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Deutsche Gesellschaft für internationale Zusammenarbeit 35

[ "The third priority direction will be promoted though accomplishment of the two major objectives: (i) develop and implement the pilot program \"National frame\" focused on participation of ethnic groups vulnerable to conflicts in the economy and politics; (ii) introduce a system for accounting contribution of vulnerable groups to economic and political development of the regions and the country." ]

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[ "The educational level of population is considerably differentiated spatially and ethnically. The biggest difference is between the educational level of the Gypsy population and the majority ethnic group and other minorities. For instance, the share of inhabitants with secondary education was 0.8% for Gypsies in 1991, while for Slovaks it was 18.1% and for Hungarians 14.9%. The bigger difference was in university level of education - 0.1% for Gypsies, 6.1% for Slovaks and 16.0% for Czechs." ]

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[ "Women, children, and youth form a significant segment of the population, and they are disproportionately impacted by shocks, including the impacts of climate change, climate variability and disasters. Table 8 lists the policies and actions for mainstreaming gender and youth in climate governance, which are additional to the strengthening of stakeholder inclusiveness (Table 4)." ]

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[ "In conjunction with the enabling factors, the proposed policies and actions must be sensitive to women, children and youth, and vulnerable groups. The mitigation policies and actions are not meant to be exhaustive, but to serve as guidance for developing coherent cross-sectoral mitigation planning. For instance, as new technologies develop and mature or the country development context changes, the enabling factors will need to be established to pursue the mitigation policy statement." ]

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[ "The country's UNFCCC Focal Point is further undertaking the development of a Youth Engagement Strategy and Action Plan that will be designed in line with the Action for Climate Empowerment (ACE) commitments, to facilitate the involvement of children and youth, including the most vulnerable. The Strategy and Action Plan will serve as the framework for youth engagement as part of the GOAB's Climate Change Programme and will primarily support the engagement of youth in adaptation and mitigation initiatives. It will also equip them with the skills needed to be part of an expansion of social inclusion opportunities. " ]

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[ "Antigua and Barbuda is also committed to ensuring that ACE becomes, as per Article 12 of the Paris Agreement, a key cross-cutting instrument to involve all levels of society in climate action, particular children and youth (as well as other vulnerable groups including women, the elderly and people living with disabilities) in support of all elements of mitigation and adaptation. ACÉ has the potential to provide the social and political will for action, in addition to the scientific and technological know-how. As such, the country's ACE commitments, as non-GHG targets, will help accelerate the achievement of the NDC's GHG related targets." ]

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[ "Inclusion of children and youth in climate change adaptations and mitigations is not just about consulting them or asking their views. It means giving them access to information that they need to comprehensively understand the dynamics of climate change and its impact on their rights, opportunities and responsibilities. It means encouraging them to use that knowledge in creative and innovative ways to safe guard their future, to design and implement their own actions with the support they need, and to take part in interventions initiated by adults." ]

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[ "Zimbabwe has sound policy frameworks that provide for the protection and rights of children and youth. However, these existing policies do not sufficiently recognize or address children and youth's issues and unique vulnerabilities in relation to the impacts of climate change. There is need to mainstream children's issues and the various risks that climate change poses for children and to put children at the forefront of national climate change adaptation policies and programmes. Similarly, the policies and plans fail to draw on the practical knowledge, insights and capacity for meaningful change that children can and do offer, most notably at sub-national and community levels. The views of young people are particularly important to ensure that adaptation approaches take account of the needs of different children and different stages of child development." ]

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[ "Promoting international climate engagement by Australian youth is a priority for the Australian Government. Australia signed the Kwon Gesh pledge at the 2019 UN Climate Action Summit, in which we commit to involving youth in our implementation of the Paris Agreement and the achievement of its goals. Following COP 25, in recognition of the constructive role Australian youth were already playing in the UNFCCC, Australia's Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade established a working group with the Australian Youth for International Climate Engagement (AYFICE) Network. The Working Group provides formalised connection between Australian youth delegates who attend UNFCCC events and the official Australian Delegation with the objective of mainstreaming youth engagement through the Delegation's work and facilitate sharing of views, knowledge and experiences." ]

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[ "The representatives of national minorities and their communities are often very closely connected to concrete regions. The regions with minorities constitute an environment, which is traditionally inhabited by these people in the new history. During the development of many generations they acquired comprehensive knowledge of their physical environment, society and culture. By their specific development they contribute to the cultural diversity of the territory. The national minorities should fully and without obstacles enjoy the human rights and fundamental freedoms and fully participate in sustainable development of their country." ]

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[ "There are opportunities to build our young people's resilience to disasters through participation in appropriate readiness, response, and recovery activities. Furthermore, children and youth can be agents of change and their participation in the design of resilience initiatives can add new perspectives, creativity, and innovation." ]

