Datasets:

PaulLerner

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evqa_wikipedia

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Asa_Romson.1c447_3181.jpg" ]

[ "Åsa Elisabeth Romson (born 22 March 1972) is a Swedish politician who was the Minister for the Environment and ceremonial Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden in the Swedish Government from 2014 to 2016. She is a member of the Green Party and served as one of its spokespersons along with Gustav Fridolin between 2011 and 2016.\nIn 2012, Romson completed a doctorate in environmental law at Stockholm University.", "In the late 1990s, she was a member of the Green Party and the Young Greens of Sweden. Between 2002 and 2010, she was a member of the city council in Stockholm. Since the 2010 election she has been a spokesperson for environmental and climate policy. She has been a member of the Swedish parliament since the 2010 election.\nOn 29 March 2011, she was nominated as one of the candidates to be the Green Party's new spokesperson, together with Gustav Fridolin. They were elected on 21 May 2011.\nShe started serving as the Minister for the Environment and Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden in the Löfven Cabinet. Romson announced her intention in May 2016 to resign from the Government, following the Green Party's decision not to nominate her for the party leadership for another term.", "In October 2014, Romson used an outlawed type of paint on the bottom of the boat she lives on. She claimed ignorance on both counts.\nOn 19 April 2016, she described the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center as \"olycka\" (meaning \"accident\", \"disaster\" or \"misfortune\" depending on context). She explained that the disaster she was referring to in that context (the Swedish word \"olycka\" can mean accident or disaster) was that the topic of integration had become inflamed as a result of the attack.", "Åsa Romson disputerar su.se Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine\n\"Åsa Romson / Miljöpartiet de gröna\". Archived from the original on 2014-10-06.\nSöker ett intressant uppdrag asaromson.se Archived 2012-05-25 at archive.today\nNyheter, SVT. \"Romson avgår ur regeringen\".\n\"Åsa Romsons miss – det finns inget kryphål för bottenfärgen\". Expressen. Retrieved 2016-05-10.\nLi, David K. \"Swedish deputy PM calls 9/11 an 'accident'\". New York Post. Retrieved 2016-04-19.\n\"Sweden's deputy leader defends 9/11 'accident' gaffe\". www.thelocal.se. 2016-04-19. Retrieved 2016-05-10.\nNyheter, SVT. \"Romson: 11 september en \"olycka\"\".", "Åsa Romson's blog\nÅsa Romson at the Green Party" ]

[ "Åsa Romson", "Political career", "Controversies", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2130 ]

[ 10959, 10960, 10961, 10962, 10963 ]

[ "Åsa Simma" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/%C3%85sa_Simma_10juni18.jpg" ]

[ "Åsa Maria Gabriella Simma (born 8 October 1963 in Karesuando) is a Swedish Sami theatre director, actress, yoik singer and scriptwriter. She was the recipient of the Danish theatre prize Håbets Pris in the year 2000. In the same year, she wrote and directed the short film Sapmi Magic. In 2015, she was appointed head of the Sami peoples theatre, Giron Sámi Teáhter.", "Born on 8 October 1963 in Karesuando in the far north of Sweden, Åsa Maria Gabriella Simma was raised a family of reindeer herders in the Swedish Siida village of Lainiovuoma in the winter months but spent the summers on the Norwegian side of the border. Her mother, who came from a family of storytellers, was keen to teach her how to yoik. When she was nine, the Sami yoik singer Nils-Aslak Valkeapää was so impressed with her delivery, he took her on a yoiking trip during the summer, introducing her to the art of Sami performance.\nProfessionally, she has worked as the cultural coordinator at the Canadian Native Theatre School, acted in Belgium, toured throughout Europe, and headed the Dálvadis theatre group in Karesuando which later became the Giron Sámi Teáhter. After working for a period at the International Sámi Film Institute, in August 2015 she was appointed head of the Giron Sámi Teáhter.", "1997: Rubus Arcticus stipendium\n2000: Danish theatre prize Håbets Pris", "\"Åsa Simma\" (in Swedish). mrkoll. Retrieved 18 August 2019.\n\"Håbets Pris\" (in Danish). Danske Litteraturpriser. Retrieved 18 August 2019.\n\"Asa Simma\". IMDb. Retrieved 2019-10-29.\n\"Åsa Simma är ny teaterchef på Giron Sámi Teáhter\" (in Swedish). Länsteatrarna. Retrieved 18 August 2019.\nJoyce, Catherine (17 June 2009). \"Åsa Simma, theatre maker and musician in conversation with Catherine Joyce, Chair of the Irish Traveller\". Create Ireland. Retrieved 18 August 2019.\n\"Maria de Alvear; Libertad\". Sonoloco. Retrieved 19 August 2019.\n\"Att inga spår lämna\" (PDF) (in Swedish). sangerfranjorden.se. Retrieved 19 August 2019.\n\"Åsa Simma ny chef för Giron Sámi Teáhter\" (in Swedish). Sveriges Radio. 28 August 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2019.\n\"Alla årens Rubus Arcticus-stipendiater\" (in Swedish). norrbotten.se. Retrieved 18 August 2019." ]

[ "Åsa Simma", "Biography", "Awards", "References" ]

[ 2131 ]

[ 10964, 10965, 10966, 10967, 10968 ]

[ "Åsa Torstensson.", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Asatorstensson_swedish_presidency.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Fredrik_Reinfeldt_-_Sveriges_statsminister_2006-2014.jpg" ]

[ "Åsa-Britt Maria Torstensson (born 25 March 1958) is Swedish politician and a member of the Centre Party. She has a university degree in social work (Swedish: socionomexamen). She was a member of the Riksdag between 1998 and 2002 representing Västra Götaland County. Torstensson was re-elected to the Riksdag in the 2006 general election. On 6 October 2006 she was selected to become Minister for Infrastructure in the Cabinet of Fredrik Reinfeldt. After the 2010 general election she left the cabinet and returned to the Riksdag.", "Åsa Torstensson (c) - infrastrukturminister (in Swedish), TV4, 6 October 2006.\nMembers of the Swedish Government 1946-, Government of Sweden, accessed 2010-07-09", "Åsa Torstensson at the Riksdag website\nÅsa Torstensson at the Centre Party website (in Swedish)" ]

[ "Åsa Torstensson", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2132, 2133 ]

[ 10969 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/%C3%85sa_Waldau.JPG" ]

[ "Åsa M. Waldau ([ˈǒːsa maˈrǐːa ˈvǎldaʊ]; born October 26, 1965) is the former leader of a Christian sect in Knutby, Sweden, that disbanded in 2016. She is one of four sisters, the youngest of whom was the victim of the Knutby murder on January 10, 2004.", "In 1985, Åsa Waldau had one month's theological training in a Pentecostal bible school in Stockholm. In 1990 Waldau (then Björk) was hired by the Pentecostal church in Uppsala as a children's pastor. However, because of her actions and because she divorced, she was forced to resign. She then moved to Knutby, where she lived with the Waldau family, whose young son Patrik (born 1975) she had befriended in Uppsala. They married in June 1994.\nWaldau was hired part-time by the Pentecostal congregation of Knutby in March 1992. Kim Wincent, whom she had met in bible school in 1985, was a pastor there. Waldau's authority over the congregants rapidly increased after she declared herself to be the \"Bride of Christ\" personified. There were claims of prophecies about a \"disrespected servant of the Lord\" who would be the cause of a \"fire from Knutby.\" She traveled widely in Swedish Pentecostal communities, and induced many young people to move to Knutby. In 1997 she convinced Helge Fossmo and his wife Heléne to join the Knutby community as a pastor.\nIn 2020, Waldau and two pastors from the Knutby congregation were convicted of assault towards members of their church. Her sentence was conditional release, plus 120 hours of community service.", "The Philadelphia congregation in Knutby was established in 1921 during the Pentecostal revival in Sweden connected with Lewi Pethrus. Waldau was the granddaughter of Pethrus' successor Willis Säwe, but her mother did not raise her in the faith. She was born again, and entered the Pentecostal tradition, but she also underwent influences from Ulf Ekman and his Livets Ord movement and from Word of Faith.\nThe eschatology is pretribulationist. As the self-proclaimed \"Bride of Christ,\" Waldau expected that she would be taken away before the Rapture, in a manner reminiscent of the dormition of the Virgin or the assumption of Mary, to be united with her Bridegroom.", "In 2004, Helge Fossmo's nanny Sara Svensson confessed to having killed Fossmo's second wife Alexandra (Åsa Waldau's sister), under the influence of Fossmo. Fossmo had claimed to get text messages from God on his cellphone, which told him Svensson would not get mercy from God if she did not kill Alexandra and their neighbour Daniel Linde. Fossmo was having an affair with this neighbour's wife, Annette Linde, who was also Åsa Waldau's sister-in-law. At the same time Fossmo had an affair with Sara Svensson herself that he (and Waldau, allegedly) exploited to manipulate her into going forward with the assassination.\nIn 2004, Fossmo was arrested, prosecuted and sentenced to life in prison for conspiracy of murder and Svensson was sentenced to psychiatric care. Although Waldau was a close associate of Fossmo, there was null investigation or evidence linking her involvement to the murder plot and was never prosecuted -- at trial, prosecutor Anne Sjöblom maintained this 'close association' (and Waldau's self-anointed title 'the Bride of Christ') be withheld from the official record.", "After the murders, Waldau continued to be very reclusive. She refused to be interviewed by newspapers and only appeared without speaking in the TV4 documentary A Fall from Grace. Her first appearance was at the trial in May 2004, speaking in court as a relative of her sister who had been murdered. She admitted that she had 'tested' whether she might be the Bride of Christ, an idea she attributed to Helge Fossmo.\nIn September 2004, Waldau was featured in a one-hour interview program on Sveriges Television by Stina Lundberg Dabrowski. The public's reaction was quite negative; Waldau came across as 'cold' and 'unfeeling'.\nIn March 2005, Waldau inspired the sect to open a spa. In November she released a music CD containing songs from the church of Knutby. In December she appeared on a discussion panel at the celebration of 175 year Aftonbladet, introduced there by Jan Guillou as Sweden's most maligned person in modern times.\nIn June 2006, the talk-show host Lennart Persson invited Waldau to his last installment of Debatt on national television, where she got into exchanges with Janne Josefsson and with Bert Karlsson. Bert Karlsson later that year invited her to his own program on the cable channel TV8. In October 2007 he published Waldau's autobiography, Kristi brud: vem kan man lita på? (English: Bride of Christ: whom can one trust?).\nIn April 2021, HBO Europe premiered Swedish-American docuseries, Pray, Obey, Kill, investigating the January 2004 Knutby murder. The series is primarily focused on Helge Fossmo and Åsa Waldau's involvement in the murder. Even though Waldau is featured in all six episodes, she declined to participate in the docuseries. Waldau remains a free woman and has changed her name.", "I was a sex slave The Local Retrieved 14 December 2020\n\"The 'Bride of Christ' Cult That Commanded a Woman to Kill\". www.msn.com. Retrieved 2021-05-21.\n\"\"Helges mål var att ha ihjäl Åsa\"\". www.expressen.se. Retrieved 14 December 2020.\n\"Slog och utnyttjade – pastorer i Knutby döms\". Aftonbladet. Retrieved 14 December 2020.\n\"Åsa Waldau överklagar fällande dom\". Världen idag. Retrieved 14 December 2020.\n\"Måste Gud sätta dig i rullstol?\". www.expressen.se. Retrieved 14 December 2020.\nThree members of Knutby sect face charges 15 years after trial that shook a nation The Local Retrieved 14 December 2020\nKranc, Lauren (2021-05-04). \"'Pray, Obey, Kill' Finds Chilling Questions About the Murder in a Small Swedish Religious Community\". Esquire. Retrieved 2021-08-08.\n\"Pray, Obey, Kill\". HBO. Retrieved 2021-08-08.\nKarlsson, Bert (October 2007). Kristi brud: vem kan man lita på? (Bride of Christ: whom can one trust?). ISBN 978-91-85881-02-4.", "Lundgren, Eva. \"Knutby: \"Dödskulten på Dödskullen\"\". Kirke og Kultur (in Norwegian). 2007 (3): 219–246.\nSalomonsen, Jone. \"Faith with a Licence to Kill?\". Tidsskrift for Kjønnsforskning. 2006 (1–2). Archived from the original on December 18, 2006.", "Official website" ]

[ "Åsa Waldau", "Biography", "Teachings", "Connection with the Knutby murder", "Celebrity", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 2134 ]

[ 10970, 10971, 10972, 10973, 10974, 10975, 10976, 10977, 10978, 10979, 10980, 10981, 10982, 10983 ]

[ "Westlund in February 2014" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/%C3%85sa_Westlund_02.JPG" ]

[ "Åsa Ingrid Gunilla Westlund (born 19 May 1976 in Anderstorp, Jönköping County, Småland, Sweden) is a Swedish politician who has been Member of the Riksdag since 2014, representing Stockholm County. In the Riksdag, she is chairman of the Committee on Finance since 2020.\nShe was previously a Member of the European Parliament for the Swedish Social Democratic Party, part of the Party of European Socialists, from 2004 to 2014.", "\"Åsa WESTLUND | History of parliamentary service | MEPs\". European Parliament. Retrieved 17 April 2017.", "\"Your MEPs : Åsa WESTLUND\". European Parliament. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011.\nÅsa Westlund at the Social Democratic Party (in Swedish)" ]

[ "Åsa Westlund", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2135 ]

[ 10984 ]

[ "", "Map of the 8 boroughs of the city of Bergen", "View of Tertnes (foreground)" ]

[ 0, 0, 5 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/%C3%85sane_fra_Vareggen.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Bergen_boroughs.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Tertnes.jpg" ]

[ "Åsane is a borough of the city of Bergen in Vestland county, Norway. The borough makes up the northern part of the city, north of the city centre.\nÅsane is connected to downtown Bergen by the E16/E39 highway. The E16 highway continues on through Åsane to the southeast to the neighboring borough of Arna. The E39 highway continues north through Åsane to the Nordhordland Bridge and then on to the northern municipalities in Vestland county. There are plans to shorten the E39 highway through Åsane, including the construction of two tunnels: Eikås Tunnel (start of construction 2010) and the Nyborg Tunnel (still in the planning stages). Most buses passing through Åsane stop at the centrally located Åsane Terminal.", "The area that is now the borough of Åsane was historically called Aasene and it was a parish in the large municipality of Hamre from 1838 until 1 January 1904, when it was separated from Hamre to become a separate municipality. The new municipality of Åsane existed from then until 1 January 1972 when it was merged with the city of Bergen (along with the other neighboring municipalities of Arna, Fana, and Laksevåg). The Åsane area a primarily agricultural area until the 1960s-1970s when it was built up into a suburb of the city of Bergen. Centrally located in Åsane are the Gullgruven and Åsane Storsenter shopping centres, including a large IKEA store. Bergen Trotting track and Eikås Motorsport Centre are located at Haukås. The Bergen Jail is located at Hylkje in Åsane.", "Åsane lies on a peninsula surrounded by the Byfjorden, Salhusfjorden, and Sørfjorden. The 486-metre (1,594 ft) tall mountain Veten is located in the central part of the peninsula.", "The borough is somewhat rural in nature with several large developed villages and neighborhoods separated by forested mountains. Some of the larger village areas include Eidsvåg, Tertnes, Flaktveit, Hordvik and Hylkje.", "Åsane has produced two well-known bands, Salhuskvintetten and Vinskvetten, formerly known as \"Salhusvinskvetten\". Kurt Nilsen's former band Breed is also from Åsane.\nÅsane Fotball (soccer) is Norway's largest sports club. Its senior team plays in the second division.\nTertnes (part of Åsane) handball team, are one of the best handball teams in Norway, and are currently playing in the elite division.", "Andreas Bakkerud (1991), racing driver\nRoald Bruun-Hansen (1962), footballer, Sports Manager SK Brann, former manager The Football Association of Norway (NFF)\nMette Davidsen (1976), handball player\nTrude Gundersen (1977), Olympic silver medal winner in taekwondo\nHelge Haugen (1982), footballer\nHeikki Holmås (1972), politician\nStig Holmås (1946), author\nHelge Jordal (1946), actor\nKurt Nilsen (1978), musician and winner of Idol (Norway) and World Idol\nNathalie Nordnes (1984), musician\nArne Sandstø (1966), football coach\nKenneth Storvik (1972), footballer\nAnders Styve (1974), boxer\nAlex Marcel Valencia (1979), footballer\nLars Vaular (1984), rapper", "Store norske leksikon. \"Åsane\" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 19 October 2014.", "Åsane Football Club\nÅsane Shoppingcenter\nÅsane videregående skole\nhttp://www.tertneshandball.no/" ]

[ "Åsane", "History", "Geography", "Villages and neighborhoods", "Culture and sport", "Notable residents", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2136, 2137, 2138 ]

[ 10985, 10986, 10987, 10988, 10989, 10990 ]

[ "Flaktveit in Åsane, seen from Vareggen." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/%C3%85sane_fra_Vareggen.jpg" ]

[ "Åsane is a former municipality in the old Hordaland county in Norway. The municipality existed from 1904 until 1972. The 71-square-kilometre (27 sq mi) municipality encompassed the northern part of the Bergen Peninsula, roughly corresponding to the present-day borough of Åsane in the city-municipality of Bergen. The administrative centre of the municipality was the village of Eidsvåg. The main church for the municipality was Åsane Church. Historically, the area was called Aasene, but with spelling reforms in the Norwegian language, the modern spelling has been Åsane since about 1920.", "The large parish of Hammer existed for many centuries and within the parish existed the annex of Aasene. On 1 January 1904, the annex of Aasene (population: 1,625) was separated from the rest of Hammer to become a separate municipality. The original municipality included the northern part of the Bergen Peninsula, except for the coastal areas along the Salhusfjorden and Sørfjorden. On 1 July 1914, most of the northern coastal part of the Bergen peninsula (population: 644) was transferred to Aasene (except for the far northern tip around Tellevik). On 1 July 1938, the far northern tip of the Bergen peninsula around the villages of Tellevik and Hordvik were transferred from Hamre municipality to Åsane. The new municipality was small, but over the next several decades, there was major population growth due to the growing city of Bergen, located to the southwest, over the mountains. On 1 January 1972, the municipality of Åsane (population: 19,205) was merged into the city of Bergen (the other neighboring municipalities of Arna, Fana, and Laksevåg were also merged with Bergen on the same date).", "All municipalities in Norway, including Åsane, are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. The municipality was governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elected a mayor.", "The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Åsane was made up of 41 representatives that were elected to four year terms. The party breakdown of the final municipal council was as follows:", "This is a list of the mayors who served Åsane:", "List of former municipalities of Norway", "\"Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn\" (in Norwegian). Språkrådet.\n\"Forskrift om målvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar\" (in Norwegian). Lovdata.no.\nStore norske leksikon. \"Åsane – tidligere kommune\" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2014-09-11.\n\"Åsane (bydel og tidligere kommune)\" (in Norwegian). Bergens byarkiv. Retrieved 2014-09-11.\nJukvam, Dag (1999). \"Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå.\nHansen, Tore, ed. (2019-07-26). \"kommunestyre\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 2022-01-30.\n\"Kommunevalgene 1967\" (PDF). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1967. Retrieved 2020-02-16.\n\"Kommunevalgene 1963\" (PDF). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1963. Retrieved 2020-02-16.\n\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1959\" (PDF). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1960. Retrieved 2020-02-15.\n\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1955\" (PDF). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1957. Retrieved 2020-02-15.\n\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1951\" (PDF). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1952. Retrieved 2020-02-15.\n\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1947\" (PDF). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1948. Retrieved 2020-02-15.\n\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1945\" (PDF). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1947. Retrieved 2020-02-15.\n\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1937\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1938. Retrieved 2020-05-16." ]

[ "Åsane (municipality)", "History", "Government", "Municipal council", "Mayors", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2139 ]

[ 10991, 10992, 10993, 10994, 10995, 10996, 10997, 10998 ]

[ "View of the church", "", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/%C3%85sane_nye_kirke.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Expert%2C_Haukedal%2C_%C3%85sane%2C_Bergen%2C_Hordaland%2C_Norway_-_panoramio.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/%C3%85sane_church%2C_Haukedal%2C_%C3%85sane%2C_Bergen%2C_Hordaland%2C_Norway_-_panoramio.jpg" ]

[ "Åsane Church (Norwegian: Åsane kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Bergen Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located in the borough of Åsane in the city of Bergen. It is the church for the Åsane parish which is part of the Åsane prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin. The large, red, brick church was built in a circular design in 1993 using plans drawn up by the architect Trygve Dyngeland. The church seats about 600 people. The church was built to replace the Old Åsane Church which had recently had a large fire.", "On Christmas Eve 1992, the Åsane Church burned down because of arson. This unfortunate incident sped up plans for building a new, larger church for Åsane to replace the old stone church from 1795. Plans immediately began for a new church on a site about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) to the south of the old church site. The new building was designed by Trygve Dyngeland in the architectural firm Aall, Løkeland and Ragde. The new church was designed to be much larger than the old church. The main nave of the church was to hold about 350 people (about 100 more people than the old church). There would also be adjoining rooms with movable walls, so the seating can expand up to about 600 people as needed. The new church is also more functional that the previous church with a kitchen, office space, a fellowship hall, not to mention the addition of bathroom facilities which were not available in the old church. The basement of the church can fit up to 400 people for other social gatherings. This new church was consecrated on 19 December 1993, a few days before the one-year anniversary of the fire in the old Åsane Church. After the new church was completed, the old church was rebuilt using the stone walls and foundations that survived the fire.", "", "List of churches in Bjørgvin", "\"Åsane kirke\". Kirkesøk: Kirkebyggdatabasen. Retrieved 14 March 2020.\n\"Oversikt over Nåværende Kirker\" (in Norwegian). KirkeKonsulenten.no. Retrieved 14 March 2020.\n\"Åsane kirke\" (in Norwegian). Åsane menighet. Retrieved 21 August 2014.\nLidén, Hans-Emil. \"Åsane kirke\" (in Norwegian). Norges Kirker. Retrieved 6 November 2021.\n\"Åsane kirke\". Norges-Kirker.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 6 November 2021." ]

[ "Åsane Church", "History", "Media gallery", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2140, 2141, 2142 ]

[ 10999, 11000, 11001, 11002 ]

[ "Åsane Storsenter" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/%C3%85sane_senter.JPG" ]

[ "Åsane Storsenter is a shopping centre in the suburb of Åsane in Bergen, Norway. \nIt was established in 2007 when Arken, owned by Steen & Strøm, and Åsane Senter, owned by Nordea Liv, merged in 2007. In January 2012, it consisted of 138 shops. During 2016, the property was acquired by Olav Thon Eiendomsselskap.", "Marthinsen, Tom (22 April 1989). \"Bergenserne tilbake til byhandel\" (in Norwegian). Dagens Næringsliv. p. 12.\n\"Meet Norwegian property mogul Olav Thon\". Scandinavian Traveler. November 12, 2015. Retrieved November 1, 2017.\n\"Olav Thon\". Forbes. Retrieved November 1, 2017.", "Official site" ]

[ "Åsane Storsenter", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2143 ]

[ 11003 ]

[ "Åsarne Old Church" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Old_church_in_%C3%85sarna.jpg" ]

[ "Åsarna, older spelling: Åsarne, is a locality situated in Berg Municipality, Jämtland County, Sweden with 268 inhabitants in 2010.", "\"Tätorternas landareal, folkmängd och invånare per km² 2005 och 2010\" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. 14 December 2011. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2012." ]

[ "Åsarna", "References" ]

[ 2144 ]

[ 11004 ]

[ "Åsarp in April 1990" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/%C3%85sarp_in_V%C3%A4stra_g%C3%B6taland%2CSweden.jpg" ]

[ "Åsarp is a locality situated in Falköping Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden. It had 598 inhabitants in 2010.", "\"Tätorternas landareal, folkmängd och invånare per km² 2005 och 2010\" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. 14 December 2011. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2012." ]

[ "Åsarp", "References" ]

[ 2145 ]

[ 11005 ]

[ "Åsbygda", "Salemkirken", "Åsbygda school" ]

[ 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/%C3%85sbygda%2C_Ringerike.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Salemkirken_i_%C3%85sbygda%2C_Ringerike.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/%C3%85sbygda_skole%2C_Ringerike.jpg" ]

[ "Åsbygda is a small village in Ringerike municipality of Buskerud, Norway.\nÅsbygda can be said to include the areas along the Randselva river, down towards the village of Viul and north to the county border at Jevnaker on the Randsfjorden in Oppland. This area experienced hard treatment during World War II, with several fierce battles conducted here.\nÅsbygda school was shut down at the end in June 2007.", "Rune Nedrud. \"Randselva\". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved September 15, 2016.\nGeir Thorsnæs. \"Viul\". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved September 15, 2016." ]

[ "Åsbygda", "References" ]

[ 2146, 2147, 2148 ]

[ 11006 ]

[ "Åse village museum", "The Baptist church in Åse" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/%C3%85se_village_museum.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Baptist_church_in_%C3%85se%2C_Nordland.jpg" ]

[ "Åse is a village in Andøy Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The village is located along the Norwegian County Road 82 on the southeastern coast of the island of Andøya, along the Andfjorden. The village of Å lies about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the north, and the villages of Bjørnskinn and Risøyhamn lie about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) to the southwest. \nThe 0.43-square-kilometre (110-acre) village has a population (2018) of 272 which gives the village a population density of 633 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,640/sq mi).", "Statistisk sentralbyrå (1 January 2018). \"Urban settlements. Population and area, by municipality\".\n\"Åse, Andøy (Nordland)\". yr.no. Retrieved 2019-01-01." ]

[ "Åse, Nordland", "References" ]

[ 2149, 2150 ]

[ 11007 ]

[ "Åse Gruda Skard (1941)", "Åse Gruda Skard in 1922 (right), with her mother Karen Grude Koht" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Portrett_av_%C3%85se_Gruda_Skard%2C_1941.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Portrett_av_Karen_Grude_Koht_og_%C3%85se_Gruda_Skard%2C_1922.jpg" ]

[ "Åse Gruda Skard (née Koht) (2 December 1905 – 13 August 1985) was a Norwegian university professor, child psychologist and author. She was a noted pioneer in the field of childhood development and psychology.", "She was born at Kristiania (now Oslo), Norway. \nShe was the daughter of Halvdan Koht (1873–1965) and Karen Elisabeth Grude (1871–1960). Her father was a noted historian and professor and the University of Oslo. Her mother was an educator, author and feminist pioneer. Her brother Paul Koht (1913–2002) was a diplomat and ambassador.\nIn 1931, she obtained a Master's degree in Psychology from the University of Oslo. After a year of study in the United States, she got a job as a scientific assistant in the Department of Psychology at the University of Oslo in 1933.\nDuring the Occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany (1940-1945), she re-located to the United States. During this period, she lectured at Wilson College in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. After the liberation of Norway, she lectured in psychology with emphasis on child psychology at the University of Oslo from 1947 to 1973.\nIn 1934, she established the Norwegian Psychology Association (Norsk psykologforening) and served as chairman 1945-1949.\nShe edited the journal Norsk pedagogisk tidsskrift from 1936 to 1970. She wrote 24 books and almost 2,000 journal articles.", "She was married to Sigmund Skard (1903–95). Her husband was a professor of literature at the University of Oslo. She was the mother five children including twin daughters, Målfrid Grude Flekkøy (1936–2013) and Torild Skard (born 1936), both of whom were trained psychologists who were associated with UNICEF. Her son Halvdan Skard (born 1939) served as chairman of the Arts Council Norway.\nIn 1980, she was appointed a Knight first class in the Order of St. Olav and received an honorary Doctorate Degree from the University of Bergen.\nShe died during 1985 and was buried beside her husband at Haslum kirkegård in Bærum.", "Pedagogisk psykologi (1937, jointly with Karen Grude Koht)\nBarn i vardagslivet (1940)\nUngene våre (1948)\nVanlige vansker med vanlige barn (1965)\nPraktisk barnepsykologi (1972)\nLiv laga. Ei minnebok 1905–1940 (1985)", "\"Åse Gruda Skard\". lokalhistoriewiki.no. Retrieved May 1, 2018.\nOttar Grepstad (July 25, 2017). \"Åse Gruda Skard\". Allkune. Retrieved May 1, 2018.\nBefring, Edvard. \"Åse Gruda Skard\". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 19 March 2010.\n\"Åse Gruda Skard\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 19 March 2010.\nBjørn Vidar Johansen. \"Åse Gruda Skard: Norges nanny\". University of Oslo. Retrieved May 1, 2018.\n\"Hvem var Åse Gruda Skard?\". Norsk psykologforening. Retrieved May 1, 2018.\n\"Haslum kirkegård (Bærum)\". lokalhistoriewiki.no. Retrieved May 1, 2018.", "Family genealogy\nÅse Gruda Skard-prisen" ]

[ "Åse Gruda Skard", "Biography", "Personal life", "Selected works", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2151, 2152 ]

[ 11008, 11009, 11010, 11011, 11012, 11013, 11014 ]

[ "Kleveland at Constitution Day, 2007", "Kleveland performing in 1966" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Aase_Kleveland_17Mai_Eidsvoll.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Aase-Kleveland-1966.jpg" ]

[ "Åse Maria Kleveland (born 18 March 1949) is a Norwegian singer, guitarist, politician and activist.\nA well-known folk singer and traditional guitarist in Norway, she was appointed Minister of Culture in Norway in 1990, and held the position until 1996, representing the Labour Party under the Gro Harlem Brundtland administration. She was also president of the Swedish Film Institute from 1999 to 2006.\nIn June 2007 she became chairman of the board of Human-Etisk Forbund, the Norwegian humanist organization, a position she held until 2013.", "Kleveland was born in Stockholm, Sweden to Eva Hansson, a bookkeeper from Sweden, and Olaf Kleveland, a civil engineer from Norway who had fled to Sweden in 1943 because of the Nazi occupation and found refuge with relatives. In 1957 Kleveland and her family moved to Romerike, northeast of Oslo, where her father got a job working at the Institute for Atomic Energy.\nIn a 1977 interview she describes how her parents shared equally in the household chores and that she and her husband Svenolov Ehrén, a Swedish artist, did the same. She is currently married to film director and cinematographer Oddvar Bull Tuhus.\nKleveland is fluent in Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, English, French and Japanese. She studied law at the University of Oslo.", "As a singer she is famous for her very dark, soulful voice. She also plays the guitar and has composed songs in the singer-songwriter tradition. She was also part of the vispop group Ballade!.\nShe began playing classical guitar at eight; at 10 she debuted in a radio show. Her first bout as a vispop singer was on an Erik Bye show when she was 13, and she released her first album in 1965. With her second album in 1966 she was one of the pioneers ushering in the new vispop genre, a blend of traditional folk song and pop. This led to a series of engagements in Paris, and a period of commuting between these Paris performances and her secondary school in Lillestrøm, north of Oslo. At age 17 she conducted a major tour of Japan which included several TV shows and the release of four singles in Japanese. She released her final solo album in 1973 and has released 13 singles for the Scandinavian and German markets.\nIn 1966 she represented Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest with the entry \"Intet er nytt under solen\" (There's Nothing New Under The Sun), finishing in third place. She broke a tradition expected of female performers at the time in that she was the first woman to not wear a dress, choosing a pantsuit instead.\nShe had a long association with the Norwegian Association of Musicians, first holding the office of secretary from 1979 to 1983, then serving as their leader from 1983 to 1987. She was also the President of the Musicians' Union from 1983 to 1986 and their Vice-President from 1986 to 1987.\nIn 1986 she hosted the first Eurovision Song Contest to be held in Norway in Bergen following Bobbysocks' victory in 1985, having previously introduced the Norwegian entry on camera at the 1980 contest.", "Kleveland, Åse; Ehrén, Svenolov (illus.) (1984). Fredmans epistlar & sånger [The songs and epistles of Fredman]. Stockholm: Informationsförlaget. ISBN 91-7736-059-1. (with facsimiles of Carl Michael Bellman's sheet music from first editions of the 1790 Fredmans epistlar and the 1791 Fredmans sånger)", "List of Eurovision Song Contest presenters", "\"Åse Kleveland Curriculum Vitae\". Archived from the original on 18 March 2005. Retrieved 18 March 2005.\nDagbladet: Interview med Åse Kleveland\nEfjestad, Einar (1977). \"KJ spør, trubaduren Åse Kleveland svarer...!\". Kriminal Journalen (in Norwegian). Oslo. 1977 (3): 10–11, 45.\nshe was finishing the second part (2. avd.) of the Norwegian Law degree program in 1976/77.\n1966 Eurovision contest notes Archived 21 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine", "Åse Kleveland discography at Discogs \nÅse Kleveland at IMDb" ]

[ "Åse Kleveland", "Personal life", "Musical career", "Books", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2153, 2154 ]

[ 11015, 11016, 11017, 11018, 11019, 11020, 11021, 11022 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/%C3%85se_Michaelsen_DF0000063096.jpg" ]

[ "Åse Michaelsen (born 4 June 1960 in Mandal) is a Norwegian politician representing the Progress Party. She served as a representative of Vest-Agder in the Storting and was first elected in 2005. She was also the Minister of Elderly and Public Health from 2018 to 2019.", "2005–2009 member of the Church, Education and Research committee.\n2005–2009 member of the Electoral committee.\n2005–2009 vice secretary of the Lagting.", "\"Åse Michaelsen\" (in Norwegian). Storting.\n(in Norwegian) Fremskrittspartiet - Biography" ]

[ "Åse Michaelsen", "Storting committees", "External links" ]

[ 2155 ]

[ 11023 ]

[ "Magni and Åse Wentzel, 1959.", "" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/%C3%85se_og_Magni_Wentzel_-_1959.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/10/Exquisite-microphone.png" ]

[ "Åse Carola Wentzel Larsen, née Helmersen (2 January 1924 – 30 August 2009) was a Norwegian pop singer.\nShe was born in Trondheim as a daughter of Henry Helmersen (1895–1932) and Magnhild Sørum (1897–1943). In 1943 she married violinist Odd Wentzel Larsen (1919–1988). They had the daughter Magni Wentzel.\nShe was a well-known schlager singer in the 1950s and 1960s, with hits such as \"Domino\" (1951), \"Du, du, du\" (1953), \"Vaya Con Dios\" (1953 with Thor Raymond) and \"Midnattstango\" (1963 with Jan Høiland). The latter reached #1 on the singles chart VG-lista 1963. She died in August 2009. She received a Gammleng Award in 1985.", "Larsen, Svend Erik Løken. \"Åse Wentzel\". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 7 June 2014.\n\"Åse Wentzel Larsen\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 7 June 2014.\nJan Eggum; Bård Ose; Siren Steen, eds. (2005). \"Wentzel, Åse\". Norsk pop & rockleksikon. Oslo: Vega Forlag. ISBN 82-92489-09-6. Retrieved 7 June 2014." ]

[ "Åse Wentzel", "References" ]

[ 2156 ]

[ 11024, 11025 ]

[ "", "", "Björnlandet National Park." ]

[ 0, 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/SWE_riksvag92_asele.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/%C3%85sele_Municipality_in_V%C3%A4sterbotten_County.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Bj%C3%B6rnlandets_nationalpark.jpg" ]

[ "Åsele Municipality (Swedish: Åsele kommun) is a municipality in Västerbotten County in northern Sweden. Its seat is located in the town of Åsele. It is located in the southernmost fringe of Lapland.", "The first Swedish settlement in Åsele Municipality (it was already inhabited by the native Sami people) was in Gafsele south of Åsele. The settlers were Nils Andersson and his wife Brita. They came from Finland in 1674, trying to avoid the war with Russia.\nFredrika is a parish in the municipality. It was created in 1799 and named in honour of Queen Frederica Dorothea Wilhelmina of Sweden. Other nearby parishes were named Dorotea and Vilhelmina, but Åsele refused to take any of these names, as they were proud of themselves and the town.\nIn 1974 the former market town (köping) Åsele (1959-1970) was amalgamated with Dorotea and Fredrika. In 1980 the Dorotea part was detached, forming a new Dorotea Municipality.", "Geographically, the Ångerman River flows from Vilhelmina through Åsele Municipality, and many electric power stations are built around it.\nThe town Åsele is located in the middle of the municipality. It has a wooden church, a small historical (open-air) museum, and a nine-hole golf course.", "There are two localities (or urban areas) in Åsele Municipality:\nThe municipal seat in bold", "", "These are the results of the elections to the Riksdag for Åsele Municipality since the 1972 municipal reform. SCB did not publish the party's results for the Sweden Democrats between 1988 and 1998 because of the party's small size nationally.\nBlocs\nThis lists the relative strength of the socialist and centre-right blocs since 1973, but parties not elected to the Riksdag are inserted as \"other\", including the Sweden Democrats results from 1988 to 2006, but also the Christian Democrats pre-1991 and the Greens in 1982, 1985 and 1991. The sources are identical to the table above. The coalition or government mandate marked in bold formed the government after the election. New Democracy got elected in 1991 but are still listed as \"other\" due to the short lifespan of the party.", "The municipality has recently received some recognition as the future site of Europe's largest Thai Buddhist temple.", "\"Statistiska centralbyrån, Kommunarealer den 1 januari 2014\" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. 2014-01-01. Archived from the original (Microsoft Excel) on 2016-09-27. Retrieved 2014-04-18.\n\"Folkmängd i riket, län och kommuner 31 december 2019\" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. February 20, 2020. Retrieved February 20, 2020.\nStatistics Sweden as of December 31, 2005\n\"Riksdagsvalet 1973 (page 168)\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 19 August 2017.\n\"Riksdagsvalet 1976 (page 163)\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 19 August 2017.\n\"Riksdagsvalet 1979 (page 187)\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 19 August 2017.\n\"Riksdagsvalet 1982 (page 188)\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 19 August 2017.\n\"Riksdagsvalet 1985 (page 189)\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 19 August 2017.\n\"Riksdagsvalet 1988 (page 169)\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 19 August 2017.\n\"Riksdagsvalet 1991 (page 31)\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 19 August 2017.\n\"Riksdagsvalet 1994 (page 46)\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 19 August 2017.\n\"Riksdagsvalet 1998 (page 43)\" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 19 August 2017.\n\"Valresultat Riksdag Åsele kommun 2002\" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Retrieved 19 August 2017.\n\"Valresultat Riksdag Åsele kommun 2006\" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Retrieved 19 August 2017.\n\"Valresultat Riksdag Åsele kommun 2010\" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Retrieved 19 August 2017.\n\"Valresultat Riksdag Åsele kommun 2014\" (in Swedish). Valmyndigheten. Retrieved 19 August 2017.\nFact sheet on the official site", "Åsele Municipality - Official site (in Swedish)" ]

[ "Åsele Municipality", "History", "Geography", "Localities", "Elections", "Riksdag", "Other", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2157, 2158, 2159 ]

[ 11026, 11027, 11028, 11029, 11030, 11031, 11032, 11033, 11034 ]

[ "View of the bridge", "View of the bridge" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/%C3%85selibrua.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Aaselistraumen-bridge-2010-05-07.jpg" ]

[ "The Åselistraumen Bridge (Norwegian: Åselistraumen bru or Åselibrua) is a bridge that crosses the Åselistraumen strait in the municipality of Bodø in Nordland county, Norway. The concrete bridge is part of Norwegian County Road 17. It is 200 metres (660 ft) long and the longest span is 30 metres (98 ft).", "List of bridges in Norway\nList of bridges in Norway by length\nList of bridges\nList of bridges by length", "\"Webkamera\" (in Norwegian). Statens vegvesen.\n\"Åselistraumen\" (in Norwegian). yr.no. Retrieved 2012-03-08.", "Webcam on the bridge\nA picture of the Åselistraumen Bridge\nAnother picture of the bridge" ]

[ "Åselistraumen Bridge", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2160 ]

[ 11035 ]

[ "View of the village" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Aasensentrum.JPG" ]

[ "Åsen is a village in Levanger municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. The village is located between the lakes Hammervatnet and Hoklingen. The European route E06 highway and the Nordlandsbanen railway line both pass through the village. The train stops at Åsen Station. The village is centered around the agriculture and forestry industries. There is also some woodworking industries, including an organ-making factory. The village is also the site of Åsen Church.\nThe 0.55-square-kilometre (140-acre) village has a population (2022) of 1434 and a population density of 1,140 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,000/sq mi).\nFrom 1838 until 1962, the village of Åsen was the administrative centre of the municipality of Åsen.", "John Johnsen Wold", "Statistisk sentralbyrå (1 January 2018). \"Urban settlements. Population and area, by municipality\".\n\"Åsen, Levanger (Trøndelag)\". yr.no. Retrieved 2018-03-31.\nRosvold, Knut A., ed. (2018-03-26). \"Åsen – tettsted\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 2018-03-31." ]

[ "Åsen", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2161 ]

[ 11036 ]

[ "Buildings at Nordre Åsen (Northern Åsen)." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Nordre_Asen.JPG" ]

[ "Åsen is a neighborhood divided between the boroughs of Sagene and Nordre Aker in Oslo, Norway.\nThe neighbourhood is named after the old farm Åsen (Norse Ósin, from originally *Ásvin). The first element is áss m 'mountain ridge' (here referring to Grefsenåsen), the last element is vin f 'meadow'.\nThe name is often misunderstood as åsen, the finite form of ås (the modern Norwegian form of áss), and is then wrongly pronounced with accent 1 - but the correct pronunciation is with accent 2.\nÅsen farm was owned by the Catholic Church until the Reformation, when it came on private hands. It was split in three in 1810. When the Gjøvik Line was constructed to run through Åsen's farmlands, and it was parceled out to residencies. The municipality erected residential complexes there in the 1920s and 1930s, supplemented by blocks in the late 1940s.\nAt Nordre Åsen there is a sports field, which is a home field of Skeid Fotball and Skeid Bandy.", "\"Åsen\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 29 January 2010." ]

[ "Åsen, Oslo", "References" ]

[ 2162 ]

[ 11037 ]

[ "The area surrounding the village of Åsen", "View of the local church and municipal government building (herredshus)." ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Aasensentrum.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/%C3%85sen_kirke_og_Heradshuset.jpg" ]

[ "Åsen is a former municipality in the old Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway. The 140-square-kilometre (54 sq mi) municipality existed from 1838 until its dissolution in 1962. The municipality was located to the southwest part of what is now Levanger municipality in Trøndelag county, roughly bordered in the north by the lakes Hammervatnet and Hoklingen, and by the Åsenfjorden to the west. The administrative centre was the village of Åsen.", "The municipality of Aasen was established on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). The spelling was later changed to Åsen. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1962, the town of Levanger (population: 1,669) was merged with the neighboring municipalities of Frol (population: 3,774), Åsen (population: 1,939), and Skogn (population: 4,756) to form a new, larger municipality called Levanger.", "All municipalities in Norway, including Åsen, are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elects a mayor.", "The municipal council (Herredsstyre) of Åsen was made up of 17 representatives that were elected to four year terms. The party breakdown of the final municipal council was as follows:", "List of former municipalities of Norway", "\"Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn\" (in Norwegian). Språkrådet.\n\"Forskrift om målvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar\" (in Norwegian). Lovdata.no.\nThorsnæs, Geir, ed. (2018-03-26). \"Åsen – tidligere kommune\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 2018-03-31.\nJukvam, Dag (1999). \"Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå.\nHansen, Tore, ed. (2016-05-12). \"kommunestyre\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 2020-02-02.\n\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1959\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1960. Retrieved 2020-04-14.\n\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1955\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1957. Retrieved 2020-04-14.\n\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1951\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1952. Retrieved 2020-04-14.\n\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1947\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1948. Retrieved 2020-04-14.\n\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1945\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1947. Retrieved 2020-04-14.\n\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1937\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1938. Retrieved 2020-04-14." ]

[ "Åsen (municipality)", "History", "Government", "Municipal council", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2163, 2164 ]

[ 11038, 11039, 11040, 11041, 11042, 11043 ]

[ "View of the church", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/%C3%85sen_kirke.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/%C3%85sen_kirke-2016.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/%C3%85sen_kyrkje_2.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/%C3%85sen_kirke_-_%281920-%C3%A5ra%3F%29_%2824849846501%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/%C3%85sen_kirke%2C_interi%C3%B8r_%2824254285713%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Sokneprest_Bakkes_avskjedsgudstjeneste_i_%C3%85sen_%2813351376835%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/%C3%85sen_kirke_og_Heradshuset.jpg" ]

[ "Åsen Church (Norwegian: Åsen kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Levanger municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in the village of Åsen. It is the church for the Åsen parish which is part of the Stiklestad prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Nidaros. The white, wooden church was built in a long church plan and in a Swiss chalet style in 1904 using plans drawn up by the architect Ole Røising. The church seats about 400 people.", "The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1432, but the church was not new at that time. The first church in Åsen was a stave church that was located at Vang, about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) northeast of the present church site. This church was likely built during the 13th century. During the first half of the 17th century, the old stave church was torn down and replaced with a new timber-framed church on the same site. The new church had a rectangular nave with a narrower, rectangular chancel with a lower roof line. There was a tower on the west end of the roof of the nave. A small sacristy was built on the south side of the choir in 1646.\nThe Åsen area had two church sites in the Middle Ages: Vang and Lo. There were gradually discussions about combining the two church sites in a more central place in the village. It was agreed to close down the Lo Church and move the Vang church to the village of Åsen where it would be renamed Aasen kirke. A building application was submitted in 1855. The drawings were not accepted, but the ministry provided drawings prepared by Christian H. Grosch. In 1856 a royal decree granted permission to build a new church on the present church site. The new church was consecrated on 5 December 1858, but the church was not completely finished until 1860.\nThe church was a log long church. The church had a tower on the west end, a choir on the east end, with a nave in the middle. Inside, there was a sacristy on the north and south sides of the choir. On the altar stood a painted cross. Around the year 1900, there were discussions of renovating the church. The plans were to take down the second floor seating galleries on the sides, rearranging the choir, and painting the whole interior. They started the renovation on 1 December 1902. On Christmas night, just a few weeks later, lightning struck the church tower and the church burned down, leaving nothing behind.\nA new church was quickly designed by builder Ole Andreas Røising, and the lead builder was Gunerius Rabben from Ørland. The church was consecrated on 31 August 1904. It is a wooden long church with about 400 seats. The church has a west tower flanked by a staircase. A sacristy was built on the north side of the choir.", "", "List of churches in Nidaros", "\"Åsen kirke\". Kirkesøk: Kirkebyggdatabasen. Retrieved 30 March 2018.\n\"Oversikt over Nåværende Kirker\" (in Norwegian). KirkeKonsulenten.no. Retrieved 30 March 2018.\n\"Vang kirkested\" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage. Retrieved 31 May 2021.\n\"Vang kirke, Levanger\". Norges-Kirker.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 31 May 2021.\n\"Åsen kirke\". Norges-Kirker.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 31 May 2021.\n\"Åsen kirkested\" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage. Retrieved 31 May 2021.\n\"Åsen kirke\" (in Norwegian). Sør-Innherad prosti. Retrieved 27 May 2011." ]

[ "Åsen Church", "History", "Media gallery", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2165, 2166, 2167, 2168, 2169, 2170, 2171 ]

[ 11044, 11045, 11046, 11047, 11048, 11049, 11050 ]

[ "View of the station", "Åsen Station just after construction. \n(Åsen Museum og Historielag)" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/%C3%85sen_stasjon_2.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/%C3%85sen_stasjon_%281902-08%29_%2831235673266%29.jpg" ]

[ "Åsen Station (Norwegian: Åsen stasjon) is a railway station located in the village of Åsen in the municipality of Levanger in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located on the Nordland Line. The station is served hourly by SJ Norge's Trøndelag Commuter Rail service to Steinkjer and Trondheim. The station also serves Frosta via bus routes provided by AtB.", "The station was opened as Aasen on 29 October 1902 on the Hell–Sunnan Line railway line between Hell Station and Levanger Station as the section to Levanger was finished. Åsen was designed by architect Paul Due and was built with a surrounding park. In April 1921, the name of the station was changed to the current Åsen. The current building is from 1944, but it is no longer used by the railway and it is now an art gallery.", "\"Åsen station\". Norges Statsbaner. Retrieved 2011-05-25.\n\"Åsen stasjon\" (in Norwegian). Norwegian National Rail Administration. Retrieved 2011-05-25.\n\"Åsen\" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Railway Club. Retrieved 2011-05-25." ]

[ "Åsen Station", "History", "References" ]

[ 2172, 2173 ]

[ 11051, 11052 ]

[ "Åsenfjorden" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Aasenfjord_skatval.JPG" ]

[ "Åsenfjorden is a fjord in Trøndelag, Norway, a branch of Trondheim Fjord extending from Strindfjorden to Fættenfjorden and Lofjorden. The fjord is located in the municipalities of Frosta, Stjørdal and Levanger.", "Rosvold, Knut A. \"Åsenfjorden\". In Godal, Anne Marit (ed.). Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 21 April 2014.\nLauritzen, Per Roger, ed. (2013). NAF Veibok 2014-2016 (in Norwegian) (30 ed.). Oslo: Norges Automobil-Forbund. p. 93. ISBN 978-82-7167-124-2." ]

[ "Åsenfjorden", "References" ]

[ 2174 ]

[ 11053 ]

[ "The local folk museum in Åseral has preserved many historic farm buildings", "Åseral Church is the main church for the municipality.", "Skjerka power station, a source of power in Åseral", "Ljosland fjellstove hotel in Åseral is part of the local tourism industry" ]

[ 1, 1, 5, 5 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/NF65_H%C3%B8ybu_fra_Haupelid_I.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/%C3%85seral_kirke.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Skjerka_kraftverk.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Ljosland_Fjellstove_2010.JPG" ]

[ "Åseral is a municipality in Agder county, Norway. It is in the traditional district of Sørlandet. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Kyrkjebygda. Other villages in Åseral include Eikerapen, Kylland, Ljosland, and Åknes.\nÅseral is an inland municipality, bordering Bygland municipality to the north and east, Evje og Hornnes to the east, Lyngdal to the south, Hægebostad to the southwest, and Kvinesdal in the west. Åseral is the headwaters of the river Mandalselva and the Mandalen valley.\nThe 888-square-kilometre (343 sq mi) municipality is the 131st largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Åseral is the 402nd most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 932. The municipality's population density is 1.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (3.1/sq mi) and its population has increased by 1.6% over the previous 10-year period.", "For centuries, the large parish of Bjelland encompassed the northern half of the Mandalen valley. The northern annex of the parish was Aaserald which was in the neighboring county of Nedenes while the main part of the parish was in Lister og Mandal county. When the formannskapsdistrikt law went into effect on 1 January 1838, each parish was created as a municipality, however, since Bjelland covered areas in two counties, it had to be split into two municipalities. The northern annex became the municipality of Aaserald (later spelled Åseral) in Nedenes county and the rest became the municipality of Bjelland og Grindum in Lister og Mandal county. On 1 September 1880, the municipality of Åseral was transferred from Nedenes county to Lister og Mandal county. Its municipal boundaries have never changed.", "The Old Norse form of the name was Old Norse: Ásaráll. The first part of the word is probably the genitive case of áss (m.), meaning \"mountain ridge\". The last part, áll (m.) means \"long strip\", probably referring to the long and narrow lake Øre. Historically, the name was spelled Aaserald or Aaseral. Since the early 20th century it has been spelled Åseral.", "The coat of arms was granted on 20 January 1989. It shows a silver or white horseshoe opening downwards on a green background. The horseshoe was chosen to represent the historical importance of horses in the farming culture of Åseral as well as the symbol of good luck. The green background represents the importance of forestry.", "The Church of Norway has one parish (sokn) within the municipality of Åseral. It is part of the Otredal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark. Until 2019, it was part of the old Mandal prosti.", "All municipalities in Norway, including Åseral, are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elect a mayor. The municipality falls under the Kristiansand District Court and the Agder Court of Appeal.", "The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Åseral is made up of 17 representatives that are elected to four year terms. Currently, the party breakdown is as follows:", "Åseral is in the central, inland part of Southern Norway. It is in the Setesdalsheiene mountains and adjacent to the Setesdal valley to the northeast. Åseral has many lakes, some of which are dammed for purposes of hydroelectric power. Some of the lakes include Nåvatnet, Juvatn, Øre and Gyvatn. The river Mandalselva and the Mandalen valley both begin in Åseral.", "", "Åseral is a popular winter tourist destination with three ski resorts in the villages of Bortelid, Ljosland, and Eikerapen. Eikerapen is also the site of the annual Eikerapen Roots Festival, an international music festival attracting thousands of people from all over Europe.", "Lars Knutson Liestøl (1839–1912) a Norwegian politician, Mayor of Bygland in Aust-Agder for 12 years\nKnut Liestøl (1881 in Åseral – 1952) a Norwegian folklorist, Nynorsk proponent and politician", "\"Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn\" (in Norwegian). Språkrådet.\n\"Forskrift om målvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar\" (in Norwegian). Lovdata.no.\nStatistisk sentralbyrå (2020). \"Table: 06913: Population 1 January and population changes during the calendar year (M)\" (in Norwegian).\nStatistisk sentralbyrå (2020). \"09280: Area of land and fresh water (km²) (M)\" (in Norwegian).\nJukvam, Dag (1999). \"Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå.\nRygh, Oluf (1912). Norske gaardnavne: Lister og Mandals amt (in Norwegian) (9 ed.). Kristiania, Norge: W. C. Fabritius & sønners bogtrikkeri. p. 134.\n\"Kommunevåpen\". Åseral kommune. Retrieved 12 November 2016.\nHansen, Tore, ed. (12 May 2016). \"kommunestyre\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 16 November 2020.\n\"Tall for Norge: Kommunestyrevalg 2019 - Agder\". Valg Direktoratet. Retrieved 5 December 2020.\n\"Table: 04813: Members of the local councils, by party/electoral list at the Municipal Council election (M)\" (in Norwegian). Statistics Norway.\n\"Tall for Norge: Kommunestyrevalg 2011 - Vest-Agder\". Valg Direktoratet. Retrieved 5 December 2020.\n\"Kommunestyrevalget 1995\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1996. Retrieved 5 December 2020.\n\"Kommunestyrevalget 1991\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1993. Retrieved 5 December 2020.\n\"Kommunestyrevalget 1987\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1988. Retrieved 5 December 2020.\n\"Kommunestyrevalget 1983\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1984. Retrieved 5 December 2020.\n\"Kommunestyrevalget 1979\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1979. Retrieved 5 December 2020.\n\"Kommunevalgene 1975\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1977. Retrieved 5 December 2020.\n\"Kommunevalgene 1972\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1973. Retrieved 5 December 2020.\n\"Kommunevalgene 1967\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1967. Retrieved 5 December 2020.\n\"Kommunevalgene 1963\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1964. Retrieved 5 December 2020.\n\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1959\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1960. Retrieved 5 December 2020.\n\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1955\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1957. Retrieved 5 December 2020.\n\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1951\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1952. Retrieved 5 December 2020.\n\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1947\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1948. Retrieved 5 December 2020.\n\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1945\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1947. Retrieved 5 December 2020.\n\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1937\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1938. Retrieved 5 December 2020.\n\"eKlima Web Portal\". Norwegian Meteorological Institute. Archived from the original on 14 June 2004.", "Media related to Åseral at Wikimedia Commons\n The dictionary definition of Åseral at Wiktionary\n Vest-Agder travel guide from Wikivoyage\nMunicipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway (in Norwegian)" ]

[ "Åseral", "General information", "Name", "Coat of arms", "Churches", "Government", "Municipal council", "Geography", "Climate", "Attractions", "Notable people", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2175, 2176, 2177 ]

[ 11054, 11055, 11056, 11057, 11058, 11059, 11060, 11061, 11062, 11063, 11064, 11065, 11066, 11067, 11068 ]

[ "View of the church" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/%C3%85seral_kirke.jpg" ]

[ "Åseral Church (Norwegian: Åseral kyrkje) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Åseral Municipality in Agder county, Norway. It is located in the village of Kyrkjebygda. It is one of the churches for the Åseral parish which is part of the Otredal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark. The white, wooden church was built in a cruciform design in 1822 using plans drawn up by the architects Olav Aasland and Olav Bakken. The church seats about 300 people.", "The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1328, but it was not new that year. The old church may have been a stave church that was possibly built in the 13th century. Historically, the church was named Aabø after the farm on which it was located (the more modern spelling of that in Norwegian would be Åbø). In 1705, the church was renovated and a new spire that was forged by Knut Gunnulvsen Mork was added to the top of the tower. The centuries-old church was torn down in 1822 and a new cruciform church was built on the same site. Some of the logs from the old church were reused to build the entry porch on the new church building.", "List of churches in Agder og Telemark", "\"Åseral kyrkje\". Kirkesøk: Kirkebyggdatabasen. Retrieved 3 January 2021.\n\"Oversikt over Nåværende Kirker\" (in Norwegian). KirkeKonsulenten.no. Retrieved 3 January 2021.\n\"Åseral kyrkjestad\" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage. Retrieved 3 January 2021.\n\"Åseral kyrkje\". Setesdalswiki.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 3 January 2021." ]

[ "Åseral Church", "History", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2178 ]

[ 11069, 11070, 11071 ]

[ "Landeveien, Åsgårdstrand\n painted by Hans Heyerdahl (1890)", "Summer Night at Åsgårdstrand\n painted by Edvard Munch (1904)", "Edvard Munch's house" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Hans_Heyerdahl-Landeveien%2C_%C3%85sg%C3%A5rdstrand_1890.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Edvard_Munch_-_Nuit_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9t%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Aagaardstrand.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Edvard_Munch%27s_house.jpg" ]

