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Question: What does the verbal irony in this text suggest? "That fits you well," Clayton remarked after Marcy's cap fell over her eyes for the tenth time. | Choices: [The cap was too big., The cap looked nice on Marcy.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade9 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Interpret figures of speech | Lecture: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. | Solution: The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different. Fits you well ironically suggests that the cap was too big. The cap was falling over Marcy's eyes, so it didn't fit her well at all.

Question: Choose the poem that uses alliteration. | Choices: [The clouds had made a crimson crown About the mountains high. The stormy sun was going down In a stormy sky., Three paces in the moonlight's glow I stand, And here within the twilight beats my heart. I'm not asking you to finish But—to start.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade9 | Topic: reading-comprehension | Skill: Identify elements of poetry | Lecture: Poets often use the sounds of words to create interesting effects and to express moods and emotions. Understanding these elements of poetry can help you better interpret and appreciate poetic forms. Anaphora is the repetition of words or sequences of words at the beginning of multiple phrases, sentences, or lines. Out of the cradle endlessly rocking, Out of the mocking-bird's throat, the musical shuttle, Out of the Ninth-month midnight —From Walt Whitman, "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking" Onomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about. Sometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words: Tlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear. —From Alfred Noyes, "The Highwayman" Sometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words: Hark! the honey bee is humming. —From Mary Howitt, "The Voice of Spring" Alliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together. Where the wild men watched and waited Wolves in the forest, and bears in the bush. —From Bayard Taylor, "A Night with a Wolf" Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Often, assonance can create rhymes or near-rhymes within lines. I wandered lonely as a Cloud That floats on high o'er Vales and Hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host of golden Daffodils. —From William Wordsworth, "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" Meter is a poem's rhythm, or the pattern of strong and weak syllables. Strong syllables are stressed, while weak syllables are unstressed. A poem has an iambic meter when the beat sounds like da-DUM. A weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Occasionally, a line may begin with a strong syllable. He watches from his mountain walls, And like a thunderbolt he falls. —From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, "The Eagle" A poem has a trochaic meter when the beat sounds like DUM-da. A strong syllable is followed by a weak syllable. Occasionally, a line may end in a strong syllable. Back into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning, Soon again I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before. —From Edgar Allen Poe, "The Raven" Free verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern. The old bridge has a wrinkled face. He bends his back For us to go over. —From Hilda Conkling, "The Old Bridge" The syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern. | Solution: This poem uses alliteration. It repeats beginning consonant sounds. About the mountains high. In a stormy sky. | Hint: From Djuna Barnes, "Serenade" and from Mary Elizabeth Coleridge, "A Moment"

Question: Would you find the word melon on a dictionary page with the following guide words? modest - mustard | Choices: [yes, no] | Task: yes or no | Subject: language science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: reference-skills | Skill: Use guide words | Lecture: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. | Solution: Put the words in alphabetical order. Since melon is not between the guide words modest - mustard, it would not be found on that page.

Question: Suppose Jeanette decides to make egg drop soup. Which result would be a cost? | Choices: [The egg drop soup will be tastier than the beef barley soup would have been., Jeanette will spend more time making the egg drop soup than she would have spent making the beef barley soup.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: social science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: economics | Skill: Costs and benefits | Lecture: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. | Solution: This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Jeanette wants or needs: Jeanette will spend more time making the egg drop soup than she would have spent making the beef barley soup. | Hint: Jeanette is deciding whether to make egg drop soup or beef barley soup for dinner. She wants dinner to be as tasty as possible. But she is also hungry and wants to eat soon.

Question: Based on this information, what is this pea plant's phenotype for the pod color trait? | Choices: [Dd, green pods] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade8 | Topic: biology | Skill: Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype | Lecture: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. | Solution: An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The pea plant's observable version of the pod color trait is green pods. So, the plant's phenotype for the pod color trait is green pods. | Hint: In a group of pea plants, some individuals have green pods and others have yellow pods. In this group, the gene for the pod color trait has two alleles. The allele D is for green pods, and the allele d is for yellow pods. A certain pea plant from this group has green pods. This plant has one allele for green pods and one allele for yellow pods.

Question: Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words? face - fro | Choices: [future, formal] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: reference-skills | Skill: Use guide words | Lecture: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. | Solution: Put the words in alphabetical order. Since formal is between the guide words face - fro, it would be found on that page.

Question: Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words? gasp - goblin | Choices: [gruff, geranium] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: reference-skills | Skill: Use guide words | Lecture: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. | Solution: Put the words in alphabetical order. Since geranium is between the guide words gasp - goblin, it would be found on that page.

Question: Which is a complex sentence? | Choices: [The forecast for tomorrow calls for strong winds and light rain., Dancers will often bow or curtsy for the audience before the final curtain comes down.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: grammar | Skill: Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex? | Lecture: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. | Solution: The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction before. Dancers will often bow or curtsy for the audience before the final curtain comes down.

Question: Which greeting is correct for a letter? | Choices: [dear Keith,, Dear Keith,] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: punctuation | Skill: Greetings and closings of letters | Lecture: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory | Solution: The second greeting is correct: Its first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Keith is capitalized because it is a proper noun.

Question: Which figure of speech is used in this text? It was August 30, 2005. Hurricane Katrina had come and gone, the levees had been breached, and it was a bit wet in New Orleans. | Choices: [assonance, understatement] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade11 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Classify the figure of speech: anaphora, antithesis, apostrophe, assonance, chiasmus, understatement | Lecture: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. | Solution: The text uses understatement, which involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. It was a bit wet in New Orleans is an understatement, since nearly eighty percent of the city was under water following the hurricane.