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[ "The government of Indonesia has put into effect Law No. 43/2004 which regulate endeavour to enhance social welfare of elderly population as well policies and programmes to enhance quality of elderly's life. National Action Plan on elderly's health has been developed in five years basis since 2016, taking into account Strategy for healthy elderly population of WHO SEARO 2013-2018. However, elderly population issues are cross cutting and policies and programmes relating to this population fall under several Ministries' responsibility. Therefore, synergy among line Ministries will determine the effectiveness in the implementation the policies and programmes." ]

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[ "The population aged 60 years and above is projected to increase from almost one million (988,000) in 2000 to over six million (6,319,000) by 2050. The female aged population will continue to grow faster and will increasingly be far higher than the male population for the advanced ages. Policies addressing the needs of the elderly will have to take the sex structure of the aged population into consideration." ]

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[ "Climate change has major implications for the education sector. Extreme weather events and longer- term changes in climate have already posed a huge threat to access to education for thousands of children. Extreme weather events and climate-induced disasters have damaged education infrastructure, restricted children's mobility and created psychological problems in many children and young people. The incidence of severe weather events is projected to increase in frequency; the impact will be severe." ]

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[ "While the Cambodian elderly live a longer and healthier life, they face greater difficulties related to social factor, economic factor, low productivity, health, and taking care of the children of the adults migrating to find jobs to make a living. As the eldely people get older, the problems they face get bigger. When the they are older, they are more vulnerable. They may face more challenges, including poor health conditions, weak immune systems, and higher risk for communicable diseases such as diabetes and high blood pressure. At the same time, older people are more likely to have life-threatening illnesses such as cancer, disability, and organ failure, which require long-term care." ]

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[ "Provide additional social welfare for the 40 percent of population with the lowest income in a sufficient and appropriate manner. For instance, provide additional disability allowances and old-age allowances for the poor group to a level sufficient for a living, support with the shelter and utility system to resolve bad conditions in urban slums, and encourage communities to provide services needed by the elderly." ]

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[ "Additionally, Thailand is expected to encounter some challenges, brought about by its currently changing demographic structure, which will have impacts on living standards, economic potential, and various social aspects. Given the current demographic profile, Thailand is expected to become an aged society in 2021, the final year of implementation of the Twelfth Plan, with 19.8 percent of elderly people to total population. The nation's working age population reached its peak in 2014 and will be on a path of steady decline thereafter, possibly leading to severe labor shortage problems, which can be further intensified if the existing seemingly low labor productivity problem is not adequately tackled, due to a number of factors, including low quality workforce, delayed technological development, and administrative problems" ]

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[ "Effective measures for adapting to climate change in Lesotho have been suggested in various climate change documents that have been reviewed in the preparation of this report (e.g., Lesotho Nationally Determined Contribution (2017) report and Table 4.15). The most effective measure for adapting to climate change through improved resilience of the most vulnerable population lies in the provision of basic health services. In particular, the country should ensure that the health facilities are better prepared for supporting vaccination programs, child and elderly health services through adequate human capital and financial resources." ]

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[ "These climatic changes will have potentially disastrous consequences for marine biodiversity and ecosystems, including: habitat mortality like coral bleaching, erosion, and sedimentation; accelerated coastal erosion that will remove beaches and mangroves important to certain marine species; extensive coastal inundation and higher levels of sea flooding; waves and storm surges into coastal land areas, causing salinity in coastal wetlands and coastal springs; mangroves and wetlands pushed further inland by frequent king tides and sealevel rise; eutrophication, sedimentation and siltation of water resources, leading to invasive species proliferation; increased habitat and nursery areas destruction, ensuing in species decline; decline in inshore fisheries; and loss of natural reefs that protect the islands and coastal communities. " ]

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[ "The Bahamas' marine waters are a key national asset and the health of the oceans is inextricably linked to the sustainability of economic livelihoods for coastal communities and Bahamians generally. They also provide a range of essential goods and services that would be extremely costly to restore or replace once lost. If our use of them is well managed they can meet a broad range of economic, social and cultural aspirations. The Government recognises that ecosystem health and integrity is fundamental to ecologically sustainable development." ]

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[ "However, we still face some challenges that need to be addressed such as an increase in the number of the elderly aged more than 60. In 2013, the elderly population is 8% (of the total population: 15 million), 7.2% in 2015 ( 15.7 million), and is projected to rise to 11% (18 million) in 2030. According to the IDPoor Information System in 2016, there are 232,311 poor elderly people in the total population, of whom 98,165 are elderly and 98,165 elderly perople are in Poor 1 and 134,146 elderly people are in Poor 2." ]

