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Question: What is the mass of a goat? | Choices: [70 tons, 70 ounces, 70 pounds] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: units-and-measurement | Skill: Choose customary units of mass | Lecture: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons. There are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton. So, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton. A slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. | Solution: The best estimate for the mass of a goat is 70 pounds. 70 ounces is too light and 70 tons is too heavy. | Hint: Select the best estimate.

Question: What does the idiom in this text suggest? If you don't mind waking up at the crack of dawn (or if you even prefer it), consider a career as a baker, a teacher, or an investment banker. | Choices: [You have to wake up at sunset., You have to wake up very early.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade10 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Interpret figures of speech | Lecture: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. | Solution: The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally. The idiom at the crack of dawn suggests that you have to wake up very early. Dawn is the beginning of the day, so the idiom means very early.

Question: Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words? octopus - owl | Choices: [ox, orbit] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: reference-skills | Skill: Use guide words | Lecture: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. | Solution: Put the words in alphabetical order. Since orbit is between the guide words octopus - owl, it would be found on that page.

Question: What does the verbal irony in this text suggest? "Sleeping through the rooster's crowing was no problem," Chandler joked with a yawn. | Choices: [Chandler slept poorly., Chandler slept well.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade8 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Interpret figures of speech | Lecture: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. | Solution: The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different. Sleeping through the rooster's crowing was no problem ironically suggests that Chandler slept poorly. Chandler was tired, so the rooster's crowing was clearly a problem.

Question: Select the animal that has a backbone. | Choices: [dog, curlyhair tarantula] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: biology | Skill: Identify animals with and without backbones | Lecture: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange. Other animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. | Solution: A dog is a mammal. Like other mammals, a dog has a backbone. Like other tarantulas, a curlyhair tarantula does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover. | Hint: Hint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians all have backbones.

Question: Complete the statement. Neon is (). | Choices: [a compound, an elementary substance] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: chemistry | Skill: Classify elementary substances and compounds using chemical formulas | Lecture: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be. The symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula. An elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol. The symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule. For example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula. The chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms. A compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols. For example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. | Solution: You can tell whether neon is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters. The chemical formula for neon is Ne. This formula contains one symbol: Ne. So, the formula tells you that neon is made of one chemical element. Substances made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. So, neon is an elementary substance. | Hint: Neon is a gas that is used to make glowing electric lights and signs. The chemical formula for neon is Ne.

Question: Which object has the least thermal energy? | Choices: [a 220-gram bottle of water at a temperature of 54°F, a 220-gram bottle of water at a temperature of 50°F, a 220-gram bottle of water at a temperature of 73°F] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: physics | Skill: How is temperature related to thermal energy? | Lecture: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. | Solution: All three bottles of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 50°F bottle of water is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy. | Hint: The objects are identical except for their temperatures.

Question: Which is a sentence fragment? | Choices: [The girls climb on the bars at the playground., Loves to learn about reptiles, like turtles and snakes.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Is it a complete sentence, a fragment, or a run-on? | Lecture: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb. Knows the answer. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject. Who knows the answer? She knows the answer. The bright red car. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb. What did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside. | Solution: Loves to learn about reptiles, like turtles and snakes is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.

Question: Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words? cabinet - cot | Choices: [creek, cheese] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: reference-skills | Skill: Use guide words | Lecture: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. | Solution: Put the words in alphabetical order. Since cheese is between the guide words cabinet - cot, it would be found on that page.

Question: Select the animal that has a backbone. | Choices: [black widow spider, sheep] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: biology | Skill: Identify animals with and without backbones | Lecture: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange. Other animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. | Solution: Like other spiders, a black widow spider does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover. A sheep is a mammal. Like other mammals, a sheep has a backbone. | Hint: Hint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians all have backbones.

Question: What does the idiom in this text suggest? Reagan has a lot on her plate: she is attending college, has a full-time job as a waitress, and volunteers at the animal shelter. | Choices: [Reagan has no time to eat well., Reagan has many responsibilities.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade9 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Interpret figures of speech | Lecture: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. | Solution: The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally. The idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Reagan has many responsibilities. If you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations.

Question: What does the idiom in this text suggest? In such an unfamiliar environment, Xavier was a fish out of water. | Choices: [Xavier didn't have any friends., Xavier felt out of place.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade10 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Interpret figures of speech | Lecture: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. | Solution: The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally. The idiom a fish out of water suggests that Xavier felt out of place. A fish out of water is someone out of his or her usual, comfortable environment.

Question: Which figure of speech is used in this text? With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in. —President Abraham Lincoln, second inaugural address | Choices: [apostrophe, anaphora] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade11 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Classify the figure of speech: anaphora, antithesis, apostrophe, assonance, chiasmus, understatement | Lecture: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. | Solution: The text uses anaphora, the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. Lincoln repeats the word with at the beginning of each phrase.

Question: Assume all other forces on Madelyn are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Madelyn? | Choices: [The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Madelyn., The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Madelyn.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade8 | Topic: physics | Skill: Balanced and unbalanced forces | Lecture: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces. When opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object. When opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. | Solution: To determine if there is a net force on Madelyn, look at the forces: Earth's gravity is pulling Madelyn down with a force of 600 N. The seat of the cart is pushing Madelyn up with a force of 1,200 N. The forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Madelyn. | Hint: Madelyn is sitting on a roller coaster cart as it reaches the bottom of a big loop. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Madelyn with a force of 600N. The seat of the cart is pushing up on Madelyn with a force of 1,200N.

Question: Which pot of spaghetti sauce has a lower temperature? | Choices: [the pot of spaghetti sauce with more thermal energy, the pot of spaghetti sauce with less thermal energy] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: physics | Skill: How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy? | Lecture: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. | Solution: The two pots of spaghetti sauce are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the pot of spaghetti sauce with less thermal energy has a lower temperature. | Hint: Two pots of spaghetti sauce are identical except for their thermal energies.