[ "Åsgårdstrand is a small port town in Horten municipality, Vestfold, Norway. It is also the name of a former independent municipality and a center of trade. The town is situated 10 km south of Horten, 10 km north of Tønsberg and 100 km south of Oslo by the west coast of the Oslofjord. On 1 January 1965 Åsgårdstrand and Borre municipalities, plus a part of Sem were merged into the new municipality of Borre. By the time of the merger Åsgårdstrand had 488 inhabitants and was the smallest municipality in Norway.\nÅsgårdsstrand is a summer resort destination with a number of restored old homes. It is home to various cafés, galleries, and a beach. Edvard Munch’s former home is now owned by the municipality and open to the public. It is also home to Borre Kystled, a hiking trail which leads to Borre National Park.", "The meaning of the name is the strand (beach, waterside) belonging to the farm Åsgård (Norse - Ásgarðr). The first element in the farm's name is´ás meaning 'mountain ridge' (the usage here referring to its position on Raet), the last element is garðr meaning 'farm'.", "Åsgårdstrand was ladested (center of trade) from 1650 under Tønsberg, from 1660 under Holmestrand. In 1752 the center of trade was given the rights of doing business with national goods. From the beginning of the 19th century, Åsgårdstrand, was a lively export harbor for lumber, of which most was exported to the Netherlands. By the end of the sail ship era, the trade stagnated. The municipality was founded as Åsgårdstrand formannskapsdistrikt in 1837. Merchant and ship owner Anders Riddervold was elected as the first mayor.\nDating from the 1880s, the town had been increasingly known as an important center for artists and painters. A number of internationally noted painters has either visited or lived in the town including Edvard Munch, Christian Krogh and Hans Heyerdahl. In 1898 Edvard Munch bought a house in Åsgårdstrand where he spent the first of many summers. The house is now operated as a small museum which is associated with the Vestfold Museum (Vestfoldmuseene).\nSince the 1920s Åsgårdstrand has been a popular vacation and recreational spot. Visitors come to the small town each summer and spend their holidays in one of the four hotels. From 2007, the town has had the classification of a Tourist Town, which gives the shop owners in the oldest part closest to the sea the right to keep open every day of the week. In order to become a Tourist Town the number of visitors needs to greatly exceed the number of residents throughout the year. In June every year, Åsgårdstrand celebrates Midsummer - the longest day of the year - with a large fire on the shore.", "Hans Anton Apeness (1842–1930), lumber merchant born in Åsgårdstrand. A street in Calais has been named after him.\nEinar Thorstein Diesen (1894–1962), broadcaster from Åsgårdstrand\nJahn Ekenæs (1847–1920), art painter, lived in Åsgårdstrand\nØivin Holst Grimsgaard (1900–1989), architect born in Åsgårdstrand\nHans Heyerdahl (1857–1913), art painter, lived in Åsgårdstrand\nJens Kristensen (1975–), illustrator born in Åsgårdstrand\nPer Lasson Krohg (1889–1965), art painter born in Åsgårdstrand, son of Oda and Christian Krohg\nIngerid Paulsen Kuiters (1939–), illustrator lives in Åsgårdstrand\nSvein Døvle Larssen (1928–), former editor of Tønsbergs Blad bosatt i Åsgårdstrand\nEdvard Munch (1863–1944), art painter with summer house in Åsgårdstrand\nOla Abrahamsson (1883–1980), art painter with summer house in Åsgårdstrand. A street in Åsgårdstrand has been named after him.\nNils Johan Semb (1959–), Norwegian national soccer team head coach, 1998–2003, living in Åsgårdstrand\nMarthin Hamlet (1992-), wrestler and mixed martial artist raised in Åsgårdstrand", "Sten Lundbo. \"Åsgårdstrand\". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved September 1, 2017.\nFodor (1987). Fodor's Scandinavia 1988. Fodor's Travel Publications. Page 279. ISBN 9780679015581.\nNickel, Phyllis and Hans Jakob Valderhaug (2017). Norwegian Cruising Guide—Vol 2: Sweden, West Coast and Norway, Swedish Border to Bergen. Attainable Adventure Cruising Ltd. Pages 85-86. ISBN 9780995893962.\nHaugen, Einar (1967) Norwegian-English Dictionary A Pronouncing and Translating Dictionary of Modern Norwegian (University of Wisconsin Press) ISBN 978-0-299-03874-8\n\"Edvard Munch´s house in Åsgårdstrand\". Innovation Norway. Retrieved September 1, 2017.", "Map and aerial photo of Åsgårdstrand\nHorten kommune about Åsgårdstrand\nPhotos from Åsgårdstrand on Flickr\nScenicNorway, photos from Åsgårdstrand\nÅsgårdstrand Portal (only in Norwegian)\nÅsgårdstrand Velforening (only in Norwegian)" ]

[ "Åsgårdstrand", "The name", "History", "Notable people from Åsgårdstrand", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2179, 2180, 2181 ]

[ 11072, 11073, 11074, 11075, 11076, 11077, 11078, 11079, 11080 ]

[ "Bruun-Gundersen in 2015" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/%C3%85shild_Bruun_Gundersen_%28FrP%29_%2823499362031%29.jpg" ]

[ "Åshild Bruun-Gundersen (born 26 November 1986) is a Norwegian politician. \nShe was elected representative to the Storting for the period 2017–2021 for the Progress Party.", "\"Bruun-Gundersen, Åshild\". stortinget.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 3 October 2017." ]

[ "Åshild Bruun-Gundersen", "References" ]

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[ 11081 ]

[ "Åshild Watne" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/%C3%85shild_Watne3.jpg" ]

[ "Åshild Watne, b. February 21, 1961, is a Norwegian singer, composer and music researcher. She works as a docent (teaching professor) at the University of Oslo, Department of musicology, and at the Norwegian State Academy of Music. She is in particular interested in the research fields of absolute pitch and intonation, and teaches aural training and vocal ensemble.\nÅshild Watne has performed and composed music within a wide range of genres. She sings traditional songs and plays Norwegian harps and lyres on the album Julefred (1997) She wrote the songs for the children’s jazz album Maneten Medusa (2010). She received a composer’s prize in Wittenberg, Germany (2017), in The European Reformation Song Contest , celebrating 500 years since the reformation. She has written several melodies in Scandinavian hymnals and liturgical music for The Church of Norway.\nHer classical choir experience includes the St. Olaf Choir, Minnesota, USA,1982–83 and The Norwegian Soloist Choir 1984-2006.", "\"Åshild Watne\". Retrieved 2017-04-01.\n\"Vann Grand Prix for salmar\". DEN NORSKE KIRKE OG NORGES KRISTNE RÅD (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2017-04-01.\n\"Åshild Watne\". Discogs. Retrieved 2017-04-01." ]

[ "Åshild Watne", "References" ]

[ 2183 ]

[ 11082 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Aasjordet_T-bane_09-01.jpg" ]

[ "Åsjordet is a station on the Kolsås Line and Line 3 on the Oslo Metro system. It is located between Ullernåsen and Bjørnsletta, 7.4 kilometers (4.6 mi) from Stortinget. The station was opened on 15 June 1942 when the line from Røabanen to Jar was completed.\nAlong with most of the line, Åsjordet was closed for upgrades from 1 July 2006. The station reopened on 18 August 2008 after an upgrade that included, among other things, longer platforms which can accommodate trains with up to six cars like most of the subway system.\nThe area around Åsjordet is mainly residential, but some offices and other commercial buildings are also located in the area.", "Subway stations in the west\nBus replacing the Kolsås line Sporveien.no informational release, in Norwegian\nPlans for upgrades of Åsjordet station (in Norwegian)\nNotes for a Oslo city council meeting regarding Åsjordet, 30 June 2005 (in Norwegian)", "Media related to Åsjordet stasjon at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Åsjordet (station)", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2184 ]

[ 11083 ]

[ "Åskollen", "Tangen Church", "Drammen Glassworks manufacturer's mark" ]

[ 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Tangen_kirke%2C_Drammen_-_6064_-_crop_-_2014-05-26_-_jpfagerback.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/TangenKirke1.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Noregsglas_med_varemerke.jpg" ]

[ "Åskollen is a part of the borough of Tangen-Åskollen in the city of Drammen, Norway.\nTangen-Åskollen is one of the eight districts in Drammen and had 6,123 inhabitants (2002). Tangen-Åskollen is located south-east of the city centre. Before 1964 Åskollen was a part of Skoger municipality.\nTangen Church (Tangen Kirke) was inaugurated on 25 January 1854. The design was by architect Heinrich Ernst Schirmer. The altarpiece titled \"Christ in Gethsemane\" (Jesus i Getsemane), was made by Johan Fredrik Eckersberg in 1852. There is a marble baptismal font from 1784, four chandeliers and Holy Bible from 1722. The church has stained glass windows made in 1928 by Norwegian painter Åsmund Esval and an organ from 1934 was made by Josef Hilmar Jørgensen (1892–1961).\nTraditionally the communities of Tangen and Åskollen were principally engaged in agriculture and forestry. Seafaring and shipbuilding were early industries. Dating from the early 19th century, a number of companies developed along the shoreline, including an iron foundry from 1847. \nDrammen Glassworks (Drammen Glassverk) started in 1873 and was closed in 1977. Drammen Glassworks was owned by the joint venture Hurdal, Biri and Hadeland Glassworks. During the 1890s, the factory was the largest single local employer and the principal source of window glass made within Norway.", "Tangen/Åskollen (drammen.no)\nTangen og Åskollen (Tangen og Åskollen Historielag)\nTangen Church (Norway.com)\nJ H Jørgensen, Orgelbygger (Store norske leksikon, Stein Johannes Kolnes)\nHurdal, Biri and Hadeland Glassworks (Hadeland Glassverk)", "History of Drammen (in Norwegian)" ]

[ "Åskollen", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2185, 2186 ]

[ 11084 ]

[ "Sem-Jacobsen in 2017" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/%C3%85slaug_Sem-Jacobsen_%282017-03-23_bilde01%29.jpg" ]

[ "Åslaug Sem-Jacobsen (born 5 April 1971) is a Norwegian journalist and politician for the Centre Party. Representing Telemark, she has been member of the Storting since 2017.", "Sem-Jacobsen was born on 5 April 1971. She is educated journalist from Gimlekollen NLA College, was assigned with NRK for several years, and has studied political science at the University of Oslo.", "Sem-Jacobsen was member of the municipal council in Notodden from 2011 to 2019. She was deputy mayor in Notodden from 2015 to 2017, and member of the county council of Telemark from 2015 to 2019. She was elected representative to the Storting from the constituency of Telemark for the period 2017–2021 for the Centre Party. In the Storting she was a member of the Standing Committee on Family and Cultural Affairs from 2017 to 2021. She was re-elected to the Storting for the period 2021–2025, and became second deputy leader of the Standing Committee on Family and Cultural Affairs from 2021.", "Tvedt, Knut Are. \"Åslaug Sem-Jacobsen\". In Bolstad, Erik (ed.). Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 22 October 2021.\n\"Sem-Jacobsen, Åslaug\". stortinget.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 3 October 2017." ]

[ "Åslaug Sem-Jacobsen", "Personal life and education", "Political career", "References" ]

[ 2187 ]

[ 11085, 11086, 11087 ]

[ "Engmark in 2005" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/%C3%85sleik_Engmark.jpg" ]

[ "Åsleik Audgar Engmark (27 December 1965 – 12 February 2017) was a Norwegian comedian, actor, singer, director and stage writer, best known for his work as one of the co-founders of the Norwegian cabaret group Lompelandslaget, and as Timon in the Norwegian version of The Lion King.", "Engmark was one of the co-founders of the Norwegian cabaret group Lompelandslaget in 1987. The following year, at the age of 22, he made his solo debut at Det Norske Teatret (The Norwegian Theatre) in Oslo, in the Norwegian original cast of Les Misérables, the third Cameron Mackintosh Les Mis production in the world. He stayed in the ensemble of Det Norske Teatret until 1999. \nIn Norway he became known during the 1990s through Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK), especially on the weekly satire Egentlig, an equivalent to Saturday Night Live. He was also well known for his many dubbing film voices, such as Timon in the Norwegian version of The Lion King.\nIn 2009 Engmark made his debut as a film director, with the children's movie Knerten (Twigson English version) (Mein Freund Knerten German version). The movie became a box office hit and was seen by more than 375,000 viewers in Norway. Among many festivals, it participated in the official Generation K Plus section of the Berlinale 2010.\nKnerten was awarded Best Children's movie, Best Art Design and Best Visual Effects at the Norwegian Film Awards 2010 Amandaprisen.\nIn 2010, he won the Norwegian version of Strictly Come Dancing, called Skal vi danse.\nEngmark directed, performed and wrote in many different artistic directions. He performed comedy in both Norwegian and English, and won the Norwegian Stå Opp-Prisen (Stand Up Award) in 2001.", "Engmark lived in Oslo his entire life. In 1997, he married Helle Engmark, his partner of several years. They divorced in 2012.\nOn 12 February 2017, while in Brussels visiting family, Engmark died suddenly due to an undisclosed medical emergency. He was 51 years old.", "2013 Monsters University voice of Mike Wazowski, Disney / Pixar\n2011 Knerten i knipe voice of Knerten. Film, Paradox Spillefilm A/S\n2010 Skal vi danse participant and winner. Norwegian version of Strictly come dancing / TV2 Norway\n2010 Knerten gifter seg (Twigson gets married) voice of Knerten. Film, Paradox Spillefilm A/S\n2009 Forsvarskonserten host. Television concert, The Norwegian Army / TV2 Norway\n2009 Knerten (Twigson / Knorzel) voice of Knerten. Film, Paradox Spillefilm A/S\n2009 Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs voice of Buck, Blue Sky Studios / 20th Century Fox\n2006 Curious George voice of Ted, Universal Pictures / Imagine Entertainment\n2006 Open Season voice of Elliot, Sony Pictures / Colombia\n2005 Mulan II voice of Mushu, Disney\n2005 Brødrene Dal og mysteriet med Karl XIIs gamasjer as Karl XII. Television drama series, NRK\n2004–2005 Løvebakken. Television satire, NRK\n2003 Komplottet host. Candid camera, TV3 Norway\n2001 Monsters, Inc. voice of Mike Wazowski, Disney / Pixar\n2000 Bokken Lasson, sensibel suksess as Misja. Radio opera, NRK\n1998 Asylet IV Television drama series, NRK\n1998 Mulan voice of Mushu, Disney\n1997 Lära att simma Solo television comedy series, NRK\n1995–2010 Toy Story, Toy Story 2 Toy Story 3 voice of Woody, Disney / Pixar\n1995 Jakten på Mauritius Television drama series NRK\n1994–2004 Lion King, Lion King 2, Lion King 3 voice of Timon, Disney\n1994–1995 Aladdin (animated TV series) voice of Genie, Disney\n1993–1997 Egentlig Television satire series, NRK\n1993 Secondløintnanten (The Last Lieutenant) Film, director Hans Petter Moland\n1991–1992 The Adventures of Tintin voice of Tintin\n1989 Showbiz eller hvordan bli kjendis på en-to tre! Film", "2016 Aladdin and His Magical Europe Refugee Tour 2016 Performer (and writer). Musical/physical comedy, C venues Edinburgh Festival Fringe\n2015-2016 Luftforsvarets flyvende sirkus (Airforce' Flying Circus) solo concert with The Royal Norwegian Air Force Band\n2014-2016 På grensen til sang (On the edge of singing) musical improv competition, host, Det Andre Teatret\n2014 Småtingsvalg 2014 cabaret, Stand Up Norge\n2013 Småtingsvalg 2013 cabaret, Stand Up Norge\n2012-2014 One Night Stand Up musical improv standup, Stand Up Norge\n2012 The Century Anniversary for Norwegian Flying solo concert with The Norwegian Airforce Band\n2011 Sommerlatter 2011 stand up summer show Latter\n2010 Sommerlatter 2010 stand up summer show Latter\n2008-2011 Improvised concert for comedian and guitarist stand up / concert, Stand Up Norge\n2007-2009 Latter Comedy Club Oslo, MC, Stand Up Norge\n2006-2009 Lufta er for alle! (Air is for all!) solo concert with Norwegian Airforce Band and Ole Edvard Antonsen\n2005 Kveiteprinsen (The Halibut Prince) comic opera, Latter Oslo\n2001-2003 Dødsgøy (Dead funny) stand up, Stand Up Norge\n2001 A romantic evening solo singer with The Norwegian Ladies Ensemble (Stilett) and Ingrid Bjørnov.\n1999 Personkrets 3:1 by Lars Norén, as Heiner. Theatre, Det Norske Teatret\n1998 The Black Rider as Uncle/The Duke. Musical, Det Norske Teatret\n1997-1999 Åsleik Engmark utleverer sine venner (Å.E. is outing his friends) stand up, Artistpartner\n1995-2002 Kristian Qvart Comedy Club Oslo, MC, Stand Up Norge\n1995-1997 Dette er Stand Up Comedy! (This is Stand Up Comedy) stand up\n1992 Mio, My Son by Astrid Lindgren, as Mio. Theatre, DNT\n1992 ULV-ULV! (Wolf-Wolf!). Cabaret, Lompelandslaget\n1991 Dear Jelena by Ludmila Razumovskaya, as Vitja, Det Norske Teatret\n1991 Sweeney Todd as Toby, Det Norske Teatret\n1990 Jesus Christ Superstar Judas/Simon, Det Norske Teatret\n1989 Blood Brothers as Mickey, Det Norske Teatret\n1989 Treasure Island as Israel Hands. Musical, Chateau Neuf Oslo\n1988 Les Misérables as Montparnasse/Bamatabois/Grantaire. Det Norske teatret\n1987 Scrooge. Theatre, Teaterverkstedet\n1987 Skal de spise den her eller skal den pakkes inn? (Eat it here or wrap it in?) Cabaret, Lompelandslaget", "2016 Aladdin and His Magical Europe Refugee Tour 2016 (Performer) and writer. Musical/physical comedy, C venues Edinburgh Festival Fringe\n2016 La Boheme director. Ytterøya Bygdetun\n2015 Luftforsvarets flyvende sirkus (Airforce' Flying Circus) co-librettist. Concert, Norwegian Airforce Band\n2015 Lenge Leve Livet director and writer. Musical/physical theatre, Oslo Nye Teater\n2015 EGO director, stand up show Nils Ingar Aadne iStage\n2014 Sjøvett med Kruse Knallkul (Safety at sea with Cruiser the Cool Cat) director. 4 x short animation films, Animando / Redningsselskapet\n2013-2014Småtingsvalg 2013/2014 co-writer. Cabaret\n2012 Century Anniversary for Norwegian Flying co-librettist. Concert, Norwegian Airforce Band\n2009 Knerten (Twigson) director. Film, Paradox Spillefilm A/S\n2008-2010 Improvised concert for comedian and guitarist, co-composer\n2007 Det minner meg om Oslo 2 co-director, co-composer, writer. Cabaret, Oslo Nye Teater (Oslo New Theatre)\n2006 Det minner meg om Oslo co-director, co-composer, writer. Cabaret, Oslo Nye Teater\n2006 Lufta er for alle! (Air is for all!) co-librettist. Concert, Norwegian Airforce Band\n2006 Ingen er så Moss director, writer, co-composer. Cabaret\n2005 Kveiteprinsen (The Halibut Prince) co-librettist. Comic opera, Latter Oslo\n2004 Cinderella director, writer. Theatre, Kruttårnteatret\n2001 The Emperor's New Groove voice director Norwegian version. Animated film, Disney\n1998 Så langt i livet co-writer with De Gyngende Seismologer. Novel/satire autobiography, Cappelen\n1994-2016 Written all his own stand up material.\n1993-1997 Egentlig co-writer. TV satire, NRK\n1992 ULV-ULV! director, co-writer. Cabaret, Lompelandslaget\n1990 Sammen er vi huntonitt (Together we are chipboard) director, co-writer. Cabaret, Lompelandslaget\n1987 Skal De spise de her...? (Eat it here or wrap it in?) director, co-writer. Cabaret, Lompelandslaget", "\"Åsleik Engmark (51) er død\". Verdens Gang (in Norwegian). 13 February 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2017.", "Åsleik Engmark at IMDb" ]

[ "Åsleik Engmark", "Career", "Personal life and death", "Selected film and television actor appearances", "Selected theatre and stage appearances", "Selected directing, writing, composing", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2188 ]

[ 11088, 11089, 11090, 11091, 11092, 11093, 11094, 11095, 11096, 11097, 11098, 11099, 11100, 11101, 11102, 11103, 11104, 11105, 11106 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/%C3%85smund_Aukrust%2C_nestleder_i_AUF_%286082081311%29.jpg" ]

[ "Åsmund Grøver Aukrust (born 28 February 1985) is a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party. He is member of Parliament from Akershus county, first elected at the Norwegian parliament election in 2013. He was the deputy leader of the Workers' Youth League (AUF) from 2010 to 2014. He was also deputy member of the Parliament of Norway for the term 2009–2013.", "Aukrust was born in Bærum. He studied at the University of Oslo receiving a bachelor's degree in sociology. He currently resides in Oslo.", "First elected to the Akershus county council in 2005, he was elected as a deputy member of the Parliament of Norway in 2009. He has also been active in campaigning against Norwegian membership in the European Union through the organization No to the EU. At the official unveiling ceremony of the new cabinet after the 2009 elections, Aukrust caused a stir when he suddenly appeared among the ministers. Aukrust explained that he was merely trying to hand out flowers to the cabinet member who was opposed to EU membership.\nHe served as deputy leader of the Workers' Youth League from 2010 to 2014. He originally ran for the leadership, but narrowly lost the vote to Eskil Pedersen in a closely contested race, although the election committee overwhelmingly favored him. On 25 April 2011, he was elected vice president of the International Union of Socialist Youth. He was appointed as political advisor to the Minister of Culture Anniken Huitfeldt in November 2011.\nAhead of the 2013 election the Labour Party announced that Aukrust was nominated for the 4th seat in Akershus county. Analysts considered the seat to be safe for the Labour Party. He was subsequently elected to the seat.\nOn 23 March 2022, he and Lene Vågslid were appointed new deputy parliamentary leaders in the aftermath of Terje Aasland’s appointment to the government.", "Barstad, Lars Henie (9 March 2008). \"Aukrust, Åsmund ( 1985- )\" (in Norwegian). Stortinget.no. Retrieved 26 September 2012.\nRedaksjonen (November 2011). \"Politisk rådgiver Åsmund Aukrust\". Politisk ledelse (in Norwegian). Regjeringen.no. Retrieved 27 September 2012.\nHaugdal, Marthe (20 October 2009). \"Hvem er regjeringens ukjente medlem?\". VG.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 27 September 2012.\nKippernes, Geir Arne (20 October 2009). \"Her er den \"ukjente statsråden\"\". VG.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 27 September 2012.\n\"Åsmund Aukrust: Nestleder\". Sentralstyret og fylkeslagene (in Norwegian). Auf.no. Retrieved 27 September 2012.\nKristjansson, Mimir (5 August 2010). \"Mot lederstrid i AUF\". Klassekampen (in Norwegian). Retrieved 27 September 2012.\nLøset, Kjetil (14 October 2010). \"Eskil Pedersen ny leder i AUF\". TV2.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 27 September 2012.\nFlaarønning, Bård (25 April 2011). \"Ny visepresident\". Auf.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 27 September 2012.\nSvaar, Petter (30 October 2011). \"Utøya overlevende til Regjeringen\". Nrk.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 27 September 2012.\nLie, Kjersti Kanestrøm (27 October 2012). \"Utøya overlevende på sikker plass\". Nrk (in Norwegian). Retrieved 27 October 2012.\n\"DN erfarer: Åsmund Aukrust og Lene Vågslid får toppverv for Ap på Stortinget\" (in Norwegian). Dagens Næringsliv. 23 March 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.", "Åsmund Aukrust's official blog" ]

[ "Åsmund Grøver Aukrust", "Early life and education", "Political career", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2189 ]

[ 11107, 11108, 11109, 11110, 11111, 11112, 11113 ]

[ "Inscription U 859 is signed by Åsmund.", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 3, 3, 3, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/U859.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/U_1043%2C_Tensta.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Uppland_Rune_Inscription_956.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Upplands_Runinskrift_871.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Gs_13%2C_G%C3%A4vle.jpg" ]

[ "Åsmund Kåresson was a Viking Age runemaster who flourished during the first half of the 11th century in Uppland and Gästrikland, Sweden. The early Urnes style is represented in his art.", "Most early medieval Scandinavians were probably literate in runes, and most people probably carved messages on pieces of bone and wood. However, it was difficult to make runestones, and in order to master it one also needed to be a stonemason. During the 11th century, when most runestones were raised, there were a few professional runemasters. Åsmund was active mainly in Uppland, and about twenty runestones are signed by him and an additional thirty stones have been attributed to him. The ornamentation is characterized by variation with firmness and security in the composition. Åsmund is the inventor of the classic Uppland runestone style with one or two animals (rundjur) showing their heads in profile.\nOne inscription that was found at Bo gård on the island of Lidingö, listed in Rundata as U Fv1986;84, is signed by Åsmund and dedicated to his grandfather named Steinn. The stone's runic text also states that Steinn's sons were named Sibbi, Geirbjôrn, and Ulfr, but it is not known if one of these was the father of Åsmund. In addition, in two inscriptions, U 956 in Vedyxa and Gs 11 in Järvsta, Åsmund listed his patronym with the text osmuntr kara sun or \"Ásmundr Kári's son.\"\nIt has been suggested that Åsmund was identical with the English clergyman Osmundus who became bishop at the court of king Emund the Old, but the reasons for this identification are not deemed sufficient.", "Over twenty inscriptions are listed in the Rundata catalog as being signed by Åsmund including U 301 in Skånela, the now-lost U 346 in Frösunda, U 356 in Ängby, the now-lost U 368 in Helgåby, U 824 in Holm, U 847 in Västeråker, U 859 in Måsta, U 871 in Ölsta, U 884 in Ingla, U 932 at Uppsala Cathedral, U 956 in Vedyxa, U 969 in Bolsta, the now-lost U 986 in Kungsgården, U 998 in Skällerö, U 1142 in Åbyggeby, U 1144 in Tierp, U 1149 in Fleräng, U Fv1986;84 in Bo gård, U Fv1988;241 in Rosersberg, Gs 11 in Järvsta, Gs 12 in Lund, and Gs 13 in Söderby. On inscriptions U 859, U 986, U 969, U 998, U 1149, and Gs 13, Åsmund shifted the r-rune over one space to spell his name as osmunrt.", "", "Fuglesang, Signe Horn (1998), \"Swedish Runestones of the Eleventh Century: Ornament and Dating\", in Düwel, Klaus; et al. (eds.), Runeninschriften als Quellen Interdisziplinärer Forschung, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 197–218, ISBN 3-11-015455-2 pp. 197, 208–09.\nVilka kunde rista runor? on the Swedish National Heritage Board website, retrieved January 13, 2007.\nGustavson, Helmer (1986). \"Runfynd 1984\" (PDF). Fornvännen. Swedish National Heritage Board. 81: 84–87. ISSN 1404-9430. Retrieved 10 June 2010.", "The article Åsmund in Nationalencyklopedin (1996)." ]

[ "Åsmund Kåresson", "Work", "Inscriptions", "Gallery", "References", "Sources" ]

[ 2190, 2191, 2192, 2193, 2194 ]

[ 11114, 11115, 11116, 11117, 11118, 11119, 11120 ]

[ "Åsmund Løvik in 2013", "" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/%C3%85smund_L%C3%B8vik_at_Tour_des_Fjords.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c2/Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager_2.png" ]

[ "Åsmund Romstad Løvik (born 1 May 1989) is a Norwegian racing cyclist. He competed in the men's team time trial event at the 2017 UCI Road World Championships.", "2014\n5th Hadeland GP\n2016\n3rd Sundvolden GP\n10th Overall Tour de Hongrie\n2017\n2nd Overall Tour of Rhodes", "\"Åsmund Løvik\". ProCyclingStats. Retrieved 17 September 2017.\n\"World Championships - TTT Startlist\". ProCyclingStats. Retrieved 17 September 2017.", "Åsmund Løvik at ProCyclingStats" ]

[ "Åsmund Løvik", "Major results", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2195 ]

[ 11121 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/%C3%85smund_Sveen.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c2/Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager_2.png" ]

[ "Åsmund Sveen (28 April 1910 – 31 January 1963) was a Norwegian poet, novelist and literary critic. He was born in Elverum. Among his poetry collections are Andletet from 1932 and Eros syng from 1935. He published the novel Svartjord in 1937. \nIn the legal purge in Norway after World War II Sveen was convicted to several years imprisonment.", "Gatland, Jan Olav. \"Åsmund Sveen\". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 7 November 2012.\nGodal, Anne Marit (ed.). \"Åsmund Sveen\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 7 November 2012." ]

[ "Åsmund Sveen", "References" ]

[ 2196 ]

[ 11122 ]

[ "Åsne Havnelid." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/%C3%85sne_Havnelid.jpg" ]

[ "Åsne Havnelid (born 28 March 1961) is a Norwegian businessperson and sports official.\nShe hails from Asker. She holds a bachelor's degree in business administration from the private college Handelsakademiet (now part of BI Norwegian Business School) from 1985, and was hired as a teacher in skiing at the Norwegian School of Elite Sports, a secondary school, in the same year. She served as rector there from 1988 to 1995, and then worked in Olympiatoppen. Here she was the director of Toppidrettssenteret and vice executive of Olympiatoppen under Bjørge Stensbøl. From 2004 to 2007 she worked in SAS Braathens. From 2007 to July 2011 she was the chief executive officer of the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011. Since August 2011 she has been working as secretary general at the Norwegian Red Cross.\nIn November 2011 she was nominated to \"Citizen of Oslo\" by the newspaper Aftenposten Aften for her work during FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011.\nShe is married and has one child, and resides at Vollen.", "Byles, Anine G. (28 March 2011). \"Inn for landing etter VM\". Budstikka (in Norwegian). pp. 28–29.\nNTB (1 June 2011). \"Åsne Havnelid til Røde Kors\". nrk.no. Retrieved 11 November 2011.\nLøken, Astrid (16 November 2011). \"Hvem bør bli årets borger\". Aftenposten Aften (in Norwegian). pp. 6–7." ]

[ "Åsne Havnelid", "References" ]

[ 2197 ]

[ 11123 ]

[ "Seierstad in 2007" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/%C3%85sne_Seierstad.jpg" ]

[ "Åsne Seierstad (born 10 February 1970) is a Norwegian freelance journalist and writer, best known for her accounts of everyday life in war zones – most notably Kabul after 2001, Baghdad in 2002 and the ruined Grozny in 2006.", "Seierstad was born in Oslo, but grew up in Lillehammer, Norway to \"a feminist author mother\", Lector Frøydis Guldahl, and \"a leftist politician father\", Assistant Professor Dag Seierstad (b. 1936) She holds a bachelor's degree from the University of Oslo where she majored in Russian, Spanish and history of ideas. From 1993 until 1996 she reported for the Arbeiderbladet in Russia and in 1997 from China. From 1998 until 2000 she worked for the national public broadcaster NRK where she reported from the Serbian breakaway province of Kosovo. With Their Backs to The World: Portraits of Serbia, her first book, is an account of this time. (This book was extended and republished in 2004 when she again visited Serbia. The name was changed slightly, to Portraits of Serbia, signaling that Serbia's back is no longer turned to the world.)\nAs a reporter, she is particularly remembered for her work in war zones such as Afghanistan, Iraq and most recently Chechnya, as well as for her reports on the September 11 attacks in the United States. The Bookseller of Kabul, her second, bestselling book, is an account of the time she spent living with an Afghan family in Kabul after the fall of the Taliban in 2001. Her other books include One Hundred And One Days: A Baghdad Journal which describes the three months she spent in Iraq in the build-up to the U.S.-led invasion in 2003; Angel of Grozny: Inside Chechnya, an account of the time she spent in Chechnya after the war; and One of Us: The Story of Anders Breivik and the Massacre in Norway (2015), which is the basis for the Netflix drama, 22 July.\nSeierstad is fluent in five languages, and has \"a good working knowledge\" of another four. She currently lives and works in Oslo.\nShe has two children with the Norwegian jazz musician and composer Trygve Seim (b. 1971).", "There are contradictory accounts concerning Seierstad's legal battles with Shah Muhammad Rais, the bookseller portrayed in The Bookseller of Kabul. \nAccording to The Irish Times, on 24 July 2010 a court in Oslo found Seierstad guilty of defamation and \"negligent journalistic practices and ordered to pay damages to Suraia Rais, wife of Shah Muhammad Rais\". \nBritish newspaper The Guardian published the same story, but later revised the it online and in print. The revised version claimed Seirstad was not found guilty of defamation or of negligence, but rather of invasion of privacy, the decision on damages would be taken later, and was finally 250,000 Norwegian kroner (£26,000). In relation to the book's influence on Rais's family members, The Guardian wrote \"The article also said the book's revelations of personal details caused several members of the Afghan family to move to Pakistan and Canada. We should have made clear this was an allegation made by the plaintiff's side in a case document.\" \nSeierstad won her appeal of the judgment and the Supreme Court declined to review the appellate court's decision.", "1999: Gullruten Award for the best news coverage from Kosovo.\n2001: Fritt Ord Honorary Award\n2002: Årets Frilanser Award from the Norwegian reporters association. Also received the Norwegian Booksellers' Prize.\n2003: Nominated for the 2003 Kurt Schork Award in International Journalism\n2003: The Peer Gynt and Den Store Journalistprisen which is the highest honour a reporter in Norway can receive.\n2004: The Bookseller of Kabul was shortlisted for the first Richard & Judy Best Read of the Year Award 2004.\n2004: Winner of EMMA (Ethnic Multicultural Media award), London, May 2004\n2004: Prix de Libraires, France\n2018: Leipzig Book Award for European Understanding", "With Their Backs to The World: Portraits of Serbia (2000, though updated extensively in 2004)\nThe Bookseller of Kabul (2002, English translation 2003)\nOne Hundred And One Days: A Baghdad Journal (2005)\nAngel of Grozny: Inside Chechnya (2007)\n One of Us. The Story of Anders Breivik and the Massacre in Norway (2015)\nTwo Sisters: A Father, His Daughters, and Their Journey into the Syrian Jihad (2018)", "\"Åsne Seierstad Biography – Store Norske Leksikon\". (in Norwegian)\n\"World Press Review – Asne Seierstad\". www.worldpress.org.\n\"Åsne Seierstad inntar scenen med Trygve Seim (radio) – Cappelen Damm AS\".\n\"Åsne Seierstad – The Guardian Books\". London. 31 July 2010.\nSippell, Margeaux (4 September 2018). \"Paul Greengrass Recreates Norway Terror Attack in '22 July' Trailer\". Variety. Retrieved 11 September 2018.\n\"Åsne Seierstad inntar scenen med Trygve Seim (radio) – iFrance.no\". (in Norwegian)\nMary Fitzgerald (29 July 2010). \"Vindication for Bookseller of Kabul as court orders author to pay damages\". The Irish Times.\n\"Bookseller of Kabul author Åsne Seierstad: 'It's not possible to write a neutral story'\". The Guardian. London.\n\"Author wins over Afghan subject | Norway's News in English — www.newsinenglish.no\".\n\"Leipzig Book Award for European Understanding\". City of Leipzig. Retrieved 9 December 2016.\nSeierstad, Åsne; Death, Sarah (2015). One of us : the story of Anders Breivik and the massacre in Norway. New York. ISBN 978-0-374-27789-5. OCLC 879582758.\nSeierstad, Åsne; Kinsella, Seán (2018). Two sisters : a father, his daughters, and their journey into the Syrian jihad. New York. ISBN 978-0-374-27967-7. OCLC 1012673800.", "Official website\n\"Åsne Seierstad\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Foreningen Store norske leksikon." ]

[ "Åsne Seierstad", "Personal and professional life", "Trial", "Awards and honours", "Bibliography", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2198 ]

[ 11124, 11125, 11126, 11127, 11128, 11129, 11130, 11131, 11132, 11133, 11134, 11135, 11136, 11137 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Asnen_lake.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Sweden_relief_location_map.jpg" ]

[ "Åsnen ([ˈôːsnɛn]) is a large lake in southern Småland, Sweden, roughly 150 km² in size. The river Mörrumsån flows south from Åsnen into the Baltic Sea. The lake lies south of Alvesta and Växjö and northwest of Tingsryd and is the third-largest lake in Småland, after Vättern and Bolmen. Approximately 19 km² of the lake's area is occupied by small islands. Åsnen has many small bays and islands, the largest of which is Sirkön. The lake has been designated as a Ramsar site since 1989. The lake is home to Åsnen National Park, established in 2018.\nFruit (mainly apples and strawberries) is grown in the southern parts of the surrounding area, including on Sirkön.", "Åsnen is well known for its richness in native fish, and is a popular attraction for anglers. The most common types of fish are pikeperch, pickerel, perch, and eels.\nThe lake is also a popular destination for boating and canoeing, with camping areas along the lake shore.", "\"Listor över sjöar per kommun\" (XLS). Sjölyftet (in Swedish). Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. Retrieved 29 August 2019.\n\"Åsnen\". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 16 July 2019.\nJöran Sahlgren; Gösta Bergman (1979). Svenska ortnamn med uttalsuppgifter (in Swedish). p. 29.\nTT; Andersson, Kaisa (14 March 2018). \"Klart: Åsnen blir nationalpark\". SVT Nyheter (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 August 2019.", "Sportfiskeguide.se" ]

[ "Åsnen", "Activities", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2199, 2200 ]

[ 11138, 11139 ]

[ "View of the village of Flisa", "Åsnes Finnskog kirke", "Johannes Bergh, 1890", "Gunnar Gundersen, 2008", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 9, 9, 11, 11, 11 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Flisapanorama.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/%C3%85snes_Finnskog_kirke.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Wilhelm_Holter_-_Portrett_av_Johannes_Bergh_-_1914_%28etter_foto_fra_ca._1890%29_-_Oslo_Museum_-_OB.00181.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Gunnar_Gundersen.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Flisa_stasjon.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Tj%C3%A6rebrenning_med_%C3%85snes_historielag_i_%C3%85snes_kommune.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Bjerkely_Folkeh%C3%B8yskole.jpg" ]

[ "Åsnes is a municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Solør. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Flisa, which is also the largest village in the municipality with around 1,700 people. Other villages in the municipality include Gjesåsen, Hof, and Kjellmyra.\nThe 1,041-square-kilometre (402 sq mi) municipality is the 108th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Åsnes is the 137th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 7,227. The municipality's population density is 7.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (19/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 4.9% over the previous 10-year period.", "When municipal government was established in Norway on 1 January 1838, the Åsnes area was part of Hof Municipality. In 1849, Hof municipality was divided into two: Hof (population: 2,913) and Åsnes og Våler (population: 7,087). A short time later, in 1854, the municipality of Åsnes og Våler was divided into the two current municipalities of Våler (population: 3,410) and Åsnes (population: 3,677). During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1963, Hof Municipality (population: 3,222) was merged into Åsnes Municipality (population: 6,750). On 1 January 1969, the Rotberget farm area (population: 23) in the Finnskogen part of the municipality was transferred to the neighboring municipality of Grue. In the 2010s, there had been talk of further municipal mergers but the neighboring municipalities of Grue and Våler both rejected merging with Åsnes.", "The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the old Åsnes farm (Old Norse: Ásnes), since the first Åsnes Church was built there. The first element is áss which means \"mountain ridge\" and the last element is nes which means \"headland\". (The headland is made by the river Glomma, and the farm is lying beneath a hill.) Historically, the name was spelled Aasnes.", "The coat of arms was granted on 9 December 2001. The arms show three black hooks for log driving on a gold background. This was chosen to represent the importance of logging and forestry to the municipality throughout history.", "The Church of Norway has six parishes (sokn) within the municipality of Åsnes. It is part of the Solør, Vinger og Odal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Hamar.", "The municipality is located in the southern part of Innlandet county in the traditional region of Solør. Åsnes is bordered to the north by the municipality of Våler, to the south by Grue, to the west by Nord-Odal and Stange, and to the east it borders Torsby Municipality in Värmland County, Sweden.\nFinnskogen or the forest of the Finns is a belt about 32 kilometres (20 mi) wide which runs continuously northwards along the border between Norway and Sweden through six Norwegian municipalities, including Åsnes. \nÅsnes has several lakes and rivers throughout the forested municipality which sits in the southern Glåmdal valley. It includes the lakes Gjesåssjøen, Hukusjøen, and Vermunden. The rivers Flisa, Rotna, and Glomma all flow through the municipality.", "All municipalities in Norway, including Åsnes, are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elects a mayor. The municipality falls under the Østre Innlandet District Court and the Eidsivating Court of Appeal.", "The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Åsnes is made up of 23 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The party breakdown of the council is as follows:", "The mayors of Åsnes (incomplete list):\n2003-2007: Frank Willy Bjørneseth (Ap)\n2007-2011: Lars Petter Heggelund (V)\n2011-2019: Ørjan Bue (Sp)\n2019-present: Kari Heggelund (Sp)", "Hans Jacob Grøgaard (1764 in Åsnes – 1836) a parish priest and writer, rep. at the Norwegian Constituent Assembly\nJohannes Bergh (1837 in Åsnes – 1906) a barrister, Attorney General of Norway 1893-1904\nJacob Sparre Schneider (1853 in Åsnes – 1918) a Norwegian zoologist and entomologist\nAdolf Gundersen (1865 in Åsnes – 1938) an American physician, founded Gundersen Health System in La Crosse, Wisconsin\nPer Aasness (1875 at Flaen – 1959) a military officer and politician, Mayor of Asnes, 1919-1922\nOle Bjerke (1881 in Åsnes – 1959) a sport shooter, competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics\nArne Løfsgaard (1887 at Løfsgaard – 1974) a farmer and politician. Mayor of Åsnes 1925-1928\nBirger Lie (1891 in Åsnes – 1970) a sport shooter, competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics\nJon Gudbjørn Dybendal (1904 in Åsnes – 1985) a politician, Mayor of Åsnes, 1945-1963\nRolf Jacobsen (1907–1994) an author and modernist writer, twice lived in Åsnes\nKai Grjotheim (1919 in Åsnes – 2003) a chemist and academic, solved problems within thermodynamics of salt smelters\nGunnar Gundersen (born 1956 in Åsnes) a politician, also competed in the swimming at the 1976 Summer Olympics\nTom Stræte Lagergren (born 1991 in Åsnes) stage name Matoma, a DJ and record producer\nEmilie Enger Mehl (born 1993 in Lørenskog) politician for the Centre Party. She has served as minister of justice since 2021 and Member of parliament since 2017.", "Åsnes has sister city agreements with the following places:\n Ballerup, Region Hovedstaden, Denmark\n Fagersta, Västmanland County, Sweden\n Jämsä, Länsi-Suomi, Finland\n Myjava, Trenčín Region, Slovakia\n Vasanello, Viterbo, Italy", "", "\"Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn\" (in Norwegian). Språkrådet.\n\"Forskrift om målvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar\" (in Norwegian). Lovdata.no.\nStatistisk sentralbyrå (2021). \"Table: 06913: Population 1 January and population changes during the calendar year (M)\" (in Norwegian).\nStatistisk sentralbyrå (2021). \"09280: Area of land and fresh water (km²) (M)\" (in Norwegian).\n\"Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents\". ssb.no. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.\nJukvam, Dag (1999). \"Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå.\nRygh, Oluf (1900). Norske gaardnavne: Hedmarkens amt (in Norwegian) (3 ed.). Kristiania, Norge: W. C. Fabritius & sønners bogtrikkeri. pp. 285 and 289.\n\"Kommunevåpen\" (in Norwegian). Åsnes kommune. Retrieved 21 December 2008.\n\"Civic heraldry of Norway - Norske Kommunevåpen\". Heraldry of the World. Retrieved 6 March 2022.\nHansen, Tore, ed. (12 May 2016). \"kommunestyre\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 30 January 2022.\n\"Tall for Norge: Kommunestyrevalg 2019 - Innlandet\". Valg Direktoratet. Retrieved 13 March 2022.\n\"Tall for Norge: Kommunestyrevalg 2015 - Hedmark\". Valg Direktoratet.\n\"Table: 04813: Members of the local councils, by party/electoral list at the Municipal Council election (M)\" (in Norwegian). Statistics Norway.\n\"Tall for Norge: Kommunestyrevalg 2011 - Hedmark\". Valg Direktoratet.\n\"Kommunestyrevalget 1995\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1996.\n\"Kommunestyrevalget 1991\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1993.\n\"Kommunestyrevalget 1987\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1988.\n\"Kommunestyrevalget 1983\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1984.\n\"Kommunestyrevalget 1979\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1979.\n\"Kommunevalgene 1975\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1977.\n\"Kommunevalgene 1972\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1973.\n\"Kommunevalgene 1967\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1967.\n\"Kommunevalgene 1963\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1964.\n\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1959\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1960.\n\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1955\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1957.\n\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1951\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1952.\n\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1947\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1948.\n\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1945\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1947.\n\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1937\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1938.\n\"Vennskapskommuner\" (in Norwegian). Åsnes kommune. Retrieved 21 December 2008.\n\"Åsnes\". Åsnes Municipality. Retrieved 29 September 2021.", "Media related to Åsnes at Wikimedia Commons\n The dictionary definition of Åsnes at Wiktionary\nMunicipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway (in Norwegian)" ]

[ "Åsnes", "General information", "Name", "Coat of arms", "Churches", "Geography", "Government", "Municipal council", "Mayors", "Notable people", "Sister cities", "Gallery", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2201, 2202, 2203, 2204, 2205, 2206, 2207 ]

[ 11140, 11141, 11142, 11143, 11144, 11145, 11146, 11147, 11148, 11149, 11150, 11151, 11152, 11153, 11154, 11155, 11156, 11157, 11158 ]

[ "View of the church", "View of the church" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Aasnes_kirke.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/1504_Aasnes_Kirke_-_no-nb_digifoto_20150810_00047_bldsa_PK30142.jpg" ]

[ "Åsnes Church (Norwegian: Åsnes kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Åsnes Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the village of Flisa. It is the church for the Åsnes parish which is part of the Solør, Vinger og Odal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Hamar. The white, wooden church was built in a cruciform design in 1744 using plans drawn up by an unknown architect. The church seats about 400 people.", "The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1394, but the church was not new that year. The first church in Åsnes was a wooden stave church that was built around the year 1300. This church was located at Åsnes, about 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) south of the present church site (on the opposite side of river Glomma). The church was torn down around the 1520s or 1530s and replaced with a new church on the opposite side of the river, near the present site of the church. This new church was built at Telle, about 500 metres (1,600 ft) south of the present church site. This building was a wooden long church with a small tower on the roof. In 1686, the church was described as rather fragile and in need of repair. In 1702–1704, the church was renovated and expanded by adding two transepts to give the church a cruciform floor plan. It also got a new sacristy and new interior furnishings. Not too long afterwards, in 1720, the church was described as too small and dilapidated. By 1739, the parish decided to tear down the building and to replace it.\nA new church was built at the present church site from 1744-1747.It was a wooden cruciform building that seated about 600 people (later renovations have lowered this number to about 400). The new building was consecrated in 1744, but the building itself was completely finished and ready to use until 1747. The church was refurbished and restored in 1854. In 1876, the church was significantly renovated based on plans by Jacob Wilhelm Nordan and the work was led by Günther Schüssler. During this project, the roof was removed, the walls were increased about 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) in height, and a new roof was installed. The exterior siding was replaced, and the foundation wall was improved. The altarpiece was painted by artist Axel Ender in 1876 and is titled Jesus' Resurrection. During a renovation in 1936, the church was closed for several months and parishioners used the nearby Gjesåsen Church instead. New interior colors were added by the painter Domenico Erdmann in connection with this restoration. There was another major renovation and restoration in 1954–1955 led by Halvor Vreim. Towards the end of 2016, the church was closed due to the discovery harmful fungi growing in the building. Significant work was done to remedy the situation and improve the building while it was closed for three years. The church reopened on 22 December 2019.", "List of churches in Hamar", "\"Åsnes kirke\". Kirkesøk: Kirkebyggdatabasen. Retrieved 31 December 2021.\n\"Oversikt over Nåværende Kirker\" (in Norwegian). KirkeKonsulenten.no. Retrieved 31 December 2021.\nAanmoen, Oskar, ed. (23 November 2021). \"Åsnes kirke\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 31 December 2021.\n\"Åsnes gamle kirkested\" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage. Retrieved 31 December 2021.\n\"Åsnes kirke\". Norges-Kirker.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 31 December 2021.\n\"Åsnes kirkested / Åsnes kirke 3\" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage. Retrieved 31 December 2021." ]

[ "Åsnes Church", "History", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2208 ]

[ 11159, 11160, 11161, 11162, 11163, 11164, 11165, 11166 ]

[ "Åssiden Church", "Drammen Racecourse" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/%C3%85ssiden_kirke.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/DrammenTravbane.jpg" ]

[ "Åssiden is the largest borough of Drammen in Buskerud county, Norway.\nÅssiden was a part of Lier municipality until 1951, when it became part of Drammen municipality. Åssiden is located on the western side of Drammen, north of the Drammenselva. Historically Åssiden was the location through which lumber was transported via Drammenselva into the city. Åssiden Elvepark is a park which was built on old landfill sites by the Drammenselva.\nÅssiden is the location of the vocational school, Åssiden Upper Secondary School (Åssiden videregående skole). Åssiden IF is a local sports club which has sections for association football and team handball. Drammen Racecourse (Drammen Travbane) is also located in Åssiden.\nÅssiden Church (Åssiden Kirke) dates from 1967. It is designed by the architects Harald Hille and Odd Østbye. The building was built of brick and has 350 seats. It is part of the Drammen prosti in the Tunsberg diocese.\nThere are two alpine ski lifts off E 134 on the road to Mjøndalen. The site offers 100 km of cross-country ski tracks and 42 km of illuminated ski tracks in the hills above Åssiden. Kjøsterudjuvet is a wilderness ravine located only 10 minutes from downtown Drammen. The ravine is 1300 metres long and the stone walls are more than 60 metres high.", "Arne Dokken, Norwegian former football player and coach\nLudvig G. Braathen (1891–1976), Norwegian entrepreneur", "Åssiden (Store norske leksikon)\nÅssiden Elvepark (Drammen kommune)\nHans R. Bakken. \"Drammen Travbane Property\". Drammen Travbane. Retrieved October 1, 2017.\nSigrid Marie Christie, Håkon Christie. \"Åssiden kirke\". Norges Kirker. Retrieved November 15, 2016.\nÅssiden (Go.Norway)\nKjøsterudjuvet (Visitnorway.com)" ]

[ "Åssiden", "Notable people from Åssiden", "References" ]

[ 2209, 2210 ]

[ 11167 ]

[ "View of the local church" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/%C3%85sskard_kirke.jpg" ]

[ "Åsskard is a village in Surnadal Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The village is located in the western part of the municipality, at the innermost part of the Åsskardfjorden which is a branch off the main Trongfjorden. The village is the site of Åsskard Church.\nIt is located about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) northwest of the village of Sylte. The only road connecting Halsa and Surnadal, County Road 65, runs through the village. \nHistorically, the village was the administrative centre of the old Åsskard Municipality from 1895 until the dissolution of the municipality in 1965.", "\"Åsskard, Surnadal (Møre og Romsdal)\". yr.no. Retrieved 2019-04-17.\nThorsnæs, Geir, ed. (2017-02-22). \"Åsskard - tidligere kommune\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 2019-04-17." ]

[ "Åsskard", "References" ]

[ 2211 ]

[ 11168 ]

[ "View of the local church" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/%C3%85sskard_kirke.jpg" ]

[ "Åsskard is a former municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The 151-square-kilometre (58 sq mi) municipality existed from 1895 until its dissolution in 1965. It was located in what is now the northern part of Surnadal Municipality. The former municipality of Åsskard (historically spelled Aasgaard) included the area around the Åsskardfjorden, north of the Hamnesfjorden, and east of the Trongfjorden. The administrative centre was the village of Åsskard where the Åsskard Church is located.", "The municipality of Aasgaard was established on 1 May 1895 when it was separated from the large Stangvik Municipality. It had an initial population of 629. On 1 July 1915, a southern district of Halsa Municipality (population: 114) was transferred to Aasgaard. The spelling was later changed to Åsskard. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1965, Åsskard Municipality (population: 1,014) was merged with most of Stangvik Municipality (population: 1,386) and Surnadal Municipality (population: 3,534) to form a new municipality called Surnadal.", "All municipalities in Norway, including Åsskard, are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elects a mayor.", "The municipal council (Heradsstyre) of Åsskard was made up of 13 representatives that were elected to four year terms. The party breakdown of the final municipal council was as follows:", "List of former municipalities of Norway", "\"Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn\" (in Norwegian). Språkrådet.\n\"Forskrift om målvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar\" (in Norwegian). Lovdata.no.\nThorsnæs, Geir, ed. (2017-02-22). \"Åsskard - tidligere kommune\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 2019-04-17.\nJukvam, Dag (1999). \"Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå.\nHansen, Tore, ed. (2016-05-12). \"kommunestyre\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 2020-02-02.\n\"Kommunevalgene 1963\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1964. Retrieved 2020-04-14.\n\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1959\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1960. Retrieved 2020-04-24.\n\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1955\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1957. Retrieved 2020-04-24.\n\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1951\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1952. Retrieved 2020-04-24.\n\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1947\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1948. Retrieved 2020-04-24.\n\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1945\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1947. Retrieved 2020-04-24.\n\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1937\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1938. Retrieved 2020-04-24." ]

[ "Åsskard (municipality)", "History", "Government", "Municipal council", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2212 ]

[ 11169, 11170, 11171, 11172, 11173, 11174, 11175 ]

[ "View of the church", "View of the church" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/%C3%85sskard-Church-Surnadal-Norway.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/%C3%85sskard_kirke.jpg" ]

[ "Åsskard Church (Norwegian: Åsskard kyrkje) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Surnadal Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is located in the village of Åsskard. It is the church for the Åsskard parish which is part of the Indre Nordmøre prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Møre. The white, wooden church was built in a long church design in 1876 using plans drawn up by the architect Jacob Wilhelm Nordan. The church seats about 250 people. It was the main church for the old municipality of Åsskard which existed from 1895 until 1965.", "A royal decree from 19 August 1874 granted permission to build the church in Åsskard. Christian Hovde was hired as the main builder and Jacob Wilhelm Nordan was the architect. Another royal decree from 7 August 1876 created the new parish of Åsskard. The new building was consecrated by Bishop Andreas Grimelund on 9 November 1876. Åsskard church is built as a wooden long church with a west tower, rectangular nave, and a rectangular choir with a sacristy extension on the east end. The neo-Gothic altarpiece is said to have been made in 1876 by the brothers Lars and Gudmund Brekken according to drawings by Christian Hovde. In 1960, the church was enlarged by adding some small rooms around the base of the tower.", "List of churches in Møre", "\"Åsskard kyrkje\". Kirkesøk: Kirkebyggdatabasen. Retrieved 14 April 2019.\n\"Oversikt over Nåværende Kirker\" (in Norwegian). KirkeKonsulenten.no. Retrieved 14 April 2019.\n\"Åsskard Kyrkje\" (in Norwegian). Surnadal kyrkjelege fellesråd. Retrieved 19 April 2013.\n\"Åsskard kirkested\" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage. Retrieved 17 July 2021.\n\"Åsskard kirke\". Norges-Kirker.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 17 July 2021." ]

[ "Åsskard Church", "History", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2213 ]

[ 11176, 11177, 11178 ]

[ "Saint Olaf with his half-brothers \nHalfdan Egedius, illustration for Olav den helliges saga. 1899" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Olav_den_helliges_saga_-_Kong_Olav_med_sine_halvbroedre_-_H._Egedius.jpg" ]

