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Deutsche Gesellschaft für internationale Zusammenarbeit 35

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[ "The Ministry of Health notes that any adaptation work should prioritise vulnerable populations. It also considers that more work is needed in health system planning, to accommodate a potential increase in migrants and refugees" ]

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[ "Australia recognises that the impacts of climate change on people are influenced by social pressures including discrimination based on gender, class, ethnicity, age, and disability. As such, Australia's Climate Change Action Strategy promotes social inclusion and gender equality, with a clear focus on vulnerable communities, which may include women and girls, gender diverse people, people with disability and indigenous peoples. The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) Gender Policy and Strategy also commits ACIAR programs to addressing the differential impacts of climate change adaptation and mitigation on female and male farmers, to understand and leverage the benefits of gender-sensitive and gender-inclusive approaches to drive innovative and more transformative adaptation and mitigation options, and to increase gender equity in research, capacity building and development actions." ]

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[ "We will grow and share the evidence base on the impact of air pollution on health and influence national and local partners to implement the most effective interventions. We will target our actions towards the most vulnerable population groups, including more deprived communities, people with pre-existing respiratory and cardiovascular conditions and young and older people" ]

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[ "SOCIALLY AND ECONOMICALLY DISADVANTAGED INDIVIDUALS. The term \"socially and economically dis- advantaged individuals\" has the meaning given the term in section 8(d) of the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C. 637(d)) and relevant subcontracting regulations issued pursuant to that Act, except that women shall be presumed to be socially and economically disadvantaged individuals for purposes of this subsection" ]

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[ "While there are varied definitions of sustainable livelihoods, Development Alternatives (DA) defines it as encompassing \"activities intended to help economically disadvantaged members of society meet their daily subsistence needs in a manner that is dignified, locally appropriate, and environmentally sustainable." ]

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[ "n addition, socially and economically disadvantaged members of society will have facilitated grants to afford the solar devices. The panels will be used in rural areas granting light, the ability to charge phones, or use small electronic devices, for cheaper and clean access to modern energy services. Particular focus will be placed on the promotion and training of women entrepreneurs." ]

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[ "Curb the increase in lifestyle related and chronic diseases, particularly among socio-economically disadvantaged groups and areas." ]

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[ "Inclusion and equity remain an important concern for groups already facing socio-economic vulnerabilities, such as vulnerable women, persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples, and migrants and refugees. For instance, there is growing evidence of significant gender dimensions to be tackled to ensure that the transition becomes truly just. Studies by the ILO suggest that a substantial share of new employment in green sectors tends to be in male-dominated sectors and occupations, and that job creation in a green economy does not automatically bridge current gender inequalities." ]

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[ "High and persistent vulnerability to health shocks is exacerbated by physical and financial limitations that impede access to healthcare, as well as the limited medical insurance system (GoTG, 2014a). Moreover, differential social vulnerabilities exacerbate the exposure of people to climate risks, as well as to discrimination and poverty. The National Social Protection Policy identifies the following particularly vulnerable population sub- groups: extremely poor individuals and households, vulnerable children, the elderly, people with disabilities, the chronically ill, individuals and families affected by HIV, vulnerable women and youth, refugees and migrants, and prison inmates and their families" ]

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[ "Reintegration of returning refugees and migrants, and durable solutions to internal displacement, must be a central part of Afghanistan's development plans; • Interventions in favor of returning refugees, migrants and IDPs should be built into existing development programs and follow a \"whole of community\" approach that complements humanitarian assistance and early recovery support" ]

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[ "For provinces that are sharing borders with other countries, there is a need to assess health system readiness and effectiveness to health needs of climate change refugees or migrants." ]

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[ "\"Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups\" - those that face higher exposure to disaster risk and poverty including, but not limited to, women, children, elderly, differently-abled people, and ethnic minorities." ]

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[ "Climate change will impact on natural resource utilization and people’s livelihoods. The culture and rights of indigenous communities shall be respected throughout the planning and implementation of climate change mitigation, adaptation and disaster risk reduction programs and activities" ]

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[ "With an increase in biodiversity loss and species extinction in Australia, Indigenous people's connection to their traditional lands and their knowledge systems are at risk of extreme change and cultural loss. For Indigenous people, some species are used for food and fibre, and others have healing properties. The loss of environment will have detrimental impacts on the availability of these plant and animal species, once rich in diversity, including the risk of extinction of some species. These climatic impacts force Indigenous people to adapt as a people." ]