Question: Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words? den - dream | Choices: [doing, dance] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: reference-skills | Skill: Use guide words | Lecture: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. | Solution: Put the words in alphabetical order. Since doing is between the guide words den - dream, it would be found on that page.

Question: Complete the sentence so that it uses personification. "I can't believe I tripped," Darrell remarked. "The curb must have ()". | Choices: [jumped out in front of me, had an uneven surface] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade9 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Use personification | Lecture: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point. The trees danced in the wind. The word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. | Solution: Complete the sentence with the phrase jumped out in front of me. It describes the curb as if it were a mischievous, unpredictable person.

Question: What information supports the conclusion that Sandra acquired this trait? | Choices: [Sandra's scar was caused by an accident. She cut her arm when she fell off her bicycle., Sandra's scar is on her right elbow. Her father also has a scar on his right elbow., Sandra's sister has a bruise from falling on her elbow.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade8 | Topic: biology | Skill: Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement | Lecture: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. | Solution: nan | Hint: Read the description of a trait. Sandra has a scar on her right elbow.

Question: Which object has the most thermal energy? | Choices: [a 150-gram baked potato at a temperature of 31°C, a 150-gram baked potato at a temperature of 40°C, a 150-gram baked potato at a temperature of 36°C] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: physics | Skill: How is temperature related to thermal energy? | Lecture: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. | Solution: All three baked potatoes have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 40°C potato is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy. | Hint: The objects are identical except for their temperatures.

Question: Read the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her word choice? Automobile companies should be required to manufacture more fuel-efficient vehicles. This shift would help the environment by lowering the demand for crude oil and lowering the level of pollutants released into the atmosphere. If fuel-efficient cars were manufactured, the economy would improve, too. As people lowered their expenses for gas, they would be able to increase spending on other products. Also, manufacturing these cars would drive technology forward: other new products would likely be manufactured, too. | Choices: [by reducing repetitive language, by including more figurative language, by fixing misused words] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade11 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Suggest appropriate revisions | Lecture: During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision: Ideas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis? Organization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow? Voice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay? Sentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive? Word choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing? Grammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? | Solution: The writer could best improve his or her word choice by reducing repetitive language. For example, the writer could revise the underlined text by using synonyms of manufacture, such as make, produce, create, and build, and synonyms of lower, such as decrease or reduce. Automobile companies should be required to manufacture more fuel-efficient vehicles. This shift would help the environment by lowering the demand for crude oil and lowering the level of pollutants released into the atmosphere. If fuel-efficient cars were manufactured, the economy would improve, too. As people lowered their expenses for gas, they would be able to increase spending on other products. Also, manufacturing these cars would drive technology forward: other new products would likely be manufactured, too.

Question: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? | Choices: [After Tyler explained the chemistry homework to Bob, he understood it better, too., After Tyler explained the chemistry homework to Bob, Tyler understood it better, too.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Identify vague pronoun references | Lecture: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. | Solution: The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Tyler or Bob. The first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. He has been replaced with Tyler. After Tyler explained the chemistry homework to Bob, Tyler understood it better, too.

Question: What is the volume of a bottle of nail polish? | Choices: [14 liters, 14 milliliters] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: units-and-measurement | Skill: Choose metric units of volume | Lecture: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters. There are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter. A raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. | Solution: The better estimate for the volume of a bottle of nail polish is 14 milliliters. 14 liters is too much. | Hint: Select the better estimate.

Question: What information supports the conclusion that Alan acquired this trait? | Choices: [Alan's scar was caused by an accident. He cut his arm when he fell off his bicycle., Some scars fade more quickly than others.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade6 | Topic: biology | Skill: Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement | Lecture: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. | Solution: nan | Hint: Read the description of a trait. Alan has a scar on his right arm.

Question: Using only these supplies, which question can Tara investigate with an experiment? | Choices: [Do squash plants grow larger if the seeds are planted in small pots or in large pots?, Do squash plants grow larger if the seeds are planted with compost or without compost?, If squash seeds and tomato seeds are planted with compost, which type of plant grows larger?] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: science-and-engineering-practices | Skill: Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials | Lecture: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! | Solution: nan | Hint: Tara has a small vegetable garden, which includes a compost pile of food scraps. She notices that some of the squash plants growing next to the compost pile grow differently than squash plants that are farther away. She wonders what factors affect how her squash plants grow. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available: one type of squash seeds four large clay pots soil a compost pile water

Question: Which figure of speech is used in this text? The salesperson tried hard to convince Edgar that the jacket was a good buy; after all, it was made of genuine imitation leather. | Choices: [hyperbole, oxymoron] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade11 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Classify the figure of speech: review | Lecture: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. | Solution: The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Genuine imitation is a contradiction, because genuine means real, and imitation means fake or synthetic.

Question: Colton starts to pull the wagon across the yard. To move the wagon at the same speed each time, which friend does Colton need to pull with a larger force? | Choices: [a friend who weighs 27 pounds, a friend who weighs 32 pounds] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: physics | Skill: How do mass and force affect motion? | Lecture: A force is a push or a pull. A force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction. Forces can be different sizes. Think about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. | Solution: Look for the friend who is heavier. A friend who weighs 32 pounds is heavier than a friend who weighs 27 pounds. So, to move the wagon at the same speed each time, Colton needs to use a larger force to start moving the wagon with a friend who weighs 32 pounds. | Hint: Colton gives two friends a ride in his wagon. One friend sits in the wagon at a time.

Question: What information supports the conclusion that Damon acquired this trait? | Choices: [Damon has two pet fish. The fish live in a fish tank together., Damon was not born knowing how to identify different fish. He had to learn this skill.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: biology | Skill: Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement | Lecture: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. | Solution: nan | Hint: Read the description of a trait. Damon is good at identifying fish.

Question: Which tense does the sentence use? Lexi practices the drums in her family's garage. | Choices: [past tense, future tense, present tense] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: verbs | Skill: Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense? | Lecture: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. Present | Past | Future walk, walks | walked | will walk go, goes | went | will go | Solution: The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, practices. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now.

