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[ "Statue of Æthelberht\nInterior of Rochester Cathedral", "Sculpture of Æthelberht on Canterbury Cathedral in England", "Stained-glass window of Æthelberht from the chapel of All Souls College, Oxford", "The first page of the twelfth-century manuscript of Æthelberht's law code", "A thrymsa from the reign of Eadbald, Æthelberht's son, none of the coins are known to carry Æthelberht's name, although they may have been minted during his reign", "Statue of Æthelberht with Canterbury Cathedral in the background" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/EthelbertofKent.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Aethelberht_of_Kent_sculpture_on_Canterbury_Cathedral.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Ethelbert%2C_King_of_Kent_from_All_Souls_College_Chapel.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Textus_Roffensis_ms.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Eadbaldobv.1.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Ethelbert_King_Kent.jpg" ]

[ "Æthelberht (/ˈæθəlbərt/; also Æthelbert, Aethelberht, Aethelbert or Ethelbert; Old English: Æðelberht [ˈæðelberˠxt]; c. 550 – 24 February 616) was King of Kent from about 589 until his death. The eighth-century monk Bede, in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, lists him as the third king to hold imperium over other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. In the late ninth century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, he is referred to as a bretwalda, or \"Britain-ruler\". He was the first English king to convert to Christianity.\nÆthelberht was the son of Eormenric, succeeding him as king, according to the Chronicle. He married Bertha, the Christian daughter of Charibert I, king of the Franks, thus building an alliance with the most powerful state in contemporary Western Europe; the marriage probably took place before he came to the throne. Bertha's influence may have led to Pope Gregory I's decision to send Augustine as a missionary from Rome. Augustine landed on the Isle of Thanet in east Kent in 597. Shortly thereafter, Æthelberht converted to Christianity, churches were established, and wider-scale conversion to Christianity began in the kingdom. He provided the new church with land in Canterbury, thus helping to establish one of the foundation stones of English Christianity.\nÆthelberht's law for Kent, the earliest written code in any Germanic language, instituted a complex system of fines; the law code is preserved in the Textus Roffensis. Kent was rich, with strong trade ties to the Continent, and Æthelberht may have instituted royal control over trade. Coinage probably began circulating in Kent during his reign for the first time since the Anglo-Saxon settlement. He later came to be regarded as a saint for his role in establishing Christianity among the Anglo-Saxons. His feast day was originally 24 February but was changed to 25 February.", "In the fifth century, raids on Britain by continental peoples had developed into full-scale migrations. The newcomers are known to have included Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians, and there is evidence of other groups as well. These groups captured territory in the east and south of England, but at about the end of the fifth century, a British victory at the battle of Mount Badon (Mons Badonicus) halted the Anglo-Saxon advance for fifty years. From about 550, however, the British began to lose ground once more, and within twenty-five years it appears that control of almost all of southern England was in the hands of the invaders.\nAnglo-Saxons probably conquered Kent before Mons Badonicus. There is both documentary and archaeological evidence that Kent was primarily colonised by Jutes, from the southern part of the Jutland peninsula. According to legend, the brothers Hengist and Horsa landed in 449 as mercenaries for a British king, Vortigern. After a rebellion over pay and Horsa's death in battle, Hengist established the Kingdom of Kent. Some historians now think the underlying story of a rebelling mercenary force may be accurate; most now date the founding of the kingdom of Kent to the middle of the fifth-century, which is consistent with the legend. This early date, only a few decades after the departure of the Romans, also suggests that more of Roman civilization may have survived into Anglo-Saxon rule in Kent than in other areas.\nOverlordship was a central feature of Anglo-Saxon politics which began before Æthelberht's time; kings were described as overlords as late as the ninth century. The Anglo-Saxon invasion may have involved military coordination of different groups within the invaders, with a leader who had authority over many different groups; Ælle of Sussex may have been such a leader. Once the new states began to form, conflicts among them began. Tribute from dependents could lead to wealth. A weaker state also might ask or pay for the protection of a stronger neighbour against a warlike third state.\nSources for this period in Kentish history include the Ecclesiastical History of the English People, written in 731 by Bede, a Northumbrian monk. Bede was interested primarily in England's Christianization. Since Æthelberht was the first Anglo-Saxon king to convert to Christianity, Bede provides more substantial information about him than about any earlier king. One of Bede's correspondents was Albinus, abbot of the monastery of St. Peter and St. Paul (subsequently renamed St. Augustine's) in Canterbury. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a collection of annals assembled c. 890 in the kingdom of Wessex, mentions several events in Kent during Æthelberht's reign. Further mention of events in Kent occurs in the late sixth century history of the Franks by Gregory of Tours. This is the earliest surviving source to mention any Anglo-Saxon kingdom. Some of Pope Gregory the Great's letters concern the mission of St. Augustine to Kent in 597; these letters also mention the state of Kent and its relationships with neighbours. Other sources include regnal lists of the kings of Kent and early charters (land grants by kings to their followers or to the church). Although no originals survive from Æthelberht's reign, later copies exist. A law code from Æthelberht's reign also survives.", "According to Bede, Æthelberht was descended directly from Hengist. Bede gives the line of descent as follows: \"Ethelbert was son of Irminric, son of Octa, and after his grandfather Oeric, surnamed Oisc, the kings of the Kentish folk are commonly known as Oiscings. The father of Oeric was Hengist.\" An alternative form of this genealogy, found in the Historia Brittonum among other places, reverses the position of Octa and Oisc in the lineage. The first of these names that can be placed historically with reasonable confidence is Æthelberht's father, whose name now usually is spelled Eormenric. The only direct written reference to Eormenric is in Kentish genealogies, but Gregory of Tours does mention that Æthelberht's father was the king of Kent, though Gregory gives no date. Eormenric's name provides a hint of connections to the kingdom of the Franks, across the English channel; the element \"Eormen\" was rare in names of the Anglo-Saxon aristocracy, but much more common among Frankish nobles. One other member of Æthelberht's family is known: his sister, Ricole, who is recorded by both Bede and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as the mother of Sæberht, king of the East Saxons (i.e., Essex).\nThe dates of Æthelberht's birth and accession to the throne of Kent are both matters of debate. Bede, the earliest source to give dates, is thought to have drawn his information from correspondence with Albinus. Bede states that when Æthelberht died in 616 he had reigned for fifty-six years, placing his accession in 560. Bede also says that Æthelberht died twenty-one years after his baptism. Augustine's mission from Rome is known to have arrived in 597, and according to Bede, it was this mission that converted Æthelberht. Hence Bede's dates are inconsistent. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, an important source for early dates, is inconsistent with Bede and also has inconsistencies among different manuscript versions. Putting together the different dates in the Chronicle for birth, death and length of reign, it appears that Æthelberht's reign was thought to have been either 560–616 or 565–618 but that the surviving sources have confused the two traditions.\nIt is possible that Æthelberht was converted to Christianity before Augustine's arrival. Æthelberht's wife was a Christian and brought a Frankish bishop with her, to attend her at court, so Æthelberht would have had knowledge of Christianity before the mission reached Kent. It also is possible that Bede had the date of Æthelberht's death wrong; if, in fact, Æthelberht died in 618, this would be consistent with his baptism in 597, which is in accord with the tradition that Augustine converted the king within a year of his arrival.\nGregory of Tours, in his Historia Francorum, writes that Bertha, daughter of Charibert I, king of the Franks, married the son of the king of Kent. Bede says that Æthelberht received Bertha \"from her parents\". If Bede is interpreted literally, the marriage would have had to take place before 567, when Charibert died. The traditions for Æthelberht's reign, then, would imply that Æthelberht married Bertha before either 560 or 565.\nThe extreme length of Æthelberht's reign also has been regarded with skepticism by historians; it has been suggested that he died in the fifty-sixth year of his life, rather than the fifty-sixth year of his reign. This would place the year of his birth approximately at 560, and he would not then have been able to marry until the mid 570s. According to Gregory of Tours, Charibert was king when he married Ingoberg, Bertha's mother, which places that marriage no earlier than 561. It therefore is unlikely that Bertha was married much before about 580. These later dates for Bertha and Æthelberht also solve another possible problem: Æthelberht's daughter, Æthelburh, seems likely to have been Bertha's child, but the earlier dates would have Bertha aged sixty or so at Æthelburh's likely birthdate using the early dates.\nGregory, however, also says that he thinks that Ingoberg was seventy years old in 589; and this would make her about forty when she married Charibert. This is possible, but seems unlikely, especially as Charibert seems to have had a preference for younger women, again according to Gregory's account. This would imply an earlier birth date for Bertha. On the other hand, Gregory refers to Æthelberht at the time of his marriage to Bertha simply as \"a man of Kent\", and in the 589 passage concerning Ingoberg's death, which was written in about 590 or 591, he refers to Æthelberht as \"the son of the king of Kent\". If this does not simply reflect Gregory's ignorance of Kentish affairs, which seems unlikely given the close ties between Kent and the Franks, then some assert that Æthelberht's reign cannot have begun before 589.\nWhile all of the contradictions above cannot be reconciled, the most probable dates that may be drawn from available data place Æthelberht's birth at approximately 560 and, perhaps, his marriage to Bertha at 580. His reign is most likely to have begun in 589 or 590.", "The later history of Kent shows clear evidence of a system of joint kingship, with the kingdom being divided into east Kent and west Kent, although it appears that there generally was a dominant king. This evidence is less clear for the earlier period, but there are early charters, known to be forged, which nevertheless imply that Æthelberht ruled as joint king with his son, Eadbald. It may be that Æthelberht was king of east Kent and Eadbald became king of west Kent; the east Kent king seems generally to have been the dominant ruler later in Kentish history. Whether or not Eadbald became a joint king with Æthelberht, there is no question that Æthelberht had authority throughout the kingdom.\nThe division into two kingdoms is most likely to date back to the sixth century; east Kent may have conquered west Kent and preserved the institutions of kingship as a subkingdom. This was a common pattern in Anglo-Saxon England, as the more powerful kingdoms absorbed their weaker neighbours. An unusual feature of the Kentish system was that only sons of kings appeared to be legitimate claimants to the throne, although this did not eliminate all strife over the succession.\nThe main towns of the two kingdoms were Rochester, for west Kent, and Canterbury, for east Kent. Bede does not state that Æthelberht had a palace in Canterbury, but he does refer to Canterbury as Æthelberht's \"metropolis\", and it is clear that it is Æthelberht's seat.", "There are many indications of close relations between Kent and the Franks. Æthelberht's marriage to Bertha certainly connected the two courts, although not as equals: the Franks would have thought of Æthelberht as an under-king. There is no record that Æthelberht ever accepted a continental king as his overlord and, as a result, historians are divided on the true nature of the relationship. Evidence for an explicit Frankish overlordship of Kent comes from a letter written by Pope Gregory the Great to Theuderic, king of Burgundy, and Theudebert, king of Austrasia. The letter concerned Augustine's mission to Kent in 597, and in it Gregory says that he believes \"that you wish your subjects in every respect to be converted to that faith in which you, their kings and lords, stand\". It may be that this is a papal compliment, rather than a description of the relationship between the kingdoms. It also has been suggested that Liudhard, Bertha's chaplain, was intended as a representative of the Frankish church in Kent, which also could be interpreted as evidence of overlordship.\nA possible reason for the willingness of the Franks to connect themselves with the Kentish court is the fact that a Frankish king, Chilperic I, is recorded as having conquered a people known as the Euthiones during the mid-sixth century. If, as seems likely from the name, these people were the continental remnants of the Jutish invaders of Kent, then it may be that the marriage was intended as a unifying political move, reconnecting different branches of the same people. Another perspective on the marriage may be gained by considering that it is likely that Æthelberht was not yet king at the time he and Bertha were wed: it may be that Frankish support for him, acquired via the marriage, was instrumental in gaining the throne for him.\nRegardless of the political relationship between Æthelberht and the Franks, there is abundant evidence of strong connections across the English Channel. There was a luxury trade between Kent and the Franks, and burial artefacts found include clothing, drink, and weapons that reflect Frankish cultural influence. The Kentish burials have a greater range of imported goods than those of the neighbouring Anglo-Saxon regions, which is not surprising given Kent's easier access to trade across the English Channel. In addition, the grave goods are both richer and more numerous in Kentish graves, implying that material wealth was derived from that trade. Frankish influences also may be detected in the social and agrarian organization of Kent. Other cultural influences may be seen in the burials as well, so it is not necessary to presume that there was direct settlement by the Franks in Kent.", "", "In his Ecclesiastical History, Bede includes his list of seven kings who held imperium over the other kingdoms south of the Humber. The usual translation for imperium is \"overlordship\". Bede names Æthelberht as the third on the list, after Ælle of Sussex and Ceawlin of Wessex. The anonymous annalist who composed one of the versions of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle repeated Bede's list of seven kings in a famous entry under the year 827, with one additional king, Egbert of Wessex. The Chronicle also records that these kings held the title bretwalda, or \"Britain-ruler\". The exact meaning of bretwalda has been the subject of much debate; it has been described as a term \"of encomiastic poetry\", but there also is evidence that it implied a definite role of military leadership.\nThe prior bretwalda, Ceawlin, is recorded by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as having fought Æthelberht in 568. The entry states that Æthelberht lost the battle and was driven back to Kent. The dating of the entries concerning the West Saxons in this section of the Chronicle is thought to be unreliable and a recent analysis suggests that Ceawlin's reign is more likely to have been approximately 581–588, rather than the dates of 560–592 that are given in the Chronicle. The battle was at \"Wibbandun\", which may be translated as Wibba's Mount; it is not known where this was.\nAt some point Ceawlin ceased to hold the title of bretwalda, perhaps after a battle at Stoke Lyne, in Oxfordshire, which the Chronicle dates to 584, some eight years before he was deposed in 592 (again using the Chronicle's unreliable dating). Æthelberht certainly was a dominant ruler by 601, when Gregory the Great wrote to him: Gregory urges Æthelberht to spread Christianity among those kings and peoples subject to him, implying some level of overlordship. If the battle of Wibbandun was fought c. 590, as has been suggested, then Æthelberht must have gained his position as overlord at some time in the 590s. This dating for Wibbandun is slightly inconsistent with the proposed dates of 581–588 for Ceawlin's reign, but those dates are not thought to be precise, merely the most plausible given the available data.", "In addition to the evidence of the Chronicle that Æthelberht was accorded the title of bretwalda, there is evidence of his domination in several of the southern kingdoms of the Heptarchy. In Essex, Æthelberht appears to have been in a position to exercise authority shortly after 604, when his intervention helped in the conversion of King Sæberht of Essex, his nephew, to Christianity. It was Æthelberht, and not Sæberht, who built and endowed St. Pauls in London, where St Paul's Cathedral now stands. Further evidence is provided by Bede, who explicitly describes Æthelberht as Sæberht's overlord.\nBede describes Æthelberht's relationship with Rædwald, king of East Anglia, in a passage that is not completely clear in meaning. It seems to imply that Rædwald retained ducatus, or military command of his people, even while Æthelberht held imperium. This implies that being a bretwalda usually included holding the military command of other kingdoms and also that it was more than that, since Æthelberht is bretwalda despite Rædwald's control of his own troops. Rædwald was converted to Christianity while in Kent but did not abandon his pagan beliefs; this, together with the fact that he retained military independence, implies that Æthelberht's overlordship of East Anglia was much weaker than his influence with the East Saxons. An alternative interpretation, however, is that the passage in Bede should be translated as \"Rædwald, king of the East Angles, who while Æthelberht lived, even conceded to him the military leadership of his people\"; if this is Bede's intent, then East Anglia firmly was under Æthelberht's overlordship.\nThere is no evidence that Æthelberht's influence in other kingdoms was enough for him to convert any other kings to Christianity, although this is partly due to the lack of sources—nothing is known of Sussex's history, for example, for almost all of the seventh and eighth centuries. Æthelberht was able to arrange a meeting in 602 in the Severn valley, on the northwestern borders of Wessex, however, and this may be an indication of the extent of his influence in the west. No evidence survives showing Kentish domination of Mercia, but it is known that Mercia was independent of Northumbria, so it is quite plausible that it was under Kentish overlordship.", "The native Britons had converted to Christianity under Roman rule. The Anglo-Saxon invasions separated the British church from European Christianity for centuries, so the church in Rome had no presence or authority in Britain, and in fact, Rome knew so little about the British church that it was unaware of any schism in customs. However, Æthelberht would have known something about the Roman church from his Frankish wife, Bertha, who had brought a bishop, Liudhard, with her across the Channel, and for whom Æthelberht built a chapel, St Martin's.\nIn 596, Pope Gregory the Great sent Augustine, prior of the monastery of St. Andrew in Rome, to England as a missionary, and in 597, a group of nearly forty monks, led by Augustine, landed on the Isle of Thanet in Kent. According to Bede, Æthelberht was sufficiently distrustful of the newcomers to insist on meeting them under the open sky, to prevent them from performing sorcery. The monks impressed Æthelberht, but he was not converted immediately. He agreed to allow the mission to settle in Canterbury and permitted them to preach.\nIt is not known when Æthelberht became a Christian. It is possible, despite Bede's account, that he already was a Christian before Augustine's mission arrived. It is likely that Liudhard and Bertha pressed Æthelberht to consider becoming a Christian before the arrival of the mission, and it is also likely that a condition of Æthelberht's marriage to Bertha was that Æthelberht would consider conversion. Conversion via the influence of the Frankish court would have been seen as an explicit recognition of Frankish overlordship, however, so it is possible that Æthelberht's delay of his conversion until it could be accomplished via Roman influence might have been an assertion of independence from Frankish control. It also has been argued that Augustine's hesitation—he turned back to Rome, asking to be released from the mission—is an indication that Æthelberht was a pagan at the time Augustine was sent.\nAt the latest, Æthelberht must have converted before 601, since that year Gregory wrote to him as a Christian king. An old tradition records that Æthelberht converted on 1 June, in the summer of the year that Augustine arrived. Through Æthelberht's influence Sæberht, king of Essex, also was converted, but there were limits to the effectiveness of the mission. The entire Kentish court did not convert: Eadbald, Æthelberht's son and heir, was a pagan at his accession. Rædwald, king of East Anglia, was only partly converted (apparently while at Æthelberht's court) and retained a pagan shrine next to the new Christian altar. Augustine also was unsuccessful in gaining the allegiance of the British clergy.", "Some time after the arrival of Augustine's mission, perhaps in 602 or 603, Æthelberht issued a set of laws, in ninety sections. These laws are by far the earliest surviving code composed in any of the Germanic countries, and they were almost certainly among the first documents written down in Anglo-Saxon, as literacy would have arrived in England with Augustine's mission. The only surviving early manuscript, the Textus Roffensis, dates from the twelfth century, and it now resides in the Medway Studies Centre in Strood, Kent. Æthelberht's code makes reference to the church in the very first item, which enumerates the compensation required for the property of a bishop, a deacon, a priest, and so on; but overall, the laws seem remarkably uninfluenced by Christian principles. Bede asserted that they were composed \"after the Roman manner\", but there is little discernible Roman influence either. In subject matter, the laws have been compared to the Lex Salica of the Franks, but it is not thought that Æthelberht based his new code on any specific previous model.\nThe laws are concerned with setting and enforcing the penalties for transgressions at all levels of society; the severity of the fine depended on the social rank of the victim. The king had a financial interest in enforcement, for part of the fines would come to him in many cases, but the king also was responsible for law and order, and avoiding blood feuds by enforcing the rules on compensation for injury was part of the way the king maintained control. Æthelberht's laws are mentioned by Alfred the Great, who compiled his own laws, making use of the prior codes created by Æthelberht, as well as those of Offa of Mercia and Ine of Wessex.\nOne of Æthelberht's laws seems to preserve a trace of a very old custom: the third item in the code states that \"If the king is drinking at a man's home, and anyone commits any evil deed there, he is to pay twofold compensation.\" This probably refers to the ancient custom of a king traveling the country, being hosted, and being provided for by his subjects wherever he went. The king's servants retained these rights for centuries after Æthelberht's time.\nItems 77–81 in the code have been interpreted as a description of a woman's financial rights after a divorce or legal separation. These clauses define how much of the household goods a woman could keep in different circumstances, depending on whether she keeps custody of the children, for example. It has recently been suggested, however, that it would be more correct to interpret these clauses as referring to women who are widowed, rather than divorced.", "There is little documentary evidence about the nature of trade in Æthelberht's Kent. It is known that the kings of Kent had established royal control of trade by the late seventh century, but it is not known how early this control began. There is archaeological evidence suggesting that the royal influence predates any of the written sources. It has been suggested that one of Æthelberht's achievements was to take control of trade away from the aristocracy and to make it a royal monopoly. The continental trade provided Kent access to luxury goods which gave it an advantage in trading with the other Anglo-Saxon nations, and the revenue from trade was important in itself.\nKentish manufacture before 600 included glass beakers and jewelry. Kentish jewellers were highly skilled, and before the end of the sixth century they gained access to gold. Goods from Kent are found in cemeteries across the channel and as far away as at the mouth of the Loire. It is not known what Kent traded for all of this wealth, although it seems likely that there was a flourishing slave trade. It may well be that this wealth was the foundation of Æthelberht's strength, although his overlordship and the associated right to demand tribute would have brought wealth in its turn.\nIt may have been during Æthelberht's reign that the first coins were minted in England since the departure of the Romans: none bear his name, but it is thought likely that the first coins predate the end of the sixth century. These early coins were gold, and probably were the shillings (scillingas in Old English) that are mentioned in Æthelberht's laws. The coins are also known to numismatists as thrymsas.", "Æthelberht died on 24 February 616 and was succeeded by his son, Eadbald, who was not a Christian—Bede says he had been converted but went back to his pagan faith, although he ultimately did become a Christian king. Eadbald outraged the church by marrying his stepmother, which was contrary to Church law, and by refusing to accept baptism. Sæberht of the East Saxons also died at approximately this time, and he was succeeded by his three sons, none of whom were Christian. A subsequent revolt against Christianity and the expulsion of the missionaries from Kent may have been a reaction to Kentish overlordship after Æthelberht's death as much as a pagan opposition to Christianity.\nIn addition to Eadbald, it is possible that Æthelberht had another son, Æthelwald. The evidence for this is a papal letter to Justus, archbishop of Canterbury from 619 to 625, that refers to a king named Aduluald, who is apparently different from Audubald, which refers to Eadbald. There is no agreement among modern scholars on how to interpret this: \"Aduluald\" might be intended as a representation of \"Æthelwald\", and hence an indication of another king, perhaps a sub-king of west Kent; or it may be merely a scribal error which should be read as referring to Eadbald.", "Æthelberht was later regarded as a saint for his role in establishing Christianity among the Anglo-Saxons. His feast day was originally 24 February but was changed to 25 February. In the 2004 edition of the Roman Martyrology, he is listed under his date of death, 24 February, with the citation: 'King of Kent, converted by St Augustine, bishop, the first leader of the English people to do so'. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Southwark, which contains Kent, commemorates him on 25 February. \nHe is also venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church as Saint Ethelbert, king of Kent, his day commemorated on 25 February.\nA long-distance footpath in Kent, King Ethelbert's Ring, is named in his honour.", "Kentish Royal Legend", "", "There is disagreement about the extent to which the legend can be treated as fact. For example, Barbara Yorke says \"Recent detailed studies [. . .] have confirmed that these accounts are largely mythic and that any reliable oral tradition which they may have embodied has been lost in the conventions of the origin-legend format\", but Richard Fletcher says of Hengist that \"there is no good reason for doubting his existence\", and James Campbell adds that \"although the origins of such annals are deeply mysterious, and suspect, they cannot be simply discarded\".", "Charles Reginald Haines, Dover Priory: A history of the priory of St Mary the Virgin, and St Martin of the New Work, (Cambridge University Press, 1930), p. 20: \"we know for certain that Ethelberht,King of Kent (550–616), about the year 573 married a Christian wife, the Frankish princess Bertha or Aldeberga\"\nHunter Blair, An Introduction, pp. 13–16.\nCampbell et al., The Anglo-Saxons, p. 23.\nPeter Hunter Blair (Roman Britain, p. 204) gives the twenty-five years from 550 to 575 as the dates of the final conquest.\nYorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 26.\nSwanton, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, pp. 12–13.\nYorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 26\nFletcher, Who's Who, pp. 15–17\nCampbell et al., The Anglo-Saxons, p. 38.\nFletcher, Who's Who, pp. 15–17.\nCampbell et al., The Anglo-Saxons, p. 44.\nHunter Blair, An Introduction, pp. 201–203\nYorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 25.\nKirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 30.\nBede, Ecclesiastical History, Book II, Ch. 5, from Sherley-Price's translation, p. 112.\nYorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 28.\nBede, Ecclesiastical History, Book II, Ch. 3, from Sherley-Price's translation, p. 108.\nBede, Ecclesiastical History, Book I, Ch. 25 & 26, from Sherley-Price's translation, pp. 74–77.\nKirby (Earliest English Kings, pp. 31–3) provides an extended discussion of the difficult chronology of Æthelberht's reign.\nIV 25 and IX 25 in Gregory of Tours (1974). The History of the Franks. Penguin. pp. 219, 513. ISBN 0-14-044295-2.\nYorke, Kings and Kingdoms, pp. 32–34.\nCampbell et al., The Anglo-Saxons, pp. 38–39.\nStenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 59–60.\nKirby, Earliest English Kings, pp. 34–35.\nBede, Ecclesiastical History, Book I, Ch. 25 & 26, from Sherley-Price's translation, p. 111.\nSwanton, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, pp. 60–61.\nStenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 34–35.\nKirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 17.\nSwanton, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, pp. 18–19.\nKirby, Earliest English Kings, pp. 50–51.\nD.N. Dumville, \"The West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List and the chronology of Wessex\", 1985, cited in Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 133.\nKirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 37.\nStenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 109.\nYorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 62.\n\"Rædwald\", N. J. Higham, in Lapidge, Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England.\nFor example, Yorke comments that \"it is impossible to write at any length about the history of [Sussex] in the seventh and eighth centuries\" (Kings and Kingdoms, p. 20).\nStenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 39.\nKirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 36.\nStenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 110.\nKirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 35.\nYorke, Kings and Kingdoms, pp. 28–29.\nHunter Blair, An Introduction, p. 117.\n\"Æthelberht\", S.E. Kelly, in Lapidge, Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England.\nGeary, Readings, pp. 209–211.\nYorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 1.\nHough, Carole A. (1994). \"The early Kentish 'divorce laws': a reconsideration of Æthelberht, chs. 79 and 80\". Anglo-Saxon England. 23: 19–34. doi:10.1017/S0263675100004476. ISBN 0-521-47200-8. S2CID 144631812.\nYorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 18.\nStenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 276.\nStenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 288–289.\nYorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 40.\nBlackburn & Grierson, Early Medieval Coinage, p. 157.\n\"Coinage\", M.A.S. Blackburn, in Lapidge, Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England.\nStenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 61.\nYorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 48.\nYorke, Kings and Kingdoms, pp. 32–33.\nKirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 39.\n\"Patron Saints Index: Saint Ethelbert\". Archived from the original on 7 July 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2007.\nMartyrologium Romanum, 2004, Vatican Press (Typis Vaticanis), p. 163.\n\"Interim Diocesan Calendar Proper to the Archdiocese of Southwark\" (PDF). Retrieved 8 February 2012.\n\"St. Ethelbert, king of Kent\". Holy Trinity Orthodox. Retrieved 7 January 2019.\nwww.jameskirby.me.uk, MKH Computer Services Ltd-www mkh-computer-services co uk / James Kirby-. \"Long Distance Walkers Association\". www.ldwa.org.uk. Retrieved 3 June 2022.", "Primary sources\nBede (1991). D.H. Farmer (ed.). Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Translated by Leo Sherley-Price. Revised by R.E. Latham. London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044565-X.\nSwanton, Michael (1996). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92129-5.\nLaw-code of Æthelberht, ed. and tr. F. Liebermann, Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen. 3 vols. Halle, 1898–1916: 3–8 (vol 1); ed. and tr. L. Oliver, The Beginnings of English Law. Toronto Medieval Texts and Translations. Toronto, 2002.\nLetters of Gregory the Great, ed. D. Norberg, S. Gregorii magni registrum epistularum. 2 vols. Turnhout, 1982; tr. J.R.C. Martyn, The letters of Gregory the Great. 3 vols. Toronto, 2004.\nEarliest vita of Gregory the Great, ed. and tr. Bertram Colgrave, The earliest life of Gregory the Great by an anonymous monk of Whitby. Lawrence, 1968.\nGregory of Tours, Libri Historiarum.\nSecondary sources\nBlackburn, Mark & Grierson, Philip, Medieval European Coinage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, reprinted with corrections 2006. ISBN 0-521-03177-X\nCampbell, James; John, Eric; Wormald, Patrick (1991). The Anglo-Saxons. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-014395-5.\nFletcher, Richard (1989). Who's Who in Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxon England. London: Shepheard-Walwyn. ISBN 0-85683-089-5.\nGeary, Patrick J. (1998). Readings in Medieval History. Peterborough: Broadview. ISBN 1-55111-158-6.\nHunter Blair, Peter (1960). An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–16.\nHunter Blair, Peter (1966). Roman Britain and Early England: 55 B.C. – A.D. 871. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-00361-2.\nKirby, D.P. (1992). The Earliest English Kings. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-09086-5.\nLapidge, Michael (1999). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22492-0.\nStenton, Frank M. (1971). Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-821716-1.\nYorke, Barbara (1990). Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. London: Seaby. ISBN 1-85264-027-8.", "Æthelberht 3 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England\nThe Laws of Æthelberht, at Mediaeval Sourcebook" ]