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[ "Promote youth participation in development: Strengthen the capacity of the Youth Council to promote the interests of youth Improve employment opportunities for youth by delivering demand-driven community level youth livelihood training programmes at local youth training centres and incorporate training in entrepreneurship skills. Identify strategies to increase secondary and high school enrolment Improve services for job information and search Promote apprenticeship programmes to give experience and increase employability Improve access to finance through grants and risk guarantees for high potential projects. Develop programmes to increase computer literacy and competency. Develop young farmers' training programmes to be delivered at FTCs and establish mechanisms for financial support for graduates to increase self-employment. Increase quality of and access to distance learning by making e-services available at local level. Create educational radio and TV programmes in pedagogic and life skills (ICT, HIV and AIDS, Environment) in collaboration with regional countries and promote community voluntary education programmes." ]

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[ "Promote children development and protection of rights. Step up education and immunisation of children Provide quality free universal primary education and nutrition. Provide effective means for protection from abuse, by improving the capacity of service providers (CGPU/police, social welfare, health and th justice system) to respond adequately to cases of violence, abuse an exploitation of children, including child labour and developing preventio measures, especially at community level. Scale-up and improve efficiency of the programmes of support for orphan and vulnerable children." ]

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[ "Children will bear an undue burden on account of climate change. Climate-related impacts will disrupt educational, recreational, and health-related services and activities. Children in poverty and hazard-prone areas are even more vulnerable. Twenty-two (22) of Jamaica's national policies, strategies and plans assessed found that under 20% of the policies explicitly highlighted the linkages between climate, environment, energy, and children (UNICEF 2020). The current widespread acknowledgement of the vulnerability of children to changing climatic conditions has become integral to conventional development plans. One of the interventions that have been initiated across the country is the mainstreaming of climate change issues in primary and secondary level curricula." ]

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[ "Marine uses and activities already contribute significantly to the overall economy of The Bahamas and are fundamental to the wellbeing of its citizens; through direct economic activities, provision of environmental services, and as home to much of the population. There are also strong cultural attachments to coastal resources and their uses. The major beneficial uses of the marine environment include: Shipping and port services; Fisheries (communical, subsistence and recreational); Tourism (including cruise ships, recreational yachting and SCUBA diving); Dredging and aggregate extraction; Conservation and environmental protection." ]

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[ "The second investment project aims to strengthen the climate resilience of coastal communities and resources. It will do so through a participatory process of identification of the priority interventions and the ways in which they should be addressed by communities themselves. The intention is to increase community resilience by empowering communities to identify and discuss hazards and risks and to participate in collective problem solving through identification of a suitable mix of \"soft\" and \"hard\" solutions to enhance the climate resilience of coastal resources and communities. In the course of these consultations it will therefore be crucial to discuss with the communities different options for addressing the climate-related challenges and short and longer-term implications of each option, including the timely preparation of environmental impact assessments." ]

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[ "he quality and status of the marine environment has a significant impact on both the effects of climate change upon coastal communities and the resilience of communities to that impact. The Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Policy, as well as this National Oceans Policy, seeks for Vanuatu to be a nation whose communities, marine environment and economy are resilient to the impacts of climate change and disaster risks, the latter being with particular regard to the ocean. Risks cannot be completely eliminated, however this Policy provides a framework through which risks arising from and associated with the marine environment can be identified, assessed, reduced and managed. The goal for the Climate Change sector with regard to Oceans is to: \"To conserve, manage and develop the Ocean to help Vanuatu have resilient communities, environment and economy for the long term." ]

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[ "The Government will continue promoting the creation of a youth justice system, by adopting an education model in which the application of measures is determined by the need to educate children in the law and to promote their wellbeing, thus contributing to peace and order in society." ]

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[ "change projects and programmes that target young people. These need to be enhanced: Government and development partners involved in supporting climate resilient and low carbon planning in Myanmar should consider youth as a leading group to form partnerships with, influence and capture ideas from; it is important to ensure their voices are heard in discussions, decisions and actions that affect them and their future." ]

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[ "The Government will also be investing in the drafting of a proper legal framework concerning the Rights and Protection of Minors, including the Child Protection Act, the Adoption Act, the Educational Guardianship Act and a Special Penal Scheme for youngsters aged 16-21." ]

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[ "The Government will continue striving to ensure that all children attend school and receive quality education that imparts to them the knowledge and skills that they require in order to lead healthy and productive lives and to contribute in an active manner to the development of our Nation. For this purpose, the Government will strengthen administrative and financial management, proper planning, institutional coordination, human resources and infrastructure, and invest in outcome-oriented goals enabling better service delivery in the education sector." ]