Question: Which text uses the word ironic in its traditional sense? | Choices: [Last winter, Jordan took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week., Last winter, Jordan took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade10 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Explore words with new or contested usages | Lecture: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. | Solution: The first text uses ironic in its traditional sense: contrary to what was intended, often in an amusing way. It's ironic because Jordan tried to get away from the snow but found himself in a snowstorm regardless. Last winter, Jordan took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week. The second text uses ironic in its nontraditional sense: marked by coincidence. It was a coincidence that Jordan's friends were in Florida the week before. Last winter, Jordan took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week. Most style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word ironic because it is generally considered incorrect.

Question: What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below? In the mornings, working alone in the cold, I sometimes imagined myself to be trapped in a Sisyphean nightmare. | Choices: [Greek mythology, modern history] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade12 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Recall the source of an allusion | Lecture: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. The protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose. The word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. | Solution: The source of the allusion Sisyphean is Greek mythology. In Greek mythology, Sisyphus is punished by the gods with the task of eternally rolling a boulder up a hill just to watch it roll down again. The allusion Sisyphean means interminable.

Question: What information supports the conclusion that Ethan inherited this trait? | Choices: [Ethan likes to wear a blue sweater to match his blue eyes., Ethan's mother has blue eyes. She passed this trait down to Ethan.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: biology | Skill: Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement | Lecture: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. | Solution: nan | Hint: Read the description of a trait. Ethan has blue eyes.

Question: What is the temperature of a warm grilled cheese sandwich? | Choices: [50°C, 50°F] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: units-and-measurement | Skill: Estimate temperatures | Lecture: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Temperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C). Use the list below to compare the two units. 212°F | Water boils | 100°C 98.6°F | Body temperature | 37°C 68°F | Room temperature | 20°C 32°F | Water freezes | 0°C | Solution: The better estimate for the temperature of a warm grilled cheese sandwich is 50°C. 50°F is too cold. | Hint: Select the better estimate.

Question: Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words? harvest - hid | Choices: [hornet, height] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: reference-skills | Skill: Use guide words | Lecture: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. | Solution: Put the words in alphabetical order. Since height is between the guide words harvest - hid, it would be found on that page.

Question: What information supports the conclusion that Nellie inherited this trait? | Choices: [Nellie's parents have dark skin. They passed down this trait to Nellie., Nellie and her father both have dark hair.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: biology | Skill: Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement | Lecture: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. | Solution: nan | Hint: Read the description of a trait. Nellie has dark skin.

Question: What does this Works Cited entry indicate about the cited work? Norman, Howard. "Advice of the Fatherly Sort." I Hate to Leave This Beautiful Place. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013. 1–40. Print. | Choices: [Norman Howard is the publisher., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt is the publisher., Howard Norman is the publisher.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade11 | Topic: reference-skills | Skill: Understand a Works Cited entry (MLA 7th edition) | Lecture: When writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook. Below are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list. Books: Format | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication. Example | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print. Essays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book: Format | Author(s). "Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title." Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication. Example | James, Henry. "The Middle Years." The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print. Magazine and newspaper articles: Format | Author(s). "Article Title." Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication. Example | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. "The Real Cost of Coal." New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015. Journal articles: Format | Author(s). "Article Title." Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication. Example | Gillette, Jane, et al. "Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning." Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print. Web pages: Format | Author(s). "Page Title." Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access. Example | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. "How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet." Livestrong.com. Demand Media, 30 Mar. 2015. Web. 31 Mar. 2015. Additional guidelines: Author Names. The first author's name is written in last name, first name format (Smith, Jane). Additional author names are written in first name last name format (Smith, Jane, and John Doe). If there are more than three authors, the first author's name is followed by "et al.," which stands for and others (e.g., Smith, Jane, et al.). Medium of Publication. Each entry must include information about what form the content was communicated in. The most common mediums are "Print" and "Web," but other possibilities include "Film," "E-mail," and "Lecture." Whenever the Medium of Publication is "Web," the date of access (the day, month, and year the webpage was viewed) must be listed directly after the Medium of Publication. Editors and Translators. If a work has an editor or a translator, this information must be added to the Works Cited entry using the appropriate abbreviation. "Ed." stands for edited by. "Trans." stands for translated by. Missing Information. If a work has no known author, the author section of the citation is simply left out. If a work has no available page numbers, the abbreviation "n. pag." is used instead. If a work has no available publication date, the abbreviation "n.d." is used instead. If a work has no available publisher or no available city of publication, the abbreviation "n.p." is used instead. | Solution: Look closely at the Works Cited entry: Norman, Howard. "Advice of the Fatherly Sort." I Hate to Leave This Beautiful Place. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013. 1–40. Print. You can tell that Houghton Mifflin Harcourt is the publisher by looking at the publisher name, which appears after the place of publication.

Question: Select the solid. | Choices: [rain, coins, apple juice] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: physics | Skill: Identify solids, liquids, and gases | Lecture: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own. Some solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break. A glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid. When matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container. Think about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space. Juice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. When matter is a gas, it spreads out to fill a space. Many gases are invisible. So, you can’t see them. Air is a gas. | Solution: Rain is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you put rainwater into a bucket, the rainwater will take the shape of the bucket. But the rainwater will still take up the same amount of space. A coin is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. Many coins are made of solid metal. Apple juice is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour apple juice into a different container, the apple juice will take the shape of that container. But the apple juice will still take up the same amount of space.

Question: Suppose Joe decides to bake chocolate muffins. Which result would be a cost? | Choices: [Joe will get to eat more muffins. He can make more chocolate muffins than pumpkin muffins., Joe will give up the chance to eat pumpkin muffins. He thinks pumpkin muffins are tastier than chocolate muffins.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: social science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: economics | Skill: Costs and benefits | Lecture: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. | Solution: This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Joe wants or needs: Joe will give up the chance to eat pumpkin muffins. He thinks pumpkin muffins are tastier than chocolate muffins. | Hint: Joe is deciding whether to bake pumpkin muffins or chocolate muffins. He wants the muffins to be tasty. But he also wants to make a lot of muffins.

