONUS Chemistry - Multiple Choice	Some compounds feature two-atom covalent [koh-VAY-lent] bonds in which both electrons forming the bond are donated by one of the atoms, also known as a dative bond. Which of the following bonds is most likely to be a dative bond? W) Carbon-carbon X) Sodium-fluorine [FLOOR-een] Y) Nitrogen-boron Z) Hydrogen-chlorine	Y) NITROGEN-BORON
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	According to the Standard Model of Particle Physics, what lepton [LEP-tawn]is the most massive?	TAU (ACCEPT: TAUON)
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	A particle undergoing a constant acceleration starts at rest at position \(x\) equals zero. Identify all of the following three pairs of positions it could be at after one second and then after two seconds, respectively: \(x\) equals zero, then \(x\) equals zero; \(x\) equals three, then \(x\) equals twelve; \(x\) equals two, then \(x\) equals sixteen.	1 AND 2
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	A bag contains six uniquely marked marbles. One marble is drawn, and then a second, without replacement. How many different permutations are possible?	30
TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer	In order to better design materials that can tolerate the extreme pressures and temperatures of controlled fusion reactions, researchers at LANL are simulating the behavior of bubbles of what gas embedded in tungsten?	HELIUM
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	What is the systematic name of propyl iodide?	1-IODOPROPANE
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	What is the equivalent resistance, in ohms, of a circuit composed of a 2-ohm resistor connected in parallel to a series branch with two 3-ohm resistors?	3/2 (ACCEPT 1 \(\vee{2}\) or 1.5)
TOSS-UP Earth and Space \(-\) Multiple Choice	Which of the following minerals would scratch all of the others? W) Quartz X) Calcite Y) Halite Z) Topaz	Z) TOPAZ
TOSS-UP Energy \(-\) Short Answer	The U.S. Department of Energy's Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility is studying the components of protons and mesons. The quarks inside these particles are held together by interactions mediated by what boson [BOH-sawn]?	GLUON
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	In humans, what gland makes melatonin?	PINEAL
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer	What type of organized, low-pressure weather system is an intermediate stage between a tropical depression and a hurricane?	TROPICAL STORM
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	Given \(f\) of \(x=4x-6\) and \(g\) of \(x=3x\), what is \(g\) of \(f\) of x?	12\(x\) - 18
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	Unpolarized light with an intensity of \(I\) passes through a filter that makes a 50-degree angle with respect to the horizontal. In terms of \(I\), what is the intensity of the light after it passes through the filter?	0.5 \(I\)
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	Hans Bethe is famous for the development of what theory of coordination in which metal-ligand [LIH-gund] interactions are assumed to be completely ionic?	CRYSTAL FIELD THEORY (ACCEPT: CFT)
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	A student constructs a ball and stick model of a linear molecule. Identify all of the following statements that could be valid for this molecule: The central atom has zero lone pairs; The central atom has two lone pairs; The central atom has three lone pairs.	1 AND 3
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	What reflex describes the profound decrease in heart rate of marine mammals upon feeling cold water on the face?	DIVE (ACCEPT: DIVE REFLEX)
BONUS Biology - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three amino acids that are considered nonpolar: Asparagine [lass-PAIR-ah-jeen]; Tryptophan [TRIP-tow-fan]; Glutamine.	2
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	The complex number \(3i\) lies on the boundary between what two quadrants in the complex plane?	1 AND 2 (ACCEPT: FIRST AND SECOND)
BONUS Math - Short Answer	On a calculus pop quiz, 10% of the students scored 6 points, 45% scored 8 points, 20% scored 9 points, and the rest scored 10 points. What is the average score, rounded to the nearest tenth, on the quiz?	8.5