[ "Æthelberht of Kent", "Historical context", "Ancestry, accession and chronology", "Kingship of Kent", "Relations with the Franks", "Rise to dominance", "Bretwalda", "Relationships with other kingdoms", "Augustine's mission and early Christianisation", "Law code", "Trade and coinage", "Death and succession", "Liturgical celebration", "See also", "Notes and references", "Notes", "References", "Bibliography", "External links" ]

[ 2339, 2340, 2341, 2342, 2343, 2344 ]

[ 11952, 11953, 11954, 11955, 11956, 11957, 11958, 11959, 11960, 11961, 11962, 11963, 11964, 11965, 11966, 11967, 11968, 11969, 11970, 11971, 11972, 11973, 11974, 11975, 11976, 11977, 11978, 11979, 11980, 11981, 11982, 11983, 11984, 11985, 11986, 11987, 11988, 11989, 11990, 11991, 11992, 11993, 11994, 11995, 11996, 11997, 11998, 11999, 12000, 12001, 12002, 12003, 12004, 12005, 12006, 12007, 12008, 12009, 12010, 12011, 12012, 12013, 12014, 12015, 12016, 12017, 12018, 12019, 12020, 12021, 12022, 12023, 12024, 12025, 12026, 12027, 12028, 12029 ]

[ "Saint Ethelburga by Juan de Roelas, Valladolid, Spain", "", "" ]

[ 0, 4, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Juan_de_Roelas_-_Santa_Edilberga_20131207.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Gentileschi%2C_Artemisia_-_Clio_-_1632.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Saint-stub-icon.jpg" ]

[ "Æthelburh (died 7 July 664), known as Ethelburga, was an Anglo-Saxon princess, abbess and saint.", "Æthelburh was one of the daughters of King Anna of East Anglia although she was probably illegitimate. Her sisters were Withburga, Saethryth, who was abbess of Faremoutiers Abbey in Brie, Seaxburh and Æthelthryth who were abbesses of Ely.\nÆthelburh and Saethryth were sent to the nunnery of Faremoutiers in France for their education. While there Saethryth became a nun and eventually succeeded Æthelburh as abbess. As abbess, Saethryth began work on a church in honour of the twelve apostles which was left unfinished at her death in 664. At her request she was buried in the church. After seven years a decision was made to move her bones to the nearby church of Saint Stephen and her body was found to be uncorrupted. Her feast day is 7 July.", "Wuffing dynasty family tree", "\"The Anglo-Saxons and the origins of The English People 410 – 865\", The St Edmundsbury Chronicle", "Æthelburg 4 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England" ]

[ "Æthelburh of Faremoutiers", "Background", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2345, 2346, 2347 ]

[ 12030, 12031, 12032 ]

[ "Saxon church at Lyminge founded by Æthelburh in 633, excavated in 2019", "Stone in Lyminge Church marking the burial site of the founder" ]

[ 2, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Lyminge_church_excavation_2019_%28Saxon_church_07%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Stone_commemorating_the_burial_place_of_Queen_Ethelburga.jpg" ]

[ "Æthelburh of Kent (born c. 601, sometimes spelled Æthelburg, Ethelburga, Æthelburga; Old English: Æþelburh, Æðelburh, Æðilburh, also known as Tate or Tata), was an early Anglo-Saxon queen consort of Northumbria, the second wife of King Edwin. As she was a Christian from Kent, their marriage triggered the initial phase of the conversion of the pagan north of England to Christianity.", "Æthelburh was born in the early 7th century, as the daughter of King Æthelberht of Kent (sometimes spelled Aethelberht) and his queen Bertha, and sister of Eadbald. In 625, she married Edwin of Northumbria as his second wife. A condition of their marriage was Edwin's conversion to Christianity and the acceptance of Paulinus's mission to convert the Northumbrians.\nÆthelburh's children with Edwin were: Eanflæd, Ethelhun, Wuscfrea and Edwen.\nHer daughter Eanflæd grew up under the protection of her uncle, King Eadbald of Kent. Bede, Ecclesiastical History (2.20) states that Æthelburh did not trust her brother, or Edwin's sainted successor Oswald, with the lives of Edwin's male descendants whom she sent to the court of King Dagobert I (her mother's cousin).", "King Edwin’s conversion was due to his marriage to Æthelburh, who brought her bishop Paulinus with her. Both Æthelburh and her mother, Bertha, received letters from popes Gregory and Boniface respectively, urging them to do their Christian duty by converting their pagan husbands. Their daughter Eanflaed was one of the first to be baptized in Northumbria. After King Edwin was wounded, Æthelburh's alarm caused an early onset of childbirth. Both the mother, as well as the infant, appeared to be in danger. The prayers of Paulinus were offered for the queen and child. After they recovered, 12 of the royal households, as well as the baby, were baptized by Edwin's permission and request.\nAccording to the Kentish Royal Legend, after Edwin's death at the Battle of Hatfield Chase in 633, she returned to Kent. She then established one of the first Benedictine nunneries in England, at Lyminge, near Folkestone, which she led until her death in 647, and where her remains were later venerated.\nModern research has shown that the buildings at Lyminge were designed to contain a convent of monks as well as of nuns. The church is built from Roman masonry, and was possibly built out of the fragments of a villa, which was customary practice by Anglo-Saxons, or it may have been a Roman basilica.", "Eckenstein, Lina (1963). Woman Under Monasticism: Chapters on Saint-lore and Convent Life Between A.D. 500 and A.D. 1500. Russell & Russell. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-8462-0363-6.\nStowe 944: Þonne wæs Éadbald Æðelbyrhtes sunu cyninges, & Byrhtan hátte his cwén, & Æðelburh hátte heora dohtor, óþrum naman Tate.\nWilson, Stephen (1998). The Means of Naming: A Social and Cultural History of Personal Naming in Western Europe. UCL Press. p. 78. ISBN 9781857282450.\nBarbara Yorke (1990). Kings and kingdoms of early Anglo-Saxon England. Psychology Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-415-16639-3.\nStowe 944: Héo wæs forgyfen Éadwine Norðhymbra cyninge tó cwene, & Sanctus Paulinus sé bisceop fór mid hyre & gefullode þone cyningc, & ealle his þéode.\nLarrington, Carolyne (1995). Women and Writing in Medieval Europe: A Sourcebook. Routledge. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-415-10685-6.\nHodgkin, R. H. (1959). A History of the Anglo-Saxons. CUP Archive. p. 39. GGKEY:27E9TB5PQ5G.", "Æthelburg 1 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England" ]

[ "Æthelburh of Kent", "Early life and marriage", "Christianity and founding of monastery", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2348, 2349 ]

[ 12033, 12034, 12035, 12036, 12037, 12038, 12039, 12040 ]

[ "Æthelflæd (from The Cartulary and Customs of Abingdon Abbey, c. 1220)", "Charter S 221, dated 901, of Æthelred and Ætheflæd, donating land and a golden chalice to Much Wenlock church.[27]", "Statue in Tamworth of Æthelflæd with her nephew Æthelstan, erected in 1913 to commemorate the millennium of her fortification of the town.[48]", "Twelfth and thirteenth century arches of St Oswald's Priory, Gloucester, where Æthelflæd and Æthelred were buried.", "Æthelflæd in the thirteenth-century Genealogical Chronicle of the English Kings, British Library Royal MS 14 B V", "The new Æthelflaed statue outside Tamworth Railway Station, erected to commemorate 1,100 years since her death in Tamworth. Her spear points visitors towards the town centre and Tamworth Castle.", "" ]

[ 0, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d_as_depicted_in_the_cartulary_of_Abingdon_Abbey.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Charter_S_221%2C_dated_901%2C_of_%C3%86thelred_and_%C3%86thefl%C3%A6d%2C_rulers_of_the_Mercians.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Aethelfleda_Monument%2C_Tamworth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1740828.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/St_Oswald%27s_Priory%2C_Gloucester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_443171.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d_-_MS_Royal_14_B_V.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Aethelflaed.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_796.jpg" ]