Question: What do these two changes have in common? cellular respiration chemicals in a battery reacting to power a flashlight | Choices: [Both are caused by heating., Both are only physical changes., Both are chemical changes., Both are caused by cooling.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade8 | Topic: chemistry | Skill: Compare physical and chemical changes | Lecture: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. | Solution: Step 1: Think about each change. Cellular respiration is a chemical change. Cells use oxygen to break down sugar. Breaking the chemical bonds in sugar molecules releases energy that a cell can use. The atoms from the broken molecules then combine to form different molecules such as carbon dioxide and water. These molecules are different types of matter than sugar and oxygen. Chemicals in a battery reacting to power a flashlight is a chemical change. When the flashlight is turned on, the chemicals in the battery react with each other to form new chemicals. This creates electricity, which powers the lightbulb. Step 2: Look at each answer choice. Both are only physical changes. Both changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes. Both are chemical changes. Both changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different. Both are caused by heating. Neither change is caused by heating. Both are caused by cooling. Neither change is caused by cooling.

Question: What information supports the conclusion that Greg inherited this trait? | Choices: [Greg likes to wear a blue sweater to match his blue eyes., Greg's mother has blue eyes. She passed this trait down to Greg.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade6 | Topic: biology | Skill: Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement | Lecture: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. | Solution: nan | Hint: Read the description of a trait. Greg has blue eyes.

Question: What kind of sentence is this? Call a plumber as soon as you can and explain that the pipes are clogged. | Choices: [exclamatory, interrogative, imperative] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade6 | Topic: punctuation | Skill: Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory? | Lecture: There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period. The nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure. An interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark. Do you have any plans for the upcoming weekend? An imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point. For this assignment, use references to support your claims. Don't drive so quickly in the construction zone! An exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point. I can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! | Solution: The sentence tells someone to do something, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period.

Question: How long is a kitchen table? | Choices: [9 inches, 9 feet] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: units-and-measurement | Skill: Choose customary units of distance | Lecture: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles? The number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing. Now look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches. There are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot. There are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard. | Solution: The better estimate for the length of a kitchen table is 9 feet. 9 inches is too short. | Hint: Select the better estimate.

Question: What does the verbal irony in this text suggest? "Someone had better turn on the heat," Nicole said, sweat glistening on her face. | Choices: [The temperature was just right., The temperature was too warm.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade6 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Interpret figures of speech | Lecture: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. | Solution: The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different. Someone had better turn on the heat ironically suggests that the temperature was too warm. Nicole did not think that more heat was needed; she was already sweating.

Question: Which sentence states a fact? | Choices: [Workers used drills, chisels, and even dynamite to carve the four faces on Mount Rushmore., The design of Mount Rushmore shows that sculptor Gutzon Borglum was a talented artist.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: social science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: civics | Skill: Identify facts and opinions | Lecture: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information. The flag of the United States has 13 stripes. This is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes. An opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true. The flag of the United States is easy to draw. This is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag "easy" to draw. | Solution: The second sentence states a fact. Workers used drills, chisels, and even dynamite to carve the four faces on Mount Rushmore. It can be proved by reading a book about Mount Rushmore. The first sentence states an opinion. The design of Mount Rushmore shows that sculptor Gutzon Borglum was a talented artist. Talented shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes someone a talented artist.

Question: Which type of sentence is this? Ian always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others with his energy and fervor. | Choices: [compound, complex, simple, compound-complex] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: grammar | Skill: Is the sentence simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex? | Lecture: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. During his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome. A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. After Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym. Sometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause. Orcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. | Solution: The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and. Ian always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others with his energy and fervor.

Question: What is the mass of a trumpet? | Choices: [5 ounces, 5 pounds, 5 tons] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: units-and-measurement | Skill: Choose customary units of mass | Lecture: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons. There are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton. So, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton. A slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. | Solution: The best estimate for the mass of a trumpet is 5 pounds. 5 ounces is too light and 5 tons is too heavy. | Hint: Select the best estimate.

Question: Which figure of speech is used in this text? I am a feather on the bright sky I am the blue horse that runs in the plain I am the fish that rolls, shining, in the water I am the shadow that follows a child —N. Scott Momaday, "The Delight Song of Tsoai-talee" | Choices: [understatement, anaphora] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade11 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Classify the figure of speech: anaphora, antithesis, apostrophe, assonance, chiasmus, understatement | Lecture: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. | Solution: The text uses anaphora, the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. Momaday repeats the words I am at the beginning of each line.

Question: Which word is not like the others? | Choices: [under, behind, over, thing] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade1 | Topic: vocabulary | Skill: Which word is not like the others? | Lecture: Some words are alike. They go together in a group. Red, blue, and green go together. They are colors. Mom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. | Solution: Behind, under, and over go together. They are words that tell where. Thing is not a word that tells where, so it is not like the other words.

Question: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? | Choices: [Mrs. Dixon told her friend that she needs to exercise on a regular basis and get more sleep in order to have more energy throughout the day., Mrs. Dixon told her friend to exercise on a regular basis and get more sleep in order to have more energy throughout the day.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade11 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Identify vague pronoun references | Lecture: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. | Solution: The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Mrs. Dixon or her friend. Mrs. Dixon told her friend that she needs to exercise on a regular basis and get more sleep in order to have more energy throughout the day. The first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear. Mrs. Dixon told her friend to exercise on a regular basis and get more sleep in order to have more energy throughout the day.

Question: What do these two changes have in common? water evaporating from a lake baking cookies | Choices: [Both are caused by cooling., Both are chemical changes., Both are only physical changes., Both are caused by heating.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: chemistry | Skill: Compare physical and chemical changes | Lecture: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. | Solution: Step 1: Think about each change. Water evaporating from a lake is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed. Baking cookies is a chemical change. The type of matter in the cookie dough changes when it is baked. The cookie dough turns into cookies! Step 2: Look at each answer choice. Both are only physical changes. Water evaporating is a physical change. But baking cookies is not. Both are chemical changes. Baking cookies is a chemical change. But water evaporating from a lake is not. Both are caused by heating. Both changes are caused by heating. Both are caused by cooling. Neither change is caused by cooling.

Question: What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below? Before forwarding the email to my grandparents, my sister bowdlerized it. | Choices: [history, Greek mythology] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade11 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Recall the source of an allusion | Lecture: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. The protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose. The word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. | Solution: The source of the allusion bowdlerized is history. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, British physician Thomas Bowdler reworked Shakespearean plays in an attempt to make the language and subject matter more suitable for children. The allusion bowdlerized means sanitized.