Question: Which figure of speech is used in this text? Trisha swore she would never go back to Oakland, but I told her she should never say never. The city might be a very different place in ten years. | Choices: [euphemism, paradox] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade12 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Classify the figure of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox | Lecture: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected. | Solution: The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Never say never at first appears to be contradictory: by saying the phrase itself, you have already said never. However, it contains some truth: people often change their minds as they age and so should not rule anything out by saying never.

Question: Would you find the word raid on a dictionary page with the following guide words? recess - rose | Choices: [no, yes] | Task: yes or no | Subject: language science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: reference-skills | Skill: Use guide words | Lecture: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. | Solution: Put the words in alphabetical order. Since raid is not between the guide words recess - rose, it would not be found on that page.

Question: Which figure of speech is used in this text? It's an open secret that Gordon is writing a book based on his experiences living in Singapore. He never talks about it, but almost all his friends know. | Choices: [hyperbole, oxymoron] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade10 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Classify figures of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox | Lecture: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected. | Solution: The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Open secret is a contradiction, because open describes something that is freely or publicly known, and a secret is hidden.

Question: Which correctly shows the title of a magazine? | Choices: ["Taste of Home", ***Taste of Home***] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade6 | Topic: punctuation | Skill: Formatting titles | Lecture: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks. "You Are My Sunshine" | Solution: A magazine should be in italics. The correct title is **Taste of Home**.

Question: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? | Choices: [When Patrick's computer wasn't working properly, he replaced the battery., Patrick replaced the battery in his computer when he noticed that it wasn't working properly.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Identify vague pronoun references | Lecture: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. | Solution: The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the battery or the computer. Patrick replaced the battery in his computer when he noticed that it wasn't working properly. The second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear. When Patrick's computer wasn't working properly, he replaced the battery.

Question: What does the hyperbole in this text suggest? The last time Fernando cleaned his room, dinosaurs were still roaming the Earth. | Choices: [Fernando hasn't cleaned his room in a very long time., Fernando refuses to clean his room.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade11 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Interpret the figure of speech | Lecture: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! | Solution: The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. The hyperbole dinosaurs were still roaming the Earth suggests that Fernando hasn't cleaned his room in a very long time. He did not actually clean his room millions of years ago when dinosaurs existed.

Question: Which text uses the word travesty in its traditional sense? | Choices: [Jaden's ill-researched essay about the Space Race received a poor grade because it presented such a travesty of the actual historical events., Jaden realized that his essay about the Space Race was a bit inaccurate, but he still thought it a travesty that such an entertaining essay should receive a poor grade.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade11 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Explore words with new or contested usages | Lecture: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. | Solution: The first text uses travesty in its traditional sense: a ridiculous imitation; a parody. Jaden's ill-researched essay about the Space Race received a poor grade because it presented such a travesty of the actual historical events. The second text uses travesty in its nontraditional sense: a disappointment or a tragedy. Jaden realized that his essay about the Space Race was a bit inaccurate, but he still thought it a travesty that such an entertaining essay should receive a poor grade. Most style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word travesty because it is considered more standard.

Question: Does this passage describe the weather or the climate? Cairo, Egypt, had clear skies today. | Choices: [climate, weather] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: earth-science | Skill: What's the difference between weather and climate? | Lecture: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. | Solution: Read the text carefully. Cairo, Egypt, had clear skies today. This passage tells you about the cloud cover in Cairo today. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather. | Hint: Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.

Question: Is a bicycle a good or a service? | Choices: [a service, a good] | Task: closed choice | Subject: social science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: economics | Skill: Goods and services | Lecture: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service. A good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good. A service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. | Solution: To decide whether a bicycle is a good or a service, ask these questions: Is a bicycle something you can touch? Yes. Is a bicycle a job you might pay someone else to do? No. So, a bicycle is a good.

Question: Complete the statement. Assume that the horse's mass did not change. The gravitational potential energy stored between the horse and Earth () as the horse ran toward the river. | Choices: [increased, decreased, stayed the same] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: physics | Skill: Identify changes in gravitational potential energy | Lecture: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth. The amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower. If the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen. When an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth... increases | increases decreases | decreases stays the same | stays the same | Solution: Think about how the distance between the horse and the center of Earth changed. The bottom of the small hill is lower than the top of the hill. As the horse ran down the hill, the distance between the horse and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the horse and Earth decreased as the horse ran toward the river. | Hint: Read the text about an animal in motion. A horse was grazing at the top of a small hill. The horse got thirsty and ran toward a river at the bottom of the hill.

Question: How long does it take to fry an egg in a pan? | Choices: [6 hours, 6 minutes] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: units-and-measurement | Skill: Choose units of time | Lecture: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds? The number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing. Time is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven. There are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute. There are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. | Solution: The better estimate for how long it takes to fry an egg in a pan is 6 minutes. 6 hours is too slow. | Hint: Select the better estimate.

Question: Complete the sentence. Bending a paper clip is a (). | Choices: [chemical change, physical change] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: chemistry | Skill: Identify physical and chemical changes | Lecture: Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. Cutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper. Ice melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. | Solution: Bending a paper clip is a physical change. After you bend it, the paper clip has a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter.

Question: Does the sentence use a simile or a metaphor? On that winter morning, Sadie's hands were as cold as ice. | Choices: [metaphor, simile] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Identify similes and metaphors | Lecture: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike. A simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as. My sister runs like a cheetah. The sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like. A cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. The cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as. The night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark. A metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. The snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as. A blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely. Using similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. | Solution: On that winter morning, Sadie's hands were as cold as ice. The words hands and ice are compared using the word as. So, the sentence uses a simile.

Question: Which closing is correct for a letter? | Choices: [with love, Cole, With love, Cole] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: capitalization | Skill: Greetings and closings of letters | Lecture: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory | Solution: The second closing is correct: Its first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma.