[ "Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians (c. 870 – 12 June 918) ruled Mercia in the English Midlands from 911 until her death. She was the eldest daughter of Alfred the Great, king of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex, and his wife Ealhswith.\nÆthelflæd was born around 870 at the height of the Viking invasions of England. By 878, most of England was under Danish Viking rule – East Anglia and Northumbria having been conquered, and Mercia partitioned between the English and the Vikings – but in that year Alfred won a crucial victory at the Battle of Edington. Soon afterwards the English-controlled western half of Mercia came under the rule of Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians, who accepted Alfred's overlordship. Alfred adopted the title King of the Anglo-Saxons (previously he was titled King of the West Saxons like his predecessors) claiming to rule all Anglo-Saxon people not living in areas under Viking control. In the mid-880s, Alfred sealed the strategic alliance between the surviving English kingdoms by marrying Æthelflæd to Æthelred.\nÆthelred played a major role in fighting off renewed Viking attacks in the 890s, together with Æthelflæd's brother, the future King Edward the Elder. Æthelred and Æthelflæd fortified Worcester, gave generous donations to Mercian churches and built a new minster in Gloucester. Æthelred's health probably declined early in the next decade, after which it is likely that Æthelflæd was mainly responsible for the government of Mercia. Edward had succeeded as King of the Anglo-Saxons in 899, and in 909 he sent a West Saxon and Mercian force to raid the northern Danelaw. They returned with the remains of the royal Northumbrian saint Oswald, which were translated to the new Gloucester minster. Æthelred died in 911 and Æthelflæd then ruled Mercia as Lady of the Mercians. The accession of a female ruler in Mercia is described by the historian Ian Walker as \"one of the most unique events in early medieval history\".\nAlfred had built a network of fortified burhs and in the 910s Edward and Æthelflæd embarked on a programme of extending them. Among the towns where she built defences were Wednesbury, Bridgnorth, Tamworth, Stafford, Warwick, Chirbury and Runcorn. In 917 she sent an army to capture Derby, the first of the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw to fall to the English, a victory described by Tim Clarkson as \"her greatest triumph\". In 918 Leicester surrendered without a fight. Shortly afterwards the Viking leaders of York offered her their loyalty, but she died on 12 June 918 before she could take advantage of the offer, and a few months later Edward completed the conquest of Mercia. Æthelflæd was succeeded by her daughter Ælfwynn, but in December Edward took personal control of Mercia and carried Ælfwynn off to Wessex.\nHistorians disagree whether Mercia was an independent kingdom under Æthelred and Æthelflæd but they agree that Æthelflæd was a great ruler who played an important part in the conquest of the Danelaw. She was praised by Anglo-Norman chroniclers such as William of Malmesbury, who described her as \"a powerful accession to [Edward's] party, the delight of his subjects, the dread of his enemies, a woman of enlarged soul\". According to Pauline Stafford, \"like ... Elizabeth I she became a wonder to later ages\". In Nick Higham's view, medieval and modern writers have been so captivated by her that Edward's reputation has suffered unfairly in comparison.", "Mercia was the dominant kingdom in southern England in the eighth century and maintained its position until it suffered a decisive defeat by Wessex at the Battle of Ellandun in 825. Thereafter the two kingdoms became allies, which was to be an important factor in English resistance to the Vikings.\nIn 865 the Viking Great Heathen Army landed in East Anglia and used this as a starting point for an invasion. The East Anglians were forced to buy peace and the following year the Vikings invaded Northumbria, where they appointed a puppet king in 867. They then moved on Mercia, where they spent the winter of 867–868. King Burgred of Mercia was joined by King Æthelred of Wessex and his brother, the future King Alfred, for a combined attack on the Vikings, who refused an engagement; in the end the Mercians bought peace with them. The following year, the Vikings conquered East Anglia. In 874 the Vikings expelled King Burgred and Ceolwulf became the last King of Mercia with their support. In 877 the Vikings partitioned Mercia, taking the eastern regions for themselves and allowing Ceolwulf to keep the western ones. He was described by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as \"a foolish king's thegn\" who was a puppet of the Vikings. The historian Ann Williams regards this view as partial and distorted, that he was accepted as a true king by the Mercians and by King Alfred. The situation was transformed the following year when Alfred won a decisive victory over the Danes at the Battle of Edington.\nCeolwulf is not recorded after 879. His successor as the ruler of the English western half of Mercia, Æthelflæd's husband Æthelred, is first seen in 881 when, according to the historian of medieval Wales, Thomas Charles-Edwards, he led an unsuccessful Mercian invasion of the north Welsh Kingdom of Gwynedd. In 883 he made a grant with the consent of King Alfred, thus acknowledging Alfred's lordship. In 886 Alfred occupied the Mercian town of London, which had been in Viking hands. He then received the submission of all English not under Viking control and handed control of London over to Æthelred. In the 890s, Æthelred and Edward, Alfred's son and future successor, fought off more Viking attacks. Alfred died in 899 and Edward's claim to the throne was disputed by Æthelwold, son of Alfred's elder brother. Æthelwold joined forces with the Vikings when he was unable to get sufficient support in Wessex, and his rebellion only ended with his death in battle in December 902.", "The most important source for history in this period is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle but Æthelflæd is almost ignored in the standard West Saxon version, in what F. T. Wainwright calls \"a conspiracy of silence\". He argues that King Edward was anxious not to encourage Mercian separatism and did not wish to publicise his sister's accomplishments, in case she became a symbol of Mercian claims. Brief details of her actions were preserved in a pro-Mercian version of the Chronicle known as the Mercian Register or the Annals of Æthelflæd; although it is now lost, elements were incorporated into several surviving versions of the Chronicle. The Register covers the years 902 to 924, and focuses on Æthelflæd's actions; Edward is hardly mentioned and her husband only twice, on his death and as father of their daughter. Information about Æthelflæd's career is also preserved in the Irish chronicle known as the Three Fragments. According to Wainwright, it \"contains much that is legendary rather than historical. But it also contains, especially for our period, much genuine historical information which seems to have its roots in a contemporary narrative.\" She was praised by Anglo-Norman chroniclers such as William of Malmesbury and John of Worcester and she has received more attention from historians than any other secular woman in Anglo-Saxon England.", "Æthelflæd was born around 870, the oldest child of King Alfred the Great and his Mercian wife, Ealhswith, who was a daughter of Æthelred Mucel, ealdorman of the Gaini, one of the tribes of Mercia. Ealhswith's mother, Eadburh, was a member of the Mercian royal house, probably a descendant of King Coenwulf (796–821). Æthelflæd was thus half-Mercian and the alliance between Wessex and Mercia was sealed by her marriage to Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians. They are mentioned in Alfred's will, which probably dates to the 880s. Æthelflæd, described only as \"my eldest daughter\", received an estate and 100 mancuses, while Æthelred, the only ealdorman to be mentioned by name, received a sword worth 100 mancuses. Æthelflæd was first recorded as Æthelred's wife in a charter of 887, when he granted two estates to the see of Worcester \"with the permission and sign-manual of King Alfred\" and the attestors included \"Æthelflæd conjux\". The marriage may have taken place earlier, perhaps when he submitted to Alfred following the recovery of London in 886. Æthelred was much older than Æthelflæd and they had one known child, a daughter called Ælfwynn. Æthelstan, the eldest son of Edward the Elder and future king of England, was brought up in their court and, in the view of Martin Ryan, certainly joined their campaigns against the Vikings.\nÆthelred's descent is unknown. Richard Abels describes him as \"somewhat of a mysterious character\", who may have claimed royal blood and been related to King Alfred's father-in-law, Ealdorman Æthelred Mucel. In the view of Ian Walker: \"He was a royal ealdorman whose power base lay in the south-west of Mercia in the former kingdom of the Hwicce around Gloucester\". Alex Woolf suggests that he was probably the son of King Burgred of Mercia and King Alfred's sister Æthelswith, although that would mean that the marriage between Æthelflæd and Æthelred was uncanonical, because Rome then forbade marriage between first cousins.", "Compared to the rest of England, much of English Mercia —Gloucestershire, Worcestershire, Herefordshire and Shropshire —was unusually stable in the Viking age. It did not suffer major attacks and it did not come under great pressure from Wessex. Mercian scholarship had high prestige at the courts of Alfred and Edward. Worcester was able to preserve considerable intellectual and liturgical continuity and, with Gloucester, became the centre of a Mercian revival under Æthelred and Æthelflæd that extended into the more unstable areas of Staffordshire and Cheshire. Charters show the Mercian leaders supporting the revival by their generosity to monastic communities. In 883 Æthelred granted privileges to Berkeley Abbey and in the 890s he and Æthelflæd issued a charter in favour of the church of Worcester. This was the only occasion in Alfred's lifetime when they are known to have acted jointly; generally Æthelred acted on his own, usually acknowledging the permission of King Alfred. Æthelflæd witnessed charters of Æthelred in 888, 889 and 896. In 901 Æthelflæd and Æthelred gave land and a golden chalice weighing thirty mancuses to the shrine of Saint Mildburg at Much Wenlock church.\nAt the end of the ninth century, Æthelred and Æthelflæd fortified Worcester, with the permission of King Alfred and at the request of Bishop Werferth, described in the charter as \"their friend\". They granted the church of Worcester a half share of the rights of lordship over the city, covering land rents and the proceeds of justice, and in return the cathedral community agreed in perpetuity to dedicate a psalm to them three times a day and a mass and thirty psalms every Saturday. As the rights of lordship had previously belonged fully to the church, this represented the beginning of transfer from episcopal to secular control of the city. In 904 Bishop Werferth granted a lease of land in the city to Æthelred and Æthelflæd, to be held for the duration of their lives and that of their daughter Ælfwynn. The land was valuable, including most of the city's usable river frontage, and control of it enabled the Mercian rulers to dominate over and profit from the city.\nÆthelred's health probably declined at some stage in the decade after Alfred died in 899, and Æthelflæd may have become the de facto ruler of Mercia by 902. According to the Three Fragments, the Norse (Norwegian) Vikings were expelled from Dublin and then made an abortive attack on Wales. When this failed they applied to Æthelflæd, her husband being ill, for permission to settle near Chester. Æthelflæd agreed and for some time they were peaceful. The Norse Vikings then joined with the Danes in an attack on Chester, but this failed because Æthelflæd had fortified the town, and she and her husband persuaded the Irish among the attackers to change sides. Other sources confirm that the Norse were driven out of Dublin in 902 and that Æthelflæd fortified Chester in 907. Æthelflæd re-founded Chester as a burh and she is believed to have enhanced its Roman defences by running walls from the north-west and south-east corners of the fort to the River Dee. Simon Ward, who excavated an Anglo-Saxon site in Chester, sees the later prosperity of the town as owing much to the planning of Æthelflæd and Edward. After Æthelflæd's death, Edward encountered fierce resistance to his efforts to consolidate his control of the north-west and he died there in 924, shortly after suppressing a local rebellion. Æthelred was well enough to witness charters at a meeting of Edward's court in 903, but he did not witness any later surviving charter.\nIn 909 Edward sent a West Saxon and Mercian force to the northern Danelaw, where it raided for five weeks. The remains of the royal Northumbrian saint Oswald were seized and taken from his resting place in Bardney Abbey in Lincolnshire to Gloucester. In the late ninth century Gloucester had become a burh with a street plan similar to Winchester, and Æthelred and Æthelflæd had repaired its ancient Roman defences. In 896 a meeting of the Mercian witan was held in the royal hall at Kingsholm, just outside the town. The Mercian rulers built a new minster in Gloucester and, although the building was small, it was embellished on a grand scale, with rich sculpture. The church appears to have been an exact copy of the Old Minster, Winchester. It was initially dedicated to St Peter but when Oswald's remains were brought to Gloucester in 909, Æthelflæd had them translated from Bardney to the new minster, which was renamed St Oswald's in his honour. The relics gave the church great prestige as Oswald had been one of the most important founding saints of Anglo-Saxon Christianity as well as a ruling monarch, and the decision to translate his relics to Gloucester shows the importance of the town to Æthelred and Æthelflæd, who were buried in St Oswald's Minster. Simon Keynes describes the town as \"the main seat of their power\" and Carolyn Heighway believes that the foundation of the church was probably a family and dynastic enterprise, encouraged by Alfred and supported by Edward and Bishop Werferth. Heighway and Michael Hare wrote:\nIn the age when English scholarship and religion reached their lowest ebb, Mercia and in particular the lower Severn valley seem to have maintained traditional standards of learning. It is in this context that the establishment of a new minster at Gloucester by Æthelred and Æthelflæd is to be seen.\nMercia had a long tradition of venerating royal saints and this was enthusiastically supported by Æthelred and Æthelflæd. Saintly relics were believed to give supernatural legitimacy to rulers' authority, and Æthelflæd was probably responsible for the foundation or re-foundation of Chester Minster and the transfer to it of the remains of the seventh-century Mercian princess Saint Werburgh from Hanbury in Staffordshire. She may also have translated the relics of the martyred Northumbrian prince Ealhmund from Derby to Shrewsbury. In 910 the Danes retaliated against the English attack of the previous year by invading Mercia, raiding as far as Bridgnorth in Shropshire. On their way back they were caught by an English army in Staffordshire and their army was destroyed at the Battle of Tettenhall, opening the way for the recovery of the Danish Midlands and East Anglia over the next decade.", "On her husband's death in 911, Æthelflæd became Myrcna hlædige, \"Lady of the Mercians\". Ian Walker describes her succession as the only case of a female ruler of a kingdom in Anglo-Saxon history and \"one of the most unique events in early medieval history\". In Wessex, royal women were not allowed to play any political role; Alfred's wife was not granted the title of queen and was never a witness to charters. In Mercia, Alfred's sister Æthelswith had been the wife of King Burgred of Mercia; she had witnessed charters as queen and had made grants jointly with her husband and in her own name. Æthelflæd benefited from a Mercian tradition of queenly importance, and was able to play a key role in the history of the early tenth century as Lady of the Mercians, which would not have been possible in Wessex.\nWhen Æthelred died, Edward took control of the Mercian towns of London and Oxford and their hinterlands, which Alfred had put under Mercian control. Ian Walker suggests that Æthelflæd accepted this loss of territory in return for recognition by her brother of her position in Mercia. Alfred had constructed a network of fortified burhs in Wessex, and Edward and Æthelflæd now embarked on a programme of extending them to consolidate their defences and provide bases for attacks on the Vikings. According to Frank Stenton, Æthelflæd led Mercian armies on expeditions, which she planned. He commented: \"It was through reliance on her guardianship of Mercia that her brother was enabled to begin the forward movement against the southern Danes which is the outstanding feature of his reign\".\nÆthelflæd had already fortified an unknown location called Bremesburh in 910 and in 912 she built defences at Bridgnorth to cover a crossing of the River Severn. In 913 she built forts at Tamworth to guard against the Danes in Leicester, and in Stafford to cover access from the Trent Valley. In 914 a Mercian army drawn from Gloucester and Hereford repelled a Viking invasion from Brittany, and the Iron Age Eddisbury hill fort was repaired to protect against invasion from Northumbria or Cheshire, while Warwick was fortified as further protection against the Leicester Danes. In 915 Chirbury was fortified to guard a route from Wales and Runcorn on the River Mersey. Defences were built before 914 at Hereford, and probably Shrewsbury and two other fortresses, at Scergeat and Weardbyrig, which have not been located.\nIn 917 invasions by three Viking armies failed as Æthelflæd sent an army which captured Derby and the territory around it. The town was one of the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw, together with Leicester, Lincoln, Nottingham and Stamford. Derby was the first to fall to the English; she lost \"four of her thegns who were dear to her\" in the battle. Tim Clarkson, who describes Æthelflæd as \"renowned as a competent war-leader\", regards the victory at Derby as \"her greatest triumph\". At the end of the year, the East Anglian Danes submitted to Edward. In early 918, Æthelflæd gained possession of Leicester without opposition and most of the local Danish army submitted to her. A few months later, the leading men of Danish-ruled York offered to pledge their loyalty to Æthelflæd, probably to secure her support against Norse raiders from Ireland, but she died on 12 June 918, before she could take advantage of the offer. No similar offer is known to have been made to Edward. According to the Three Fragments, in 918 Æthelflæd led an army of Scots and Northumbrian English against forces led by the Norse Viking leader Ragnall at the Battle of Corbridge in Northumbria. Historians consider this unlikely, but she may have sent a contingent to the battle. Both sides claimed victory but Ragnall was able to establish himself as ruler of Northumbria. In the Three Fragments, Æthelflæd also formed a defensive alliance with the Scots and the Strathclyde British, a claim accepted by Clarkson.\nLittle is known of Æthelflæd's relations with the Welsh. The only recorded event took place in 916, when she sent an expedition to avenge the murder of a Mercian abbot and his companions; her men destroyed the royal crannog of Brycheiniog on Llangorse Lake and captured the queen and thirty-three of her companions. According to a version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle strongly sympathetic to Edward the Elder, after Æthelflæd's death \"the kings among the Welsh, Hywel and Clydog and Idwal, and all the Welsh people sought to have [Edward] as their lord\". Hywel Dda was king of Dyfed in south-west Wales, Clydog ap Cadell probably king of Powys in the north-east, and Idwal ab Anarawd king of Gwynedd in the north-west. Gwent in south-east Wales was already under West Saxon lordship but, in the view of Charles-Edwards, this passage shows that the other Welsh kingdoms were under Mercian lordship until Edward took direct power over Mercia.\nNo coins were issued with the name of Æthelred or Æthelflæd on them, but in the 910s silver pennies were minted in west Mercian towns with unusual ornamental designs on the reverse and this may have reflected Æthelflæd's desire to distinguish specie issued under her control from that of her brother. After her death, west Mercian coin reverses were again the same as those on coins produced in Wessex. No charters of Edward survive for the period between 910 and his death in 924, whereas two survive in Æthelflæd's sole name, S 224, possibly dating to 914 and S 225, dated 9 September 915, issued at Weardbyrig, one of the burhs she built at an unidentified location.", "Æthelflæd died at Tamworth on 12 June 918 and her body was carried 75 miles (121 km) to Gloucester, where she was buried with her husband in their foundation, St Oswald's Minster. According to the Mercian Register, Æthelflæd was buried in the east porticus. A building suitable for a royal mausoleum has been found by archaeological investigation at the east end of the church and this may have been St Oswald's burial place. Placement next to the saint would have been a prestigious burial location for Æthelred and Æthelflæd. William of Malmesbury wrote that their burial places were found in the south porticus during building works in the early twelfth century. He may have been misinformed about the position but it is also possible that the tombs were moved from their prestigious position next to the saint, when the couple became less known over time or when tenth-century kings acted to minimise the honour paid to their Mercian predecessors.\nThe choice of burial place was symbolic. Victoria Thompson argues that if Æthelflæd had chosen Edward's royal mausoleum in Winchester as the burial place for her husband and herself, that would have emphasised Mercia's subordinate status, whereas a traditional Mercian royal burial place such as Repton would have been a provocative declaration of independence; Gloucester, near the border with Wessex, was a compromise between the two. Martin Ryan sees the foundation as \"something like a royal mausoleum, intended to replace the one at Repton (Derbyshire) that had been destroyed by the Vikings\". Æthelflæd died a few months too early to see the final conquest of the southern Danelaw by Edward. She was succeeded as Lady of the Mercians by her daughter, Ælfwynn, but in early December 918 Edward deposed her and took Mercia under his control. Many Mercians disliked the subordination of their ancient kingdom to Wessex, and Wainwright describes the Mercian annalist's description of the deposition of Ælfwynn as \"heavy with resentment\". Edward died in 924 at Farndon in Cheshire a few days after putting down a rebellion by Mercians and Welshmen at Chester.", "To the West Saxon version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Æthelflæd was merely King Edward's sister, whereas for the Mercian Register she was Lady of the Mercians. Irish and Welsh annals described her as a queen and the Annals of Ulster, which ignore the deaths of Alfred and Edward, described her as famosissima regina Saxonum (renowned Saxon queen). She was also praised by Anglo-Norman historians such as John of Worcester and William of Malmesbury, who described her as \"a powerful accession to [Edward's] party, the delight of his subjects, the dread of his enemies, a woman of enlarged soul\". He claimed that she declined to have sex after the birth of her only child because it was \"unbecoming of the daughter of a king to give way to a delight which, after a time, produced such painful consequences\". According to Nick Higham, \"successive medieval and modern writers were quite captivated by her\" and her brother's reputation has suffered unfairly in comparison. In the twelfth century, Henry of Huntingdon paid her his own tribute:\nHeroic Elflede! great in martial fame,\nA man in valour, woman though in name:\nThee warlike hosts, thee, nature too obey'd,\nConqu'ror o'er both, though born by sex a maid.\nChang'd be thy name, such honour triumphs bring.\nA queen by title, but in deeds a king.\nHeroes before the Mercian heroine quail'd:\nCaesar himself to win such glory fail'd.\nSome historians believe that Æthelred and Æthelflæd were independent rulers. In the Handbook of British Chronology, David Dumville refers to \"Q. Æthelflæd\" and comments, \"The titles given her by all sources (hlæfdige, regina) imply that she wielded royal power and authority\". Alex Woolf concurs and Pauline Stafford describes Æthelflæd as \"the last Mercian queen\", referred to in charters in such terms as \"by the gift of Christ's mercy ruling the government of the Mercians\". Stafford argues that Æthelred and Æthelflæd exercised most or all of the powers of a monarch after Alfred's death but it would have been a provocative act formally to claim regality, especially after Æthelwold's rebellion. Stafford sees her as a \"warrior queen\", \"Like ... Elizabeth I she became a wonder to later ages.\" According to Charles Insley,\nThe assumption that Mercia was in some sort of limbo in this period, subordinate to Wessex and waiting to be incorporated into \"England\" cannot be sustained ... Æthelred's death in 911 changed little, for his formidable wife carried on as sole ruler of Mercia until her death in 918. Only then did Mercia's independent existence come to an end.\nWainwright sees Æthelflæd as willingly accepting a subordinate role in a partnership with her brother and agreeing to his plan of unification of Wessex and Mercia under his rule. Wainwright argues that he probably sent his oldest son Æthelstan to be brought up in Mercia, to make him more acceptable to the Mercians as king; Æthelflæd does not appear to have tried to find a husband for her daughter, who must have been nearly thirty by 918. In Wainwright's view, she was ignored in West Saxon sources for fear that recognition of her achievements would encourage Mercian separatism:\n[Æthelflæd] played a vital role in England in the first quarter of the tenth century. The success of Edward's campaigns against the Danes depended to a great extent upon her cooperation. In the Midlands and the North she came to dominate the political scene. And the way in which she used her influence helped to make possible the unification of England under kings of the West Saxon royal house. But her reputation has suffered from bad publicity, or rather from a conspiracy of silence among her West Saxon contemporaries.\nSimon Keynes points out that all coins were issued in Edward's name, and while the Mercian rulers were able to issue some charters on their own authority, others acknowledged Edward's lordship. In 903 a Mercian ealdorman \"petitioned King Edward, and also Æthelred and Æthelflæd, who then held rulership and power over the race of the Mercians under the aforesaid king\". Keynes argues that a new polity was created when Æthelred submitted to Alfred in the 880s, covering Wessex and English (western) Mercia. In Keynes's view, \"the conclusion seems inescapable that the Alfredian polity of the kingship 'of the Anglo-Saxons' persisted in the first quarter of the tenth century, and that the Mercians were thus under Edward's rule from the beginning of his reign\". Ryan believes that the Mercian rulers \"had a considerable but ultimately subordinate share of royal authority\".\nIn Higham's view, Keynes makes a strong case that Edward ruled over an Anglo-Saxon state with a developing administrative and ideological unity but that Æthelflæd and Æthelred did much to encourage a separate Mercian identity, such as establishing cults of Mercian saints at their new burhs, as well as reverence for their great Northumbrian royal saint at Gloucester:\nThere must remain some doubt as to the extent to which Edward's intentions for the future were shared in all respects by his sister and brother-in-law, and one is left to wonder what might have occurred had their sole offspring been male rather than female. Celtic visions of Æthelred and Æthelflæd as king and queen certainly offer a different, and equally valid, contemporary take on the complex politics of this transition to a new English state.", "In June 2018, Æthelflæd's funeral was re-enacted in front of a crowd of 10,000 people in Gloucester, as part of a series of living history events marking the 1,100th anniversary of her death.\nThe 1,100th anniversary of the death of Æthelflaed was marked throughout 2018 in Tamworth with a number of major events, including the unveiling of a new six-metre statue, the creation of the town's biggest ever piece of community art, a major commemorative church service, talks, a special guided walk, commemorative ale and an academic conference weekend drawing academics and delegates from all over the world.", "This article was submitted to WikiJournal of Humanities for external academic peer review in 2018 (reviewer reports). The updated content was reintegrated into the Wikipedia page under a CC-BY-SA-3.0 license (2018). The version of record as reviewed is: \nDudley Miles; et al. (24 October 2018). \"Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians\" (PDF). WikiJournal of Humanities. 1 (1): 1. doi:10.15347/WJH/2018.001. ISSN 2639-5347. Wikidata Q59649817.\nA translation of the Mercian Register is an appendix in Tim Clarkson's biography of Æthelflæd. \nMarios Costambeys dates Æthelflæd's birth to the early 870s, but Maggie Bailey argues that as she was her parents' first child and they married in 868, she was probably born in 869–70\nMost historians believe that Æthelred was incapacitated in his last years, and in the view of Maggie Bailey and Cyril Hart he was incapacitated by 902, but some historians such as Ian Walker think that Æthelred may have died of wounds received at the Battle of Tettenhall in 910.\nTim Clarkson's biography has a detailed discussion of Æthelflæd' burhs. \nEdward did not conquer the Viking Kingdom of York in southern Northumbria. Æthelstan took control of it in 927 but after his death in 939 the kingdom was contested until the expulsion of the last Norse king in 954.\nHenry of Huntingdon's poem was translated, \"freely\" according to Paul Szarmach, by Thomas Forester in The Chronicle of Henry of Huntingdon.", "Keynes & Lapidge 1983, pp. 11–12.\nStenton 1971, pp. 246–248.\nWilliams 1991b; Williams 1991c.\nStenton 1971, p. 255.\nCostambeys 2004b; Charles-Edwards 2013, pp. 490–491.\nMiller 2011.\nWainwright 1975, p. 324.\nClarkson 2018, pp. 179–80.\nWainwright 1975, pp. 174, 306–309; Stafford 2007, pp. 101–103.\nHigham 2001a, pp. 3–4.\nDockray-Miller 2000, p. 55.\nCostambeys 2004a.\nBailey 2001, p. 112.\nCostambeys 2004a; Stafford 2001, pp. 44–45.\nBailey 2001, pp. 112–113.\nKeynes & Lapidge 1983, pp. 175, 177, 321, 323.\nKeynes 1998, pp. 27–28; Bailey 2001, pp. 112–113.\nRyan 2013, p. 301.\nAbels 1998, pp. 180–181.\nWalker 2000, p. 69.\nWoolf 2001, p. 98.\nBlair 2005, p. 306.\nGretsch 2001, p. 287.\nBlair 2005, pp. 306–309.\nKeynes 1998, pp. 27–29.\nThacker 1985, p. 5; Charter S 221.\nLapidge 1993, p. 13; Charter S 221.\nBaker & Holt 2004, p. 133; Thompson 2004, pp. 18–19; Blair 2005, p. 333.\nWilliams 1991a; Stenton 1971, p. 324, n. 1; Wainwright 1975, pp. 308–309.\nBailey 2001, p. 113.\nHart 1973, p. 116.\nWalker 2000, pp. 93–94.\nWainwright 1975, pp. 79–85; Charles-Edwards 2013, pp. 502–503.\nHadley 2006, p. 170.\nWard 2001, pp. 162, 166.\nGriffiths 2001, p. 167.\nCharter 367; Clarkson 2018, p. 95; Keynes 2001, pp. 52–54.\nStenton 1971, p. 323.\nHeighway 2001, pp. 102–03; Baker & Holt 2004, pp. 20, 366–367.\nHeighway & Hare 1999, pp. 7–8.\nBlair, Rippon & Smart 2020, pp. 4, 103.\nHeighway 1984, pp. 45–46.\nKeynes 1999, p. 462.\nHeighway 2001, pp. 109–110.\nHeighway & Hare 1999, p. 10.\nThacker 2001, p. 256.\nThacker 2014, p. 105; Meijns 2010, pp. 473–476; Thacker 2001, p. 256.\nEthelfleda and Athelstan.\nWalker 2000, p. 96.\nStafford 1981, pp. 3–4.\nWalker 2000, p. 99.\nStenton 1971, p. 324.\nCostambeys 2004a; Stenton 1971, pp. 325–327.\nClarkson 2018.\nClarkson 2014, p. 58.\nStenton 1971, pp. 328–329.\nCostambeys 2004a; Woolf 2007, pp. 142–144.\nClarkson 2014, pp. 59–61.\nCostambeys 2004a; Fleming 2010, pp. 222–226.\nCharles-Edwards 2001, p. 103; Charles-Edwards 2013, pp. 497–510.\nLyon 2001, pp. 67, 73.\nKeynes 2001, p. 55.\nSawyer 1979, pp. 1–2; Kelly 2000, pp. 85–88.\nHeighway & Hare 1999, pp. 11–12; Baker & Holt 2004, pp. 20–22, 101.\nThompson 2004, p. 14.\nRyan 2013, p. 298.\nHall 2014, p. 519.\nWainwright 1975, pp. 323–324.\nStenton 1971, p. 339.\nWainwright 1975, p. 309.\nCharles-Edwards 2013, p. 497.\nWainwright 1975, p. 320.\nSzarmach 1998, pp. 125–126.\nSzarmach 1998, p. 125.\nHenry of Huntingdon (1968) [1853; London, UK: H. G. Bohn]. The Chronicle of Henry of Huntingdon. Translated by Forester, Thomas. New York, NY: AMS Press. OCLC 222137748; quoted in Szarmach 1998, p. 125.\nDumville 1996, p. 17.\nWoolf 2007, p. 132.\nStafford 2001, pp. 45–49.\nInsley 2009, p. 330.\nWainwright 1975, pp. 310, 323–324.\nWainwright 1975, p. 305.\nKeynes 1998, pp. 37–38; Keynes 1999, pp. 459–464.\nHigham 2001b, pp. 307–308.\n\"Gloucester funeral procession honours Aethelflaed, Lady of the Mercians\". BBC News. 10 June 2018.\n\"Aethelflaed, Tamworth's Warrior Queen, Installation and opening-event\". jamedia.uk. 20 May 2018. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021.\n\"Luke Perry, artist, on making Aethlflaed, Warrior Queen of Tamworth\". jamedia.uk. 20 May 2018. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021.\n\"Aethelflaed | visittamworth\". www.visittamworth.co.uk.", "Abels, Richard (1998). Alfred the Great: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England. Harlow, UK: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-04047-2.\nBailey, Maggie (2001). \"Ælfwynn, Second Lady of the Mercians\". In Higham, Nick; Hill, David (eds.). Edward the Elder 899–924. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 112–127. ISBN 978-0-415-21497-1.\nBaker, Nigel; Holt, Richard (2004). Urban Growth and the Medieval Church: Gloucester and Worcester. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-0266-8.\nBlair, John (2005). The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-921117-3.\nBlair, John; Rippon, Stephen; Smart, Christopher (2020). Planning in the Early Medieval Landscape. Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-1-78962-116-7.\nCharles-Edwards, Thomas (2001). \"Wales and Mercia 613–918\". In Brown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carol A. (eds.). Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon Kingdom in Europe. London, UK: Leicester University Press. pp. 89–105. ISBN 978-0-7185-0231-7.\nCharles-Edwards, T. M. (2013). Wales and the Britons 350–1064. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821731-2.\n\"Charter S 221\". The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters. London, UK: King's College London. Retrieved 15 September 2016.\n\"Charter S 367\". The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters. London, UK: King's College London. Retrieved 29 August 2019.\nClarkson, Tim (2014). Strathclyde and the Anglo-Saxons in the Viking Age. Edinburgh: John Donald. ISBN 978-1-906566-78-4.\nClarkson, Tim (2018). Æthelflæd: The Lady of the Mercians. Edinburgh, UK: John Donald. ISBN 978-1-910900-16-1.\nCostambeys, Marios (2004a). \"Æthelflæd [Ethelfleda] (d. 918), ruler of the Mercians\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8907. ISBN 9780198614128. Retrieved 17 September 2014. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nCostambeys, Marios (2004b). \"Æthelred (d. 911), ruler of the Mercians\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 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H. (eds.). Edward the Elder 899–924. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 40–66. ISBN 978-0-415-21497-1.\nLapidge, Michael (1993). Anglo-Latin Literature 900–1066. London, UK: The Hambledon Press. ISBN 978-1-85285-012-8.\nLyon, Stewart (2001). \"The coinage of Edward the Elder\". In Higham, Nick; Hill, David (eds.). Edward the Elder 899–924. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 67–78. ISBN 978-0-415-21497-1.\nMeijns, Brigitte (2010). \"The Policy on Relic Translations of Baldwin II of Flanders (879–918), Edward of Wessex (899–924), and Æthelflæd of Mercia (d. 924): A Key to Anglo-Flemish Relations\". In Rollason, David; Leyser, Conrad; Williams, Hannah (eds.). England and the Continent in the Tenth Century. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. pp. 473–492. ISBN 978-2-503-53208-0.\nMiller, Sean (2011). \"Edward [called Edward the Elder] (870s?–924), king of the Anglo-Saxons\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8514. Retrieved 21 November 2016. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nRyan, Martin J. (2013). \"Conquest, Reform and the Making of England\". In Higham, Nicholas J.; Ryan, Martin J. (eds.). The Anglo-Saxon World. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. pp. 284–322. ISBN 978-0-300-12534-4.\nSawyer, Peter, ed. (1979). Charters of Burton Abbey. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-725940-5.\nStafford, Pauline (1981). \"The King's Wife in Wessex 800–1066\". Past and Present. Oxford, UK. 91: 3–27. doi:10.1093/past/91.1.3. ISSN 0031-2746.\nStafford, Pauline (2001). \"Political Women in Mercia, Eighth to Early Tenth Centuries\". In Brown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carol A. (eds.). Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon Kingdom in Europe. London, UK: Leicester University Press. pp. 35–49. ISBN 978-0-7185-0231-7.\nStafford, Pauline (2007). \"'The Annals of Æthelflæd': Annals, History and Politics in Early Tenth-Century England\". In Barrow, Julia; Wareham, Andrew (eds.). Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. pp. 101–116. ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8.\nStenton, Frank (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5.\nSzarmach, Paul R. (1998). \"Æðelflæd of Mercia, Mise en Page\". In Baker, Peter S.; Howe, Nicholas (eds.). Words and Works: Studies in Medieval English Language and Literature in Honour of Fred C. Robinson. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. pp. 105–126. ISBN 978-0-8020-4153-1.\nThacker, Alan (1985). \"Kings, Saints and Monasteries in Pre-Viking Mercia\". Midland History. X: 1–25. doi:10.1179/mdh.1985.10.1.1. ISSN 1756-381X.\nThacker, Alan (2001). \"Dynastic Monasteries and Family Cults\". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). Edward the Elder 899–924. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 248–263. ISBN 978-0-415-21497-1.\nThacker, Alan (2014). \"Chester\". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England (2nd ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 104–106. ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1.\nThompson, Victoria (2004). Dying and Death in Later Anglo-Saxon England. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-070-2.\nWainwright, F. T. (1975). Scandinavian England: Collected Papers. Chichester, UK: Phillimore. ISBN 978-0-900592-65-2.\nWalker, Ian W. (2000). Mercia and the Making of England. Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7509-2131-2.\nWard, Simon (2001). \"Edward the Elder and the Re-establishment of Chester\". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). Edward the Elder 899–924. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 160–166. ISBN 978-0-415-21497-1.\nWilliams, Ann (1991a). \"Æthelred Lord of the Mercians c. 883–911\". In Williams, Ann; Smyth, Alfred P.; Kirby, D. P. (eds.). A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain. London, UK: Seaby. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-85264-047-7.\nWilliams, Ann (1991b). \"Burgred, King of Mercia 852–74\". In Williams, Ann; Smyth, Alfred P.; Kirby, D. P. (eds.). A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain. London, UK: Seaby. pp. 68–69. ISBN 978-1-85264-047-7.\nWilliams, Ann (1991c). \"Ceolwulf II, King of Mercia 874–9\". In Williams, Ann; Smyth, Alfred P.; Kirby, D. P. (eds.). A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain. London, UK: Seaby. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-85264-047-7.\nWoolf, Alex (2001). \"View from the West: an Irish Perspective\". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). Edward the Elder 899–924. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 89–101. ISBN 978-0-415-21497-1.\nWoolf, Alex (2007). From Pictland to Alba: 789–1070. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1233-8.", "Blake, Matthew; Sargent, Andrew (2018). \"'For the Protection of All the People': Æthelflæd and Her Burhs in Northwest Mercia\". Midland History. 43 (2): 120–54. doi:10.1080/0047729X.2018.1519141. ISSN 0047-729X. S2CID 158551730.\nJones, Margaret C. (2018). Founder, Fighter, Saxon Queen: Aethelflaed, Lady of the Mercians. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword History. ISBN 978-1526733962.", "Æthelflæd 4 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England" ]