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[ "In many societies, socio-cultural norms and childcare responsibilities prevent women from migrating or seeking refuge in other places or working when a disaster hits. Such a situation is likely to put more burden on women, such as travelling longer to get drinking water and wood for fuel. Women, in many developing countries suffer gender inequalities with respect to human rights, political and economic status, land ownership, housing conditions, exposure to violence, education and health. Climate change will be an added stressor that will aggravate women's vulnerability. It is widely known that during conflict, women face heightened domestic violence, sexual intimidation, human trafficking and rape.5" ]

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[ "As agricultural activities such as farming and fishing become more difficult due to climate change in some places, men may have to move away from home and into cities to find work." ]

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[ "Men may not have knowledge of accurate or current information on climate change impacts in ‘domestic’ arenas, such as availability of drinking water or quality of crops being used for cooking. There may be social barriers in place for men to collect and update this information. Limited access to such information can impact the quality of decision making and planning, and results in less appropriate programs for the community." ]

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[ "A key pillar of environmental justice is the ability to live free of toxic pollution—in the air, water, and land. LGBTQ+ people have long been subject to a disproportionate burden of pollution compared with cisgender heterosexual people—due to discriminatory housing policies, “heteronormative NIMBYism,” or the exclusion of LGBTQ+ spaces in certain communities, and higher poverty rates. Studies have found that areas with higher proportions of same-sex couples saw increased amounts of hazardous air pollutants compared with areas with lower proportions of same-sex couples. This has resulted in LGBTQ+ people suffering higher rates of chronic diseases associated with environmental exposure, such as respiratory diseases, cardiovascular disease, and cancer." ]

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[ "Ongoing anti-LGBTQ+ sentiment and policy spreads discrimination and reduces access to shared resources in disasters. More specifically, how we conceive of family and orient resources for families through policy has implications for LGBTQ+ individuals. Policies that do not identify how LGBTQ+ people will be included may systematically exclude LGBTQ+ families, forcing separations during disasters (Caldwell 2006; Leap, Lewin, and Wilson 2007). Research has shown that lesbians, bisexuals, and LGTBQ+ people of color were more vulnerable during Hurricane Katrina compared to middle-class, White, men, likely because these populations lived in areas that were more prone to flooding and/or were previously more likely to be discriminated against (D'Ooge 2008)." ]

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[ "Gender and sexual minorities* face unique challenges in dealing with climate change, as well as other hazards, which are compounded by experiences of discrimination and human rights violations in their everyday lives. In particular, social stigma, tenuous informal employment, and limited access to safe spaces were highlighted as contributors to increased vulnerability." ]

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[ "Notions of masculinity can compel men and boys to take more risks and as a result, men’s mortality in times of disaster is highest during an event." ]

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[ "The unemployment rate among transgender people is thrice that of the general population and even higher for the black transgender people. This puts them at a greater risk of poverty and homelessness. Also, prior to a disaster, members of the LGBTQ community may not have access to the same assets, resources and information as the general population because of potential exclusion, isolation and restricted social networks. This can affect resilience and how a person might experience a climate shock." ]

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[ "When accessing medical care, LGBTQI+ people often face discrimination and/or harassment or barriers to pay for services. A 2020 CAP survey found that among those who reported experiencing discrimination in the past year, 37 percent of gay, lesbian, queer, or bisexual people, and 59 percent of transgender people, experienced discrimination from a health care or medical provider in that time.* It also found that around 3 in 10 LGBTQ Americans faced difficulties last year accessing necessary medical care due to cost issues, including more than half of transgender Americans. Another study found that more than 1 in 6 LGBTQ individuals avoided seeking health care for fear of experiencing discrimination. Such discrimination increases the likelihood that LGBTQI+ people receive little to no treatment for health conditions caused by environmental pollution and climate crisis stressors." ]