Question: What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below? The weather forecast called for clear skies, making my grandfather look like Chicken Little. | Choices: [a song, a fable] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade9 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Recall the source of an allusion | Lecture: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. "I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale "Cinderella," in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. | Solution: The source of the allusion Chicken Little is a fable. In a well-known folktale, Chicken Little is accidentally hit by something and jumps to the conclusion that the sky is falling and that she must spread the news of imminent disaster. The allusion Chicken Little means a person who spreads alarming news of imminent disaster.

Question: Does this passage describe the weather or the climate? Roger noticed that the sky was filled with cumulus clouds every day last week. | Choices: [weather, climate] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: earth-science | Skill: What's the difference between weather and climate? | Lecture: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. | Solution: Read the text carefully. Roger noticed that the sky was filled with cumulus clouds every day last week. This passage tells you about the clouds Roger saw last week. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather. | Hint: Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.

Question: Is there a sentence fragment? On November 3, 1957, the Soviet Union sent the first animal into space—a dog named Laika. Which had been found as a stray living on the streets of Moscow. | Choices: [no, yes] | Task: yes or no | Subject: language science | Grade: grade12 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Identify sentence fragments | Lecture: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. Rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing. The band I'm in. This fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing. Because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. | Solution: There is a sentence fragment that does not express a complete thought. On November 3, 1957, the Soviet Union sent the first animal into space—a dog named Laika. Which had been found as a stray living on the streets of Moscow. Here is one way to fix the sentence fragment: On November 3, 1957, the Soviet Union sent the first animal into space—a dog named Laika, which had been found as a stray living on the streets of Moscow.

Question: Which text uses the word literally in its traditional sense? | Choices: [Connor's new kitten—barely three weeks old—was literally just a ball of fluff in the palm of his hand., Connor's new kitten—barely three weeks old—was literally the size of a softball; it could just about fit in the palm of his hand.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade10 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Explore words with new or contested usages | Lecture: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. | Solution: The first text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way. Connor's new kitten—barely three weeks old—was literally the size of a softball; it could just about fit in the palm of his hand. The second text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). Connor's new kitten is not actually just a ball of fluff. Connor's new kitten—barely three weeks old—was literally just a ball of fluff in the palm of his hand. Most style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect.

Question: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? According to the university brochure, the majors with the most students are Economics and Computer Science. Therefore, you should declare one of these majors if you want to have a successful career. | Choices: [slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences, bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct, false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade11 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Classify logical fallacies | Lecture: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: Fallacy | Description ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: Fallacy | Description false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against | Solution: The text argues that it's best to major in Economics or Computer Science because they are the most popular majors. However, the fact that a major is popular doesn't necessarily mean you have to pursue it in order to have a successful career. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy.

Question: Is washing windows a good or a service? | Choices: [a service, a good] | Task: closed choice | Subject: social science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: economics | Skill: Goods and services | Lecture: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service. A good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good. A service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. | Solution: To decide whether washing windows is a good or a service, ask these questions: Is washing windows something you can touch? No. Is washing windows a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes. So, washing windows is a service.

Question: Select the animal that has a backbone. | Choices: [golden frog, earthworm] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: biology | Skill: Identify animals with and without backbones | Lecture: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange. Other animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. | Solution: A golden frog is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a golden frog has a backbone. An earthworm is a worm. Like other worms, an earthworm does not have a backbone. It has a soft body. | Hint: Hint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians all have backbones.

Question: Select the part whose main job is to break down sugar to release energy that an animal cell can use. | Choices: [chromosomes, cytoplasm, mitochondria] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: biology | Skill: Identify functions of animal cell parts | Lecture: The cell membrane controls which substances enter and leave the cell. The cell membrane also protects the cell from the outside environment. The cytoplasm is made up of a thick liquid that fills the space inside the cell membrane. The cytoplasm supports the other cell parts and holds them in place. Many important chemical reactions happen in the cytoplasm. The mitochondria break down sugar to release energy that the cell can use. The vacuoles store nutrients, such as sugar, in the cell. Vacuoles also store water and waste. The nucleus directs cell activities. It does this by sending instructions to different parts of the cell. The chromosomes contain the information that the cell uses for growth and activities. In animal and plant cells, the chromosomes are inside the nucleus. | Solution: Mitochondria break down sugar to release energy that the cell can use. Animal and plant cells usually have many mitochondria.

Question: Would you find the word doubt on a dictionary page with the following guide words? dandy - dust | Choices: [no, yes] | Task: yes or no | Subject: language science | Grade: grade6 | Topic: reference-skills | Skill: Use guide words | Lecture: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. | Solution: Put the words in alphabetical order. Since doubt is between the guide words dandy - dust, it would be found on that page.

Question: Which tense does the sentence use? Gabby throws the ball into the hoop. | Choices: [future tense, past tense, present tense] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: verbs | Skill: Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense? | Lecture: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. Present | Past | Future walk, walks | walked | will walk go, goes | went | will go | Solution: The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, throws. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now.

Question: Which figure of speech is used in this text? Leah's Bistro used to be a great place to go for a delicious and carefully prepared dinner, but nobody goes there anymore: it's too crowded. | Choices: [paradox, apostrophe] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade11 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Classify the figure of speech: review | Lecture: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. | Solution: The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Nobody goes there anymore: it's too crowded at first appears to be contradictory, because if no one goes to the restaurant, then the restaurant should be empty, not crowded. However, it contains some truth: if a restaurant is frequently perceived to be too crowded, many people will no longer want to go there.

Question: Which is a compound sentence? | Choices: [After dinner I brush my teeth very carefully., The train conductor will take your tickets, or his helper will.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: grammar | Skill: Is the sentence simple or compound? | Lecture: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate. The pitcher threw the ball to first base. A compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. The pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it. Some simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences. Anna and James will watch the fireworks tonight. This simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James. The singers bowed and walked off the stage. This simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat. This is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. | Solution: The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or. The train conductor will take your tickets, or his helper will.