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[ "Myanmar's INDC is clear that including civil society perspectives, empowering those who are most at risk from the impacts of climate change, such as children and young people is essential if the country is going to \"alleviate suffering caused by climate change and enable sustainable and durable development of the poor, both in rural and urban areas\" (GoM 2016). So education is key. The country is revising is primary and secondary curricula, and these must both capture climate change as an important topic to create awareness and capacities. There are also several disaster risk and climate" ]

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[ "Drought events in the Northeast region may be more frequent with climate change (Marengo et al., 2016; Cunha et al., 2019), with increased dryness, episodes of deficit in rainfall and aridification in the region, bringing the desertification risk (Marengo and Bernasconi, 2015; Vieira et al. 2015), which could encourage new migratory flows to other regions of the country." ]

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[ "The introduction and adoption of new germplasm to produce a significant yield in areas usually associated with total crop failure is now being encouraged, having become an integral part of adaptation to climate change. Conventional plant breeding for drought tolerance, pest and disease resistance has seen an increase in the availability of better hybrids to farmers. This has become important since the risk of drought is projected to increase in many regions, and the prevalence and severity of outbreaks of pest and disease will also change with the changing climate" ]

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[ "Drought is defined as a period in which a region has a deficit in its water supply. The definition of drought is region-specific and can be categorised into three main types: meteorological, hydrological and agricultural. Socio-economic droughts have been reported in some cases. Meteorological droughts take into account deficiencies in measured precipitation. CIS provides information on annually measured precipitation and compares it to what is determined as normal and gives precautionary advice to farmers. For hydrologists, droughts are monitored by checking stream flow and lake, reservoir, and aquifer water levels, which is important in recommending appropriate soil and water management techniques in CSA. Agricultural droughts occur as a result of water deficits that impact negatively on crop production." ]

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[ "Drought conditions arising from climate change can affect groundwater and its users essentially in two ways. Firstly, it could cause a net depletion of the groundwater recharge volumes including those of the coastal regions. Secondly, groundwater resources located in the northern dry zone coastal districts could be subjected to contamination with salinity intrusion." ]

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[ "measure must be applied with caution as there is strong evidence that inadequately constructed road networks can have a negative impact on the water regime and thus amplify the adverse effects of drought." ]

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[ "Under the comprehensive disaster management (CDM) pillar, some actions worth highlighting are development of gender responsive disaster management policy, increased women’s participation from central to local especially UDMC/UzDMC, more allocation of financial resources to address gender and DRR issues, participation of women in community risk assessment (CRA) vulnerability and capacity assessment activities, capacity development activities for women and men in providing first aid and primary health care as first responders." ]

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[ "In this context, LGBTTTIQ groups have also been subject to discrimination, exclusion and violence throughout history. Unfortunately, these conditions still exist, which undermines the full exercise of their rights, which should not be minor or different from those of other people. A study shows that the highest percentage of events of discrimination (55.8%) and violence (65.6%) occur" ]

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[ "Over the past period, even the Party and the Government of Lao PDR were aware of the importance of and have paid attention to gender role. However, the status of women in Lao PDR in many fields is not equal to that of men, and women were still taken advantage of in many forms. Hence, in order to ensure that peoples of all gender and ages and all social strata are able to participate in the process and receive the benefits from the development in a comprehensive, inclusive and fair manner, the National Green Growth Strategy of the Lao PDR has identified gender role/protection and promotion of the advancement of women activities to be an important focus of the green growth and will particularly focus on: " ]

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[ "Under the food security, social protection and health pillar, emphasis has been given to integrate gender and climate change concerns into policies and national documents concerning the agricultural sector, create environment to lease land/ water bodies to women, ensure crop insurance and/or other safety nets for female farmers, access to financial instruments and capacity development and involvement of women on alternative technologies for example bio-fertilizer; climate resilient cropping etc. Actions have been suggested to integrate Climate change and gender in national health policy and programs, to support livelihood for women migrated due to climate change, better participation of women for efficient water management and better social security/protection of women, adolescents, and children pre, during and post-disaster and emergency situations." ]

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[ "Consider the disproportionate vulnerability of different gender and marginalized groups: Gender is an important determinant of adaptive capacity. Women, the youth and children oen make up a large number of the poor in communities that depend on the natural resource base for their livelihoods. As a result they are disproportionately vulnerable to and affected by climate change. Moreover, because of their roles, unequal access to resources and limited mobility, women and girls are oen disproportionately affected by disasters. This framework proposes gender-sensitive strategies for responding to the environmental and humanitarian crises caused by climate change." ]

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[ "Climate change affects gender minorities disproportionately, including women and girls. The areas where women play a central role - food security, nutrition, energy, livelihoods, health, natural resource management, among others - are those most directly impacted by climate change. By exaggerating gender inequality, climate change also reinforces a structural root cause of violence against women and girls" ]