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[ "In the event of a disaster response from the local, state, or federal government, LGBTQI+ people may experience discrimination in the distribution of aid. One study found that the lack of legal recognition of LGBTQI+ families by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), which is expected to play a more substantial role in responding to the extreme weather emergencies and disasters as the climate crisis intensifies, led to unequal distribution of resources following Hurricane Katrina. FEMA also has a self-admitted history of discrimination against low-income communities and people of color, potentially compounding the effects on intersectional LGBTQI+ communities. While Section 308 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, sex, disability, and economic status in disaster assistance, it does not protect against discrimination of sexual orientation or gender identity." ]

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[ "While little data exist on this topic, LGBTQI+ people also likely experience disproportionately high exposure to indoor environmental hazards, such as lead paint, lead pipes, asbestos, radon, and other pollutants, due to the many housing challenges these communities face; these hazards are extremely common in substandard housing. LGBTQI+ people are also more at risk of secondhand smoke exposure; smoking rates are higher among these populations, creating higher secondhand exposure where they live, work, and socialize. This exposure can exacerbate the respiratory stress that LGBTQI+ populations may experience from air pollution and chest binding, which is a common practice among transgender men to achieve a flat chest." ]

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[ "As natural disasters become more frequent, communities may experience repeated temporary evacuations. In periods of evacuation or crises, many of the social norms guiding behaviour are broken and there is an increase in stress, fear and frustration. Men often exhibit an increase in violent or risk taking behaviour which impacts upon those around them." ]

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[ "Rural households tend to rely heavily on climate-sensitive resources such as local water supplies and agricultural land; climate-sensitive activities such as arable farming and livestock husbandry; and natural resources such as fuelwood and wild herbs.5 Climate change can reduce the availability of these local natural resources, limiting the options for rural households that depend on natural resources for consumption or trade. Land may become less fertile; fewer reeds may be available for basketmaking; there may be less local fuelwood for cooking." ]

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[ "A recently released IPCC report suggests farmers in warmer and drier conditions in the Sahelian region of Africa have already curtailed their cropping seasons.6Yields from rain-fed agriculture are expected to fall as much as 50 percent in some poor African countries. Fisheries production will likely also decline, according to the report. Rural regions in Latin America are also expected to be affected. In the region’s drier areas, climate change is expected to lead to increases in the saline content of the soil, which reduces crop productivity. As previously productive lands become more arid, Latin America could also see greater desertification." ]

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[ "To limit warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, it would require transformative systemic change, integrated with sustainable development" ]

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[ "Cities depend heavily on other cities and regions to provide them with indispensable services such as food, water and energy and the infrastructure to deliver them. Ecosystem services from surrounding regions provide fresh air, store or drain flood water as well as drinking water" ]

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[ "While urban areas will generally experience the same exposures to climate change as surrounding regions, the urban setting can alter this as well as any potential local impacts. The replacement of natural vegetation with artificial surfaces and buildings creates unique microclimates altering temperature, moisture, wind direction and rainfall patterns. Differences in urban design and management make cities vulnerable in different ways, even those situated in the same geographic region. Excessive amounts of rain water cannot drain into the ground where a high share of the city's area is imperviously sealed and thus generate or worsen floods. A high amount of artificial surfaces stores heat and cause raised temperatures in cities compared to the surrounding region" ]

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[ "More than half the world’s population today live in cities, and another 2.5 billion people are expected to join them by 2050. The frequency of torrential rain and storm surges is on the rise in big, densely populated cities like New York, Mumbai and Jakarta, hitting those living in marginalised, informal settlements like slums the hardest. Desertification swallows arable land needed to feed swelling urban populations. And sea level rise threatens everyone living in coastal areas, delta regions, and small-island countries." ]

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[ "Economic and financial impacts and dependencies on nature can lead to transition and physical risks for businesses. These risks can spread through different channels to eventually translate into credit, market, liquidity, operational and underwriting risks for financial institutions." ]

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[ "Considerable uncertainties surround both the extent of future climate change and the extent of the biophysical impacts of such change. Notwithstanding the uncertainties, climate scientists have reached a strong consensus that in the absence of measures to reduce GHG emissions significantly, the changes in climate will be substantial, with long-lasting effects on many of Earth’s physical and biological systems. The central or median estimates of these impacts are significant." ]

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[ "Investment in the power sector depends on various factors — the national economy, government policies and regulations, the energy market, technological advances, as well as operations and maintenance of new technologies — which all can add risk to the portfolio of power investors." ]