Question: Which text uses the word peruse in its traditional sense? | Choices: [Before returning to the stockroom, Finn briefly perused the nails in the hardware aisle to see if anything needed to be restocked., Finn perused the nails in the hardware aisle for almost an hour, trying to figure out which type would be best for his project.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade9 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Explore words with new or contested usages | Lecture: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. | Solution: The first text uses peruse in its traditional sense: to examine in detail. Finn perused the nails in the hardware aisle for almost an hour, trying to figure out which type would be best for his project. The second text uses peruse in its nontraditional sense: to look through in a casual manner. Before returning to the stockroom, Finn briefly perused the nails in the hardware aisle to see if anything needed to be restocked. Most style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word peruse because it is considered more standard.

Question: Which is a simple sentence? | Choices: [According to many scholars, the 1798 publication of Lyrical Ballads by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth began the romantic period in English literature., Lorenzo picked raspberries in the field until his fingertips were stained red.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: grammar | Skill: Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex? | Lecture: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. | Solution: The second sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause. According to many scholars, the 1798 publication of Lyrical Ballads by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth began the romantic period in English literature.

Question: Look at the word. Does it have a closed syllable or an open syllable? got | Choices: [open, closed] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: word-study | Skill: Is the syllable open or closed? | Lecture: Words are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open. A closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound. desk: short e kit / ten: short i / short e An open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound. go: long o he / ro: long e / long o Some open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound. sky: long i ba / by: long a / long e | Solution: The word got ends with a consonant and has a short vowel sound. So, it has a closed syllable.

Question: How long does it take to sing the ABC song? | Choices: [27 minutes, 27 seconds] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: units-and-measurement | Skill: Choose units of time | Lecture: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds? The number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing. Time is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven. There are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute. There are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. | Solution: The better estimate for how long it takes to sing the ABC song is 27 seconds. 27 minutes is too slow. | Hint: Select the better estimate.

Question: Which closing is correct for a letter? | Choices: [See you soon, Olivia, See You Soon, Olivia] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: capitalization | Skill: Greetings and closings of letters | Lecture: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory | Solution: The first closing is correct: Its first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma.

Question: Compare the motion of three motorboats. Which motorboat was moving at the lowest speed? | Choices: [a motorboat that moved 175miles north in 5hours, a motorboat that moved 40miles west in 5hours, a motorboat that moved 195miles north in 5hours] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: physics | Skill: Compare the speeds of moving objects | Lecture: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. | Solution: Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each motorboat moved does not affect its speed. Notice that each motorboat moved for 5 hours. The motorboat that moved 40 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at the lowest speed.

Question: Which sentence uses a simile? | Choices: [The cat's silver eyes were like two shiny coins., The cat's silver eyes were two shiny coins.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Identify similes and metaphors | Lecture: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike. A simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as. My sister runs like a cheetah. The sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like. A cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. The cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as. The night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark. A metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. The snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as. A blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely. Using similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. | Solution: This sentence uses a simile: The cat's silver eyes were like two shiny coins. The words eyes and coins are compared using the word like. This sentence uses a metaphor: The cat's silver eyes were two shiny coins. The words eyes and coins are compared without the word like or as.

Question: Which text uses the word unique in its traditional sense? | Choices: [Alan custom ordered his unique coffee table from a master craftsman in Allenville., Alan bought his unique coffee table from a factory outlet store in Allenville.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade9 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Explore words with new or contested usages | Lecture: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. | Solution: The first text uses unique in its traditional sense: being the only one of its kind. Alan custom ordered his unique coffee table from a master craftsman in Allenville. The second text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: interesting or unusual. Alan's coffee table is an interesting style, but it was made in a factory and is probably not actually one of a kind. Alan bought his unique coffee table from a factory outlet store in Allenville. Most style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard.

Question: What information supports the conclusion that Dustin acquired this trait? | Choices: [Some scars fade more quickly than others., Dustin's scar was caused by an accident. He cut his arm when he fell off his bicycle.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: biology | Skill: Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement | Lecture: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. | Solution: nan | Hint: Read the description of a trait. Dustin has a scar on his right arm.

Question: Compare the motion of three ships. Which ship was moving at the lowest speed? | Choices: [a ship that moved 310miles east in 10hours, a ship that moved 265miles east in 10hours, a ship that moved 145miles north in 10hours] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: physics | Skill: Compare the speeds of moving objects | Lecture: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. | Solution: Look at the distance each ship moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each ship moved does not affect its speed. Notice that each ship moved for 10 hours. The ship that moved 145 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that ship must have moved at the lowest speed.

Question: Would you find the word furnace on a dictionary page with the following guide words? faster - fort | Choices: [no, yes] | Task: yes or no | Subject: language science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: reference-skills | Skill: Use guide words | Lecture: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. | Solution: Put the words in alphabetical order. Since furnace is not between the guide words faster - fort, it would not be found on that page.

Question: Is the following trait inherited or acquired? Andy can fly an airplane. | Choices: [inherited, acquired] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: biology | Skill: Identify inherited and acquired traits | Lecture: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. | Solution: People are not born knowing how to fly an airplane. Instead, some people learn how to fly airplanes. So, flying an airplane is an acquired trait. | Hint: Hint: Pilots have to learn how to fly an airplane.

Question: Based on this information, what is Josiah's phenotype for the sickle-cell disease trait? | Choices: [Aa, not having sickle-cell disease] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade8 | Topic: biology | Skill: Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype | Lecture: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. | Solution: An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Josiah's observable version of the sickle-cell disease trait is not having sickle-cell disease. So, Josiah's phenotype for the sickle-cell disease trait is not having sickle-cell disease. | Hint: This passage describes the sickle-cell disease trait in humans: In a group of humans, some individuals have sickle-cell disease and others do not. In this group, the gene for the sickle-cell disease trait has two alleles. The allele A is for not having sickle-cell disease, and the allele a is for having sickle-cell disease. Josiah, a human from this group, does not have sickle-cell disease. Josiah has one allele for not having sickle-cell disease and one allele for having sickle-cell disease.