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	What is the term for the enlarged end of a stolon that is used for storing food?	TUBER
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	When beryllium-8 emits an alpha particle, what isotope is formed?	HELIUM-4
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	A toaster is composed of 4 compartments connected in parallel to a standard 120-volt RMS wall socket. If each compartment is modeled by a 4-kilo-ohm resistor, what is the peak power, in watts, dissipated by the toaster when 4 waffles are being toasted simultaneously?	28.8
TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice	Researchers at SLAC National Accelerator Lab have developed a new electron-gun that produces near-continuous high-energy electron beams. The electron gun uses a chamber of niobium cooled to 4 kelvins, which has what property? W) Piezoelectricity [PEE-zoh-electricity] X) Extremely high magnetic susceptibility Y) Superfluidity Z) Superconductivity	Z) SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
BONUS Energy - Short Answer	A team of scientists from Oak Ridge National Laboratory have been studying the enzyme RuBisCO [roo-BIS-kohl] using neutron scattering and X-ray diffraction techniques. What key atom can neutron-scattering methods directly detect that X-ray methods cannot?	HYDROGEN
TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice	Consider the polynomial equation \(6x^{3}-24x+25=0.\) According to the rational root theorem, which of the following is NOT a possible rational root of this equation? W) -3 X) 1/3 Y) 5/6 Z) 5/3	W) -3
BONUS Math - Short Answer	If two sides of a right triangle have lengths 15 and 7, then, rounded to the nearest whole numbers, what are the possible lengths of the third side?	13 and 17
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice	Which of the following is closest to the pre-industrial concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? W) 800 parts per billion X) 275 parts per billion Y) 275 parts per million Z) 8 parts per million	Y) 275 PARTS PER MILLION
BONUS Earth and Space - Short Answer	A subsurface magma chamber cools until fifty percent of its mass has crystallized. Identify all of the following three statements that are true of the magma-rock system: The magma is differentiated; The rock and the magma will be chemically identical; The newly-formed rock will have a glassy texture.	17) Physics - Short Answer What is the term for frictional forces between adjacent layers within a fluid that prevent them from flowing freely?
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	What type of meristem is primarily responsible for secondary growth?	LATERAL
TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice	Scientists at Pacific Northwest National Lab have constructed the Shallow Underground Laboratory at a depth of 12 meters to reduce background from which of the following sources? W) Neutrinos X) Cosmic rays Y) Top quarks Z) Gravitational waves	X) COSMIC RAYS
## BONUS Math - Short Answer	A custom mixture of nuts is composed of cashews worth $8 a pound and almonds worth $6 a pound. Mae purchases 11 pounds of the mixture for $75. How many of these 11 pounds are cashews?	4.5 (ACCEPT: 4\(\%\), 9/2)
## BONUS Earth and Space - Multiple Choice	Which of the following locations in a spiral galaxy possesses the highest rate of star formation? W) Halo X) Core Y) Spiral arm Z) Area between spiral arms	Y) SPIRAL ARM
TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice	The energy potential of a system scales quadratically with respect to distance away from a point. Which of the following could represent this system? W) Gravitational orbit X) Electrostatic orbit Y) Hookean spring Z) Double pendulum	Y) HOOKEAN SPRING
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	In an experiment of the photoelectric effect, a metal is found to emit electrons when exposed to strong blue light, but not to weak yellow light. Identify all of the following four forms of light that will eject electrons from the metal: Weak red light; Strong red light; Weak violet light; Strong violet light.	3, 4