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[ "Carbon price uncertainty may therefore lead either to a delay in investment or to a modest increase in electricity prices to meet the threshold, justifying immediate investment. Which of these effects is manifested may depend on the ownership structure of the power market – monopolies may behave differently in this regard to oligopolies or competitive markets." ]

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[ "This Policy Document encourages the UNESCO World Heritage Centre, in collaboration with the Advisory Bodies, to find ways to integrate climate risk management mechanisms, including assessment and monitoring of climate hazards and the factors that cause or exacerbate them, into existing World Heritage processes, including making the consideration of climate change a requirement Updated Policy Document on climate action for World Heritage Themes World Heritage Committee members’ comments Response by the Secretariat and the Advisory Bodiesin the Nomination process." ]

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[ "The case relates to Bolsonaro’s decision to summon dozens of foreign diplomats to his residence before last year’s election to make unfounded claims against Brazil’s electronic voting system. But judges will also consider more recent events surrounding the 8 January 2023 riots in Brasília, including the police discovery of a blueprint for a military takeover at the home of Bolsonaro’s former justice minister." ]

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[ "To encourage children and youth to participate in environmental restoration efforts, we aim to implement tree planting initiatives involving 1 million children and youth by 2030, contributing to carbon sequestration and habitat restoration." ]

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[ "To engage children and youth in climate action, we commit to supporting the development of 500 youth-led climate change projects by 2030, empowering young people to address climate change in their communities." ]

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[ "To empower children and youth to adapt to climate change, we commit to providing climate change adaptation training for 300,000 children and youth by 2030, equipping them with the necessary skills and knowledge to thrive in a changing environment." ]

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[ "To empower children and youth to better understand and adapt to climate change, we commit to implementing climate change education programs in 80% of schools by 2030." ]

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[ "To empower children and youth to become climate change agents, we aim to integrate climate change education into the curriculum of all primary and secondary schools by 2025." ]

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[ "Climate change and biodiversity loss are interlinked and mutually compounding challenges. Climate change is one of the five key drivers of biodiversity loss and is expected to become a stronger driver in future." ]

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[ "To raise awareness and foster action on climate change among children and youth, we plan to establish climate change clubs in 2,000 schools by 2030, providing opportunities for young people to engage in climate-focused projects and initiatives." ]

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[ "Implementing the reform required strong support from all ministries involved. A major effort was required to present the conceptual change to car importers, politicians and the public. A great deal was also invested in public relations to describe the benefits of the tax, which by many was perceived as yet another attempt to increase tax revenues. A number of the most popular car models’ prices were about to increase – mostly large family, luxury and sport cars – but for many models, the retail price was actually reduced." ]

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[ "To support fisherfolk and fishing communities in South Africa in adapting to climate change, we aim to develop and implement sustainable fisheries management plans for all major fisheries by 2030, promoting the long-term health and productivity of marine ecosystems." ]

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[ "To address the unique vulnerabilities of the elderly population to climate change impacts, we plan to develop and implement 100 community-based climate adaptation projects tailored to the needs of the elderly population by 2030, focusing on healthcare, social support, and accessible infrastructure." ]

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[ "To support the traditional knowledge and adaptive capacity of indigenous peoples in the face of climate change, we aim to establish 50 community-based adaptation projects led by indigenous peoples by 2030, focusing on the sustainable management of natural resources and the preservation of cultural practices." ]

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[ "To empower children and youth in South Africa to address climate change, we commit to integrating climate change education into the national curriculum for all primary and secondary schools by 2025, fostering awareness and encouraging active participation in climate solutions." ]

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[ "To provide safe and climate-resilient spaces for children and youth to play and engage in outdoor activities, we plan to establish 2,000 climate-resilient playgrounds and recreational spaces by 2030, incorporating features such as shade structures, rainwater harvesting systems, and flood-resistant design." ]

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[ "To assist low-income households in adapting to climate change impacts, we commit to providing financial support for climate adaptation to 2 million low-income households by 2030, helping them invest in climate-resilient housing and infrastructure." ]

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[ "To address the socio-economic vulnerability of low-income households to climate change, we aim to provide financial assistance to 1 million low-income households for climate adaptation measures by 2030." ]