[ "Åsta Gudbrandsdatter (c. 975/980 – c. 1020/1030) was the mother of two Norwegian kings, King Olaf II of Norway and King Harald III of Norway. The primary source for the life of Åsta is Snorri Sturluson's saga Heimskringla, a 13th-century collection of tales about the lives of the Norwegian kings. In the chronicle, Åsta is described as \"generous and high-minded\" and as a keen political player and guiding influence on her royal husbands and children. Her parents were Gudbrand Kula and Ulfhild.", "Åsta Gudbrandsdatter first appears in Snorri's 'Saga of King Olaf Tryggvason' as the wife of Harald Grenske (Grenski), ruler of Vestfold. In the summer of 994, although already married to Åsta, Harald traveled to the Baltic and proposed marriage to his foster-sister Sigrid. He had learned that her landholdings in Sweden were no less extensive than his own in Norway, and promised to abandon Åsta, who although \"good and clever\" was not as well-born as he was. Sigrid refused, objecting that Harald should feel fortunate in his existing marriage and that Åsta was carrying Harald's child. When she rode off, Harald pursued her back to her estate. That evening, Sigrid hosted a lavish feast at which Harald and his companions became drunk. Under cover of darkness, she ordered her armed men to set fire to the hall in which Harald slept, and he was killed; those of his companions who escaped the flames were put to the sword. Following this episode, Sigrid was called Storråda, 'the Haughty.'\nOn learning of her husband's death, Åsta was outraged both by Harald's infidelity and his murder. She returned immediately to the home of her father Gudbrand Kula in Oppland, where later that year she gave birth to a son, whom she named Olaf. He would later be renowned as St. Olaf, King of Norway from 1015 to 1028.", "Soon after Harald Grenske's death, Åsta married Sigurd Syr, king of Ringerike, and brought the child Olaf with her to be raised in the home of his stepfather. When King Olaf Tryggvason of Norway arrived in 998 to convert the populace of Ringerike to Christianity, Sigurd, Åsta, and Olaf were all baptized, with the king himself acting as Olaf's godfather.\nAccording to the sagas, Åsta and Sigurd Syr were good and noble rulers and had the following children together:\nGuttorm\nGunnhild - married Ketil Kalv of Ringnes in Stange\nHalfdan\nIngerid - married Nevstein, mother of Tore, foster-father of King Magnus Barefoot\nHarald III 'Hardrada'- King of Norway from 1047 to 1066, sometimes called 'the last great Viking'", "In 1007, Åsta arranged Olaf's first military expedition by ordering her steward Hrane to take the then-twelve-year-old Olaf on board a warship as commander. According to Heimskringla, it was custom that a captain of noble descent automatically be afforded the rank 'King'; Åsta thus strategically secured a title for her son although he did not yet have any lands or holdings. When Olaf returned home in 1014 as an accomplished leader, Åsta ordered her household to receive him in the manner of a great king. When Sigurd Syr heard this, knowing Olaf's ambitions, he questioned whether Åsta could lead her son \"out of this business with the same splendour she was leading him into it.\"\nOlaf took his mother into military counsel along with Sigurd and Hrane. When he shared his intention to declare himself sole ruler of Norway, Åsta threw her support behind her son:\n\"For my part, my son, I am rejoiced at thy arrival, but much more at thy advancing thy honour. I will spare nothing for that purpose that stands in my power, although it be but little help that can be expected from me. But if a choice could be made, I would rather that thou shouldst be the supreme king of Norway, even if thou shouldst not sit longer in thy kingdom than Olaf Tryggvason did, than that thou shouldst not be a greater king than Sigurd Syr is, and die the death of old age.\" \nSigurd Syr lent military support to Olaf in his campaigns and on the occasion of her son's 1018 victory over the Oppland kings, Åsta held a great feast of victory.\nÅsta was also the mother of King Harald III, who was fifteen years old when his brother Olaf died at the Battle of Stiklestad in 1030. Harald ruled Norway from 1046 until his death in 1066 at the Battle of Stamford Bridge; his famous defeat by the forces of England's King Harold Godwinson has traditionally been considered the end of the Viking Age.", "Åsta Gudbrandsdatter (Store norske leksikon)\nMargolis, Nadia. \"Aasta of Norway (Late 10th Century-early 11th Century).\" Women in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia. Eds. Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2004. Credo Reference. Web. 8 Mar. 2016.\nPalsson, H., and P. Edwards. The Book of Settlements: Landnámabók. University of Manitoba Press, 2014. Print.\nSnorri Sturlason. \"King Olaf Tryggvason's Saga.\" Comp. Douglas B. Killings and David Widger. Section 48. Heimskringla or The Chronicle of the Kings of Norway. Project Gutenberg, 6 Feb. 2013. Web. 8 Mar. 2016.\nÅsta Gudbrandsdatter – utdypning (Store norske leksikon)\nSnorri Sturlason. \"King Olaf Tryggvason's Saga.\" Comp. Douglas B. Killings and David Widger. Section 67. Heimskringla or The Chronicle of the Kings of Norway. Project Gutenberg, 6 Feb. 2013. Web. 8 Mar. 2016.\nGudbrand Kula (Wikipedia for Norge)\nMargolis, Nadia. \"Aasta of Norway (Late 10th Century-early 11th Century).\" Women in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia. Eds. Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2004. Credo Reference. Web. 8 Mar. 2016.\nKrag, Claus. \"Harald 3 Hardråde\". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 9 March 2016.\nSnorri Sturlason. \"Saga of Olaf Haraldson.\" Comp. Douglas B. Killings and David Widger. Section 4. Heimskringla or The Chronicle of the Kings of Norway. Project Gutenberg, 6 Feb. 2013. Web. 9 Mar. 2016.\nSnorri Sturlason. \"Saga of Olaf Haraldson.\" Comp. Douglas B. Killings and David Widger. Section 31. Heimskringla or The Chronicle of the Kings of Norway. Project Gutenberg, 6 Feb. 2013. Web. 9 Mar. 2016.\nSnorri Sturlason. \"Saga of Olaf Haraldson.\" Comp. Douglas B. Killings and David Widger. Section 33. Heimskringla or The Chronicle of the Kings of Norway. Project Gutenberg, 6 Feb. 2013. Web. 9 Mar. 2016.\nSnorri Sturlason. \"Saga of Olaf Haraldson.\" Comp. Douglas B. Killings and David Widger. Section 74. Heimskringla or The Chronicle of the Kings of Norway. Project Gutenberg, 6 Feb. 2013. Web. 9 Mar. 2016.\n\"Saga of Harald Hardrade.\" Comp. Douglas B. Killings and David Widger. Section 1. Heimskringla or The Chronicle of the Kings of Norway. Project Gutenberg, 6 Feb. 2013. Web. 9 Mar. 2016.", "Weis, Frederick Lewis, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700 (Genealogical Publishing Company, 1992)\nKoht, Halvdan, The Old Norse Sagas (Periodicals Service Co., 1931)" ]

[ "Åsta Gudbrandsdatter", "Wife of Harald Grenske", "Marriage to Sigurd Syr and Baptism", "Influence", "References", "Other sources" ]

[ 2214 ]

[ 11179, 11180, 11181, 11182, 11183, 11184, 11185, 11186, 11187, 11188, 11189, 11190, 11191, 11192, 11193, 11194 ]

[ "Holth in 1945", "" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/%C3%85sta_Holt_1945.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c2/Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager_2.png" ]

[ "Åsta Holth (13 February 1904 – 16 March 1999) was a Norwegian novelist, poet and short story writer. She made her literary debut in 1944 with the short story collection Gamle bygdevegen. In 1946, she published the poetry collection Porkkalafela. She was awarded the Dobloug Prize in 1977.", "Holth was born at Svullrya in Solør in the county of Hedmark, Norway. She was of Forest Finnish descent. Many of her written works are about the residents of Finnskogen. Holth published a total of 19 books. \nShe made her debut in 1929 with the play I Luråsen. Her breakthrough came with her novel Kornet og freden (1955) followed by Gullsmeden (1958) and Steinen bløder (1963). Her autobiography Piga came out in 1979. Holth was awarded the Dobloug Prize in 1977 and the King's Medal of Merit (Kongens fortjenstmedalje) in gold during 1984.", "\"Åsta Holth\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 16 October 2010.\nBrenden, Randi. \"Åsta Holth\". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 16 October 2010." ]

[ "Åsta Holth", "Biography", "References" ]

[ 2215 ]

[ 11195, 11196 ]

[ "Memorial stone with the names of the 19 people who died in the accident" ]

[ 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Minnesmerke_%C3%85sta-ulykken.jpg" ]

[ "The Åsta accident was a railway accident that occurred at 13:12:25 on 4 January 2000 at Åsta in Åmot, south of Rena in Østerdalen, Norway. A train from Trondheim collided with a local train from Hamar on the Røros Line, resulting in an explosive fire. 19 people were killed, while 67 survived the accident.", "Southbound train 2302, a train hauled by a Di 3-class diesel locomotive, departed on schedule from Trondheim Central Station at 07:45 in the morning on Tuesday 4 January 2000 with 75 people on board. Its final destination was Hamar Station. Because connecting trains were running late, the train departure from Røros Station was 21 minutes late. The schedule delay was partially recovered, and by arrival and departure at Rena Station the train was running only 7 minutes late. At departure the signal showed green, and the log at the traffic control centre at Hamar after the accident showed that the south-bound signal on the main line was also green.\nNorthbound train 2369, a Class 92 diesel multiple unit, left Hamar Station on schedule at 12:30 with 10 passengers on board. The train was headed for Rena Station, after which it was to return to Hamar. At Rustad Station the train stopped to pick up one passenger at 13:06 and, according to the schedule, the train was supposed to have remain at Rustad until 13:10 to wait for the train from north. When the train left Rustad at 13:07 with 11 persons on board, including the engineer and conductor, the log shows that the signal did not show green. The log also revealed that the set of points at the exit had been forced open by the northbound train.\nTraffic control on the Rørosbanen line between Hamar and Røros is controlled by the Train Control Centre at Hamar. The dispatcher there was also responsible for watching the more heavily trafficked stretch south from Hamar to Eidsvoll. There was no audible alarm installed to warn when two trains are on collision course on this stretch, and although a message in red print may have been visible on the screen warning that an accident was imminent, the traffic controller did not observe this visual warning until 13:11:30.\nAt the time of the accident, neither an Automatic Train Control (ATC, a system for automatically stopping trains) nor a train radio was installed on trains on the Røros Line. The only way to contact the trains was via mobile telephones. The mobile telephone numbers for the engineers and conductors on the trains had either been recorded on the wrong list, or had not been listed. Hence, by the time the traffic controller in Hamar recognised the problem, he was unable to determine which phone number to dial.\nAt 13:12:35 the trains collided at Kilometer 182,75 (61°04′08.1″N 011°21′02.9″E), killing many people.", "On 1 September 1997, the Norwegian National Rail Administration and the Norwegian State Railways had introduced new departure routines for passenger trains where only the engineer, and not both the engineer and conductor as before, was required to check that the main departure signal from a station showed \"go\" before the train started from a station. This was despite that the Norwegian Railway Inspectorate did not accept that the new departure procedures were to be introduced on the Røros Line, among other things because of the special conditions there. The Rail Inspectorate protested, also to the Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications, and got support there, without this changing the actual departure procedures.", "", "On 22 February 1975, the Tretten train disaster occurred on the Dovre Line, killing 27 people. The accident was very similar to the one at Åsta, as it was a head-on collision on a section with CTC, after the train driver had mis-read a stop signal. In that accident's aftermath, it was concluded that a stop signal was not sufficient and in 1976 NSB decided to install automatic train stop (ATS) on all electrified mainlines. A prototype of an ATS system was developed by SINTEF and tested om Espa station in 1971. However, the selected system was the ATC system that LM Ericsson developed for the Swedish state railways. From 1979 the system was rolled out on the main railway lines, including the Bergen, Dovre, Sørlandet, Ofoten, Østfold and Kongsvinger Lines. From 1995, also automatic train control (ATC) was rolled out, allowing not just stop signals, but also speed signals to be issued automatically.\nIn a 1989 report written by Det Norske Veritas for NSB, the continued roll-out of ATC was instrumental for retaining safety on the railway network. The report recommended that all lines in Norway with centralised traffic control (CTC) receive ATC by 1 January 1995. In particular, the Drammen Line between Oslo and Asker and the Vestfold Line lacked such implementation. In addition, the report stressed that all new lines receiving CTC should also receive ATC at the same time. Funding for hasten roll-out was given in 1992 and 1993, both on the Røros and the Eastern Østfold Line. The need for ATC was also specified in National Railway Plan 1994–97.\nThe CTC on the Røros Line south of Røros was completed in December 1994, but without ATC. This allowed the costly manning of stations (to manually operate the passing loops) to end. The plans for ATC were completed in November 1995, and then sent on public consultation. By April 1997, the planning process was completed. In the Norwegian Railway Plan 1998–2007, the Ministry of Transport and Communications explicitly stated that ATC, along with CTC and the train radio system Scanet was only to be built on lines where it was profitable. The Røros Line had ATC mentioned \"in the medium term\", but was not part of the ten-year plan. The plan was subsequently sanctioned by the Parliament of Norway. The reasons for not allocating money was in part because of cost overruns from building the Gardermoen Line, and in part because centrally placed people in NSB were uncertain if the Røros Line would be kept and if it was economical to make large investments in a line which would be closed.", "Scanet was replaced by Global System for Mobile Communications – Railway (GSM-R) in 2007. The system, delivered by Nokia Siemens Networks, was on time and on budget, and made Norway one of the first countries to fully implement the system throughout Europe. After GSM-R was fully implemented on 1 November, Scanet was gradually closed. The new system has been characterised as simpler to use and giving better audio quality than Scanet.", "\"Åsta-rapporten mottatt med sterke følelser\". Aftenposten. 11 November 2000. Retrieved 27 February 2007.\nRapport frå undersøkelseskommisjonen Figure 3.5\nGulowsen & Ryggvik (2004): 205\nGulowsen & Ryggvik (2004): 206\nGulowsen & Ryggvik (2004): 211\nGulowsen & Ryggvik (2004): 423\nGulowsen & Ryggvik (2004): 424\nGulowsen & Ryggvik (2004): 425\nGulowsen & Ryggvik (2004): 426\nSavvas, Antony (19 November 2007). \"Norwegian rail system migrates to mobile network to improve safety\". Computer Weekly. Archived from the original on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2010.\n\"Høring – Endring av togframføringsforskriften og signalforskriften bl.a. som følge av innføring av GSM-R som togradio mv\" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Railway Inspectorate. 6 July 2007. Archived from the original on 24 October 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2010.\nNørbeck, Fredrik (2008). \"GSM-R\" (PDF). Lokomotivmands Tidende. National Union of Norwegian Locomotivemen (3): 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2010.", "Gulowsen, Jon; Ryggvik, Helge (2004). Jernbanen i Norge 1854–2004: Ny tider og gamle spor 1940–2004 (in Norwegian). Bergen: Vogmostad & Bjørke. ISBN 82-419-0332-4.\nHaagenrud, Nils-Erik (June 2000). \"Norway's train crash: learning from major incidents\". Fire International. dmg world media. No. 177 (June 2000): 16–17. ISSN 0015-2609. OCLC 196692695." ]

[ "Åsta accident", "Account of the accident", "Aftermath", "Impact on railway safety", "Background", "Implementations", "References", "Bibliography" ]

[ 2216 ]

[ 11197, 11198, 11199, 11200, 11201, 11202, 11203, 11204, 11205, 11206, 11207, 11208, 11209, 11210, 11211, 11212, 11213 ]

[ "Åstorp in April 2011" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/%C3%85storps_hembygdsg%C3%A5rd.jpg" ]

[ "Åstorp (old Danish: Aastrup) is a bimunicipal locality and the seat of Åstorp Municipality in Scania County, Sweden with 9,488 inhabitants in 2010. It is also partly located in Ängelholm Municipality.", "Åstorp is a railway junction located along the European route E4 close to Helsingborg. Åstorp Station is located 25 minutes by train from Helsingborg and 70 minutes from Kristianstad on the local line Helsingborg-Hässleholm-Kristianstad.\nÅstorp grew in importance when the railway from Helsingborg to Hässleholm-Stockholm was completed in 1875. In 1886 a railway to Malmö was completed, and in 1888 Åstorp became a main junction when the Malmö-Gothenburg line was completed. These lines are still in use, although passenger traffic Malmö-Gothenburg is re-routed via Helsingborg-Ängelholm. The Ängelholm-Åstorp-Teckomatorp line is a main route for cargo trains to Malmö. Åstorp is connected to Helsingborg via two routes, one entering Helsingborg from the north and one from the south via Ramlösa.\nÅstorp has also been connected with railroads to Landskrona, to Eslöv via Klippan, to Markaryd-Ljungby and to Höganäs-Mölle although traffic is discontinued and most of the tracks have been removed.", "\"Tätorternas landareal, folkmängd och invånare per km² 2005 och 2010\" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. 14 December 2011. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2012.", "Home page of Åstorp" ]

[ "Åstorp", "Overview", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2217 ]

[ 11214, 11215, 11216 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Sweden._Sk%C3%A5ne_County._%C3%85storp_Municipality_001.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/%C3%85storp_Municipality_in_Scania_County.png" ]

[ "Åstorp Municipality (Åstorps kommun) is a municipality in Scania County in South Sweden in southern Sweden. Its seat is located in the town of Åstorp.\nIn 1974 \"old\" Åstorp (a market town (köping) since 1946) was amalgamated with Kvidinge to form the present municipality.", "There are 3 urban areas (also called a Tätort or locality) in Åstorp Municipality.\nIn the table they are listed according to the size of the population as of December 31, 2005.\nA small part of Åstorp is situated in Ängelholm Municipality.", "Statistics Sweden\n\"Statistiska centralbyrån, Kommunarealer den 1 januari 2014\" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. 2014-01-01. Archived from the original (Microsoft Excel) on 2016-09-27. Retrieved 2014-04-18.\n\"Folkmängd i riket, län och kommuner 31 december 2019\" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. February 20, 2020. Retrieved February 20, 2020.", "Media related to Åstorp Municipality at Wikimedia Commons\nÅstorp Municipality - Official site\nCoat of arms" ]

[ "Åstorp Municipality", "Localities", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2218, 2219 ]

[ 11217, 11218 ]

[ "Ulricehamn (then Bogesund) around 1700, viewed from the south. The lake on the left", "" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Suecia_3-043_%3B_Bogsund_%28Ulricehamn%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Sweden_relief_location_map.jpg" ]

[ "Åsunden ([ˈôːˌsɵnːdɛn]) is a lake in Västergötland, Sweden.\nThe lake is known from the Battle of Bogesund which took place on the ice and shore of the lake on January 19, 1520. Christian II of Denmark prevailed over the Swedish regent Sten Sture the Younger, who was mortally injured. Christian went on to be crowned King of Sweden later that year.", "Jöran Sahlgren; Gösta Bergman (1979). Svenska ortnamn med uttalsuppgifter (in Swedish). p. 29.\nLockhart, Paul Douglas (2007). Denmark, 1513-1660 : the rise and decline of a Renaissance monarchy. Oxford University Press. p. 17. ISBN 9780199271214." ]

[ "Åsunden (Västergötland)", "References" ]

[ 2220, 2221 ]

[ 11219 ]

[ "Lyngedal at Governor Øystein Olsen's annual address in February 2018" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/%C3%85sunn_Lyngedal_p%C3%A5_Sentralbanksjefens_%C3%A5rstale_2018_%28191101%29.jpg" ]

[ "Åsunn Lyngedal (born 17 July 1968) is a Norwegian politician. \nShe was elected representative to the Storting for the period 2017–2021 for the Labour Party.", "\"Lyngedal, Åsunn\". stortinget.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 7 October 2017." ]

[ "Åsunn Lyngedal", "References" ]

[ 2222 ]

[ 11220 ]

[ "View of the lighthouse", "" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/%C3%85sv%C3%A6r_fyr.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Vuurtoren-Huisduinen-2.jpg" ]

[ "Åsvær Lighthouse (Norwegian: Åsvær fyr) is a coastal lighthouse in Dønna Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is located on the island of Åsvær, about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of the village of Vandve, about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) northwest of the island of Dønna, and about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) south of the village of Lovund.\nThe 18.5-metre (61 ft) tall lighthouse was first built in 1876. The original lighthouse was replaced in 1919 after a tough winter storm. The new lighthouse was automated in 1980, and it was listed as a protected site in 2000.\nThe lighthouse includes an 18.5-metre (61 ft) tall red, cast iron tower. The light sits on top of the tower at an elevation of 24.5 metres (80 ft) above sea level. The 28,800-candela light can be seen for up to 14.2 nautical miles (26.3 km; 16.3 mi). The light emits a white, red or green light depending on direction, occulting in groups of two every eight seconds.", "Lighthouses in Norway\nList of lighthouses in Norway", "Henriksen, Petter (ed.). \"Åsvær fyr\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 13 December 2011.\n\"Åsvær fyr\" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2012-01-17.\nKystverket (2018). Norske Fyrliste (PDF) (in Norwegian). ISBN 9788245015959.\nRowlett, Russ (2018-09-22). \"Lighthouses of Norway: Central Helgeland\". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 2018-11-26.", "Norsk Fyrhistorisk Forening (in Norwegian)" ]

[ "Åsvær Lighthouse", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2223, 2224 ]

[ 11221, 11222 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/%C3%85torp_001.jpg" ]

[ "Åtorp is a locality situated in Degerfors Municipality, Örebro County, Sweden with 212 inhabitants in 2010. The river that runs along Åtorp is called Letälven.", "\"Tätorternas landareal, folkmängd och invånare per km² 2005 och 2010\" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. 14 December 2011. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2012." ]

[ "Åtorp", "References" ]

[ 2225 ]

[ 11223 ]

[ "Åtvidaberg", "" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Utsikt_%C3%B6ver_gamla_FACIT.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tlands_l%C3%A4ns_vapen.png" ]

[ "Åtvidaberg is a locality and the seat of Åtvidaberg Municipality, Östergötland County, Sweden with 6,859 inhabitants in 2010.", "Copper was mined in the area from the 14th century, and the name \"Åtvidaberg\" was originally the name of a bergslag (a type of mining community). The earliest known use of the place name is from 1467, as a compound of the words Åtvid, which was the name of the parish, and berg, literally \"mountain\", but in this context referring to a mine.\nThe town's development was to be directed by the noble family Adelswärd. Through investments in the 19th and early 20th century the town developed into a modern industrial town.\nIn the 1970s the industry was dominated by Facit, making calculators. It was a major sponsor of the football team Åtvidabergs FF, one of Sweden's strongest team in the 1970s. When Facit went bankrupt in the second half of the 1970s, it led to the downfall and degradation of the team.\nAt the end of the 19th century almost one third of the population of Åtvidaberg Municipality in Sweden emigrated to Ishpeming, Michigan in the United States as copper mines in the Åtvidaberg area closed down.[9] In 1994 this was commemorated by a plaquette at the Mormorsgruvan mine of Åtvidaberg.", "\"Tätorternas landareal, folkmängd och invånare per km² 2005 och 2010\" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. 14 December 2011. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2012.\n\"Åtvidaberg\". Nationalencyklopedin." ]

[ "Åtvidaberg", "History", "References" ]

[ 2226, 2227 ]

[ 11224, 11225, 11226 ]

[ "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/%C3%85tvidaberg_-_KMB_-_16000300022243.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/%C3%85tvidaberg_Municipality_in_%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland_County.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tlands_l%C3%A4ns_vapen.png" ]

[ "Åtvidaberg Municipality (Åtvidabergs kommun) is a municipality in Östergötland County in southeastern Sweden. Its seat is located in the town of Åtvidaberg, with some 7,000 inhabitants.\nThe present municipality was established in 1971 when the market town (köping) of Åtvidaberg (instituted in 1947) was amalgamated with its surrounding rural municipalities. A part of the present territory was transferred from Kalmar County.", "Berg\nBjörsäter\nFalerum\nGrebo\nÅtvidaberg (seat)\nFröjerum", "The Åtvidabergs Vagnfabrik (Wagon Factory), was founded in 1910 and constructed early cars. A total of 12 cars were made. They resembled the American carriage with large wheels.\nThe Åtvidaberg church \"Stora Kyrkan\" (\"the Big Church\") was built in the 1870s in neo-Gothic style. The remains of a 17th-century church were also of interest. It was rebuilt and is now functioning as a church again, \"Gamla Kyrkan\" (\"the Old Church\").\nAt the end of the 19th century almost one third of the population of Åtvidaberg Municipality in Sweden emigrated to Ishpeming, Michigan in the United States as copper mines in the Åtvidaberg area closed down.[9] In 1994 this was commemorated by a plaquette at the Mormorsgruvan mine of Åtvidaberg.", "\"Statistiska centralbyrån, Kommunarealer den 1 januari 2014\" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. 2014-01-01. Archived from the original (Microsoft Excel) on 2016-09-27. Retrieved 2014-04-18.\n\"Folkmängd i riket, län och kommuner 31 december 2021\" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. February 22, 2022. Retrieved February 22, 2022.", "Media related to Åtvidaberg Municipality at Wikimedia Commons\nÅtvidaberg Municipality - Official site" ]

[ "Åtvidaberg Municipality", "Localities", "Notability", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2228, 2229 ]

[ 11227, 11228, 11229 ]

[ "Elof Ericsson (1887–1961)", "A chart showing the progress of Åtvidabergs FF through the swedish football league system. The different shades of gray represent league divisions.", "Åtvidaberg playing a game against BK Häcken in the 2012 Allsvenskan.", "Kopparvallen before the 2011–2012 stadium rebuild.", "Englishman George Raynor also managed clubs like Juventus and Lazio as well as the 1958 FIFA World Cup Swedish national team who finished runners-up." ]

[ 2, 3, 4, 10, 13 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Elof_Ericsson_1937.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/%C3%85tvidabergs_FF_League_Performance.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Rambergsvallen_2012-08-31_g.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Kopparvallen.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/GeorgeRaynor.jpg" ]

[ "Åtvidabergs Fotbollförening, also known simply as Åtvidabergs FF, Åtvidaberg, Åtvid or (especially locally) ÅFF, is a Swedish professional football club based in Åtvidaberg. The club is affiliated with Östergötlands Fotbollförbund and plays their home games at Kopparvallen. The club colours, reflected in their crest and kit, are blue and white. Formed on 1 July 1907 as Åtvidabergs IF, the club was most successful during the 1970s when they won two national championship titles and two national cup titles. With a population of around 7,000, Åtvidaberg is the smallest town ever to bring home a Swedish league title. They currently play in Division 1, where the season lasts from April to November.", "", "During the 1920s, the small town club Åtvidabergs IF played in the fifth tier of Swedish football. However, local businessman Elof Ericsson was determined to change this. He became chairman of the board and took the initiative of separating the different sections of the multisport club, thus forming a new club, Åtvidabergs FF, out of the football section. Through his company Facit, which employed a large portion of the small Åtvidaberg population, he was also able to increase the funding for the team.\nÅtvidaberg became early forerunners with their strategy to scout players nationally instead of just locally. Since all players in Sweden at the time were amateurs, their ability to offer new signings a good job at the Facit factory made them an attractive club to play for. This, together with the hiring of foreign coaches like Kálmán Konrád, helped the club move up through the divisions, establishing them in the second tier and playing one year in Allsvenskan.", "The years that followed would prove to be Åtvidabergs FF's most successful ever. During this period, they recruited players like Ralf Edström, Roland Sandberg and Conny Torstensson.\nIn 1967, they were promoted to Allsvenskan and five years later they won the league for the first time ever and repeated the year after in 1973. Ironically, this golden age came at exactly the same time as the Facit company, which had enabled the success, struggled greatly and eventually was sold off to Electrolux.", "After struggling greatly in the 1990s and falling as low as the fourth tier with attendance numbers in the hundreds, Åtvidaberg had managed to climb back up to the second tier again by the start of the new millennium. In an effort to further strengthen their organization and finances, the club started a cooperation with reigning champions Djurgårdens IF in 2003. The deal also included a loan of several Djurgården players to Åtvidaberg. In 2005, the Djurgården chairman said that the team should move to the nearby city of Linköping, that did not have a club in the higher divisions. The proposal was met by a negative reaction from the Åtvidaberg supporters. The cooperation finally collapsed in 2006 when Åtvidaberg Municipality refused to cover any potential economic losses for Djurgården.\nIn the following years, Åtvidaberg finished in the top half of the Superettan table and finally in 2009 they were promoted back to Allsvenskan for the first time since 1982. They were relegated again but bounced back immediately and achieved an eighth-place finish in the 2012 Allsvenskan. During the upcoming seasons, Åtvidaberg finished mid-table in the top tier with the help of the three key players that long had stayed faithful with the club: goalkeeper Henrik Gustavsson (that made 487 league appearances between 1997 and 2015), central defender Daniel Hallingström (350 appearances and 29 goals between 1999–2000 and 2002–2015) and midfielder Kristian Bergström (489 appearances and 118 goals between 1992–1997\tand 2004–2015). All three players retired after the 2015 season, as Åtvidaberg finished 16th and last in Allsvenskan and got relegated back to Superettan.\nTwo years later, in 2017, the club got relegated from Superettan to the third tier, Division 1.", "", "As of 25 February 2019\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "", "As of 10 July 2018", "Swedish Champions\nWinners (2): 1972, 1973", "Allsvenskan:\nWinners (2): 1972, 1973\nRunners-up (2): 1970, 1971\nSuperettan:\nWinners (1): 2011\nRunners-up (1): 2009", "Svenska Cupen:\nWinners (2): 1969–70, 1970–71\nRunners-up (4): 1946, 1972–73, 1978–79, 2005", "Kálmán Konrád (1942–1947)\n Erik Almgren (1948)\n József Nagy (1948–1952)\n George Raynor (1952–1954)\n Karl Durspekt (1956–1957)\n Antonio Durán (1960–1963)\n Bengt Gustavsson (1966–1970)\n Sven-Agne Larsson (1971–1972)\n Ottó Dombos (1973–1974)\n Ingvar Svensson (1977–1979)\n Björn Westerberg (Jan 1979 – Dec 1982)\n Bo-Leine Larsson\n Conny Torstensson (1986)\n Håkan Stenbäck (1989)\n Mats \"Tott\" Karlsson (1997 – 1999)\n Jörgen Augustsson (2000)\n Steve Creutz & Hans \"Lerdala\" Andersson (2000–2003)\n Kent Karlsson (2004 – 2006)\n Peter Swärdh (2007 – 2008)\n Daniel Wiklund (2009)\n Andreas Thomsson (2010 – 2012)\n Peter Swärdh (2013 – 2014)\n Roar Hansen (2015 – 2017)\n Andreas Thomsson (2017)\n Daniel Hallingström & Pontus Hydén (2018)\n Håkan Juhlin (2018)\n Rickard Johansson (2018 – 2019)\n Tor-Arne Fredheim (2019)\n Jesper Ny (2019 – present)", "The title of \"Swedish Champions\" has been awarded to the winner of four different competitions over the years. Between 1896 and 1925 the title was awarded to the winner of Svenska Mästerskapet, a stand-alone cup tournament. No club were given the title between 1926 and 1930 even though the first-tier league Allsvenskan was played. In 1931 the title was reinstated and awarded to the winner of Allsvenskan. Between 1982 and 1990 a play-off in cup format was held at the end of the league season to decide the champions. After the play-off format in 1991 and 1992 the title was decided by the winner of Mästerskapsserien, an additional league after the end of Allsvenskan. Since the 1993 season the title has once again been awarded to the winner of Allsvenskan.", "\"Kontaktuppgifter och tävlingar – Östergötlands Fotbollförbund – Svenskfotboll.se\". Retrieved 12 January 2011.\n\"Svenska mästare 1896–1925, 1931–\". svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 25 November 2009.\n\"Historia / Åtvidabergs FF\" (in Swedish). Åtvidabergs FF. Retrieved 23 September 2012.\n\"Publikutveckling Genom Åren För Åtvidabergs FF\" (PDF) (in Swedish). Åtvidabergs FF. Retrieved 23 September 2012.\n\"Djurgården och ÅFF i samarbete\" (in Swedish). Folkbladet. Retrieved 23 September 2012.\n\"Djurgården bryter samarbetet med Åtvidaberg\" (in Swedish). Aftonbladet. Retrieved 23 September 2012.\n\"Truppen\" (in Swedish). Åtvidabergs FF. Retrieved 13 January 2018.\nTruppen‚ atvidabergsff.se, 13 January 2018", "Official website\nKopparslagarna – official supporter club site" ]

[ "Åtvidabergs FF", "History", "Initial rise through the divisions", "The peak of Åtvidaberg's success", "New millennium revival", "Players", "First-team squad", "Youth players in use", "Management", "Technical staff", "Achievements", "League", "Cups", "Managers", "Footnotes", "Notes", "External links" ]

[ 2230, 2231, 2232, 2233, 2234 ]

[ 11230, 11231, 11232, 11233, 11234, 11235, 11236, 11237, 11238, 11239, 11240, 11241, 11242 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/%C3%85va_Gymnasium.JPG" ]

[ "Åva Gymnasium is a public secondary school located in Täby, Sweden, a suburb to the north of the capital, Stockholm. Established in 1970, it teaches most of the Swedish national curriculum programmes, as well as a two-year International Baccalaureate Diploma programme, with an mandatory pre-IB year at Åva before beginning the programme in order to make up for the 1-year gap between Sweden and other parts of the world. The student population is around 1,300.\nThe school is strong in the sciences, and has won numerous national science competition awards as well as awards for its restaurant programme, located in a nearby hotel. Recently the IB department has been among the most successful in the country gradewise and is a big contributor of students to the top national universities. The school receives a yearly scholarship from the Hans Buhre memory fund in order to assist young science-minded students in continuing their studies in higher education, as the namesake of the fund is an Åva alumni and went on to found the second largest employer in Täby municipality.\nThe student newspaper, Cumulus, is printed annually and won the Lilla Journalistpriset (Young Journalist Award) in 2011 and 2013.\nThe school has a historical rivalry with another very close Täby school, Tibble Gymnasium, and every year competes in a sporting competition between the two schools.", "Fredrik Reinfeldt, former Prime Minister of Sweden\nKristian Luuk, comedian and television anchor\nFredrik Carlsson Orienteringsskytte, (Athlete), Gold Medal in Biathlon Orienteering - Sprint\nEric Prydz, music producer, sound engineer, DJ.\nHans Buhre, engineer, founder of Micronic.", "\"Frederick was a bit of class clown\". Nyheter24. Retrieved 25 August 2016.", "Official website" ]

[ "Åva gymnasium", "Notable alumni", "References", "External links" ]

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[ 11243 ]

[ "View of the village harbour", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/%C3%85vik.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/HPIM7198.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/20100608-1848-Svinor.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Svin%C3%B8r_-_no-nb_digifoto_20151021_00092_NB_MIT_FNR_10044.jpg" ]

[ "Åvik is a small seaport village in Lindesnes municipality in Agder county, Norway. The village is on the coast near the southernmost part of Norway, about two kilometres (1.2 mi) to the southeast of the village of Svenevig. Åvik sits on the mainland, about 300 metres (980 ft) north of the island of Svinør, and together, the harbours of Åvik and Svinør form one large harbour area. There are many old wooden houses in Åvik.", "", "\"Åvik, Lindesnes (Vest-Agder)\". yr.no. Retrieved 12 December 2016.\nStore norske leksikon. \"Åvik\" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 12 December 2016.", "Ulka Charter" ]

[ "Åvik", "Media gallery", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2236, 2237, 2238, 2239 ]

[ 11244 ]

[ "Vanuatu's domestic airline operated under the name Air Melanesiæ in the 1970s.", "Æ on the Katholische Hofkirche in Dresden (at the beginning of \"ÆDEM\")", "The name Ælfgyva, on the Bayeux Tapestry.", "West of the red line through Jutland, classic Danish dialects use æ as the definite article. Additionally, the northernmost and southernmost of that area use Æ as the first person singular pronoun I. The two words are different vowels.", "Ossetic Latin script; part of a page from a book published in 1935", "Nordic keyboard with keys for Æ, Ø and Å. Danish layout uses the violet colored keys and the Norwegian layout the green ones.", "The Æ character (among others, including Å and ø) is accessible using AltGr+z on a US-International keyboard", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 3, 4, 5, 9, 9, 15 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Air_Melanesiae_De_Havilland_Australia_DHA-3_Drover_Mk3_BWU_Wheatley-2.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Katholische-hofkirche_AE.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Aelggyva_Edwige.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Denmark-gender.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Oseta_latina_skribo.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/NordicKbd.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Left_side_of_modern_US-International_keyboard.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Illuminated_keyboard_2.JPG" ]

[ "Æ (lowercase: æ) is a character formed from the letters a and e, originally a ligature representing the Latin diphthong ae. It has been promoted to the status of a letter in some languages, including Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic, and Faroese. It was also used in Old Swedish before being changed to ä. Today, the International Phonetic Alphabet uses it to represent the \"a\" sound as in the English word cat. Diacritic variants include Ǣ/ǣ, Ǽ/ǽ, Æ̀/æ̀, Æ̂/æ̂ and Æ̃/æ̃.\nAs a letter of the Old English Latin alphabet, it was called æsc, \"ash tree,\" after the Anglo-Saxon futhorc rune ᚫ which it transliterated; its traditional name in English is still ash, or æsh if the ligature is included.", "In Classical Latin, the combination AE denotes the diphthong [ae̯], which had a value similar to the long i in fine as pronounced in most dialects of Modern English. Both classical and present practice is to write the letters separately, but the ligature was used in medieval and early modern writings, in part because æ was reduced to the simple vowel [ɛ] during the Roman Empire. In some medieval scripts, the ligature was simplified to ę, an e with ogonek, called the e caudata (Latin for \"tailed e\"). That was further simplified into a plain e, which may have influenced or been influenced by the pronunciation change. However, the ligature is still relatively common in liturgical books and musical scores.", "In the modern French alphabet, æ (called \"a e-dans-l'a\") is used to spell Latin and Greek borrowings like curriculum vitæ, et cætera, ex æquo, tænia, and the first name Lætitia. It is mentioned in the name of Serge Gainsbourg's song Elaeudanla Téïtéïa, a reading of the French spelling of the name Lætitia: \"L, A, E dans l'A, T, I, T, I, A.\"", "In English, usage of the ligature varies between different places and contexts, but it is fairly rare. In modern typography, if technological limitations make the use of æ difficult (such as in use of typewriters, telegraphs, or ASCII), the digraph ae is often used instead.\nIn the United States, the issue of the ligature is sidestepped in many cases by use of a simplified spelling with \"e,\" as happened with œ as well. Usage, however, may vary; for example, medieval is now more common than mediaeval (and the now old-fashioned mediæval) even in the United Kingdom, but archaeology is preferred over archeology, even in the US.\nGiven their long history, ligatures are sometimes used to show archaism or in literal quotations of historic sources; for instance, in those contexts, words such as dæmon and æther are often so spelled.\nThe ligature is seen on gravestones of the 19th century, short for ætate (\"at the age (of)\"): \"Æ xxYs, yyMs, zzDs.\" It is also common in formal typography (invitations, resolutions, announcements, and some government documents); for example, the Court Circular has continued to use the spelling orthopædic well into the 21st century.\nIn numismatics, \"Æ\" is used as an abbreviation for \"bronze,\" derived from the Latin aes (aere in the ablative, \"from bronze\").\nIn Old English, æ represented a sound between a and e (/æ/), very much like the short a of cat in many dialects of Modern English. If long vowels are distinguished from short vowels, the long version /æː/ is marked with a macron (ǣ) or, less commonly, an acute (ǽ).", "In Old Norse, æ represents the long vowel /ɛː/. The short version of the same vowel, /ɛ/, if it is distinguished from /e/, is written as ę.\nIn most varieties of Faroese, æ is pronounced as follows:\n[ɛa] when simultaneously stressed and occurring either word-finally, before a vowel letter, before a single consonant letter, or before the consonant-letter groups kl, kr, pl, pr, tr, kj, tj, sj, and those consisting of ð and one other consonant letter, except for ðr when pronounced like gr (except as below)\na rather open [eː] when directly followed by the sound [a], as in ræðast (silent ð) and frægari (silent g)\n[a] in all other cases\nOne of its etymological origins is Old Norse é (the other is Old Norse æ), which is particularly evident in the dialects of Suðuroy, where Æ is [eː] or [ɛ]:\næða (eider): Southern [eːa], Northern Faroese [ɛava]\nætt (family, direction): Southern [ɛtː], Northern Faroese [atː]\nIn Icelandic, æ represents the diphthong [ai], which can be long or short.\nIn Danish and Norwegian, æ is a separate letter of the alphabet that represents a monophthong. It follows z and precedes ø and å. In Norwegian, there are four ways of pronouncing the letter:\n/æː/ as in æ (the name of the letter), bær, Solskjær, læring, æra, Ænes, ærlig, tærne, Kværner, Dæhlie, særs, ærfugl, lært, trær (\"trees\")\n/æ/ as in færre, æsj, nærmere, Færder, Skjærvø, ærverdig, vært, lærd, Bræin (where æi is pronounced as a diphthong /æi/)\n/eː/ as in Sæther, Næser, Sæbø, gælisk, spælsau, bevæpne, sæd, æser, Cæsar, væte, trær (\"thread(s)\" [verb])\n/e/ as in Sæth, Næss, Brænne, Bækkelund, Vollebæk, væske, trædd\nIn many northern, western, and southwestern Norwegian dialects and in the western Danish dialects of Thy and Southern Jutland, Æ has a significant meaning: the first person singular pronoun I. It is thus a normal spoken word and is usually written Æ when such dialects are rendered in writing. It is pronounced /ɛ/, contrary to the definite article which is pronounced /æ/.\nIn western and southern Jutish dialects of Danish, æ is also the proclitic definite article: æ hus (the house), as opposed to Standard Danish and all other Nordic varieties which have enclitic definite articles (Danish, Swedish, Norwegian: huset; Icelandic, Faroese: húsið [the house]).\nThe equivalent letter in German, Swedish, and Finnish is ä, but it is not located at the same place within the alphabet. In German, it is not a separate letter from \"A\" but in Swedish, it is the second-to-last letter (between å and ö).\nIn the normalized spelling of Middle High German, æ represents a long vowel [ɛː]. The actual spelling in the manuscripts varies, however.", "Ossetic used the letter æ when it was written using the Latin script from 1923 to 1938. Since then, Ossetian has used a Cyrillic alphabet with an identical-looking letter (Ӕ and ӕ). It is pronounced as a mid-central vowel (schwa).", "The letter æ is used in the official orthography of Kawésqar spoken in Chile and also in that of the Fuegian language Yaghan.", "The symbol [æ] is also used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to denote a near-open front unrounded vowel like in the word cat in many dialects of Modern English, which is the sound that was most likely represented by the Old English letter. In the IPA, it is always in lowercase.", "The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet (UPA) uses several additional æ-related symbols:\nU+1D01 ᴁ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL AE\nU+1D02 ᴂ LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED AE\nU+1D2D ᴭ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL AE\nU+1D46 ᵆ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED AE", "When using the Latin-1 or Unicode/HTML character sets, the code points for Æ and æ are U+00C6 Æ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AE (Æ) and U+00E6 æ LATIN SMALL LETTER AE (æ), respectively.\nThe characters can be entered by holding the Alt key while typing in 0198 (upper case) or 0230 (lower case) on the number pad on Windows systems (the Alt key and 145 for æ or 146 for Æ may also work from the legacy IBM437 codepage).\nIn the TeX typesetting system, ӕ is produced by \\ae.\nIn Microsoft Word, Æ or æ can be written using the key combination CTRL + ⇧ Shift + & followed by A or a.\nOn US-International keyboards, Æ is accessible with the combination of AltGr+z.\nIn X, AltGr+A is often mapped to æ/Æ, or a Compose key sequence Compose + a + e can be used. For more information, see Unicode input.\nIn all versions of the Mac OS (Systems 1 through 7, Mac OS 8 and 9, and the current OS X), the following key combinations are used: æ: Option + ' (apostrophe key), Æ: Option + Shift + '.\nOn the iPhone, iPod touch and iPad, as well as phones running Google's Android OS or Windows Mobile OS and on the Kindle Touch and Paperwhite, æ and Æ are accessed by holding down \"A\" until a small menu is displayed.\nThe Icelandic keyboard layout has a separate key for Æ (and Ð, Þ and Ö).\nThe Norwegian keyboard layout also has a separate key for Æ, rightmost of the letters, to the right of Ø and below Å.", "The Latin letters are frequently used in place of the Cyrillic Ӕ and ӕ in Cyrillic texts (such as on Ossetian sites on the Internet).", "AE (Cyrillic)\nAe (digraph)\nÅ\nÄ\nĘ\nØ\nÖ\nŒ\nNear-open front unrounded vowel (represented by æ in the IPA)\nƏ\nAnsuz rune\nList of words that may be spelled with a ligature\nAnavae\nAespa", "", "More information may be found at their entries on Wiktionary ( ǣ, ᴂ, etc.), and on the appendix page there entitled Variations of ae.", "Harrison, James A.; Baskervill, W. M., eds. (1885). \"æsc\". A Handy Anglo-Saxon Dictionary: Based on Groschopp's Grein. A. S. Barnes. p. 11.\nJames Morwood (1999). Latin Grammar, Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860199-9, p. 3\nThe spelling medieval is given priority in both Oxford and Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Accessed September 22, 2014.\nMerriam-Webster Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Accessed September 22, 2014.\nOnline search, February 2021\nDavid Sear. Greek Imperial Coins and Their Values. Spink Books, 1982. ISBN 9781912667352 p. xxxv.\nEverson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). \"L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS\" (PDF).", "Robert Bringhurst (2002). The Elements of Typographic Style, page 271. Vancouver, Hartley & Marks. ISBN 0-88179-205-5" ]

[ "Æ", "Latin", "French", "English", "Other Germanic languages", "Ossetic", "South American languages", "International Phonetic Alphabet", "Uralic Phonetic Alphabet", "Computer encodings and entering", "Cyrillic", "See also", "Footnotes", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2240, 2241, 2242, 2243, 2244, 2245 ]

[ 11245, 11246, 11247, 11248, 11249, 11250, 11251, 11252, 11253, 11254, 11255, 11256, 11257, 11258, 11259, 11260, 11261, 11262, 11263, 11264, 11265, 11266, 11267, 11268, 11269 ]

[ "Æðey in Ísafjarðardjúp" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/AEdey.JPG" ]

[ "Æðey ([ˈaiːðˌeiː]) (aka \"Aedey Island\") is a small island in the Westfjords region of Iceland. It measures approximately 2 by 0.5 kilometres (1+1⁄4 mi × 1⁄4 mi), and the highest point is at an elevation of about 18 m (59 ft). \nIt is inhabited by a single family and is a private family farm focused on environmentally sound eider down farming. \nThe lighthouse was built in 1944, (operating since 1949) near the southernmost point of the island. \nÆðey is important in the history of Iceland and especially of the Westfjords region.", "\"Aedey Island\". NAT Nordic Adventure Travel. Retrieved 20 June 2021." ]

[ "Æðey", "References" ]

[ 2246 ]

[ 11270 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 5 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/AEON_Bukit_Indah.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Mall_of_the_North%2C_Polokwane%2C_Limpopo%2C_South_Africa_%2810186032573%29.jpg" ]

[ "AEON Bukit Indah Shopping Centre is a shopping mall in Bukit Indah, Iskandar Puteri, Johor Bahru District, Johor, Malaysia.", "The construction of the mall started in July 2006 and was opened in December 2008. In December 2017, the shopping mall experienced blackout for several days.", "The shopping mall is accessible by bus from Johor Bahru Sentral railway station (111, 221) in Johor Bahru.", "List of shopping malls in Malaysia", "\"Car rams into glass door at shopping mall\". The Sun Daily. 28 July 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2018.\n\"AEON Bukit Indah Store & Shopping Centre\". AEON. Retrieved 26 February 2018.\n\"Paradigm, AEON Malls in Johor Baru temporarily shut due to power outage\". Channel NewsAsia. 14 December 2017. Retrieved 18 December 2017.\n\"Bus Routes in Johor Bahru\". BusInterchange.net. Retrieved 26 February 2017.", "Official website" ]

[ "ÆON Bukit Indah Shopping Centre", "History", "Transportation", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2247 ]

[ 11271, 11272 ]

[ "", "Full aerial view of AEON Bukit Tinggi Shopping Centre.", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/AEON_Bukit_Tinggi.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/56/Full_aerial_view_of_AEON_Bukit_Tinggi.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/AEON-bkt-tinggi.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Sultan-31jan2008.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/AEON_Bukit_Tinggi_Shopping_Centre.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Aeon-bkt-tinggi-side.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Aeon-crowd.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Aeon-front-parking.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Aeon-north-court.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/92/Ground_breaking_ceremony_of_AEON_Bukit_Tinggi_in_2006.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ea/Mini-park_at_AEON_Bukit_Tinggi.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/47/South_car_park_at_AEON_Bukit_Tinggi.jpg" ]

[ "The ÆON Bukit Tinggi Shopping Centre is a shopping mall built on a 26-acre (110,000 m²) landmass with a gross built-up floor area of approximately 2,100,000 square feet (200,000 m²). Also popularly known as Jusco Bukit Tinggi, the shopping mall is located in the Bandar Bukit Tinggi township, Klang, Selangor, Malaysia.The mall is the largest ÆON (JUSCO) shopping centre in Malaysia and Southeast Asia (and the largest in Asia). \nThe RM350 million (over US$111 million) shopping mall opened its doors on 24 November 2007 and was officiated by the Sultan of Selangor, Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah. The shopping complex has over 3,000 car park bays.\nThe AEON Bukit Tinggi Shopping Centre has a gross lettable/leasable area of 1,800,000 square feet (170,000 m²), making it one of the largest shopping malls in the country. The AEON store is the anchor tenant. Other stores include restaurants, cafes, specialty and services stores, food court, leisure and entertainment stores, cinemas, sports and book stores.\nBy February 2024, the shopping mall will be directly connected to the Bandar Bukit Tinggi LRT station on the Shah Alam line. It is the first AEON to have a joint hotel and an apartment, The Landmark. AEON Bukit Tinggi receives almost more than 250,000 customers during weekdays and more than 400,000 during weekends.", "AEON\nAEON Maxvalu\nAEON Wellness\nTGV Cinemas IMAX 3D-X\nPopular\nPadini Concept Store\nSmart Master Bags\nUniversal Traveller\nSasa\nVINCCI\nBrands Outlet\nG2000\nThe Body Shop\nVoir Gallery\nCharles & Keith\nChanel\nCity Chain\nLavender Bread Shop / Café\nWatch Zone\nScarlet\nBaskin Robbins\nMcDonald's\nKFC\nKenny Rogers\nManhattan Fish Market\nBlack Canyon\nBraun Buffel\nSecret Recipe\nThe Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf\nThe Chicken Rice Shop\nNandos\nTexas Chicken\nHaagen Dazs\nBig Apple Donuts\nOldtown White Coffee\nSubway\nSpeedy\nUniversal Traveller\nPolo\nSara\nSkechers\nBrands Outlet\nH&M\nUNIQLO\nHLA Menswear\nOld Navy\nLC Waikiki\nBody Glove\nHarvey Norman\nGreen Box Karaoke\nKim Gary\nStarbucks\nTrash Can\nKamdar (Malay Clothes Shop)\nJack Studio\nEast India Company (Clothes Shop)\nShoe City\nBata", "The Landmark Apartment and Suites\nCanvas Hotel and Suites\nLead Suites", "", "List of shopping malls in Malaysia", "\"Welcome to WCT Holdings Berhad\". www.wct.com.my.\n\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 18 February 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2009.\n\"Archived copy\". thestar.com.my. Archived from the original on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 13 January 2022.\n\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 3 October 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2018." ]

[ "ÆON Bukit Tinggi Shopping Centre", "Shops", "Accommodation (part of AEON Bukit Tinggi)", "Gallery", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2248, 2249, 2250 ]

[ 11273, 11274 ]

[ "The self-mutilation of Saint Æbbe and her community. Plate from Ecclesiae Anglicanae Trophae (1584), a collection of engravings by Giovanni Battista de'Cavalieri after murals by Niccolò Circignani in the chapel of the Venerable English College, Rome." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Ecclesiae_Anglicanae_Trophae_-_Plate_18.jpg" ]

[ "Saint Æbbe of Coldingham [also Ebbe, Aebbe, Abb], also known as \"Æbbe the Younger\", (died 2 April 870) was an Abbess of Coldingham Priory in south-east Scotland.\nLike many of her fellow female saints of Anglo-Saxon England, little is known about her life. She presided over the Benedictine Abbey at Coldingham.\nShe is best known for an act of self-mutilation to avoid rape by Viking invaders: according to a ninth-century chronicle, she took a razor and cut off her nose in front of the nuns, who followed her example. Their appearance so disgusted the invaders that the women were saved from rape but not from death, as the Danes soon returned and set fire to the convent, killing Æbbe and her entire community. It has been suggested that this is the origin of the saying cutting off the nose to spite the face.", "Farmer, David (2011). The Oxford Dictionary of Saints. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-19-959660-7.\nPulsiano, Phillip (1999). \"Blessed Bodies: The Vitae of Anglo-Saxon Female Saints\". Parergon. 16 (2): 6. doi:10.1353/pgn.1999.0008. Retrieved 1 February 2014.\nBarret, OSB, Michael. “Saint Ebba, Virgin and Abbess, and her Companions, Martyrs, A.D. 870”. The Calendar of Scottish Saints, 1919\nBartlett, Anne Clark (1995). Male Authors, Female Readers: Representation and Subjectivity in Middle English Devotional Literature. Cornell UP. p. 39. ISBN 9780801430381. Retrieved 8 February 2013.\nHorner, Shari (1994). \"Spiritual Truth and Sexual Violence: The Old English Juliana, Anglo-Saxon Nuns, and the Discourse of Female Monastic Enclosure\". Signs. 19 (3): 658–75. doi:10.1086/494916. JSTOR 3174773.", "Project Continua: Biography of Aebbe the Younger" ]

[ "Æbbe the Younger", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2251 ]

[ 11275, 11276, 11277 ]

[ "During the middle ages, Alsønderup Kirke belonged to the Æbelholt Abbey", "Monastery ruins on Eskilsø" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/05-04-02-k4-copie_edited-1_Als%C3%B8nderup_kirke_%28Hiller%C3%B8d%29_-_no_watermark.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Ruins_of_monastery_-_panoramio.jpg" ]

[ "Æbelholt Abbey (Danish: Æbelholt Kloster) was an Augustinian monastery situated at Tjæreby in Hillerød municipality in North Zealand, Denmark.", "", "The monastery was first established on Eskilsø Island in Roskilde Fjord in 1104. The stone abbey church still remains in ruins. It was 24 meters long and had a nave, choir, and apse in the Romanesque style. Bishop Absalon of Roskilde, determined to obtain a new Augustinian superior, sent for his friend, Abbot William (Abbed Vilhelm) of Sainte-Geneviève in Paris. When Abbot William arrived in 1165 with three French Canons Regular there were only six religious left at Eskilsø, two of whom were dismissed when they refused to submit to the new rule.\nIn 1167 the abbey moved to Æbelholt in Tjæreby, supported by a donation of land from Absalon in Tjæreby Parish and endowed with several income-producing farms, tithes from many north Zealand churches, and several mills. The monastery on Eskilsø was closed. The first church and abbey at Æbelholt were made of timber. Construction began almost immediately on a new abbey church of limestone which was completed in 1210.\nAbbot William experienced considerable initial difficulties. The three French canons returned to Paris, finding conditions in Denmark too bleak. A few of the Danish canons plotted to murder him when he ordered that they eat \"herbs and leaves\" instead of their usual meals. Eventually William's piety, fairness, wisdom, and intelligence won them and the local populace over. He was considered a saint in his own lifetime. He was highly regarded by several kings of Denmark and served as an intermediary between the Pope and the Danish monarchy.\nAbbot William died on 6 April 1203 at the age of 75. Miracles at his grave and in connection with his relics brought pilgrims in great numbers, and the abbey developed into the greatest Augustinian house in the north. By 1210 the list of miracles and signs recorded was so great that Anders Sunesen, Archbishop of Lund, petitioned Pope Honorius III for his canonization. In 1219 the pope authorized several bishops to investigate the claims with an eye to making William a saint.\nAbbot William was canonized in 1224 as St. Vilhelm. On 16 June 1238 with great ceremony William's body was translated to lie inside the high altar in the new abbey church. A small separate chapel was constructed over his previous grave, so pilgrims could visit without disturbing the monks. In time, relics of St. Vilhelm were given to Roskilde Cathedral, Lund Cathedral, the Church of Our Lady (Vor Frue Kirke) and Greyfriars Church in Copenhagen, and Greyfriars Church in Roskilde.", "By 1230, the monastery housed 25 canons regular, but fed about 100 persons daily. This wide hospitality was funded, as were the abbey's other expenditures, by the revenues of its estates, situated locally and also in Copenhagen and in Halland, and from the dues from the nearby market. Augustinians were interested in farming and improving crops. They hired lay brothers to do the farm work and oversee the temporal affairs of the abbey.\nThe abbey complex consisted of a quadrangular set of buildings with the church as the north range, round a central cloister and cloister garth. The buildings were constructed of brick, the most common building material at the time. One of the most unusual parts of the abbey was the lavatory which had running water from a ditch, on which it is possible a mill also stood.\nThe church was expanded before 1324 with a longer nave, a crossing, and choir with an apse. Several side chapels were added dedicated to the Virgin Mary, Saint John the Baptist, Saint John the Evangelist and Saint George. The high altar was dedicated to Saint Thomas.", "After the Reformation in 1535, all religious houses and their income properties reverted to the crown. The abbey church was converted to the large parish church for Tjæreby and Alsønderup Parishes, while the conventual and service buildings were granted as a fief to Kristoffer Throndsen in 1544, with the provision that he should maintain the last remaining canons under Abbot Anders Ibsen. The abbey was formally dissolved in 1560; Abbot Ibsen was sent to the Carmelite priory in Helsingør where he died a year later.\nIn 1555 the parishioners complained that the abbey church was too big to maintain, and the royal order to demolish the entire abbey complex was given in 1561. The parish churches at Tjæreby and Alsønderup were spared. Much of the stone and brick was reused to construct the nearby Frederiksborg Castle.", "The site was excavated in the 1930s and 1950s, and the finds are now displayed in the Æbelholt Abbey Museum (Æbelholt Klostermuseum). The outlines of the abbey church and complex have been exposed, as have the pillars from the refectory. Some of the many skeletons discovered during the excavations are on display and provide much information on historical illnesses and medical treatments.", "A monastic garden was made here in 1957 as a reconstruction of the famous garden at the Abbey of St. Gall in Switzerland. The garden contains over a hundred medicinal plants known to have grown in such gardens in Denmark in the Middle Ages. Hillerød Folk Museum (Hillerød Bymuseum) has published a little volume entitled Æbelholt Klosterhave af Kirsten Baunegaard describing the herbs and medicinal plants in the garden.", "Almost from the time the abbey was established here a market has been held alongside. Formerly the market lasted for 14 days. The market is now under the auspices of Hillerød Folk Museum which has arranged it annually since 1998; it now lasts for a weekend.", "\"Æbelholt Kloster\". oresundstid.dk. Retrieved July 1, 2020.\n\"Vilhelm Abbed\". Dansk biografisk Lexikon. Retrieved July 1, 2020.\n\"Æbelholt Kloster\". Museum Nordsjælland. Retrieved July 1, 2020.\n\"Sunesen, Anders 1167-1228\". Dansk biografisk Lexikon. Retrieved July 1, 2020.\n\"Christoffer Trondsson Rustung\". Norsk Biografisk Leksikon. Retrieved July 1, 2020.\n\"Æbelholt Abbey Museum\". VisitDenmark. Retrieved July 1, 2020.\n\"Hillerød Bymuseum\". Hillerød.nu. Retrieved July 1, 2020.", "Garner, H.N. (1968) Atlas over danske klostre (in Danish)\nKirkeleksikon for Norden (Aarhus, Jydsk forlags-forretning) 1900-1929 (in Danish)", "Æbelholt Klostermuseum (in Danish)\nForest and Nature round Æbelholt Abbey (in Danish)\nwww.oresundstid.dk: Æbelholt Kloster (in Danish)" ]