[ "Æthelflæd", "Background", "Sources", "Family", "Æthelflæd and Æthelred", "Lady of the Mercians", "Death and aftermath", "Legacy", "Commemoration", "Notes", "Citations", "Bibliography", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 2350, 2351, 2352, 2353, 2354, 2355, 2356 ]

[ 12041, 12042, 12043, 12044, 12045, 12046, 12047, 12048, 12049, 12050, 12051, 12052, 12053, 12054, 12055, 12056, 12057, 12058, 12059, 12060, 12061, 12062, 12063, 12064, 12065, 12066, 12067, 12068, 12069, 12070, 12071, 12072, 12073, 12074, 12075, 12076, 12077, 12078, 12079, 12080, 12081, 12082, 12083, 12084, 12085, 12086, 12087, 12088, 12089, 12090, 12091, 12092, 12093, 12094, 12095, 12096, 12097, 12098, 12099, 12100, 12101, 12102, 12103, 12104, 12105, 12106, 12107, 12108, 12109, 12110, 12111, 12112, 12113, 12114, 12115, 12116, 12117, 12118, 12119, 12120, 12121, 12122, 12123, 12124, 12125, 12126, 12127, 12128, 12129, 12130, 12131, 12132, 12133, 12134, 12135, 12136, 12137, 12138, 12139, 12140, 12141, 12142, 12143, 12144, 12145 ]

[ "A silver penny of Æthelhard" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Early_medieval_coin%2C_Penny_of_Aethelheard%2C_Archbishop_of_Canterbury_under_Offa_%28FindID_584096%29.jpg" ]