Question: What is the volume of a salt shaker? | Choices: [49 milliliters, 49 liters] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: units-and-measurement | Skill: Choose metric units of volume | Lecture: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters. There are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter. A raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. | Solution: The better estimate for the volume of a salt shaker is 49 milliliters. 49 liters is too much. | Hint: Select the better estimate.

Question: What information supports the conclusion that Andrew acquired this trait? | Choices: [Andrew likes to look at butterflies and beetles., Andrew learned to identify insects by reading many books about insects.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade6 | Topic: biology | Skill: Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement | Lecture: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. | Solution: nan | Hint: Read the description of a trait. Andrew is good at identifying insects.

Question: Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words? interior - irrigation | Choices: [iodine, illustrate] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: reference-skills | Skill: Use guide words | Lecture: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. | Solution: Put the words in alphabetical order. Since iodine is between the guide words interior - irrigation, it would be found on that page.

Question: Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words? geese - gobble | Choices: [giant, grape] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: reference-skills | Skill: Use guide words | Lecture: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. | Solution: Put the words in alphabetical order. Since giant is between the guide words geese - gobble, it would be found on that page.

Question: Which job does the digestive system do? | Choices: [helps cells get energy from food, helps make food] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: biology | Skill: Body systems: digestion | Lecture: All organisms need food. Food gives organisms the energy they need to survive. Animals get their food by eating other organisms. An animal's digestive system breaks down food into small particles of fat, protein, sugar, and other nutrients. The blood carries these small particles to cells throughout the animal's body. Inside cells, nutrient particles can be broken down to release energy. Cells need energy to do their jobs. A cell's job might include sending signals to other cells, rearranging chemicals to make new substances, or moving substances from place to place. Cells also use nutrient particles as building materials. Cells use building materials to help the animal grow and to replace worn-out parts. | Solution: The digestive system breaks down food into small particles of nutrients. Cells can get energy and building materials from these small particles. The digestive system does not help make food. Animals cannot make food inside their bodies. They must eat other organisms.

Question: Select the mixture. | Choices: [glitter, salt] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: physics | Skill: Identify mixtures | Lecture: A pure substance is made of only one type of matter. A mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together. | Solution: nan

Question: Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words? basket - breathe | Choices: [began, burn] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade6 | Topic: reference-skills | Skill: Use guide words | Lecture: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. | Solution: Put the words in alphabetical order. Since began is between the guide words basket - breathe, it would be found on that page.

Question: Read the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her sentence fluency? Like all penguins, king penguins are mainly black and white, but they have distinctive touches of color. Adult king penguins have black feathers on their backs. Their chests are white. They have orange feathers on their ears and throats. Along the bottom part of the bill, adults also have an orange streak. Juveniles of the species look much like the adults. However, their black feathers may be tipped with gray. Yellow feathers appear on their ears. Their lower necks have grayish white color. Chicks have brown downy feathers until they molt. They molt at about eleven months of age. | Choices: [by varying how sentences begin, by varying sentence length, by simplifying the first sentence] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade11 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Suggest appropriate revisions | Lecture: During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision: Ideas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis? Organization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow? Voice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay? Sentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive? Word choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing? Grammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? | Solution: The writer could best improve his or her sentence fluency by varying sentence length. For example, the writer could combine the underlined groups of short sentences to create longer ones. Like all penguins, king penguins are mainly black and white, but they have distinctive touches of color. Adult king penguins have black feathers on their backs. Their chests are white. They have orange feathers on their ears and throats. Along the bottom part of the bill, adults also have an orange streak. Juveniles of the species look much like the adults. However, their black feathers may be tipped with gray. Yellow feathers appear on their ears. Their lower necks have grayish white color. Chicks have brown downy feathers until they molt. They molt at about eleven months of age.

Question: Would you find the word hatch on a dictionary page with the following guide words? helping - hidden | Choices: [yes, no] | Task: yes or no | Subject: language science | Grade: grade8 | Topic: reference-skills | Skill: Use guide words | Lecture: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. | Solution: Put the words in alphabetical order. Since hatch is not between the guide words helping - hidden, it would not be found on that page.

Question: Which sentence states a fact? | Choices: [In the Middle Ages, knights rode horses and wore armor made of metal., Knights during the Middle Ages were really just bullies on horseback.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: social science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: civics | Skill: Identify facts and opinions | Lecture: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information. The flag of the United States has 13 stripes. This is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes. An opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true. The flag of the United States is easy to draw. This is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag "easy" to draw. | Solution: The first sentence states a fact. In the Middle Ages, knights rode horses and wore armor made of metal. It can be proved by reading a book about knights. The second sentence states an opinion. Knights during the Middle Ages were really just bullies on horseback. Bully shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about whether knights were bullies.

Question: Select the living thing. | Choices: [yucca, candle, windmill, airplane] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: biology | Skill: Identify living and nonliving things | Lecture: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell. All living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change. All living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. | Solution: Yucca is a living thing. Yucca grows and responds to its environment. It needs food and water. It is made up of many cells. Yucca is a plant. It uses water, air, and sunlight to make food. A candle is not a living thing. A candle does not have all the traits of a living thing. It gives off light and heat, but it does not need food or water to survive. An airplane is not a living thing. An airplane does not have all the traits of a living thing. It needs energy to fly, but it does not eat food. Airplanes get energy from gasoline or other fuel. They do not grow. A windmill is not a living thing. A windmill does not have all the traits of a living thing. It moves in the wind, but it does not grow. It does not need food or water.

Question: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Officer, I was only driving as fast as everyone around me. I'm sure I wasn't speeding. | Choices: [appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good, bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade8 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Classify logical fallacies | Lecture: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: Fallacy | Description ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: Fallacy | Description false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against | Solution: The text argues that the speaker wasn't driving over the speed limit, because she was driving at the same speed as those around her. However, even though everyone was driving the same speed, that doesn't necessarily mean that they weren't driving over the speed limit. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy.

Question: Which figure of speech is used in this text? Joseph is a real Benedict Arnold. After promising to work on my campaign for class president, he decided to support my opponent. | Choices: [simile, allusion] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade10 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Classify figures of speech: review | Lecture: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. "I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. | Solution: The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known. Benedict Arnold alludes to the American general during the Revolutionary War who betrayed his country and fought for the British.