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Which of the following elements is LEAST likely to violate the octet rule? W) Carbon X) Sulfur Y) Phosphorous Z) Xenon [ZEE-non]

W) CARBON

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

A chemist prepares a 10%-by-mass aqueous [AY-kwee-us] solution of a salt with a formula unit mass of 200 grams per mole. To two significant digits and in molal [moh-LAHL], what is the molality of this solution?

0.56

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

What principle of quantum mechanics states that two electrons cannot have the same quantum numbers?

PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

A pair of ten-sided dice, each with the numbers one through 10 printed on the faces, is rolled. What is the probability that the two numbers rolled are different?

9/10 (ACCEPT: 0.9, 90%)

TOSS-UP Earth and Space $-$ Multiple Choice

The Richter scale is a base-10 logarithmic scale. What feature of an earthquake is multiplied by a factor of 10 for a unit increase on the Richter [RIK-tur] scale? W) Total energy radiated by an earthquake X) Fault rupture velocity Y) Seismic [SIZE-mic] wave amplitude Z) Seismic moment

Y) SEISMIC WAVE AMPLITUDE

BONUS Earth and Space $-$ Short Answer

Identify all of the following three minerals that possess two planes of cleavage: Mica; Pyroxene [pie-ROX-een]; Olivine.

2

TOSS-UP Biology $-$ Multiple Choice

Chlorophyll $a$ and $b$ most strongly absorb which of the following colors of light? W) Red X) Yellow Y) Green Z) Blue

Z) BLUE

BONUS Biology $-$ Short Answer

Identify all of the following three groups of plants that have nitrogen-fixing root nodules: Peanuts; Soybean; Alfalfa.

ALL

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

What mechanical property of a material characterizes its stiffness as a ratio of its stress to strain?

YOUNG'S MODULUS (ACCEPT: ELASTIC MODULUS)

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

If a universal set contains 24 elements, how many elements are in the complement of a set with 9 elements?

15

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

What is the name for the functional group in organic chemistry that consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom, and is a component of aldehydes and ketones [KEE-tones]?

CARBONYL [carboh-NEEL]

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three atoms that have a higher first ionization [eye-on-ih-ZAY-shun] energy than lithium: Sodium; Beryllium [beth-RILL-ee-un]; Magnesium.

2 AND 3

TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer

Berkeley lab scientists are studying "gateway" proteins associated with the nuclear pore complex, which are responsible for blocking aberrant strands of what RNA-polymerase [paw-LIM-er-ace] II-synthesized macromolecule?

MESSENGER RNA (ACCEPT: mRNA)

BONUS Energy - Short Answer

Scientists at SLAC [slack] recently used the SSRL to study the protein complex Cascade that is associated with the bacterial immune system and is of recent interest due to potential uses for gene editing. With what prokaryotic [PRO-care-ee-AW-tic] DNA segments is Cascade associated?

CRISPR (ACCEPT: CLUSTERED REGULARLY INTERSPACED SHORT PALINDROMIC REPEATS)

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice

Which of the following is closest to the average length of time an individual sunspot will persist on the surface of the sun? W) 1 hour X) 50 days Y) 10 years Z) 500 years

X) 50 DAYS

BONUS Earth and Space - Multiple Choice

Which of the following most accurately describes the strength of Mercury's magnetic field at the planet's surface? W) Not detectable X) About the same as that of the Moon Y) About one-hundreth that of the Earth Z) About half that of the Earth

Y) ABOUT ONE-HUNDRETH THAT OF THE EARTH

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

In the Lewis structure of the cyanide anion [AN-eye-on], how many electrons belong SOLELY to the nitrogen atom?

TWO

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three compounds that have a hybridization [HIGH-brih-dye-ZAY-shun] scheme requiring d-orbitals in VSEPR theory: Xenon [ZEE-non] tetrafluoride; Xenon tetroxide [teh-TROX-ide]; Xenon difluoride.

1 AND 3

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

What is the cosine of 240 degrees?

-1/2 (ACCEPT: -0.5)

BONUS Math - Short Answer

The shortest side of a 3-4-5 right triangle lies on the $x$-axis. If the triangle is rotated about the $x$-axis, what is the volume of the resulting shape?

16$\pi$

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

A 60-kilogram sprinter accelerates horizontally off the starting block at 18 meters per second squared. What horizontal force, in newtons, does the sprinter exert on the block?

1080

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

A 9-kilogram ball traveling at 5 meters per second undergoes an elastic collision with a 6-kilogram block that is stationary before the collision. What is the kinetic energy, in joules, of the block after the collision?

10817) Biology - Short Answer What is the term for paired chromosomes that carry genes controlling the same set of inherited characteristics?

TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice

Scientists at Brookhaven National Lab have developed a method to stimulate the anabolic [AN-ah-BAWL-ik] reactions in the smooth endoplasmic [EN-doh-PLAZ-mik] reticulum [reh-TIK-yoo-lum] of plant leaves. These findings could result in better feedstock for production of which of the following? W) Biofuel X) Fertilizer Y) Paper Z) Lumber

W) BIOFUEL

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

Rank the following three elements in increasing order of electron affinity: Lithium; Oxygen; Sulfur.