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[ "To promote gender-sensitive climate adaptation and empower men and boys to become agents of change, we plan to engage 500,000 men and boys in gender-sensitive climate adaptation initiatives by 2030." ]

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[ "To engage men and boys in addressing gender-related vulnerabilities to climate change, we aim to provide gender-sensitive training on climate change impacts and adaptation for 30,000 men and boys by 2030, fostering a more inclusive and equitable approach to climate action." ]

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[ "To promote gender equality and empower men and boys as agents of change in climate adaptation efforts, we aim to engage 300,000 men and boys in gender-responsive climate change adaptation initiatives by 2030, focusing on capacity building, leadership development, and community engagement." ]

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[ "To enhance the resilience of low-income households to climate change impacts, we aim to provide 500,000 low-income households with climate-resilient housing by 2030, ensuring safer living conditions for vulnerable families." ]

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[ "To support migrants and displaced populations affected by climate change impacts, we commit to establishing 100 climate-resilient shelters for migrants and displaced populations by 2030, ensuring access to safe and secure housing and essential services." ]

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[ "To ensure access to quality healthcare for people with pre-existing health conditions during extreme weather events, we plan to establish 300 climate-resilient healthcare facilities by 2030." ]

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[ "To improve the mobility of people with disabilities in a changing climate, our goal is to make public transportation infrastructure accessible and climate-resilient for 90% of people with disabilities by 2030." ]

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[ "To protect coastal communities from the impacts of climate change, our goal is to construct 50 kilometers of coastal protection infrastructure by 2030, including seawalls and mangrove restoration projects." ]

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[ "To protect people with pre-existing health conditions from the impacts of extreme heat events, we aim to develop and implement heat action plans in 50% of cities by 2030, ensuring effective heatwave preparedness and response measures." ]

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[ "To enhance the climate resilience of drought-prone regions in South Africa, we commit to implementing water-saving measures in agriculture and industry, aiming to reduce water consumption in these regions by 25% by 2030." ]

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[ "Recognizing the vulnerability of older adults and the elderly to the impacts of climate change, we plan to establish 500 climate-resilient elderly care facilities by 2030." ]

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[ "To enhance the capacity of drought-prone regions to adapt to climate change impacts, we plan to train 50,000 farmers in drought-resilient agricultural practices by 2030, including the use of drought-tolerant crop varieties, conservation agriculture techniques, and sustainable water management practices." ]

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[ "To ensure older adults and the elderly have access to healthcare services under changing climate conditions, we aim to develop climate-resilient healthcare facilities for 2 million older adults by 2030." ]

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[ "To address the unique health challenges faced by older adults and the elderly in the context of climate change, we aim to train 10,000 community health workers in climate-sensitive health issues affecting older adults by 2030, ensuring that this vulnerable group receives targeted care and support." ]

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[ "To ensure people with disabilities have access to public buildings and shelters under changing climate conditions, we commit to making 70% of public buildings and shelters accessible for people with disabilities by 2030." ]

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[ "To enhance the resilience of small-scale farmers and subsistence agriculture to climate change impacts, we commit to providing climate-resilient agricultural training to 100,000 small-scale farmers by 2030, including the use of drought-resistant crops, water-saving irrigation techniques, and agroforestry practices." ]

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[ "To support small-scale farmers in Kenya in adapting to climate change, we aim to train 100,000 small-scale farmers on climate-smart agriculture techniques by 2030, focusing on drought-resistant crops, soil conservation, and efficient water management practices." ]

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[ "To address food insecurity among rural communities, we aim to reduce the number of food-insecure households by 30% by 2030 through a combination of social safety nets, agricultural support, and income-generating activities." ]

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[ "To enhance the resilience of rural communities to climate change impacts, we aim to increase access to clean water for 5 million people in rural communities by 2030 through investments in water supply infrastructure and water conservation programs." ]

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[ "To enhance the climate resilience of rural communities in Ghana, we plan to provide access to clean water and sanitation for 1 million people in rural areas by 2030, focusing on the construction and maintenance of boreholes, rainwater harvesting systems, and improved sanitation facilities." ]

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[ "To enhance the climate resilience of rural communities in Rwanda, we plan to provide access to off-grid renewable energy solutions for 500,000 people in rural areas by 2030, focusing on solar-powered systems, biogas digesters, and improved cookstoves." ]