Question: Which change better matches the sentence? A grassy hill catches fire and burns. | Choices: [erosion, wildfire] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: earth-science | Skill: Classify changes to Earth's surface | Lecture: nan | Solution: nan

Question: What does the euphemism in this text suggest? Isabella is between jobs right now, so she's selling some of her old jewelry to help pay the bills. | Choices: [Isabella is unemployed., Isabella is short on cash.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade11 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Interpret the figure of speech | Lecture: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. | Solution: The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The euphemism between jobs means that Isabella is unemployed.

Question: Does this passage describe the weather or the climate? It has not rained in over a week at Paula's house. | Choices: [climate, weather] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: earth-science | Skill: What's the difference between weather and climate? | Lecture: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. | Solution: Read the text carefully. It has not rained in over a week at Paula's house. This passage tells you about the precipitation last week at Paula's house. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather. | Hint: Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.

Question: What does the euphemism in this text suggest? "Thank you for your work over the years," Mrs. Duran said to her gardener. "As of next week, however, your services will no longer be required." | Choices: [The gardener is retiring., The gardener is being fired.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade11 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Interpret the figure of speech | Lecture: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. | Solution: The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The euphemism your services will no longer be required means that the gardener is being fired.

Question: Complete the statement. Assume that Gordon's mass did not change. The gravitational potential energy stored between Gordon and Earth () as he hiked toward the summit. | Choices: [increased, stayed the same, decreased] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade6 | Topic: physics | Skill: Identify changes in gravitational potential energy | Lecture: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth. The amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower. If the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen. When an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth... increases | increases decreases | decreases stays the same | stays the same | Solution: Think about how the distance between Gordon and the center of Earth changed. The summit of the mountain was higher than the point where Gordon started hiking. As he hiked toward the summit, the distance between Gordon and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between Gordon and Earth increased as he hiked toward the summit. | Hint: Read the text about a person in motion. Gordon hiked up a tall mountain. He followed a trail all the way to the summit.

Question: Is the student text plagiarized? | Choices: [Yes, because it fails to use quotation marks., Yes, because it fails to use quotation marks and fails to cite the source., No, it is not plagiarized., Yes, because it fails to cite the source.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade11 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Identify plagiarism | Lecture: Plagiarism is the act of taking another person's work or ideas and presenting them as your own, either accidentally or on purpose. When you use an outside source in your own writing, you should make sure to cite the source in order to avoid plagiarism. Consider the following source: Fisher, Goddu, and Keil, "Searching for Explanations: How the Internet Inflates Estimates of Internal Knowledge." Copyright 2015 by the American Psychological Association The results of these experiments suggest that searching the Internet may cause a systematic failure to recognize the extent to which we rely on outsourced knowledge. Searching for explanations on the Internet inflates self-assessed knowledge in unrelated domains. If you use a direct quotation in your writing, you must use quotation marks around the exact words that were copied from the source, in addition to citing the source. Researchers have found that relying on the Internet for information may cause a systematic failure to recognize the extent to which we rely on outsourced knowledge. This sentence is plagiarized because it uses the source's exact words without quotation marks and without properly citing the source. Researchers have found that relying on the Internet for information "may cause a systematic failure to recognize the extent to which we rely on outsourced knowledge" (Fisher, Goddu, and Keil). If you paraphrase a source, or put a source's ideas into your own words, you must still cite the source. Even if properly cited, a paraphrase that is too similar to the source in wording or sentence structure is still considered plagiarized. According to Fisher, Goddu, and Keil, searching the Internet can lead to a regular failure to perceive the extent to which we rely on outside knowledge. This sentence is plagiarized because it is an insufficient paraphrase. Even though it is properly cited, it borrows too much of the source's wording and sentence structure. According to Fisher, Goddu, and Keil, relying on the Internet to look up information can make it difficult for us to estimate how much of our knowledge comes from internal versus external sources. There are different rules about how to format citations, such as when to include page numbers for print sources. Check a style guide, such as the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook, for a complete list of these rules. | Solution: The student text is not plagiarized. It correctly uses quotation marks and properly cites the source. According to Sood, "more than 160,000 convicts were transported to Australia" between 1788 and 1868. Source: Suemedha Sood, "Australia's penal colony roots." Published on BBC, 26 Jan. 2012. New South Wales, a state in southeast Australia, was founded by the British as a penal colony in 1788. Over the next 80 years, more than 160,000 convicts were transported to Australia from England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. | Hint: Compare the student text with the source. Source: Suemedha Sood, "Australia's penal colony roots." Published on BBC, 26 Jan. 2012. New South Wales, a state in southeast Australia, was founded by the British as a penal colony in 1788. Over the next 80 years, more than 160,000 convicts were transported to Australia from England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Student text: According to Sood, "more than 160,000 convicts were transported to Australia" between 1788 and 1868.

Question: Select the living thing. | Choices: [clay, mangrove tree, crayon, mug] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: biology | Skill: Identify living and nonliving things | Lecture: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell. All living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change. All living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. | Solution: A mug is not a living thing. Mugs do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water. Clay is not a living thing. Clay does not have all of the traits of a living thing. It can be formed into different shapes, but it does not grow or respond to the world around it. It does not need food or water. A crayon is not a living thing. Crayons do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water. A mangrove tree is a living thing. Mangrove trees grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Mangrove trees are made up of many cells. Mangrove trees are plants. They make their own food using water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight.

Question: Based on this information, what is Asgore's genotype for the wool color gene? | Choices: [white wool, Ll] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade6 | Topic: biology | Skill: Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype | Lecture: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. | Solution: An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Asgore has one allele for white wool (L) and one allele for black wool (l). So, Asgore's genotype for the wool color gene is Ll. | Hint: In a group of sheep, some individuals have white wool and others have black wool. In this group, the gene for the wool color trait has two alleles. The allele L is for white wool, and the allele l is for black wool. Asgore, a sheep from this group, has white wool. Asgore has one allele for white wool and one allele for black wool.

Question: Which is a run-on sentence? | Choices: [Lions are mammals, we are mammals, too., This wonderful drink tastes cool and sweet.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Is it a complete sentence, a fragment, or a run-on? | Lecture: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb. Knows the answer. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject. Who knows the answer? She knows the answer. The bright red car. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb. What did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside. | Solution: Lions are mammals, we are mammals, too is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: Lions are mammals and We are mammals, too.