[ "Æthelhard (died 12 May 805) was a Bishop of Winchester then an Archbishop of Canterbury in medieval England. Appointed by King Offa of Mercia, Æthelhard had difficulties with both the Kentish monarchs and with a rival archiepiscopate in southern England, and was deposed around 796 by King Eadberht III Præn of Kent. By 803, Æthelhard, along with the Mercian King Coenwulf, had secured the demotion of the rival archbishopric, once more making Canterbury the only archbishopric south of the Humber in Britain. Æthelhard died in 805, and was considered a saint until his cult was suppressed after the Norman Conquest in 1066.", "Nothing is known of Æthelhard's family background or early life, however it is assumed that he was a native of Mercia. He first appears in the historical record as abbot of a monastery at Louth, Lincolnshire before being named to the diocese of Winchester. He was consecrated Bishop of Winchester sometime after 759 and before 778.", "Æthelhard was translated from the see of Winchester to the see of Canterbury in 792 and was enthroned as archbishop on 21 July 793. Æthelhard owed his appointment to King Offa of Mercia, and the enthronement was presided over by the then-senior bishop of the land: Hygberht, the Archbishop of Lichfield. King Offa consulted Alcuin of York over proper procedure, as the archbishopric of Lichfield was a new creation.\nAround 796, Æthelhard was deposed by King Eadberht III Præn of Kent because Æthelhard had been appointed by Offa. Offa had died in 796, and Eadberht seized control of Kent, forcing Æthelhard to flee to the court of Offa's son Ecgfrith of Mercia. Ecgfrith himself died before 796, and a distant relative Coenwulf took the throne. Alcuin encouraged Æthelhard to return to Canterbury, and suggested a compromise over the status of Lichfield, which had been established by Offa in rivalry to Canterbury. Alcuin's plan would have allowed Hygberht to retain archiepiscopal status during his lifetime, but it would be a purely ceremonial rank. In this proposal, Canterbury would regain its status as the only archbishopric south of the Humber and Æthelhard would return to Canterbury. However, Æthelhard was unable to do this while Eadberht was still in power. Alcuin had previously stated that Lichfield had been elevated because of a \"lust for power\", presumably by Offa, and not through any consideration of the merits of the plan.\nAlthough Alcuin had scorn for Æthelhard for fleeing Canterbury, the papacy saw it differently. Pope Leo III praised Æthelhard for fleeing and refusing to submit to Eadberht, whom Leo compared to the later Roman emperor Julian the Apostate. There are indications, though, that the Kentish community considered electing another archbishop while Æthelhard was in exile.", "Because Lichfield had been established by the papacy, any change in its status required papal assent. Coenwulf's first embassy to Leo III in 797 about demoting Lichfield did not succeed, mainly because Leo seems to have resented the implied criticism of his predecessor Hadrian I, who had approved the elevation of Lichfield. Coenwulf's embassy bore a letter to the pope that asked for papal advice on how to resolve the problems surrounding Lichfield and Canterbury. The letter reminded the papacy of Pope Gregory the Great's old scheme to have two metropolitans in Britain, one in the north and one in the south, with the southern one being based in London. The letter implied that Coenwulf was asking for Æthelhard's metropolitan see to be moved to London. The same embassy carried a letter from Æthelhard also, which has not survived. The pope, however, did not agree with the embassy. The papal reply to Coenwulf stated that the southern archbishopric must remain at Canterbury, as well as excommunicated Eadberht and authorised his expulsion from Kent if he persisted in keeping Æthelhard from Canterbury.\nIn 798 Coenwulf invaded Kent and captured Eadberht, whom he blinded and imprisoned. Æthelhard was restored to Canterbury, where he set about restoring the see's possessions. He also managed to secure professions of obedience from a number of southern bishops, including Eadwulf of Lindsey and Tidferth of Dummoc. But, Hygberht was still being called archbishop in 799. Because Pope Leo was involved in disputes in Rome during 799 and 800, and was unable to spare attention for English affairs, no papal decisions could be made on the dispute.\nÆthelhard resolved to go to Rome and consult with the pope about the decline in power of the see of Canterbury. The archbishop went to Rome along with Bishop Cyneberht of Winchester, and carried two letters from Coenwulf to the pope. After some discussions, Leo sided with Canterbury and demoted Lichfield back down to a bishopric. Besides these papal actions, there are indications that the cathedral clergy of Canterbury never recognised the elevation of Lichfield.", "Æthelhard returned to England in 803, and convened the Council of Clovesho, which decreed that no archiepiscopal see besides Canterbury should ever been established in the southern part of Britain. Hygberht attended the council, but as an abbot, which makes it apparent that he had resigned his see before the council met. At that same council, Æthelhard also presented a papal decision that asserted the freedom of churches from secular authority. While at the council, Æthelhard once more proclaimed that the papacy had been deceived into elevating Lichfield, and that it was a \"tyranical power\" that had been behind the effort. Æthelhard presided over at least eleven synods, and possibly one more.\nÆthelhard died on 12 May 805 and was buried in Canterbury. He was later revered as a saint, with a feast day of 12 May, but his cult was suppressed by the Roman Catholic Archbishop Lanfranc in the late 11th century and never was revived. The Eastern Orthodox Church in England, however, still celebrates his feast and has parishes that have taken Saint Æthelhard as their patron.", "Also Ethelhard, Æthilheard, Aethelheard or Ethelheard.", "Hutchinson-Hall, J. E. (2014). 12 May. In Orthodox Saints of the British Isles: Volume Two – April – June (pp. 162–163). Saint Eadfrith Press.\n\"Home » St Aethelheard's Orthodox Church Louth | An Orthodox Christian Church in Louth Lincolnshire\". Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2020.\nFarmer Oxford Dictionary of Saints p. 181\nWilliams \"Æthelheard\" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\nFryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 223\nFryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 214\nStenton Anglo-Saxon England p. 225\nBrooks Early History of the Church of Canterbury pp. 120–132\nKirby Earliest English Kings p. 142\nKirby Earliest English Kings p. 149\nKirby Earliest English Kings p. 143\nStenton Anglo-Saxon England pp. 225–227\nHindley Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons p. 106", "Brooks, Nicholas (1984). The Early History of the Church of Canterbury: Christ Church from 597 to 1066. London: Leicester University Press. ISBN 0-7185-0041-5.\nFarmer, David Hugh (2004). Oxford Dictionary of Saints (Fifth ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860949-0.\nFryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.\nHindley, Geoffrey (2006). A Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons: The Beginnings of the English Nation. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7867-1738-5.\nKirby, D. P. (2000). The Earliest English Kings. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-24211-8.\nStenton, F. M. (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (Third ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5.\nWilliams, Ann (2004). \"Æthelheard (died 805)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (October 2006 revised ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8910. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2007.(subscription or UK public library membership required)", "Cubitt, Catherine (November 1999). \"Finding the Forger: An Alleged Decree of the 679 Council of Hatfield\". The English Historical Review. 114 (459): 1217–1248. doi:10.1093/ehr/114.459.1217. JSTOR 580246.", "Æthelheard 13 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England" ]

[ "Æthelhard", "Early life", "Canterbury", "Troubles with Lichfield", "Return from exile", "Notelist", "Citations", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 2357 ]

[ 12146, 12147, 12148, 12149, 12150, 12151, 12152, 12153, 12154, 12155, 12156, 12157, 12158, 12159, 12160, 12161, 12162, 12163 ]

[ "Will of Alfred the Great, AD 873–888, granting land to Æthelhelm (11th-century copy, British Library Stowe MS 944, ff. 29v–33r)[3]" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Will_of_Alfred_the_Great_%28New_Minster_Liber_Vitae%29_-_BL_Stowe_MS_944%2C_f_30v.jpg" ]

[ "Æthelhelm or Æþelhelm (fl. 880s) was the elder of two known sons of Æthelred I, King of Wessex from 865 to 871, and Queen Wulfthryth.\nÆthelred's sons were infants when their father died in 871, and the throne passed to their uncle, Alfred the Great. The only certain record of Æthelhelm is as a beneficiary in Alfred's will in the mid 880s, and he probably died at some time in the next decade. Following Alfred's death in 899 Æthelhelm's younger brother Æthelwold unsuccessfully contested the succession.\nPauline Stafford identifies him with the Æthelhelm who served as Ealdorman of Wiltshire, the probable father of Ælfflæd, who became Edward the Elder's second wife about 899. However, Barbara Yorke rejects this idea, arguing that it does not appear to have been the practice for æthelings (princes of the royal dynasty who were eligible to be king) to become ealdormen, that a grant from Alfred to Ealdorman Æthelhelm makes no reference to kinship between them, and that the hostile reception to King Eadwig's marriage to Ælfgifu, his third cousin once removed, shows that a marriage between Edward and his first cousin once removed would have been forbidden as incestuous. \nThe historian Æthelweard (died c. 998) claimed descent from King Æthelred I and may therefore be a descendant of Æthelhelm. Some genealogists have suggested that the Godwins descended from Æthelred I through Æthelhelm, but almost all historians dismiss this idea.", "House of Wessex family tree", "N. J. Higham, D. H. Hill, Edward the Elder: 899-924 (2013), p. 35\nÆthelhelm may have had an older brother called Oswald or Osweald (David Dumville, The ætheling: a study in Anglo-Saxon constitutional history, Anglo-Saxon England, 8, 1979, p. 11).\nCharter S 1507 at the Electronic Sawyer\nBarbara Yorke, 'Edward as Ætheling', in N. J. Higham & D. H. Hill eds, Edward the Elder 899–924, Routledge, 2001, p. 30\nKing Alfred's Will in Simon Keynes & Michael Lapidge, translation & notes, Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and Other Contemporary Sources, Penguin, 1983, pp. 177, 321, n. 66.\n\"Æthelhelm 4 (Male)\". Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England. Retrieved 31 December 2016.\nYorke, op. cit., p. 31.\nPauline Stafford, Queen Emma and Queen Edith, Blackwell, 2001, pp. 324–325; PASE s.v. Æthelhelm 7\nÆthelwulf's son Æthelbald may have been an exception. According to Sean Miller, he was appointed an ealdorman in 850 (Sean Miller, Æthelbald, Oxford Online Dictionary of National Biography, 2004), but Simon Keynes suggests that the ætheling and the ealdorman were probably different people (Simon Keynes, Atlas of Attestations, Table XXI, S 301)\n\nYorke, op. cit., pp. 33–34. Keynes and Lapidge also treat the two Æthelhelms as different people, although they are more cautious in rejecting the identification, saying that they are \"probably\" not the same, p. 321, n. 66", "Æthelhelm 4 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England" ]

[ "Æthelhelm", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2358 ]

[ 12164, 12165, 12166, 12167, 12168 ]

[ "Edgar the Ætheling", "Mention of æthelings in Beowulf" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Edgar_the_%C3%86theling.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Beowulf_-_aethelinga.jpg" ]

[ "Ætheling (/ˈæθəlɪŋ/; also spelt aetheling, atheling or etheling) was an Old English term (æþeling) used in Anglo-Saxon England to designate princes of the royal dynasty who were eligible for the kingship.\nThe term is an Old English and Old Saxon compound of aethele, æþele or (a)ethel, meaning \"noble family\", and -ing, which means \"belonging to\". It was usually rendered in Latin as filius regis (king's son) or the Anglo-Latin neologism clito.\nÆtheling can be found in the Suffolk toponym of Athelington.", "During the earliest years of the Anglo-Saxon rule in England, the word ætheling was probably used to denote any person of noble birth. Its use was soon restricted to members of a royal family. The prefix æþel- formed part of the name of several Anglo-Saxon kings, for instance Æthelberht of Kent, Æthelwulf of Wessex and Æthelred of Wessex, and was used to indicate their noble birth. According to a document which probably dates from the 10th century, the weregild of an ætheling was fixed at 15,000 thrymsas, or 11,250 shillings, which was equal to that of an archbishop and one-half of that of a king.\nThe annal for 728 in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle referred to a certain Oswald as an ætheling, due to his great-great-grandfather having been King of Wessex. From the 9th century, the term was used in a much narrower context and came to refer exclusively to members of the house of Cerdic of Wessex, the ruling dynasty of Wessex, most particularly the sons or brothers of the reigning king. According to historian Richard Abels, \"King Alfred transformed the very principle of royal succession. Before Alfred, any nobleman who could claim royal descent, no matter how distant, could strive for the throne. After him, throne-worthiness would be limited to the sons and brothers of the reigning king.\" In the reign of Edward the Confessor, Edgar the Ætheling received the appellation as the grandson of Edmund Ironside, but that was at a time when for the first time in 250 years there was no living ætheling according to the strict definition.\nÆtheling was also used in a poetic sense to mean 'a good and noble man'. Old English verse often used ætheling to describe Christ, as well as various prophets and saints. The hero of the 8th century Beowulf is introduced as an ætheling, possibly in the sense of a relative of the King of the Geats, though some translators render ætheling as 'retainer'. Since many early Scandinavian kings were chosen by competition or election, rather than primogeniture, the term may have been reserved for a person qualified to compete for the kingship.", "The term was occasionally used after the Norman conquest of England and then only to designate members of the royal family. The Latinised Germanic form, Adelin(us) was used in the name of the only legitimate son and heir of Henry I of England, William Adelin, who drowned in the White Ship disaster of 1120.\nIt was also sometimes translated into Latin as clito, as in the name of William Clito. It may have been derived from the Latin inclitus/inclutus, \"celebrated.\"\nThe historian Dáibhí Ó Cróinín has proposed that the idea of the rígdomna in early medieval Ireland was adopted from the Anglo-Saxon, specifically Northumbrian, concept of the ætheling. The earliest use of tanaíste ríg was in reference to an Anglo-Saxon prince in about 628. Many subsequent uses related to non-Irish rulers, before the term was attached to Irish kings-in-waiting.\nIn Wales, the variant edling was used to signify the son chosen to be the heir apparent.", "Ethel\nAþel\nEbeling", "Harper, Douglas (November 2001). \"Atheling\". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 3 July 2008.\nOne or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Ætheling\". Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 290.\nAbels, Richard (2002). \"Royal Succession and the Growth of Political Stability in Ninth-Century Wessex\". The Haskins Society Journal: Studies in Medieval History. 12: 92. ISBN 1-84383-008-6.\nAird, William M. (28 September 2011). Robert 'Curthose', Duke of Normandy (C. 1050-1134). Boydell Press. ISBN 9781843836605 – via Google Books.\nÓ Cróinín, Dáibhí (1995). Early Medieval Ireland: 400–1200. London: Longman. ISBN 0-582-01565-0.", "Miller, S. (2003). \"Ætheling\". In Lapidge, Michael (ed.). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-22492-0." ]

[ "Ætheling", "Meaning and use in Anglo-Saxon England", "Other uses and variations", "See also", "Footnotes", "Further reading" ]

[ 2359 ]

[ 12169, 12170, 12171, 12172, 12173, 12174, 12175, 12176, 12177, 12178 ]

[ "Ruins of St Oswald's Priory, Gloucester, where Æthelred and Æthelflæd were buried", "Æthelflæd as depicted in the thirteenth-century cartulary of Abingdon Abbey", "Page of the will of Alfred the Great, c. 883, mentions Æthelred (copy dated c. 1031, British Library Stowe MS 944, ff. 29v–33r[25])", "" ]

[ 0, 3, 3, 10 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/St_Oswald%27s_Priory%2C_Gloucester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_443171.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d_as_depicted_in_the_cartulary_of_Abingdon_Abbey.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Will_of_Alfred_the_Great_%28New_Minster_Liber_Vitae%29_-_BL_Stowe_MS_944%2C_f_30v.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_796.jpg" ]