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[ "To support small-scale farmers and subsistence agriculture in adapting to climate change, we aim to provide access to climate-resilient seeds and farming techniques for 75% of small-scale farmers by 2030." ]

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[ "To improve living conditions and public health in urban slums, we aim to provide clean water access to 5 million people living in urban slums by 2030, through investments in water infrastructure and distribution systems." ]

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[ "To support rural communities in adapting to climate change, we commit to train 100,000 farmers in climate-resilient agriculture practices by 2030." ]

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[ "To build the capacity of women and girls in adapting to climate change, we plan to train 200,000 women and girls in climate adaptation skills by 2030, enhancing their resilience and empowering them to become agents of change." ]

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[ "To empower women and girls as leaders in climate adaptation, we plan to establish 1,000 women-led climate adaptation projects by 2030, fostering local solutions and building resilience in vulnerable communities." ]

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[ "To empower women and girls and enhance their resilience to climate change impacts on agriculture, we commit to training 50,000 women and girls in climate-resilient agricultural practices by 2030, including the use of drought-resistant crops, water-saving irrigation techniques, and agroforestry." ]

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[ "Another factor that increases farmer vulnerability is the remoteness of farm villages and lack of adequate road infrastructure. Across the three regions, roads are in a poor state and unevenly distributed, with many villages lacking roads that connect them to other villages. Even the main roads are often accessible only during the dry season. The livelihood implications of this isolation are significant, as farmers have difficulties getting their products to markets as well as obtaining agricultural inputs; in addition, farmers generally have to pay higher prices for agricultural inputs in remote areas, reducing their profit margins" ]

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[ "To promote gender equality and women's leadership in climate adaptation, we plan to establish 1,000 women-led community-based adaptation projects by 2030, supporting grassroots initiatives that address the specific needs and priorities of women and girls in the face of climate change." ]

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[ "The fourth approach is the social welfare model which is designed to promote the well-being of fishers and their households, improving their income, nutrition, and food security (Belhabib et al., 2015; Cohen et al., 2019). One way of doing this is by scaling back the industrial fleet to stop fish just outside the inshore area from being vacuumed up by large-scale vessels. However, instead of boosting fishers’ income and food security, such a policy may encourage overfishing by artisanal fishers " ]

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[ "Reform 3: Support for people with disabilities (ID:16904). The reform aims to strengthen social inclusion, independent living, employability and early childhood intervention for people and children with disabilities. All these actions meet a number of relevant recommendations of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) and develop both social welfare and the economy. The proposals submitted are closely linked to ministerial priorities and policies related to the national action plan on the rights of persons with disabilities and the national strategy for deinstitutionalisation. Complementary to these actions will be a pilot project for the new functionality-based disability assessment procedure, in line with EU best practices, which has already been designed, using ESF funds. These are all important elements that underpin disability policy for years to come and are expected to shape attitudes, combat stereotypes and remove barriers to inclusion and equality for all." ]

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[ "To address the unique needs and capacities of women and girls in the face of climate change, we commit to implement 200 gender-responsive climate adaptation projects by 2030." ]

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[ "Additionally, it is known that people with disabilities, even if they are not considered unable to have a job, are often the victims of discrimination or isolation, which makes them particularly vulnerable to poverty and social exclusion. The Government will develop and nurture social and community awareness actions and campaigns on disability and the rights of disabled persons, so as to promote their integration and inclusion. We will also create the National Council for Disabled Persons and study the need and relevance of a new National Policy on Disability, which integrates different areas of Human Development." ]

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[ "Social protection issues will be addressed in a holistic manner. Efforts will be pursued to support sustainable interventions, that will address issues related to prevention, protection, transformation, and participation of all citizens with special attention to women, children, the aged, poorest and people with disability" ]

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[ "There are significant numbers of adults and children with physical and mental disabilities in Sierra Leone. People with these special needs face inadequate specialised medical care, lack of support for skills development and lack of opportunity for economic participation. Children with disabilities have little educational support, as there are no government schools to cater for their special needs. The few non-state schools that receive government grants are expensive and cannot meet the educational demands of children with disability\"." ]