[ "Æbelholt Abbey", "History", "William of Æbelholt", "Later history", "Reformation in Denmark", "Recent history", "Monastery garden", "Æbelholt Abbey Market", "References", "Other sources", "External links" ]

[ 2252, 2253 ]

[ 11278, 11279, 11280, 11281, 11282, 11283, 11284, 11285, 11286, 11287, 11288, 11289, 11290, 11291 ]

[ "Æbleskiver", "Top view of an æbleskive pan.", "An æbleskive with jam", "A man making æbleskiver at the Danish American Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota", "Illustration from 1889 printing of Peters Jul" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Aebleskiver.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/AebleskiverFront.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/%C3%86bleskiver.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/%C3%86bleskiverCook.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/%C3%86bleskiver_piedro_krohn_1889_farver.jpg" ]

[ "Æbleskiver ([ˈeːpləˌskiːwɐ], [singular: æbleskive]) are spherically-shaped Danish snacks made from fried batter. The name literally means \"apple slices\" in Danish, although apples are not usually an ingredient in present-day versions. The crust is similar in texture to European pancakes, but with a light and fluffy interior similar to a Yorkshire pudding. The English language spelling is usually aebleskiver, ebleskiver or ebelskiver.", "Æbleskiver are cooked on the stove top using a special pan with several hemispherical indentations. The pan exists in versions for gas and electrical stoves (the latter with a plain bottom). Pans are usually made of cast iron which has increased heat retention. Traditional models in hammered copper plate exist but are today used primarily for decoration.", "The batter for æbleskiver usually includes wheat flour, which is mixed with buttermilk, milk or cream, eggs, sugar, and a pinch of salt. Some recipes also include fat (usually butter), cardamom and lemon zest to improve taste, and a leavening agent, most often baking powder, but sometimes yeast, to aerate the batter.\nBatter is poured into the oiled indentations and as the æbleskiver begin to cook, they are turned with a knitting needle, skewer or fork to give the cakes their characteristic spherical shape. They were traditionally cooked with bits of apple (æble) or applesauce inside but these ingredients are very rarely included in modern Danish forms of the dish. Æbleskiver are not sweet themselves but are traditionally served dipped in raspberry, strawberry, black currant or blackberry jam and sprinkled with powdered sugar. Butter, maple syrup, and whipped cream are also popular toppings.\nÆbleskiver are often bought fried and frozen at supermarkets and then heated in the oven at home.", "In Denmark, æbleskiver are less common in restaurants than they are at casual family gatherings. They can also be found being sold by street vendors in the winter. They are traditionally served with jam and powdered sugar and three are placed on a plate at a time. They are traditionally eaten during the Christmas season and are often served with gløgg (Scandinavian mulled wine) or Scandinavian coffee. They are often sold at Christmas markets, charity markets, open-air events, Scouting functions, local sports gatherings and similar venues. They are also served at children's birthday parties, due to their popularity and easy preparation. Voluntary associations gain profit from preparing them from the pre-fried, frozen stage and selling them, usually three at a time, with the usual condiments.\nIn North America there are several annual events that celebrate æbleskiver and Danish culture, with churches and museums holding \"Æbleskiver Suppers\" and similar events.", "The exact origin of æbleskiver is unknown. One popular speculation is that a band of Vikings were part of a difficult battle. When they returned to their ship, they wished to cook a meal similar to pancakes. However, since they lacked regular pans, they instead used their shields or helmets, resulting in a cake with a spherical shape.\nAccording to another explanation, the custom of making a special sliced-apple dish originated in the Middle Ages when it was impossible to store raw apples beyond a certain date. The last apples of the year's harvest were sliced, used to flavor gløgg, scooped out of the gløgg, wrapped in dough, and fried in fat or butter like a Berliner. This is the origin of the name, which means \"apple slices\". In the 17th century, as cast iron pans with hemispherical concavities became available, æbleskiver could be easily made throughout the year, and the variety of fruit and other fillings expanded.\nThe first appearance of the word \"æbleskiver\" occurs in Peters Jul (1866), a book of Yule poems by Johan Krohn (1841–1925; son of Frederik Christopher Krohn and brother of Pietro Krohn). \"Apple-filled æbleskiver\" are also mentioned in the 1872 story \"The Cripple\" (Krøblingen) by Hans Christian Andersen.\nIn the United States, pans were manufactured by Griswold Manufacturing.", "Puff Puff (food)\nList of doughnut varieties\nDanish cuisine – Culinary traditions of Denmark\nEgg waffle – Small spherical pancakes\nGai daan jai, a similar Chinese dish.\nJemput-jemput – Indonesian and Malaysian fritter, similar Malaysian snack.\nKue cucur – Indonesian traditional snack, similar Indonesian snack.\nList of pancakes\nMunker (bakverk), the Norwegian version.\nPaniyaram, a similar dish from the south of India that comes in sweet and savoury varieties.\nPoffertjes – Traditional Dutch batter treat, a similar Dutch dish that is sweet.\nPopover – Light, hollow roll made from an egg batter\nTakoyaki – Japanese appetizer, a savoury Japanese version that features octopus.\nUnni Appam, a similar dish from Kerala that is made in both sweet and spicy styles.\n Food portal", "\"History\". Aebleskivers. Retrieved 2020-03-19.\n\"All about aebleskivers\". Los Angeles Times. 2009-05-13. Retrieved 2020-03-26.\n\"About Solvang Restaurant\". Solvang Restaurant. 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2020-03-19.\n\"About Aebleskiver\". Solvang Restaurant. 2017-02-10. Retrieved 2020-03-19.\n\"I dag skal vi have æbleskive\" [We will have æbleskiever today] (in Danish). Danmarks Radio. 2012-12-08. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.\nWas sind Æbleskiver? [What are æbleskiever?] (in German). Skagen Journal. 2015-11-28. Retrieved November 28, 2015.\nThis particular poem is about New Years Eve. Krohn, Johan (1866). \"VII. Nytaarsaften\". Kalliope. Retrieved September 1, 2021. Iaften ender det gamle Aar, Og derfor vi Æbleskiver faaer\nAndersen, Hans Christian (1872). \"The Cripple\". University of Southern Denmark. translated by Jean Hersholt. Retrieved September 1, 2021.\n\"What is it? Aebleskiver or Ebelskiver or Takoyaki?\". Toponautic. August 30, 2013. Retrieved September 1, 2021.", "The Story of Aebleskiver (Solvang Restaurant, Solvang, California)\nDanish American Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota" ]

[ "Æbleskiver", "Æbleskive pan", "Preparation", "Traditions", "History", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2254, 2255 ]

[ 11292, 11293, 11294, 11295, 11296, 11297, 11298, 11299, 11300, 11301, 11302, 11303, 11304 ]

[ "View of façade with niche of biblical prophet Daniel and the side chapel[1][2]", "The niche of prophet Daniel is centrally located on the façade." ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/The_Niche_of_Prophet_Daniel_and_the_Chapel_of_Our_Lady_of_good_Counsel.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Niche_of_Prophet_Daniel_on_fa%C3%A7ade_Palazzo_Danielis.Testaferrata.jpg" ]

[ "Ædes Danielis (transl. House of Daniel; Maltese: Dar ta' Danjeli), sometimes known as Palazzo Gregorio Bonici (transl. Gregorio Bonici Palace; Maltese: Palazz Girgor Bonici), is a late 17th century renaissance building with a private garden in Żejtun, Malta. It is a historic private property built by Gregorio Bonici as his secondary residence, and is now owned by the descendants of the Bonici and Testaferrata families.", "Ædes Danielis is a 17th-century country-house, built in 1659 as a secondary residence for the nobleman Gregorio Bonici (1612-1697). Bonici was one of the donors of the land where the parish church now stands. Bonici was a successful trader in the wheat industry and occupied some of the highest civilian positions in Malta. In fact, he was the castellan (Maltese: Ħakem) of Mdina during the reign of Grandmaster Lascaris.\nGregorio Bonici had offered the land in front of Aedes Danielis to build a larger parish church for the locality but, owing to criticism for being distant from some villagers, it was then decided to alternatively donate other land. The family had no children but, similar to other well-to-do families, owned slaves who took care of the household. Two of the slaves were given their freedom after they convinced their owner of their conversion to Christianity and by marrying them to men he approved. His favourite among the former slaves was Angela who was permitted to take Bonici as her surname. She was given freedom and allowed to get married, living a normal life. She and her husband named their son Daniel, who became a priest thanks to a prerequisite sum of money for priesthood donated by Gregorio.\nFollowing the death of Gregorio Bonici, his childless wife (Elena Barbara) inherited his assets, including the building which remained her residence until her death three years later. The building later passed to other members of the Bonici family who intermarried with the Testaferrata family, and eventually with the Moroni Viani family. \nThe garage at the back of the property was used as a massive storage for the decorations of the feast of the village, until around WWII. The building was requisitioned by the British army during WWII to be used by servicemen stationed in the area. The garden, forming part of the property, was directly hit by enemy aerial bombing on 11 May 1941, at around 9pm, just before sunset. The nobility was abolished around 1974. \nUndenied word of mouth has it that Bonici's brother, Daniele Bonici, was buried alive after being sexually abused by priests in Birgu. Daniele was 14 years at the time of his death - he served as an altar boy and following the abuse the priests opted for a way to seal their criminal deeds. The building is claimed to be named after him, but it is more likely to have been named for the niche of Prophet Daniel, which is centrally located on the main façade.\nThe building and its chapel were robbed extensively in two separate occasions - once in January 1980 and again in August 1981. In June 1999, Maria Testaferrat Bonici died and she left in her will all the belonging to her three children a third each, including the building. The heirs mentioned in the will are Agnes Gera de Petri, Annamaria Spiteri Debono, and Caren Preziosi. The building was eventually divided into several residences, with different door numbers for the family members.\nThe building is mentioned as an official address in the Paradise Papers. The building is also known as Palazzo Aedes Danielis and Aedes Danielis Palace, however the words palazzo or palace are redundant as the Latin word ‘aedes’ means house. It is known by some locals as the il-Palazz tal-Markiża (transl. Palace of the Marquess).", "The building goes back to the renaissance, originally as a country residence, and is today a landmark welcoming visitors on one of the main streets to the city of Żejtun. The façade is imposing on its surrounding environment. The building, with its ancillary structures and gardens, is a scheduling property as published on the Government Gazette of Malta of July 2009.\nA large religious niche, with an imposing life size statue of biblical Prophet Daniel, is a prominent feature on the façade. The statue is one of only two statues in Malta which are representative of an Old Testament personage. The face of the statue is associated to that of Gregorio Bonici as depicted on a painting located at the Parish Church. The niche is adorned with inscriptions, including dates, and other architectural elements, such as lions’ heads and a coat-of-arms. The latter is a listed national monument. \nAdjoining the building is a chapel which is dedicated to the Our Lady of Good Counsel. It was built in 1768 to a Baroque design and financed by Enrico Testaferrata. This forms part of the private property and is sometimes opened to the public. The chapel is separately listed as a national monument.", "Casa Perellos", "Tepfenhart 2014, p. 307\nBorg 2007\nChircop 2019\nAbela 2011a, p. 71\nWhitake 1922, p. 496\nWhitake 1925, p. 513\nLocal Government 2018\nZammit 2016, pp. 70, 71\nAbela 2008, pp. 41-44\nGrima 2019\nVassallo 1854, p. 740\nAbela 2000, pp. 85-88\nAbela 2011b\nAbela 1992, pp. 54, 55\nFalcon 2011, pp. 1-20\nAbela 2009b, pp. 55-59\nAbela 2013\nAbela 2001, pp. 137-142\nAbela 2012a, pp. 14-16\nMcKeon 2017, pp. 1-53\nDebono 2017, pp. 1-3\nBaldacchino 2008, pp. 65-71\nZahra 2013\nBaldacchino 2009, pp. 1, 2\nBaldacchino 2001, pp. 20-25\nGauci 2019\nCarabott 2018\nAbela 2013a\nScicluna 2001, pp. 1-15\nAguis 2001, pp. 1-20\nAzzopardi 2019, pp. 1-41\nMarshall 2018, pp. 1330-1359\nICIJ 2016\nCascelli 2016\nFarrugia 2007, pp. 42-44\nAbela 2019\nNina & Sandra 2014\nChircop 2015\nEC 2015, pp. 40, 41\nGovernment of Malta 2009\nStranges 2017\nAbela 2012b\nAbela 2013b\nNICPMI 2013a, pp. 1, 2\nBorg 1975, pp. 163-169\nAbela 2013c\nAbela 2011c\nNICPMI 2013b, pp. 1, 2", "Books\nAbela, Joe (1992). 300 Sena Ilu: Tifkira tat-tqegħid ta' l-ewwel ġebla tal-Knisja Parrokkjali taż-Żejtun 1692-1992 (in Maltese). Gutenberg Press Malta.\nEC, (European Commission) (2015). \"Zejtun: Local Intangible Heritage\". EDEN (Experiencing Emerging European Destinations) Awards: Malta & Gozo (PDF). European Destinations of Excellence: Winners and Runner-Ups. p. 40, 41.\nVassallo, Giovanni Antonio (1854). Storia di Malta (in Italian). Tip. Francesco Cumbo. p. 740.\nMagazines\nWhitake, J. (1922). \"Whitaker's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage and Companionage for the Year 1922\". J. Whitaker & Sons. p. 496. OCLC 3578259.\nWhitake, J. (1925). \"Whitaker's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage, and Companionage for the 1925\". J. Whitaker & Sons. p. 513. OCLC 5533373.\nJournals\nAbela, Joe (2001). \"Dun Danjeli Żammit (1688-1731): Rettur tal-Knisja ta' San Ġorġ\". Leħen Il-Banda (in Maltese). Għaqda San Pietru Fil-Ktajjen A.D. 1957.\nAbela, Joe (2008). \"Ulied il-Qalb ta' Gesù fiz-Zejtun (1908 - 2008)\". Festa Zejtun 2008 (in Maltese): 41-44.\nAbela, Joe (2000). \"Girgor Bonici: Bennej tal-Knisja ta' San Gorg f'Birzebbuga (1682}\" (PDF). 'Leħen Il-Banda' Tal-Għaqda Mużikali San Pietru Fil-Ktajjen A.D. 1957 (in Maltese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 September 2020.\nAbela, Joe (2009b). \"Ilsiera ma' familji Zwieten fl-imghoddi\" (PDF). Ghaqda Mużikali Beland (in Maltese). No. 28. Ghaqda Muzikali Beland. pp. 55–59.\nAbela, Joe (26 May 2011b). Keith Vella (ed.). \"Girgor Bonici\". Art by Zejtun PPL.\nAbela, Joe (June 2011a). \"Dun Karm Vella (1855 - 1910)\" (PDF). Festa Santa Katerina V.M. (in Maltese): 71. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2019.\nAbela, Joe (2012a). \"400 Sena mit-twelid ta' Girgor Bonici\" (PDF). Festa Zejtun 2012: S. Katerina V.M. (in Maltese): 14–16.\nBaldacchino, Carmelo P. (June 2001). \"Vittmi Zwieten matul il-Gwerra li ghaddiet\" (PDF). Festa Santa Katerina V.M. (in Maltese). Ghaqda Banda Zejtun.\nBaldacchino, Carmelo P. (June 2008). \"L-Armar tal-Festa fl-imghoddi\" (PDF). Festa Santa Katerina V.M. (in Maltese): 65–71.\nBaldacchino, Joe (June 2009). \"It-Tracedja tal-Pjazza taz-Zejtun\" (PDF). Ghaqda Banda Zejtun A.D. 1933 (in Maltese). pp. 1, 2.\nBorg, Vincent (1975). \"Our Lady of Good Counsel\". Melita Historica. Malta Historical Society: 163–169.\nGovernment of Malta (July 2009). \"Legal Notices\" (PDF). Government Gazette. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2019. ...... as Aedes Danielis, Żejtun, including the gardens and the. Chapel tal-Bon Kunsil and ...\nZammit, Massabielle (2016). Christopher Chetcuti (ed.). \"Nicec fit-Toroq Taghna\". Festa Sta. Katerina V.M. (in Maltese) (32 ed.). Ghaqda Banda Zejtun: 70, 71.\nFarrugia, Connie (2007). \"Rahal Twelidi\" (PDF). Santa Katerina V.M. (in Maltese). Festa Zejtun 2007: 42–44.\nNews\nCarabott, Sarah (10 August 2018). \"Żejtun treasure hunt being held on Friday: Third edition is great way to find out about town's history\". Times of Malta. Archived from the original on 9 July 2019.\nGauci, Charles (11 February 2019). \"Malta's aristocracy: The peerage in Malta consists of the Maltese nobility together with the holders of bona fide foreign titles\". Times of Malta. Retrieved 10 July 2019.\nGrima, Noel (5 May 2019). \"Murder most foul – hypothesis over boy's rape hundreds of years ago\". The Malta Independent. Archived from the original on 9 July 2019.\nICIJ (2016). \"Aedes Danielis, Triq il-Madonna ta' l-Bon Kunsill, Zejtun\". Offshore Leaks Database.\nCourt cases\nAguis, Carmel A. (Judge) (30 October 2001). \"Il-Pulizija (Sup. Daniel Gatt) vs Francis Vella\". Criminal Court of Appeal (in Maltese). Numru 5 (Appell Nru. 264/92): 1–20. Archived from the original on 9 July 2019.\nAzzopardi, Joseph (Judge) (12 April 2019). \"Caren mart Dr Josef Preziosi, Annamaria mart John Spiteri Debono vs Agnes Gera de Petri Testaferrata Bonici Ghaxaq\". Civil Court of First Instance (in Maltese). Kawza Nru: 26 (591/13 JA): 1–41.\nMarshall, of the Court (28 August 2018). \"Court Notices\". Malta Government Gazette (20, 046): 1330–1359.\nMcKeon, Joseph Zammit (Judge) (31 January 2017). \"Agnes Gera de Petri Testaferrata Bonici Ghaxaq (nru tal-Identita' 454749 M) kontra Annamaria Spiteri Debono (ID 380861M) sew personali kif ukoll fil-kwalita' taghha ta' prokuratrici ta' Caren Preziosi (ID340952M) u f'din l-ahhar kwalita' ghall-interess li jista' jkollha l- imsemmija Caren Preziosi\". Civil Court of First Instance (in Maltese). Kawza Nru. 3 (Rik. Gur. Nru. 797/08 JZM): 1–53. Archived from the original on 8 July 2019.\nScicluna, David (Judge) (22 June 2001). \"Baronessa Maria Testaferrata Bonici, armla, Beatrici Testaferrata Moroni Viani, xebba, il-Markiza Agnese Gera De Petri Testaferrata Bonici Ghaxaq mart Alfred Gera De Petri u l-istess Alfred Gera De Petri bhala amministratur tal- beni parafernali tal-istess martu, Anna Maria Spiteri Debono sew proprio kif ukoll bhala prokuratrici tal-Kontessina Karen Preziosi u John Spiteri Debono bhala amministratur tal-beni parafernali ta' martu vs Francis Vella\". Court of First Instance (in Maltese). Numru 44 (Citaz. numru 991/92 DS): 1–15. Archived from the original on 9 July 2019.\nTribunal cases\nDebono, Annamaria Spiteri (8 March 2017). \"PA/02603/15\". Environment and Planning Review Tribunal. pp. 1–3. Archived from the original on 8 July 2019.\nOnline\nAbela, Joe (2013). \"Development of Zejtun Hamlets\". Zejtun: Religious Heritage Trail.\nAbela, Ruben (2013b). \"Niċeċ u Statwi: Danjeli fuq id-Dar ta' Danjeli\". Wirt iż-Żejtun: Napprezzaw, Nipproteġu u Nippromwovu il-Wirt Kulturali Tagħna (in Maltese).\nAbela, Ruben (13 May 2012b). \"Street Shrines: The Statue of Daniel on Daniel's House\". Wirt iż-Żejtun: Appreciation, Protection & Promotion of Our Local Cultural Heritage.\nAbela, Ruben (4 April 2011c). \"Il-Kappelli: Il-Kappella tal-Madonna tal-Bon Kunsill\". Wirt iż-Żejtun: Appreciation, Protection & Promotion of Our Local Cultural Heritage (in Maltese).\nAbela, Ruben (2019). \"Aedis Danielis\". PlakkaStorja. Archived from the original on 8 July 2019.\nAbela, Ruben (30 October 2013a). \"Beltna: Il-Palazz Aedis Danielis\". Napprezzaw, Nipproteġu u Nippromwovu il-Wirt Kulturali Tagħna (in Maltese). Archived from the original on 8 July 2019.\nCascelli, Flora (24 September 2016). \"Experience Zejtun during the Olive Oil Festival\". Exploring Malta: Experiencing the South Villages. Archived from the original on 8 July 2019.\nChircop, Glenn (2015). \"Il-Palazz Aedes Danielis\". Il-Kunsill Lokali taż-Żejtun (in Maltese).\nChircop, Glenn (2019). \"Żejtun Local Council: Aedes Danielis Palace\". Żejtun Local Council. Archived from the original on 7 July 2019.\nLocal Government (2018). \"Places of Interest\". Government of Malta. Archived from the original on 9 July 2019.\nStranges, Paola (27 December 2017). \"Zejtun la città maltese che coltiva olio\". Italiani a Malta (in Italian).\nZahra, Frans (2 December 2013). \"Feasts and Traditions\". Zejtun: Religious Heritage Trail.\nReports\nFalcon, Maltese (February 2011). St. Catherine Parish Church, Zejtun: Restoration Method Statement (PDF). Maltese Falcon (Report). pp. 1–20.\nNICPMI (27 December 2013a). \"Niche of Prophet Daniel\" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands (1912): 1, 2.\nNICPMI (27 December 2013b). \"Chapel of Mater Boni Consilii\" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands (1914): 1, 2.\nOther\nAbela, José (9 April 2013c). \"¡Malta, por fin…!\". joseabelam (in Spanish).\nBorg, Victor Paul (21 September 2007). \"The facade of Aedes Daniels Palace in Zejtun, Malta\". Alamy (ID: B6HCN0). Archived from the original on 8 July 2019.\nNina; Sandra (2014). \"Towns & Villages: Zejtun\". Maltassist.\nTepfenhart, Rudolf (11 November 2014). \"Gregorio Bonnici's palace, Malta\". Rudolf-Tepfenhart. p. 307. Archived from the original on 8 July 2019.", "Abela, Joe (1992). \"Gaspare Testaferrata in-nobbli Ii habb tfajla Zejtunija u Girgor Bonici il-benefattur kbir tal-knisja\" (PDF). Festa Santa Katarina V.M. (in Maltese): 1–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 September 2020. Sadattant Girgor kien diga bena dar fiz- Zejtun Ii semmiha \"Aedes Danielis\", kif gl'ladha msemmija sal- lum. Danjeli kien huh izgl'lar minnu, Ii miet fiz-zg1iozija tieg1iu u Ii Girgor difnu fil-knisja tal-Lunzjata fil-Birgu. Jidher Ii Girgor gie joqg1iod fiz-Zejtun g1iall-1iabta tas-sena 1687, jigifieri gtiaxar snin qabel mewtu. Fl-1687 mietitlu s-seftura Katarina u difinha fil-knisja ta' Sant'Ang., hawn iz-Zejtun. Fl-1694 jitnizzel esplicitament b1iala nieqes mill-Birgu, u fl-1697 g1iamel it- testment tieg1iu f'Aedes Danielis, hawn iz-Zejtun. Ftit garent wara hu miet.\nZammit, Paul (2018). \"Ir-restawr tal-kwadru tal-Madonna taċ-Ċintura taż-Żejtun\" (PDF). Festa Madonna Taċ-Ċintura, Gudja (in Maltese): 84–85. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 September 2020.\nChircop, Sean (2 April 2020). \"Aedes Danielis\". Tikka dwar Madwarna. Episode 6 (in Maltese). 346 minutes in. Archived from the original on 14 September 2020. Is-6 episodju dwar Beltna, iż-Żejtun, mis-sensiela bl-isem 'Tikka dwar Madwarna'. Is-sitt episodju bl-isem AEDES DANIELIS fejn tista' ssir taf diversi kurżitajiet dwar il-Palazz tal-Markiża u Misaħ Karlu Diacono. L-ITWAL WIEĦED. X'għandu x'jaqsam id-damask iswed? Min bena dan il-palazz? Għaliex in-niċċa mdawra kollha ljuni? Fejn kienet se tinbena l-Knisja Parrokkjali taż-Żejtun? Liema hi l-Bażilika taż-Żejtun? X'ġonna nqerdu biex sar dan? SKOPRI... Narawkom b'episodju ieħor...", "Aedis Danielis - PlakkaStorja\nAedis Danielis Palace Jigsaw Puzzle" ]

[ "Ædes Danielis", "History", "Architecture", "See also", "References", "Bibliography", "Further reading", "External links" ]

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[ 11305, 11306, 11307, 11308, 11309, 11310, 11311, 11312, 11313, 11314, 11315, 11316, 11317, 11318, 11319, 11320, 11321, 11322, 11323, 11324, 11325, 11326, 11327, 11328, 11329, 11330, 11331, 11332, 11333, 11334, 11335, 11336, 11337, 11338, 11339, 11340, 11341, 11342, 11343, 11344 ]

[ "", "Drawing of the inscription (George Hickes, Thesaurus of Ancient Languages of the North, 1705)" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/%C3%86dwen%27s_brooch.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Back_of_%C3%86dwen%27s_brooch.jpg" ]

[ "Ædwen's brooch (also known as Sutton brooch, British Museum 1951,10-11,1) is an early 11th-century Anglo-Scandinavian silver disc brooch with an inscription on the reverse side. It was discovered in 1694 during the ploughing of a field in Sutton, Isle of Ely, Cambridgeshire, along with a hoard including coins and gold rings. The brooch was re-discovered in a private collection in 1951 and bought by the British Museum.\nThe Anglo-Saxon brooch is decorated with nine conical silver bosses (one now missing) and an engraved pattern of four overlapping circles forming flower-like motifs. In the circles are representations of different animals and plant ornaments reminiscent of the Ringerike style.\nThe inscription on the obverse side is a curse against those who would take the brooch from its rightful owner, Ædwen (Æduwen):\n+ ÆDVǷEN ME AG AGE HYO DRIHTEN / DRIHTEN HINE AǷERIE ÐE ME HIRE ÆTFERIE / BVTON HYO ME SELLE HIRE AGENES ǷILLES\n\"Ædwen owns me, may the Lord own her. May the Lord curse him who takes me from her, unless she gives me of her own free will.\"\nA short film has been made that shows the curse spoken by Ædwen in Old English and modern English. In addition, on the strip which once held the pin and catchplate, is an inscription of seven pseudo-runic characters.", "\"The mystery of Sutton's silver - Ædwen's Brooch - Events - Fenlands\". fensmuseums.org.uk.\nR.I. Page, An introduction to English runes, 1973 (2nd ed. 1999)\nD.M. Wilson, Anglo-Saxon ornamental metalwork 700–1000 in the British Museum The British Museum Press, 1964.\nR.L.S. Bruce-Mitford, 'Late Saxon disc-brooches' in Dark-Age Britain, London, Methuen, 1956, pp. 171–201.\nCatherine E. Karkov, The Art of Anglo-Saxon England, Boydell studies in medieval art and architecture, 2011, p. 158.", "Ædwen's Brooch film and interactive games the curse spoken in Old English and modern English\nSutton Silver Ædwen Brooch\nSilver disc brooch of Ædwen (britishmuseum.org)" ]

[ "Ædwen's brooch", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2258, 2259 ]

[ 11345, 11346 ]

[ "Ægidius Elling", "Gas turbine designed by Ægidius Elling (improved version of his 1903 patent), installed at Christiania Seildugsfabrikk" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Aegidius_Elling.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Aegidius_Elling_gas_turbine_1906.jpg" ]

[ "Jens William Ægidius Elling (also Aegidus or Aegidius) (26 July 1861 – 27 May 1949) was a Norwegian researcher, inventor and pioneer of gas turbines who is considered to be the father of the gas turbine. He built the first gas turbine that was able to produce more power than needed to run its own components.\nElling was born in and grew up in Oslo, Norway. He studied mechanical engineering at Kristiania Technical College, (now part of Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences) graduating in 1881. Between 1885 and 1902, he worked as an engineer and designer at a number of workshops in Sweden and Norway.\nHis first gas turbine patent was granted in 1884.\nIn 1903 he completed the first turbine that produced excess power; his original machine used both rotary compressors and turbines to produce 11 bhp (8 kW; 11 PS) net. He further developed the concept, and by 1912 he had developed a gas turbine system with separate turbine unit and compressor in series, a combination that is now common. \nOne major challenge was to find materials that could withstand the high temperatures developed in the turbine to achieve high output powers. His 1903 turbine could withstand inlet temperatures up to 400° Celsius (752° F). Elling understood that if better materials could be found, the gas turbine would be an ideal power source for airplanes. Many years later, Sir Frank Whittle, building on the early work of Elling, managed to build a practical gas turbine engine for an airplane, the jet engine. His gas turbine prototypes from 1903 and 1912 are exhibited at Norsk Teknisk Museum in Oslo.\nElling also did significant development work in other areas, such as steam engine controls, pumps, compressors, vacuum drying et cetera.\nIn 1914 Elling produced a book called Billig opvarmning: veiledning i at behandle magasinovner økonomisk og letvint. (English: Cheap Heating: Guidance for the simple and economical treatment of base burners), which was published by Aschehoug. Books written by Elling are now rare, and are mostly found in museums and libraries.", "Ægidius Elling (Store norske leksikon)\nBakken, Lars E.; Jordal, Kristin; Syverud, Elisabet; Veer, Timot (2004). \"Centenary of the First Gas Turbine to Give Net Power Output: A Tribute to Ægidius Elling\". Volume 2: Turbo Expo 2004. pp. 83–88. doi:10.1115/GT2004-53211. ISBN 0-7918-4167-7.\nGas Turbine Engines - The History of Gas Turbine Engines\nGas Turbine History (TurboMachine.com) Archived June 3, 2010, at the Wayback Machine", "Norwegian Technical Museum's biography of Elling (Norwegian)" ]

[ "Ægidius Elling", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2260, 2261 ]

[ 11347, 11348 ]

[ "Ægir, Rán and their Nine Daughters prepare a huge vat of ale. 19th-century Swedish book illustration of the Poetic Edda.", "An anonymous illustration of Ægir published in 1901", "J. P. Molin's fountain relief featuring Ægir and his nine daughters" ]

[ 2, 5, 12 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Daughters_of_%C3%86gir_and_R%C3%A1n.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/%C3%86gir%2C_ruler_of_the_ocean.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Molin5.jpg" ]

[ "Ægir (anglicised as Aegir; Old Norse 'sea'), Hlér (Old Norse 'sea'), or Gymir (Old Norse less clearly 'sea, engulfer'), is a jötunn and a personification of the sea in Norse mythology. In the Old Norse record, Ægir hosts the gods in his halls and is associated with brewing ale. Ægir is attested as married to a goddess, Rán, who also personifies the sea, and together the two produced daughters who personify waves, the Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán, and Ægir's son is Snær, personified snow. Ægir may also be the father of the beautiful jötunn Gerðr, wife of the god Freyr, or these may be two separate figures who share the same name (see below and Gymir (father of Gerðr)).\nOne of Ægir's names, Hlér, is the namesake of the island Læsø (Old Norse Hléysey 'Hlér's island') and perhaps also Lejre in Denmark. Scholars have long analyzed Ægir's role in the Old Norse corpus, and the concept of the figure has had some influence in modern popular culture.", "The Old Norse name Ægir ('sea') may stem from Proto-Germanic *āgʷi-jaz ('that of the river/water'), itself a derivative of the stem *ahwō- ('river'; cf. Gothic alva 'body of water, river', Old English ēa 'stream', Old High German aha 'river'). Richard Cleasby and Guðbrandur Vigfússon saw his name as deriving from an ancient Indo-European root. Linguist Guus Kroonen argues that the Germanic stem *ahwō- is probably of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) origin, as it may be cognate with Latin aqua (via the common form *h₂ekʷ-eh₂-), and ultimately descend from the common PIE root *h₂ep- ('water'; cf. Sanskrit áp- 'water' or Tocharian āp- 'water, river').\nThe name Ægir is identical to a noun for 'sea' in skaldic poetry, itself a base word in many kennings. For instance, a ship is described as \"Ægir's horse\" and the waves as the \"daughters of Ægir\".\nPoetic kennings in both Hversu Noregr byggðist (How Norway Was Settled) and Skáldskaparmál (The Language of Poetry) treat Ægir and the sea-jötunn Hlér, who lives on the Hlésey ('Hlér island', modern Læsø), as the same figure.\nThe meaning of the Old Norse name Gymir is unclear. Proposed translations include 'the earthly' (from Old Norse gumi), 'the wintry one' (from gemla), or 'the protector', the 'engulfer' (from geyma). (For more on this topic, see discussion below)", "Ægir is attested in a variety of Old Norse sources.", "Ægir and Rán receive mention in the poem Sonatorrek attributed to 10th century Icelandic skald Egill Skallagrímsson. In the poem, Egill laments the death of his son Böðvar, who drowned at sea during a storm. In one difficult stanza, the skald expresses the pain of losing his son by invoking the image of slaying the personified sea, personified as Ægir (Old Norse ǫlsmið[r] 'ale-smith') and Rán (Ægis man 'Ægir's wife'):\nVeiztu um ϸá sǫk\nsverði of rækak,\nvar ǫlsmið[r]\nallra tíma;\nhroða vágs brœðr\nef vega mættak;\nfœra ek andvígr\nÆgis mani.\nYou know,\nif I took revenge with the sword\nfor that offence,\nÆgir would be dead;\nif I could kill them,\nI would fight Ægir and Rán.\nThe skald later references Ægir by way of the kenning 'Hlér's fire' (Hlés viti), meaning gold.", "In the Poetic Edda, Ægir receives mention in the eddic poems Grímnismál, Hymiskviða, Lokasenna, and in the prose section of Helgakviða Hundingsbana I. In Grímnismál, the disguised god Odin references Ægir's status as a renowned host among the gods:\n'Fleeting visions I have now revealed before the victory-gods's sons,\nnow the wished-for protection will awaken;\nto the all the Æsir it will become known,\non Ægir's benches,\nat Ægir's feast.'\nIn Hymiskviða, Ægir plays a major role. In the poem, the gods have become thirsty after a successful hunt, and are keen to celebrate with drink. They \"shook the twigs and looked at the augury\" and \"found that at Ægir's was an ample choice of cauldrons\". Odin goes to Ægir, who he finds sitting in good cheer, and tells him he shall \"often prepare a feast for the Æsir\". Referring to Ægir as a jötunn, the poem describes how, now annoyed, Ægir hatches a plan: He asks Thor to fetch a particular cauldron, and that with it he could brew ale for them all. The gods are unable to find a cauldron of a size big enough to meet Ægir's request until the god Týr recommends one he knows of far away, setting the stage for the events of the rest of the poem.\nAccording to the prose introduction to Lokasenna, \"Ægir, who is also called Gymir\", was hosting a feast \"with the great cauldron which has just been told about\", which many of the gods and elves attended. The prose introduction describes the feast as featuring gold that shimmers like fire light and ale that serves itself, and that \"it was a great place of peace\". In attendance also were Ægir's servers, Fimafeng and Eldir. The gods praise the excellence of their service and, hearing this, Loki murders Fimafeng, enraging the gods, who chase them out to the woods before returning to drink.\nIn the poem that follows the prose introduction (and in accompanying prose), Loki returns to the hall and greets Eldir: He says that before Eldir steps forward, he should first tell him what the gods are discussing in the hall. Eldir says that they're discussing weaponry and war, and having nothing good to say about Loki. Loki says that he will enter Ægir's halls and have a look at the feast, and with him bring quarrel and strife. Eldir notifies Loki that if he enters and causes trouble, he can expect them to return it to him. Loki enters the hall and the gods see him and become silent.\nIn Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, a great wave is referred to as \"Ægir's terrible daughter\".", "Ægir receives numerous mentions in the Prose Edda book Skáldskaparmál, where he sits at a banquet and asks the skaldic god Bragi many questions, and Bragi responds with narratives about the gods. The section begins as follows:\nAnthony Faulkes translation (1987):\nThere was a person whose name was Ægir or Hler. He lived on an island which is now called Hlesey. He was very skilled in magic. He set out to visit Asgard, and when the Æsir became aware of his movements, he was given a great welcome, though many things had deceptive appearances.\nAndy Orchard translation (1997):\nThere was a figure called Ægir or Hlér; he lived on an island, which is now called Hléysey. He was very crafty in magic. He set off to visit Ásgard, and when the Æsir realized he was coming, he was given a splen did welcome, although many things were not as they seemed;\nJ. Lindow translation (2002):\nA man was named Ægir or Hlér; he lived on that island which is now called Hlér's Island. He had much magic knowledge. He made his way to Ásgard, but the æsir knew of his journey in advance. He was well received, but many things were done with illusions.\nBeyond this section of Skáldskaparmál, Ægir receives several other mentions in kennings. Section 25 provides examples for 'sea', including 'visitor of the gods', 'husband of Rán', 'father of Ægir's daughters', 'land of Rán and Ægir's daughters'. Kennings cited to skalds in this section include 'the storm-happy daughters of Ægir' meaning 'waves' (Svein) and a kenning in a fragment of a work by the 11th century Icelandic skald Hofgarða-Refr Gestsson, where Rán is referred to as 'Gymir's ... völva':\nStandardized Old Norse\nOk sem kvað Refr:\nFœrir bjǫrn, þar er bára\nbrestr, undinna festa\nopt í Ægis kjǫpta\n*ursǫl Gymis vǫlva.\nAnthony Faulkes translation\nAnd as Ref said:\nGymir's spray-cold spæ-wife often brings the twisted-rope-bear [ship] into Ægir's jaws [under the waves] where the wave breaks.\nThe section's author comments that the stanza \"[implies] that they are all the same, Ægir and Hler and Gymir.\nChapter 33b of Skáldskaparmál discusses why skalds may refer to gold as \"Ægir's fire\". The section traces the kenning to a narrative surrounding Ægir, in which the jötunn employs \"glowing gold\" in the center of his hall to light it \"like fire\" (which the narrator compares to flaming swords in Valhalla). The section explains that \"Ran is the name of Ægir's wife, and the names of their nine daughters are as was written above ... Then the Æsir discovered that Ran had a net in which she caught everyone that went to sea ... so this is the story of the origin of gold being called fire or light or brightness of Ægir, Ran or Ægir's daughters, and from such kennings the practice has now developed of calling gold fire of the sea and of all terms for it, since Ægir and Ran's names are also terms for the sea, and hence gold is now called fire of lakes or rivers and of all river-names.\"\nIn chapter 61 provides yet more kennings. Among them the author notes that \"Ran, who, it is said, was Ægir's wife\" and that \"the daughters of Ægir and Ran are nine\". In chapter 75, Ægir occurs in a list of jötnar.", "In what appears to be a Norwegian genealogical tradition, Ægir is portrayed as one of the three elements among the sea, the fire and the wind. The beginning of the Orkneyinga saga ('Saga of the Orkney Islanders') and Hversu Noregr byggdisk ('How Norway Was Settled') tell that the jötunn king Fornjót had three sons: Hlér ('sea'), whom he called Ægir, a second named Logi ('fire'), and a third called Kári ('wind').", "", "Carolyne Larrington says that Ægir's role in Hymiskviða \"may reflect Scandinavian royal practices in which the king enforces his authority on his subordinates by visiting their homes and demanding to be feasted\". According to Andy Orchard, Ægir's role in Skáldskaparmál, where he attends a banquet rather than hosting it, could be a deliberate inversion of the traditional motif of Ægir as host.", "The name Gymir may indicate that Ægir was understood as the father of the beautiful jötunn Gerðr; they may also have been two different figures sharing the same name (see Gymir, father of Gerðr). Both the prose introduction to Lokasenna and Skáldskaparmál state that Ægir is also known as Gymir, the father of the jötunn Gerðr. Rudolf Simek argues that, if understood to be two different entities, this may stem from an erroneous interpretation of kennings in which different jötunn-names are used interchangeably.", "As highlighted above in Skáldskaparmál, the name of the island Læsø in Denmark references Hlér (Old Norse Hléysey 'Hlér's Island'). Simek speculates that Hlér may therefore have been seen as something of an ancestor of the island.\nTwo sources list the personified snow, Snær (Old Norse 'snow'), as Hlér's son. Book nine of Saxo Grammaticus's 12th century history of Denmark Gesta Danorum contains mention of a figure by the name of Lerus (from Old Norse Hlér) whose son is Snio (from Old Norse Snær 'Snow'). The Danish chronicle of Lejre, Chronicon Lethrense also connects the two, and the name Lejre may, like Læsø, derive from the jötunn.", "Scholars have often discussed Ægir's role as host to the gods and his description as a jötunn. Anthony Faulkes observes that Ægir is \"often described by modern writers as god of the sea\" yet that he is nowhere described as a god in the Prose Edda and appears in a list of jötnar in Skáldskaparmál. According to John Lindow, since his wife Rán is listed among the Ásynjur (goddesses) in the same part of the Prose Edda, and since he had a close and friendly relationship with the Æsir (gods), Ægir's description as a jötunn appears questionable. Andy Orchard argues on the contrary that Ægir's inclusion among the Æsir is probably a late development since his daughters are described as jötnar and some sources mention him as the descendant of the jötunn Fornjót. According to Rudolf Simek, while attested as a jötunn, Ægir \"has characteristics\" of a sea god.", "Ægir has been the subject of a variety of art pieces. These include Nils Blommér's painting Näcken och Ägirs döttrar (1850), Johan Peter Molin's (d. 1874) fountain relief Ægir, and Emil Doepler's Ægir (1901).\nÆgir is referenced in a variety of others ways in modern popular culture. For example, he is the namesake of a Norwegian corvette produced in 1967 (Ægir), a coastal defense ship in the Imperial German Navy, and of an exoplanet, Epsilon Eridani b.", "Ler (mythology), figure from Irish folklore\nNjörðr, Norse deity associated with the sea\nTrent Aegir, tidal bore on the River Trent", "Haudry 2017, pp. 29–30.\nKroonen 2013, p. 7.\nCleasby, Vigfússon (1957:758).\nLindow 2002, p. 47.\nde Vries 1970, p. 251.\nSimek 1996, p. 151.\nLindow 2002, p. 18.\nde Vries 1970, p. 197.\nSimek 1996, p. 127.\nOrchard 1997, p. 70.\nEinarsson 2003, p. 149.\nEinarsson (2004:149). Formatted for display.\nEinarsson 2003, p. 85.\nLarrington 2014, p. 324.\nLarrington 2014, pp. 55, 290.\nLarrington 2014, pp. 74–75.\nLarrington 2014, p. 80.\nLarrington 2014, p. 81.\nLarrington 2014, p. 114.\nFaulkes 1995, p. 59.\nOrchard 1997, p. 1.\nLindow 2002, p. 48.\nFaulkes 1995, p. 37.\nFaulkes 1995, p. 91. This stanza appears quoted a second time later in Skáldskaparmál, for which see Faulkes 1995, p. 140.\nFaulkes 1995, p. 92.\nFaulkes 1995, p. 95. The chapter continues with discussion regarding the development of these kennings and the concept of allegory.\nFaulkes 1995, p. 141.\nFaulkes 1995, p. 156.\nLarrington 2014, p. 74.\nLindow 2002, p. 156.\nSimek 1996, pp. 126–27.\nFaulkes 1995, p. 299.\nOrchard 1997, p. 2.\nSimek 1996, p. 1.\nSimek 1996, p. 2.\nCarroll, Michael (2017), \"Zeroing in on Earth 2.0\", Earths of Distant Suns, Springer, p. 79, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-43964-8_5, ISBN 978-3-319-43963-1, Planet name: AEgir | Original designation: Epsilon Eridani b", "Cleasby, Richard, Guðbrandur Vigfússon (1957). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. 2nd ed. with supplement by William A. Craigie. Clarendon Press. Repr. 1975. ISBN 9780198631033\nde Vries, Jan (1970) [1956]. Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte (in German). Vol. 1. Walter De Gruyter.\nEinarsson, Bjarni (2003). Egils Saga (PDF). Viking Society for Northern Research. ISBN 978-0-903521-54-3.\nFaulkes, Anthony, trans. (1995) [1987]. Edda. Everyman. ISBN 0-460-87616-3.\nHaudry, Jean (2017). Le feu dans la tradition indo-européenne (in French). Arché. ISBN 978-88-7252-343-8.\nKroonen, Guus (2013). Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-18340-7.\nLarrington, Carolyne (2014). The Poetic Edda (revised edition). Oxford World's Classics. ISBN 978-0-19-967534-0.\nLindow, John (2002). Norse Mythology: A Guide to Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-983969-8.\nOrchard, Andy (1997). Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend. Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-34520-5.\nSimek, Rudolf (1996). Dictionary of Northern Mythology. D.S. Brewer. ISBN 978-0-85991-513-7." ]

[ "Ægir", "Names", "Attestations", "Sonatorrek", "Poetic Edda", "Prose Edda", "Saga corpus", "Scholarly reception and interpretation", "Banquets", "Gymir", "Hlér, Læsø, Lejre, and Snow", "Jötunn", "Modern influence", "See also", "Notes", "References" ]

[ 2262, 2263, 2264 ]

[ 11349, 11350, 11351, 11352, 11353, 11354, 11355, 11356, 11357, 11358, 11359, 11360, 11361, 11362, 11363, 11364, 11365, 11366, 11367, 11368, 11369, 11370, 11371, 11372, 11373, 11374, 11375, 11376, 11377, 11378, 11379, 11380, 11381, 11382, 11383, 11384, 11385 ]

[ "ICGV Týr" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Iceland_Coast_Guard_vessel_types.jpg" ]

[ "The Ægir-class offshore patrol vessel is a class of two offshore patrol vessels serving in the Icelandic Coast Guard (ICG). They participated in the two latter Cod Wars. The vessels conduct patrols, search and rescue, fishery inspections, general law enforcement and counter-terrorism operations in the Icelandic exclusive economic zone and the waters of the surrounding territories, such as Greenland and Jan Mayen.", "The concept for the Ægir-class OPV was based on the Icelandic Coast Guard experiences with ICGV Þór and ICGV Óðinn. Rear Admiral Pétur Sigurðsson, commander of the ICG, set forth a requirement for a ship larger than both Þór and Óðinn and more seaworthy. The vessels were also armoured for icebreaking.\nThough of roughly the same design, the two ships are of different measurements. Ægir has a standard displacement of 1,146 tonnes (1,128 long tons) and 1,500 t (1,500 long tons) at full load. The ship measures 69.8 metres (229 ft 0 in) long with a beam of 10 m (32 ft 10 in) and a draught of 4.6 m (15 ft 1 in). Týr has a standard displacement of 1,233 t (1,214 long tons) and the same full load displacement as Ægir. Týr is 71.1 m (233 ft 3 in) long with the same remaining measurements as Ægir. The two ships are powered by two MAN 8L 40/54 diesel engines turning two shafts with Kamewa controllable pitch propellers rated at 9,800 kilowatts (13,200 hp). This gives the ships a maximum speed of 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph) for Ægir and 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) for Týr with a range of 9,000 nautical miles (17,000 km; 10,000 mi) at 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph). The vessels have a 20-ton bollard-pulling winch and passive rolling tanks.\nThe Ægir class was initially armed with a 57 mm (2.2 in) Hotchkiss cannon. However, these weapons were replaced in 1990 with the Bofors 40 mm (1.6 in)/L60 autocannon, which in turn was replaced with the 40 mm Bofors L70 in the late 2000s. Other weapons include net cutters, which the Icelandic Coast Guard used during the Cod Wars. A large crane is situated forward of the helicopter deck. The ships of the class are equipped with Sperry surface search and navigational radar. Týr is equipped with hull-mounted sonar. The ships sport a helicopter deck aft and a hangar located between the funnels. In 1997, the helicopter deck was extended. The ships have a complement of 19.", "", "Ægir was the first to be constructed, by Aalborg Shipyard in Denmark and was launched in 1967. Týr was constructed by Dannebrog Værft in Denmark and was launched on 10 October 1974. Ægir entered service with the ICG in 1968 and Týr on 15 March 1975. The ICG uses the vessels to conduct patrols search and rescue, fishery inspections, general law enforcement and counter-terrorism operations in the Icelandic exclusive economic zone. In 1994, a crane was fitted in both ships forward of the helicopter deck on the starboard side. In 1997, the ships underwent a refit that extended their helicopter decks and installed a radome atop the ship. In 2005, Ægir underwent a refit in Poland that improved the bridge and accommodations along with the installation of in-flight refuelling equipment for the helicopters. Týr received the same modifications in Poland in 2006.", "Saunders 2009, p. 323.\nCouhat 1986, p. 237.\nKurlansky 1998, p. 164.", "Couhat, Jean Labayle, ed. (1986). Combat Fleets of the World 1986/87. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-85368-860-5.\nKurlansky, Mark (1998) [1997]. Cod: A Biography of the Fish that Changed the World (Vintage Canada ed.). Canada: Vintage Canada. ISBN 0-676-97111-3.\nSaunders, Stephen, ed. (2009). Jane's Fighting Ships 2009–2010 (112 ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: Jane's Information Group Inc. ISBN 978-0-7106-2888-6.", "Icelandic Coast Guard website" ]

[ "Ægir-class offshore patrol vessel", "Design and description", "Vessels", "Construction and career", "Citations", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2265 ]

[ 11386, 11387, 11388, 11389, 11390, 11391, 11392, 11393, 11394 ]

[ "Ægir Bryggeri", "Ægir Bryggeri's pub in Flåm is located in a house with a building style, inspired by the Middle Ages in Norway" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/%C3%86gir_bryggeri_%2816408853589%29.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/T199612.jpg" ]

[ "Ægir Bryggeri is a micro brewery in Flåm, Norway. The brewery is named after the Norse god Ægir. Ægir brews, according to Odin, the best of beers. The brewery was founded by Aud Melås and Evan Lewis in 2007. A new brewery facility was built and put into service in June 2012. The brewery produces craft beers in cans and for the own brewery pub in Flåm. An increasing share of the production is for export. Ægir Bryggeri delivers beer for sale throughout Norway.\nThe kinds of beer vary, and consist of beer types, inspired from various craft breweries around the world, including the United States. The brewery has an annual capacity of around 1,400 hectolitres (300,000 US pt).", "Some of the products from Ægir Bryggeri:\nBøyla Blonde Ale, 4.7% alcohol\nIndia Pale Ale, 6.5% alc.\nRallar Amber Ale, 4.7% alc.\nSumbel Porter, 4.7% alc.\nÆgir Ratatosk Double IPA, 9% alc.\nHeidrun Vikingmjød, 13.2% alc.\nIn addition to these, that are made throughout the year, the brewery also has several seasonal types.", "Ægir Bryggeri www.drikkeglede.no (in Norwegian)\nÆgir Bryggeri Visit Rallarvegen (in English)", "Brewery website (in English)" ]

[ "Ægir Bryggeri", "Products", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2266, 2267 ]

[ 11395, 11396 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/%C3%86gir_Steinarsson_%E2%80%93_20160814_Basketball_%C3%96BV_Vier-Nationen-Turnier_3519.jpg" ]

[ "Ægir Þór Steinarsson (born May 10, 1991) is an Icelandic basketball player for LEB Oro club CB Lucentum Alicante and the Icelandic national team, where he participated at the EuroBasket 2015 and EuroBasket 2017.", "Ægir played with Newberry from 2011 to 2013.", "Ægir started his career with Fjölnir and was named to the 1. deild karla Domestic All-First team in 2009. The following season, he was selected to the Icelandic All-Star game, when he also won the three-point contest, and again in 2011.\nIn September 2015, Ægir signed with KR of the Icelandic Úrvalsdeild karla. On February 13, 2016, he helped the team win the Icelandic Cup. Two weeks later, KR allowed Ægir out of his contract to sign with Spanish club Peñas Huesca of the LEB Oro.\nIn July 2016, Ægir signed with Miraflores In July 2017, he helped the club achieve promotion to Liga ACB.\nOn 17 July 2018, Ægir signed with Stjarnan of the Úrvalsdeild karla after rejecting an offer from KR.\nOn 17 February 2019, Ægir had 8 points and 8 assists in Stjarnan's 84-68 victory against Njarðvík in the Icelandic Cup finals.\nAfter the Úrvalsdeild playoffs ended, Ægir signed with Regatas Corrientes of the Liga Nacional de Básquet for the rest of the season. On 5 June, Regatas lost to Instituto Atlético Central Córdoba in the fifth game of the best-of-five series in the quarter finals of the LNB playoffs.\nStjarnan opened the 2019–20 season with an 89-77 win against reigning champions KR in the annual Icelandic Super Cup where Ægir posted 10 points and 6 assists. On 15 February 2020, Ægir was named the Icelandic Cup Finals MVP after scoring 19 points and handing out 14 assists in Stjarnan's 75-89 win against Grindavík in the Cup final.\nFor the 2020–21 regular season, Ægir averaged 16.0 points and 8.3 assists per game. In the playoffs, he averaged 21.7 points and 7.9 assists per game, helping Stjarnan to the semi-finals where they lost 2–3 to eventual champions Þór Þorlákshöfn.\nIn July 2021, Ægir signed with LEB Gold club Gipuzkoa Basket. On 26 September 2021, he won the Euskal Kopa with Gipuzkoa.\nIn July 2022, Ægir signed with CB Lucentum Alicante.", "\"Profile\". eurobasket2015.org. Retrieved 5 September 2015.\nJónsson, Óskar Ófeigur (9 August 2017). \"TAU Castelló bauð Ægi velkominn á íslensku\". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 20 August 2017.\nJónsson, Óskar Ófeigur (September 10, 2015). \"Ægir: Glufur í varnarleik turnanna eins og annarra\". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 24 August 2017.\nÓskar Ófeigur Jónsson (31 August 2017). \"Ægir: Við þurfum þessa orku frá Íslendingunum í stúkunni\". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 24 November 2017.\nÓskar Ófeigur Jónsson (16 May 2011). \"Ægir og Tómas fara í sama skóla í Bandaríkjunum\". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 24 November 2017.\nÓskar Ófeigur Jónsson (3 May 2009). \"Marvin og Bárður valdir bestir í 1. deild karla\". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 19 August 2018.\nÓskar Ófeigur Jónsson (8 December 2010). \"Ingi Þór og Hrafn búnir að velja Stjörnuliðin sín\". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 24 November 2017.\nÓskar Ófeigur Jónsson (11 December 2010). \"Stjörnuhátíð KKÍ: Ægir Steinarsson vann þriggja stiga keppnina\". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 24 November 2017.\n\"Þjálfararnir völdu Stjörnulið KKÍ\". Morgunblaðið. 28 November 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2017.\n\"Ægir til liðs við KR-inga\". Morgunblaðið (in Icelandic). 21 September 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2017.\nHarðarson, Haukur; Þorkell Gunnar Sigurbjörnsson (22 September 2015). \"Ægir: \"Hugurinn var kominn í KR\"\". RÚV (in Icelandic). Retrieved 24 November 2017.\nTómas Þór Þórðarson (16 September 2015). \"Ægir Þór líklega á leið til KR\". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 24 November 2017.\nTómas Þór Þórðarson (13 February 2016). \"Umfjöllun, viðtöl og myndir: KR - Þór Þ. 95-79 - KR bikarmeistari í ellefta sinn\". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 24 November 2017.\nÓskar Ófeigur Jónsson (29 February 2016). \"KR missir Ægi Þór til Spánar\". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 24 November 2017.\nÓskar Ófeigur Jónsson (22 July 2016). \"Ægir Þór kominn í nýtt félag á Spáni\". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 24 November 2017.\n\"Ægir og félagar upp í deild þeirra bestu\". Morgunblaðið (in Icelandic). 9 July 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.\nIngvi Þór Sæmundsson (8 June 2017). \"Ægir og félagar komnir upp í efstu deild\". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 24 November 2017.\nÁstrós Ýr Eggertsdóttir (17 July 2018). \"Ægir Þór genginn til liðs við Stjörnuna\". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 17 July 2018.\nVíkingur Goði Sigurðarson (16 February 2019). \"Umfjöllun: Stjarnan - Njarðvík 84-68 - Stjarnan bikarmeistari í körfubolta karla 2019\". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 17 February 2019.\nÓskar Ófeigur Jónsson (10 May 2019). \"Tímabilið ekki búið hjá Ægi - farinn að spila í Argentínu\". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 11 May 2019.\n\"LNB: Regatas se refuerza con el base islandés Aegir Steinarsson\". Radio Dos (in Spanish). 10 May 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019.\nAnton Ingi Leifsson (6 June 2019). \"Ægir úr leik í Argentínu eftir oddaleik\". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 6 June 2019.\nÓlafsson, Hjörvar (29 September 2019). \"Stjarnan vann fyrsta titil tímabilsins\". Fréttablaðið (in Icelandic). Retrieved 30 September 2019.\nIngvi Þór Sæmundsson (15 February 2020). \"Ægir: Markmiðið að vinna alla titla sem í boði eru\". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 15 February 2020.\nHjörtur Leó Guðjónsson (20 July 2021). \"Ægir Þór aftur út í atvinnumennsku\". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 20 July 2021.\n\"Aegir Steinarsson antolatzaile berria Acunsa Gipuzkoa basketentzat\". Gipuzkoa Basket (in Basque). 20 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.\nDavíð Eldur (26 September 2021). \"Ægir Þór drjúgur er Gipuzkoa tryggði sér Baskabikarinn\". Karfan.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 27 September 2021.\nAtli Arason (13 July 2022). \"Ægir Þór semur við HLA Alicante\". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 20 July 2022." ]