Question: Which figure of speech is used in this text? Nicholas's '64 Impala groaned as he turned the ignition. Yet again he resolved to refurbish it over the summer. | Choices: [simile, personification] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade8 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Classify figures of speech | Lecture: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. "I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. | Solution: The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. Nicholas's '64 Impala groaned describes the car as if it were human.

Question: What information supports the conclusion that Nancy inherited this trait? | Choices: [Nancy's parents have red hair. They passed down this trait to Nancy., Nancy and her mother both wear their hair in braids.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: biology | Skill: Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement | Lecture: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. | Solution: nan | Hint: Read the description of a trait. Nancy has red hair.

Question: Which figure of speech is used in this text? "There's nothing I love more than skipping lunch," Mr. Scott told the flight attendant when he learned that no food would be available on his cross-country flight. | Choices: [allusion, verbal irony] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Classify figures of speech | Lecture: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. "I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. | Solution: The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different. Nothing I love more shows verbal irony because Mr. Scott is probably upset that there isn't anything to eat.

Question: Which organ holds partially-digested food? | Choices: [stomach, lungs, heart, skeleton] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: biology | Skill: Human organs and their functions | Lecture: nan | Solution: nan

Question: What is the volume of armos? | Choices: [8 cups, 8 gallons, 8 fluid ounces] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: units-and-measurement | Skill: Choose customary units of volume | Lecture: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons. As the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon. A glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. | Solution: The best estimate for the volume of a thermos is 8 cups. 8 fluid ounces is too little and 8 gallons is too much. | Hint: Select the best estimate.

Question: Which object has less thermal energy? | Choices: [a 200-gram mug of cider at a temperature of 85°F, a 200-gram mug of cider at a temperature of 115°F] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: physics | Skill: How is temperature related to thermal energy? | Lecture: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. | Solution: The two mugs of cider have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 85°F mug of cider is colder than the 115°F mug of cider, it has less thermal energy. | Hint: The objects are identical except for their temperatures.

Question: Using only these supplies, which question can Eric investigate with an experiment? | Choices: [Do watercolor paintings dry faster when placed next to a fan?, Does a large watercolor painting or a small watercolor painting dry faster?, Do watercolor paintings dry faster when they are placed inside or outside?] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade8 | Topic: science-and-engineering-practices | Skill: Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials | Lecture: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! | Solution: nan | Hint: Eric is painting watercolor pictures with his friend. An hour after they have finished, Eric notices one painting is dry but the other is not. He wonders what factors affect how quickly watercolor paintings dry. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available: two freshly painted watercolor pictures of the same size his dining room table a picnic table in his backyard a heater

Question: Is the following trait inherited or acquired? Ayana can ride a motorcycle. | Choices: [inherited, acquired] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: biology | Skill: Identify inherited and acquired traits | Lecture: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. | Solution: People are not born knowing how to ride a motorcycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a motorcycle is an acquired trait.

Question: Which sentence is more formal? | Choices: [Vatican City, the world's smallest country, is not a member of the United Nations., Vatican City, the world's smallest country, isn't a member of the United Nations.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Which sentence is more formal? | Lecture: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing: Type | Examples slang | cool, awesome idioms | knock your socks off conversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah abbreviated language | ASAP, FYI overly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store contractions | can't, won't Contractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing. Compare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners. Formal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners. | Solution: The first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses a contraction (isn't). The second sentence does not use a contraction, so it is more formal.

Question: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? | Choices: [Mr. Hammond wanted the new employees to fill out their intake forms, but he couldn't find them., Mr. Hammond wanted the new employees to fill out their intake forms, but he couldn't find the forms.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade11 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Identify vague pronoun references | Lecture: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. | Solution: The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could refer to the new employees or their intake forms. The first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with the forms. Mr. Hammond wanted the new employees to fill out their intake forms, but he couldn't find the forms.

Question: Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words? terrify - trousers | Choices: [twig, theme] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade6 | Topic: reference-skills | Skill: Use guide words | Lecture: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. | Solution: Put the words in alphabetical order. Since theme is between the guide words terrify - trousers, it would be found on that page.

Question: What is the volume of a water pitcher? | Choices: [10 cups, 10 fluid ounces, 10 gallons] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: units-and-measurement | Skill: Choose customary units of volume | Lecture: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons. As the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon. A glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. | Solution: The best estimate for the volume of a water pitcher is 10 cups. 10 fluid ounces is too little and 10 gallons is too much. | Hint: Select the best estimate.

Question: Which greeting is correct for a letter? | Choices: [Dear Uncle Ron,, dear Uncle Ron,] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: punctuation | Skill: Greetings and closings of letters | Lecture: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory | Solution: The second greeting is correct: Its first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Uncle Ron is capitalized because it is a proper noun.

Question: Is there a sentence fragment? During the Precambrian period, most of Earth's life forms lived in oceans. Meanwhile, land masses were mostly devoid of life. | Choices: [yes, no] | Task: yes or no | Subject: language science | Grade: grade12 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Identify sentence fragments | Lecture: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. Rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing. The band I'm in. This fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing. Because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. | Solution: There is not a sentence fragment. These are complete sentences because they express complete thoughts. During the Precambrian period, most of Earth's life forms lived in oceans. Meanwhile, land masses were mostly devoid of life.

Question: Would you find the word easily on a dictionary page with the following guide words? edge - envy | Choices: [yes, no] | Task: yes or no | Subject: language science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: reference-skills | Skill: Use guide words | Lecture: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. | Solution: Put the words in alphabetical order. Since easily is not between the guide words edge - envy, it would not be found on that page.

Question: Which is a simple sentence? | Choices: [We can pack our bags tonight, or we can wait until morning., The engine in the car makes a strange noise.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: grammar | Skill: Is the sentence simple or compound? | Lecture: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate. The pitcher threw the ball to first base. A compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. The pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it. Some simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences. Anna and James will watch the fireworks tonight. This simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James. The singers bowed and walked off the stage. This simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat. This is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. | Solution: The first sentence is the simple sentence. It has one subject and predicate. The engine in the car makes a strange noise.