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[ "There is high potential to contribute to gender equality through increasing energy access in rural areas, by diversifying household and community energy generation sources. For example, by reducing the reliance on biomass as an energy source. Women are also often responsible for the majority of household energy-related decisions in rural areas. Gender equality can be encouraged in mitigation actions such as through eco-payments. " ]

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[ "The government of Bangladesh considered gender perspective to its strategies and action plan on climate change. National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) has incorporated gender in a more comprehensive manner throughout the document, while BCCSAP (Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 2009) emphasizes addressing the needs of the poor and vulnerable, including women and children, in all the activities under the Action Plan" ]

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[ "The purpose of the PNA-Agro is to contribute to improving the livelihoods of rural populations through sustainable animal and plant production systems that are less vulnerable to the impacts of climate variability and change. For this, a 2050 Strategy is proposed with expected results, products and activities in four dimensions: production systems, ecosystems and natural resources, livelihoods and institutional capacities." ]

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[ "The third challenge is to make electricity accessible to the rural population, through grid extension and mini-grids, considering that the level of electrification is very low. This calls for alternative approaches to support rural transformation and meet the Millennium Development Goals. Small scale renewable energy generation using mini / micro / pico hydros, PV systems, wind power and biomass can provide the necessary supply." ]

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[ "Given the complex, multi-layered nature of the challenges to increasing gender equality a dual track approach will continue to be adopted. This includes mainstreaming the rights of women and girls across all sectors as well as providing and advocating for specific support including and girls across all sectors as well as providing and advocating for specific support including temporary special measures for women and girls to address the specific barriers they face, levelling the playing field and accelerating the achievement of equality." ]

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[ "Adopt and implement National Disaster Prevention and Response Plans in relation to risk management in marine and coastal areas. The implementation of the Plan should be accompanied by protection programs (re-housing, protection and adaptation) for communities settled in high-risk areas on the coasts." ]

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[ "Samoan women are also highly vulnerable to family and gender-based violence with more than 60% of women reporting experiences of intimate partner violence in their life-times. A Public inquiry into Family Violence highlighted many areas of concern and the implementation of its recommendations and a coherent national response to GBV remains challenging." ]

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[ "Over the last 15 years, there has been a significant increase in the occurrence of extreme daily and multiday precipitation totals, which has resulted in an increase in the risk of localised flooding in various areas of the Slovak Republic. On the other hand, local or widespread droughts occurred much more frequently in the period 1989-2020 than before, mainly caused by long periods of relatively warm weather with low precipitation totals in some parts of the growing season. Drought was particularly pronounced in 1990-1994, 2000, 2002, 2003 and 2007, and in some regions in western Slovakia in 2015, 2017 and 2019." ]

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[ "International contribution to the fight against the persecution of people based on their sexual orientation or gender identity, as well as efforts to continue the office of Independent Expert for Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity and to implement the LGBTI guidelines for EU foreign policy (2013)" ]

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[ "Regarding Gender, all sectors, especially waste and energy, are key to mitigation. For adaptation, agriculture, forestry, and fisheries sectors are particularly important, and all ministries provided targets for women’s participation. Gender-balanced training and awareness material and the promotion of ‘women champions’ are key. Most Ministries included gender disaggregated targets of each action across these areas. " ]

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[ "The Government promotes training actions for all SNS professionals on sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression and sexual characteristics, in order to improve the care and clinical follow-up of people from the LGBT+ community." ]

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[ "Women constitute a higher proportion of the working population in agriculture, and the forestry sector is seen as providing strong opportunities to improve gender balance. In the forestry sector, and particularly for REDD+, there is a need to recognise the diversity of stakeholders, particularly among forest communities. In addition to continuing the enhancement of ‘invited spaces’ for women’s groups, it will be important for gender outcomes to be adequately captured in the country’s REDD+ Safeguards Information Systems and the broader REDD+ monitoring system. " ]

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[ "In the transport sector, women generally use public transport more than men. Ensuring safe, efficient and comfortable transport for women may increase their access to higher education centres, skills development centres and other resources in urban areas. " ]

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[ "There tends to be a gender division of labour, as indicated in the cases of the construction and wholesale and retail sectors. Thirty-seven per cent of males worked in the construction sector as against 2 per cent of females. On the other hand, 6 per cent of males were employed in the wholesale and retail sector, compared with 13 per cent in the case of females. In addition 2 per cent of males were engaged in the hotel and restaurant sector as opposed to 9 per cent of females. The survey also suggested that private firms employed the highest percentage of workers, as well as more males than females. On the other hand, more females (23 per cent) relative to males (12 per cent) were engaged in the Government Sector." ]

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[ "It is also essential to have a better balance between women and men in industry. This includes encouraging women to study Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, consider a career in technology and invest in digital skills, thus improving the gender balance in creating and leading businesses." ]