[ "Ægir Steinarsson", "College", "Career", "References" ]

[ 2268 ]

[ 11397, 11398, 11399, 11400, 11401, 11402, 11403, 11404, 11405, 11406, 11407, 11408, 11409, 11410 ]

[ "Whitby Abbey" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Whitby_Abbey_image.jpg" ]

[ "Saint Ælfflæd (654–714) was the daughter of King Oswiu of Northumbria and Eanflæd. She was abbess of Whitby Abbey, an abbey of nuns that were known for their skills in medicine, from the death of her kinswoman Hilda in 680, first jointly with her mother, then alone.\nÆlfflæd was particularly known for her skills in surgery and her personal attention to patients, as was Hilda, who was known for her personalized medical care.", "Most of Ælfflæd's life was spent as a nun. When she was about a year old, her father, King Oswiu of Northumbria, in thanksgiving for his victory over Penda of Mercia at the Battle of the Winwæd, handed her over to abbess Hilda to be brought up at Hartlepool Abbey. When Hilda left to found Whitby Abbey in 657 or 658, she brought Ælfflæd with her.\nUpon Hilda's death in 680, Oswiu's widow, Eanflæd and their daughter Ælfflæd became joint abbesses and later in the 680s, Ælfflæd was sole abbess until her death in 714. The Northumbrian church of Cuthbert's time was a wealthy and aristocratic institution. On at least one occasion princess Abbess Ælfflæd is found banqueting with St. Cuthbert of Lindisfarne.\nIn the Life of St. Cuthbert, the saint assures Ælfflæd, who is concerned over the succession, that she will find Ecgfrith's successor 'to be a brother no less than the other one' (Anon. V. Cuthberti 3.6). Cuthbert then tells the puzzled Ælfflæd that this brother is 'on some island beyond this sea', at which point she realises that he is talking of Aldfrith 'who was then on the island which is called Iona' (Anon. V. Cuthberti 3.6). Like her mother, Ælfflæd was associated with Bishop Wilfrid, and played a large part in the settlement which placed her nephew Osred son of Aldfrith on the throne in 705. She was an important political figure from the death of her brother Ecgfrith in 685 until her death.\nAccording to one account, Ælfflaed had been afflicted with a crippling disease for some time. One day she thought about Cuthbert and wished she had something belonging to him, for she was certain that would help her. Soon afterwards a messenger arrived with the gift of a linen girdle from Cuthbert. She put this on and within three days was restored to health.\nOne letter of Ælfflaed, to Adolana, abbess of Pfalzel, survives in the Bonifatian correspondence, which provides rare evidence for interaction between female religious leaders in the Early Medieval period. In this letter Ælfflaed seeks advice and assistance for a fellow abbess, who wished to go on pilgrimage to Rome, shedding light on Whitby's Continental connections in the years after Hilda's death.\nHer piety was praised by contemporaries such as Bede and Stephen of Ripon. Bede refers to her high degree of holiness and devotion, while Stephen calls her the consoler of the whole kingdom and the best counsellor.\nÆlfflæd was considered a saint and her feast day was celebrated on 8 February. She was buried at Whitby. A late hagiography, the Vita sanctae Elfledae, survives, collected in John Capgrave's Nova Legenda Angliae of 1516.\nExcavations in the 1920s by Radford and Peers found several building foundations and two inscribed memorial stones believed to record the deaths of St. Ælfflaed, Abbess of Whitby, and Cyneburgh, queen of King Oswald.", "Ogilvie, Marilyn; Harvey, Joy; Rossiter, Margaret, eds. (2000). The biographical dictionary of women in science. New York [u.a.]: Routledge. p. 11. ISBN 0415920388.\nDugdale, William (1693). Monasticon Anglicanum, or, The history of the ancient abbies, and other monasteries, hospitals, cathedral and collegiate churches in England and Wales. With divers French, Irish, and Scotch monasteries formerly relating to England. Translated by Wright, James. Sam Keble; Hen. Rhodes. pp. 9.\n\"An Anglo-Saxon Monastery at Hartlepool\", Tees Archaeology\n\"St. Hilda (614-680)\", Whitby Museum\nRollason, David and Dobson, R. B., \"Cuthbert\", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\nGrimmer, Martin. \"The Exogamous of Oswiu of Northumbria\", The Heroic Age, Issue 9, October 2006\n\"Stories form the Life of St. Cuthbert\", St. Cuthbert's College, Auckland, New Zealand\nFell, 'Some implications of the Boniface Correspondence', p. 30,\nhttps://epistolae.ctl.columbia.edu/letter/338.html 'Medieval Women's Latin Letters'\nZiegler, Michelle. \"Anglian Whitby\", the Heroic Age, Issue 2, Autumn/Winter 1999", "Ælfflæd 2 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England. Retrieved 2007-09-22.\nBede, Life of Cuthbert\nLapidge, Michael, \"Ælfflæd\" in M. Lapidge, et al., (eds), The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Blackwell, 1999. ISBN 0-631-22492-0" ]

[ "Ælfflæd of Whitby", "Life", "References", "Sources" ]

[ 2269 ]

[ 11411, 11412, 11413, 11414, 11415, 11416, 11417, 11418, 11419, 11420, 11421 ]

[ "Eastern Orthodox Icon of Saint Ælfgifu", "Will of Wynflæd (British Library Cotton Charters viii. 38)[6]", "The remains of the Norman buildings which replaced the earlier ones at Shaftesbury Abbey." ]

[ 0, 1, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Saint_Aelfgifu_of_Shaftesbury%2B.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/S_1539_Will_of_Wynfl%C3%A6d%2C_circa_AD_950_%2811th-century_copy%2C_BL_Cotton_Charters_viii._38%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Shaftesbury_Abbey_1.jpg" ]

[ "Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury (died 944) was the first wife of King Edmund I (r. 939–946). She was Queen of the English from her marriage in around 939 until her death in 944. Ælfgifu and Edmund were the parents of two future English kings, Eadwig (r. 955–959) and Edgar the Peaceful (r. 959–975). Like her mother Wynflaed, Ælfgifu had a close and special if unknown connection with the royal nunnery of Shaftesbury (Dorset), founded by King Alfred, where she was buried and soon revered as a saint. According to a pre-Conquest tradition from Winchester, her feast day is 18 May.", "Her mother appears to have been an associate of Shaftesbury Abbey called Wynflaed (also Wynnflæd). The vital clue comes from a charter of King Edgar, in which he confirmed the grant of an estate at Uppidelen (Piddletrenthide, Dorset) made by his grandmother (ava) Wynflæd to Shaftesbury. She may well be the nun or vowess (religiosa femina) of this name in a charter dated 942 and preserved in the abbey's chartulary. It records that she received and retrieved from King Edmund a handful of estates in Dorset, namely Cheselbourne and Winterbourne Tomson, which somehow ended up in the possession of the community.\nSince no father or siblings are known, further speculation on Ælfgifu's background has largely depended on the identity of her mother, whose relatively uncommon name has invited further guesswork. H. P. R. Finberg suggests that she was the Wynflæd who drew up a will, supposedly sometime in the mid-10th century, after Ælfgifu's death. This lady held many estates scattered across Wessex (in Somerset, Wiltshire, Berkshire, Oxfordshire, and Hampshire) and was well connected with the nunneries at Wilton and Shaftesbury, both of which were royal foundations. On that basis, a number of relatives have been proposed for Ælfgifu, including a sister called Æthelflæd, a brother called Eadmær, and a grandmother called Brihtwyn.\nThere is, however, no consensus among scholars about Finberg's suggestion. Simon Keynes and Gale R. Owen object that there is no sign of royal relatives or connections in Wynflæd's will and Finberg's assumptions about Ælfgifu's family therefore stand on shaky ground. Andrew Wareham is less troubled about this and suggests that different kinship strategies may account for it. Much of the issue of identification also seems to hang on the number of years by which Wynflæd can plausibly have outlived her daughter. In this light, it is significant that on palaeographical grounds, David Dumville has rejected the conventional date of c. 950 for the will, which he considers “speculative and too early” (and that one Wynflæd was still alive in 967).", "The sources do not record the date of Ælfgifu's marriage to Edmund. The eldest son Eadwig, who had barely reached majority on his accession in 955, may have been born around 940, which gives us only a very rough terminus ante quem for the betrothal. Although as the mother of two future kings, Ælfgifu proved to be an important royal bed companion, there is no strictly contemporary evidence that she was ever consecrated as queen. In a charter of doubtful authenticity dated 942–946, she attests as the king's concubine (concubina regis). but later in the century Æthelweard the Chronicler styles her queen (regina).\nMuch of Ælfgifu's claim to fame derives from her association with Shaftesbury. Her patronage of the community is suggested by a charter of King Æthelred, dated 984, according to which the abbey exchanged with King Edmund the large estate at Tisbury (Wiltshire) for Butticanlea (unidentified). Ælfgifu received it from her husband and intended to bequeath it back to the nunnery, but such had not yet come to pass (her son Eadwig demanded that Butticanlea was returned to the royal family first).\nÆlfgifu predeceased her husband, probably in 944, and may have died in childbirth of Edgar. In the early 12th century, William of Malmesbury wrote that she suffered from an illness during the last few years of her life, but there may have been some confusion with details of Æthelgifu's life as recorded in a forged foundation charter of the late 11th or 12th century (see below). Her body was buried and enshrined at the nunnery.", "Ælfgifu was venerated as a saint soon after her burial at Shaftesbury. Æthelweard reports that many miracles had taken place at her tomb up to his day, and these were apparently attracting some local attention. Lantfred of Winchester, who wrote in the 970's and so can be called the earliest known witness of her cult, tells of a young man from Collingbourne (possibly Collingbourne Kingston, Wiltshire), who in the hope of being cured of blindness travelled to Shaftesbury and kept vigil. What led him there was the reputation of “the venerable St Ælfgifu [...] at whose tomb many bodies of sick person receive medication through the omnipotence of God”. Despite the new prominence of Edward the Martyr as a saint interred at Shaftesbury, her cult continued to flourish in later Anglo-Saxon England, as evidenced by her inclusion in a list of saints' resting places, at least 8 pre-Conquest calendars and 3 or 4 litanies from Winchester.\nÆlfgifu is styled a saint (Sancte Ælfgife) in the D-text of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (mid-11th century) at the point where it specifies Eadwig's and Edgar's royal parentage. Her cult may have been fostered and used to enhance the status of the royal lineage, more narrowly that of her descendants. Lantfred attributes her healing power both to her own merits and those of her son Edgar. It may have been due to her association that in 979 the supposed body of her murdered grandson Edward the Martyr was exhumed and in a spectacular ceremony, received at the nunnery of Shaftesbury, under the supervision of ealdorman Ælfhere.\nAccording to William of Malmesbury, Ælfgifu would secretly redeem those who were publicly condemned to severe judgment, she gave expensive clothes to the poor, and she also had prophetic powers as well as powers of healing.\nÆlfgifu's fame at Shaftesbury seems to have eclipsed that of its first abbess, King Alfred's daughter Æthelgifu, so much so perhaps that William of Malmesbury wrote contradictory reports on the abbey's early history. In the Gesta regum, he correctly identifies the first abbess as Alfred's daughter, following Asser, although he gives her the name of Ælfgifu (Elfgiva), while in his Gesta pontificum, he credits Edmund's wife Ælfgifu with the foundation. Either William encountered conflicting information, or he meant to say that Ælfgifu refounded the nunnery. In any event, William would have had access to local traditions at Shaftesbury, since he probably wrote a now lost metrical Life for the community, a fragment of which he included in his Gesta pontificum:", "Ælfgifu of Exeter", "Elgiva May 18. Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome.\nWilliams 2004.\nAsser, Vita Ælfredi ch. 98.\nLantfred, Translatio et Miracula S. Swithuni: pp. 328-9 n. 299 (Lapidge's commentary). \nElgiva May 18. Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome.\nCharter S 1539 at the Electronic Sawyer\nS 744 (AD 966). Edgar's paternal grandmother was Eadgifu of Kent.\nS 485 (AD 942); Yorke, Nunneries and the Anglo-Saxon royal houses. pp. 82-3. See further Kelly, Charters of Shaftesbury Abbey. pp. 53-9.\nS 1539; Finberg, The Early Charters of Wessex. p. 44. Whitelock, Anglo-Saxon wills, p. 109, identifies the testatrix with the religiosa femina of S 485 (AD 942), but she is silent about Edgar's grandmother. Brihtwyn has been tentatively identified as the wife of Alfred, bishop of Sherborne, but this has been disputed. See Whitelock, Anglo-Saxon Wills; Owen, “Wynflæd's wardrobe.” p. 197, note 2.\nKeynes, “Alfred the Great and Shaftesbury Abbey.” pp. 43-5; Owen, “Wynflæd's wardrobe.” p. 197 note 1; Yorke, Nunneries and the Anglo-Saxon royal houses. p. 100 note 136.\nWareham, “Transformation of kinship.” pp. 382-3.\nDumville, “English square minuscule.” p. 146 note 75. The Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England also links Wynflæd with the noble matrona of that name, who appears in as late as 967 receiving royal grants of land in Hampshire. S 754 (AD 967); Wynnflæd 3, PASE.\nS 514 (AD 942 x 946); Campbell, A., 1973 The Charters of Rochester, p. xxvi (cited in Sawyer, S514),\nS 850 (AD 984).\nYorke 2014, p. 143; Keynes 1999, p. 65, n. 78.\nS 357; Gesta pontificum Anglorum vol II, pp. 130-1 (Thomson's commentary); Yorke, Nunneries and the Anglo-Saxon royal houses, p. 76.\nSee Lantfred and Æthelweard below.\nÆthelweard, Chronicon, book IV, chapter 6.\nLantfred, Translatio et Miracula S. Swithuni, ch. 36.\nThacker.,“Dynastic monasteries.” p. 259; On the resting places of English saints, ed. Liebermann, II no. 36.\nAnglo-Saxon Chronicle (D) s.a. 955.\nYorke, Nunneries and the Anglo-Saxon royal houses. p. 83.\nYorke, Nunneries and the Anglo-Saxon royal houses. p. 115.\nStudies in the Early History of Shaftesbury Abbey. Dorset County Council, 1999\nYorke, Nunneries and the Anglo-Saxon royal houses, p. 77.\nWilliam of Malmesbury, Gesta regum, ch. 122.\nWilliam of Malmesbury, Gesta pontificum, book 2, ch. 86.\nWilliam of Malmesbury, Gesta pontificum. Vol. II. p. 131. The latter suggestion was made by Patrick Wormald in correspondence with Thomson.\nWilliam of Malmesbury, Gesta pontificum. Vol. II. p. 131.\nWilliam of Malmesbury, Gesta pontificum, book 2, ch. 86.", "", "Anglo-Saxon charters\nS 514 (AD 942 x 946), King Edmund grants land. Archive: Canterbury.\nS 850 (AD 984), King Æthelred grants estates to Shaftesbury. Archive: Shaftesbury.\nS 744 (AD 966). Archive: Shaftesbury.\nS 485 (AD 942). Archive: Shaftesbury.\nS 1539, ed. and tr. Dorothy Whitelock, Anglo-Saxon Wills. Cambridge Studies in English Legal History. Cambridge, 1930. pp. 10–5 (with commentary, pp. 109–14).\nAnglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS D), ed. D. Dumville and S. Keynes, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. A Collaborative Edition. Vol. 6. Cambridge, 1983.\nÆthelweard, Chronicon, ed. and tr. Alistair Campbell, The Chronicle of Æthelweard. London, 1961.\nLantfred of Winchester, Translatio et Miracula S. Swithuni, ed. and tr. M. Lapidge, The Cult of St Swithun. Winchester Studies 4. The Anglo-Saxon Minsters of Winchester 2. Oxford, 2003. 252–333.\nOn the resting places of English saints, ed. F. Liebermann, Die Heiligen Englands. Angelsächsisch und lateinisch. Hanover, 1889. II no. 36 (pp. 17–8).\nWilliam of Malmesbury, Gesta Pontificum Anglorum, ed. and tr. M. Winterbottom and R.M. Thomson, William of Malmesbury. Gesta Pontificum Anglorum The History of the English Bishops. OMT. 2 vols (vol 1: text and translation, vol. 2: commentary). Oxford: OUP, 2007.\nWilliam of Malmesbury, Gesta regum Anglorum, ed. and tr. R.A.B. Mynors, R. M. Thomson and M. Winterbottom, William of Malmesbury. Gesta Regum Anglorum. The History of the English Kings. OMT. 2 vols: vol 1. Oxford, 1998.", "Ælfgifu 3 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England. Retrieved 2009-3-27.\nDumville, David. “English Square Minuscule Script: the mid-century phases” Anglo-Saxon England; 23 (1994): 133–64.\nFinberg, H. P. R. The Early Charters of Wessex. Leicester, 1964.\nKeynes, Simon (1999). \"King Alfred the Great and Shaftesbury Abbey\". In Keen, Laurence (ed.). Studies in the Early History of Shaftesbury Abbey. Dorchester, UK: Dorset County Council. pp. 17–72. ISBN 978-0-85216-887-5.\nOwen, Gale R. “Wynflæd's wardrobe.” Anglo-Saxon England 8 (1979): 195–222.\nThacker, Alan. “Dynastic Monasteries and Family Cults. Edward the Elder's sainted kindred.” In Edward the Elder, 899-924, ed. N. J. Higham and David Hill. London: Routledge, 2001. 248–63.\nWareham, Andrew. \"Transformation of Kinship and the Family in late Anglo-Saxon England.\" Early Medieval Europe; 10 (2001). 375–99.\nWilliams, Ann (2004). \"Edmund I (920/21–946)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8501. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nYorke, Barbara. Nunneries and the Anglo-Saxon Royal Houses. London, Continuum, 2003.\nYorke, Barbara (2014). \"The Women in Edgar's Life\". In Scragg, Donald (ed.). Edgar King of the English, 595-975 (Paperback ed.). Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 143–57. ISBN 978 1 84383 928 6.", "Foot, Sarah. Veiled Women. 2 vols: vol. 2 (Female Religious Communities in England, 871-1066). Aldershot, 2000.\nJackson, R. H. “The Tisbury landholdings granted to Shaftesbury monastery by the Saxon kings.” The Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine 79 (1984): 164–77.\nKelly, S. E. Charters of Shaftesbury Abbey. (Anglo-Saxon Charters; 5.) London, 1996.\nMurphy, E. “The Nunnery that Alfred Built at Shaftesbury.” Hatcher Review; 4 (1994): 40–53." ]

[ "Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury", "Family background", "Married life", "Sainthood", "See also", "Notes", "References", "Primary sources", "Secondary sources", "Further reading" ]

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[ "A 15th-century illuminated manuscript showing Ælfheah being asked for advice", "", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/St._Alphege%2C_Archbishop_of_Canterbury%2C_is_asked_for_advice.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg" ]

[ "Ælfheah (c. 953 – 19 April 1012), more commonly known today as Alphege, was an Anglo-Saxon Bishop of Winchester, later Archbishop of Canterbury. He became an anchorite before being elected abbot of Bath Abbey. His reputation for piety and sanctity led to his promotion to the episcopate and, eventually, to his becoming archbishop. Ælfheah furthered the cult of Dunstan and also encouraged learning. He was captured by Viking raiders in 1011 during the siege of Canterbury and killed by them the following year after refusing to allow himself to be ransomed. Ælfheah was canonised as a saint in 1078. Thomas Becket, a later Archbishop of Canterbury, prayed to him just before his own murder in Canterbury Cathedral in 1170.", "Ælfheah was born around 953, supposedly in Weston on the outskirts of Bath, and became a monk early in life. He first entered the monastery of Deerhurst, but then moved to Bath, where he became an anchorite. He was noted for his piety and austerity and rose to become abbot of Bath Abbey. The 12th century chronicler, William of Malmesbury recorded that Ælfheah was a monk and prior at Glastonbury Abbey, but this is not accepted by all historians. Indications are that Ælfheah became abbot at Bath by 982, perhaps as early as around 977. He perhaps shared authority with his predecessor Æscwig after 968.\nProbably due to the influence of Dunstan, the Archbishop of Canterbury (959–988), Ælfheah was elected Bishop of Winchester in 984, and was consecrated on 19 October that year. While bishop he was largely responsible for the construction of a large organ in the cathedral, audible from over a mile (1600 m) away and said to require more than 24 men to operate. He also built and enlarged the city's churches, and promoted the cult of Swithun and his own predecessor, Æthelwold of Winchester. One act promoting Æthelwold's cult was the translation of Æthelwold's body to a new tomb in the cathedral at Winchester, which Ælfheah presided over on 10 September 996.\nFollowing a Viking raid in 994, a peace treaty was agreed with one of the raiders, Olaf Tryggvason. Besides receiving danegeld, Olaf converted to Christianity and undertook never to raid or fight the English again. Ælfheah may have played a part in the treaty negotiations, and it is certain that he confirmed Olaf in his new faith.\nIn 1006, Ælfheah succeeded Ælfric as Archbishop of Canterbury, taking Swithun's head with him as a relic for the new location. He went to Rome in 1007 to receive his pallium—symbol of his status as an archbishop—from Pope John XVIII, but was robbed during his journey. While at Canterbury, he promoted the cult of Dunstan, ordering the writing of the second Life of Dunstan, which Adelard of Ghent composed between 1006 and 1011. He also introduced new practices into the liturgy, and was instrumental in the Witenagemot's recognition of Wulfsige of Sherborne as a saint in about 1012.\nÆlfheah sent Ælfric of Eynsham to Cerne Abbey to take charge of its monastic school. He was present at the council of May 1008 at which Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York, preached his Sermo Lupi ad Anglos (The Sermon of the Wolf to the English), castigating the English for their moral failings and blaming the latter for the tribulations afflicting the country.\nIn 1011, the Danes again raided England, and from 8–29 September they laid siege to Canterbury. Aided by the treachery of Ælfmaer, whose life Ælfheah had once saved, the raiders succeeded in sacking the city. Ælfheah was taken prisoner and held captive for seven months. Godwine (Bishop of Rochester), Leofrun (abbess of St Mildrith's), and the king's reeve, Ælfweard were captured also, but the abbot of St Augustine's Abbey, Ælfmær, managed to escape. Canterbury Cathedral was plundered and burned by the Danes following Ælfheah's capture.", "Ælfheah refused to allow a ransom to be paid for his freedom, and as a result was killed on 19 April 1012 at Greenwich, reputedly on the site of St Alfege's Church. The account of Ælfheah's death appears in the E version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: \n... the raiding-army became much stirred up against the bishop, because he did not want to offer them any money, and forbade that anything might be granted in return for him. Also they were very drunk, because there was wine brought from the south. Then they seized the bishop, led him to their \"hustings\" on the Saturday in the octave of Easter, and then pelted him there with bones and the heads of cattle; and one of them struck him on the head with the butt of an axe, so that with the blow he sank down and his holy blood fell on the earth, and sent forth his holy soul to God's kingdom.\nÆlfheah was the first Archbishop of Canterbury to die a violent death. A contemporary report tells that Thorkell the Tall attempted to save Ælfheah from the mob about to kill him by offering everything he owned except for his ship, in exchange for Ælfheah's life; Thorkell's presence is not mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, however. Some sources record that the final blow, with the back of an axe, was delivered as an act of kindness by a Christian convert known as \"Thrum.\" Ælfheah was buried in St Paul's Cathedral. In 1023, his body was moved by King Cnut to Canterbury, with great ceremony. Thorkell the Tall was appalled at the brutality of his fellow raiders, and switched sides to the English king Æthelred the Unready following Ælfheah's death.", "Pope Gregory VII canonised Ælfheah in 1078, with a feast day of 19 April. Lanfranc, the first post-Conquest archbishop, was dubious about some of the saints venerated at Canterbury. He was persuaded of Ælfheah's sanctity, but Ælfheah and Augustine of Canterbury were the only pre-conquest Anglo-Saxon archbishops kept on Canterbury's calendar of saints. Ælfheah's shrine, which had become neglected, was rebuilt and expanded in the early 12th century under Anselm of Canterbury, who was instrumental in retaining Ælfheah's name in the church calendar. After the 1174 fire in Canterbury Cathedral, Ælfheah's remains together with those of Dunstan were placed around the high altar, at which Thomas Becket is said to have commended his life into Ælfheah's care shortly before his martyrdom during the Becket controversy. The new shrine was sealed in lead, and was north of the high altar, sharing the honour with Dunstan's shrine, which was located south of the high altar. A Life of Saint Ælfheah in prose and verse was written by a Canterbury monk named Osbern, at Lanfranc's request. The prose version has survived, but the Life is very much a hagiography; many of the stories it contains have obvious Biblical parallels, making them suspect as a historical record.\nIn the late medieval period, Ælfheah's feast day was celebrated in Scandinavia, perhaps because of the saint's connection with Cnut. Few church dedications to him are known, with most of them occurring in Kent and one each in London and Winchester; as well as St Alfege's Church in Greenwich, a nearby hospital (1931–1968) was named after him. In Kent, there are two 12th century parish churches dedicated to St Alphege at Seasalter and Canterbury. Reputedly his body lay in these churches overnight on his way back to Canterbury Cathedral for burial. In the town of Solihull in the West Midlands, St Alphege Church is dedicated to Ælfheah dating back to approximately 1277. In 1929, a new Roman Catholic church in Bath, the Church of Our Lady & St Alphege, was designed by Giles Gilbert Scott in homage to the ancient Roman church of Santa Maria in Cosmedin, and dedicated to Ælfheah under the name of Alphege. St George the Martyr with St Alphege & St Jude stands in Borough in London.", "Old English: Ælfhēah, \"elf-tall\"\nOfficially remembered as Saint Alphege within some churches, and also called Elphege, Alfege, or Godwine.\nHow exactly Ælfheah had saved Ælfmaer's life is not recorded in any source.\n\"Hustings\" derives from an Old Norse word that has the meaning of assembly or council, so there may have been some sort of trial that condemned Ælfheah.\nExcept perhaps for a finger, which a later tradition held was given by Cnut to Westminster Abbey.", "Delaney Dictionary of Saints pp. 29–30\nGreek Orthodox Church, April 19th Feast Commemorations, \"Saint Aelphege the Hieromartyr of Canterbury\"\nGreat Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἀλπέγιος ὁ Ἱερομάρτυρας Ἀρχιεπίσκοπος Καντουαρίας. Απριλίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.\nHolford-Strevens, et al. Oxford Book of Days pp. 160–161\n\"St. Alphege\". Catholic Online. Retrieved 18 February 2009.\n\"Saint Alphege of Winchester\". Saints. SPQN. Archived from the original on 19 March 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2009.\nRumble \"From Winchester to Canterbury\" Leaders of the Anglo-Saxon Church p. 173\nRumble \"From Winchester to Canterbury\" Leaders of the Anglo-Saxon Church p. 165\n\"Alphege, Saint and Martyr\". St. Alphege's Church, Bath. Archived from the original on 10 January 2011. Accessed 14 August 2009\nKnowles, et al. Heads of Religious Houses, England and Wales pp. 28, 241\nLeyser \"Ælfheah\" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\nRumble \"From Winchester to Canterbury\" Leaders of the Anglo-Saxon Church p. 166\nFryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 223\nBarlow English Church 1000–1066 p. 109 footnote 5\nHindley A Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons pp. 304–305\nRumble \"From Winchester to Canterbury\" Leaders of the Anglo-Saxon Church p. 167\nStenton Anglo-Saxon England p. 378\nWilliams Æthelred the Unready p. 47\nWalsh New Dictionary of Saints p. 28\nFryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 214\nBarlow English Church 1000–1066 pp. 298–299 footnote 7\nBarlow English Church 1000–1066 p. 62\nBarlow English Church 1000–1066 p. 223\nStenton Anglo-Saxon England p. 458\nFletcher Bloodfeud p. 94\nWilliams Æthelred the Unready pp. 106–107\nHindley Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons p. 301\nBarlow English Church 1000–1066 pp. 209–210\nSwanton Anglo-Saxon Chronicle p. 142\nFletcher Bloodfeud p. 78\nWilliams Æthelred the Unready pp. 109–110\nHindley Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons pp. 309–310\nRumble \"From Winchester to Canterbury\" Leaders of the Anglo-Saxon Church p. 171\nStenton Anglo-Saxon England p. 383\nWilliams English and the Norman Conquest p. 137\nStenton Anglo-Saxon England p. 672\nBrooke Popular Religion in the Middle Ages p. 40\nSouthern \"St Anselm and his English Pupils\" Mediaeval and Renaissance Studies\nNilson Cathedral Shrines p. 33\nNilson Cathedral Shrines pp. 66–67\nBlair \"Handlist of Anglo-Saxon Saints\" Local Saints and Local Churches p. 504\n\"Greenwich District Hospital\". Lost Hospitals of London. Retrieved 25 October 2015.\n\"St Alphege Church, Seasalter in Whitstable – St Alphege Church, Seasalter – Part of the Anglican Whitstable Team Ministry\". stalphegeseasalter.org. Retrieved 26 December 2020.\nHistories in the parish collection at Canterbury Cathedral Archives and Library.\n\"St Alphege – SolihullParish\". www.solihullparish.org.uk. Archived from the original on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017.\n\"St Alphege's Church: The Building\". St Alphege's Church, Bath. Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Accessed 30 August 2009\n\"Bath Our Lady & St Alphege\". Explore Churches. Retrieved 26 December 2020.\n\"Borough St George the Martyr with St Alphege & St Jude\". Explore Churches. Retrieved 26 December 2020.", "Barlow, Frank (1979). The English Church 1000–1066: A History of the Later Anglo-Saxon Church (Second ed.). New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-49049-9.\nBlair, John (2002). \"A Handlist of Anglo-Saxon Saints\". In Thacker, Alan; Sharpe, Richard (eds.). Local Saints and Local Churches in the Early Medieval West. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 495–565. ISBN 0-19-820394-2.\nBrooke, Christopher; Brooke, Rosalind (1996). Popular Religion in the Middle Ages: Western Europe 1000–1300 (Reprint ed.). New York: Barnes & Noble. ISBN 0-7607-0093-1.\nDelaney, John P. (1980). Dictionary of Saints (Second ed.). Garden City, NY: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-13594-7.\nFletcher, R. A. (2003). Bloodfeud: Murder and Revenge in Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516136-X.\nFryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.\nHindley, Geoffrey (2006). A Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons: The Beginnings of the English Nation. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 978-0-7867-1738-5.\nHolford-Strevens, Leofranc; Blackburn, Bonnie J. (2000). The Oxford Book of Days. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-866260-2.\nKnowles, David; London, Vera C. M.; Brooke, Christopher (2001). The Heads of Religious Houses, England and Wales, 940–1216 (Second ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80452-3.\nLeyser, Henrietta (2006). \"Ælfheah (d. 1012)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (October 2006 ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/181. Retrieved 7 November 2007. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nNilson, Ben (1998). Cathedral Shrines of Medieval England. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-540-5.\nRumble, Alexander R. (2012). \"From Winchester to Canterbury: Ælheah and Stigand – Bishops, Archbishops and Victims\". In Rumble, Alexander R. (ed.). Leaders of the Anglo-Saxon Church: From Bede to Stigand. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp. 165–182. ISBN 978-1-84383-700-8.\nStenton, F. M. (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (Third ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5.\nSouthern, Richard (1941). \"St Anselm and His English Pupils\". Mediaeval and Renaissance Studies. I: 5.\nThe Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Translated by Swanton, Michael James. New York: Routledge. 1998. ISBN 0-415-92129-5.\nWalsh, Michael J. (2007). A New Dictionary of Saints: East and West. London: Burns & Oats. ISBN 978-0-86012-438-2.\nWilliams, Ann (2003). Aethelred the Unready: The Ill-Counselled King. London: Hambledon & London. ISBN 1-85285-382-4.\nWilliams, Ann (2000). The English and the Norman Conquest. Ipswich, UK: Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-708-4.", "McDougal, I. (1993). \"Serious Entertainments: an examination of a peculiar type of Viking atrocity\". Anglo-Saxon England. 22: 201–25. doi:10.1017/s0263675100004385. S2CID 162748686.", "Ælfheah 44 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England" ]

[ "Ælfheah of Canterbury", "Life", "Death", "Veneration", "Notes", "Citations", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

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[ "The Tower of Babel, from an illustrated English manuscript (11th century) in the British Library, containing some Latin excerpts from the Hexateuch. Ælfric was responsible for the preface to Genesis as well as some of its translations. Another copy of the text, without lavish illustrations but including a translation of the Book of Judges, is found in Oxford, Bodleian Library, Laud Misc. 509." ]

[ 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Meister_der_Paraphrasen_des_Pentateuch_001.jpg" ]

[ "Ælfric of Eynsham (Old English: Ælfrīc; Latin: Alfricus, Elphricus; c. 955 – c. 1010) was an English abbot and a student of Æthelwold of Winchester, and a consummate, prolific writer in Old English of hagiography, homilies, biblical commentaries, and other genres. He is also known variously as Ælfric the Grammarian (Alfricus Grammaticus), Ælfric of Cerne, and Ælfric the Homilist. In the view of Peter Hunter Blair, he was \"a man comparable both in the quantity of his writings and in the quality of his mind even with Bede himself.\" According to Claudio Leonardi, he \"represented the highest pinnacle of Benedictine reform and Anglo-Saxon literature\".", "Ælfric was educated in the Benedictine Old Minster at Winchester under Saint Æthelwold, who was bishop there from 963 to 984. Æthelwold had carried on the tradition of Dunstan in his government of the abbey of Abingdon, then in Berkshire, and at Winchester he continued his strenuous support for the English Benedictine Reform. He seems to have actually taken part in the teaching activities of the abbey.\nÆlfric no doubt gained some reputation as a scholar at Winchester, for when, in 987, the abbey of Cerne (at Cerne Abbas in Dorset) was finished, he was sent by Bishop Ælfheah (Alphege), Æthelwold's successor, at the request of the chief benefactor of the abbey, the ealdorman Æthelmær the Stout, to teach the Benedictine monks there. This date (987) is one of only two certain dates we have for Ælfric, who was then in priest's orders. Æthelmaer and his father Æthelweard were both enlightened patrons of learning, and became Ælfric's faithful friends.\nIt was at Cerne, and partly at the desire, it appears, of Æthelweard, that he planned the two series of his English homilies, compiled from the Christian fathers, and dedicated to Sigeric, Archbishop of Canterbury from 990 to 994. (The series were edited by Benjamin Thorpe and published in 1844–1846 for the Ælfric Society and edited more recently by Malcolm Godden and Peter Clemoes for the Early English Text Society.) The Latin preface to the first series enumerates some of Ælfric's authorities, the chief of whom was Gregory the Great, but the short list by no means exhausts the authors whom he consulted. In the preface to the first volume he regrets that, except for Alfred's translations, Englishmen had no means of learning the true doctrine as expounded by the Latin fathers. John Earle (Anglo-Saxon Literature, 1884) thinks he aimed at correcting the apocryphal, and to modern ideas superstitious, teaching of the earlier Blickling Homilies. He may also have translated the Pseudo-Basilian Admonition to a Spiritual Son.\nThe first series of forty homilies is devoted to plain and direct exposition of the chief events of the Christian year; the second deals more fully with church doctrine and history. Ælfric's teaching on the Eucharist in the Canons and in the Sermo de sacrificio in die pascae (ibid. ii.262 seq.) was appealed to by the Protestant Reformation writers as a proof that the early English church did not hold the Roman doctrine of transubstantiation. Ælfric of Eynsham also denied the immaculate conception.\nAfter the two series of homilies, he wrote three works to help students learn Latin – the Grammar, the Glossary and the Colloquy. In his Grammar, he translated the Latin grammar into English, creating what is considered the first vernacular Latin grammar in medieval Europe. In his glossary the words are not in alphabetical order, but grouped by topics. Finally, his Colloquy was intended to help students to learn how to speak Latin through a conversation manual. It is safe to assume that the original draft of this, afterwards maybe enlarged by his pupil and copyist, Ælfric Bata, was by Ælfric, and represents what his own scholar days were like.\nA third series of homilies, the Lives of the Saints (hagiography), dates from 996 to 997. Some of the sermons in the second series had been written in a kind of rhythmical, alliterative prose, and in the Lives of the Saints the practice is so regular that most of them are arranged as verse by their editor W. W. Skeat. Appended to the Lives of the Saints there are two homilies, On False Gods and The Twelve Abuses. The first one shows how the Church was still fighting against the ancient religion of Britain, but also against the religion of the Danish invaders.\nÆlfric was asked by Æthelweard to translate the book of Genesis up to the story of Abraham and Isaac, along with selections from other books of the Hexateuch. Against his better judgment, Ælfric agreed because he knew it would be done regardless of whether he helped or not. This, the Old English Hexateuch, was revolutionary, for it was the first time that the Old Testament was translated from Latin into Old English. To his translation of Genesis, he wrote a preface. This preface was to ensure that readers understand they ought not believe that the practices of the ancient Israelites were still acceptable for Christians. In his preface, Ælfric employs the same writing techniques that King Alfred used in his preface to a translation of the Cura Pastoralis by Pope Gregory I. Also notable is that in his translation of Genesis Ælfric did not just translate it word for word from the Latin, which was common due to the belief that the word order of sacred Scripture was itself sacred. Rather, he translated much of it by its meaning.\nThere is no certain proof that he remained at Cerne. It has been suggested that this part of his life was chiefly spent at Winchester; but his writings for the patrons of Cerne, and the fact that he wrote in 998 his Canons as a pastoral letter for Wulfsige, the bishop of Sherborne, the diocese in which the abbey was situated, afford presumption of continued residence there.\n1005 is the other certain date we have for Ælfric, when he left Cerne for nobleman Æthelmær's new monastery in Eynsham in Oxfordshire, a long eighty-five-mile journey inland. Here he lived out his life as Eynsham's first abbot, from 1005 until his death. After his elevation, he wrote his Letter to the Monks of Eynsham, an abridgment for his own monks of Æthelwold's De consuetudine monachorum, adapted to their rudimentary ideas of monastic life; a letter to Wulfgeat of Ylmandun; an introduction to the study of the Old and New Testaments (about 1008, edited by William L'Isle in 1623); a Latin life of his master Æthelwold; two pastoral letters for Wulfstan, archbishop of York and bishop of Worcester, in Latin and English; and an English version of Bede's De Temporibus.\nThe last mention of Ælfric Abbot, probably the grammarian, is in a will dating from about 1010.\nÆlfric left careful instructions to future scribes to copy his works carefully because he did not want his works' words marred by the introduction of unorthodox passages and scribal errors. Through the centuries, however, Ælfric's sermons were threatened by Viking axes and human neglect when – some seven hundred years after their composition – they nearly perished in London's Cotton Library fire that scorched or destroyed close to 1,000 invaluable ancient works.\nÆlfric was the most prolific writer in Old English. His main theme is God's mercy. He writes, for example: \"The love that loves God is not idle. Instead, it is strong and works great things always. And if love isn’t willing to work, then it isn’t love. God’s love must be seen in the actions of our mouths and minds and bodies. A person must fulfil God’s word with goodness.\" (\"For Pentecost Sunday\")\nHe also observes in \"For the Sixth Day (Friday) in the Third Week of Lent\" and in \"For the First Sunday After Pentecost\": \"And we ought to worship with true humility if we want our heavenly God to hear us because God is the one who lives in a high place and yet has regard for the deep down humble, and God is always near to those who sincerely call to him in their trouble. . . . Without humility no person can thrive in the Lord.\"\nAnd in the \"Fifth Sunday After Pentecost\" he wrote: \"Bosses who cannot permit those working under them to know kindness during this life of labour should never themselves enjoy lives of luxury because they could easily be kind to their workers every day. And then they would have some kindness in their souls. God loves kindness\".\nContrast this leitmotif of God's mercy with Archbishop Wulfstan's trenchant pulpiteering and thundering sermons. Ælfric by no means expressed the popular opinion of the time. His forward-thinking views toward women (though they were not 'modern' views, by any stretch of the imagination) and his strong stance on 'clǽnnes', or purity, were more extreme than others during that time (see for instance his homily on Judith). This was, no doubt, related to his service under the monastic reformer Saint Æthelwold in the monastery at Winchester.\nA Blue Plaque was unveiled in Eynsham, in recognition of Ælfric’s work, in 2022.", "Until the end of the nineteenth century, the true identification of Ælfric had been problematic, primarily because Ælfric had often been confused with Ælfric of Abingdon, who served as Archbishop of Canterbury. Though Ælfric had formerly been identified with the archbishop, thanks to the work of Lingard and Dietrich, most modern scholars now identify Ælfric as holding no higher office than abbot of Eynsham. However, in the past, there have been attempts to identify him with three different people:\n(1) As above, Ælfric was identified with Ælfric of Abingdon (995–1005), Archbishop of Canterbury. This view was upheld by John Bale; by Humphrey Wanley; by Elizabeth Elstob; and by Edward Rowe Mores, Ælfrico, Dorobernensi, archiepiscopo, Commentarius (ed. G. J. Thorkelin, 1789), in which the conclusions of earlier writers on Ælfric are reviewed. Mores made him abbot of St Augustine's at Dover, and finally archbishop of Canterbury.\n(2) Sir Henry Spelman, in his Concina … printed the Canones ad Wulsinum episcopum and suggested Ælfric Putta or Putto, Archbishop of York, as the author, adding some note of others bearing the name. The identity of Ælfric the grammarian with Ælfric archbishop of York was also discussed by Henry Wharton, in Anglia Sacra.\n(3) William of Malmesbury suggested that he was Abbot of Malmesbury and Bishop of Crediton.\nThe main facts of his career were finally elucidated by Eduard Dietrich in a series of articles in the Zeitschrift für historische Theologie, which formed the basis of subsequent writings on the subject.", "Peter Hunter Blair, An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England, 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 357\nLeonardi, Claudio (1999). \"Intellectual Life\". In Reuter, Timothy (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. III. Cambridge University Press. p. 191. ISBN 0-521-36447-7.\nOne or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Ælfric\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 255.\nÆlfric's Lives of Saints: Being a Set of Sermons on Saints' Days Formerly Observed by the English Church, Edited from Manuscript Julius E. VII in the Cottonian Collection, with Various Readings from Other Manuscripts, ed. by Walter W. Skeat, Early English Text Society, Original Series, 76, 82, 94, 114, 2 vols (London: Trübner, 1881–1900). The edition includes translations which were actually by Mss Gunning and Wilkinson, but they are credited only in the preface.\nMarsden, Richard (2006). The text of the Old Testament in Anglo-Saxon England (Pbk re-issue ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 395–437. ISBN 0-521-46477-3. OCLC 805118446.\nA Man for all Seasons, Eynsham Online, 1 July 2022\nIll. Maj. Brit. Scriptorum, 2nd ed., Basel, 1557–1559; vol. i, p. 149, s.v. Alfric.\nCatalogus librorum septentrionalium, &c., Oxford, 1705, forming vol. ii of George Hickes's Antiquae literaturae septemtrionalis.\nThe English Saxon Homily on the Birthday of St. Gregory (1709; new edition, 1839.\n1639, vol. i, p. 583.\n1691, vol. i, pp. 125-134), in a dissertation reprinted in J. P. Migne's Patrologia Latina (vol. 139, pp. 1459–70, Paris, 1853).\nDe gestis pontificum Anglorum, ed. N(icholas) E. S. A. Hamilton, Rolls Series, 1870, p. 406.\nVols. for 1855 and 1856, Gotha.", " This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Cousin, John William (1910). A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Sons – via Wikisource.", "Davis, Graeme.The Word Order of Ælfric. Edwin Mellen Press, 1997.\nFrantzen, Allen J. The Literature of Penance in Anglo-Saxon England. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1983.\nGatch, Milton McC. Preaching and Theology in Anglo-Saxon England: Ælfric and Wulfstan. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1977.\nGodden, Malcolm (2004). \"Ælfric of Eynsham (Ælfric Grammaticus, Ælfric the Homilist) (c.950–c.1010)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/186. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nGodfrey, John. The Church in Anglo-Saxon England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962.\nGrundy, Lynne. Books and Grace: Ælfric’s Theology. King's College London Medieval Studies VI. London: King's College, 1991.\nGulley, Alison. The Displacement of the Body in Ælfric’s Lives of the Roman Virgins. Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2014.\nHurt, James. Ælfric. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1972.\nLutz, Cora E. Schoolmasters of the Tenth Century. Archon Books (1977).\nWhite, Caroline L. Ælfric: A New Study of His Life and Writings: With a Supplementary Classified Bibliography Prepared by Malcolm R. Godden, Yale Studies in English II. 1898. Ed. Albert S. Cook. Hamden: Archon Books, 1974.\nWhitelock, Dorothy. \"Two Notes on Ælfric and Wulfstan\". 1943. In History, Law and Literature in 10th-11th Century England, 122-26. London: Variorum Reprints, 1981.\nWilcox, Jonathan, ed. Ælfric’s Prefaces. Durham Medieval Texts, Number 9. Durham: Durham Medieval Texts, 1994.\nMagennis, Hugh and Mary Swan (eds.). A Companion to Ælfric (Leiden, Brill, 2009) (Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition, 18).\nWithers B. The Illustrated Old English Hexateuch Cotton Claudius Biv. The British Library & University of Toronto Press 2007", "", "Pope, John C., ed. Homilies of Ælfric: a Supplementary Collection. Being twenty-one full homilies of his middle and later career for the most part not previously edited, with some shorter pieces, mainly passages added to the second and third Series. 2 volumes. EETS 259, 260. London: Oxford University Press, 1967, 1968.\nClemoes, Peter, ed. Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies: the First Series Text. EETS. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.\nEliason, Norman and Peter Clemoes, eds. Ælfric’s First Series of Catholic Homilies. British Museum Royal 7 C. XII fols. 4-218. EETS. Early English Manuscripts in Facsimile 13. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde and Bagger, 1966.\nElstob, Elizabeth. An English-Saxon Homily on the Birth-day of St. Gregory: anciently used in the English-Saxon Church. Giving an account of the conversion of the English from paganism to Christianity, Translated into Modern English, with notes, etc.. London: W. Bowyer, 1709.\nidem. An English-Saxon Homily on the Birth-day of St. Gregory: anciently used in the English-Saxon Church. Giving an account of the conversion of the English from paganism to Christianity, Translated into Modern English, with notes, etc.. London: W. Bowyer, 1709. Created by Timothy Graham and designed by John Chandler. Kalamazoo, MI: The Board of the Medieval Institute, 2002. [cited 11 October 2004]. http://www.wmich.edu/medieval/research/rawl/elstob/cover.html.\nFausbøll, Else, ed. Fifty-Six Ælfric Fragments: the Newly-Found Copenhagen Fragments of Ælfric's Catholic Homilies with Facsimiles. Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen, 1986.\nGodden, Malcolm, ed. Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies: Introduction, Commentary, and Glossary. EETS. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.\nidem. Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies: the Second Series Text. EETS. London: Oxford University Press, 1979.\nTemple, Winifred M. \"An Edition of the Old English Homilies in the British Museum MS. Cotton Vitellius C.v\". 3 volumes. Diss. Edinburgh University, 1952.\nThorpe, Benjamin, ed. and trans. The Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church. The First Part, Containing The Sermones Catholici, or Homilies of Ælfric. In the original Anglo-Saxon, with an English version. 2 volumes. Ælfrices Bocgild. London: Richard and John E. Taylor, 1844, 1846.", "Corona, Gabriella, ed. Ælfric’s Life of Saint Basil the Great: Background and Content. Anglo-Saxon Texts 5. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2006. ISBN 978-1-84384-095-4 \nGriffiths, Bill, ed. and trans. St Cuthbert: Ælfric's Life of the Saint in Old English with Modern English Parallel. Seaham: Anglo-Saxon Books, 1992.\nNeedham, G. I., ed. Ælfric: Lives of Three English Saints. Gen. ed. M. J. Swanton. Exeter Medieval English Texts. 2nd ed. Exeter: University of Exeter, 1984.\nSkeat, Walter W. (ed. and tr.). Ælfric’s Lives of Saints. Being a set of sermons on saints' days formerly observed by the English Church. 2 volumes. EETS OS 76, 82 and 94, 114. London: N. Trübner & Co., 1881–85, 1890–1900. Reprinted as 2 volumes, 1966.\nSmith, Alexandra. \"Ælfric’s Life of St. Cuthbert, Catholic Homily II.X: an edition with introduction, notes, translation, and glossary\". Diss. Queen's University at Kingston, 1972.\nUpchurch, Robert, ed. Ælfric’s Lives of the Virgin Spouses with Modern English Parallel-Text Translations. Exeter Medieval Texts and Studies. University of Exeter Press, 2007. \nWhitelock, Dorothy, ed. (1979) [1st edition 1955]. \"Ælfric's Life of St Æthelwold\". English Historical Documents, Volume 1, c. 500–1042. Translated by Whitelock, Dorothy (2nd ed.). London, UK: Routledge. pp. 903–11. ISBN 978-0-415-14366-0.\nWinterbottom, Michael, ed. (1972). \"Aelfric: Life of St Ethelwold\". Three Lives of English Saints (in Latin). Toronto, Canada: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies for the Centre for Medieval Studies. pp. 15–29. ISBN 978-0-88844-450-9.", "Crawford, Samuel J., ed. The Old English Version of the Heptateuch, Ælfric’s Treatise on the Old and New Testament and His Preface to Genesis. EETS OS 160. London: Oxford University Press, 1969.\nHawk, Brandon, W., Ælfric’s Preface to Genesis: A Translation. brandonwhawk.net 30 July 2014.\nCorrespondence\nFehr, Bernhard, ed. Die Hirtenbriefe Ælfrics: in Altenglischer und Lateinischer Fassung. 1914. With a supplement to the Introduction by Peter Clemoes. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1966.\nJones, Christopher A. Ælfric's Letter to the Monks of Eynsham. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.\nSwain, Larry, ed. and trans. Ælfric of Eynsham's Letter to Sigeweard: An Edition, Commentary, and Translation. Witan Publishing, 2017. ISBN 9781386074472.", "Crawford, Samuel J., ed. Exameron Anglice or The Old English Hexameron. Hamburg: Verlag von Henri Grand, 1921.\nHenel, Heinrich, ed. Ælfric’s De Temporibus Anni. EETS OS 213. 1942. Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 1970.\nZupitza, Julius. Ælfrics Grammatik und Glossar. Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, 1880. scans available online\nThroop, Priscilla, trans. Aelfric's Grammar and Glossary, Charlotte, VT: MedievalMS, 2008.\nGarmonsway, G. N., ed. Colloquy. Ælfric. 2nd ed. 1939. Exeter: University of Exeter, 1999.\nTessmann, Alfred, ed. Ælfrics ae Bearbeitung der Interrogationes Sigewulfi Presbyteri in Genesim des Alcuin (Berlin 1891).\nClayton, Mary, ed. and trans. Two Ælfric Texts: The Twelve Abuses and The Vices and Virtues: An Edition and Translation of De duodecimo abusiuis and De octo uitiis et de duodecimo abusiuis. Anglo-Saxon Texts 11. 2013. Brewer, 2013.", "The homilies, in Anglo-Saxon, with an English version by B.Thorpe.\nThe life of Oswald (in Latin), p. 399 ff.\nMichael D. Elliot and Tristan Major. \"Ælfric: The Letters\". University of Toronto. Transcripts of the Pastoral Letters for Wulfstan in Latin, and several of the OE letters", "Ælfric 53 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England\nWorks by Ælfric of Eynsham at Project Gutenberg\nWorks by or about Ælfric of Eynsham at Internet Archive" ]

[ "Ælfric of Eynsham", "Life and works", "Identification", "Notes", "References", "Further reading", "Selected bibliography: editions of works by Ælfric", "Homilies", "Hagiography", "Old English Hexateuch", "Other", "Links to original texts", "External links" ]

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[ "Coin of King Ælfwald II of Northumbria (806–808)" ]

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[ "Ælfwald, according to one tradition, reigned as king of Northumbria following the deposition of Eardwulf in 806. This information appears only in the anonymous tract De primo Saxonum adventu and in the later Flores Historiarum of Roger of Wendover. Roger states that Ælfwald had overthrown Eardwulf.\nÆlfwald allegedly reigned for two years before Eardwulf returned, restored to power with the aid of the Emperor Charlemagne and of Pope Leo III. Alternatively, Eardwulf's son Eanred may have succeeded to the throne, rather than Eardwulf.\nWhile only late and exiguous written sources for Ælfwald's reign have survived, modest numbers of coins from his reign exist - minted at York by a moneyer named Cuthheard, who also produced all known coins of Eardwulf's reign.\nLakeland author W. G. Collingwood in a 1917 book, The Likeness of King Elfwald: A Study of Iona and Northumbria, imagined the life of Ælfwald. The work, based on Collingwood's long study of Northumbria which led to his 1919 work Northumbrian Crosses of the pre-Norman Age, was well regarded and has been reprinted.", "Kirby, D.P., The Earliest English Kings. London: Unwin Hyman, 1991. ISBN 0-04-445691-3\nRollason, David (2004). \"Eardwulf (fl. 796–c.830), king of Northumbria\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 3 October 2007.\nYorke, Barbara, Kings and Kingdoms of early Anglo-Saxon England. London: Seaby, 1990. ISBN 1-85264-027-8", "Ælfwald 83 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England\nThe Fitzwilliam Museum's Corpus of Early Medieval Coin Finds website" ]

[ "Ælfwald II of Northumbria", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Sceat of Ælfwald I" ]

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[ "Ælfwald (born between 759 and 767 AD) was king of Northumbria from 779 to 788. He is thought to have been a son of Oswulf, and thus a grandson of Eadberht Eating.\nÆlfwald became king after Æthelred son of Æthelwald Moll was deposed in 778. He was murdered, probably at Chesters, by ealdorman Sicga on 23 September 788. He was buried at Hexham Abbey where he was considered a saint.\nÆlfwald was succeeded by his first cousin Osred, son of Alhred and Osgifu, daughter of Eadberht Eating. Ælfwald's sons Ælf and Ælfwine were killed in 791 on the orders of King Æthelred.", "List of monarchs of Northumbria", "Swanton, Michael (1996). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. London: Phoenix. pp. 52–53.\nSwanton, Michael (1996). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. London: Phoenix. p. 54.", "Higham, N.J., The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350–1100. Stroud: Sutton, 1993. ISBN 0-86299-730-5", "Ælfwald 7 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England" ]

[ "Ælfwald I of Northumbria", "See also", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

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[ "'Alfƿald Aldƿulfing', as recorded (at the top of this list) in the Anglian collection", "Saint Guthlac" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/East_Anglian_tally_%28Textus_Roffensis%29.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e8/Guthlac.jpg" ]