Question: Which announcement is more formal? | Choices: [The Centerville Law Firm is so happy to tell you . . ., The Centerville Law Firm is pleased to announce . . .] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade9 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Which text is most formal? | Lecture: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions. Formal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language. Compare the following sentences. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome. More formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners. Most formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. | Solution: The first announcement is more formal. It uses more elevated language (pleased to announce). The other announcement sounds more conversational (so happy).

Question: Which object has the most thermal energy? | Choices: [a 100-gram cup of black tea at a temperature of 47°C, a 100-gram cup of black tea at a temperature of 62°C, a 100-gram cup of black tea at a temperature of 56°C] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: physics | Skill: How is temperature related to thermal energy? | Lecture: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. | Solution: All three cups of black tea have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 62°C cup of black tea is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy. | Hint: The objects are identical except for their temperatures.

Question: Compare the motion of three motorboats. Which motorboat was moving at the highest speed? | Choices: [a motorboat that moved 210miles west in 5hours, a motorboat that moved 60miles east in 5hours, a motorboat that moved 70miles south in 5hours] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: physics | Skill: Compare the speeds of moving objects | Lecture: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. | Solution: Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each motorboat moved does not affect its speed. Notice that each motorboat moved for 5 hours. The motorboat that moved 210 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at the highest speed.

Question: Which text uses the word factoid in its traditional sense? | Choices: [As a geneticist, Kelly dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field., As a geneticist, Kelly enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade9 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Explore words with new or contested usages | Lecture: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. | Solution: The second text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact. As a geneticist, Kelly dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field. The first text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact. As a geneticist, Kelly enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues. Most style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard.

Question: Is there a surplus or a shortage of plane tickets? | Choices: [surplus, shortage] | Task: closed choice | Subject: social science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: economics | Skill: Identify shortage and surplus | Lecture: There is a surplus if there is too much for sale at a given price. There is a shortage if there is not enough for sale at a given price. Surpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little. When the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus. When the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage. | Solution: At the current price, there are not enough tickets for sale. There are 160 tickets for sale, but 230 people want to buy one. So, there is a shortage of tickets. | Hint: There are 160 seats on a flight from New York to Chicago. Tickets for the flight cost $340. At that price, 230 people want to buy a ticket.

Question: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? How could Mia have anything insightful to say about foreign affairs? She grew up on a farm. | Choices: [appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good, bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct, ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade9 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Classify logical fallacies | Lecture: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: Fallacy | Description ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: Fallacy | Description false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against | Solution: The text argues that Mia cannot be insightful about foreign affairs because she grew up on a farm. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to whether she knows about foreign affairs. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem.

Question: Which closing is correct for a letter? | Choices: [Your niece, Janet, Your Niece, Janet] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: capitalization | Skill: Greetings and closings of letters | Lecture: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory | Solution: The second closing is correct: Its first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma.

Question: Complete the statement. Chloroform is (). | Choices: [a compound, an elementary substance] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: chemistry | Skill: Classify elementary substances and compounds using chemical formulas | Lecture: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be. The symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula. An elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol. The symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule. For example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula. The chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms. A compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols. For example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. | Solution: You can tell whether chloroform is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters. The chemical formula for chloroform is CHCl3. This formula contains three symbols: C for carbon, H for hydrogen, and Cl for chlorine. So, the formula tells you that chloroform is made of three chemical elements bonded together. Substances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, chloroform is a compound. | Hint: Chloroform was once used for pain relief. It is no longer used because it can be dangerous to humans. The chemical formula for chloroform is CHCl3.

Question: Compare the motion of two trains. Which train was moving at a higher speed? | Choices: [a train that moved 635kilometers in 5hours, a train that moved 605kilometers in 5hours] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: physics | Skill: Compare the speeds of moving objects | Lecture: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. | Solution: Look at the distance each train moved and the time it took to move that distance. One train moved 635 kilometers in 5 hours. The other train moved 605 kilometers in 5 hours. Notice that each train spent the same amount of time moving. The train that moved 635 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that train must have moved at a higher speed.

Question: Select the one substance that is not a mineral. | Choices: [Native gold is a pure substance. It is not made by living things., A shark's tooth is not a pure substance. It is formed in nature., Potassium feldspar is a pure substance. It is a solid.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: earth-science | Skill: Identify minerals using properties | Lecture: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals. Minerals and rocks have the following properties: Property | Mineral | Rock It is a solid. | Yes | Yes It is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes It is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes It is a pure substance. | Yes | No It has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No You can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither. Look closely at the last three properties: Minerals and rocks are not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks. A mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way. However, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! | Solution: Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals. Native gold is a mineral. Potassium feldspar is a mineral. A shark's tooth is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances. So, a shark's tooth is not a mineral.

Question: Based on this information, what is this fruit fly's genotype for the body color gene? | Choices: [BB, a gray body] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade6 | Topic: biology | Skill: Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype | Lecture: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. | Solution: An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The fruit fly has two alleles for a gray body (B). So, the fly's genotype for the body color gene is BB. | Hint: In a group of fruit flies, some individuals have a gray body and others have a black body. In this group, the gene for the body color trait has two alleles. The allele B is for a gray body, and the allele b is for a black body. A certain fruit fly from this group has a gray body. This fly has two alleles for a gray body.

Question: How long is a basketball court? | Choices: [30 yards, 30 feet] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: units-and-measurement | Skill: Choose customary units of distance | Lecture: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles? The number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing. Now look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches. There are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot. There are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard. | Solution: The better estimate for the length of a basketball court is 30 yards. 30 feet is too short. | Hint: Select the better estimate.

Question: Which correctly shows the title of a movie? | Choices: [***Now You See Me***, "Now You See Me"] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade9 | Topic: punctuation | Skill: Formatting titles | Lecture: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks. "You Are My Sunshine" | Solution: A movie should be in italics. The correct title is **Now You See Me**.