Question: What information supports the conclusion that Finn inherited this trait? | Choices: [Finn's biological parents have freckles on their noses just as Finn does., Finn and his biological mother have pale skin., Finn has freckles on his nose and shoulders.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: biology | Skill: Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement | Lecture: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. | Solution: nan | Hint: Read the description of a trait. Finn has freckles.

Question: Each bus takes the same amount of time to stop. Which school bus needs a larger force to come to a stop? | Choices: [a school bus carrying 500 pounds, a school bus carrying 550 pounds] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: physics | Skill: How do mass and force affect motion? | Lecture: A force is a push or a pull. A force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction. Forces can be different sizes. Think about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. | Solution: Look for the school bus that is heavier. A school bus carrying 550 pounds is heavier than a school bus carrying 500 pounds. So, the school bus carrying 550 pounds needs a larger force to come to a stop in the same amount of time as the other bus. | Hint: Kids from two different schools are riding their school buses home. The buses are the same. They are going the same speed. But different numbers of kids are riding in each bus.

Question: Would you find the word migrate on a dictionary page with the following guide words? material - mourn | Choices: [yes, no] | Task: yes or no | Subject: language science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: reference-skills | Skill: Use guide words | Lecture: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. | Solution: Put the words in alphabetical order. Since migrate is between the guide words material - mourn, it would be found on that page.

Question: Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words? early - engineer | Choices: [elf, exact] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: reference-skills | Skill: Use guide words | Lecture: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. | Solution: Put the words in alphabetical order. Since elf is between the guide words early - engineer, it would be found on that page.

Question: According to Newton's third law, what other force must be happening? | Choices: [The door is pulling on Abigail's hand., The door is pushing on Abigail's hand.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade8 | Topic: physics | Skill: Predict forces using Newton's third law | Lecture: According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction. For example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. | Solution: Abigail's hand is pushing on the door. So, Newton's third law tells you that the door is pushing on Abigail's hand. | Hint: Isaac Newton was born in the 1600s and studied how objects move. He discovered three fundamental laws about forces and motion. According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. Consider the following force: Abigail's hand is pushing on a door.

Question: Which type of sentence is this? Shelley is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years. | Choices: [compound-complex, compound, complex, simple] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade11 | Topic: grammar | Skill: Is the sentence simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex? | Lecture: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. During his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome. A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. After Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym. Sometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause. Orcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. | Solution: The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which. Shelley is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years.

Question: Suppose Colin decides to go as a superhero. Which result would be a cost? | Choices: [Colin will save some time and money. He won't have to go out and get a new costume., Colin will give up the chance to wear the costume he is more excited about.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: social science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: economics | Skill: Costs and benefits | Lecture: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. | Solution: This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Colin wants or needs: Colin will give up the chance to wear the costume he is more excited about. | Hint: Colin is deciding whether to go as a vampire or a superhero to a costume party. He would rather go as a vampire. But he already has a superhero costume.

Question: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? | Choices: [The protesters want them to raise salaries and increase employment benefits., The protesters want the company's executives to raise salaries and increase employment benefits.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Identify vague pronoun references | Lecture: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. | Solution: The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them is used without its antecedent. The second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with the company's executives. The protesters want the company's executives to raise salaries and increase employment benefits.

Question: Suppose Pablo decides to watch the comedy. Which result would be a cost? | Choices: [Pablo will get to watch the movie that he is more excited about., Pablo will give up the chance to watch a movie with his sister.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: social science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: economics | Skill: Costs and benefits | Lecture: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. | Solution: This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Pablo wants or needs: Pablo will give up the chance to watch a movie with his sister. | Hint: Pablo is deciding whether to watch a comedy or an action movie. He would prefer to watch a comedy. But he also wants to watch a movie with his sister. Pablo's sister will only watch an action movie.

Question: Which correctly shows the title of a movie? | Choices: ["Over the Hedge", ***Over the Hedge***] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade9 | Topic: punctuation | Skill: Formatting titles | Lecture: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks. "You Are My Sunshine" | Solution: A movie should be in italics. The correct title is **Over the Hedge**.

Question: Is the following trait inherited or acquired? Kimberly has a scar on her right ankle. | Choices: [inherited, acquired] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: biology | Skill: Identify inherited and acquired traits | Lecture: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. | Solution: Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait. | Hint: Hint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.

Question: What information supports the conclusion that Elise inherited this trait? | Choices: [Elise's neighbor also has straight hair., Elise's biological parents have red hair. Elise also has red hair., Elise's biological mother often wears her straight hair in a ponytail.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade8 | Topic: biology | Skill: Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement | Lecture: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. | Solution: nan | Hint: Read the description of a trait. Elise has straight hair.

Question: How long does it take to tie your shoes? | Choices: [27 seconds, 27 hours] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: units-and-measurement | Skill: Choose units of time | Lecture: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds? The number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing. Time is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven. There are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute. There are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. | Solution: The better estimate for how long it takes to tie your shoes is 27 seconds. 27 hours is too slow. | Hint: Select the better estimate.

Question: What information supports the conclusion that Harry acquired this trait? | Choices: [Harry's scar was caused by an accident. He cut his arm when he fell off his bicycle., Some scars fade more quickly than others.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: biology | Skill: Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement | Lecture: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. | Solution: nan | Hint: Read the description of a trait. Harry has a scar on his right arm.

Question: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Senator King announced today that she plans to cut funding to early childhood education programs. The last thing we need is a government official who hates children! | Choices: [bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct, straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Classify logical fallacies | Lecture: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: Fallacy | Description ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: Fallacy | Description false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against | Solution: The text argues that Senator King hates children, because she wants to cut education funding. However, the fact that Senator King wants to cut education funding doesn't necessarily suggest that she hates children. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man.