[ "Ælfwald (Old English: Alfƿold, \"elf-ruler,\" reigned from 713 to 749) was an 8th-century king of East Anglia, an Anglo-Saxon kingdom that today includes the English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. The last king of the Wuffingas dynasty, Ælfwald succeeded his father Ealdwulf, who had ruled for 49 years. Ælfwald himself ruled for 36 years. Their combined reigns, with barely any record of external military action or internal dynastic strife, represent a long period of peaceful stability for the East Angles. In Ælfwald's time, this was probably owing to a number of factors, including the settled nature of East Anglian ecclesiastical affairs and the prosperity brought through Rhineland commerce with the East Anglian port of Gipeswic (modern Ipswich). The coinage of Anglo-Saxon sceattas expanded in Ælfwald's time: evidence of East Anglian mints, markets, and industry are suggested where concentrations of such coins have been discovered.\nAfter returning from exile, Æthelbald of Mercia succeeded Coelred and afterwards endowed the church at Crowland. Ælfwald's friendly stance towards Æthelbald helped to maintain peaceful relations with his more powerful neighbour. The Life of Guthlac, which includes information about Æthelbald during his period of exile at Crowland, is dedicated to Ælfwald. Later versions of the Life reveal the high quality of written Old English produced in East Anglia during Ælfwald's reign. He was a literate and devoutly Christian king: his letter written to Boniface in around 747 reveals his diplomatic skills and gives a rare glimpse into the life of a ruler who is otherwise shrouded in obscurity.", "The East Anglian pedigree in the Anglian collection brings the descent down to Ælfwald, indicating that it was compiled during his reign, possibly by around 726. Showing Ælfwald as son of Ealdwulf, the pedigree continues back through Ethelric, Eni, Tytla, Wuffa, Wehha, Wilhelm, Hryp, Hrothmund, Trygil, Tyttman and Caser (Caesar) to Woden. The Historia Brittonum, which was probably compiled in the early 9th century, also has a version (the de ortu regum Estanglorum) in descending order, showing: \"Woden genuit ('begat') Casser, who begat Titinon, who begat Trigil, who begat Rodmunt, who begat Rippan, who begat Guillem Guechan. He first ruled in Britain over the race of East Angles. Guecha begat Guffa, who begat Tydil, who begat Ecni, who begat Edric, who begat Aldul, who begat Elric\". It is not certain whether the last name, Elric, is a mistake for Ælfwald or is referring to a different individual.", "", "At Ælfwald's accession in 713, Ceolred of Mercia had dominion over both Lindsey and Essex. Ælfwald's sister Ecgburgh was, possibly, the same as abbess Egburg at Repton in Derbyshire and Ælfwald's upbringing was undoubtedly Christian in nature.\nThe following family tree shows the descendants of Eni, who was the paternal grandfather of Ælfwald. The kings of East Anglia, Kent and Mercia are coloured green, blue and red respectively:", "Ceolred of Mercia's appropriation of monastic assets during his reign created disaffection amongst the Mercians. He persecuted a distant cousin, Æthelbald, the grandson of Penda's brother Eowa. Æthelbald was driven to take refuge deep in the Fens at Crowland, where Guthlac, another descendant of the Mercian royal house, was living as a hermit. When Guthlac died in 714, Ælfwald's sister Ecgburgh provided a stone coffin for his burial. Ceolred died in 716, blaspheming and insane, according to his chroniclers. Penda's line became extinct (or disempowered) and Æthelbald emerged as king of Mercia.\nÆthelbald lived until 757 and carried Mercian power to a new height. His debt to Crowland was not forgotten: soon after his accession he richly endowed a new church on the site where Guthlac had lived as a hermit. The first Life of Guthlac, written by the monk Felix, appeared soon after Guthlac's death. Nothing is known about Felix, although Bertram Colgrave has observed that he was a good scholar who evidently had access to works by Bede and Aldhelm, to a Life of Saint Fursey and Latin works by Saint Jerome, Saint Athanasius and Gregory the Great. Felix was either an East Anglian or was living in the kingdom when he wrote the book, which was written at the request of Ælfwald. In the Life, Felix portrays Æthelbald's exile at Crowland and asserts Ælfwald's right to rule in East Anglia. Two Old English verse versions of the Life drawn on the work of Felix were written, which show the vigour of vernacular heroic and elegiac modes in Ælfwald's kingdom.\nSam Newton has proposed that the Old English heroic poem Beowulf has its origins in Ælfwald's East Anglia.", "Æcci held the East Anglian see of Dommoc, following its division in about 673, and during Ealdwulf's reign Æscwulf succeeded Æcci. At the Council of Clofeshoh in 716, Heardred attended as Bishop of Dommoc, while Nothberht was present as Bishop of Elmham, having succeeded Baduwine.\nDuring the 720s, Cuthwine became bishop of Dommoc. Cuthwine was known to Bede and is known to have travelled to Rome, returning with a number of illuminated manuscripts, including Life and Labours of Saint Paul: his library also included Prosper Tiro's Epigrammata and Sedulius' Carmen Pachale. According to Bede, Ealdbeorht I was Bishop of Dommoc and Headulacus Bishop of Elmham in 731, but by 746 or 747, Heardred (II) had replaced Aldberct.", "Ipswich was the first East Anglian town to be created by the Anglo-Saxons, predating other new towns such as Norwich by a century. Excavation work at Ipswich has revealed that the town expanded out to become 50 hectares (120 acres) in size during Ælfwald's reign, when it was known as Gipeswic. It is generally considered that Gipeswic, as the trade capital of Ælfwald's kingdom, developed under the king's patronage.\nA rectangular grid of streets linked the earlier quayside town northwards to an ancient trackway that ran eastwards. The quay at Gipeswic also continued to develop in a form that was similar to the quayside at Dorestad, south of the continental town of Utrecht, which was perhaps its principal trading partner. Gipeswic's street grid, parts of which have survived, was subdivided into rectangular plots or insulae and new houses were built directly adjacent to metalled roads. The town's pottery industry, producing what has been known since the 1950s as 'Ipswich ware', gained its full importance at around this time.\nThe former church dedication to Saint Mildred is one that can be dated to the 740s, when Mildred's relics were translated at Minster-in-Thanet by her successor abbess Eadburh.", "The coins of Ælfwald's reign are amongst the earliest that were minted in East Anglia. The coinage of silver pennies known as sceattas expanded in his time and several types are attributed to East Anglian production. Most of them fall into two main groups, known as the 'Q' and 'R' series. Neither group bears a royal name or title and the authority by which they were issued cannot not established. The 'Q' series, which has some Northumbrian affinities, is most densely distributed in western East Anglia, along the Fen edge between the Wash and Cambridge. The R series, with bust and standard, derived from earlier Kentish types, is more densely distributed in central and eastern East Anglia, including the Ipswich area. According to Michael Metcalf, the 'R' series was also East Anglian, being minted at Gipeswic.", "A letter from Ælfwald to Boniface, the leader of the English continental mission, has survived. It was written at some time between 742 and 749 and is one of the few surviving documents from the period that relate the ecclesiastical history of East Anglia.\nThe letter, which is a response to Boniface who had requested his support, reveals Ælfwald's sound understanding of Latin. Ælfwald's letter reassures Boniface that his name was being remembered by the East Angles: it contains an offer to exchange the names of their dead, so that mutual prayers could be read for them. According to Richard Hoggett, a phrase in the letter, \"in septenis monasteriorum nostorum sinaxis\", has been interpreted incorrectly by historians to imply that there were at the time seven monasteries in Ælfwald's kingdom in which prayers were being read, a theory which has proved difficult for scholars to explain. Hoggett argues that the words in the phrase refer to the number of times that the monks offered praise during the monastic day and not to the number of monasteries then in existence. He points out that this interpretation was published by Haddan and Stubbs as long ago as 1869.", "Ælfwald died in 749. It is not known whether he left an immediate heir. After his death, according to mediaeval sources, East Anglia was divided among three kings, under circumstances that are not clear.", "For a detailed discussion of Felix's writing style and the works that he would have been familiar with and that would have influenced him, see the introductory chapter in Felix's Life of Saint Guthlac, by Bertram Colgrave.", "Dumville, The Anglian Collection, pp. 23-50.\nNennius, in Giles (ed.), Old English Chronicles, p. 412.\nRoyal Historical Society, Guides and Handbooks, Issue 2, p. 20.\nYorke, Kings, p, 63.\nFyrde et al, Handbook of British Chronology, pp. 1-25.\nEckenstein, Lina (1963) [1896]. Woman under Monasticism. New York: Russell and Russell. pp. 109, 125.\nFryde et al, Handbook of British Chronology, p. 9.\nBrown and Farr, Mercia, p. 70.\nColgrave, Life of Guthlac, p. 5.\nColgrave, Life of Guthlac, p. 6.\nColgrave, Life of Guthlac, p. 147.\nColgrave, Life of Guthlac, p. 7.\nHunter Blair, Roman Britain, p. 168.\nPlunkett, Suffolk, p. 144.\nColgrave, Life of Saint Guthlac, pp. 15-16.\nColgrave, Life of Saint Guthlac, pp. 16-18.\nColgrave, Felix's Life of Saint Guthlac, p. 61.\nNewton, The Origins of Beowulf, p. 133.\nFyrde et al, Handbook of British Chronology, p. 216.\nPlunkett, Suffolk in Anglo-Saxon Times, p. 144.\nPlunkett, Suffolk in Anglo-Saxon Times, p. 146.\nFryde et al, Handbook of British Chronology, p. 216.\nWade, Ipswich, p. 1,\nWade, Ipswich, p. 2.\nAllen, Ipswich Borough Archives, p. xvii.\nYorke, Kings, pp. 65-66\nPlunkett, Suffolk in Anglo-Saxon Times, p. 149.\nRusso, Town Origins and Development in Early England, c.400-950 A.D., p. 172.\nPlunkett, Suffolk in Anglo-Saxon Times, pp. 149-150.\nWade, Ipswich, p. 3.\nYorke, Kings, p. 66.\nPlunkett, Suffolk in Anglo-Saxon Times, p. 148.\nNewman, in Two Decades of Discovery, p. 18.\nMetcalf, Two Decades of Discovery, p. 10.\nKylie, English Correspondence, pp. 152-153.\nHoggett, The Archaeology of the East Anglian Conversion, p. 34.\nHoggett, East Anglian Conversion, pp. 34-35.\nHaddan, Stubbs, Ecclesiastical Documents, pp. 152-153.\nPlunkett, Suffolk, p. 155.\nKirby, The Earliest English Kings, p. 115.", "Colgrave, B., ed. (2007). Felix's Life of Guthlac. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-31386-5.\nDumville, D. N. (1976). \"The Anglian Collection of Royal Genealogies and Regnal Lists\". Anglo-Saxon England. Cambridge Journals Online. 5: 23–50. doi:10.1017/S0263675100000764.\nBrown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carol Ann (2001). Mercia: an Anglo-Saxon Kingdom in Europe. Leicester University Press. ISBN 0-8264-7765-8.\nFryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1986). Handbook of British Chronology (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.\nHoggett, Richard (2010). The Archaeology of the East Anglian Conversion. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-595-0.\nHaddan, Arthur West; Stubbs, William (1869). Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents relating to Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 3. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 387–388. OCLC 1317490. Retrieved 23 August 2011.\nHunter Blair, Peter (1966). Roman Britain and Early England: 55 B.C. - A.D. 871. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-00361-2.\nKirby, D. P. (2000). The Earliest English Kings. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-4152-4211-8.\nKylie, Edward (1911). English Correspondence, Being for the Most Part Letters Exchanged Between the Apostle of the Germans and his English Friends. London: Chatto & Windus.\nMetcalf, Michael (2008). \"Sceattas: Twenty-One Years of Progress\". In Abramson, Tony (ed.). Two Decades of Discovery. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-371-0.\nNennius (1906) [9th century]. \"Historia Brittonum\". In Giles, J. A. (ed.). Old English Chronicles. London: George Bell. Retrieved 15 October 2011.\nNewman, John (2008). \"Sceattas in East Anglia: An Archaeological Perspective\". In Abramson, Tony (ed.). Two Decades of Discovery. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-371-0.\nPlunkett, Steven (2005). Suffolk in Anglo-Saxon Times. Stroud: Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-3139-0.\nRusso, Daniel G. (1998). Town Origins and Development in Early England, c.400-950 A.D. Westport, U.S.A.: Greenwood. ISBN 0-313-30079-8.\nWade, Keith (2001). \"Gipeswic: East Anglia's first economic capital, 600-1066\". Ipswich from the First to the Third Millennium. Ipswich: Wolsey Press. ISBN 0-9507328-1-8.\nYorke, Barbara (2002). Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-16639-X.", "Ælfwald 6 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England\nA translation into both modern and Old English of Felix's Vita Sancti Guthlaci ('Life of St Guthlac') by Charles Goodwin (1848), from the Internet Archive." ]

[ "Ælfwald of East Anglia", "Pedigree", "Reign", "Accession", "Felix's 'Life of Guthlac'", "The king's bishops", "The development of the port at Gipeswic", "Coinage", "Letter to Boniface", "Death", "Notes", "References", "Sources", "External links" ]

[ 2278 ]

[ 11536, 11537, 11538, 11539, 11540, 11541, 11542, 11543, 11544, 11545, 11546, 11547, 11548, 11549, 11550, 11551, 11552, 11553, 11554, 11555, 11556, 11557, 11558, 11559, 11560, 11561, 11562, 11563, 11564 ]

[ "Tomb in Wells Cathedral", "" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Tomb_of_Bishop_%C3%86lfwine_of_Wells_in_Wells_Cathedral.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/CroixCelteReliquaireIvoireMorse.jpg" ]

[ "Ælfwine (or Aelfwin) was an Anglo-Saxon Bishop of Wells. He was consecrated about 997, and died around 998.", "Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 222", "Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.", "Ælfwine 31 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England" ]

[ "Ælfwine of Wells", "Citations", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2279, 2280 ]

[ 11565 ]

[ "A modern artist's interpretation of the reputed execution of Ragnar Lodbrok" ]

[ 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Ragnar_Lodbroks_d%C3%B6d_by_Hugo_Hamilton.jpg" ]

[ "Ælla (or Ælle or Aelle, fl. 866; died 21 March 867) was King of Northumbria, a kingdom in medieval England, during the middle of the 9th century. Sources on Northumbrian history in this period are limited, and so Ælla's ancestry is not known and the dating of the beginning of his reign is questionable.\nIn addition to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Ælla is also mentioned in Scandinavian sources, such as the Norse sagas. According to the latter, Ælla captured the most legendary Swedish-Danish Viking leader in history Ragnar Lodbrok and put him to death in a pit of snakes. The historical invasion of Northumbria in 866 occurred in retaliation for Ragnar's execution, according to Ragnarssona þáttr (The Tale of Ragnar's Sons). While Norse sources claim that Ragnar's sons tortured Ælla to death by the method of the blood eagle, Anglo-Saxon accounts maintain that he died in battle at York on 21 March 867. Concerning the Norse claim, Roberta Frank reviewed the historical evidence for the ritual in her Viking Atrocity and Skaldic Verse: The Rite of the Blood-Eagle, where she writes: \"By the beginning of the ninth century, the various saga motifs—eagle sketch, rib division, lung surgery, and 'saline stimulant'—were combined in inventive sequences designed for maximum horror.\" She concludes that the authors of the sagas misunderstood alliterative kennings that alluded to leaving one's foes face down on the battlefield, their backs torn as carrion by scavenging birds. If this is to be believed, then it is easy to surmise that the mention of his death via the blood eagle is in fact a description of his death on the battlefield, which would make both accounts of his death consistent.", "Ælla became king after Osberht (Osbryht) was deposed. The beginning of his reign is traditionally dated to 862 or 863 but evidence about Northumbrian royal chronology is unreliable prior to 867. His reign may have begun as late as 866. Almost nothing is known of Ælla's reign; Symeon of Durham states that Ælla had seized lands at Billingham, Ileclif, Wigeclif, and Crece, which belonged to the church. While Ælla is described in most sources as a tyrant and an illegitimate king, one source states that he was Osberht's brother.\nThe Great Heathen Army, composed mostly of Danish, Norwegian and Frisian Vikings, landed in Northumbria in mid-866 and had captured York by 21 November.\nSubsequent events are described by historians such as Symeon of Durham, Asser and Æthelweard in accounts that vary only in detail. According to the Historia Regum Anglorum, following the invasion of the Danes, the previous \"dissension\" between Osberht and Ælla \"was allayed by divine counsel\" and other Northumbrian nobles. Osberht and Ælla \"having united their forces and formed an army, came to the city of York\" on 21 March 867. A majority of the \"shipmen\" (Vikings) gave the impression of fleeing from the approaching Northumbrians. \"The Christians, perceiving their flight and terror\", attacked, but found that the Vikings \"were the stronger party\". Surrounded, the Northumbrians \"fought upon each side with much ferocity\" until both Osberht and Ælla were killed. The surviving Northumbrians \"made peace with the Danes\".\nAfter this, the Vikings appointed a puppet king of Northumbria, named Ecgberht. \nThe Anglo-Saxon Chronicle does not name the Viking leaders, but it does state that \"Hingwar and Hubba\" (probably Ivar and Ubba) later killed King Edmund of East Anglia. Ubba was also named as a leader of the army in Northumbria by Abbo of Fleury and by the Historia de Sancto Cuthberto. Symeon of Durham lists the leaders of the Viking army as \"Halfdene [Halfdann], Inguar [Ingvar], Hubba, Beicsecg, Guthrun, Oscytell [Ketill], Amund, Sidroc and another duke of the same name, Osbern, Frana and Harold.\"", "Ælla has been identified as the brother of Osberht of Northumbria. According to an Anglo-Norman genealogy, Ælla had a daughter named Æthelthryth and through her was the grandfather of Eadwulf of Bamburgh, \"King of the Northern English\" who died in 913.", "According to Ragnarssona þáttr, the army that seized York in 866 was led by Hvitserk, Björn Ironside, Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye, Ivar the Boneless and Ubba, sons of Ragnar Lodbrok, who avenged his death by subjecting Ælla to the blood eagle. However, Anglo-Saxon sources claim that Ælla and Osberht died in battle at York, with the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle stating that \"both the kings were slain on the spot\".\nIvar the Boneless, who plays a major role in both Norse and Anglo-Saxon accounts, is sometimes associated with the Viking leader Ímar (Old Norse: Ívarr), a King of Dublin mentioned in the Irish annals. This is unlikely, however, as Ímar's father is usually said to be Gofraid of Lochlann and his brothers are usually named as Amlaíb Conung and Auisle. As Dorothy Whitelock notes, the names Ívarr and Ímar were \"not uncommon\" in Norse societies.", "Hector Boece relates that two Northumbrian princes, Osbrecht and Ella, took the castle at Stirling.", "Aella, King of Northumbria, has a major supporting role in Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Man of Law's Tale.\nÆlla was played by Frank Thring in the film The Vikings (1958) as the main antagonist.\nA character broadly based on Ælla is played by Ivan Kaye in the History Channel's drama series Vikings (2013). The show gives no indication that this Ælla had usurped his throne, and he is shown to have reigned in Northumbria for more than 15 years. The show portrays Ælla as being executed by blood eagle following a battle which is said to stand \"near York\".\nThe show also gave Ælla a daughter, Judith, who takes the historical role of Osburh, as the mother of Alfred the Great. The character's name seems taken from Judith of Flanders, Alfred's stepmother, but doesn't share much more.\nIn The Last Kingdom, a historical novel by Bernard Cornwell, Ælla appears very briefly as a minor character at the beginning of the book. He, along with Osberht and Uhtred, a fictional Ealdorman of Bernicia, lead a Northumbrian army to repel invading Danes at York. The battle ends disastrously for the Northumbrians when the Norse army feigns a retreat, and Ælla dies on the field.", "Frank 1984, p. 334\nPagan, pp. 1–15\nKirby, p. 196.\nSymeon of Durham, p. 654.\nSymeon of Durham, p. 470.\nKirby, p. 197.\nHigham, pp. 178–179; ASC s.a. 867.\nDated by Symeon of Durham, p. 654.\nHigham, p.179.\nASC, s.a. 870.\nSymeon of Durham, p. 654. Whitelock, p. 227, discusses the leaders of the Great Army in various sources.\nKirby, p. 197.\nMcGuigan, pp. 24–25.\nWhitelock, p. 225ff.\nASC, s.a. 867.\nWhitelock, p. 227.\nNimmo, William; Gillespie, Robert (1880). The history of Stirlingshire. Glasgow: Thomas D. Morison. pp. 63–64. Retrieved 7 April 2017.\nIMDb: The Vikings: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0052365/\nIMDb: Vikings: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2306299/\n\"VIKINGS Tops The Ratings With 8.3 Million Viewers\". Irish Film Board. 5 March 2013. Archived from the original on 28 March 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.\n\"Vikings s04e19 Episode Script | SS - Relevant quote from Vikings 4x19: \"Where were they headed? - They killed King Aelle near York and they're moving south into the midlands, so far, towards Repton.\"\". Springfield! Springfield!. Retrieved 12 September 2018.\n\"Judith - Vikings Cast\". HISTORY.", "Frank, Roberta (1 April 1984). \"Viking atrocity and Skaldic verse: The Rite of the Blood-Eagle\". The English Historical Review. XCIX (CCCXCI): 332–343. doi:10.1093/ehr/XCIX.CCCXCI.332. ISSN 0013-8266. Retrieved 16 September 2019.\nKirby, D.P., The Earliest English Kings. London: Unwin, 1991. ISBN 0-04-445692-1\nHigham, N.J., The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350-1100. Stroud: Sutton, 1993. ISBN 0-86299-730-5\nMcGuigan, Neil (2015). \"Ælla and the descendants of Ivar: politics and legend in the Viking Age\". Northern History. 52 (1): 20–34. doi:10.1179/0078172X14Z.00000000075. S2CID 161252048. Retrieved 7 June 2015.\nPagan, H. E. (1969). \"Northumbrian numismatic chronology in the ninth century\" (PDF). British Numismatic Journal. 38: 1–15. Retrieved 7 June 2015.\nSymeon of Durham; J. Stevenson, translator (1855). \"The Historical Works of Simeon of Durham\". Church Historians of England, volume III, part II. Seeley's. Retrieved 27 January 2007. * Whitelock, Dorothy (1969). \"Fact and Fiction in the Legend of St. Edmund\". Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology 31. Archived from the original on 4 September 2006. Retrieved 27 January 2007.", "Ælle 3 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England\nThe Tale of Ragnar's sons in translation by Tunstall at Northvegr" ]

[ "Ælla of Northumbria", "Anglo-Saxon accounts", "Family", "Norse sources", "Other", "Popular culture", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2281 ]

[ 11566, 11567, 11568, 11569, 11570, 11571, 11572, 11573, 11574, 11575, 11576, 11577, 11578, 11579, 11580, 11581, 11582 ]

[ "Ælle's name is visible in this line from the Parker manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, written c. 890", "Imaginary depiction of Ælle from John Speed's 1611 \"Saxon Heptarchy\"" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Aelle_name_in_477_annal.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Ella_-_John_Speed.JPG" ]

[ "Ælle (also Aelle or Ella) is recorded in early sources as the first king of the South Saxons, reigning in what is now called Sussex, England, from 477 to perhaps as late as 514.\nAccording to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Ælle and three of his sons are said to have landed at a place called Cymensora and fought against the local Britons. The chronicle goes on to report a victory in 491, at present day Pevensey, where the battle ended with the Saxons slaughtering their opponents to the last man.\nÆlle was the first king recorded by the 8th century chronicler Bede to have held \"imperium\", or overlordship, over other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. In the late 9th-century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (around four hundred years after his time) Ælle is recorded as being the first bretwalda, or \"Britain-ruler\", though there is no evidence that this was a contemporary title. Ælle's death is not recorded and although he may have been the founder of a South Saxon dynasty, there is no firm evidence linking him with later South Saxon rulers. The 12th-century chronicler Henry of Huntingdon produced an enhanced version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle that included 514 as the date of Ælle's death, but this is not secure.", "Historians are divided on the detail of Ælle's life and existence as it was during the least-documented period in English history of the last two millennia.\nBy the early 5th century, Britain had been Roman for over three hundred and fifty years. Amongst the enemies of Roman Britain were the Picts of central and northern Scotland, and the Gaels known as Scoti, who were raiders from Ireland. Also vexatious were the Saxons, the name Roman writers gave to the peoples who lived in the northern part of what is now Germany and the southern part of the Jutland peninsula. Saxon raids on the southern and eastern shores of England had been sufficiently alarming by the late 3rd century for the Romans to build the Saxon Shore forts, and subsequently to establish the role of the Count of the Saxon Shore to command the defence against these incursions. Roman control of Britain finally ended in the early part of the 5th century; the date usually given as marking the end of Roman Britain is 410, when the Emperor Honorius sent letters to the British, urging them to look to their own defence. Britain had been repeatedly stripped of troops to support usurpers' claims to the Roman empire, and after 410 the Roman armies never returned.\nSources for events after this date are extremely scarce, but a tradition, reported as early as the mid-6th century by a British priest named Gildas, records that the British sent for help against the barbarians to Aetius, a Roman consul, probably in the late 440s. No help came. Subsequently, a British leader named Vortigern is supposed to have invited continental mercenaries to help fight the Picts who were attacking from the north. The leaders, whose names are recorded as Hengest and Horsa, rebelled, and a long period of warfare ensued. The invaders—Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and Frisians—gained control of parts of England, but lost a major battle at Mons Badonicus (the location of which is not known). Some authors have speculated that Ælle may have led the Saxon forces at this battle, while others reject the idea out of hand.\nThe British thus gained a respite, and peace lasted at least until the time Gildas was writing: that is, for perhaps forty or fifty years, from around the end of the 5th century until midway through the sixth. Shortly after Gildas's time, the Anglo-Saxon advance was resumed, and by the late 6th century nearly all of southern England was under the control of the continental invaders.", "There are two early sources that mention Ælle by name. The earliest is The Ecclesiastical History of the English People, a history of the English church written in 731 by Bede, a Northumbrian monk. Bede mentions Ælle as one of the Anglo-Saxon kings who exercised what he calls \"imperium\" over \"all the provinces south of the river Humber\"; \"imperium\" is usually translated as \"overlordship\". Bede gives a list of seven kings who held \"imperium\", and Ælle is the first of them. The other information Bede gives is that Ælle was not a Christian—Bede mentions a later king as \"the first to enter the kingdom of heaven\".\nThe second source is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a collection of annals assembled in the Kingdom of Wessex in c. 890, during the reign of Alfred the Great. The Chronicle has three entries for Ælle, from 477 to 491, as follows:\n477: Ælle and his 3 sons, Cymen and Wlencing and Cissa, came to the land of Britain with 3 ships at the place which is named Cymen's shore, and there killed many Welsh and drove some to flight into the wood called Andredes leag.\n485: Here Ælle fought against the Welsh near the margin of Mearcred's Burn.\n491: Here Ælle and Cissa besieged Andredes cester, and killed all who lived in there; there was not even one Briton left there.\nThe Chronicle was put together about four hundred years after these events. It is known that the annalists used material from earlier chronicles, as well as from oral sources such as sagas, but there is no way to tell where these lines came from. The terms 'British' and 'Welsh' were used interchangeably, as 'Welsh' is the Saxon word meaning 'foreigner', and was applied to all the native Romano-British of the era.\nThree of the places named may be identified:\n\"Cymen's shore\" (\"Cymenes ora\" in the original) is believed to be located at what is now a series of rocks and ledges, in the English Channel off Selsey Bill, on the south coast, known as the Owers. It has been suggested that Ower is derived from the word ora that is found only in placenames where Jutish and West Saxon dialects were in operation (mainly in southern England). It is possible that the stretch of low ground along the coast from Southampton to Bognor was called Ora, \"the shore\", and that district names were used by the various coastal settlements, Cymens ora being one of them.\nThe wood called \"Andredes leag\" is the Weald, which at that time was a forest extending from north-west Hampshire all through northern Sussex.\n\"Andredes cester\" is thought to be Anderitum, the Saxon Shore fort built by the Roman rebel Carausius in the late 3rd century at Pevensey Castle, just outside the town. Some believe Andredes cester may have been an imperial stronghold somewhere else as Henry of Huntingdon described the place as a fortified city and gave a very full account of the siege which is inconsistent with the geography of ancient Pevensey and little archaeological evidence of sustained settlement there. Also, in his \"Britannia\", William Camden suggests that it could be Newenden, Kent.\nThe Chronicle mentions Ælle once more under the year 827, where he is listed as the first of the eight \"bretwaldas\", or \"Britain-rulers\". The list consists of Bede's original seven, plus Egbert of Wessex. There has been much scholarly debate over just what it meant to be a \"bretwalda\", and the extent of Ælle's actual power in southern England is an open question. It is also noteworthy that there is a long gap between Ælle and the second king on Bede's list, Ceawlin of Wessex, whose reign began in the late 6th century; this may indicate a period in which Anglo-Saxon dominance was interrupted in some way.\nEarlier sources than Bede exist which mention the South Saxons, though they do not name Ælle. The earliest reference is still quite late, however, at about 692: a charter of King Nothhelm's, which styles him \"King of the South Saxons\". Charters are documents which granted land to followers or to churchmen, and which would be witnessed by the kings who had power to grant the land. They are one of the key documentary sources for Anglo-Saxon history, but no original charters survive from earlier than 679.\nThere are other early writers whose works can shed light on Ælle's time, though they do not mention either him or his kingdom. Gildas's description of the state of Britain in his time is useful for understanding the ebb and flow of the Anglo-Saxon incursions. Procopius, a Byzantine historian, writing not long after Gildas, adds to the meagre sources on population movement by including a chapter on England in one of his works. He records that the peoples of Britain—he names the English, the British, and the Frisians—were so numerous that they were migrating to the kingdom of the Franks in great numbers every year, although this is probably a reference to Britons emigrating to Armorica to escape the Anglo-Saxons. They subsequently gave their name to the area they settled as Brittany, or la petite Bretagne (lit., \"little Britain\").", "The early dates given in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for the colonization of Sussex are supported by an analysis of the place names of the region. The strongest evidence comes from place names that end in \"-ing\", such as Worthing and Angmering. These are known to derive from an earlier form ending in \"-ingas\". \"Hastings\" for example, derives from \"Hæstingas\" which may mean \"the followers or dependents of a person named Hæsta\", although others suggest the heavily Romanised region may have had names of Gallo-Roman origin derived from \"-ienses\".\nFrom west of Selsey Bill to east of Pevensey can be found the densest concentration of these names anywhere in Britain. There are a total of about forty-five place names in Sussex of this form, but personal names either were not associated with these places or fell out of use. This does not necessarily mean that the Saxons killed or drove out almost all of the native population, despite the slaughter of the Britons reported in the Chronicle entry for 491; however, it does imply that the invasion was on a scale that left little space for the British.\nThese lines of reasoning cannot prove the dates given in the Chronicle, much less the details surrounding Ælle himself, but they do support the idea of an early conquest and the establishment of a settled kingdom.", "If the dates given by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle are accurate to within half a century, then Ælle's reign lies in the middle of the Anglo-Saxon expansion, and prior to the final conquest of the Britons. It also seems consistent with the dates given to assume that Ælle's battles predate Mons Badonicus.This in turn would explain the long gap, of fifty or more years, in the succession of the \"bretwaldas\": if the peace gained by the Britons did indeed hold till the second half of the 6th century, it is not to be expected that an Anglo-Saxon leader should have anything resembling overlordship of England during that time. The idea of a pause in the Anglo-Saxon advance is also supported by the account in Procopius of 6th century migration from Britain to the kingdom of the Franks. Procopius's account is consistent with what is known to be a contemporary colonization of Armorica (now Brittany, in France); the settlers appear to have been at least partly from Dumnonia (modern Cornwall), and the area acquired regions known as Dumnonée and Cornouaille. It seems likely that something at that time was interrupting the general flow of the Anglo-Saxons from the continent to Britain.\nThe dates for Ælle's battles are also reasonably consistent with what is known of events in the kingdom of the Franks at that time. Clovis I united the Franks into a single kingdom during the 480s and afterwards, and the Franks' ability to exercise power along the southern coast of the English channel may have diverted Saxon adventurers to England rather than the continent.\nIt is possible, therefore, that a historical king named Ælle existed, who arrived from the continent in the late 5th century, and who conquered much of what is now Sussex. He may have been a prominent war chief with a leadership role in a federation of Anglo-Saxon groups fighting for territory in Britain at that time. This may be the origin of the reputation that led Bede to list him as holding overlordship over southern Britain. The battles listed in the Chronicle are compatible with a conquest of Sussex from west to east, against British resistance stiff enough to last fourteen years. His area of military control may have extended as far as Hampshire and north to the upper Thames valley, but it certainly did not extend across all of England south of the Humber, as Bede asserts.\nThe historian Guy Halsall argues that as Ælle immediately preceded the late sixth-century King Ceawlin as Bretwalda, it is far more likely that Ælle dates to the mid sixth century, and that the Chronicle has moved his dates back a century in order to provide a foundation myth for Sussex which puts it chronologically and geographically between the origins of the kingdoms of Kent and Wessex.", "Ælle's death is not recorded by the Chronicle, which gives no information about him, or his sons, or the South Saxons until 675, when the South Saxon king Æthelwalh was baptized.\nIt has been conjectured that, as Saxon war leader, Ælle may have met his death in the disastrous battle of Mount Badon when the Britons halted Saxon expansion. If Ælle died within the borders of his own kingdom then it may well have been that he was buried on Highdown Hill with his weapons and ornaments in the usual mode of burial among the South Saxons. Highdown Hill is the traditional burial-place of the kings of Sussex.", "Timeline of the Anglo-Saxon invasion and takeover of Britain", "Translations are Michael Swanton's (Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, p. 14), from the A text of the Chronicle; except that Frank M. Stenton's translation (Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 17–18) of part has been substituted to keep \"Andredes leag\" and \"Andredes cester\" in the text, for subsequent explanation.", "Henry of Huntingdon. Historia Anglorum. ed. Greenway. p.97. Footnote⁵⁷.Greenway suggests that \"No genealogy of the South Saxon royal house survives and none seem to have been available to Henry. The death of Aella and the succession of Cissa are probably deduced from ASC 477 and 491..\"\nHeron-Allen. Selsey Bill. Historic and Prehistoric. Duckworth. Ch.VII pp 88–90 Heron-Allen discusses the confusion by historians about the location of Cymens'ora and argues the case for it being Keynor\nBede, Ecclesiastical History, II 5.\nHenry of Huntingdon. Historia Anglorum. ed. Greenway. Sources section p. lxxxvi. \"Henry was one of the 'weaver' compilers of whom Bernard Guenée has written. Taking a phrase from here and a phrase from there, connecting an event here with one there, he wove together a continuous narrative which, derivative though it mostly is, is still very much his own creation,...\"\nFor example, James Campbell writes: \"The natural vice of historians is to claim to know about the past. Nowhere is this claim more dangerous than when it is staked in Britain between AD 400 and 600\" (The Anglo-Saxons, p. 20).\nWelch. Anglo-Saxon England. p. 9. \"The AS Chronicle was a product of the West Saxon court and is concerned with glorifying the royal ancestry of Alfred the Great. Manipulation of royal genealogies, in this and other sources, to enhance the claims of present rulers was common. Literary formulas associated with original myths are a common feature of earlier entries. When Aella and his three sons land from three ships on a beach named after one of the sons, we are reading legend rather than real history.\"\nHunter Blair, An Introduction, pp. 1–14.\nCampbell et al., The Anglo-Saxons pp. 13–16.\nBradbury, James (2004). The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare. New York: Routledge. p. 140. ISBN 0-415-22126-9.\nWarner, Philip (1972). British Battlefields: The Midlands. Reading: Osprey. p. 23. OCLC 60058359.\nHunter Blair, An Introduction, pp. 13–16.\nCampbell et al., The Anglo-Saxons p. 23.\nHunter Blair (Roman Britain, p. 204) gives the twenty-five years from 550 to 575 as the dates of the final conquest.\nLapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (2 October 2013). The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118316108.\nSwanton, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, pp. xviii–xix\nSwanton, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, p. 14.\nNIMA.Pub194. Sailing Directions. English Channel. The Owers p. 43\n\"Kelly. Anglo-Saxon Charters VI. Charters of the Selsey. p. 3, p. 12 and p. 118\nGelling. Placenames in the Landscape. pp. 179–180\nBlair. Roman Britain. p. 176\nStenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 17–19.\nHuntingdon. ed. Greenway. Historia Anglorum: The History of the English People. pp. 92–93\nCamden. Britannia. Vol 2. Ch. 20. Section 40. Retrieved 4 October 2015\nSwanton, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, pp. 60–61.\nHunter Blair, An Introduction, pp. 201–202.\nCampbell et al., The Anglo-Saxons, pp. 53–54.\nKirby, Earliest English Kings, pp. 20–21.\nHunter Blair, Roman Britain, pp. 14–15.\nCampbell et al., The Anglo-Saxons, pp.95–98.\nHunter Blair, Roman Britain, p. 164.\nHunter Blair, Roman Britain, pp. 176–178.\nHunter Blair, An Introduction, p. 22.\nCampbell et al., The Anglo-Saxons, p. 22.\nStenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 12.\nFletcher, Who's Who, p. 17.\nKirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 55.\nHalsall, Worlds of Arthur, p. 71\nAlec Hamilton-Barr. In Saxon Sussex. The Arundel Press, Bognor Regis. p 21", "Bede (1991). D.H. Farmer (ed.). Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Translated by Leo Sherley-Price. Revised by R.E. Latham. London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044565-X.\nSwanton, Michael (1996). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92129-5.", "Camden, William (1701). Britannia Vol 2 Updated English version. London: Joseph Wild.\nCampbell, James; John, Eric; Wormald, Patrick (1991). The Anglo-Saxons. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-014395-5.\nFletcher, Richard (1989). Who's Who in Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxon England. London: Shepheard-Walwyn. ISBN 0-85683-089-5.\nGelling, Margaret (2000). Place-Names in the Landscape. London: Phoenix. ISBN 1-84212-264-9.\nHalsall, Guy (2013). Worlds of Arthur: Facts & Fictions of the Dark Ages. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-870084-5.\nHeron-Allen, Edward (1911). Selsey Historic and Prehistoric. London: Duckworth.\nHunter Blair, Peter (1960). An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–16.\nHunter Blair, Peter (1966). Roman Britain and Early England: 55 B.C. – A.D. 871. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-00361-2.\nHenry of Huntingdon (1996). Greenway, Diana E. (ed.). Historia Anglorum: the history of the English. Oxford: OUP. ISBN 0-19-822224-6.\nKelly, S. E., ed. (1998). Anglo-Saxon Charters VI, Charters of Selsey. OUP for the British Academy. ISBN 0-19-726175-2.\nKirby, D.P. (1992). The Earliest English Kings. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-09086-5.\nNIMA (2004). Pub. 194 Sailing Directions(Enroute) English Channel. 11th edition. ProStar Publications, Inc. ISBN 1-57785-564-7.\nStenton, Frank M. (1971). Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-821716-1.\nWelch, M. G. (1992). Anglo-Saxon England. English Heritage. ISBN 0-7134-6566-2.", "Ælle 1 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England" ]

[ "Ælle of Sussex", "Historical context", "Early sources", "Evidence from place names in Sussex", "Reign", "Death and burial", "See also", "Notes", "References", "Primary sources", "Secondary sources", "External links" ]

[ 2282 ]

[ 11583, 11584, 11585, 11586, 11587, 11588, 11589, 11590, 11591, 11592, 11593, 11594, 11595, 11596, 11597, 11598, 11599, 11600, 11601, 11602, 11603, 11604, 11605, 11606, 11607, 11608, 11609, 11610, 11611, 11612, 11613, 11614, 11615, 11616, 11617, 11618, 11619, 11620, 11621, 11622, 11623, 11624, 11625, 11626, 11627, 11628, 11629 ]

[ "View of the village church" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/%C3%86nes_kirke%2C_Kvinnherad_kommune%2C_Hordaland.jpg" ]

[ "Ænes is a village in Kvinnherad municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The village is located on the southeastern shore of the Hardangerfjorden at the mouth of the Maurangsfjorden. Ænes Church is located in the village. There has been a church located here since the Middle Ages.\nThe village sits at the northern end of the small Ænesdalen valley, through which the river Æneselva runs. The border for Folgefonna National Park lies at the southern end of the valley, just a few kilometers south of Ænes.", "\"Ænes, Kvinnherad (Hordaland)\" (in Norwegian). yr.no. Retrieved 19 March 2015.\nStore norske leksikon. \"Ænes\" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 19 March 2015." ]

[ "Ænes", "References" ]

[ 2283 ]

[ 11630 ]

[ "View of the church", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

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[ "Ænes Church (Norwegian: Ænes kyrkje) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Kvinnherad Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located in the village of Ænes. It is the church for the Ænes parish which is part of the Sunnhordland prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin. The white, stone church was built in a long church design around the year 1200 using plans drawn up by an unknown architect. The church seats about 120 people.", "The church at Ænes was first built in the late 12th century, around the year 1200. The stone church was constructed with a short, almost square nave measuring about 7.7 by 8.2 metres (25 ft × 27 ft) and a narrower, almost square choir measuring about 4.7 by 5.3 metres (15 ft × 17 ft). The church has Romanesque features which suggest that the building was built towards the end of the 12th century. The church is built of natural stone, covered with plaster. The walls are about 1.4 metres (4 ft 7 in) thick. The Barony Rosendal was established in 1678 and the church was given as part of the barony. In 1869, the church underwent a major renovation. The small, old church porch was torn down and replaced with a much larger wooden church porch and bell tower on the west end of the stone church. Also during this project the ceilings inside the church were replaced. The church was owned by the Barony from 1678 until 1901 when it was sold to the parish. After the parish gained ownership of the church, it was renovated and it received new floors. The church was again renovated in the 1950s, led by the architect Kristian Bjerknes.", "", "List of churches in Bjørgvin", "\"Ænes kyrkje\". Kirkesøk: Kirkebyggdatabasen. Retrieved 2 June 2020.\n\"Oversikt over Nåværende Kirker\" (in Norwegian). KirkeKonsulenten.no. Retrieved 2 June 2020.\n\"Ænes kyrkjestad\" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage. Retrieved 3 June 2020.\nLidén, Hans-Emil. \"Ænes kirke\" (in Norwegian). Norges Kirker. Retrieved 3 June 2020.\n\"Ænes kirke\". Norges-Kirker.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 20 November 2021." ]

[ "Ænes Church", "History", "Media gallery", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2284, 2285, 2286, 2287, 2288, 2289 ]

[ 11631, 11632, 11633, 11634 ]

[ "AEON Tower", "An AEON MALL in Japan", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Aeon_Tower_2%28cropped%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Aeon.jpeg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Crystal_Clear_app_kspread.png" ]

[ "ÆON Group or AEON Group (イオングループ, Ion Gurūpu) is a group of retail and financial services companies based in Chiba, Japan, which is centered on ÆON Co., Ltd. It has sister companies in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia. The group also trades under the JUSCO name. It is Japan's largest retail group.\nIn 2011, it reported revenue of 1.2 trillion yen for the preceding year.\nA decade later, its revenue rose to 8.6 trillion yen (USD $81.1 billion).", "Aeon sells chocolate bearing the Fair Trade label under its Top Value brand.", "Æon\nJUSCO\nMaxvalu Tokai\nMinistop\nCarrefour Japan\nTalbots (sold in 2010)\nSelf checkout", "\"首页 | AEON 永旺(中国)投资有限公司\". www.aeonchina.com.cn. Retrieved 29 December 2021.\n\"AEON Hong Kong\". Archived from the original on 21 April 2013.\n\"AEON CO. (M) BHD\". AEON CO. (M) BHD. Retrieved 29 December 2021.\n\"AEON MALL BSD CITY\". aeonmall-bsdcity.com. Retrieved 29 December 2021.\n\"Maxvalu\". www.aeonthailand.co.th. Retrieved 29 December 2021.\n\"AEON Vietnam\". Archived from the original on 16 May 2011.\n\"AEON CAMBODIA CO.,LTD\". aeoncambodia.com. Retrieved 29 December 2021.\nthemed, KUALA LUMPUR: AEON Group Malaysia celebrated 37 years of operations in Malaysia with a special celebration (16 October 2021). \"AEON Group celebrates 37 years in Malaysia | New Straits Times\". NST Online. Retrieved 29 December 2021.\n\"Japan Inc comes together to accelerate vaccination rollout\". Nikkei Asia. Tokyo-based petroleum company Eneos Holdings and Aeon, Japan's biggest retail group, are also weighing the possibility\n\"Aeon Profit Hit by March Natural Disasters\". WSJ. 6 July 2011.\n\"AEON Co., Ltd\". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 29 December 2021.\n\"First in Asia! Participating in the Fairtrade Sourcing Programs\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 December 2021.", "(in English) Æon" ]

[ "Aeon Group", "Fair trade", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2290, 2291 ]

[ 11635, 11636, 11637, 11638 ]

[ "Paul Masvidal performing live with Æon Spoke" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Paul_Masvidal_of_Aeon_Spoke.jpg" ]

[ "Æon Spoke is an alternative rock band from Los Angeles. It was created by members of Cynic and former members of Death, Paul Masvidal and Sean Reinert, when they relocated from Miami to Los Angeles.\nIn 2005 the track, \"Emmanuel\", appeared in the film What the Bleep Do We Know!?. Two of their tracks, \"Damaged\" and \"Transform\" also appeared on the Warner Brothers television series Smallville and One Tree Hill respectively. Also another song by Æon Spoke, \"I've Seen Those Eyes\", appeared in the movie Cry Wolf.\nWhen asked by Nikola Savić about the status of the band in 2012, Paul said:\nIt’s pretty much on hold, you know. I was just playing a bunch of it today at soundcheck, but I haven’t really been thinking about it too much. I mean, I’ve got a lot material that maybe at some point in time will be released, but I don’t know – it’s one of those things, it’s kind of there, lurking, but I don’t know when it will reappear.\n— Paul Masvidal", "Paul Masvidal – lead vocals, guitars, keyboards", "Chris Tristram – bass\nStephen Gambina – bass\nVictoria Cecilia – bass\nEvo (E. van Orden) – guitar, effects\nChris Kringel – bass\nSean Reinert – drums, percussion, keyboards, backing vocals\nR. Walt Vincent - bass, background vocals, keys", "", "Demo 2000 (2000)\n\"Nothing\" [aka Damaged] – 2:24\n\"Ghostland\" – 3:32\n\"No Answers\" – 3:52\n\"Homosapien\" – 3:33\n\"Is There Anyone\" – 02:16\n\"Blinded\" – 2:41\nÆon Spoke EP (2002)\n\"Emmanuel\" – 3:33\n\"Sand & Foam\" – 3:18\n\"Silence\" – 4:09\n\"Blinded\" – 2:45\n\"For Good\" – 3:39\n\"No Answers\" – 3:15", "X-posure XFM Session (2003)\n\"Umbrella\" – 4:00\n\"Pablo at the Park\" – 5:11\n\"Silence\" – 4:03", "Above the Buried Cry (2004)\nÆon Spoke (2007)", "Nothing (2012)", "Emmanuel [original version] (2004)\nEmmanuel [What the Bleep Do We Know!? version] (2005)\nPablo (At the Park) (2007)", "(2005)\nTristan & Pelanore – 4:15\nUmbrella [BB Mix] – 3:49\nUmbrella [Dry TH Mix] – 3:53\nWhen Sunrise Skirts the Moor – 3:52", "\"Interview with Paul Masvidal of Cynic\". Prog-sphere.com. January 5, 2012. Retrieved January 25, 2020.\n\"Aeon Spoke\". Xfm. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2019.", "Official website\nÆon Spoke on Last.fm\nÆon Spoke at SPV GmbH\nÆon Spoke at MusicBrainz\nÆon Spoke at Discogs\n2006 Interview\n2010 Interview" ]

[ "Æon Spoke", "Line-up", "Former members", "Discography", "Demos and EPs", "Radio sessions", "Albums", "Compilation albums", "Videography", "Unreleased online songs", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2292 ]

[ 11639, 11640, 11641 ]

[ "The cover of Pearson's Magazine that illustrates \"Æpyornis Island\", 1905.", "Aepyornis maximus skeleton and egg" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/%C3%86pyornis_Island_%28cover_illustration%29_by_Wallace_Blanchard.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Aepyornis_maximus.jpg" ]

[ "\"Æpyornis Island\", or \"Aepyornis Island\", is a short story by H. G. Wells, first published in 1894 in the Pall Mall Budget. It was included in The Stolen Bacillus and Other Incidents, the first collection of short stories by Wells, first published in 1895.\nIn the story, a man looking for eggs of Aepyornis, an extinct flightless bird, passes two years alone on a small island with an Aepyornis that has hatched.", "Aepyornis maximus (the giant elephant-bird) was a giant flightless bird that lived in Madagascar. It became extinct probably in the 17th or 18th century; it is thought that it was hunted excessively by humans. The bird was more than 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) tall, and its egg weighed about 10 kilograms (22 lb). Fragments of the eggs are still found.", "The narrator starts a conversation with a rough individual named Butcher in an unspecified foreign location. Remembering reports of a court case years earlier, in which Butcher sued his employer for salary accrued while cast away on a desert island for four years, the narrator encourages him to tell the story related to the case:\nButcher, employed by a collector, is engaged in finding Aepyornis eggs. He is looking for them in a swamp on the east coast of Madagascar, helped by two native assistants in a canoe who are probing the mud with iron rods. They find several whole eggs but one is dropped by an assistant who says that he was bitten by a centipede. Butcher beats the assistant, as a result of which both natives conspire to maroon him on the island with three days provisions. When Butcher sees them leaving in the canoe, he shoots the uninjured assistant dead with his revolver. He then swims out to intercept the drifting canoe and reaches it by nightfall, finding that the other assistant has also died of a snake, scorpion, or centipede bite. As the canoe has no paddle, Butcher cannot steer it and drifts for ten days. During this period, he eats two of the Aepyornis eggs, finding that the embryo of the second egg has started developing due to the tropical heat.\nThe canoe drifts onto an atoll, where the remaining egg hatches. Butcher calls the young bird Man Friday, after the character in Robinson Crusoe, as it is a welcome companion. For two years, Butcher lives with the bird, feeding it and enjoying its company. At the end of the second year the bird, now about fourteen feet high, suddenly becomes aggressive towards Butcher and attacks him, giving him a scar on his face. He escapes the bird's attack by swimming into the lagoon, but subsequently has to spend his time in the lagoon or up a palm tree to avoid attacks. He eventually manages to capture it using a bolas made out of fishing line and coral and then kills it. He feels guilty and misses its companionship, but soon afterwards is rescued from the atoll. He sells the bones of the bird to a collector; since it is larger than Aepyornis maximus, scientists give it the (fictional) scientific name Aepyornis vastus.", "Æpyornis Island title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database, accessed 16 Sept 2014.\n\"Aepyornis maximus\"Prehistoric Fauna. Retrieved 11 March 2020.", "The complete short fiction of H. G. Wells at Standard Ebooks" ]

[ "Æpyornis Island", "Historical background", "Story summary", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2293, 2294 ]

[ 11642, 11643, 11644, 11645, 11646, 11647 ]

[ "Marstal, largest town on the island", "Map of 1665", "A view of the southeastern part of the island", "In the town of Ærøskøbing", "Bregninge church", "", "", "", "Solar heating park, Marstal", "", "", "", "", "", "Carl Rasmussen, 1870" ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5 ]

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[ "Ærø ([ˈeːˌʁøˀ]) is one of the Danish Baltic Sea islands, and part of the Southern Denmark Region.\nSince 1 January 2006 the whole of Ærø has constituted a single municipality, known as Ærø Kommune. Before that date, there were two municipalities on the island: Ærøskøbing Kommune in the west and Marstal Kommune in the east. This merger was part of a reform of the public sector with the laws being effective as of 26 June 2005. This merger was allowed to happen one year before the other municipalities merged as there had already been an island-wide referendum with a majority of voters for the merger.", "Population (in 2020): 5,956 (island of Ærø only);5,964 (municipality).\nArea: 88 km² (island); 91 km² (municipality)\nLength of coastline: 167 km (104 mi)\nÆrø measures roughly 20 km from northwest to southeast and varies in width from around 4 to 8 km. There are three small towns on the island in 2020: the largest is Marstal with a population of 2,111. Ærøskøbing has 942 inhabitants and Søby 438. Fourteen villages and a number of farms complete the island's pattern of settlement.\nÆrøskøbing, with its narrow lanes and picturesque 18th-century houses was historically Ærø's chief town, and remains the primary port for ferry connections. Marstal, also known as the \"skipper village\", from its being the home of so many sailors and captains, is the island's largest town today and is its principal commercial and shopping centre.\nThe countryside is for the most part gently undulating, and there is a several-kilometre-long stretch of 33-metre-high cliffs at Voderup Klint on the west coast. With its generally low traffic density, Ærø is a popular destination for hikers and cyclists. The island's beaches also attract anglers and artists. As one of the islands making up the South Funen Archipelago, Ærø is favoured by particularly fine weather. It enjoys a higher number of sunshine hours than the average for the rest of Denmark, and the year-round temperature is also a few degrees above the national average.\nAt Olde Mølle, at one of Ærø's highest points and near the centre of the island, the sculptor Erik Brandt has created a \"peace bench\", conceived with the intention of providing people with an opportunity to survey the island and its surrounding sea, whilst pondering on the theme of world peace.", "Archaeological excavations provide evidence of settlements going back to before 8000 BC. There are some burial mounds on the island, as well as an old Ting place. Relics of antiquity are found all over the island. Burial mounds, passage graves, and dolmens bear witness of human activity through more than 10,000 years.\nAs for its more recent history, the period of the duchies is of special interest. During this period — from the 14th century to the year 1864 – Ærø was united and separated, alternately, into a number of enclaves. Ærø was outside the tariff wall of the Kingdom, leading to flourishing smuggling which was a way of living for many of Ærø's inhabitants.\nIn 1629 the main town of Ærøskøbing burnt down in a great fire. There was no other disaster of comparable scale. In 1750 the island, previously split into exclaves of numerous duchies, was united as single administrative district.\nUntil 1864, Ærø was part of the Danish Duchy of Schleswig – the area of Schleswig/Southern Jutland is now divided between Denmark (Northern Schleswig) and Germany (Southern Schleswig). King Christian IV's cousin, also named Christian, was the Duke of Ærø from 1622 to 1633, and lived with his concubine Cathrine Griebels at Gråsten Manor House.\nWhen the Duke died, a banner was found at Gråsten composed of nine pieces of cloth and in three colours – body colour, sea green, and golden yellow. This banner has provided the inspiration for the flag of Ærø which is seen today all over the island. When Duke Christian died, Ærø was distributed among four of his brothers, and this offers one explanation of why two towns developed in the island, Ærøskøbing and later on Marstal, and why each came to be in their own \"country\".\nGråsten Manor House was abolished in 1766 and the buildings were demolished. The name of Gråsten is still alive today in the farmhouse that stands almost on the same spot as the ducal manor. Gråsten of today offers bed and breakfast accommodation.\nIn 1750, Ærø was united, and has not since been separated. This is marked by the memorial stone at Olde Mølle (English = Ancient mill). At the union, the old Code of Jutland from 1241 was applied and even today some of those rules are still valid.\nIn recent history, the preservation of the area's local heritage has been paramount among residents. This passion for Ærø was demonstrated in 2000 when the Marstal Maritime School was ordered to close. More than 2,000 islanders (a third of the island) traveled to Copenhagen to protest the closing of the historic school. Ultimately, the government allowed the Maritime School to remain open.", "Ærø is endeavouring to become self-sufficient in energy, its initiatives in renewable energy technologies gaining international recognition for the island as one of the world's leaders in this field. \nAlready in 2002, three modern wind turbines had been erected with turbines whose wingtips reach 100 m (330 ft) above the ground. making the island around 40% self-sufficient in renewable energy. As of January 2013, the area of the island's large solar power plant was expanded from 18,365 m² to 33,300 m² as a result of an extension under the Sunstone 4 project. \nÆrø's three district heating systems of solar collectors have won international acclaim. With the recent expansion, the system in Marstal is now the world's largest solar collector system for heating.\nFrom August 2019, the island has been served by the E-ferry Ellen, an innovative low weight ferry for cars and passengers, powered by green electricity stored by on-board batteries. Built by Søby Værft, the ferry's design is well beyond state-of-the-art in terms of charging power and operating distance. It was partly funded by a €17 million grant through the EU's Horizon 2020 scheme.", "Ærø is the only island among the larger Danish Baltic Sea islands that is not connected with a bridge, and road traffic is generally low. There are car ferry lines on four routes. \nFerries from Fynshav (on Als) and Faaborg on Funen arrive at Søby near Ærø's northwestern tip. Twin ferries M/F Ærøskøbing and M/F Marstal operate on the route from Svendborg arriving at Ærøskøbing. The route between Marstal and Rudkøbing on Langeland was stopped for several years after January 2013 but since 2019 is once again operable using the M / F ÆrøXpressen. \nÆrø also lies within a popular sailboat area, the South Funen Archipelago. Near Marstal there lise the small Ærø Airport with grassed runways.", "Anders Arrebo (1587 in Ærøskøbing – 1637) a Danish poet and Lutheran bishop in the Diocese of Nidaros\nAlbert Heinrich Riise (1810 in Ærøskøbing – 1882) a Danish pharmacist, merchant, and manufacturer of rum on Saint Thomas in the Danish West Indies\nClaus Lauritz Clausen (1820 in Borgnæs – 1892) Lutheran clergyman, organizer of United Norwegian Lutheran Church of America and missionary to America \nCarl Rasmussen (1841 in Ærøskøbing – 1893) a Danish painter of marine art and scenes of Greenland.\nPovla Frijsh (1881 in Ærø - 1960) a Danish classical soprano and voice teacher \nHermann Møller Boye (1913 in Rolpested – 1944) a member of the Danish resistance executed by the German occupying power.\nErik Kromann (born 1946 in Marstal) a Danish author, museum director, and a local politician.\nCarsten Jensen (born 1952 in Marstal) a Danish author and political columnist", "In his 2006 novel We, The Drowned – an epic tale spanning four generations, nearly one hundred years, and two world wars – Carsten Jensen describes the maritime history of Marstal, his native town, where the men were expected to go to sea and the women to be left behind.", "List of islands of Denmark\nThe Ærø League", "\"Aeroe History\". AeroeIsland.com. Retrieved 2008-12-24.\n\"Beskrivelse af energisystemet i Marstal Fjernvarme\", Marstal Fjernvarme. (in Danish) Retrieved 3 January 2013.\nAlice Tidey (21 August 2019). \"World's largest all-electric ferry sets sail in Denmark\". Euronews. Retrieved 21 August 2020.\nWho Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607–1896. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who. 1963.\nPovla Frijsh, OxfordIndex, Retrieved 10 July 2017", "Ærø Island International Website\nÆrø Island - Video and Photo archives\nÆrø Island - Community Portal\nÆrø Tourist Guide\nÆrø Portal\nÆrø Ferries\nPhotos from Ærø" ]