1, 3, 2

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer

Neptune appears a shade of blue because of what atmospheric gas mixed in with hydrogen and helium?

METHANE (ACCEPT: CH${}{4}$)

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

Sickle cell anemia is an example of heterozygote [hetero-ZYE-goat] advantage because it protects against what disease?

MALARIA

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

Log base 100 of 50 is equal to log base 10 of 50 divided by log base 10 of what number?

100

BONUS Math - Short Answer

A bag contains 22 socks: 6 are red, 8 are white, and 8 are blue. How many socks must you take out to be certain that you will have at least one pair of blue socks?

16

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

What is the molecular [moh-LEK-yoo-lur] geometry of methane?

TETRAHERDAL

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

A student mixes together aqueous [AY-kwee-us] equimolar solutions of calcium chloride and ammonium phosphate. Which two of the component ions stay in solution?

AMMONIUM AND CHLORIDE (ACCEPT IN ANY ORDER)

TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a renewable, primary energy source? W) Nuclear X) Fossil Y) Geothermal Z) Electricity

Y) GEOTHERMAL

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

If one wants to double the period of a simple pendulum, what ratio of new-to-old length is required?

4 (ACCEPT: 4 TO 1)

TOSS-UP Earth and Space $-$ Short Answer

What part of the nitrogen cycle can be performed by lightning?

NITROGEN FIXATION

TOSS-UP Biology $-$ Multiple Choice

In the Griffith experiment, nonpathogenic bacteria were found to be able to cause disease after being exposed to heat-killed virulent bacteria. Which of the following substances caused this transformation? W) Toxins X) Proteins Y) RNA Z) DNA

Z) DNA

TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice

The Peter Auger cosmic ray observatory is operated by DOE scientists from Fermilab. Which of the following statements is TRUE of how cosmic rays are detected by this observatory? W) The observatory detects cosmic rays by measuring the local electric field X) The observatory directly observes cosmic rays interacting with water Y) The observatory detects the shower of energetic particles produced by a cosmic ray Z) The observatory uses interferometry to detect cosmic rays

Y) THE OBSERVATORY DETECTS THE SHOWER OF ENERGETIC PARTICLES PRODUCED BY A COSMIC RAY

BONUS Energy - Short Answer

Scientists at SLAC [slack] have been studying the iron sulfur cluster in a group of liver-detoxifying enzymes to determine the source of their high activity towards a wide variety of substrates. What is the general name for this group of enzymes?

CYTOCHROME P450

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

The total amount of useful work extractable from a chemical reaction at constant pressure and temperature is equal to the negative change in what state function?

GIBBS FREE ENERGY (ACCEPT: G)

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three molecules that are matched correctly to their hybridization: Xenon dilluoride and dsp${}^{3}$; Nitrogen tri-iodide and sp${}^{2}$; Sulfur tetrafluoride and d${}^{2}$sp${}^{3}$.

1

TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes the result of the first step of glycolysis [glye-KAWL-eh-sis] in a fibroblast? W) Glucose-6-phosphate is fully committed to the glycolysis [glye-KAWL-eh-sis] pathway X) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate [biss-FAWS-fatel] is split into two three-carbon sugars Y) ATP is extracted from glucose-6-phosphate Z) Glucose-6-phosphate can no longer exit the cell

Z) GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE CAN NO LONGER EXIT THE CELL

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

What is the greatest common factor of 36 and 92?

4

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice

Which of the following is closest to the ratio of the absolute temperature at the Sun's core to that of its surface? W) 25 X) 250 Y) 2,500 Z) 25,000

Y) 2,500

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

What specific quantity on a reaction diagram does the addition of an enzyme change?

ACTIVATION ENERGY (ACCEPT: TRANSITION STATE ENERGY)

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

Identifify all of the following three quantities that are vector quantities: Impulse; Momentum; Energy.