Question: Select the one animal that has all of the amphibian traits listed above. | Choices: [Bengal tigers are one of the world's largest living cats. They have black, white, and orange fur. Female Bengal tigers feed their offspring milk. Male Bengal tigers can be almost twice as large as females!, Japanese tree frog tadpoles hatch from eggs without shells. The tadpoles live underwater. After some time, they grow legs and crawl onto land. Adult Japanese tree frogs have moist, smooth green skin.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: biology | Skill: Use evidence to classify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians | Lecture: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. How do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. | Solution: To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group. Amphibians have the following traits: They spend part of their lives in water and part on land. They have moist skin. They make eggs with no shells. Compare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits. A Bengal tiger has the following traits: It feeds its offspring milk. It has hair. A Bengal tiger does not have all of the traits of an amphibian. A Bengal tiger is a mammal. A Japanese tree frog has the following traits: It spends part of its life in water and part on land. It has moist skin. It makes eggs with no shells. A Japanese tree frog has the traits of an amphibian. A Japanese tree frog is an amphibian. | Hint: Amphibians are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify amphibians: They spend part of their lives in water and part on land. They have moist skin. They make eggs with no shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.

Question: The movers lift the boxes at the same speed. Which box is lifted with a larger force? | Choices: [a box holding 23 pounds, a box holding 21 pounds] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: physics | Skill: How do mass and force affect motion? | Lecture: A force is a push or a pull. A force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction. Forces can be different sizes. Think about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. | Solution: Look for the box that is heavier. A box holding 23 pounds is heavier than a box holding 21 pounds. So, the box holding 23 pounds needs a larger force to start moving upward at the same speed as the other box. | Hint: Two movers are putting heavy boxes into their truck. The boxes are the same shape and size. Each mover lifts one box up into the truck at a time.

Question: Complete the sentence so that it uses personification. The sleek new race car () its driver. | Choices: [appealed to, grinned at] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade10 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Use personification | Lecture: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point. The trees danced in the wind. The word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. | Solution: Complete the sentence with the phrase grinned at. It describes the race car as if it were a happy person.

Question: Which type of sentence is this? As Manuel sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him. | Choices: [compound, simple, compound-complex, complex] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade12 | Topic: grammar | Skill: Is the sentence simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex? | Lecture: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. During his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome. A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. After Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym. Sometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause. Orcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. | Solution: The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as. As Manuel sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him.

Question: Choose the poem that has a regular rhythm, or a pattern of sound like a beat. | Choices: [I breathed a song into the air, It fell to earth, I knew not where; For who has sight so keen and strong That it can track the flight of song?, I thought: The moon, Shining upon the many steps of the palace before me, Shines also upon the checkered rice fields Of my native land.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: reading-comprehension | Skill: Identify elements of poetry | Lecture: Poetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more. A poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound. End rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines. Little Betty Blue, Lost her holiday shoe. —From Mother Goose Internal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines. Sweet dreams of pleasant streams. —From William Blake, "A Cradle Song" Rhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music. He watches from his mountain walls, And like a thunderbolt he falls. —From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, "The Eagle" The syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Each line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable. Free verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern. The old bridge has a wrinkled face. He bends his back For us to go over. —From Hilda Conkling, "The Old Bridge" The syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern. Repetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated. The dainty flying squirrel In vest of shining white, In coat of silver gray, And vest of shining white. —Adapted from Mary E. Burt, "The Flying Squirrel" Alliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together. Where the wild men watched and waited Wolves in the forest, and bears in the bush. —From Bayard Taylor, "A Night with a Wolf" Onomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about. Sometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words: Tlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear. —From Alfred Noyes, "The Highwayman" Sometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words: Hark! the honey bee is humming. —From Mary Howitt, "The Voice of Spring" | Solution: This poem has a regular rhythm, or a pattern of sound like a beat. The parts in bold show the strong syllables. The pattern is a weak syllable followed by a strong syllable. It sounds like da-DUM da-DUM. That it can track the flight of song? | Hint: Adapted from Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, "The Arrow and the Song" and adapted from Amy Lowell, "From China"

Question: Which type of sentence is this? As Ryan sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him. | Choices: [complex, compound-complex, simple, compound] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade11 | Topic: grammar | Skill: Is the sentence simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex? | Lecture: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. During his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome. A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. After Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym. Sometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause. Orcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. | Solution: The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as. As Ryan sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him.

Question: Would you find the word house on a dictionary page with the following guide words? hello - hurl | Choices: [yes, no] | Task: yes or no | Subject: language science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: reference-skills | Skill: Use guide words | Lecture: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. | Solution: Put the words in alphabetical order. Since house is between the guide words hello - hurl, it would be found on that page.

Question: Which is a run-on sentence? | Choices: [This book explains the difference between cattle and buffalo., It was snowing I wore my black boots.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Is it a complete sentence or a run-on? | Lecture: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside. | Solution: It was snowing I wore my black boots is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: It was snowing and I wore my black boots.

Question: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? | Choices: [Andy accidentally bumped into the waiter, and food splattered all over his shirt., Andy accidentally bumped into the waiter, and food splattered all over Andy's shirt.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Identify vague pronoun references | Lecture: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. | Solution: The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun his could refer to Andy's or the waiter's. The second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. His has been replaced with Andy's. Andy accidentally bumped into the waiter, and food splattered all over Andy's shirt.

Question: Complete the statement. Assume that the scoop of ice cream's mass did not change. The gravitational potential energy stored between the scoop of ice cream and Earth () as the ice cream dropped toward the ground. | Choices: [stayed the same, increased, decreased] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: physics | Skill: Identify changes in gravitational potential energy | Lecture: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth. The amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower. If the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen. When an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth... increases | increases decreases | decreases stays the same | stays the same | Solution: Think about how the distance between the scoop of ice cream and the center of Earth changed. The ground was lower than the ice cream cone. As the scoop of ice cream fell toward the ground, the distance between the scoop and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the scoop of ice cream and Earth decreased as the ice cream dropped toward the ground. | Hint: Read the text about an object in motion. Jason was holding an ice cream cone with two scoops of mint chip ice cream. When he licked the ice cream, a scoop fell off and dropped to the ground.