[ "Ærø", "Geography", "History", "Renewable Energy & Technology", "Transport", "Notable residents", "Cultural references", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2295, 2296, 2297, 2298, 2299, 2300, 2301, 2302, 2303, 2304, 2305, 2306, 2307 ]

[ 11648, 11649, 11650, 11651, 11652, 11653, 11654, 11655, 11656, 11657, 11658, 11659, 11660, 11661, 11662, 11663, 11664, 11665, 11666, 11667 ]

[ "", "Priors house from 1690", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

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[ "Ærøskøbing ([ˈeːˌʁøˀsˌkʰøˀpe̝ŋ]) is a town in central Denmark, located in Ærø Municipality on the island of Ærø. The suffix -købing means a trade town in the languages that derive from Old Norse.\nÆrøskøbing's houses and streets are delicately restored to retain the character of the olden days. Most of them are one story tall, and the oldest ones date back to 1645.\nIn the old part of the town are many fine examples of the work of skilled bricklayers, carpenters, and blacksmiths. Behind the idyllic façade of the town is a live and active town that has solved successive generations' housing needs for centuries.\nÆrøskøbing was awarded the Europa Nostra prize in 2002. The prize is awarded by the EU as a special appreciation of looking after cultural heritage.", "From about 1250 Ærøskøbing was the centre for the island's commercial and maritime trade. A fire in 1629 destroyed a large number of houses, but after this the town experienced a renaissance. Old houses were rebuilt, but also new, larger houses were erected in styles owing much to traditions from Funen, northern Germany and the duchy of Schleswig, under which Ærø was incorporated until 1864, when Ærø was transferred to Denmark (de jure in 1867). The town as it is today illustrates a continuous building culture that has developed over several centuries.", "Ærøskøbing Church at the market square is the third church on that location and on the square are the two old town pumps that supplied the town with water right up until 1952.\nThe Prior's house from 1690 is one of the town's oldest dated buildings. It was purchased and restored in 1917 by Alexis Prior.\nThe old harbour has been enlarged by a new marina and the beach at Vesterstrand with its colourful little beach huts is only a few minutes' walk from the town and the harbour.\nThe cook house: Until the middle of the nineteenth century it was forbidden to cook over an open fire on a ship moored in the harbour. The danger of fire on wooden ships was simply too great and the town cook house was built to serve as the harbour cooking facility. The small, whitewashed building is from 1810. The Ærøskøbing Association helped with its restoration in 2001, and now again it serves its original purpose as a place where yachtsmen can prepare food.\nThe town windmill (of Dutch origin from 1848) has become a landmark for the town, and is approached from the south by the main road.", "Ærøskøbing is twinned with:\n Eksjö, Sweden", "BY3: Population 1st January, by urban areas The Mobile Statbank from Statistics Denmark" ]

[ "Ærøskøbing", "History", "Tourism", "Twin towns – Sister cities", "References" ]

[ 2308, 2309, 2310, 2311, 2312 ]

[ 11668, 11669, 11670, 11671 ]

[ "Former municipal building in Ærøskøbing" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/%C3%86r%C3%B8sk%C3%B8bing_-_Town_Hall_Square.jpg" ]

[ "Ærøskøbing Municipality (Danish: Ærøskøbing Kommune, [ˈeːˌʁøˀsˌkʰøˀpe̝ŋ kʰoˈmuːnə]) is a former municipality of Funen County on the island of Ærø. The municipality was formed in 1970 and disestablished in 2006 when it was integrated into Ærø Municipality.\nThe municipality was located on the western portion of the island of Ærø. Its neighboring municipality Marstal occupied the eastern portion of the island. To the north and west are the waters of the Little Belt. To the south is the Baltic Sea, and to the southeast are the waters of Marstal Bay (Marstal Bugt).", "Before the municipality was established, the administrative region was originally named West-Æro Municipality (Danish:Vest-Æro Kommune), and . Following the 1970 Danish Municipal Reform, it was given its official name.\nThe municipality covered an area of 74 km², and had a total population of 3,731 (2005). The town of Ærøskøbing served as the seat of its municipal council.\nOn 1 January 2006 Ærøskøbing Municipality ceased to exist as the result of Kommunalreformen (\"The Municipal Reform\" of 2007), when Ærøskøbing merged with Marstal municipality and formed the new Ærø municipality. The result was a municipality with an area of 91 km² and a total population of 6,939 (2005). The new municipality became part of the Region of Southern Denmark.\nIts last mayor, Jørgen Otto Jørgensen, was a member of the Social Democrats party. He became the mayor of the newly formed Ærø municipality, an office he held twice, from 2006 until 2010 and again from 2014 to 2017.", "Helge J. Hansen, 1970–1981\nKasper Caspersen, 1982–1985\nJens Groth–Lauritsen, 1986–1997\nJørgen Otto Jørgensen, 1998–2005", "Ærø island tourist bureau", "Schmidt, Søren Stjerne (2016-03-13). \"Ærø-borgmester genopstiller ikke\". TV 2 Fyn (in Danish). Archived from the original on 2020-11-04. Retrieved 2020-08-10.\n\"Ærøskøbing Kommune\". Danske Kommuner (in Danish). Archived from the original on 2020-11-04. Retrieved 2020-08-10." ]

[ "Ærøskøbing Municipality", "History", "Mayors", "External links", "References" ]

[ 2313 ]

[ 11672, 11673, 11674, 11675 ]

[ "Imaginary depiction of Æscwine from John Speed's 1611 Saxon Heptarchy." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Erkenwin_-_John_Speed.JPG" ]

[ "Æscwine (alternative spellings include Erkenwine, Erchenwin, Erchenwine) [494 AD-587 AD] in the Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies is listed as the first king of Essex. If historical, he would have flourished during the 6th century.", "Little evidence is available for his existence. His name Æscwine first appears in an East-Saxon genealogy which is imperfectly preserved in British Library Add. MS 23211, presumably of the late 9th century. Here he is said to be father to King Sledd and himself a son of Offa, son of Bedca, son of Sigefugl, son of Swæppa, son of Antsecg, son of Gesecg, son of Seaxnet (euhemerized god of the Saxons), whom the later genealogies make son of Woden.\nFurther information is supplied by works of historians writing in the 12th and 13th centuries, who appear to have used pre-Conquest material, viz., Henry of Huntingdon's Historia Anglorum, Roger of Wendover's Flores Historiarum and Matthew Paris's Chronica Majora. These, however, substitute the name Æscwine with Erkenwine or Erchenwine as Sledd's father. Both these names seem to betray Kentish connections.\nOn no known authority, Roger of Wendover and Matthew Paris state that Erkenwine founded the kingdom in 527 and reigned from that year to 587, when he died and was succeeded by his son Sledd. The reputed length of his reign appears unlikely for the time. Alternatively, genealogies included in the works of William of Malmesbury and John of Worcester make Sledd the first king of Essex and genealogies for later kings Offa, Sigered and Swithred in Add. MS 23211 converge on Sledd.\nAccording to tradition, he is remembered for having rebelled against Octa, King of Kent, he defeated him in battle in 527 at a site near modern-day Millfields in Hackney, establishing the Kingdom of Essex.", "The Earliest English Kings, ISBN 978-0-044-45691-9 p. 42\nSexby, John James (2014). The municipal parks, gardens, and open spaces of London : their history and associations. London: E. Stock. pp. 348–50. ISBN 978-1-107-70676-7. OCLC 905859382.", "Yorke, Barbara. \"The Kingdom of the East Saxons.\" Anglo-Saxon England 14 (1985): 1–36." ]

[ "Æscwine of Essex", "Background", "References", "Books" ]

[ 2314 ]

[ 11676, 11677, 11678, 11679, 11680 ]

[ "Æsir gathered around the body of Baldr. Painting by Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg 1817", "The modern Swedish word for atmospheric thunder - åska - \"the god's ride\" - retains the name. That Thor caused lightning and thunder was still a living tradition in the countryside when compulsory education started teaching what was known from the Eddas." ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Baldr_dead_by_Eckersberg.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/M%C3%A5rten_Eskil_Winge_-_Tor%27s_Fight_with_the_Giants_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" ]

[ "The Æsir (Old Norse: [ˈɛ̃ːsez̠]) are the gods of the principal pantheon in Norse religion. They include Odin, Frigg, Höðr, Thor, and Baldr. The second Norse pantheon is the Vanir. In Norse mythology, the two pantheons wage war against each other, resulting in a unified pantheon. Unlike the Old English word god (and the Old Norse word goð), Æsir was never converted over to Christian use.", "Æsir is the plural of áss, ǫ́ss \"god\". In genitival compounds, it takes the form ása-, e.g. in Ása-Þórr (\"Thor of the Æsir\"), besides ás- found in\nás-brú \"gods' bridge\" (the rainbow),\nás-garðr \"gods' enclosure\",\nás-kunnigr \"gods' kin\",\nás-liðar \"gods' leader\",\nás-mogin \"gods' might\" (especially of Thor),\nás-móðr \"divine wrath\" etc.\nLandâs \"national god\" (patrium numen)\nis a title of Thor, as is\nallmáttki ás \"almighty god\",\nwhile it is Odin who is \"the\" ás. There is also Old East Norse dialectal\n*ās-ækia (OWN: *áss-ekja), i.e. \"god ride\" (Thor riding in his wagon),\nresulting in the modern Swedish word\nåska for atmospheric thunder\n(the form åsekia attested as late as the 17th c.).\nThe feminine form is ásynja (plural ásynjur).\nCognate forms of áss are found in other Germanic languages, such as Old English ōs (ᚩ) (plural ēse), denoting a deity in Anglo-Saxon paganism, preserved as a prefix Ōs- in personal names (e.g. Osborne, Oswald) and place-names, and as the genitive plural ēsa.\nIn Old High German, Old Dutch and Old Saxon, the word is only attested in personal and place names, e.g.\nAnsebert, Anselm, Ansfrid, Vihans.\nThe Old High German is reconstructed as *ans, plural *ensî.\nGothic has ans- as reported by Jordanes, who wrote in the 6th century CE, presumably a Latinized form of actual plural *anseis), as a name for euhemerized semi-divine early Gothic rulers.\nThe reconstructed Proto-Germanic form is *ansuz (plural *ansiwiz). The ansuz rune, ⟨ᚫ⟩, was named after the Æsir. *ansuz, itself comes from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énsus (gen. h₂n̥sóus) \"life force\" (cf. Avestan aŋhū \"lord; lifetime\", ahura \"godhood\", Sanskrit ásu \"life force\", ásura \"demons\" ( *h₂n̥suró). It is widely accepted that this word is further related to *h₂ens- \"to engender\" (cf. Hittite hass- \"to procreate, give birth\", Tocharian B ās- \"to produce\").", "The interaction between the Æsir and the Vanir has provoked a considerable amount of scholarly theory and speculation.\nWhile other cultures have had \"elder\" and \"younger\" families of gods, as with the Titans versus the Olympians of ancient Greece, the Æsir and Vanir are portrayed in myth as contemporaries: The two clans of gods fought battles, concluded treaties, exchanged hostages (Freyr and Freyja are mentioned as hostages), and intermarried.\nAn áss like Ullr is almost unknown in the myths, but his name is seen in a lot of geographical names, especially in Sweden, and may also appear on the 3rd century Thorsberg chape, suggesting that his cult was widespread in prehistoric times.\nThe names of the first three Æsir in Norse mythology, Vili, Vé and Odin all refer to spiritual or mental state, vili to conscious will or desire, vé to the sacred or numinous and óðr to the manic or ecstatic.", "The second clan of gods mentioned in Norse mythology is the Vanir: The god Njörðr and his children, Freyr and Freyja, are the most prominent Vanir gods who join the Æsir as hostages after a war between Æsir and Vanir. The Vanir appear to have mainly been connected with cultivation and fertility and the Æsir were connected with power and war.\nIn the Eddas, however, the word Æsir is used for [male] gods in general, while Asynjur is used for the goddesses in general. For example, in the poem Skírnismál, Freyr was called a \"Prince of the Æsir\". In the Prose Edda, Njörðr was introduced as \"the third among the Æsir\", and among the Asynjur, Freya is always listed second only to Frigg.\nIn surviving tales, the origins of many of the Æsir are unexplained. In the ostensibly oldest stories, there are only Búri's three sons: Odin and his brothers Vili and Vé. Odin's sons by giantesses are counted as Æsir. Heimdallr and Ullr's connection with the Æsir is not clearly mentioned. Loki is a jötunn (apparently a cousin and foster-brother of Odin) and Njörðr is a Vanir and his two children are hostages, but they are often ranked among the Æsir.", "Given the difference between their roles and emphases, some scholars have speculated that the interactions between the Æsir and the Vanir reflect the types of interaction that occurred between clans (or social classes) within Norse society at the time.\nAccording to another theory, the Vanir (and the fertility cults associated with them) may be more archaic than that of the more warlike Æsir, such that the mythical war may mirror a half-remembered religious conflict. This argument was first suggested in 1877 by Wilhelm Mannhardt. On a similar note, Marija Gimbutas argues that the Æsir and the Vanir represent the displacement of an indigenous Indo-European group by a tribe of warlike invaders as part of her Kurgan hypothesis. See her case in The Living Goddess for more details. Another historical theory is that the inter-pantheon interaction may be an apotheosis of the conflict between the Roman Kingdom and the Sabines.\nFinally, M. Eliade (1958) speculated that this conflict is actually a later version of an Indo-European myth concerning the conflict between and eventual integration of a pantheon of sky / warrior / ruler gods and a pantheon of earth / economics / fertility gods, with no strict historical antecedents.", "The Prose Edda lists both male and female gods of the Æsir, in the 34th and 35th passages of the Gylfaginning. The Gylfaginning does not include Odin or Loki in this portion, perhaps considering them outside the ranking.\n(21.) Thor is the foremost of them. He is called Asa-Thor, or Oku-Thor. He is the strongest of all gods and men, and rules over the realm which is called Þrúðvangr.\n(22.) Odin's second son is Baldr\n(23.) the third asa is he who is called Njörðr.\n(24.) Njörðr, in Noatun, afterward begat two children: a son, by name Freyr, and a daughter, by name Freyja. They were fair of face, and mighty. Freyr is arguably the most famous of the asas. He rules over rain and sunshine, and over the fruits of the earth. It is good to call on him for harvests and peace. He also sways the wealth of men. Freyja is the most famous of the goddesses. ...\n(25.) There is yet an asa, whose name is Týr. He is very daring and stout-hearted. He sways victory in war, wherefore warriors should call on him.\n(26.) Bragi is the name of another of the asas. He is famous for his wisdom, eloquence and flowing speech.\n(27.) Heimdallr is the name of one. He is also called the white-asa. He is great and holy; born of nine maidens, all of whom were sisters. He is also called Hallinskide and Gullintanne, for his teeth were of gold.\n(28.) Höðr hight one of the asas, who is blind, but exceedingly strong; and the gods would wish that this asa never needed to be named, for the work of his hand will long be kept in memory both by gods and men.\n(29.) Víðarr is the name of the silent asa. He has a very thick shoe, and he is the strongest next after Thor. From him the gods have much help in all hard tasks.\n(30.) Váli, is the son of Odin and Rindr. He is daring in combat, and a good shot.\n(31.) Ullr is the name of one, who is a son of Sif, and a step-son of Thor. He is so good an archer, and so fast on his skis, that no one can contend with him. He is fair of face, and possesses every quality of a warrior. Men should invoke him in single combat.\n(32.) Forseti is a son of Baldr and Nanna, Nep's daughter. He has in heaven the hall which hight Glitner. All who come to him with disputes go away perfectly reconciled. Just to listen to People's Future. No better tribunal is to be found among gods and men. ...\n(33.) There is yet one who is numbered among the asas, but whom some call the backbiter of the asas. He is the originator of deceit, and the disgrace of all gods and men. His name is Loki, or Lopt. ... His wife hight Sigyn, and their son, Nare, or Narfe.\nCorresponding to the fourteen Æsir listed above, section 35 lists fourteen asynjur (goddesses):\n\"Ganglere asked: Which are the goddesses? Har answered:\"\nFrigg is the first; she possesses the right lordly dwelling which is called Fensaler.\nThe second is Sága, who dwells in Sokvabek, and this is a large dwelling.\nThe third is Eir, who is a goddess of medicine and medical care.\nThe fourth is Gefjon, who is a may, and those who die maids become her hand-maidens.\nThe fifth is Fulla, who is also a may, she wears her hair flowing and has a golden ribbon about her head; she carries Frigg's chest, takes care of her shoes and knows her secrets.\nThe sixth is Freyja, who is ranked with Frigg. She is wedded to the man whose name is Oder; their daughter's name is Hnos, and she is so fair that all things fair and precious are called, from her name, Hnos. Oder went far away. Freyja weeps for him, but her tears are red gold. Freyja has many names, and the reason therefor is that she changed her name among the various nations to which she came in search of Oder. She is called Mardol, Horn, Gefn, and Syr. She has the necklace Brising, and she is called Vanadis.\nThe seventh is Sjöfn, who is fond of turning men's and women's hearts to love, and it is from her name that love is called Sjafne.\nThe eighth is Lofn, who is kind and good to those who call upon her, and she has permission from Alfather or Frigg to bring together men and women, no matter what difficulties may stand in the way; therefore \"love\" is so called from her name, and also that which is much loved by men.\nThe ninth is Var. She hears the oaths and troths that men and women plight to each other. Hence such vows are called vars, and she takes vengeance on those who break their promises.\nThe tenth is Vör, who is so wise and searching that nothing can be concealed from her. It is a saying that a woman becomes vor (ware) of what she becomes wise.\nThe eleventh is Syn, who guards the door of the hall, and closes it against those who are not to enter. In trials she guards those suits in which anyone tries to make use of falsehood. Hence is the saying that \"syn is set against it,\" when anyone tries to deny ought.\nThe twelfth is Hlín, who guards those men whom Frigg wants to protect from any danger. Hence is the saying that he hlins who is forewarned.\nThe thirteenth is Snotra, who is wise and courtly. After her, men and women who are wise are called Snotras.\nThe fourteenth is Gna, whom Frigg sends on her errands into various worlds. She rides upon a horse called Hofvarpner, that runs through the air and over the sea. Once, when she was riding, some vanir saw her faring through the air. ...\nSól and Bil are numbered among the goddesses, but their nature has already been described.", "The a-rune, ansuz, ᚫ, Younger Futhark ᚬ, was probably named after the Æsir. The name in this sense survives only in the Icelandic Rune Poem as Óss, referring to Óðinn, who is identified with Jupiter:\nThe name of 𐌰 a in the Gothic alphabet is ahsa. The common Germanic name of the rune may thus have either been ansuz \"God, one of the Æsir\", or ahsam \"ear (of corn)\"", "The personal names Old Norse Ásleikr (Latinised as Ansleicus), Old English Óslác (modern \"Hasluck\") and Old High German Ansleh may continue the term for a sacrificial performance for the gods in early Germanic paganism (*ansu-laikom). Grimm's Deutsches Wörterbuch (s.v. \"Leich\") compares *laikom to the meaning of Greek χορος, denoting first the ceremonial procession to the sacrifice, but also ritual dance and hymns pertaining to religious ritual.\nPaul Herrman (1906) identified as such *ansulaikom the victory songs of the Batavi after defeating Quintus Petillius Cerialis in the Revolt of the Batavi in the year 69 CE according to Tacitus' account, and also the \"nefarious song\" accompanied by \"running in a circle\" around the head of a decapitated goat sacrificed to (he presumes) Wodan (Odin), sung by the Lombards at their victory celebration in 579 CE.", "Gothic has Ansila and Ansemund.\nTheophoric names of the Anglo-Saxons containing the os element:\nOsburh, Oslac, Oswiu, Oswin(e), Osbert, Oswudu,\nOsred, Oslaf, Øsa (with i-mutation from a presumed *ós-i-), and Osgar (Anglo-Saxon form of Ásgeir).\nThese names were notably popular in the dynasty of Bernicia. Still in wide use are the surnames\nOsborn, Osgood, Osmund, and Oswald.\nAs occurs in many Scandinavian given names:\nAsbjørn, Asgeir (Asger, Asker), Asmund, Astrid, Asdîs, Asgautr, Aslaug, Åse, etc.\nOld High German had Anso, Anselm, Ansgar, Anshilt, Anspald, and Ansnôt, and Lombardic has Answald and Ansprand.\nAs also occurs in some English names. In 874, King Asketil was one of four Viking nobles who sacked Repton, the capital of Mercia, England. As 'ketil' means 'cauldron' (whence the English word 'kettle' is derived), his name means 'God's cauldron'. The English surname Astle is derived from his name; however, it is not related to the name Astley. Less common alternative spellings of Astle include\nAstel, Astell, Astill, Astyll and Astull.", "Ásatrú, a kind of Heathenry whose name means \"faith in the Æsir\", is a new religious movement of polytheistic reconstructionism based on Norse paganism. As of 2007, Ásatrú is a religion officially recognized by the governments of Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden.\nMost adherents do not emphasize worship of the Æsir in particular and refer to their practice as \"Forn sed / sidr / siður\" meaning old customs. The Icelandic Ásatrúarfélagið describes Ásatrú as \"Nordic pantheism\" involving \"belief in the Icelandic / Nordic folklore\" including all the \"spirits and entities\" besides \"gods and other beings\" this entails.", "Horses of the Æsir\nCommon Germanic deities\nList of Germanic deities", "The Vanir are discussed here briefly, see separate article Vanir.\n\nThe feminine suffix -ynja (Proto-Norse: -unjō) is known from a few other nouns denoting female animals (such as apynja \"female monkey\" and vargynja \"she-wolf\"). A cognate word for \"goddess\" is not attested outside Old Norse. The corresponding West Germanic word would have been separately derived with the feminine suffixes -inī or -injō.\nThe Old English word ēsa is known from ANGLIC ēsa gescot & ylfa gescot – LATIN jaculum divorum et geniorum – \"the shots of anses and of elves\", i.e. \"elfshot\". \n\n\"Tum Gothi, magna potiti per loca victoria, jam proceres suos quasi qui fortuna vincebant, non puros homines, sed semideos, id est anses vocavere.\" — Grimm 1882–1883 \n\nThis pattern of divided groups is discussed by noted scholar comparative religion Eliade (1958).\n\nSupporting this position, Turville-Petre (1964) notes, \"In one civilization, and at one time, the specialized gods of fertility might predominate, and in another the warrior or the god-king. The highest god owes his position to those who worship him, and if they are farmers, he will be a god of fertility, or one of the Vanir\".\n\nThe Icelandic version has\n\"Ásatrú is a pagan tradition based on tolerance, honesty, magnanimity and respect for nature and all life.\"\n(Ásatrú eða heiðinn siður byggir á umburðarlyndi, heiðarleika, drengskap og virðingu fyrir náttúrunni og öllu lífi.)", "\"Aesir\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Scandinavian mythology. Retrieved 28 August 2017.\n\"Ásgarðr\". Wiktionary. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.\nHellquist, Elof (1922). Svensk etymologisk ordbok [Swedish Etymological Dictionary] (in Swedish). Lund, SV: Gleerup. p. 1202.\n\"os\". Wiktionary. 11 July 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.\nGrimm, J. (1882–1883). Deutsche Mythologie [German Mythology]. Vol. I. Translated by Stallybrass, James Steven. London, GB: Bell. p. 25.\nde Vries, Jan (1970) [1956–1957]. Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte [Old Germanic Religious History]. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Berlin, DE: De Gruyter. p. 7.\n\"asu\". vedabase.net. Sanskrit. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2013.\nAdams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 330. ISBN 978-1884964985.\nNorse Mythology A to Z. Facts on File. Infobase Publishing. 2009. ISBN 978-1438128016.\nDumézil, G. (1973). Haugen, Einar (ed.). Gods of the Ancient Northmen. (Introduction by) C. Scott Littleton & Udo Strutynski. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 0520020448 – via Google Books.\nTurville-Petre, G. (1964). Myth and Religion of the North: The religion of ancient Scandinavia. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. ISBN 0837174201.\nMunch, P.A. (1926). Olsen, M. (ed.). Norse Mythology: Legends of gods and heroes. Translated by Sigurd Bernhard, Hustvedt. New York, NY; London, GB: American-Scandinavian Foundation; H. Milford / Oxford University Press.\nEliade, M. (1958). \"The supplanting of sky gods by fecundators\". Patterns in Comparative Religion. New York, NY: Sheed & Ward. §II, p 30.\nSturluson, Snorri; Anderson, Rasmus B., eds. (2017). Prose Edda [Gylfaginning]. USA. ISBN 978-1-4209-5637-5. OCLC 1010983003.\nGrimm, J.; et al. (Brothers Grimm) (13 April 1854). Deutsches Wörterbuch [German Dictionary]. Leipzig, DE: Allgemeine Zeitung.\nHerrmann, Paul (1908). Nordische Mythologie in gemeinverständlicher Darstellung. Engelmann. p. 342.\n\nThe Lombards’s 579 CE victory celebration is reported in\nPope Gregory I. Dialogues. chapter 28.\nHerrmann, Paul (1928). Altdeutsche Kultgebräuche. E. Diederichs.\n\"Gothic language | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 14 June 2022.\nArmitage, Lionel (2015). An Introduction to the Study of Old High German. Forgotten Books. pp. 9–11. ISBN 978-1330256367.\n\"Kirkeministeriet\" (in Danish). Archived from the original on 9 February 2007. Retrieved 9 February 2007. Forn Sidr – Asa – og Vanetrosamfundet i Danmark\n\"Listi yfir skráð trúfélög og lífsskoðunarfélög\". syslumenn.is (in Icelandic). Sýslumenn. Retrieved 10 January 2021. Ásatrúarfélagið\nTörnberg, Ulf (14 February 2007). \"Freja, Oden och Tor får officiell status\". Sydsvenskan.se (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2021.\n\"Ásatrúarfélagið\". 2006. Archived from the original on 5 December 2006.", "du Bois, Thomas A. (1999). Nordic Religions in the Viking Age. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812217144\nDumézil, G. (1973). Gods of the Ancient Northmen. Editor Einar Haugen; Introduction by C. Scott Littleton & Udo Strutynski. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 0520020448\nGrimm, J. (1882–1883). Deutsche Mythologie [Germanic Mythology] in 4 vols. Trans. James Steven Stallybrass. London, GB: Bell.\nMunch, P.A. (1926). Norse Mythology: Legends of Gods and Heroes. Edition by Magnus Olsen; translated by Sigurd Bernhard Hustvedt. New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation; London: H. Milford, Oxford University Press.\nOrchard, Andy (2002). Cassell's Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend. London: Cassell. ISBN 0304363855\nTurville-Petre, Gabriel (1964). Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 0837174201\nDe Vries, J. [1956–1957] (1970). Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte. 2 vols. 2nd ed. Berlin: De Gruyter.", "Viktor Rydberg's Teutonic Mythology: Gods and Goddesses of the Northland e-book\nW. Wagner's Asgard and the Home of the Gods e-book\nH. A. Guerber Myths of Northern Lands e-book\nPeter Andreas Munch Norse Mythology: Legends of Gods and Heroes e-book\nAmerican Heritage Dictionary, \"Indo-European roots\": ansu, Bartleby" ]

[ "Æsir", "Etymology", "Norse mythology", "Æsir and Vanir", "Reception", "List of Æsir", "The A-rune", "Asleikr", "Personal names", "Ásatrú", "See also", "Notes", "References", "Sources", "External links" ]

[ 2315, 2316 ]

[ 11681, 11682, 11683, 11684, 11685, 11686, 11687, 11688, 11689, 11690, 11691, 11692, 11693, 11694, 11695, 11696, 11697, 11698, 11699, 11700, 11701, 11702, 11703, 11704, 11705, 11706, 11707, 11708, 11709, 11710, 11711, 11712, 11713, 11714, 11715, 11716, 11717, 11718, 11719, 11720, 11721, 11722, 11723, 11724, 11725, 11726, 11727, 11728, 11729, 11730, 11731 ]

[ "Óðinn throws his spear at the Vanir host, illustration by Lorenz Frølich (1895)", "Gullveig is executed, illustration by Lorenz Frølich (1895).", "\"The Æsir Against the Vanir\" (1882) by Karl Ehrenberg.", "Óðinn with Mímir's body, illustration by Georg Pauli (1893)" ]

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[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/%C3%86sir-Vanir_war_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Gullveig_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Asen_gegen_die_Wanen_by_Karl_Ehrenberg.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Oden_vid_Mims_lik.jpg" ]

[ "In Norse mythology, the Æsir–Vanir War was a conflict between two groups of deities that ultimately resulted in the unification of the Æsir and the Vanir into a single pantheon. The war is an important event in Norse mythology, and the implications for the potential historicity surrounding accounts of the war are a matter of scholarly debate and discourse.\nFragmented information about the war appears in surviving sources, including Völuspá, a poem collected in the Poetic Edda in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources; in the book Skáldskaparmál in the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson; and in euhemerized form in the Ynglinga saga from Heimskringla, also written by Snorri Sturluson in the 13th century.", "", "In two stanzas of Völuspá, the war is recounted by a völva (who refers to herself here in the third person) while the god Óðinn questions her. The war is told rather vaguely, and the fact that it describes a war between the Æsir and the Vanir is not completely certain. In the first of the two stanzas, the völva says that she remembers the first war in the world, when Gullveig was stabbed with spears and then burnt three times in one of Óðinn's halls, yet that Gullveig was reborn three times:\nHenry Adams Bellows translation:\nThe war I remember, | the first in the world,\nWhen the gods with spears | had smitten Gollveig,\nAnd in the hall | of Hor had burned her,\nThree times burned, | and three times born,\nOft and again, | yet ever she lives.\nIn the second stanza, the völva says that they called Gullveig Heiðr (meaning \"Bright One\" or potentially \"Gleaming\" or \"Honor\") whenever she came to houses, that she was a wise völva, and that she cast spells. Heiðr performed seiðr where she could, did so in a trance, and was always the favorite of wicked women:\nHenry Adams Bellows translation:\nHeith they named her | who sought their home,\nThe wide-seeing witch, | in magic wise;\nMinds she bewitched | that were moved by her magic,\nTo evil women | a joy she was.\nIn two later stanzas, the völva tells Óðinn that all the powers went to the judgment seats and discussed whether the Æsir should pay a fine or if all of the gods should instead have equal tribute, then the völva provides the last of her account of the events surrounding the war. These stanzas are unclear, particularly the second half of the first stanza, but the battle appears to have been precipitated by the entry of Gullveig/Heiðr among the Æsir. The first stanza relates a difficulty in reaching a truce which led to the all-out war described in the second stanza. However, the reference to \"all the gods\" could, in Lindow's view, indicate a movement towards a community involving both the Æsir and the Vanir. In his translation of the poem, Bellows inverts the order of the two stanzas, stating that \"This stanza and stanza 24 [the first and second stanzas] have been transposed from the order in the manuscripts, for the former describes the battle and the victory of the Wanes [Vanir], after which the gods took council, debating whether to pay tribute to the victors, or to admit them, as was finally done, to equal rights of worship.\" Ursula Dronke points to extensive wordplay on all the meanings of the gildi and the adjective gildr to signal the core issue of whether the Æsir will surrender their monopoly on human tribute and join with the \"all-too-popular\" Vanir; as their only alternative, they attack again.\nHenry Adams Bellows translation, in his inverted order:\nOn the host his spear | did Othin hurl,\nThen in the world | did war first come;\nThe wall that girdled | the gods was broken,\nAnd the field by the warlike | Wanes was trodden.\nThen sought the gods | their assembly-seats,\nThe holy ones, | and council held,\nWhether the gods | should tribute give,\nOr to all alike | should worship belong.\nJohn Lindow translation, in the order of the original manuscript:\nThen all the powers went to the judgment seats\nthe very holy gods, and discussed this:\nwhether the æsir should pay a fine,\nor all the gods should have tribute.\nThat was yet the battle of armies, the first one in the world.\nOdin let fly and shot into the army,\nThe shield wall of the fortress of the æsir was broken,\nThe battle-wise vanir knew how to tread the field.", "In the Prose Edda book Skáldskaparmál (chapter 57), the god Bragi explains the origin of poetry. Bragi says that it originated in the Æsir–Vanir War, when during the peace conference the Æsir and the Vanir formed a truce by all spitting into a vat. When they left, the gods decided that it should not be poured out, but rather kept as a symbol of their peace, and so from the contents made a man, Kvasir. Kvasir is later murdered, and from his blood is made the Mead of Poetry.", "In chapter 4 of Heimskringla, Snorri presents a euhemerized account of the war. The account says that Óðinn led a great army from \"Asgard\" to attack the people of \"Vanaheim.\" However, according to Snorri, the people of Vanaheim were well-prepared for the invasion; they defended their land so well that victory was up for grabs from both sides, and both sides produced immense damage and ravaged the lands of one another.\nThe two sides eventually tired of the war and both agreed to meet to establish a truce. After doing so, they exchanged hostages. Vanaheim is described as having sent to Asgard its best men: Njörðr—described as wealthy—and his son Freyr in exchange for Asgard Hœnir—described here as large, handsome, and thought of by the people of Vanaheim well-suited to be a chieftain. Additionally, Asgard sends Mímir—a man of great understanding—in exchange for Kvasir, who Snorri describes as the wisest man of Vanaheim.\nUpon arrival in Vanaheim, Hœnir was immediately made chief, and Mímir often gave him good counsel. However, when Hœnir was at meetings and at the Thing without Mímir by his side, he would always answer the same way: \"Let others decide.\" Subsequently, the Vanaheim folk suspected they had been cheated in the exchange by the Asgard folk, so they seized Mímir and beheaded him and sent the head to Asgard. Óðinn took the head of Mímir, embalmed it with herbs so that it would not rot, and spoke charms over it, which gave it the power to speak to him and reveal to him secrets.\nÓðinn then appointed Njörðr and Freyr to be priests of sacrificial customs and they became Diar (\"Gods\") of the people of Asgard. Freyja, described as daughter of Njörðr, was the priestess of these sacrifices, and here she is described as introducing seiðr to Asgard.", "A number of theories surround the Æsir–Vanir War:", "As the Vanir are often considered fertility gods, the Æsir–Vanir War has been proposed as a reflection of the invasion of local fertility cults somewhere in regions inhabited by the Germanic peoples by a more aggressive, warlike cult. This has been proposed as an analogy of the invasion of the Indo-Europeans.\nGeorges Dumézil stated that the war need not necessarily be understood in terms of historicity more than any other myth however. Scholars have cited parallels between the Æsir–Vanir War, The Rape of the Sabine Women from Roman mythology, and the battle between Devas and Asuras from Hindu mythology, providing support for a Proto-Indo-European \"war of the functions.\" Explaining these parallels, J. P. Mallory states:\nBasically, the parallels concern the presence of first-(magico-juridical) and second-(warrior) function representatives on the victorious side of a war that ultimately subdues and incorporates third function characters, for example, the Sabine women or the Norse Vanir. Indeed, the Iliad itself has also been examined in a similar light. The ultimate structure of the myth, then, is that the three estates of Proto-Indo-European society were fused only after a war between the first two against the third.", "Many scholars consider the figures of Gullveig/Heiðr and Freyja the same. This conclusion has been reached through comparisons between Gullveig/Heiðr's use of seiðr in Völuspá and the mention of Freyja introducing seiðr to the Æsir from the Vanir in Heimskringla. This is at times taken further, to suggest that their \"corruption\" of the Æsir led to the Æsir–Vanir War.\nLindow states that even if the two are not identical, the various accounts of the war seem to share the idea of a disruptive entry of persons into a people. Lindow compares the appearance of Gullveig/Heiðr into the Æsir to Hœnir and Mímir's disruption among the Vanir in Heimskringla. Lindow further states that all three accounts share the notion of acquisition of tools for the conquest of wisdom; the practice of seiðr in two accounts and the head of Mímir in one.", "Gigantomachy\nTheomachy\nTitanomachy\nWar in Heaven\nDevas\nAsuras\nTollense valley battlefield", "Crawford (2015:1)\nBellows (1923:10).\nLarrington (1996:7).\nLindow (2001:165).\nLindow (2001:51-53).\nBellows (1923:11).\nDronke (1997:134).\nFaulkes (1995:61—62).\nHollander (1964:7-8).\nDumézil (1973:Chapter 1).\nMallory (2005:139).\nGrundy (1998:62).", "Crawford, Jackson (2015). The Poetic Edda: Stories of the Norse Gods and Heroes. Hackett Publishing Company.\nBellows, Henry Adams (1923). The Poetic Edda. American-Scandinavian Foundation.\nDronke, Ursula (Ed. and Trans.) (1997), The Poetic Edda volume 2: Mythological Poems. Clarendon Press ISBN 0-19-811181-9\nDumézil, Georges (1973). Gods of the Ancient Northmen, trans. Einar Haugen. University of California Press ISBN 0-05-200350-7\nFaulkes, Anthony (Trans.) (1995). Snorri Sturluson. Edda. Everyman. ISBN 0-460-87616-3\nGrundy, Stephan (1998). \"Freyja and Frigg\" as collected in Billington, Sandra. The Concept of the Goddess.. Routledge ISBN 0-415-19789-9\nHollander, Lee Milton (Trans.) (1964). Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway. University of Texas Press ISBN 0-292-73061-6\nLarrington, Carolyne (Trans.) (1999). The Poetic Edda. Oxford World's Classics ISBN 0-19-283946-2\nLindow, John (2001). Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515382-0\nMallory, J. P. (2005). In Search of the Indo-Europeans. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-27616-1" ]

[ "Æsir–Vanir War", "Attestations", "Poetic Edda", "Prose Edda", "Heimskringla", "Theories", "Proto-Indo-European basis", "Other", "See also", "Notes", "References" ]

[ 2317, 2318, 2319, 2320 ]

[ 11732, 11733, 11734, 11735, 11736, 11737, 11738, 11739, 11740, 11741, 11742, 11743, 11744, 11745, 11746, 11747, 11748, 11749, 11750, 11751, 11752, 11753, 11754, 11755, 11756, 11757 ]

[ "Æthelbald in the early 14th-century Genealogical Roll of the Kings of England", "The two possible interpretations of Asser's description of the divided Wessex.", "Memorial to Ethelbald and Ethelbert in Sherborne Abbey", "Fake coins of Æthelwulf and Æthelbald" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/%C3%86thelbald_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/%C3%86thelwulf_and_sons.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Memorial_to_Ethelbald_and_Ethelbert_in_Sherborne_Abbey.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Fake_coins_of_%C3%86thelwulf_and_%C3%86thelbald.jpg" ]

[ "Æthelbald (died 860) was King of Wessex from 855 to 860. He was the second of five sons of King Æthelwulf. In 850, Æthelbald's elder brother Æthelstan defeated the Vikings in the first recorded sea battle in English history, but he is not recorded afterwards and probably died in the early 850s. The next year Æthelwulf and Æthelbald inflicted another defeat on the Vikings at the Battle of Aclea. In 855 Æthelwulf went on pilgrimage to Rome and appointed Æthelbald King of Wessex, while Æthelberht, the next oldest son, became King of Kent, which had been conquered by Wessex thirty years earlier.\nOn his way back from Rome, Æthelwulf stayed for several months with Charles the Bald, King of the Franks, whose twelve-year-old daughter Judith he married. When he returned to England in 856, Æthelbald refused to give up the crown. Most historians believe that Æthelbald continued to be king of Wessex while Æthelberht gave up Kent to his father, but some think that Wessex itself was divided, with Æthelbald ruling the west and his father the east, while Æthelberht kept Kent. When Æthelwulf died in 858, Æthelbald continued as (or became again) king of Wessex and his brother resumed (or carried on) his kingship of Kent.\nÆthelbald married his stepmother Judith. Asser, the biographer of his youngest brother, Alfred the Great, denounced the union as being \"against God's prohibition and Christian dignity, and also contrary to the practice of all pagans\", but the marriage does not seem to have been condemned at the time. Æthelbald and Æthelberht appear to have been on good terms: when Æthelbald died in 860, Æthelberht became king of both Wessex and Kent, and they were never again divided.", "When Æthelbald's grandfather Ecgberht became king of Wessex in 802, it would have seemed very unlikely that he would establish a lasting dynasty. For two hundred years, three families had fought for the West Saxon throne, and no son had followed his father as king. Ecgberht's nearest connection to a king of Wessex was as a great-great-grandson of Ingild, brother of King Ine (688–726), but he was believed to be a paternal descendant of Cerdic, the founder of the West Saxon dynasty, which made him an ætheling, a prince who had a legitimate claim to the throne. However, in the ninth and tenth centuries Ecgberht's line controlled the kingdom, and all kings were sons of kings.\nAt the beginning of the ninth century, England was almost wholly under the control of the Anglo-Saxons, and the Midland kingdom of Mercia dominated southern England. In 825 Ecgberht decisively defeated the Mercians at the Battle of Ellendun, ending Mercian supremacy. The two kingdoms became allies, which was important in the resistance to Viking attacks. In 835 the Isle of Sheppey in Kent was ravaged. In 836 Ecgberht was defeated by the Vikings at Carhampton in Somerset, but in 838 he was victorious over an alliance of Cornishmen and Vikings at the Battle of Hingston Down, reducing Cornwall to the status of a client kingdom. He died in the following year and was succeeded by his son Æthelwulf, who appointed his eldest son Æthelstan as sub-king of Kent, Essex, Surrey and Sussex, in the same year.", "Æthelbald was the second son of King Æthelwulf and probably of his first wife Osburh, who was the mother of Alfred the Great. As Æthelstan was old enough to be appointed king ten years before Alfred was born in 849, and Æthelbald took part in battle in 851, some historians argue that it is more likely that the elder children were born to an unrecorded earlier wife. Æthelstan died before his father, but Æthelbald and his three younger brothers were successively kings of Wessex: Æthelbald reigned from 855 to 860, Æthelberht from 860 to 865, Æthelred I from 865 to 871, and Alfred the Great from 871 to 899. Æthelbald is first recorded when he witnessed a charter of his father (S 290) in 840 as filius regis (the king's son). He attested with the same designation in the 840s, to S 300 in 850 as dux filius regis and in the early 850s as dux (ealdorman). In 850 his elder brother Æthelstan defeated a Danish fleet off Sandwich in the first recorded naval battle in English history, but he is not recorded thereafter, and probably died soon afterwards. In 851 Æthelwulf and Æthelbald defeated the Vikings at the Battle of Aclea and, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, \"we have never heard of a greater slaughter of them, in any region, on any one day, before or since\". At Easter in 854 Æthelbald and his younger brother Æthelberht attested charters as dux, and in 855 their father went on pilgrimage to Rome and appointed Æthelbald as king of Wessex while Æthelberht became king of Kent, Essex, Surrey and Sussex.", "Æthelwulf spent a year in Rome. On his way back he stayed for several months with Charles the Bald, King of the West Franks, and married Charles's twelve-year-old daughter Judith, a great-granddaughter of Charlemagne; the bishop of Rheims ceremonially consecrated her and Æthelwulf conferred the title of queen on her. Æthelwulf returned with his new wife in October 856, and according to Alfred the Great's biographer, Bishop Asser, during his absence a plot was hatched to prevent the king's return and keep Æthelbald on the throne. Asser regarded it as \"a terrible crime: expelling the king from his own kingdom; but God did not allow it to happen, nor would the nobles of the whole Saxon land have any part in it\". Asser stated that a great many men said that the initiative for \"this wretched incident, unheard of in all previous ages\" came from Æthelbald's chief counsellors, Eahlstan, Bishop of Sherborne and Eanwulf, Ealdorman of Somerset, who had been two of Æthelwulf's most senior advisers, while many blamed Æthelbald himself.\nHistorians give varying explanations for both the marriage and the rebellion. D. P. Kirby and Pauline Stafford see the match as sealing an anti-Viking alliance. Another factor was Judith's descent from Charlemagne: union with her gave Æthelwulf a share in Carolingian prestige. Kirby describes her anointing as \"a charismatic sanctification which enhanced her status, blessed her womb and conferred additional throne-worthiness on her male offspring.\" These marks of a special status implied that a son of hers would succeed to at least part of Æthelwulf's kingdom, and explain Æthelbald's decision to rebel. He may also have feared that he would be disadvantaged if his father returned to rule Wessex while his brother kept Kent. Michael Enright argues that an alliance against the Vikings between such distant territories would have served no useful purpose. He sees the marriage as following Æthelbald's rebellion and being a response to it, intending that a son of Judith would displace Æthelbald as successor to the throne. Janet Nelson goes further, seeing Æthelwulf's pilgrimage as intended from the start to enhance his prestige to assist him in facing down filial resentments. Kirby and Sean Miller argue that it is unlikely that Charles would have agreed to his daughter being taken to a country in a state of civil war, so Æthelbald's revolt was probably a response to the marriage, which threatened to produce sons who had a stronger claim to the throne than he had. Richard Abels argues that Æthelbald probably hoped that his rule would be permanent: \"All knew the dangers that attended a pilgrimage to Rome and were aware of the possibility that Æthelwulf would not return. His departure to Rome all but invited the prowling of hungry æthelings.\" Charles may have agreed to the marriage because he was under attack both from Vikings and from a rising among his own nobility, and Æthelwulf had great prestige due to his victories over the Vikings. The marriage added the West Saxon king to the network of royal and princely allies that Charles was creating.\nRivalry between east and west Wessex may have also been a factor in the dispute. The ancient Selwood Forest marked the boundary between the bishoprics of Sherborne in the west and Winchester in the east. In the eighth century, the connections of Ecgberht's family were with the west, but in the early ninth century, the family became close to the clergy of Winchester, who helped them to establish an exclusive hold on the throne for their royal branch. According to Asser, the plot to rob Æthelwulf of his throne was concocted in \"the western part of Selwood\", and Æthelbald's chief supporters, Eahlstan and Eanwulf, were western magnates who probably resented the favour shown by Æthelwulf to the eastern Winchester diocese, and to Swithun, who was appointed by Æthelwulf as Bishop of Winchester in 852. Æthelbald's patronage was mainly directed at Sherborne.\nAsser is the sole source for the dispute between Æthelwulf and Æthelbald, which is not mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, and according to Asser when Æthelwulf returned to England he agreed to divide the kingdom to avoid a civil war. Most historians state that Æthelbald kept Wessex while Æthelberht agreed to surrender the south-eastern kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Surrey and Sussex to Æthelwulf, although Simon Keynes thinks that Æthelwulf kept a degree of sovereignty. Some historians argue that it is more likely that Wessex itself was divided, with Æthelbald keeping his power base west of Selwood, Æthelwulf taking the east and Æthelberht keeping Kent. Pauline Stafford and D. P. Kirby point out that Asser implies that Judith became queen of the West Saxons in 856. Sean Miller observes that Asser complained that the \"son ruled where by rightful judgment the father should have done; for the western part of the Saxon land has always been more important than the eastern\", and since Kent had been conquered only thirty years previously, it did not make sense to speak of it as having always been a less important part of the kingdom.", "According to Asser, at the end of his life, Æthelwulf directed that his kingdom should be divided between his two eldest sons, and this was carried out when he died on 13 January 858. Æthelbald then continued (or resumed) as king of Wessex, while Æthelberht resumed (or kept) the kingship of Kent and the south-east. Æthelwulf left a bequest to Æthelbald, Æthelred and Alfred, with the provision that whoever lived the longest was to inherit the whole; this is seen by some historians as leaving the kingship of Wessex to the survivor, but other historians dispute this and it may have been intended to provide for the younger sons. Judith's charisma as a Carolingian princess was so great that rather than lose the prestige of the connection Æthelbald then married her. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ignores the marriage, perhaps because mentioning such a prestigious connection of Alfred's older brother would have detracted from its focus on the achievements of Alfred himself. Æthelbald's marriage to his widowed stepmother was subsequently condemned by Asser as \"against God's prohibition and Christian dignity, and also contrary to the practice of all pagans\", although it does not appear to have aroused opposition at the time. The Frankish Annals of St Bertin reported the marriage without comment, and stated that when she returned to her father after Æthelbald's death, Judith was treated \"with all the honour due to a queen\". To her father's fury, soon afterwards she eloped with Baldwin, Count of Flanders, and their son Baldwin II married Alfred's daughter Ælfthryth.\nLittle is known of Æthelbald's reign and only two of his charters survive. S 1274, dated 858, is a grant by Swithun of an episcopal estate at Farnham to the king for his lifetime, and in Barbara Yorke's view it is an example of Æthelbald's confiscations of the bishop of Winchester's estates for his own use. S 326, dated 860, is a grant by Æthelbald of fourteen hides at Teffont in Wiltshire to a thegn called Osmund. Both are attested by Judith, an indication of her high status, as ninth-century West Saxon kings' wives were not normally given the rank of queen and almost never witnessed charters. The marriage and attestations are evidence that Æthelbald intended the succession to pass to his own son, not his brothers. S 326 is also attested by King Æthelberht, suggesting that he was on good terms with his brother. S 1274 is the earliest surviving West Saxon charter to require a contribution to fortification work, and Nelson suggests that Judith's entourage may have been responsible for the innovation. A few years later Charles the Bald began a programme of rebuilding town walls and building new fortresses in West Francia.\nNo coins are known to have been issued in the name of Æthelbald. The main mints in southern England were both in Kent, at Canterbury and Rochester. They minted coins in the name of Æthelwulf until 858 and then in the name of Æthelberht. There was one mint in Wessex, probably at Southampton or Winchester, but it operated at a minimal level in the mid-ninth century and only three coins from it between 839 and 871 are known, two of Æthelwulf and one of Æthelred I, all produced by the same moneyer. The fact that the Kentish mints produced coins only for Æthelberht between 858 and 860 is evidence that Æthelbald was not his brother's overlord. Three coins of Æthelbald were regarded as genuine in the late nineteenth century, but in the 1900s they were found to be forgeries.", "Æthelbald died in 860 and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle gives him a reign of five years, dating the start to 855 when Æthelwulf left for Rome. Both Asser and the Annals of St Neots give Æthelbald a rule of two and a half years, and the Annals adds that he also ruled for two and a half years jointly with his father. Most modern historians date his reign as 855 to 860, but some as 858 to 860. Only the year of his death is known, but as his father died in January 858 and he ruled for two and a half years thereafter, he probably died in about July 860. He was buried at Sherborne in Dorset and he is not known to have had any children.\nHe was succeeded by Æthelberht, who re-united Wessex and Kent under his rule. It is not clear whether the division between Wessex and Kent had been intended to be permanent, but if so Æthelbald's early death allowed Æthelberht to reverse the division and Kent and the south-east were thereafter treated as an integral part of Wessex.", "In the 890s, Bishop Asser gave the only surviving contemporary assessment of Æthelbald. Asser, who was hostile to him both because of his revolt against his father and because of his uncanonical marriage, described him as \"iniquitous and grasping\" and his reign as \"two and a half lawless years\", adding that many people attributed the rebellion \"solely to arrogance on the part of King Æthelbald, because he was grasping in this affair and many other wrongdoings\". Post-Conquest clerical chroniclers adopted Asser's views. William of Malmesbury wrote that \"Æthelbald, who was worthless and disloyal to his father, defiled his father's marriage-bed, for after his father's death he sank so low as to marry his stepmother Judith.\" According to John of Worcester, \"Æthelbald, in defiance of God's prohibition and Christian dignity, and even against all pagan customs, climbed into his father's marriage-bed, married Judith, daughter of Charles, king of the Franks, and held the government of the kingdom of the West Saxons without restraint for two and half years after his father's death\". Roger of Wendover condemned Æthelbald in similar terms, but claimed that in 859 he repented of his error, put aside Judith and ruled thereafter \"in peace and righteousness\". The exception was Henry of Huntingdon, who stated that Æthelbald and Æthelberht, \"young men of superlative natural quality, possessed their kingdoms very prosperously as long as they each lived. When Æthelbald, King of Wessex, had held his kingdom peacefully for five years, he was carried off by a premature death. All England lamented King Æthelbald's youth and there was great sorrow over him. And they buried him at Sherborne. After this England was conscious of what it had lost in him.\"\nRobert Howard Hodgkin also adopted Asser's views in his 1935 History of the Anglo-Saxons, but later historians have been more circumspect. Frank Stenton in Anglo-Saxon England does not give any opinion on Æthelbald, and observes that his marriage to Judith does not appear to have aroused any scandal among the churchmen of her country, while Sean Miller in his Dictionary of National Biography article on Æthelbald says that very little is known of his reign after his marriage, but he appears to have been on good terms with Æthelberht.", "S refers to the Sawyer catalogue of Anglo-Saxon charters.\nThe authenticity of charter S 1274 is disputed. Janet Nelson describes it as \"untrustworthy\" and David Dumville as \"suspicious\", but its genuineness is defended in detail by Simon Keynes. \nIn S 326 Judith is styled filius regis (king's son) due to a copyist's error.", "Keynes and Lapidge 1983, p. 73.\nAbels 2002, p. 85; Dumville 1979, p. 17; Stafford 2001, p. 83.\nKeynes 1995, pp. 28, 39–41.\nStenton 1971, pp. 235, 241; Charles-Edwards 2013, p. 431; Edwards 2004.\nNelson 2004.\nMiller 2004; Smyth 1995, p. 11.\n\"The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters\". British Academy-Royal Historical Society Joint Committee on Anglo-Saxon Charters. Retrieved 8 September 2018.\nMiller 2004; Keynes 1998, pp. 1 and 2, Table XXI; Stafford 2003, pp. 255–256.\nStenton 1971, p. 244.\nKeynes and Lapidge 1983, p. 68.\nMiller 2004; Abels 1998, pp. 70–71.\nAbels 1998, pp. 75, 85; Nelson 2004.\nKeynes and Lapidge 1983, p. 70.\nKirby 2000, pp. 165–167; Stafford 1981, p. 139.\nKirby 2000, p. 165.\nKirby 2000, pp. 165–167.\nEnright 1979, pp. 291–301.\nNelson 2013, pp. 239–240.\nKirby 2000, p. 166; Miller 2004.\nAbels 1998, p. 70.\nStafford 1981, pp. 139–140.\nNelson 1997, p. 143.\nYorke 1984, p. 64; Yorke 1995, pp. 23–24, 85, 99; Keynes and Lapidge 1983, p. 70.\nStenton 1971, p. 245; Keynes and Lapidge 1983, p. 15; Williams 1991; Dumville 1996, p. 23.\nStafford 1981, p. 143; Kirby 2000, pp. 166–167.\nKeynes and Lapidge 1983, p. 70; Miller 2004.\nKeynes and Lapidge 1983, p. 314; Nelson 2004; Smyth 1995, pp. 416–417; Miller 2001, pp. 10–11.\nSmyth 1995, pp. 106–107.\nNelson 1991b, pp. 86, 97.\nNelson 1991a, p. 58, n. 62; Dumville 1992, p. 43; Keynes 1994, pp. 1123–1126.\nYorke 1984, p. 64.\nKeynes 1994, p. 1123.\nStafford 2003, pp. 257–258.\nKeynes 1994, p. 1129.\nMiller 2004.\nBrooks 1971, p. 81; Nelson 2003, p. 297.\nNaismith 2011, pp. 43–46; Naismith 2012, pp. 110, 125–126.\nGrierson and Blackburn 1986, p. 337; Lawrence 1893, pp. 40–45; Lawrence 1905, pp. 407–409; Naismith 2011, p. 34.\nKeynes and Lapidge 1983, p. 73; Smyth 1995, p. 192.\nWilliams 1991; Dumville 1996, p. 23; Smyth 1995, p. 10; Abels 1998, p. 347; Yorke 1995, p. 114.\nKeynes and Lapidge 1983, p. 62; Nelson 2004.\nKeynes and Lapidge 1983, p. 73; Smyth 1995, p. 192; Stenton 1971, p. 245.\nWilliams 1999, p. 72.\nKeynes and Lapidge 1983, pp. 70, 73.\nMynors, Thomson and Winterbottom 1998, p. 177.\nDarlington, McGurk and Bray 1995, p. 275.\nGiles 1849, p. 187.\nGreenway 1996, p. 281.\nHodgkin 1935, p. 516.\nStenton 1971, p. 245.", "Abels, Richard (1998). Alfred the Great: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England. Harlow, UK: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-04047-2.\nAbels, Richard (2002). \"Royal Succession and the Growth of Political Stability in Ninth-Century Wessex\". The Haskins Society Journal: Studies in Medieval History. 12: 83–97. ISBN 978-1-84383-008-5.\nBrooks, Nicholas (1971). \"The Development of Military Obligations in Eighth- and Ninth-Century England\". In Clemoes, Peter; Hughes, Kathleen (eds.). England Before the Conquest: Studies in Primary Sources Presented to Dorothy Whitelock. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 69–84. ISBN 978-0-521-08191-7.\nCharles-Edwards, T. M. (2013). Wales and the Britons 350–1064. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821731-2.\nDarlington, R. R.; McGurk, P.; Bray, Jennifer, eds. (1995). The Chronicle of John of Worcester. Vol. 2. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822261-3.\nDumville, David (1979). \"The Ætheling, a Study in Anglo-Saxon constitutional history\". Anglo-Saxon England. 8: 1–33. doi:10.1017/S026367510000301X. ISSN 0263-6751. S2CID 159954001.\nDumville, David (1992). Wessex and England from Alfred to Edgar: Six Essays on Political, Cultural, and Ecclesiastical Revival. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-0-85115-308-7.\nDumville, David (1996). \"The Local Rulers of Anglo-Saxon England to 927\". In Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I (eds.). Handbook of British Chronology (3rd with corrections ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–25. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.\nEdwards, Heather (2004). \"Ecgberht [Egbert] (d. 839), king of the West Saxons\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8581. Retrieved 5 April 2015. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nEnright, Michael J. (1979). \"Charles the Bald and Æthelwulf of Wessex: Alliance of 856 and Strategies of Royal Succession\". Journal of Medieval History. 5 (1): 291–302. doi:10.1016/0304-4181(79)90003-4. ISSN 0304-4181.\nGiles, J. A., ed. (1849). Roger of Wendover's Flowers of History. Vol. 1. London: Henry G. Bohn. OCLC 633664910.\nGreenway, Diana, ed. and trans. (1996). Henry, Archdeacon of Huntingdon: Historia Anglorum. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822224-8.\nGrierson, Philip; Blackburn, Mark (1986). Medieval European Coinage. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-26009-4.\nHodgkin, R. H. (1935). A History of the Anglo-Saxons. Vol. 2. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. OCLC 459347986.\nKeynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael, eds. (1983). Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred & Other Contemporary Sources. London: Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-044409-4.\nKeynes, Simon (November 1994). \"The West Saxon Charters of King Æthelwulf and his sons\". English Historical Review. 109 (434): 1109–1149. doi:10.1093/ehr/cix.434.1109. ISSN 0013-8266.\nKeynes, Simon (1995). \"England, 700–900\". In McKitterick, Rosamond (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. II. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–42. ISBN 978-0-521-36292-4.\nKeynes, Simon (1998). An Atlas of Attestations in Anglo-Saxon Charters, c. 670–1066. Cambridge: Dept. of Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and Celtic, University of Cambridge. OCLC 41975443.\nKirby, D. P. (2000). The Earliest English Kings (Revised ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-24211-0.\nLawrence, L. A. (1893). \"Coinage of Aethelbald\". The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society. 3rd. 13: 40–45. ISSN 2054-9172.\nLawrence, L. A. (1905). \"Forgery in Relation to Numismatics\". British Numismatic Journal. 2: 397–409. OCLC 1537348.\nMiller, Sean, ed. (2001). Charters of the New Minster, Winchester. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-726223-8.\nMiller, Sean (2004). \"Æthelbald (d. 860), king of the West Saxons\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8901. Retrieved 24 July 2018. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nMynors, R. A. B.; Thomson, R. M.; Winterbottom, M., eds. (1998). William of Malmesbury: Gesta Regum Anglorum, The History of the English Kings. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820678-1.\nNaismith, Rory (2011). The Coinage of Southern England 796–865. Vol. 1. London: Spink & Son. ISBN 978-1-907427-09-1.\nNaismith, Rory (2012). Money and Power in Anglo-Saxon England: The Southern English Kingdoms, 757–965. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-66969-7.\nNelson, Janet (1991a). \"Reconstructing a Royal Family: Reflections on Alfred from Asser, Chapter 2\". In Wood, Ian; Lund, Niels (eds.). People and places in Northern Europe 500–1600 : Essays in Honour of Peter Hayes Sawyer. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp. 48–66. ISBN 978-0-851-15547-0.\nNelson, Janet, ed. and trans. (1991b). The Annals of St-Bertin. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-3426-8.\nNelson, Janet L. (1997). \"The Franks and the English in the Ninth Century Reconsidered\" (PDF). In Szarmach, Paul E.; Rosenthal, Joel T. (eds.). The Preservation and Transmission of Anglo-Saxon Culture: Selected Papers from the 1991 Meeting of the International Society of Anglo-Saxonists. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University. pp. 141–158. ISBN 978-1-879288-90-4.\nNelson, Janet (2003). \"Alfred's Carolingian Contemporaries\". In Reuter, Timothy (ed.). Alfred the Great. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. pp. 293–310. ISBN 978-0-7546-0957-5.\nNelson, Janet L. (2004). \"Æthelwulf (d. 858), king of the West Saxons\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8921. Retrieved 24 July 2018. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nNelson, Janet L. (2013). \"Britain, Ireland and Europe, c. 750–c. 900\". In Stafford, Pauline (ed.). A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland c. 500–c. 1100. Chichester, UK: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 231–247. ISBN 978-1-4051-0628-3.\nSmyth, Alfred P. (1995). King Alfred the Great. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822989-6.\nStafford, Pauline (1981). \"Charles the Bald, Judith and England\". In Gibson, Margaret; Nelson, Janet L. (eds.). Charles the Bald: Court and Kingdom. Oxford, UK: B A R. pp. 137–51. ISBN 978-0-86054-115-8.\nStafford, Pauline (2001). Queen Emma and Queen Edith. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-16679-5.\nStafford, Pauline (2003). \"Succession and Inheritance: a Gendered Perspective on Alfred's Family History\". In Reuter, Timothy (ed.). Alfred the Great. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. pp. 251–264. ISBN 978-1-138-24830-4.\nStenton, Frank M. (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5.\nWilliams, Ann (1991). \"Æthelbald king of Wessex 855–860\". In Williams, Ann; Smyth, Alfred P.; Kirby, D. P. (eds.). A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain. London: Seaby. p. 18. ISBN 1-85264-047-2.\nWilliams, Ann (1999). Kingship and Government in Pre-Conquest England, c. 500–1066. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan Press. ISBN 978-0-333-56798-2.\nYorke, Barbara (1984). \"The Bishops of Winchester, the Kings of Wessex and the Development of Winchester in the Ninth and Early Tenth Centuries\". Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society. 40: 61–70. ISSN 0142-8950.\nYorke, Barbara (1995). Wessex in the Early Middle Ages. London: Leicester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7185-1856-1.", "Æthelbald 13 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England" ]