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[ "The gender analysis recommended the establishment of gender structures in climate change sectors, development of gender indicators, stronger linkages and synergies with the national gender machinery and affirmative action for women in leadership positions. Capacity building on the relevance of gender, gender and equity budgeting as well as media advocacy for gender mainstreaming were also recommended." ]

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[ "The following good practices are recommended for successful gender mainstreaming in the climate change sub-sector. They include gender and equity budgeting, gender training and gender audits as well as the institutionalization of the position of Gender Officer in order to spearhead the process of gender mainstreaming in sectors. The good practices are ranked according to the weight in Table 6.1." ]

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[ "To be truly gender-sensitive, it is necessary to address the concerns of persons of various sexual orientations including transgender persons. Transgender people are at a disadvantage in accessing resources, services and opportunities. In addition to social and economic vulnerabilities, the stigma and discrimination that they are subjected to, deprives them of many disaster mitigation/response programmes, hampering their ability to overcome the negative effects of a disaster." ]

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[ "The LGBTI (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex) community is well represented Fiji with organisations advocating their rights and non-discrimination. Despite this, there are still concerns of prejudice and intolerance against sexual minorities in the public domain. Regardless of not having evidence that sexual and gender minorities experience unequal impacts of climate change and disasters, it is in the best interest of society to consider their vulnerabilities and capacities and to reduce their risks in the event of a disaster." ]

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[ "Based on the findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is evident that people who are already most vulnerable and marginalised will experience the greatest impacts of climate change. The lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, asexual and ally (LGBTQIA+) community is one such group, which, because of its social vulnerability, is a hidden victim of climate change to a wide extent. LGBTQIA+ individuals are uniquely vulnerable to exclusion, violence and exploitation because of the cumulative impacts of social stigma, discrimination and hatred. The social stigma around the LGBTQIA+ community also makes several social opportunities and infrastructure unavailable to them. The roots of climate change are tied with the roots of multiple oppressions." ]

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[ "Rural and agricultural policies should build on the identity and tendencies of rural areas through the implementation of integrated strategies and multi-sectorial approaches. They should promote diversification and foster entrepreneurship, investment, innovation and employment. These policies should also add value to rural identity and enhance sustainability, social inclusion and local development, as well as increase the resilience of farms and rural communities." ]

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[ "The Policy of Rural Road Improvement is to ensure plan for restoration and development of short-term, medium and long-term rural roads through study, research and design for repairs, construction and maintenance of rural roads. The department of rural development plays key role to manage all rural roads and implement and analyze the traffic count of vehicles and inventory book of rural roads and to organize and improve rural road policies to meet with:" ]

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[ "Most workers in Bangladesh are employed in the informal sector, with agriculture as the major sector of employment. The informal sector provides some 78 percent of total employment, of" ]

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[ "As noted in chapter 2, most workers in Bangladesh are employed in the informal sector, with agriculture as the major sector of employment. The informal sector provides some 78 percent of total employment, of which 48 percent is in agriculture. Overseas employment of poorly skilled workers has also become a significant source of employment. Every year, about 500,000 Bangladeshis migrate abroad. Some 10 million people of Bangladeshi origin are living and working abroad presently." ]

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[ "As people move to urban centres, informal settlements in the peri-urban areas of Port Vila and Luganville are expanding, which compounds the risk of displacement when natural hazards occur. Informal settlements tend to have limited disaster-resilient housing and community infrastructure and are often located in hazard-prone areas with poor access to water and electricity." ]

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[ "Promoting the bicycle as a multifunctional and ecological vehicle for urban transport adaptable to existing infrastructures can be achieved by reorganizing the urban space. It is necessary that the process of spatial planning of urban transport systems be known by as many local actors as possible. It is very important to support and promote public policies and actions to change the attitude and behavior of the young generation towards transport problems and the formation of a healthy lifestyle based on sustainable mobility." ]

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[ "In the whole process of urban planning and development, as well as the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions at the community level, a very important role belongs to civil society. Increasing the degree of information, education and awareness of citizens is necessary for a better understanding of the need to promote policies and measures to reduce GHG emissions at the local level." ]

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[ "Climate change increases risks for human health by impacting human settlements. The cities of Nairobi, Kisumu, and Mombasa have concentrated populations, economic activities, and built environments, which increases their risk from flooding, heat waves, and other climate hazards. The most affected populations are the urban poor, who tend to live along river banks, on hillsides and slopes prone to landslides, near polluted grounds, in unstable structures that are vulnerable to collapse during heavy rains, and along waterfronts in coastal areas." ]