Question: Would you find the word dues on a dictionary page with the following guide words? decline - dignified | Choices: [no, yes] | Task: yes or no | Subject: language science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: reference-skills | Skill: Use guide words | Lecture: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. | Solution: Put the words in alphabetical order. Since dues is not between the guide words decline - dignified, it would not be found on that page.

Question: How long is a leather belt? | Choices: [32 feet, 32 inches] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: units-and-measurement | Skill: Choose customary units of distance | Lecture: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles? The number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing. Now look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches. There are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot. There are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard. | Solution: The better estimate for the length of a leather belt is 32 inches. 32 feet is too long. | Hint: Select the better estimate.

Question: Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words? hidden - hurdle | Choices: [haul, hornet] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: reference-skills | Skill: Use guide words | Lecture: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. | Solution: Put the words in alphabetical order. Since hornet is between the guide words hidden - hurdle, it would be found on that page.

Question: Complete the sentence so that it uses personification. Emily finally found her phone () under the bed. | Choices: [ringing, hiding] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade9 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Use personification | Lecture: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point. The trees danced in the wind. The word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. | Solution: Complete the sentence with the word hiding. It describes the phone as if it were a person who is hiding.

Question: Select the one animal that has all of the crustacean traits listed above. | Choices: [Rock lobsters can live more than 600 feet underwater! They have an exoskeleton and two pairs of antennae., Trichina worms have soft, thin bodies. They have a cylindrical shape and do not have limbs. Trichina worms are not made up of segments. They can infect and feed off of humans, pigs, and other mammals.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: biology | Skill: Use evidence to classify animals | Lecture: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. How do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. | Solution: To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group. Crustaceans have the following traits: They have two pairs of antennae. They have an exoskeleton. Compare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits. A rock lobster has the following traits: It has two pairs of antennae. It has an exoskeleton. A rock lobster has the traits of a crustacean. A rock lobster is a crustacean. A trichina worm has the following traits: A trichina worm does not have all of the traits of a crustacean. A trichina worm is a roundworm. | Hint: Crustaceans are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify crustaceans: They have two pairs of antennae. They have an exoskeleton. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.

Question: What do these two changes have in common? filtering air to remove dust and pollen pouring milk on oatmeal | Choices: [Both are caused by heating., Both are caused by cooling., Both are only physical changes., Both are chemical changes.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: chemistry | Skill: Compare physical and chemical changes | Lecture: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. | Solution: Step 1: Think about each change. Filtering air to remove dust and pollen is a physical change. The air flows through the filter, and the pollen and dust stay behind. This separates the mixture of air, pollen, and dust. But separating a mixture does not form a different type of matter. Pouring milk on oatmeal is a physical change. The oatmeal and milk form a creamy mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter. Step 2: Look at each answer choice. Both are only physical changes. Both changes are physical changes. No new matter is created. Both are chemical changes. Both changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes. Both are caused by heating. Neither change is caused by heating. Both are caused by cooling. Neither change is caused by cooling.

Question: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? I'm never setting foot in any seafood restaurant again. We just had a ridiculously overpriced dinner at Cameron's Seafood Hut, and I have no interest in repeating that experience. | Choices: [circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself, hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade6 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Classify logical fallacies | Lecture: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: Fallacy | Description ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: Fallacy | Description false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against | Solution: The text argues that all seafood restaurants are overpriced. However, even though one seafood restaurant was overpriced, that doesn't necessarily mean that all seafood restaurants are overpriced. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization.

Question: Which figure of speech is used in this text? The baby moon, a canoe, a silver papoose canoe, sails and sails in the Indian west. —Carl Sandburg, "Early Moon" | Choices: [anaphora, assonance] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade11 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Classify the figure of speech: review | Lecture: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. | Solution: The text uses assonance, the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. The words moon, canoe, and papoose share a vowel sound.

Question: Is the following trait inherited or acquired? Ben has a scar on his left leg. | Choices: [acquired, inherited] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: biology | Skill: Identify inherited and acquired traits | Lecture: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. | Solution: Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait.

Question: What information supports the conclusion that Maureen acquired this trait? | Choices: [Maureen learned how to play the cello in music class., Maureen and her father play the cello together., Maureen knows how to polish her cello.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: biology | Skill: Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement | Lecture: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. | Solution: nan | Hint: Read the description of a trait. Maureen can play the cello.

Question: Is the following trait inherited or acquired? Jacob can ride a motorcycle. | Choices: [acquired, inherited] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: biology | Skill: Identify inherited and acquired traits | Lecture: nan | Solution: People are not born knowing how to ride a motorcycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a motorcycle is an acquired trait.

Question: Which text uses the word disinterested in its traditional sense? | Choices: [Liz is happy with her position as class treasurer. Though she would have the support of the student council, she is disinterested in running for student body president., Liz is excellent in her position as class treasurer. She always manages to be disinterested in student council debates about the allocation of extracurricular funds.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade12 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Explore words with new or contested usages | Lecture: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. | Solution: The first text uses disinterested in its traditional sense: unbiased or impartial. Liz is excellent in her position as class treasurer. She always manages to be disinterested in student council debates about the allocation of extracurricular funds. The second text uses disinterested in its nontraditional sense: uninterested or indifferent. Liz is happy with her position as class treasurer. Though she would have the support of the student council, she is disinterested in running for student body president. Most style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word disinterested because it is considered more standard.

Question: What does the euphemism in this text suggest? Jackson is big-boned, so despite being in middle school, he often shops in the men's department. | Choices: [Jackson is overweight., Jackson is tall for his age.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade11 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Interpret the figure of speech | Lecture: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. | Solution: The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The euphemism big-boned suggests that Jackson is overweight.

Question: What information supports the conclusion that Tanvi inherited this trait? | Choices: [When she was younger, Tanvi wore ribbons in her naturally black hair., Some people use a hair dryer to straighten their hair. But Tanvi and her brothers have naturally straight hair., Both of Tanvi's biological parents have naturally black hair.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: biology | Skill: Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement | Lecture: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. | Solution: nan | Hint: Read the description of a trait. Tanvi has naturally black hair.