[ "Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians (or Ealdorman Æthelred of Mercia; died 911) became ruler of English Mercia shortly after the death or disappearance of its last king, Ceolwulf II in 879. Æthelred's rule was confined to the western half, as eastern Mercia was then part of the Viking-ruled Danelaw. His ancestry is unknown. He was probably the leader of an unsuccessful Mercian invasion of Wales in 881, and soon afterwards he acknowledged the lordship of King Alfred the Great of Wessex. This alliance was cemented by the marriage of Æthelred to Alfred's daughter Æthelflæd.\nIn 886, Alfred took possession of London, which had suffered greatly from several Viking occupations. Alfred then handed London over to Æthelred, as it had traditionally been a Mercian town. In 892, the Vikings renewed their attacks, and the following year, Æthelred led an army of Mercians, West Saxons and Welsh to victory over a Viking army at the Battle of Buttington. He spent the next three years fighting them alongside Alfred's son, the future King Edward the Elder. At some time after 899 Æthelred's health may have declined, and Æthelflæd may have become the effective ruler of Mercia.\nAfter Æthelred's death, Æthelflæd ruled as Lady of the Mercians until her own death in 918. The couple's only child, a daughter called Ælfwynn, then ruled briefly until deposed by her uncle, King Edward.", "Mercia was the dominant kingdom in southern England in the eighth century, and maintained its position until it suffered a decisive defeat by King Ecgberht of Wessex at the Battle of Ellendun in 825. Ecgberht briefly conquered Mercia, but it recovered its independence in 830, and thereafter the two kingdoms became allies, which was to be an important factor in English resistance to the Vikings. The Mercians traditionally held overlordship over Wales, and in 853, King Burgred of Mercia obtained the assistance of King Æthelwulf of Wessex in an invasion of Wales in order to reassert their hegemony. The same year, Burgred married Æthelwulf's daughter.\nIn 865, the Viking Great Heathen Army landed in East Anglia, and used it as a starting point for an invasion. The East Anglians were forced to buy peace, and the following year, the Vikings invaded Northumbria, where they established an obscure Northumbrian man called Ecgberht as puppet king in 867. They then moved on to Nottingham in Mercia, where they spent the winter of 867–868. Burgred was joined by King Æthelred of Wessex and his brother, the future King Alfred, for a combined attack on the Vikings, but they refused an engagement and in the end the Mercians bought peace with them. The following year, the Vikings conquered East Anglia. They returned to Mercia in 872; two years later they expelled Burgred, and Ceolwulf became king with their support. Ceolwulf was described by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as \"a foolish king's thegn\" who was a puppet of the Vikings, but historians regard this view as partial and distorted: he was accepted as a true king by the Mercians and by King Alfred.\nIn 877, the Vikings divided Mercia, taking the eastern part for themselves and leaving Ceolwulf with the west. The Vikings went on to attack Wessex, leaving Ceolwulf free to renew Mercian claims of hegemony in Wales. At almost the same time as Alfred's victory over the Vikings in 878 at the Battle of Edington, Ceolwulf defeated and killed Rhodri Mawr, king of the north Welsh territory of Gwynedd. After Ceolwulf's disappearance in 879, Mercia began to fall under the hegemony of Wessex.", "", "Æthelred's descent is unknown, and he does not appear to have been closely related to his immediate predecessors, although his name suggests possible descent from earlier Mercian kings. He may have been the man of the same name who attested two Mercian charters in the late 860s, but he is not listed in the two surviving charters of Ceolwulf. Lists of witnesses to charters show that Æthelred's witan (council) shared bishops and at least two ealdormen with Ceolwulf, but Ceolwulf's thegns all disappeared. In the view of Ian Walker: \"He was a royal ealdorman whose power base lay in the south-west of Mercia in the former kingdom of the Hwicce around Gloucester.\" However, Alex Woolf suggests that he was probably the son of King Burgred of Mercia and Æthelswith, sister of Alfred the Great, although that would mean that Æthelred's marriage was uncanonical, as Rome then forbade marriage between first cousins.\nIt is not known when Æthelred took over following Ceolwulf's death or disappearance, but in the view of Thomas Charles-Edwards, a historian of medieval Wales, Æthelred was almost certainly \"Edryd Long-Hair\", the leader of a Mercian army which invaded Gwynedd in 881, and was defeated by Rhodri Mawr's sons at the Battle of the Conwy. This was described by Welsh annals as \"revenge by God for Rhodri\". The defeat forced Æthelred to abandon his ambitions in north Wales, but he continued to exercise overlordship over the south-eastern Welsh kingdoms of Glywysing and Gwent. According to Alfred's Welsh biographer Asser, Æthelred's \"might and tyrannical behaviour\" forced these kingdoms to submit to the protection of King Alfred's lordship. By 883, Æthelred had accepted Alfred's lordship. Charles-Edwards suggests that in 881–882 he tried to maintain his dominance in south-east Wales, but Alfred offered his protection to Glywysing and Gwent, and in 882–883, Æthelred accepted that West Saxon power made continued independence impossible. Charles-Edwards comments:\nThe implication of all this is that the Mercian submission to Alfred – a crucial step in the creation of a single English kingdom – occurred not just because of one battle, Alfred's victory over the Great Army at Edington in 878, but also because of another, more distant battle, \"God's revenge\" on the Mercians at the Conwy, when Anarawd of Gwynedd and his brothers defeated Æthelred and so brought about that collapse of the Mercian hegemony in Wales from which Alfred was only too pleased to benefit.\nWhen Æthelred made a grant to Berkeley Abbey in 883, he did it with the approval of King Alfred, thus acknowledging Alfred's lordship. Thereafter he usually acted with Alfred's permission, but issued some charters in his own name without reference to Alfred, such as at a meeting in Risborough in Buckinghamshire in 884, showing that English Mercia extended quite far south-east towards London.\nAfter the Battle of Edington in 878, Alfred established a network of fortified settlements, called burhs, in Wessex to protect his people and territory against Viking attacks, and when Æthelred accepted Alfred's lordship the burhs were extended into Mercia. One of the burhs was Worcester, where Æthelred worked with its bishop and used the standing Roman walls in the town's defences. Over the next two generations Worcester was transformed from an ecclesiastical settlement to a town with a diverse population of craftsmen.\nLondon suffered severely from Viking attacks and was several times occupied by Viking armies. In 886, Alfred took possession of London, and according to Asser he \"restored\" the city and \"made it habitable again\". He then handed control to Æthelred. Historians, however, disagree about the circumstances. According to Frank Stenton, Alfred recovered London by force from the Vikings and handed it to Æthelred because it had previously been a Mercian town, and he respected the traditions of other kingdoms. Marios Costambeys takes a similar view, arguing that Alfred's decision was probably due to the need to maintain unity among the English who were outside Viking territory. Alfred Smyth suggests that the Chronicle's account reflects bias in Alfred's favour, and that Æthelred took charge because he had a greater role in London's recovery than the West Saxon chronicler was willing to admit. Some versions of the Chronicle state that Alfred besieged London in 883, and Simon Keynes argues that Alfred probably took London at that time and that the \"occupation\" in 886 may have been a restoration of London's defences following Viking attacks close to the city in 885.\nAnglo-Saxon London, called Lundenwic, was located a mile west of Roman Londinium, but Lundenwic was undefended, and the restoration was carried out inside the walls of the old Roman city, especially an area close to the River Thames now called Queenhithe, but which was then known as Æthelred's Hythe after its Mercian ruler. Æthelred moved quickly to restore the area; in 889, he and Alfred granted property there to the Bishop of Worcester, and in 899, they made another grant to the Archbishop of Canterbury. Both bishops were, like Æthelred, Mercians and strong allies of King Alfred, who had the right to all tolls from markets along the river bank.\nAfter the restoration of London, Alfred received the submission of \"all the English people who were not under subjection to the Danes\", and the alliance between Wessex and Mercia was cemented by the marriage of Æthelred to Alfred's oldest daughter, Æthelflæd. She is first recorded as Æthelred's wife in a charter of 887, but the marriage probably took place in the early to mid 880s. Æthelred was probably much older than his wife. They had a daughter, Ælfwynn, and according to the twelfth century chronicler, William of Malmesbury, she was their only child. In King Alfred's will, drawn up in the 880s, Æthelred was left a sword worth 100 mancuses.\nIn 892, two Viking armies attacked eastern England, and Æthelred took part in the defence. After the defeat of one Viking leader, Hastein, Alfred became godfather to one of Hastein's two sons and Æthelred to the other. Soon afterwards, the English captured Hastein's wife and children, but they were returned to him because the sons were godsons of the English leaders. In 893, Æthelred brought troops from London to join Alfred's son Edward against a Viking army at Thorney in Buckinghamshire, but the Vikings were too strong for a direct attack so they were allowed to leave English territory. Later in the year, a larger Viking force marched from Essex through Mercia to the Welsh border, followed by Æthelred with a joint force of Mercians and West Saxons. Welsh kings joined Æthelred to meet the Vikings at the Battle of Buttington, where according to Smyth \"these invaders were utterly routed ... in what was the most decisive battle in the war\", although Marios Costambeys states that the Vikings eventually cut their way out and retreated back to Essex. The Viking army finally dispersed in 896. For much of the time, Alfred had been in the west country defending Devonshire, and in the view of Richard Abels: \"King Alfred had little to do directly with the great victories enjoyed by the English in 893–896. His son, Edward, and his ealdormen, in particular his son-in-law, Æthelred, had won the glory.\"\nIn the last years of the ninth century, three ealdormen ruled Mercia under Æthelred. Æthelflæd's maternal uncle, Æthelwulf, controlled western and possibly central Mercia, while the south and east were ruled by Æthelfrith, the father of Æthelstan Half-King. Alhhelm was responsible for the lands bordering the northern Danelaw. Æthelwulf and Alhhelm are not recorded after the turn of the century, and Æthelfrith may have been Æthelflæd's chief lieutenant when Æthelred's health collapsed soon afterwards. Æthelfrith may have been of West Saxon origin, appointed by Alfred to look after his interests in south-east Mercia.\nEvidence from charters shows that Æthelred and Æthelflæd supported religious communities. In 883, Æthelred freed Berkeley Abbey from obligations to the king's feorm (payments in kind), and in 887 he confirmed (with Æthelflæd also attesting) the possession of land and transferred manpower to Pyrton Minster in Oxfordshire. In 901, they jointly gave land to Much Wenlock Abbey, and donated a gold chalice weighing thirty mancuses in honour of its former abbess, Saint Mildburgh. In 903, they negotiated a settlement over a former monastic estate which the bishops of Worcester had been trying to recover since the 840s, and Bishop Wærferth wrote \"we never could get anywhere until Æthelred became Lord of the Mercians\".", "Some historians believe that at an unknown time in the decade 899 to 909, Æthelred's health collapsed and Æthelflæd became the effective ruler of Mercia. Cyril Hart and Maggie Bailey believe that it occurred by 902. Bailey cites \"Mercian Register\" entries from 902 showing Æthelflæd acting alone or in conjunction with Edward in military operations. Irish annals called the Three Fragments also suggest that Æthelred was unable to take an active part in government from about 902, although he did attend a meeting in 903 with King Edward, Æthelflæd and Ælfwynn. In 1998, Keynes suggested that Æthelred may have been incapacitated by illness at the end of his life, but in a summary of his career in 2014, Keynes does not mention this, stating that Æthelred and Æthelflæd cooperated with King Edward in campaigns against the Vikings. Martin Ryan also makes no mention of a decline in Æthelred's health, describing him as joining Edward in encouraging thegns to purchase land in Viking territories.\nAccording to William of Malmesbury, King Edward's eldest son, the future King Æthelstan, was sent to be brought up at the court of Æthelred and Æthelflæd after Edward remarried in about 900. This is supported by one independent piece of evidence. According to a transcript dating from 1304 in York's archives, in 925, Æthelstan gave a grant of privileges to St Oswald's Priory in Gloucester \"according to a pact of paternal piety which formerly he pledged with Æthelred, ealdorman of the people of the Mercians\". When King Edward died in 924, Æthelstan initially faced opposition at the West Saxon court, but was accepted as king in Mercia.\nAfter Æthelred's death in 911, Æthelflæd ruled as \"Lady of the Mercians\", but she did not inherit the Mercian territories of London and Oxford, which were taken by Edward. Æthelflæd died in 918, and their daughter Ælfwynn briefly ruled Mercia until deposed by Edward the Elder, who took the territory under his direct control.", "Gloucester seems to have been the main seat of Æthelred's and Æthelflæd's power, and before 900 they founded a new minster there, dedicated to St Peter. In 909, a West Saxon and Mercian army raided Viking territory and seized the bones of the Northumbrian king and martyr, St Oswald, from Bardney in Lincolnshire. The bones were translated to the new Gloucester minster, which was renamed St Oswald's Priory in his honour. The acquisition of the relics raised the prestige of the new minster and increased its wealth by making it a focus for pilgrims. The historian Martin Ryan sees the new minster as something like a Mercian royal mausoleum, to replace the one at Repton destroyed by the Vikings, and Æthelred and Æthelflæd were buried there.", "Æthelred's status is disputed, and this is reflected in the varying titles given to him by different historians. He is sometimes called \"ealdorman\", but also \"Lord of the Mercians\" and \"subking\". Coinage issued in English Mercia in Ceolred's time named him as king, but in Æthelred's time it named the West Saxon king, yet Æthelred issued some charters in his own name, implying royal authority. West Saxon sources refer to him as an ealdorman, emphasising Mercian subordination to the West Saxon monarchy, whereas Mercian ones describe him as Lord of the Mercians, and Celtic ones sometimes as King of Mercia.The late tenth-century chronicler Æthelweard, in his annal for 893, called Æthelred \"King of the Mercians\", but recorded his death in 911 as that of the \"Lord of the Mercians\".\nKing Edward's influence over Mercia is unclear, and he may have had less power than his father. Edward's charters show Æthelred and Æthelflæd as accepting his royal authority, but their own charters make no reference to an overlord, and some use expressions such as \"holding, governing and defending the sole rule of the Mercians\", which come close to describing them as king and queen.\nPauline Stafford comments that \"Alfred's dominance in the 890s over Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians, was as debatable at the time as it still is.\" In the view of Ann Williams, \"though he accepted West Saxon overlordship, Æthelred behaved rather as a king of Mercia than an ealdorman\", and Charles Insley states that Mercia remained an independent kingdom until 920. To the Welsh and Irish looking east, Mercian rulers still kept all their old regality until Æthelflæd's death in 918, and Nick Higham argues that: \"Celtic visions of Æthelred and Æthelflæd as king and queen certainly offer a different, and equally valid, contemporary take on the complex politics of this transition to a new English state.\"\nIn the Handbook of British Chronology David Dumville lists Æthelred as King Æthelred II, and thus a successor to the seventh century King Æthelred of Mercia. Keynes takes the West Saxon view, arguing that Alfred created the \"kingdom of the Anglo-Saxons\", inherited by his son Edward the Elder in 899, and Æthelred ruled Mercia under the king. However, Keynes also says:\nÆthelred usually acted with the permission of or in association with King Alfred, but occasionally he acted independently of him. Although sometimes described as plain dux or ealdorman, his status was clearly quite different from that of other duces, for he is also accorded styles which aspire to divine grace and which appear to verge on the royal. In other words, there is no mistaking that the Mercians retained a conception of their ruler as a rightful successor to earlier kings, and a conception of their land as a kingdom with its own identity; but there is also no mistaking that Æthelred moved in an Alfredian world.", "Charters S 218, 217, and 221.\nThe \"Mercian Register\" (also known as the \"Annals of Æthelflæd\") is the name given by historians to entries from 902 to 924 in several versions of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle which report events from a Mercian point of view, counteracting the West Saxon bias of the \"Main Chronicle\".", "Keynes & Lapidge 1983, pp. 11–12.\nKeynes & Lapidge 1983, p. 12; Charles-Edwards 2013, p. 486.\nStenton 1971, pp. 247–48.\nWilliams 1991b, p. 77; Miller 2004.\nWilliams 1991b; Costambeys 2004b.\nCharles-Edwards 2013, pp. 486–88.\nWilliams 1991b, p. 77.\nBailey 2001, pp. 112–13.\nKeynes 1998, p. 19.\nAbels 1998, p. 181.\nWalker 2000, p. 69.\nWoolf 2001, p. 98.\nCharles-Edwards 2013, pp. 490–91.\nKeynes & Lapidge 1983, pp. 96, 262-63 n. 183.\nCharles-Edwards 2013, p. 493.\nCostambeys 2004b.\nKeynes 1998, pp. 20–21, 29.\nFleming 2011, pp. 246–48.\nFleming 2011, pp. 242, 253–55; Abels 1998, pp. 174–76.\nKeynes 1998, p. 22.\nStenton 1971, pp. 258–59.\nSmyth 1995, p. 519.\nKeynes 1998, pp. 21–24.\nFleming 2011, pp. 254–56.\nKeynes & Lapidge 1983, p. 313.\nKeynes 1998, pp. 24–25.\nKeynes 1998, p. 27; Bailey 2001, pp. 112–13.\nBailey 2001, p. 113.\nKeynes & Lapidge 1983, pp. 177, 313, 323 n. 91.\nCostambeys 2004b; Charles-Edwards 1998, p. 57.\nCostambeys 2004b; Smyth 1987, pp. 33–35.\nAbels 1998, pp. 304–05.\nHart 1992, p. 570.\nHart 1992, pp. 569–72; Keynes 1998, p. 21 n. 90.\nBlair 2005, p. 306; Baxter 2007, p. 179.\nKeynes 2001, pp. 42–43.\nBailey 2001, p. 113; Hart 1992, p. 570.\nWainwright 1975, pp. 141, 308–09.\nKeynes 2001, pp. 52–54.\nKeynes 1998, p. 37 n. 159.\nKeynes 1998, p. 37 n. 159; Keynes 2014, p. 16.\nRyan 2013, pp. 296–99.\nFoot 2011, pp. 34, 206.\nCostambeys 2004a.\nKeynes 1999, p. 462.\nHeighway 2001, pp. 103, 108; Bintley 2014, p. 172.\nRyan 2013, p. 298.\nStenton 1971, p. 259; Heighway 2001, p. 102.\nKeynes 2014, p. 16; Williams 1991a, p. 27; Costambeys 2004b.\nYorke 1990, p. 212.\nLyon 2001, p. 67.\nWilliams 1991a, p. 27.\nBailey 2001, p. 113; Keynes 2001, p. 43.\nKeynes 2001, pp. 43–44.\nRyan 2013, pp. 296–98.\nStafford 2007, p. 112.\nInsley 2013, pp. 329–30.\nCharles-Edwards 2013, p. 494; Higham 2001, p. 308.\nDumville 1996, p. 17.\nKeynes 1998, p. 29.", "Abels, Richard (1998). Alfred the Great: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England. Longman. ISBN 0-582-04047-7.\nBailey, Maggie (2001). \"Ælfwynn, Second Lady of the Mercians\". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). Edward the Elder 899–924. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-21497-1.\nBaxter, Stephen (2007). The Earls of Mercia. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923098-3.\nBintley, M. (2014). \"The translation of St Oswald's relics to New Minster, Gloucester: royal and imperial resonances\" (PDF). Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History. 19: 171–81. ISSN 0264-5254.\nBlair, John (2005). The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-921117-3.\nCharles-Edwards, Thomas (1998). \"Alliances, Godfathers, Treaties and Boundaries\". In Blackburn, M. A. S.; Dumville, D. N. (eds.). Kings, Currency and Alliances: History and Coinage of Southern England in the Ninth Century. Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-598-7.\nCharles-Edwards, Thomas (2013). Wales and the Britons 350–1064. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821731-2.\nCostambeys, Marios (2004a). \"Æthelflæd (Ethelfleda) (d. 918), ruler of the Mercians\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8907. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nCostambeys, Marios (2004b). \"Æthelred (d. 911), ruler of the Mercians\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/52311. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nDumville, David (1996). \"Kings of Mercia\". In Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (eds.). Handbook of British Chronology (3rd ed.). Royal Historical Society. pp. 15–18. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.\nFleming, Robin (2011). Britain after Rome: The Fall and the Rise, 400 to 1070. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-014823-7.\nFoot, Sarah (2011). Æthelstan: the first king of England. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12535-1.\nHart, Cyril (1992). The Danelaw. London, UK: The Hambledon Press. ISBN 978-1-85285-044-9.\nHeighway, Carolyn (2001). \"Gloucester and the new minster of St Oswald\". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). Edward the Elder 899–924. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-21497-1.\nHigham, Nick (2001). \"Endpiece\". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). Edward the Elder 899–924. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-21497-1.\nInsley, Charles (2013). \"Southumbria\". In Stafford, Pauline (ed.). A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland c. 500-c. 1100. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-42513-8.\nKeynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael, eds. (1983). Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred & Other Contemporary Sources. Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-044409-4.\nKeynes, Simon (1998). \"King Alfred and the Mercians\". In Blackburn, M. A. S.; Dumville, D. N. (eds.). Kings, Currency and Alliances: History and Coinage of Southern England in the Ninth Century. Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-598-7.\nKeynes, Simon (1999). \"England, c. 900–1016\". In Reuter, Timothy (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. III. Cambridge University Press. pp. 456–484. ISBN 0-521-36447-7.\nKeynes, Simon (2001). \"Edward, King of the Anglo-Saxons\". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). Edward the Elder 899–924. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-470-65632-7.\nKeynes, Simon (2014). \"Æthelred 'Lord of the Mercians' (d. 911)\". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England (2nd ed.). Wiley Blackwell. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1.\nLyon, Stewart (2001). \"The Coinage of Edward the Elder\". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). Edward the Elder 899–924. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-21497-1.\nMiller, Sean (2004). \"Ceolwulf II (fl. 874–879)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/39145. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nRyan, Martin J. (2013). \"Conquest, Reform and the Making of England\". In Higham, Nicholas J.; Ryan, Martin J. (eds.). The Anglo-Saxon World. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12534-4.\nSmyth, Alfred (1987). Scandinavian York and Dublin. Vol. 1. Irish Academic Press. ISBN 0-7165-2365-5.\nSmyth, Alfred (1995). King Alfred the Great. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822989-5.\nStafford, Pauline (2007). \"'The Annals of Æthelflæd': Annals, History and Politics in Early Tenth-Century England\". In Barrow, Julia; Wareham, Andrew (eds.). Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8.\nStenton, Frank M. (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.). Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5.\nWainwright, F. T. (1975). Scandinavian England: Collected Papers. Phillimore. ISBN 0-900592-65-6.\nWalker, Ian W. (2000). Mercia and the Making of England. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-2131-5.\nWilliams, Ann (1991a). \"Æthelred Lord of the Mercians c. 883–911\". In Williams, Ann; Smyth, Alfred P.; Kirby, D. P. (eds.). A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain. Seaby. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-85264-047-7.\nWilliams, Ann (1991b). \"Ceolwulf II, King of Mercia 874-9\". In Williams, Ann; Smyth, Alfred P.; Kirby, D. P. (eds.). A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain. Seaby. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-85264-047-7.\nWoolf, Alex (2001). \"View from the West: an Irish Perspective\". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). Edward the Elder 899–924. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-21497-1.\nYorke, Barbara (1990). Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. Seaby. ISBN 1-85264-027-8.", "Æthelred 1 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England" ]

[ "Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians", "Background", "Life", "Early rule", "Later life", "St Oswald's Priory, Gloucester", "Status", "Notes", "References", "Sources", "External links" ]

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[ "This charter issued by Æthelred in 873 shows the poor standard of Latin at the start of Alfred the Great's reign", "Coin of Æthelred, Cross and Lozenge type, minted 875-79" ]

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[ "Æthelred (or Ethelred; died 30 June 888) was an Anglo-Saxon Archbishop of Canterbury in medieval England. Although one source states that he was Bishop of Wiltshire prior to his elevation to Canterbury, this has been shown to be false. Much of Æthelred's time in office was spent dealing with the dislocations caused by the invasion of England by Vikings. There were also conflicts with King Alfred the Great over ecclesiastical matters as well as the desire of the papacy to reform the English clergy.", "Some sources, including the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, in the F version of that work, state that Æthelred was transferred in 870 from the Bishopric of Wiltshire to the see of Canterbury. However, the transfer has now been proven to be taken from the life of Ælfric of Abingdon, who was archbishop from 995 to 1005. Although the story of his transfer is false, Æthelred was consecrated as archbishop in 870. Why he was selected for Canterbury is unknown, as there is no contemporary information on his election.\nMost of Æthelred's time as archbishop was spent dealing with the effects of Viking raids, but he also had a conflict with King Alfred the Great over royal control of ecclesiastical affairs. It was during Æthelred's archbishopric that the Golden Gospels, a still-surviving 8th century gospel book, was ransomed from a raiding army and donated to Canterbury. Pope John VIII also urged Æthelred and Archbishop Wulfhere of York to reform the dress of the English clergy. The Anglo-Saxon clergy wore the short tunic that was the normal costume of the laypeople of Britain. The Roman custom, however, was to wear long clerical robes or habits, and the Anglo-Saxon custom was opposed by the papacy and other continental clergy. Whether Æthelred and Wulfred took steps to try to change the dress of their clergy is unknown, but the clothing customs of the Anglo-Saxon clergy did not change.\nAround 877, Æthelred wrote to Pope John VIII to complain about King Alfred's conduct towards Canterbury. The exact nature of the dispute is not clear, but the reply from the pope to the archbishop still exists. The pope told the archbishop that Canterbury had papal support and that the pope had written to the king urging the king to respect the rights of the archbishop. The writer Justin Pollard sees this letter as evidence of papal support for the deposition of Alfred, which Pollard alleges occurred at Christmas 878 and that the deposition was supported by Æthelred. Other historians, however, do not agree that there was a deposition of the king supported by the archbishop at this time.\nÆthelred also reached an agreement with Ælfred, an ealdorman, where Ælfred was granted the life use of a Canterbury estate in return for bequeathing one of his estates to Canterbury after his death. The document that records this agreement is not dated, however, so it is unknown when exactly during Æthelred's episcopate the document was drawn up. Another problem for the archbishop was a decline in the abilities of the scribes at Canterbury, which is dramatically illustrated by the document, which has a number of errors and duplications. Other documents of the period show that some of the scribes had little knowledge of Latin.\nÆthelred died 30 June 888.", "Wareham \"Æthelred\" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\nBrooks Early History of the Church of Canterbury pp. 149–152\nAbels Alfred the Great p. 244\nPollard Alfred the Great pp. 160–166\nWormald \"Alfred\" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\nAbels Alfred the Great pp. 150–155\nBrooks Early History of the Church of Canterbury pp. 172–173\nFryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 214", "Abels, Richard Philip (1998). Alfred the Great: War, Kingship, and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England. New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-04047-7.\nBrooks, Nicholas (1984). The Early History of the Church of Canterbury: Christ Church from 597 to 1066. London: Leicester University Press. ISBN 0-7185-0041-5.\nFryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.\nPollard, Justin (2005). Alfred the Great: The Man Who Made England. London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-6666-0.\nWareham, A. F. (2004). \"Æthelred (d. 888)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8914. Retrieved 7 November 2007.(subscription or UK public library membership required)\nWormald, Patrick (2004). \"Alfred (848/9–899)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (revised October 2006 ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/183. Retrieved 16 December 2011.(subscription or UK public library membership required)", "Æthelred 13 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England" ]