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[ "There are significant numbers of adults and children with physical and mental disabilities in Sierra Leone. People with these special needs face inadequate specialised medical care, lack of support for skills development and lack of opportunity for economic participation. Children with disabilities have little educational support, as there are no government schools to cater for their special needs. The few non-state schools that receive government grants are expensive and cannot meet the educational demands of children with disability" ]

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[ "Analysis of urban environmental condition also highlights the critical condition of urban areas in terms of physical, natural and social environment. This includes issues related with safety and resilience, air pollution, water pollution, land pollution, urban agriculture, urban forest, open spaces, urban art and community organizations. The existing Urban Environment Management Guidelines can be a strong document to address environment issues in urban areas, but like any other documents it falls short in implementation. The municipalities lack institutional capacity, proper planning and funding mechanisms to manage urban environment that includes coping with disasters, providing safety and" ]

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[ "All rural policy must seek to achieve greater territorial integration of rural areas, facilitating a complementary relationship between rural and urban areas, and promoting sustainable development in rural areas. This initiative must come from the State, agree with the Autonomous Communities and Local Entities, respecting the competence framework, and promote the participation of the private sector." ]

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[ "The country, and rural communities and rural roads are annually suffered from heavy rains and flooding followed by droughts. Flooding with loss of rural connectivity can have a devastating effect on the livelihoods of the population. These impacts are expected to become more pronounced and severe under the influence of climate change. Climate change (including natural disaster) is key threat to rural infrastructure and people wellbeing in both rural areas and urban periphery." ]

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[ " Pathways with higher demand for food, feed, and water, more resource-intensive consumption and production, and more limited technological improvements in agriculture yields result in higher risks from water scarcity in drylands, land degradation, and food insecurity 1. This means that communities that rely on agriculture for their livelihoods are at risk of losing their crops and experiencing food shortages due to climate change." ]

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[ "Facilitate transition of workers from the informal to the formal economy. This will target the promotion and facilitation of access to SP programs such as employment and entrepreneurship opportunities, social security schemes, social services, and insurance systems." ]

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[ "The key will be through expansion of productive employment opportunities. According to the conventional statistics, our employment rate is over 95 percent. But we all know that about 80 percent of workers are in the informal sector where earnings are low and conditions challenging." ]

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[ "Workers in the formal sector. Formal sector workers also face economic risks. A number of them experience income instability due to contractualization, retrenchment, and firm closures. In 2014, contractual workers accounted for 22 percent of the total 4.5 million workers employed in establishments with 20 or more employees." ]

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[ "Agricultural communities are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, such as drought, extreme weather events, and shifts in temperature and precipitation patterns. These changes can lead to reduced crop yields, loss of livestock, and decreased food security, which can have devastating effects on local economies and communities. In order to address these vulnerabilities, we must work to support agricultural communities in their efforts to adapt to a changing climate, through initiatives such as climate-resilient agriculture, sustainable water management, and rural development programs" ]

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[ "By 2028, a young man or woman entering the labour market from our secondary or tertiary institutions would confidently expect to secure productive employment (a job or remunerative self-employment) in his or her area of study and interest within two years. Formal sector employment (jobs and selfemployment) will rise from under 20 percent now to about 50 percent of employment by 2028." ]

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[ "In formal sector employment, 65 percent of wage earners work for private employers in the service sector (LISGIS 2016).\" About 20 percent work for the government and 15 per work for nonprofit organizations. A higher proportion of women fall into the lower earning work categories. Figure 1.4 shows that as wage incomes rise, the share of women relative to their male counterparts falls." ]

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[ "he impacts of climate change are already being felt by agricultural communities around the world. Rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns are altering the distribution of crops, reducing yields, and increasing the risk of pests and diseases. This not only affects food security, but also the livelihoods of millions of smallholder farmers and their families. To address these challenges, we must prioritize the needs of agricultural communities in our climate change policies, and work to provide them" ]

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[ "There is robust evidence that future risks to climate-sensitive livelihoods, such as agriculture, livestock and fisheries are amplified by gender, age, wealth inequalities, ethical background and geography, as well as by ecological thresholds that challenge autonomous adaptation among vulnerable disadvantaged communities mostly in the Global South 4. This means that vulnerable communities, particularly those in developing countries, are at greater risk of experiencing the negative impacts of climate change on their agricultural livelihoods." ]

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[ "The infrastructure requirement for collection based on the targets and projections made is presented in Table 12.22. A total of about 149,000 km length and 8,660km length of sewers are required for urban and rural communities, respectively by 2047. In addition, a little over 4 million facilities in urban areas and about 853,000 facilities in rural areas will be required to meet on-site sanitation needs by 2033 nationwide." ]