1 AND 2

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

A 3-kilogram block slides along a horizontal surface, and the coefficient of kinetic friction between them is 0.5. The block's initial velocity is 20 meters per second. To the nearest second, how long does it take for the block to come to a stop?

4

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

Mendeleev famously predicted the existence of eka-silicon in 1871 as well as a list of properties this theoretical element would have, many of which turned out to be correct when the element was discovered in 1886. What is the IUPAC name of this element?

GERMANIUM

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

Identifify all of the following three quantities that are positive for the gas-phase decomposition reaction of carbon dioxide to form carbon monoxide and molecular oxygen at 300 kelvins: Delta-H; Delta-S; Delta-G.

ALL

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

How many exterior angles does an octagon have?

16 (DO NOT ACCEPT: 8)

BONUS Math - Short Answer

What are the coordinates of the vertex of the graph of $y=-3x^{2}-12x-7$?

(-2, 5) (ACCEPT: $x=-2$ AND $y=5$)

TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice

Researchers at SLAC [slack] are currently working on mining methods to expand proven resources of uranium. Which of the following contains the largest amount of uranium? W) Ocean water X) Salt mines Y) Gold deposits Z) Coal mines

W) OCEAN WATER

BONUS Energy - Short Answer

Scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab discovered a protein important in DNA repair called XPG, whose function was often lost in breast, ovarian, and other cancer types. XPG is in what class of cancer-preventing genes, examples of which also include APC and p53?

TUMOR SUPPRESSOR19) Earth and Space - Short Answer In a stream, what is the term for the sediment load that slides and rolls along the stream bed?

BONUS Earth and Space - Short Answer

Rank the following three materials in increasing order of speed of P-waves when traveling through them: Ultramafic; Felsic; Mafic.

2, 3, 1

TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice

Which of the following adjacent pairs of thermodynamic processes are a part of a Carnot [CAR-noh] cycle? W) Isothermal expansion and isentropic [eye-sen-TROH-pik] expansion X) Isentropic compression and isochoric [eye-soh-KOR-ik] heating Y) Isentropic compression and isobaric [eye-soh-BARE-ik] heating Z) Isothermal compression and isochoric cooling

W) ISOTHERMAL EXPANSION AND ISENTRropic EXPANSION

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

The force on an object was kept constant for 1 second and then changed to a new value for each successive second, for a total of five force values over a five-second time interval. All five forces were in the same direction and had magnitudes of 0 newtons, 5 newtons, 15 newtons, 5 newtons, and 0 newtons. What was the magnitude of the total impulse, in newton seconds, exerted on the object during this time?

25

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Which of the following is not a Lewis acid? W) Aluminum chloride X) Ammonia Y) Carbon dioxide Z) Magnesium ion

X) AMMONIA

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

If the probability of it raining on a given day is 0.21, what is the probability of it NOT raining?

0.79 (ACCEPT: 79/100)

TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT true? W) 37 is congruent to 6 mod 5 X) 71 is congruent to 5 mod 3 Y) 43 is congruent to 8 mod 7 Z) 17 is congruent to 2 mod 3

W) 37 IS CONGRUENT TO 6 MOD 5

BONUS Math - Short Answer

Find the $y$-intercept of the line passing through the point $(4,-$ that is perpendicular to the line $3x-7y=12$.

19/3 (ACCEPT: 6 1/3, (0, 19/3), (0, 6 1/3))

TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice

At the National Renewable Energy Lab, scientists are using sunlight to split what chemical compound during photoelectrochemical processes that employ stacks of light-absorbing semiconductors immersed in an acid-water solution? W) Methane X) Ammonia Y) Hydrogen Peroxide Z) Water

Z) WATER

BONUS Energy - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three statements that are true of secondary batteries: They are not rechargeable; They require a constant source of energy; The electricity-producing reaction in them is chemically reversible.

3

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Addition of which of the following compounds will increase the solubility of calcium carbonate in water? W) Sodium carbonate X) Phosphoric acid Y) Sodium hydroxide Z) Calcium chloride

X) PHOSPHORIC ACID

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice

Which of the following numbers corresponds to the approximate temperature in kelvins of red stars? W) 300 X) 3,000 Y) 30,000 Z) 300,000

X) 3,000

TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice

Cataracts occur in what part of the eye? W) Retina X) Posterior chamber Y) Cornea Z) Lens

Z) LENS

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

The henry is the SI unit corresponding to what property of an electric circuit?