[ "Æthelred (archbishop)", "Biography", "Citations", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Æthelred as depicted in the early-fourteenth-century Genealogical Roll of the Kings of England", "Charter S 332 dated 863 of King Æthelberht. Æthelred attests second from bottom on the left as \"Æthelred fil[ius] reg[is]\".", "Charter S 338 dated 867. Æthelred, King of the West Saxons and the Men of Kent, grants Wighelm, priest, a seat in St Martin's Church, Canterbury, together with land.[22] Most charters only survive as copies, and this is the only original of Æthelred to survive.[23]", "", "" ]

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[ "Æthelred I (alt. Aethelred, Ethelred; Old English: Æthel-ræd, lit. 'noble counsel'; 845/848 to 871) was King of Wessex from 865 until his death in 871. He was the fourth of five sons of King Æthelwulf of Wessex, four of whom in turn became king. Æthelred succeeded his elder brother Æthelberht and was followed by his youngest brother, Alfred the Great. Æthelred had two sons, Æthelhelm and Æthelwold, who were passed over for the kingship on their father's death because they were still infants. Alfred was succeeded by his son, Edward the Elder, and Æthelwold unsuccessfully disputed the throne with him.\nÆthelred's accession coincided with the arrival of the Viking Great Heathen Army in England. Over the next five years the Vikings conquered Northumbria and East Anglia, and at the end of 870 they launched a full-scale attack on Wessex. In early January 871, Æthelred was defeated at the Battle of Reading. Four days later, he scored a victory in the Battle of Ashdown, but this was followed by two defeats at Basing and Meretun. He died shortly after Easter. Alfred was forced to pay off the Vikings, but he scored a decisive victory over them seven years later at the Battle of Edington.\nÆthelred's reign was important numismatically. Wessex and Mercia were close allies when he became king, and he carried the alliance further by adopting the Mercian Lunettes design, thus creating a unified coinage design for southern England for the first time. The common design foreshadowed the unification of England over the next sixty years and the reform coinage of King Edgar a century later.", "Æthelred's grandfather, Ecgberht, became king of Wessex in 802, and in the view of the historian Richard Abels it must have seemed very unlikely to contemporaries that he would establish a lasting dynasty. For two hundred years, three families had fought for the West Saxon throne, and no son had followed his father as king. No ancestor of Ecgberht had been a king of Wessex since Ceawlin in the late sixth century, but he was believed to be a paternal descendant of Cerdic, the founder of the West Saxon dynasty. This made Ecgberht an ætheling – a prince eligible for the throne. But after Ecgberht's reign, descent from Cerdic was no longer sufficient to make a man an ætheling. When Ecgberht died in 839 he was succeeded by his son Æthelwulf; all subsequent West Saxon kings were Ecgberht's descendants, and were also sons of kings.\nAt the beginning of the ninth century, England was almost wholly under the control of the Anglo-Saxons. The Midland kingdom of Mercia dominated southern England, but its supremacy came to an end in 825 when it was decisively defeated by Ecgberht at the Battle of Ellendun. The two kingdoms became allies, which was important in the resistance to Viking attacks. In 853, King Burgred of Mercia requested West Saxon help to suppress a Welsh rebellion, and Æthelwulf led a West Saxon contingent in a successful joint campaign. In the same year Burgred married Æthelwulf's daughter, Æthelswith.\nIn 825, Ecgberht sent Æthelwulf to invade the Mercian sub-kingdom of Kent, and its underking, Baldred, was driven out shortly afterwards. By 830, Essex, Surrey and Sussex had also submitted to Ecgberht, and he had appointed Æthelwulf to rule the south-eastern territories as King of Kent. The Vikings ravaged the Isle of Sheppey in 835, and the following year they defeated Ecgberht at Carhampton in Somerset, but in 838 he was victorious over an alliance of Cornishmen and Vikings at the Battle of Hingston Down, reducing Cornwall to the status of a client kingdom. When Æthelwulf succeeded, he appointed his eldest son Æthelstan (who died in the early 850s) as sub-king of Kent. Ecgberht and Æthelwulf might not have intended a permanent union between Wessex and Kent as they both appointed sons as underkings and charters in Wessex were attested (witnessed) by West Saxon magnates, while Kentish charters were witnessed by the Kentish elite; both kings kept overall control and the underkings were not allowed to issue their own coinage.\nViking raids increased in the early 840s on both sides of the English Channel, and in 843 Æthelwulf was defeated at Carhampton. In 850 Æthelstan defeated a Danish fleet off Sandwich in the first recorded naval battle in English history. In 851 Æthelwulf and his second son Æthelbald defeated the Vikings at the Battle of Aclea and, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, \"there made the greatest slaughter of a heathen raiding-army that we have heard tell of up to this present day, and there took the victory\". Æthelwulf died in 858 and was succeeded by his oldest surviving son, Æthelbald, as king of Wessex and by his next oldest son, Æthelberht, as king of Kent. Æthelbald only survived his father by two years and Æthelberht then for the first time united Wessex and Kent into a single kingdom.", "Æthelred was the fourth of five sons of King Æthelwulf. His mother, Osburh, was of West Saxon royal descent. According to the historian Sean Miller, Æthelred was probably a year or so older than his younger brother, the future Alfred the Great, who was born 848–9, but Richard Abels says that Æthelred was around eight years old in 853, which would mean he was born about 845. Manuscript A of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which was written in the 890s, states that in 853 Alfred was sent by his father to Rome and was consecrated by the Pope as king. Historians do not believe that he was consecrated king at this young age and the real nature of the ceremony is explained in an extract from a letter of Pope Leo IV to Æthelwulf, which records that he decorated Alfred \"as a spiritual son, with the dignity of the belt and the vestments of the consulate, as is customary with Roman consuls\". The contemporary Liber Vitae (confraternity book) of San Salvatore, Brescia, records the names of both Æthelred and Alfred, indicating that both brothers went to Rome. It is likely that Æthelred was also decorated by the pope, but the ceremony was later regarded as foreshadowing Alfred's greatness and neither the chronicler nor the eleventh-century extractor from the Pope's letters were interested in recording the presence of his lesser known elder brother.\nÆthelred first witnessed his father's charters as filius regis (king's son) in 854, and he witnessed with this title until he succeeded to the throne in 865. He may have acted as an underking before his accession, as in 862 and 863 he issued his own charters as King of the West Saxons. This must have been as deputy or in the absence of his elder brother, King Æthelberht, as there is no record of conflict between them and he continued to witness his brother's charters as a king's son in 864.", "", "Æthelred succeeded to the throne on Æthelberht's death in 865, and he married Wulfthryth at an unknown date. West Saxon kings' wives had a low status in the ninth century and very little is known about them. They were not usually given the title of regina (queen), an omission which Alfred the Great justified on the ground of the misconduct of a queen at the beginning of the ninth century. The name of Æthelred's wife is only known because she was recorded as a witness to one charter, S 340 of 868, where she is shown as Wulfthryth regina, suggesting that she had a higher status than other kings' wives. The only other ninth century king's wife known to have been given the title was Æthelwulf's second wife, Judith of Flanders, a great-granddaughter of Charlemagne. Wulfthryth and Æthelred had two known sons, Æthelhelm and Æthelwold. She might have been Mercian or a daughter of Wulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire, who forfeited his lands after being charged with deserting King Alfred for the Danes in about 878, perhaps because he attempted to secure Viking support for his elder grandson Æthelhelm's claim to the throne against Alfred.\nAlfred records in the preamble to his will that Æthelwulf had left property jointly to three of his sons, Æthelbald, Æthelred and Alfred, with the proviso that the brother who lived longest would succeed to all of it. When Æthelbald died in 860, Æthelred and Alfred, who were still young, agreed to entrust their share to the new king, Æthelberht, on a promise that he would return it to them intact. When Æthelred succeeded to the throne, Alfred asked him at a meeting of the witan (assembly of leading men) to give him his share of the property. However, Æthelred said that he had attempted many times to divide it but had found it too difficult, and he would instead leave the whole to Alfred on his death. Some historians see the bequest as including the whole of Æthelwulf's bookland, his personal property which he could leave in his will (as opposed to the folkland which passed according to customary law and property earmarked for the support of the crown); it is further argued that it was considered desirable that the bookland would be kept by the king, so Æthelwulf's provision implies that the throne would pass to each brother in turn. However, other historians assert that the bequest had nothing to do with the kingship, and Alfred Smyth argues that the bequest was provision for Æthelwulf's young sons when they reached adulthood, with Æthelbald as trustee and residuary beneficiary if they died young. When Alfred succeeded, the supporters of Æthelred's infant sons complained that Alfred should have shared the property with them, and Alfred had his father's will read to a meeting of the witan to prove his right to keep the whole of the property. Alfred rarely witnessed Æthelred's charters, and this together with the argument over their father's will suggests that they were not on good terms. The historian Pauline Stafford suggests that Æthelred chose to highlight his wife's status as queen in a charter in order to assert his own sons' claims to the succession.\nIn 868, Æthelred issued a charter which was attested by a Mercian ætheling and himself attested a charter issued by his sister, Æthelswith, as queen of Mercia. Æthelred used several different titles in his charters. He is called by his father's usual title, Rex Occidentalium Saxonum (King of the West Saxons) in the charter of Ealhswith which he witnessed, and in five of his own. He is \"King of the West Saxons and the Men of Kent\" in two, and \"King\" and \"King of the Saxons\" in one each. The West Saxon charters of Æthelred and his elder brothers followed a uniform style, suggesting that they were produced by a single agency which operated over a number of years.", "The character of Viking attacks on England decisively changed in the year that Æthelred succeeded to the throne. Previously the country had suffered from sporadic raids, but now it faced invasion aiming at conquest and settlement. A large force of Vikings, called by contemporaries the Great Heathen Army, arrived in East Anglia. King Edmund purchased peace by paying tribute and the Vikings stayed a year building up their strength. They then marched on York and conquered Northumbria, installing a puppet king. In late 867 they took Nottingham in Mercia and spent the winter there. Æthelred's brother-in-law, King Burgred, appealed to him for help. Æthelred and Alfred led a large West Saxon army to Nottingham and besieged the Vikings, but they refused to leave the safety of the town's defences. The combined Mercian and West Saxon armies were unable to breach the earth ramparts and ditch, and eventually Burgred bought them off. The Vikings then went back to York.\nIn 869 the Vikings returned to East Anglia and conquered the kingdom, killing King Edmund. In December 870 they launched an attempt to conquer Wessex led by Kings Bagsecg and Halfdan. They occupied Reading on around 28 December. The town is between the Thames and Kennet rivers, and they set about building a ditch and rampart on the southern side between the two rivers. Three days after their arrival they sent out a large foraging party, which was defeated by an army of local levies under the command of Æthelwulf, Ealdorman of Berkshire, at the Battle of Englefield. After another four days, on about 4 January 871, Æthelred and Alfred brought up the main West Saxon army and joined Æthelwulf's forces for an attack on the Danes in the Battle of Reading. The West Saxons fought their way to the town, slaughtering all the Danes they found outside, but when they reached the town gate the Vikings burst out and defeated the West Saxons with a successful counter-attack. Among the dead was Æthelwulf, whose body was secretly carried off to be buried in his native Derby. According to the twelfth-century chronicler Gaimar, Æthelred and Alfred only escaped due to their better knowledge of the local terrain, which allowed them to lose their pursuers by fording the River Loddon at Twyford and going on to Whistley Green, which is around 6 miles (9.7 kilometres) east of Reading.\nFour days later, on about 8 January, the armies met again in the Battle of Ashdown. The location of the battle is unknown, but may be Kingstanding Hill, 13 miles (21 kilometres) north-west of Reading. According to Asser's account, the Vikings arrived first at the battle ground and deployed along the top of the ridge, giving them the advantage. They divided their forces into two contingents, one under their two kings and the other under their earls. When the West Saxons saw this, they decided to copy the formation, with Æthelred facing the kings and Alfred the earls. The king then retired to his tent to hear Mass, while Alfred led his forces to the battlefield. Both sides formed their forces into shield walls. Æthelred would not cut short his devotions and Alfred risked being outflanked and overwhelmed by the whole Danish army. He decided to attack and led his men in a charge. Battle then raged around a small thorn tree and finally the West Saxons were victorious. Although Asser emphasises Alfred's role in the victory and implies that Æthelred was dilatory, in the view of the military historian John Peddie, Æthelred was militarily correct to delay joining the battle until the situation was in his favour. The Vikings suffered heavy losses, including King Bagsecg and five earls, Sidroc the Old, Sidroc the Younger, Osbern, Fræna and Harold. The West Saxons followed the Viking flight until nightfall, cutting them down. The historian Barbara Yorke, who sees Asser's biography as intended to portray Alfred as an ideal king, comments that \"Asser is particularly careful to give much credit to Alfred\".\nHowever, the victory was short-lived. Two weeks later, Æthelred and Alfred were defeated at the royal estate of Basing in the Battle of Basing. There was then a lull of two months until the West Saxons and the Vikings met at an unknown location called Meretun. In the battle on 22 March the Vikings again divided into two divisions and the West Saxons had the advantage for much of the day, putting both divisions to flight, but the Vikings regrouped and finally held control of the battlefield. The West Saxons lost many important men, including Heahmund, the Bishop of Sherborne.", "In the late eighth and ninth centuries the only denomination of coin produced in southern England was the silver penny. As of 2007, 152 coins of Æthelred struck by 32 different moneyers have been recorded. His reign is described by the numismatists Adrian Lyons and William Mackay as \"a critical point in the development of the English coinage\". His first Four Line issue was stylistically similar to the Floriate Cross penny of his predecessor, Æthelberht, but he soon abandoned this and adopted the design of his Mercian brother-in-law, Burgred, resulting in a common coinage design across southern England for the first time. The historian and numismatist Rory Naismith comments that Æthelred\ntook the important step of adopting a new coin-type based not on local tradition, but on the Lunettes-type current in contemporary Mercia. The year 865 thus saw not only the arrival of the Viking great army that would dismantle most of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, but also the beginning of the end for separate coinages in separate kingdoms.\nLyons and Mackay see the change as even more crucial:\nThe developments of the late 860s can thus be viewed as an essential precursor that eventually led to the unified reform coinage of Edgar. This convergence of the coinage is also tangible evidence for a growing collaboration between Mercia and Wessex which foreshadowed the eventual creation of a unified England.\nThe single coinage design created a form of monetary union in southern England, reinforcing the mingling of economic interests between the two kingdoms and the military alliance against the Vikings. Coin hoards in Wessex dating to the earlier period of separate coinage designs have few non-Wessex coins, but after the adoption of the common Lunettes design, coins of Wessex and Mercia were used in both kingdoms, and even in Wessex hoards coins of Æthelred I form a minor proportion of the total. Between one and one and a half million Æthelred I Regular Lunette coins were produced, but this seems to have been significantly less than in Mercia. It is not known why the Mercian design was adopted, but it probably reflects the fact that the Lunette type had already been used for more than twelve years, the simplicity of the design, which could easily be copied, and the greater strength of the Mercian economy. The bulk of surviving Æthelred I coins are of the Regular Lunettes design, with 118 coins struck by 21 moneyers, six of whom are known to have also worked for Burgred; the coins are notable for consistency in design and good quality of execution, and they were mainly produced by Canterbury moneyers, with a few in the Mercian town of London. Only one coin is known which was produced in Wessex itself. There were also Irregular Lunettes issues, one of which was a degraded and crude variant, perhaps a result of a breakdown in controls at the end of Æthelred's reign, when Wessex was under the pressure of Viking attacks. Alfred kept the Lunettes design for a short period following his accession in 871, but the design disappears from hoards deposited after around 875.", "Shortly after Easter 871, which fell on 15 April in that year, Æthelred died. According to Asser, he \"went the way of all flesh, having vigorously and honourably ruled the kingdom in good repute, amid many difficulties, for five years\". He was buried at the royal minster at Wimborne in Dorset, which had been founded by Saint Cuthburh, a sister of his ancestor, Ingild. While Alfred was attending his funeral, the West Saxons suffered another defeat at Reading, and Alfred himself was then defeated at Wilton. He was forced to buy off the Vikings, who then withdrew to London. In 876, the Vikings returned, and Alfred fought a guerrilla war until he won a decisive victory at the Battle of Edington in 878.\nÆthelred had two sons, and if he had lived until they were adults it is unlikely that Alfred would ever have become king, but as they were still young children Alfred succeeded. Æthelhelm died before Alfred, and Æthelwold unsuccessfully disputed the throne with Edward the Elder after Alfred's death in 899. One of the two places where Æthelwold launched his rebellion was Wimborne, which was symbolically important as his father's burial place. Æthelred's descendants played an important role in governing the country in the late tenth and early eleventh centuries. They include Ealdorman Æthelweard, who recorded in his Latin version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle that he was Æthelred's great-great-grandson. King Eadwig was forced to accept annulment of his marriage to Ælfgifu due to consanguinity; she may have been Æthelweard's sister, which would make her Eadwig's third cousin once removed due to her descent from Æthelred, and thus within the forbidden degrees of relationship according to the church. Æthelweard and his son Æthelmær were leading magnates who governed west Wessex as ealdormen of the western provinces. The family lost their positions and property after Cnut conquered England in 1016, and one of Æthelmær's sons was executed by Cnut in 1017, while a son-in-law was banished in 1020. Another son, Æthelnoth, was Archbishop of Canterbury, and he lived until 1038.", "Edgar's radical coinage reform of the 970s heralded a monetary system which was the most sophisticated in Europe. It lasted 150 years. \nHistorians have expressed doubt both whether the genealogy for Ecgberht going back to Cerdic was fabricated to legitimise his seizure of the West Saxon throne, and broadly whether Cerdic was a real person or if the story of Cerdic is a \"foundation myth\". \nThe first charter which Æthelred witnessed was S 308 in 854. He issued charters S 335 in 862 and S 336 in 863 as King of the West Saxons. He witnessed S 333, issued by King Æthelberht in 864, as filius regis (king's son). Simon Keynes defends the authenticity of S 335 and S 336. \"S\" means the number in the Sawyer catalogue of Anglo-Saxon charters.\nÆthelred may have had a third son, Oswald or Osweald, who witnessed two charters in 868 as filius regis, and one more during Alfred's reign in 875 with the same title. David Dumville suggests that he may have been a son of Æthelred; however, this is dismissed by Janet Nelson on the ground that only Æthelhelm and Æthelwold are mentioned in the prologue to Alfred's will, where he describes disputes shortly after his succession in 871 over his treatment of Æthelred's sons. \nAlfred Smyth translates Æthelred's titles as \"King of Wessex\" and \"King of Wessex and Kent\", but the translations here follow the usual (and literal) translations as \"West Saxons\" and \"Men of Kent\". \nSimon Keynes analysed Æthelred's West Saxon charters (not his Kentish ones) in his \"The West Saxon Charters of King Æthelwulf and his Sons\". \nIn 874 the Vikings took control of Mercia and drove Burgred and Æthelswith into exile. \nAccording to Asser: \"Alfred and his men reached the battlefield sooner and in better order: for his brother, King Æthelred, was still at his tent in prayer, hearing Mass and declaring firmly that he would not leave that place alive before the priest had finished Mass, and that he would not forsake divine service for that of men; and he did what he said. The faith of the Christian king counted for much with the Lord, as shall be shown more clearly in what follows. \nThe death of Bishop Heahmund in the battle dates the sequence of events, as it is known that he died on 22 March 871. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that the Battle of Basing was two months before Meretun, dating it to 22 January, Ashdown fourteen days before that on 8 January, Reading four days earlier on 4 January, Englefield another four days earlier on 31 December 870 and the arrival of the Vikings in Reading three days earlier on 28 December. However, as the two month interval between Marton and Basing is probably not exact, the earlier dates are approximate. \nThere are also ten coins of Ceolnoth, who was Archbishop of Canterbury until his death in 870.", "Keynes 2004.\nEdwards 2004.\nYorke 2004.\nAbels 2002, pp. 84–85; Dumville 1979, pp. 17–18; Yorke 1990, pp. 142–43, 148–49.\nKeynes 1995, pp. 28, 39–41.\nAbels 1998, pp. 28–29.\nKirby 2000, p. 161.\nKeynes 1993, pp. 120–21; Kirby 2000, pp. 155–56.\nEdwards 2004; Kirby 2000, p. 171.\nCharles-Edwards 2013, p. 431.\nNelson 2004.\nAbels 1998, p. 31.\nStenton 1971, p. 244.\nSwanton 2000, p. 64.\nAbels 1998, pp. 89–94.\nMiller 2004.\nAbels 1998, p. 67 n. 57.\nNelson 2004; Keynes and Lapidge 1983, pp. 69, 232; Swanton 2000, pp. xxi, 64; Whitelock 1955, p. 810 (no. 219).\nMiller 2004; Abels 1998, p. 50.\nAbels 1998, p. 50.\nKeynes 1994, pp. 1124–30.\nBrooks and Kelly 2013, p. 772.\nSmyth 1995, p. 386.\nKeynes and Lapidge 1983, pp. 71, 235–36, n. 28; Yorke 2001, p. 31.\nDumville 1979, p. 11.\nNelson 1996, p. 59.\nHollis 1992, p. 215, n. 40.\nNelson 1986, pp. 53–55.\nAbels 2002, pp. 90–91; Keynes and Lapidge 1983, pp. 174–75, 314–15, n. 3; Wormald 2001, pp. 268–70.\nSmyth 1995, pp. 416–18.\nKeynes and Lapidge 1983, pp. 174–75.\nStafford 2003, p. 260.\nAbels 1998, p. 121.\nSmyth 1995, p. 386; Brooks and Kelly 2013, p. 775.\nKeynes 1994, p. 1126.\nKeynes 1994, pp. 1123–30.\nAbels 1998, pp. 114–20.\nKelly 2004.\nAbels 1998, pp. 124–27; Beaven 1918, p. 334.\nSmyth 1995, p. 34.\nKeynes and Lapidge 1983, p. 79.\nAbels 1998, pp. 129–31; Peddie 1989, pp. 82–88; Beaven 1918, p. 334.\nYorke 1995, pp. 105–06, 109.\nAbels 1998, pp. 131–34; Beaven 1918, p. 334.\nBeaven 1918, p. 334.\nNaismith 2012, p. 203.\nLyons and Mackay 2007, p. 77.\nLyons and Mackay 2007, pp. 71–72, 77, 98–99.\nNaismith 2012, p. 11.\nBlackburn 2014, p. 116.\nLyons and Mackay 2007, pp. 71–72.\nLyons and Mackay 2007, pp. 73–79.\nLyons and Mackay 2007, pp. 85–87.\nNaismith 2012, p. 110.\nLyons and Mackay 2007, pp. 93, 100.\nLyons and Mackay 2007, pp. 74, 94.\nKeynes and Lapidge 1983, p. 80.\nYorke 1995, p. 187; Thacker 2001, p. 250.\nAbels 1998, pp. 134–40.\nWormald 2006.\nKirby 2000, p. 170.\nYorke 2001, p. 31; Miller 2004.\nLavelle 2009, pp. 61–62.\nYorke 1995, p. 101.\nYorke 1997, pp. 76–77; Bouchard 1981, pp. 269–70.\nYorke 1995, pp. 100–01, 141–42.\nMason 2004.", "Abels, Richard (1998). Alfred the Great: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England. Harlow, UK: Longman. ISBN 0-582-04047-7.\nAbels, Richard (2002). \"Royal Succession and the Growth of Political Stability in Ninth-Century Wessex\". The Haskins Society Journal: Studies in Medieval History. 12: 83–97. ISBN 978-1-84383-008-5.\nBeaven, Murray (July 1918). \"The Beginning of the Year in the Alfredian Chronicle (866–87)\". English Historical Review. 33 (131): 328–42. doi:10.1093/ehr/XXXIII.CXXXI.328.\nBlackburn, M. A. S. (2014). \"Coinage\". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England (Second ed.). Chichester, UK: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 115–16. ISBN 978-0-470-65632-7.\nBouchard, Constance (1981). \"Consanguinity and Noble Marriages in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries\". Speculum. 56 (2): 268–87. doi:10.2307/2846935. ISSN 0038-7134. JSTOR 2846935. PMID 11610836. S2CID 38717048.\nBrooks, N. P.; Kelly, S. E., eds. (2013). Charters of Christ Church Canterbury Part 2. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press for the British Academy. ISBN 978-0-19-726536-9.\nCharles-Edwards, T. M. (2013). Wales and the Britons 350–1064. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821731-2.\nDumville, David (1979). \"The ætheling: a study in Anglo-Saxon constitutional history\". Anglo-Saxon England. 8: 1–33. doi:10.1017/s026367510000301x. S2CID 159954001.\nEdwards, Heather (2004). \"Ecgberht [Egbert] (d. 839)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8581. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 18 February 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nHollis, Stephanie (1992). Anglo-Saxon Women and the Church. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell. ISBN 978-0-85115-317-9.\nKelly, Susan (2004). \"Burgred [Burhred] (d. 874?)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4018. Retrieved 3 March 2019. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nKeynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael, eds. (1983). Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred & Other Contemporary Sources. London: Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-044409-4.\nKeynes, Simon (1993). \"The Control of Kent in the Ninth Century\". Early Medieval Europe. 2 (2): 111–31. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0254.1993.tb00013.x. ISSN 1468-0254.\nKeynes, Simon (November 1994). \"The West Saxon Charters of King Æthelwulf and his sons\". English Historical Review. 109: 1009–49. ISSN 0013-8266.\nKeynes, Simon (1995). \"England, 700–900\". In McKitterick, Rosamond (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. II. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–42. ISBN 978-0-521-36292-4.\nKeynes, Simon (2004). \"Æthelred II [Ethelred; known as Ethelred the Unready] (c. 966x8–1016)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8915. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 5 March 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nKirby, D. H. (2000). The Earliest English Kings (Revised ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-24211-0.\nLavelle, Ryan (2009). \"The Politics of Rebellion: The Aetheling Aethelwold and West Saxon Royal Succession, 899–902\". In Skinner, Patricia (ed.). Challenging the Boundaries of Medieval History: The Legacy of Timothy Reuter. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. pp. 51–80. ISBN 978-2-503-52359-0.\nLyons, Adrian W.; Mackay, William A. (2007). \"The Coinage of Æthelred I (865–871)\". British Numismatic Journal. 77: 71–118. ISSN 0143-8956.\nMason, Emma (2004). \"Æthelnoth (d. 1038)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8912. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 23 January 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nMiller, Sean (2004). \"Æthelred [Ethelred] I (d. 871)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8913. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 1 March 2019. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nNaismith, Rory (2012). Money and Power in Anglo-Saxon England: The Southern English Kingdoms, 757–965. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-66969-7.\nNelson, Janet (1986). \"'A King Across the Sea': Alfred in Continental Perspective\". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 36: 45–68. doi:10.2307/3679059. ISBN 978-0-86193-109-5. JSTOR 3679059.\nNelson, Janet (1996). \"Reconstructing a Royal Family: Reflections on Alfred from Asser, Chapter 2\". In Wood, Ian; Lund, Niels (eds.). People and Places in Northern Europe 500–1600: Essays in Honour of Peter Hayes Sawyer. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp. 48–66. ISBN 978-0851155470.\nNelson, Janet (2004). \"Æthelwulf (d. 858)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8921. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 1 March 2019. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nPeddie, John (1989). Alfred the Good Soldier. Bath, UK: Millstream Books. ISBN 978-0-948975-19-6.\nSmyth, Alfred P. (1995). King Alfred the Great. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822989-5.\nStafford, Pauline (2003). \"Succession and Inheritance: a Gendered Perspective on Alfred's Family History\". In Reuter, Timothy (ed.). Alfred the Great. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. pp. 251–64. ISBN 978-1-138-24830-4.\nStenton, Frank M. (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5.\nSwanton, Michael, ed. (2000). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. London: Phoenix. ISBN 978-1-84212-003-3.\nThacker, Alan (2001). \"Dynastic Monasteries and Family Cults\". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). Edward the Elder 899–924. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 248–63. ISBN 978-0-415-21497-1.\nWhitelock, Dorothy, ed. (1955). English Historical Documents c. 500–1042. Vol. 1. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode. OCLC 907945796.\nWormald, Patrick (2001). \"Kingship and Royal Property from Æthelwulf to Edward the Elder\". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). Edward the Elder 899–924. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 264–79. ISBN 978-0-415-21497-1.\nWormald, Patrick (2006). \"Alfred [Ælfred] (848/9–899)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/183. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 17 February 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nYorke, Barbara (1990). Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16639-3.\nYorke, Barbara (1995). Wessex in the Early Middle Ages. London: Leicester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7185-1856-1.\nYorke, Barbara (1997). \"Æthelwold and the Politics of the Tenth Century\". In Yorke, Barbara (ed.). Bishop Æthelwold: His Career and Influence (reprint ed.). Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 65–88. ISBN 978-0-85115-705-4.\nYorke, Barbara (2001). \"Edward as Ætheling\". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). Edward the Elder 899–924. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 25–39. ISBN 978-0-415-21497-1.\nYorke, Barbara (2004). \"Cerdic (fl. 6th cent.)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/5003. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 21 February 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)", "Æthelred 15 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England" ]