Question: Complete the sentence. The Fourth Amendment says that the government needs to have a good reason before it can () a person. | Choices: [hire, enslave, tax, search] | Task: closed choice | Subject: social science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: civics | Skill: The Bill of Rights | Lecture: nan | Solution: The Fourth Amendment says that the government needs to have a good reason before it can search a person or his or her property. The Fourth Amendment says that "unreasonable searches" are not allowed. It is not always clear what makes a search "unreasonable." But a search for no reason is definitely unreasonable! Police officers and other government employees search people every day. There are many good reasons the government might have to search someone. For example, the person might be acting in a suspicious or strange way. Or a police officer might see something against the law before the search. It is often hard to know if the government has a good enough reason to do a search. Often a judge will have to decide. The full text of the Fourth Amendment is below. How can a police officer or other member of the government get the right to search someone? The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

Question: Which statement describes the asteroid's motion? | Choices: [The asteroid has a constant velocity., The asteroid is accelerating.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade8 | Topic: physics | Skill: Identify whether objects are accelerating | Lecture: An object's velocity describes its speed and its direction. An object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is: moving in a straight line at a constant speed, or remaining motionless. If an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is: speeding up, slowing down, or changing direction. | Solution: The asteroid is moving in a straight line at a constant speed. So, the asteroid has a constant velocity. | Hint: An asteroid is flying directly toward Mars at a steady speed.

Question: Which figure of speech is used in this text? You've reached Andy Conway's voice mail. Please leave a detailed message at the beep, and I will return your call at my earliest convenience. | Choices: [onomatopoeia, idiom] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade6 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Classify figures of speech | Lecture: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. "I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. | Solution: The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound. Beep represents the sound that tells the caller to start recording a message.

Question: What is the mass of an elephant? | Choices: [5,220 grams, 5,220 kilograms] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: units-and-measurement | Skill: Choose metric units of mass | Lecture: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms. There are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram. A paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. | Solution: The better estimate for the mass of an elephant is 5,220 kilograms. 5,220 grams is too light. | Hint: Select the better estimate.

Question: Which word is not like the others? | Choices: [cent, dollar, penny, buy] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: vocabulary | Skill: Which word is not like the others? | Lecture: Some words are alike. They go together in a group. Red, blue, and green go together. They are colors. Mom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. | Solution: Cent, penny, and dollar go together. They are money. Buy is not money, so it is not like the other words.

Question: Select the one true statement. | Choices: [Chromosomes store nutrients, water, and waste in an animal cell., The vacuoles of an animal cell use sunlight to make sugar., In a plant cell, the endoplasmic reticulum helps ribosomes build proteins.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: biology | Skill: Compare cells and cell parts | Lecture: nan | Solution: nan

Question: Based on this information, what is this plant's phenotype for the flower position trait? | Choices: [terminal flowers, axial flowers] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade8 | Topic: biology | Skill: Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive | Lecture: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. | Solution: The pea plant's genotype for the flower position gene is ff. The pea plant's genotype of ff has only f alleles. The f allele is for terminal flowers. So, the pea plant's phenotype for the flower position trait must be terminal flowers. To check this answer, consider whether the pea plant's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for terminal flowers (f) is recessive to the allele for axial flowers (F). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele. The pea plant's genotype of ff has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, the pea plant's phenotype for the flower position trait must be terminal flowers. | Hint: This passage describes the flower position trait in pea plants: In a group of pea plants, some individuals have axial flowers and others have terminal flowers. In this group, the gene for the flower position trait has two alleles. The allele for terminal flowers (f) is recessive to the allele for axial flowers (F). A certain pea plant from this group has the homozygous genotype ff for the flower position gene.

Question: What do these two changes have in common? bending a paper clip mixing sand and water | Choices: [Both are chemical changes., Both are caused by cooling., Both are caused by heating., Both are only physical changes.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: chemistry | Skill: Compare physical and chemical changes | Lecture: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. | Solution: Step 1: Think about each change. Bending a paper clip is a physical change. After you bend it, the paper clip has a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter. Mixing sand and water is a physical change. Adding water makes the sand wet. But both the sand and water are still made of the same type of matter as before. Step 2: Look at each answer choice. Both are only physical changes. Both changes are physical changes. No new matter is created. Both are chemical changes. Both changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes. Both are caused by heating. Neither change is caused by heating. Both are caused by cooling. Neither change is caused by cooling.

Question: Would you find the word tangle on a dictionary page with the following guide words? throttle - truth | Choices: [yes, no] | Task: yes or no | Subject: language science | Grade: grade6 | Topic: reference-skills | Skill: Use guide words | Lecture: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. | Solution: Put the words in alphabetical order. Since tangle is not between the guide words throttle - truth, it would not be found on that page.

Question: Which word is not like the others? | Choices: [cent, dollar, penny, sell] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: vocabulary | Skill: Which word is not like the others? | Lecture: Some words are alike. They go together in a group. Red, blue, and green go together. They are colors. Mom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. | Solution: Dollar, cent, and penny go together. They are money. Sell is not money, so it is not like the other words.

Question: Is this a sentence fragment? By the time the Guerra Bianca, or White War, ended in 1917, Italian and Austro-Hungarian soldiers fighting for three years in extreme conditions at altitudes of up to twelve thousand feet. | Choices: [no, yes] | Task: yes or no | Subject: language science | Grade: grade12 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Identify sentence fragments | Lecture: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. Rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing. The band I'm in. This fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing. Because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. | Solution: This is a sentence fragment. It does not express a complete thought. By the time the Guerra Bianca, or White War, ended in 1917, Italian and Austro-Hungarian soldiers fighting for three years in extreme conditions at altitudes of up to twelve thousand feet. Here is one way to fix the sentence fragment: By the time the Guerra Bianca, or White War, ended in 1917, Italian and Austro-Hungarian soldiers had been fighting for three years in extreme conditions at altitudes of up to twelve thousand feet.