INDUCTANCE

TOSS-UP Earth and Space $-$ Multiple Choice

If the total energy flux from a star quadruples, by what factor is its temperature multiplied? W) $\surd$2 [square root of 2] X) 2 Y) 4 Z) 16

W) $\surd$

TOSS-UP Biology $-$ Short Answer

Fungal cell walls are primarily composed of what compound?

CHITIN

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice

The pKa [p.k.a.] of deprotonation [dee-pro-tun-AY-shun] for most primary amines [ah-MEENS] is between 35 and 45. Which of the following is closest to the pKa of cyanamide [sigh-ANN-ah-mide], a primary amine in which the R group is a cyano group? W) 1 X) 15 Y) 35 Z) 45

W) 1

BONUS Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Some compounds feature two-atom covalent [koh-VAY-lent] bonds in which both electrons forming the bond are donated by one of the atoms, also known as a dative bond. Which of the following bonds is most likely to be a dative bond? W) Carbon-carbon X) Sodium-fluorine [FLOOR-een] Y) Nitrogen-boron Z) Hydrogen-chlorine

Y) NITROGEN-BORON

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

According to the Standard Model of Particle Physics, what lepton [LEP-tawn]is the most massive?

TAU (ACCEPT: TAUON)

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

A particle undergoing a constant acceleration starts at rest at position $x$ equals zero. Identify all of the following three pairs of positions it could be at after one second and then after two seconds, respectively: $x$ equals zero, then $x$ equals zero; $x$ equals three, then $x$ equals twelve; $x$ equals two, then $x$ equals sixteen.

1 AND 2

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

A bag contains six uniquely marked marbles. One marble is drawn, and then a second, without replacement. How many different permutations are possible?

30

TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer

In order to better design materials that can tolerate the extreme pressures and temperatures of controlled fusion reactions, researchers at LANL are simulating the behavior of bubbles of what gas embedded in tungsten?

HELIUM

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

What is the systematic name of propyl iodide?

1-IODOPROPANE

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

What is the equivalent resistance, in ohms, of a circuit composed of a 2-ohm resistor connected in parallel to a series branch with two 3-ohm resistors?

3/2 (ACCEPT 1 $\vee{2}$ or 1.5)

TOSS-UP Earth and Space $-$ Multiple Choice

Which of the following minerals would scratch all of the others? W) Quartz X) Calcite Y) Halite Z) Topaz

Z) TOPAZ

TOSS-UP Energy $-$ Short Answer

The U.S. Department of Energy's Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility is studying the components of protons and mesons. The quarks inside these particles are held together by interactions mediated by what boson [BOH-sawn]?

GLUON

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

In humans, what gland makes melatonin?

PINEAL

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer

What type of organized, low-pressure weather system is an intermediate stage between a tropical depression and a hurricane?

TROPICAL STORM

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

Given $f$ of $x=4x-6$ and $g$ of $x=3x$, what is $g$ of $f$ of x?

12$x$ - 18

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

Unpolarized light with an intensity of $I$ passes through a filter that makes a 50-degree angle with respect to the horizontal. In terms of $I$, what is the intensity of the light after it passes through the filter?

0.5 $I$

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

Hans Bethe is famous for the development of what theory of coordination in which metal-ligand [LIH-gund] interactions are assumed to be completely ionic?

CRYSTAL FIELD THEORY (ACCEPT: CFT)

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

A student constructs a ball and stick model of a linear molecule. Identify all of the following statements that could be valid for this molecule: The central atom has zero lone pairs; The central atom has two lone pairs; The central atom has three lone pairs.

1 AND 3

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

What reflex describes the profound decrease in heart rate of marine mammals upon feeling cold water on the face?