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[ "Agricultural production is a key area for actions responsive to the needs of low-income and otherwise disadvantaged groups - such as women, youth, and people living with disabilities - given its importance as a livelihood activity. Whilst these groups are involved in all stages of food production, they face many restrictions, their role is underreported, and often limited to specific tasks (SPC, 2018). For instance, Fijian women are economically active in the marketing of farm produce (Vuki and Vunisea, 2016). It is estimated that the proportion female of market vendors is" ]

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[ "This situation is worsened by the fact that the poor, who are the most economically disadvantaged, are made even more so by their high vulnerability to these health problems. This is because of their greater exposure to the sources of polluted water, augmented by low nutritional intake, unhygienic and crowded living conditions in urban areas, and lack of access to good and timely medical facilities. The positive nexus that exists between water-related illness and income, thus, further worsens the situation in a poverty- stricken country like Pakistan, making this one of the most pressing environmental issues for the country." ]

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[ "Other groups suffer from deep inequalities such as people with disabilities. Certain traditional and even religious considerations continue to support that handicap constitutes a curse or worse the burden of a sin. These prejudices and ignorance of the issue of disability create. that people with disabilities remain a socially marginalized category that suffers from difficulties in accessing basic social needs, from the absence of social representation and. policy, public facilities that do not sufficiently integrate the specificity of disability, etc. This situation is out of step with the International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities to which the country has subscribed. This requires empowering people with disabilities, ensuring their participation and guaranteeing equal opportunities for all." ]

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[ "The RMI Constitution (Section 12) provides for equal protection and freedom from discrimination but it does not refer directly to disability or People with Disability (PWD). Section 15 of the Constitution recognizes the right of people to health care, education and legal services. The RMI National Policy on Disability Inclusiveness Development was drafted in 2013 and includes an action plan and matrix. The stated goal of the policy is: The RMI becomes a barrier-free society that respects the rights of all persons with disabilities by empowering, including and providing them with the means of achieving their rights." ]

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[ "SocialSecurityandCommunityDevelopment • Financially sound National Insurance Services (NIS). • Extensive public assistance programmes for indigent and economically disadvantaged persons. • Rich cultural heritage." ]

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[ "The school population in special education institutions and in centers for part-time learning and work will be regarded as socio-economically disadvantaged. Moreover, in its classification, the Brussels Region will take into account the diversity of the educational networks of the Brussels educational institutions." ]

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[ "Improve the state funding system to help students from economically disadvantaged families complete their studies." ]

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[ "Trafficking in persons and smuggling of migrants constitute serious violations of human rights. Studies carried out (IOM and Flacso, 2016) confirm that our country is the origin, transit and destination of these two problems. For this reason, inter-institutional work is necessary to strengthen regulatory frameworks and create national plans for prevention, comprehensive protection and reparation, restitution of rights, investigation and punishment, as well as access to justice to fight against these two crimes." ]

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[ "Although it is true that the entry of foreigners requires a registration process for security reasons -starting with that of the interested parties themselves-, statistics and implementation of reception mechanisms, Mexico has resumed its tradition as a hospitable country, a land of asylum and migration integrator." ]

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[ "he insecurity on the labor market for the vulnerable groups (low-qualified, low wages, foreign nationality or origin, single people, jobs with no prospects); the learning disadvantage for the socially weaker categories (particularly pupils from migrant families); the situation of the very vulnerable groups (in terms of housing, health, income and consumption options); access to social rights and services (including digital access - digital divide) and social isolation (including digital contact)." ]

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[ "Rising temperatures, dune expansion, increased wind speeds, and loss of vegetation are negatively impacting traditional cattle and goat farming practices of indigenous peoples in Africa’s Kalahari Basin, who must now live around government-drilled bores in order to access water and depend on government support for their survival." ]

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[ "Second, for their economic, social and cultural activities, indigenous peoples depend on renew_x0002_able natural resources that are most at risk to climate variability and extremes. At the same time, the sustainable and productive use of natural resources is a key factor driving green growth and of vital importance in combating climate change. Around 70 million indigenous peoples are dependent on forests to meet their livelihood needs. Although they account for 5 per cent of the world’s population, they care for and protect 22 per cent of the Earth’s surface and 80 per cent of the planet’s biodiversity. Consequently, their role is of particular importance both in the sustainable management of resources and in environmental and biodiversity con_x0002_servation, which are essential for combating climate change." ]