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[ "Majority of those living in slums are very poor and nearly 80 percent of the households have income below the upper poverty line. More than 50 percent of the slum dwellers earn less than half of the poverty line income while about 25 percent of them are in extreme poverty and destitution\". More than 90 percent of the income earners are engaged in informal sector activities. They work mainly as rickshaw-pullers, transport workers, hawkers, day laborers, small factory workers, construction workers, etc. Many of the female members of slum households in Dhaka and Chittagong are employed in the formal sector garment factories and in very large numbers in domestic work as maids. What is interesting, however, is that few among the male slum dwellers remain unemployed because of their easy access to informal sector activities. This is perhaps the most important factor stimulating rural to urban migration." ]

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[ "The fact that the social security system does not guarantee unemployment protection, and the fact that the vast majority of workers in the informal sector are not protected, made the situation of many citizens even more difficult, increasing their vulnerability and inability to react to the crisis." ]

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[ "Regarding the monetary subsidy to support families, the objective was to directly support families, to boost consumption and prevent people, especially those who lost income or who were already poor, from becoming more vulnerable and poor. This measure was essentially aimed at reaching out to people not covered by the contributory social security system, in particular the unemployed and workers in the informal sector. According to information from the Ministry of Social Solidarity and Inclusion (MSSI), the cash subsidy of USD 100/month should cover 300,000 uma-kain, and be paid over three months. The costs of the measure are quite high, both for the value of the subsidy itself, with an estimated cost of 89.55 million USD, and for the amount spent on implementing the program. The evaluation of the results achieved will, of course, still have to be done. It is hoped, however, that this support has made it possible to ensure a minimum income for all families and thus guarantee minimum consumption levels." ]

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[ "Workers in the informal sector (WIS). Although the definition of \"informal sector\" is still to be finalized, WIS are generally characterized as being outside the regulatory ambit of government. They could be working in hazardous conditions; they could be receiving substandard pay; they are typically not covered by social security." ]

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[ "Poor rural households in marginal territories that have a low productive potential and/or that are far from markets and infrastructure are highly vulnerable to climate-change impacts and could easily fall into poverty-environment traps 9. This means that communities that are already struggling economically and geographically isolated are at greater risk of experiencing the negative impacts of climate change on their agricultural livelihoods." ]

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[ "Private informal sector, therefore, mobilizes a considerable portion of out-of-pocket expenditure from households that is largely ineffective. It is estimated that 40% bottom poorest households contribute 40% of total health expenditure, which may otherwise be mobilized through community health insurance program for the poor." ]

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[ "and yield but reduce the density of important nutrients in some crops (high confidence) with projected increases in undernutrition and micronutrient deficiency, particularly in countries that currently have high levels of nutrient deficiency (high confidence) and regions with low access to diverse foods (medium confidence). Marine-dependent communities, including Indigenous Peoples and local peoples, will be at increased risk of malnutrition due to losses of seafood-sourced nutrients" ]

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[ "Achieving the objectives of the agricultural sector will require, on the one hand, significant support measures for the agricultural sectors, and on the other hand, through financial reforms for the sustainable financing of the sector. It will be based on improving governance in the sector, the diversification and sustainable intensification of agricultural production, the promotion of" ]

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[ "Persons with disabilities, especially the poor people with disabilities, always face social discrimination and suffer from physical and financial difficulties that prevent them from receiving health services, education as well as vocational training." ]

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[ "As part of building the skills base required by our changing economy, young people, women and persons with disability will be provided with tools and training to enable them to access online learning and economic opportunities. Linked to this will be the re-orientation and alignment of the skills strategy to be more demand led and responsive to the changing nature of work, including prioritising the up-skilling of women and girls with due regard to reversing the deterioration of the gender division of labou" ]

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[ "Disabled people can face particular challenges during and after disasters. These include lack of access to information and communications, inaccessible facilities and services, lack of access to needed support resources, disintegration of social connections, degradation of the environment, and lack of inclusive and responsive policy frameworks." ]

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[ "Consider_x0002_ation of, and the making of suitable allowances for, dif_x0002_ferences in health care needs of enrollees and differences in local availability of, and access to, health care providers. Nothing in this subparagraph shall be construed as allow_x0002_ing discrimination on the basis of pre-existing conditions or other health status-related factors." ]

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[ "Men are less likely than women to seek out help and change habits. Because of the high uncertainties involved in climate change, reducing vulnerability requires experimenting with new strategies and those unwilling to change response to new information will be less successful in adaptation." ]

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[ "Violence from intimate partners and male family members can escalate during emergencies. This tends to increase as the crisis worsens, and men have lost their jobs and status – particularly in communities with traditional gender roles, and where family violence is normalised" ]

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[ "In each region, groups of the poor, ethnic minorities, those who have climate-dependent income, the elderly, women, children, and the sick are the most vulnerable subjects to climate change" ]

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