DIVE (ACCEPT: DIVE REFLEX)

BONUS Biology - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three amino acids that are considered nonpolar: Asparagine [lass-PAIR-ah-jeen]; Tryptophan [TRIP-tow-fan]; Glutamine.

2

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

The complex number $3i$ lies on the boundary between what two quadrants in the complex plane?

1 AND 2 (ACCEPT: FIRST AND SECOND)

BONUS Math - Short Answer

On a calculus pop quiz, 10% of the students scored 6 points, 45% scored 8 points, 20% scored 9 points, and the rest scored 10 points. What is the average score, rounded to the nearest tenth, on the quiz?

8.5

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

What is the term for the enlarged end of a stolon that is used for storing food?

TUBER

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

When beryllium-8 emits an alpha particle, what isotope is formed?

HELIUM-4

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

A toaster is composed of 4 compartments connected in parallel to a standard 120-volt RMS wall socket. If each compartment is modeled by a 4-kilo-ohm resistor, what is the peak power, in watts, dissipated by the toaster when 4 waffles are being toasted simultaneously?

28.8

TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice

Researchers at SLAC National Accelerator Lab have developed a new electron-gun that produces near-continuous high-energy electron beams. The electron gun uses a chamber of niobium cooled to 4 kelvins, which has what property? W) Piezoelectricity [PEE-zoh-electricity] X) Extremely high magnetic susceptibility Y) Superfluidity Z) Superconductivity

Z) SUPERCONDUCTIVITY

BONUS Energy - Short Answer

A team of scientists from Oak Ridge National Laboratory have been studying the enzyme RuBisCO [roo-BIS-kohl] using neutron scattering and X-ray diffraction techniques. What key atom can neutron-scattering methods directly detect that X-ray methods cannot?

HYDROGEN

TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice

Consider the polynomial equation $6x^{3}-24x+25=0.$ According to the rational root theorem, which of the following is NOT a possible rational root of this equation? W) -3 X) 1/3 Y) 5/6 Z) 5/3

W) -3

BONUS Math - Short Answer

If two sides of a right triangle have lengths 15 and 7, then, rounded to the nearest whole numbers, what are the possible lengths of the third side?

13 and 17

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice

Which of the following is closest to the pre-industrial concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? W) 800 parts per billion X) 275 parts per billion Y) 275 parts per million Z) 8 parts per million

Y) 275 PARTS PER MILLION

BONUS Earth and Space - Short Answer

A subsurface magma chamber cools until fifty percent of its mass has crystallized. Identify all of the following three statements that are true of the magma-rock system: The magma is differentiated; The rock and the magma will be chemically identical; The newly-formed rock will have a glassy texture.

17) Physics - Short Answer What is the term for frictional forces between adjacent layers within a fluid that prevent them from flowing freely?

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

What type of meristem is primarily responsible for secondary growth?

LATERAL

TOSS-UP Energy - Multiple Choice

Scientists at Pacific Northwest National Lab have constructed the Shallow Underground Laboratory at a depth of 12 meters to reduce background from which of the following sources? W) Neutrinos X) Cosmic rays Y) Top quarks Z) Gravitational waves

X) COSMIC RAYS

## BONUS Math - Short Answer

A custom mixture of nuts is composed of cashews worth $8 a pound and almonds worth $6 a pound. Mae purchases 11 pounds of the mixture for $75. How many of these 11 pounds are cashews?

4.5 (ACCEPT: 4$\%$, 9/2)

## BONUS Earth and Space - Multiple Choice

Which of the following locations in a spiral galaxy possesses the highest rate of star formation? W) Halo X) Core Y) Spiral arm Z) Area between spiral arms

Y) SPIRAL ARM

TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice

The energy potential of a system scales quadratically with respect to distance away from a point. Which of the following could represent this system? W) Gravitational orbit X) Electrostatic orbit Y) Hookean spring Z) Double pendulum

Y) HOOKEAN SPRING

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

In an experiment of the photoelectric effect, a metal is found to emit electrons when exposed to strong blue light, but not to weak yellow light. Identify all of the following four forms of light that will eject electrons from the metal: Weak red light; Strong red light; Weak violet light; Strong violet light.

3, 4