[ "Æthelbald, King of Wessex", "Background", "Early life", "Division of the kingdom", "Kingship", "Death", "Reputation", "Notes", "Citations", "Sources", "External links" ]

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[ "The Repton Stone which may depict Æthelbald", "A mention of Æthelbald, the Mercian king, in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", "Guthlac appears to Æthelbald in a dream in this roundel from the Guthlac Roll (early 13th century).", "The Ismere Diploma, a charter of King Æthelbald's to Ealdorman Cyneberht in 736.", "A 19th-century engraving of the crypt at St Wystan's Church, Repton where Æthelbald was interred", "The mounted figure on the Repton Stone in Derby Museum has been identified as Æthelbald.", "Alfred the Third, King of Mercia, visiting William d'Albanac, engraving after Benjamin West's painting (1782)", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/The_Repton_Stone-_detail.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle_-_Aethelbald_myrcnacing_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Tiberius_A_VI%2C_folio_12r%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Guthlac_Roll_-_%C3%86thelbald.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Aethelbald_charter_Cyneberht_736.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Repton_crypt.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/The_Repton_Stone%2C_Derby_Museum%2C_Derby.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Alfred_the_Third%2C_King_of_Mercia%2C_visiting_William_d%27Albanac_%28Michel%2C_after_West%29.jpeg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_796.jpg" ]

[ "Æthelbald (also spelled Ethelbald or Aethelbald; died 757) was the King of Mercia, in what is now the English Midlands from 716 until he was killed in 757. Æthelbald was the son of Alweo and thus a grandson of King Eowa. Æthelbald came to the throne after the death of his cousin, King Ceolred, who had driven him into exile. During his long reign, Mercia became the dominant kingdom of the Anglo-Saxons, and recovered the position of pre-eminence it had enjoyed during the strong reigns of Mercian kings Penda and Wulfhere between about 628 and 675.\nWhen Æthelbald came to the throne, both Wessex and Kent were ruled by stronger kings, but within fifteen years the contemporary chronicler Bede describes Æthelbald as ruling all England south of the river Humber. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle does not list Æthelbald as a bretwalda, or \"Ruler of Britain\", though this may be due to the West Saxon origin of the Chronicle.\nSt. Boniface wrote to Æthelbald in about 745, reproving him for various dissolute and irreligious acts. The subsequent 747 council of Clovesho and a charter Æthelbald issued at Gumley in 749—which freed the church from some of its obligations—may have been responses to Boniface's letter. Æthelbald was killed in 757 by his bodyguards. He was succeeded briefly by Beornred, of whom little is known, but within a year, Offa, the grandson of Æthelbald's cousin Eanwulf, had seized the throne, possibly after a brief civil war. Under Offa, Mercia entered its most prosperous and influential period.", "Æthelbald came of the Mercian royal line, although his father, Alweo, was never king. Alweo's father was Eowa, who may have shared the throne for some time with his brother, Penda. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle does not mention Eowa; though it does date Penda's reign as the thirty years from 626 to 656, when Penda was killed at the battle of the Winwaed. Two later sources also name Eowa as king: the Historia Brittonum and the Annales Cambriae. The Annales Cambriae is the source for Eowa's death in 644 at the battle of Maserfield, where Penda defeated Oswald of Northumbria. Details on Penda's reign are scarce, and it is a matter for speculation whether Eowa was an underking, owing allegiance to Penda, or if instead Eowa and Penda had divided Mercia between them. If they did divide the kingdom, it is likely that Eowa ruled northern Mercia, as Penda's son Peada was established later as the king of southern Mercia by the Northumbrian Oswiu, who defeated the Mercians and killed Penda in 656. It is possible that Eowa fought against Penda at Maserfield.\nDuring Æthelbald's youth, Penda's dynasty ruled Mercia; Ceolred, a grandson of Penda and therefore a second cousin of Æthelbald, was king of Mercia from 709 to 716. An early source, Felix's Life of Saint Guthlac, reveals that it was Ceolred who drove Æthelbald into exile. Guthlac was a Mercian nobleman who abandoned a career of violence to become first a monk at Repton Abbey, and later a hermit living in a barrow at Crowland, in the East Anglian fens. During Æthelbald's exile he and his men also took refuge in the Fens in the area, and visited Guthlac. Guthlac was sympathetic to Æthelbald's cause, perhaps because of Ceolred's oppression of the monasteries. Other visitors of Guthlac's included Bishop Haedde of Lichfield, an influential Mercian, and it may be that Guthlac's support was politically useful to Æthelbald in gaining the throne. After Guthlac's death, Æthelbald had a dream in which Guthlac prophesied greatness for him, and Æthelbald later rewarded Guthlac with a shrine when he had become king.\nWhen Ceolred died of a fit at a banquet, Æthelbald returned to Mercia and became ruler. It is possible that a king named Ceolwald, perhaps a brother of Ceolred, reigned for a short while between Ceolred and Æthelbald. Æthelbald's accession ended Penda's line of descent; Æthelbald's reign was followed, after a brief interval, by that of Offa, another descendant of Eowa.\nOther than his father, Alweo, little of Æthelbald's immediate family is known, although in the witness list of two charters a leading ealdorman named Heardberht is recorded as his brother.", "Æthelbald's reign marked a resurgence of Mercian power, which would last until the end of the eighth century. With the exception of the short reign of Beornrad, who succeeded Æthelbald for less than a year, Mercia was ruled for eighty years by two of the most powerful Anglo-Saxon kings, Æthelbald and Offa. These long reigns were unusual at this early date; during the same period eleven kings reigned in Northumbria, many of whom died violent deaths.\nBy 731, Æthelbald had all the English south of the Humber under his overlordship. There is little direct evidence of the relationship between Æthelbald and the kings who were dependent on him. Generally, a king subject to an overlord such as Æthelbald would still be regarded as a king, but would have his independence curtailed in some respects. Charters are an important source of evidence for this relationship; these were documents which granted land to followers or to churchmen, and were witnessed by the kings who had power to grant the land. A charter granting land in the territory of one of the subject kings might record the names of the king as well as the overlord on the witness list appended to the grant; such a witness list can be seen on the Ismere Diploma, for example. The titles given to the kings on these charters could also be revealing: a king might be described as a \"subregulus\", or underking.\nEnough information survives to suggest the progress of Æthelbald's influence over two of the southern kingdoms, Wessex and Kent. At the start of Æthelbald's reign, both Kent and Wessex were ruled by strong kings; Wihtred and Ine, respectively. Wihtred of Kent died in 725, and Ine of Wessex, one of the most formidable rulers of his day, abdicated in 726 to go on a pilgrimage to Rome. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Ine's successor, Aethelheard, fought that year with an ealdorman named Oswald, whom the Chronicle provides with a genealogy showing descent from Ceawlin, an early king of Wessex. Aethelheard ultimately succeeded in this struggle for the throne, and there are subsequent indications that he ruled subject to Mercian authority. Hence it may be that Æthelbald helped establish both Aethelheard and his brother, Cuthred, who succeeded Aethelheard in 739. There is also evidence of South Saxon territory breaking away from West Saxon dominance in the early 720s, and this may indicate Æthelbald's increasing influence in the area, though it could have been Kentish, rather than Mercian, influence that was weakening West Saxon control.\nAs for Kent, there is evidence from Kentish charters that shows that Æthelbald was a patron of Kentish churches. There is no charter evidence showing Æthelbald's consent to Kentish land grants, and charters of Aethelberht and Eadberht, both kings of Kent, survive in which they grant land without Æthelbald's consent. It may be that charters showing Æthelbald's overlordship simply do not survive, but the result is that there is no direct evidence of the extent of Æthelbald's influence in Kent.\nLess is known about events in Essex, but it was at about this time that London became attached to the kingdom of Mercia rather than that of Essex. Three of Æthelbald's predecessors—Æthelred, Coenred, and Ceolred—had each confirmed an East Saxon charter granting Twickenham to Waldhere, the bishop of London. From Kentish charters it is known that Æthelbald was in control of London, and from Æthelbald's time on, the transition to Mercian control appears to be complete; an early charter of Offa's, granting land near Harrow, does not even include the king of Essex on the witness list. For the South Saxons, there is very little charter evidence, but as with Kent, what there is does not show any requirement for Æthelbald's consent to land grants. The lack of evidence should not obscure the fact that Bede, who was after all a contemporary chronicler, summarized the situation of England in 731 by listing the bishops in office in southern England, and adding that \"all these provinces, together with the others south of the river Humber and their kings, are subject to Æthelbald, King of the Mercians.\"\nThere is evidence that Æthelbald had to go to war to maintain his overlordship. In 733 Æthelbald undertook an expedition against Wessex and captured the royal manor of Somerton. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle also tells how when Cuthred succeeded Aethelheard to the throne of Wessex, in 740, he \"boldly made war against Aethelbald, king of Mercia\". Three years later, Cuthred and Æthelbald are described as fighting against the Welsh. This could have been an obligation placed on Cuthred by Mercia; earlier kings had similarly assisted Penda and Wulfhere, two strong seventh-century Mercian rulers. In 752, Æthelbald and Cuthred are again on opposite sides of the conflict, and according to one version of the manuscript, Cuthred \"put him [Æthelbald] to flight\" at Burford. Æthelbald seems to have reasserted his authority over the West Saxons by the time of his death, since a later West Saxon king, Cynewulf, is recorded as witnessing a charter of Æthelbald at the very beginning of his reign, in 757.\nIn 740, a war between the Picts and the Northumbrians is reported. Æthelbald, who might have been allied with Óengus, the king of the Picts, took advantage of Eadberht's absence from Northumbria to ravage his lands, and perhaps burn York.", "Earlier in Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People, he lists seven kings who governed the southern provinces of the English, with reigns dating from the late fifth to the late seventh century. Subsequently, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle—another important source for the period—describes these seven as bretwaldas or brytenwaldas, a title translated as \"Britain-ruler\" or \"Wide-ruler\". The Chronicle adds just one king to the list: Egbert of Wessex, who reigned in the ninth century. The resulting list of eight bretwaldas omits several strong Mercian kings. It is possible that the chronicler was merely adding Egbert's name to Bede's original list of seven, rather than claiming that no other kings achieved similar powers in England. The chronicler was almost certainly a West Saxon, and since neither Æthelbald nor Offa were kings of Wessex it is possible the chronicler does not mention them out of regional pride. The meaning of the term \"bretwalda\", and the nature of the power that these eight kings wielded, has had much academic scrutiny. One suggested interpretation is that since Bede was writing during Æthelbald's reign, the original seven he listed were essentially those kings who could be seen as prototypes of Æthelbald in their domination of England south of the Humber.\nFurther evidence of Æthelbald's power, or at least his titles, is provided by an important charter of 736, the Ismere Diploma, which survives in a contemporary (and possibly original) copy. It starts by describing Æthelbald as \"king not only of the Mercians but also of all the provinces which are called by the general name South English\"; in the witness list he is further named \"Rex Britanniae\", \"King of Britain\". One historian described this title as \"a phrase which can only be interpreted as a Latin rendering of the English title Bretwalda\"; but it may be that at that time these titles would not have been acknowledged much beyond Worcester, where this and other documents from the 730s that use similar titles were written.", "In 745–746, the leading Anglo-Saxon missionary in Germany, Boniface, along with seven other bishops, sent Æthelbald a scorching letter reproaching him for many sins—stealing ecclesiastical revenue, violating church privileges, imposing forced labour on the clergy, and fornicating with nuns. The letter implored Æthelbald to take a wife and abandon the sin of lust:\nWe therefore, beloved son, beseech Your Grace by Christ the son of God and by His coming and by His kingdom, that if it is true that you are continuing in this vice you will amend your life by penitence, purify yourself, and bear in mind how vile a thing it is through lust to change the image of God created in you into the image and likeness of a vicious demon. Remember that you were made king and ruler over many not by your own merits but by the abounding grace of God, and now you are making yourself by your own lust the slave of an evil spirit.\nBoniface first sent the letter to Ecgberht, the archbishop of York, asking him to correct any inaccuracies and reinforce whatever was right; and he requested Herefrith, a priest whom Æthelbald had listened to in the past, to read and explain it to the king in person. Though Boniface's letter praises Æthelbald's faith and alms-giving, its criticisms have strongly coloured subsequent opinion of Æthelbald. A claim made in a ninth-century list of donations from the abbey of Gloucester that Æthelbald had \"stabbed—or smitten\" to death the kinsman of a Mercian abbess has also contributed negatively to his reputation.\nÆthelbald may have influenced the appointment of successive archbishops of Canterbury in Tatwine, Nothelm, and Cuthbert, the last probably the former bishop of Hereford; and despite Boniface's strong criticisms, there is evidence of Æthelbald's positive interest in church affairs. A subsequent letter of Boniface's to Cuthbert, Archbishop of Canterbury, provided a good deal of information about Frankish synods, especially one held in 747, the decrees of which Boniface included in the letter. Boniface does not explicitly suggest to Cuthbert that he, too, should hold a synod, but it seems clear that this was Boniface's intent. A council was, in fact, subsequently held at Clovesho (the location of which is now lost); Æthelbald attended and perhaps presided. The council was concerned with the relationship between the church and the secular world, and it condemned many excesses on the part of the clergy. The council limited relations between monks and laymen and ruled that secular activities were impermissible for monks: secular business and secular songs were both forbidden, especially \"ludicrous songs\".\nTwo years after this, in 749, at the synod of Gumley, Æthelbald issued a charter that freed ecclesiastical lands from all obligations except the requirement to build forts and bridges—obligations which lay upon everyone, as part of the trinoda necessitas. This charter was witnessed only by Mercian bishops, and it is possible it had no effect outside Mercia, but it is also possible that it was essentially part of a reform programme inspired by Boniface and instigated at Clovesho.", "In 757, Æthelbald was killed at Seckington, Warwickshire, near the royal seat of Tamworth. According to a later continuation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History, he was \"treacherously murdered at night by his own bodyguards\", though the reason is unrecorded. He was succeeded, briefly, by Beornrad. Æthelbald was buried at St Wystan's Church, Repton, in a crypt which still can be seen; a contemporary is reported to have seen a vision of him in hell, reinforcing the impression of a king not universally well-regarded. The monastery church on the site at that time was probably constructed by Æthelbald to house the royal mausoleum; other burials there include that of Wigstan.\nA fragment of a cross shaft from Repton includes on one face a carved image of a mounted man which, it has been suggested, may be a memorial to Æthelbald. The figure is of a man wearing mail armour and brandishing a sword and shield, with a diadem bound around his head. If this is Æthelbald, it would make it the earliest large-scale pictorial representation of an English monarch.", "According to a story recorded by the 16th-century antiquarian John Leland, and derived by him from a now lost book in the possession of the Earls of Rutland at Belvoir Castle, there was once a King Alfred III of Mercia, who reigned in the 730s. Though no Mercian king was ever named Alfred, let alone three, if this story has any historical basis (which Leland himself rejected) it must presumably relate to Æthelbald. The legend states that Alfred III had occasion to visit a certain William de Albanac, alleged ancestor of the Earls of Rutland, at his castle near Grantham, and took a fancy to William's three comely daughters. It was the king's intention to take one as his mistress, but William threatened to kill whichever he chose rather than have her dishonoured in this way, whereupon Alfred \"answerid that he meant to take one of them to wife, and chose Etheldrede that had fat bottoks, and of her he had Alurede that wan first all the Saxons the monarchy of England.\" A painting of this supposed incident was commissioned in 1778 by the Duke of Rutland, but was destroyed in a fire in 1816.", "Kings of Mercia family tree", "The spelling \"Æthelbald\" uses the Anglo-Saxon alphabet, and so can be considered the most authentic; it has occasionally been modernised in secondary sources to \"Ethelbald\" or \"Aethelbald\".\nKirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 91.\nSee the genealogy in figure 8 of the appendix, in Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 227.\nKirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 129.\nCampbell, The Anglo-Saxons, p. 82.\nStenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 203–205.\nCampbell, The Anglo-Saxons, p. 94.\nWhitelock, Dorothy (1968). English Historical Documents: Vol. 1 c. 500–1042. Oxford University Press. p. 755.\nYorke, Barbara (1990). Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. Seaby. p. 111. ISBN 1-85264-027-8.\nHeardberht 1 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England. Retrieved 2012-12-20.\nHunter Blair, Roman Britain, p. 168.\nBeornrad was \"put to flight\" by Offa in one version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; according to another, he held the kingdom for \"a little while, and unhappily\". Swanton, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, pp. 46–50.\nHunter Blair, An Introduction, p. 755.\nBede, p. 324, translated by Leo Sherley-Price.\nHunter Blair, Roman Britain, pp. 14–15.\nCampbell, The Anglo-Saxons, pp. 95–98.\nFor an account of the progression from Offa's overlordship of the Hwicce to suppression of the ruling dynasty, and consequent absorption of the kingdom into Mercia, see Campbell, The Anglo-Saxons, p. 123.\nSwanton, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, pp. 42–43.\nKirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 133.\nKirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 131.\nCampbell, The Anglo-Saxons, p. 95.\nKirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 132.\nSwanton, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, pp. 44–45.\nSwanton, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, pp. 46–47.\n\"Anglo-Saxons.net: S 96\". Retrieved 28 April 2007.\nAnderson, Scottish Annals, pp. 55–56.\nThe different versions of the title, \"bretwalda\" and \"brytenwalda\", are in the A and E texts of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, in the entry for 827. Swanton, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, pp. 60–61.\nSee comment and footnote 2 in Keynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael (2004). Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and other contemporary sources. Penguin Classics. pp. 11, 210. ISBN 0-14-044409-2.\nHunter Blair, An Introduction, p. 201.\nKirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 19.\n\"Anglo-Saxons.net: S 89\". Retrieved 27 April 2007.\nFletcher, Who's Who, pp. 98–100.\nKirby, Earliest English Kings, p.130.\nEmerton, Letters, p. 105.\nKirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 135; Emerton, Letters, pp. 108–109.\nKirby (Earliest English Kings, p. 134) cites two documents: Birch CS 535 (Sawyer 209), and Sawyer 1782. The CS 535 text can be seen in the original Latin at \"Anglo-Saxons.net: S 209\". Retrieved 28 April 2007.. See also: F.M. Stenton(1970). Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford University Press; 3Rev Ed edition, 205. ISBN 0-19-821716-1.\nKirby, Earliest English Kings, pp. 135–136.\nRichard Fletcher (Who's Who, p. 100) says that Archbishop Cuthbert of Canterbury presided, though he adds that the council could not have been convened without royal sanction; James Campbell (The Anglo-Saxons, p. 78) says that Aethelbald presided.\n\"Anglo-Saxons.net: S 92\". Retrieved 28 April 2007.\nCampbell, The Anglo-Saxons, p. 100.\nThe \"continuation of Bede\" is by other hands than Bede's, though the first few entries may be by Bede himself. See \"Bede's Ecclesiastical History of England: Christian Classic Ethereal Library\". Retrieved 3 June 2007.\nKirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 134.\nSwanton, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, pp. 48–49.\nFletcher, Who's Who, p. 116.\nBiddle, Martin (1985). \"The Repton Stone\". Anglo-Saxon England. 14: 233–292. doi:10.1017/S0263675100001368. Retrieved 1 December 2020.\nLapidge, Michael (1999). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Blackwell Publishing. p. 392. ISBN 0-631-22492-0.\nLapidge, Michael; Godden, Malcolm; Keynes, Simon (22 June 2000). Anglo-Saxon England. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521652032 – via Google Books.\nImages of Anglo-Saxon England (Simon Keynes) Archived 2009-07-13 at the Wayback Machine", "", "Anderson, Alan Orr (1908). Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers A.D. 500–1286. London: D. Nutt. OCLC 1248209. (1991 edition: ISBN 1-871615-45-3)\nBede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Translated by Leo Sherley-Price, revised R.E. Latham, ed. D.H. Farmer. London: Penguin, 1990. ISBN 0-14-044565-X\nEmerton, Ephraim (2000) [1940]. Noble, Thomas F.X (ed.). The Letters of St. Boniface: With a New Introduction and Bibliography. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-12093-1.\nSwanton, Michael (1996). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92129-5.", "Hunter Blair, Peter (1960). An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (2003 edition: ISBN 0-521-83085-0)\nHunter Blair, Peter (1966). Roman Britain and Early England: 55 B.C. – A.D. 871. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-00361-2.\nCampbell, James; John, Eric; Wormald, Patrick (1991). The Anglo-Saxons. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-014395-5.\nFletcher, Richard (1989). Who's Who in Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxon England. London: Shepheard-Walwyn. ISBN 0-85683-089-5.\nHill, David; Margaret Worthington (2005). Aethelbald and Offa: two eighth-century kings of Mercia. British Archaeological Reports, British series, 383. Oxford: Archaeopress. ISBN 1-84171-687-1.\nKirby, D. P. (1992). The Earliest English Kings. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-09086-5.\nStenton, Frank M. (1971). Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-821716-1.", "Æthelbald 4 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England\n\"Bede's Ecclesiastical History and the Continuation of Bede\" (PDF)., at CCEL, tr. A.M. Sellar\nAnglo-Saxon charters, at Anglo-Saxons.net." ]

[ "Æthelbald of Mercia", "Early life and accession", "Mercian dominance", "Titles and Bretwaldaship", "Relations with the church", "Death", "Legend of Alfred III, King of Mercia", "See also", "Notes", "References", "Primary sources", "Secondary sources", "External links" ]

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[ "Æthelberht in the early fourteenth-century Genealogical Roll of the Kings of England", "Charter S 331, which survives in its original form, dated 862. King Æthelberht granted land at Bromley in Kent to his minister Dryhtwald.[16]", "Coin of King Æthelberht dated c. 862", "Memorial to Ethelbald and Ethelbert in Sherborne Abbey" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/%C3%86thelberht_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Charter_S_331_dated_862_of_of_King_%C3%86thelberht_of_Wessex.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Coin_of_King_%C3%86thelberht_of_Wessex_c._862.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Memorial_to_Ethelbald_and_Ethelbert_in_Sherborne_Abbey.jpg" ]

[ "Æthelberht ([ˈæðelberˠxt]; also spelled Ethelbert or Aethelberht) was the King of Wessex from 860 until his death in 865. He was the third son of King Æthelwulf by his first wife, Osburh. Æthelberht was first recorded as a witness to a charter in 854. The following year Æthelwulf went on pilgrimage to Rome and appointed his oldest surviving son, Æthelbald, as king of Wessex while Æthelberht became king of the recently conquered territory of Kent. Æthelberht may have surrendered his position to his father when he returned from pilgrimage, but resumed (or kept) the south-eastern kingship when his father died in 858.\nWhen Æthelbald died in 860, Æthelberht united both their territories under his rule. He did not appoint a sub-king and Wessex and Kent were fully united for the first time. He appears to have been on good terms with his younger brothers, the future kings Æthelred I and Alfred the Great. The kingdom came under attack from Viking raids during his reign, but these were minor compared with the invasions after his death. Æthelberht died in the autumn of 865 and was buried next to his brother Æthelbald at Sherborne Abbey in Dorset. He was succeeded by Æthelred.", "When Æthelberht's grandfather Ecgberht became king of Wessex in 802, it must have seemed very unlikely to contemporaries that he would establish a lasting dynasty. For two hundred years, three families had fought for the West Saxon throne, and no son had followed his father as king. Ecgberht's nearest connection to a previous king of Wessex was as a great-great-grandson of Ingild, brother of King Ine (688–726), but he was believed to be a paternal descendant of Cerdic, the founder of the West Saxon dynasty. This made Ecgberht an ætheling – a prince who had a legitimate claim to the throne. But in the ninth and tenth centuries descent from Cerdic was no longer sufficient to make a man an ætheling: Ecgberht's line controlled the kingdom and all kings were sons of kings.\nAt the beginning of the ninth century, England was almost wholly under the control of the Anglo-Saxons. The Midland kingdom of Mercia dominated southern England, but their supremacy came to an end in 825 when they were decisively defeated by Ecgberht at the Battle of Ellendun. The two kingdoms became allies, which was important in the resistance to Viking attacks. In the same year Ecgberht sent his son Æthelwulf to conquer the Mercian sub-kingdom of Kent (the area of the modern county plus Essex, Surrey and Sussex) and appointed him sub-king. In 835 the Isle of Sheppey was ravaged by Vikings and in the following year they defeated Ecgberht at Carhampton in Somerset, but in 838 he was victorious over an alliance of Cornishmen and Vikings at the Battle of Hingston Down, reducing Cornwall to the status of a client kingdom. He died in 839 and was succeeded by Æthelwulf, who appointed his eldest son Æthelstan as sub-king of Kent. Æthelwulf and Ecgberht may not have intended a permanent union between Wessex and Kent as they both appointed sons as sub-kings and charters in Wessex were attested (witnessed) by West Saxon magnates, while Kentish charters were witnessed by the Kentish elite; both kings kept overall control and the sub-kings were not allowed to issue their own coinage.\nViking raids increased in the early 840s on both sides of the English Channel, and in 843 Æthelwulf was defeated by the companies of 35 Danish ships at Carhampton. In 850 Æthelstan defeated a Danish fleet off Sandwich in the first recorded naval battle in English history. In 851 Æthelwulf and his second son Æthelbald defeated the Vikings at the Battle of Aclea and, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, \"there made the greatest slaughter of a heathen raiding-army that we have heard tell of up to this present day, and there took the victory\".", "Anglo-Saxon charters provide the major source for Æthelberht's life and narrative accounts are very limited. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle only mentions two events in his reign and these are also the only incidents related in Asser's biography of his younger brother Alfred the Great, which is mainly based on the Chronicle for the mid-tenth century.", "Æthelberht was the third of five sons of Æthelwulf and his first wife Osburh, who died around 855. Æthelstan died in the early 850s, but the four younger brothers were successively kings of Wessex: Æthelbald from 855 to 860, Æthelberht from 860 to 865, Æthelred I from 865 to 871 and Alfred the Great from 871 to 899. Æthelberht had one sister, Æthelswith, who married King Burgred of Mercia in 853.", "Æthelberht was first recorded when he attested charters in 854. In the following year Æthelwulf went on pilgrimage to Rome after appointing his eldest surviving son, Æthelbald, under-king of Wessex and Æthelberht under-king of Kent, Essex, Sussex and Surrey, appointments which suggest that his sons were to succeed to the separate kingdoms whether or not he returned to England. Æthelberht attested charters as dux (ealdorman) in 854 and king in 855. In 856, Æthelwulf returned to England with a new wife, Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, king of the West Franks. Æthelbald, with the support of Eahlstan, Bishop of Sherborne, and Eanwulf, Ealdorman of Somerset, refused to give up his kingship of Wessex. Æthelwulf compromised to avoid a civil war, but historians disagree how the kingdom was divided. According to Asser, Æthelwulf was assigned the \"eastern districts\", and most historians assume that Æthelbald kept Wessex while Æthelberht gave up Kent to his father; some others believe that Wessex itself was divided, with Æthelbald ruling the west and Æthelwulf the east, and Æthelberht retaining Kent.\nÆthelwulf confirmed that he intended a permanent division of his kingdom as he recommended that on his death Æthelbald should be king of Wessex and Æthelberht king of Kent. This proposal was carried out when Æthelwulf died in 858. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: \"And then Æthelwulf's two sons succeeded to the kingdom: Æthelbald to the kingdom of Wessex, and Æthelberht to the kingdom of the inhabitants of Kent and to the kingdom of Essex and to Surrey and to the kingdom of Sussex\". Æthelbald was later condemned by Alfred the Great's biographer, Asser, both for his rebellion against his father and because he married his father's widow, but he appears to have been on good terms with Æthelberht. In 858 Æthelbald issued a charter (S 1274) relating to land in Surrey, and thus in his brother's territory, and a charter he issued in 860 (S 326) was witnessed by Æthelberht and Judith.\nÆthelberht appears to have made significant changes in personnel as a Kentish charter of 858 (S 328) was witnessed by twenty-one thegns, out of whom fourteen did not witness a surviving charter of his father. They include Eastmund, who Æthelberht later appointed ealdorman of Kent. The charter is regarded by historians as important because it clarifies the obligations of folkland.", "The separation of Wessex and Kent was soon reversed as Æthelbald died childless in 860 and Æthelberht succeeded to the whole kingdom of Wessex and Kent. Æthelred and Alfred may have been intended to succeed in Wessex, but they were too young as the preference was for adults as kings, especially when Wessex was under threat from the Vikings. During Æthelberht's rule over the whole kingdom, Wessex and its recent south-eastern conquests became a united kingdom for the first time. Unlike his father and grandfather, Æthelberht did not appoint another member of his family as under-king of Kent. A Kentish charter issued in the first year of his reign (S 327) was the first to include a full complement both of West Saxon and Kentish attesters, although he then returned to locally attested charters.\nThe historian Simon Keynes sees this charter as:\na highly significant development. It is exceptional in naming not only the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of Rochester (which is all that we might have been led to expect in a Kentish charter), but also the bishops of Sherborne, Winchester, Selsey and (most remarkably) London; it is also exceptional in carrying the attestations of no fewer than ten ealdormen, from both the western and eastern parts of the kingdom. When placed in the context of other ninth-century West Saxon charters, this charter seems to reflect an assembly of a kind not previously seen, and a kind of assembly which itself reflected the new arrangements for the unification of Wessex and the south-east.\nAccording to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Æthelberht reigned \"in good harmony and in great peace\" and \"in peace, love and honour\". He appears to have been on good terms with his younger brothers and in a charter of 861 (S 330) he granted land to St Augustine's, Canterbury, in return for the abbot's continuing loyalty to him, Æthelred, and Alfred. Some historians believe that the three brothers agreed that each would succeed to the throne in turn. In two charters in 862 and 863 (S 335 and S 336) Æthelred makes grants as king of the West Saxons and Æthelberht is not mentioned. In Keynes's view, Æthelberht may have delegated some power in Wessex, perhaps in his own absence. However, a charter of Æthelberht dated December 863 (S 333) is attested by Æthelred and Alfred as filius regis (king's son). Æthelberht granted immunity from royal and judicial services to Sherborne church in honour of the souls of his father Æthelwulf and his brother Æthelbald. Unlike most charters, which were in Latin, this one is in Old English, and historians disagree whether this reflects a trend towards greater use of the vernacular as better suited to recording legal documents or support for Alfred's later claim that knowledge of Latin had declined disastrously when he came to the throne in 871.\nÆthelberht's reign began and ended with raids by the Vikings. In 860 a Viking army sailed from the Somme to England and sacked Winchester, but they were then defeated by the men of Hampshire and Berkshire. Probably in the autumn of 864, another Viking army camped on Thanet and were promised money in return for peace, but they broke their promise and ravaged eastern Kent. These attacks were minor compared with events after Æthelberht's death, when the Vikings almost conquered England.", "In the late eighth and ninth centuries the only denomination of coin produced in southern England was the silver penny. Coins were minted in an unidentified town in Wessex itself, but activity in the mid-ninth century was minimal and no Wessex coins of Æthelberht are known. Kent had mints at Canterbury and Rochester and they produced coins in the name of Æthelwulf until 858 and Æthelberht thereafter. The lack of coins in the name of Æthelbald is evidence that he did not have any status of overlordship over Æthelberht. In the early ninth century the quality of the inscription and the bust of the king on coins declined, but it revived on the Inscribed Cross penny at the end of Æthelwulf's reign and this continued under Æthelberht's, which also saw the introduction of the rare Floreate Cross design in about 862. There was a considerable increase in the number of moneyers: twelve struck Inscribed Cross coins in Æthelwulf's reign and fifty in Æthelberht's. This may have been due to a recoinage starting at the end of Æthelwulf's reign and continuing in Æthelberht's, when old coins were called in and melted down to make new ones. The silver content of his Inscribed Cross issue fell to below 50% and one penny minted in Canterbury has only 30%, but a Floreate Cross coin has 84%, perhaps indicating that it was intended as a recoinage with higher fineness. There was also increasing standardisation of design in the coinage, reflecting greater royal control over currency and minting in the middle of the ninth century.", "Æthelberht died of unknown causes in the autumn of 865. He was buried at Sherborne Abbey in Dorset beside his brother Æthelbald but the tombs had been lost by the sixteenth century. He had no known children and was succeeded by his brother Æthelred.\nAccording to Asser, who based his account of events before 887 mainly on the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: \"So after governing in peace, love and honour for five years, Æthelberht went the way of all flesh, to the great sorrow of his people; and he lies buried honourably beside his brother, at Sherborne.\" Asser's view was followed by post-Conquest historians. John of Worcester copied Asser's words, while William of Malmesbury described him as \"a vigorous but kindly ruler\". The 20th-century historian Alfred Smyth points out that the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which was first written in Alfred the Great's reign, only recorded two events in Æthelberht's reign, the attacks on Winchester and eastern Kent, and does not associate the king personally with either of them. Smyth argues that this reflected an agenda by Alfred's propagandists to play down the achievements of his brothers to enhance the reputation of Alfred himself.", "Most historians describe Osburh as the mother of all Æthelwulf's children, but some scholars have argued that in view of the large age gap between older and younger ones, Osburh may only have been the mother of Æthelred and Alfred, while Æthelberht and his older brothers were born to an unrecorded earlier wife. \nThe Anglo-Saxon Chronicle states that Æthelbald ruled for five years until his death in 860, implying that he was joint or sub-king with his father from 855 until Æthelwulf's death in 858. Historians often date Æthelbald's reign from 855, but some date it from 858. \nFolkland, which was passed on a holder's death by customary rules, was distinguished from bookland which could be left by will. S 328 showed that the king could draw food rents and customary services from folkland. \nSelsey in Sussex was part of greater Wessex, but London was then a Mercian town.\nIt is possible that Æthelberht had a son called Oswald or Osweald, who attested two charters in 868 and one in 875 as filius regis (king's son). It is not known who his father was and it could have been Æthelberht.", "Abels 2002, p. 85; Dumville 1979, p. 17; Stafford 2001, p. 83.\nKeynes 1995, pp. 28, 39–41.\nNelson 2004.\nStenton 1971, pp. 235, 241; Charles-Edwards 2013, p. 431.\nAbels 1998, p. 31.\nStenton 1971, p. 244.\nSwanton 2000, p. 64.\nSmyth 1995, pp. 192, 377–83, 470–71; Keynes and Lapidge 1983, pp. 55, 73–74.\nMiller 2004b; Smyth 1995, p. 11.\nSwanton 2000, p. 66; Abels 1998, p. 347; Nelson 2004.\nAbels 1998, pp. 55, 71 n. 69, 347.\nSmyth 1995, p. 379.\nAbels 1998, pp. 70–71; Abels 2002, p. 88.\nStenton 1971, p. 245; Keynes and Lapidge 1983, pp. 70, 235, n. 27; Abels 1998, pp. 85–86.\nKirby 2000, pp. 166–67; Miller 2004b.\nCampbell 1973, pp. 29–30; Keynes 1994, p. 1132, n. 5.\nAbels 2002, p. 89.\nSwanton 2000, p. 66.\nKeynes and Lapidge 1983, pp. 70–73.\nKeynes 1994, pp. 1128–29; Miller 2004a.\nAbels 2002, p. 90, n. 26.\nStenton 1971, p. 311.\nAbels 1998, p. 92; Miller 2004b; Williams 1979, pp. 145–46.\nAbels 1998, pp. 93–94; Miller 2004b.\nKeynes 1993, pp. 128–29.\nHuscroft 2019, p. 24.\nAbels 2002, p. 91.\nKeynes 1994, pp. 1129–30.\nSmyth 1995, pp. 378–79; Robertson 1939, pp. 16–19.\nSmyth 1995, p. 553; Yorke 1995, p. 192.\nKirby 2000, pp. 172–73; Huscroft 2019, p. 24.\nNaismith 2012, p. 203.\nNaismith 2012, pp. 110, 125–26.\nNaismith 2012, p. 65; Grierson and Blackburn 2005, p. 308.\nPagan 1986, pp. 58–60; Naismith 2012, pp. 110–12, 164, 182.\nMiller 2004b.\nPage 1908.\nDumville 1979, p. 11; Foot 2011, p. xv.\nStenton 1971, p. 245.\nKeynes and Lapidge 1983, pp. 55, 74.\nDarlington, McGurk and Bray 1995, p. 277.\nMynors, Thomson and Winterbottom 1998, p. 179.\nSmyth 1995, pp. 470–71.", "Abels, Richard (1998). Alfred the Great: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England. Harlow, UK: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-04047-2.\nAbels, Richard (2002). \"Royal Succession and the Growth of Political Stability in Ninth-Century Wessex\". The Haskins Society Journal: Studies in Medieval History. 12: 83–97. ISBN 978-1-84383-008-5.\nCampbell, A., ed. (1973). Charters of Rochester. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-725936-8.\nCharles-Edwards, T. M. (2013). Wales and the Britons 350–1064. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821731-2.\nDarlington, R. R.; McGurk, P.; Bray, Jennifer, eds. (1995). The Chronicle of John of Worcester. 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822261-3.\nDumville, David (1979). \"The Ætheling, a Study in Anglo-Saxon constitutional history\". Anglo-Saxon England. 8: 1–33. doi:10.1017/S026367510000301X. ISSN 0263-6751.\nFoot, Sarah (2011). Æthelstan: The First King of England. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12535-1.\nGrierson, Philip; Blackburn, Mark (2005). Medieval European Coinage: Volume 1, The Early Middle Ages (5th–10th Centuries). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-5212-6009-1.\nHuscroft, Richard (2019). Making England, 796–1042. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-18246-2.\nKeynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael, eds. (1983). Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred & Other Contemporary Sources. London: Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-044409-4.\nKeynes, Simon (1993). \"The Control of Kent in the Ninth Century\". Early Medieval Europe. 2 (2): 111–31. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0254.1993.tb00013.x. ISSN 1468-0254.\nKeynes, Simon (November 1994). \"The West Saxon Charters of King Æthelwulf and his sons\". English Historical Review. 109 (434): 1109–49. doi:10.1093/ehr/cix.434.1109. ISSN 0013-8266.\nKeynes, Simon (1995). \"England, 700–900\". In McKitterick, Rosamond (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History. II. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–42. ISBN 978-0-521-36292-4.\nKirby, D. H. (2000). The Earliest English Kings (Revised ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-24211-0.\nMiller, Sean (2004a). \"Æthelbald (d. 860), king of the West Saxons\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8901. Retrieved 24 July 2018. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nMiller, Sean (2004b). \"Æthelberht (d. 865)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8904. Retrieved 3 November 2018. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nMynors, R. A. B.; Thomson, R. M.; Winterbottom, M., eds. (1998). William of Malmesbury: Gesta Regum Anglorum, The History of the English Kings. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820678-1.\nNaismith, Rory (2012). Money and Power in Anglo-Saxon England: The Southern English Kingdoms, 757–965. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-66969-7.\nNelson, Janet L. (2004). \"Æthelwulf (d. 858), king of the West Saxons\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8921. Retrieved 24 July 2018. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nPagan, Hugh (1986). \"Coinage in Southern England, 796–874\". In Blackburn, M. A. S. (ed.). Anglo-Saxon Monetary History. Leicester: Leicester University Press. pp. 45–65. ISBN 978-0-7185-1239-2.\nPage, William, ed. (1908). \"Houses of Benedictine monks: The Abbey of Sherborne\". A History of the County of Dorset. Victoria County History. 2. London, UK: Archibald Constable. pp. 62–70. OCLC 651964034.\nRobertson, A. J., ed. (1939). Anglo-Saxon Charters. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. OCLC 187104199.\nSmyth, Alfred P. (1995). King Alfred the Great. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822989-6.\nStafford, Pauline (2001). Queen Emma and Queen Edith. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-16679-5.\nStenton, Frank M. (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5.\nSwanton, Michael, ed. (2000). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. London: Phoenix. ISBN 978-1-84212-003-3.\nWilliams, Ann (1979). \"Some Notes and Considerations Connected with the English Royal Succession, 860–1066\". Proceeding of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies. 1: 144–233. ISBN 978-0-85115-107-6.\nYorke, Barbara (1995). Wessex in the Early Middle Ages. London: Leicester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7185-1856-1.", "Æthelberht 9 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England; also Æthelberht 12" ]

[ "Æthelberht, King of Wessex", "Background", "Sources", "Family", "Early life", "Reign", "Coinage", "Death and reputation", "Notes", "References", "Sources", "External links" ]

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[ "One of the four known coins depicting Æthelberht II (British Museum)", "Æthelberht's name in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", "St. Ethelbert (left) with Christ, from St. Ethelbert's Church, Alby, Norfolk", "Portion of Saint Ethelbert Gate at Norwich Cathedral", "Upper part of St Ethelbert Gate at Norwich Cathedral" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/%C3%86thelberht_II_runic_coin_8th_century.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle_-_Aethelberhte.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/St._Ethelbert_the_King%2C_with_Christ.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Portion_of_Saint_Ethelbert_Gate_at_Norwich_Cathedral.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Upper_part_of_St_Ethelbert_Gate_at_Norwich_Cathedral.jpg" ]

[ "Æthelberht (Old English: Æðelbrihte, ÆÞelberhte), also called Saint Ethelbert the King (died 20 May 794 at Sutton Walls, Herefordshire), was an eighth-century saint and a king of East Anglia, the Anglo-Saxon kingdom which today includes the English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. Little is known of his reign, which may have begun in 779, according to later sources, and very few of the coins he issued have been discovered. It is known from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle that he was killed on the orders of Offa of Mercia in 794.\nÆthelberht was locally canonised and became the focus of cults in East Anglia and at Hereford, where the shrine of the saintly king once existed. In the absence of known historical facts, mediaeval chroniclers provided their own details for his ancestry, life as king, and death at the hands of Offa. His feast day is 20 May. There are churches in Norfolk, Suffolk and the west of England dedicated to him, and he is a joint patron of Hereford Cathedral.", "Little is known of Æthelberht's life or reign, as few East Anglian records have survived from this period. Æthelberht's reign may have begun in 779, the date provided on the uncertain authority of a much later saint's life. Mediaeval chroniclers have provided dubious accounts of his life, in the absence of any real details. According to Richard of Cirencester, writing in the 15th century, Æthelberht's parents were Æthelred I of East Anglia and Leofrana of Mercia. Richard narrates in detail a story of Æthelberht's piety, election as king and wise rule. Urged to marry against his will, he apparently agreed to wed Eadburh, the daughter of Offa of Mercia, and set out to visit her, despite his mother's forebodings and his experiences of terrifying events—an earthquake, a solar eclipse and a vision.\nFour pennies minted by Æthelberht are known (as of 2014)—two of which have been known since the 18th century, and one since the beginning of the 20th century. One of these, a 'light' penny, said to have been discovered in 1908 at Tivoli, near Rome, is similar in type to the coinage of Offa. On one side is the word REX, with an image of Romulus and Remus suckling a wolf: the obverse names the king and his moneyer, Lul, who also struck coins for Offa and Coenwulf of Mercia. The author Andy Hutcheson has suggested that the use of runes on the coin may signify \"continuing strong control by local leaders\". The numismatist Marion Archibald notes that the issuing of \"flattering\" coins of this type, with the intention to win friends in Rome, probably indicated that as a sub-king, Æthelberht was assuming \"a greater degree of independence than [Offa] was prepared to tolerate\".\nThe coins provide one of the few contemporary sources for Æthelberht. In March 2014 the fourth coin was discovered in Sussex by a metal detectorist. According to the British numismatist Rory Naismith, \"Æthelberht’s coins could have been issued over a number of years, either during a spell when some or all of East Anglia asserted independence from Offa, or by some sort of arrangement to share minting rights with the Mercian ruler.\" Offa stopped Æthelberht from minting his own coins.\nIn 793 the vulnerability of the English east coast was exposed when the monastery at Lindisfarne was looted by Vikings, and a year later Jarrow was also attacked, which the historian Steven Plunkett reasons would ensure that the East Anglians were \"forced to seek firm leadership\" in order to strengthen the region's defences. Æthelberht's claim to belong to the ruling Wuffingas dynasty, suggested by the use of a Roman she-wolf and the title REX on his coins, arose from the need for strong kingship in response to the Viking attacks.", "Æthelberht was put to death by Offa under unclear circumstances, apparently at the royal vill at Sutton Walls. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, he was beheaded. Mediaeval sources tell how he was captured while visiting his future bride Ælfthyth and was then murdered and buried. In Richard of Cirencester's account, which cannot be substantiated, Offa's evil queen Cynethryth persuaded her husband to kill his guest, who was then bound and beheaded by a certain Grimbert, and his body disposed of. The mediaeval historian John Brompton's Chronicon describes how the king's detached head fell off a cart into a ditch where it was found, before it restored a blind man's sight. According to the Chronicon, Ælfthyth became a recluse at Crowland and her remorseful father founded monasteries, gave land to the Church and travelled on a pilgrimage to Rome.\nThe execution of an Anglo-Saxon king on the orders of another ruler was very rare, although criminals were hanged and beheaded, as has been discovered at Sutton Hoo. Æthelberht's death made the possibility of any peaceful union between the Anglian peoples, including Mercia, less likely than before. \nIn 2014, metal-detectorist Darrin Simpson found a coin minted by Æthelbert in a Sussex field. Such coins, struck as a sign of independence, may have led to Æthelbert's death. Christopher Webb, head of coins at auctioneers Dix Noonan Webb, said, \"This new discovery is an important and unexpected addition to the numismatic history of 8th Century England\". It sold at auction on 11 June 2014 for £78,000.", "", "After his death, Æthelberht was canonised by the English Church. A number of Lives of St Æthelberht were written during the Middle Ages, including those by Gerald of Wales and Osbert of Clare in the 12th century, and hagiographies by Roger of Wendover and Matthew Paris the following century.\nHe was venerated in religious cults in both East Anglia and at Hereford. The Anglo-Saxon church of the episcopal estate at Hoxne was one of several dedicated to him in Suffolk. The church is mentioned in the will of Theodreusus, Bishop of London and Hoxne (c. 938 – c. 951), which is a possible indication of the existence of a religious cult devoted to the saintly king. Only three dedications for Æthelberht are near where he died – Marden, Hereford Cathedral and Littledean – the other eleven being in Norfolk or Suffolk. The historian Lawrence Butler has argued that this unusual pattern may be explained by the existence of a royal cult in East Anglia, which represented a \"revival of Christianity after the Danish settlement by commemorating a politically 'safe' and corporeally distant local ruler\".", "The Blessed Virgin Mary and St. Ethelbert are joint patrons of Hereford Cathedral, where the music for the Office of St Ethelbert survives in the 13th century Hereford Noted Breviary.\nSt. Ethelbert's Gate is one of the two main entrances to the precinct of Norwich Cathedral. The chapel at Albrightestone, at a location near an important excavated Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Boss Hall in Ipswich, was dedicated to Æthelberht. In Wiltshire, the Church of England parish church at Luckington is dedicated to St Mary and St Ethelbert. In Norfolk, the Church of England parish churches at Alby, East Wretham, Larling, Thurton, Mundham and Burnham Sutton (where there are remains of the ruined church) and the Suffolk churches at Falkenham, Hessett, Herringswell and Tannington are all dedicated to the saint. In neighbouring Essex, the parish church at Belchamp Otten is dedicated to St Ethelbert and All Saints, and the church at Stanway, originally an Anglo-Saxon chapel, is dedicated to St Albright, which is believed to be the same saint. In 1937, St Ethelbert's name was added to the parish church of St George in East Ham, Essex (now London), at the behest of Hereford Cathedral which had funded the rebuilding of the church, previously a temporary wooden structure.", "Yorke 2002, p. 58.\nYorke 2002, p. 64.\nInternet Archive – The Catholic Encyclopedia (Ethelbert)\nNaismith 2014, p. 230.\nHutcheson 2009, p. 203.\nArchibald 1985, p. 34.\nNaismith 2014, p. 231.\nKirby 2000, p. 147.\nPlunkett 2005, pp. 171–172.\nYorke 2002, p. 9.\nSwanton 1997, p. 55.\nHer Offa Myrcena cining het Æðelbrihte þet heafod ofslean (from an online version of the Chronicle.)\nPlunkett 2005, p. 173.\nKirby 2000, p. 148.\n\"'Unique' Anglo-Saxon coin could give royal murder clue\". BBC News. 20 May 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2014.\n\"Anglo-Saxon coin goes for £78,000 at London auction\". Eastbourne Herald. Retrieved 14 June 2014.\nTodd 2004.\nWarner 1996, p. 123.\nButler 1986, pp. 44–50.\nCaldwell 2001, p. 39.\nBuckler 1856, p. 242.\n\"St. George and St. Ethelbert's website – About us\". Parish Church of St. George and St. Ethelbert. Retrieved 30 October 2015.", "Archibald, Marion M. (1985). \"The Coinage of Beonna in the light of the Middle Harling Hoard\" (PDF). British Numismatic Journal. 55: 10–54. ISSN 0143-8956.\nButler, L. A. S (1986). Butler, L. A. S; Morris, R. K. (eds.). \"Church dedications and the cults of Anglo-Saxon saints in England\" (PDF). The Anglo-Saxon Church. London: Council for British Archaeology Research Report (60): 44–50.\nBuckler, George (1856). Twenty-Two Of The Churches Of Essex: Architecturally Described And Illustrated. London: Bell and Daldy.\nCaldwell, John (2001). \"St Ethelbert, King and Martyr: his cult and office in the West of England\". Plainsong and Medieval Music. Cambridge University Press. 10 (1): 39–46. doi:10.1017/S0961137101000043. ISSN 0961-1371.\nHutcheson, Andrew (2009). \"Coinage in the East Anglian Landscape c. AD 749–939: from Beonna through to the Death of Athelstan\" (PDF). The Origins of East Anglian Towns: Coin Loss in the Landscape, AD 470–939 (PhD). University of East Anglia.\nKirby, D. P. (2000). The Earliest English Kings. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-24211-0.\nNaismith, Rory (2014). \"A new type for Æthelberht II of East Anglia\" (PDF). British Numismatic Journal. British Numismatic Society. 84: 230–232. ISSN 0143-8956.\nPlunkett, S. J. (2005). Suffolk in Anglo-Saxon Times. Stroud: Tempus. ISBN 978-0-7524-3139-0.\nSwanton, Michael (1997). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-92129-9.\nTodd, Andy (2004). \"Æthelberht [St Æthelberht, Ethelbert]\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8903. OCLC 56568095. Retrieved 20 May 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\nWarner, Peter (1996). The Origins of Suffolk. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-3817-4.\nYorke, Barbara (2002). Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16639-3.", "Æthelberht 11 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England\nFacsimile of the manuscript of Passio sancti athelberhti in the Parker Library, Corpus Christi College\nTwo Lives of St. Ethelbert by M.R. James, which was published in English Historical Review, volume 32 (1917), from the Internet Archive." ]

[ "Æthelberht II of East Anglia", "Life and reign", "Death and canonisation", "Legacy", "Veneration", "Christian buildings dedicated to Æthelberht", "References", "Sources", "External links" ]

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