[ "Æthelred I of Wessex", "Background", "Early life", "Reign", "Civilian rule", "The Viking invasions", "Coinage", "Death and aftermath", "Notes", "Citations", "Bibliography", "External links" ]

[ 2365, 2366, 2367, 2368, 2369 ]

[ 12253, 12254, 12255, 12256, 12257, 12258, 12259, 12260, 12261, 12262, 12263, 12264, 12265, 12266, 12267, 12268, 12269, 12270, 12271, 12272, 12273, 12274, 12275, 12276, 12277, 12278, 12279, 12280, 12281, 12282, 12283, 12284, 12285, 12286, 12287, 12288, 12289, 12290, 12291, 12292, 12293, 12294, 12295, 12296, 12297, 12298, 12299, 12300, 12301, 12302, 12303, 12304, 12305, 12306, 12307, 12308, 12309, 12310, 12311, 12312, 12313, 12314, 12315, 12316, 12317, 12318, 12319, 12320, 12321, 12322, 12323, 12324, 12325, 12326, 12327, 12328, 12329, 12330, 12331 ]

[ "Coin of Æthelred." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/%C3%86thelred_II._%28East_Anglia%29.jpg" ]

[ "Æthelred (floruit c. 875) was King of East Anglia.\nNo textual evidence of his reign is known, but numismatic evidence points to his reign being in the 870s, perhaps together with Oswald of East Anglia, whose coins are known from the same period.", "Kirby, D.P., The Earliest English Kings. London: Unwin Hyman, 1991. ISBN 0-04-445692-1", "Æthelred 68 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England" ]

[ "Æthelred II of East Anglia", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2370 ]

[ 12332 ]

[ "AE Styca of Æethelred II", "Copper alloy styca of King Aethelred II", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Kings_of_Northumbria_AE_Styca_Aethelred_II.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Copper_alloy_styca_of_King_Aethelred_II_of_Northumbria_%28YORYM_2000_3512%29_obverse.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Shakespeare2.jpg" ]

[ "Æthelred was king of Northumbria in the middle of the ninth century, but his dates are uncertain. N. J. Higham gives 840 to 848, when he was killed, with an interruption in 844 when Rædwulf usurped the throne, but was killed the same year fighting against the Vikings. Barbara Yorke agrees, and adds that Æthelred was the son of his predecessor, Eanred, but dates his death 848 or 849. D. P. Kirby thinks that an accession date of 844 is more likely, but notes that a coin of Eanred dated stylistically no earlier than 850 may require a more radical revision of dates. David Rollason accepts the coin evidence, and dates Æthelred's reign from c.854 to c. 862, with Rædwulf's usurpation in 858.\nRelatively little is known of his reign from the surviving documentary record. He appears to have been expelled in favour of Rædwulf, whose reign is confirmed by the evidence of coinage. However, Rædwulf was killed the same year, fighting against Vikings, and Æthelred was restored to power. He was assassinated a few years later, but no further details are known of his murder.\nThe new styca coinage, small brass coins containing very little silver and much zinc, which began in his father's reign, continued in Æthelred's. Large numbers of his styca coins have been found, again minted in York by a number of moneyers. A moneyer active in this period named Eardwulf was sometimes confused with Æthelred's grandfather King Eardwulf in older works on numismatics.\nWritten and numismatic evidence agrees that Æthelred was succeeded by Osberht.", "Higham, p. 145\nYorke, p. 96\nKirby, p. 162\nRollason, Eardwulf", "Higham, N.J., The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350-1100. Stroud: Sutton, 1993. ISBN 0-86299-730-5\nKirby, D. P. (2000). The Earliest English Kings (Revised ed.). London, UK: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-24211-8.\nRollason, David (2004). \"Eardwulf (fl. 796–c.830), king of Northumbria\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 3 October 2007.\nYorke, Barbara, Kings and Kingdoms of early Anglo-Saxon England. London: Seaby, 1990. ISBN 1-85264-027-8", "Æthelred 44 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England\nThe Fitzwilliam Museum's Corpus of Early Medieval Coin Finds website" ]

[ "Æthelred II of Northumbria", "References", "Bibliography", "External links" ]

[ 2371, 2372, 2373 ]

[ 12333, 12334 ]

[ "Coin of Æthelred", "A mention of Æthelred in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", "Silver styca of Aethelred", "Base silver styca of Aethelred I -- second reign (789-796)", "The ancient Roman fortress at Corbridge where Æthelred was slain." ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 3, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Coin_of_%C3%86thelred_I_of_Northumbria.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle_-_Aethelred.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Silver_styca_of_Aethelred_I_%28YORYM_2000_2280%29_obverse.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Early_medieval_coin%3B_styca_of_Aethelred_I_%28FindID_280080%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Corbridge_stangate.jpg" ]

[ "Æthelred (/ˈæθəlrɛd/; c. 762  – 18 April 796), was the king of Northumbria from 774 to 779 and again from 790 until he was murdered in 796. He was the son of Æthelwald Moll and Æthelthryth and possibly became king while still a child after Alhred was deposed.", "The origin of Æthelred's family isn't recorded, but his father Æthelwald, who was also called Moll, seems to have come from a noble background. Æthelwald first appears in the historical records in a letter written by Pope Paul I to king Eadberht, ordering him to return lands taken from an Abbot Fothred, which were given to his brother Moll. After the abdication of king Eadberht in 758, his son Oswulf took his place but despite his father's long reign and his powerful uncle Ecgbert, he was murdered just a year later in 759 at Market Weighton by his own bodyguards. The murder was possibly ordered by Æthelwald as he became king soon after. In 761 Oswulf's brother Oswine met Æthelwald in battle but Oswine was killed in the fighting at Eildon Hill on 6 August.\nAfter his victory, Æthelwald married Æthelthryth at Catterick on 1 November 762. Æthelwald was deposed as king on 30 October 765, by a council of noblemen and prelates, and replaced by Alhred, the brother-in-law of Oswulf and Oswine.", "After ruling for nearly ten years, the Northumbrians drove out King Alhred from York in 774. They then chose Æthelred as their king and he was \"crowned with such great honour\". In the year after his accession Æthelred, who may have been influenced by his father Æthelwald, ordered the killing of an Ealdorman, Eadwulf..\nÆthelred was deposed as king and the throne passed on to Ælfwald, a grandson of Eadberht Eating.", "Æthelred lived in exile during the reign of Ælfwald and his successor Osred II. However, in 788 or 789, Osred was deposed, forcibly tonsured and exiled and Æthelred was restored to the throne.\nIn 790, during Æthelred's second reign, the ealdorman Eardwulf was ordered to be killed by Æthelred but survived and later became king. Ælfwald's sons Ælf and Ælfwine were killed, probably on Æthelred's orders, in 791. The next year Osred attempted to regain the throne, but was defeated, captured and killed on 14 September 792. A year later, Lindisfarne was sacked by the Vikings with Alcuin's letters to Æthelred blaming this event on the sins of Æthelred and his nobility.\nOn 29 September 792 Æthelred married Ælfflæd the daughter of Offa of Mercia at Catterick.", "While Æthelred was in Corbridge a group of conspiring nobles murdered him on 18 April 796. As a result, Osbald, an ealdorman and a friend of Alcuin, Æthelred's former adviser, became king, but within 27 days he abdicated.", "Swanton, Michael (1996). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. London: Phoenix. pp. 52–53.", "Higham, N.J., The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350-1100. Stroud: Sutton, 1993. ISBN 0-86299-730-5\nKirby, D.P., The Earliest English Kings. London: Unwin, 1991. ISBN 0-04-445692-1\nYorke, Barbara, Kings and Kingdoms of early Anglo-Saxon England. London: Seaby, 1990. ISBN 1-85264-027-8", "List of monarchs of Northumbria", "Æthelred 7 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England" ]

[ "Æthelred I of Northumbria", "Family and early life", "First Term", "Restoration", "Death and succession", "References", "Further reading", "See also", "External links" ]

[ 2374, 2375, 2376 ]

[ 12335, 12336, 12337, 12338, 12339, 12340, 12341 ]

[ "Stained glass window in St John's Chester", "" ]

[ 0, 8 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/St_John%27s_Church%2C_Chester_-_Westfenster_2.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_796.jpg" ]

[ "Æthelred (/ˈæθəlrɛd/; died after 704) was king of Mercia from 675 until 704. He was the son of Penda of Mercia and came to the throne in 675, when his brother, Wulfhere of Mercia, died from an illness. Within a year of his accession he invaded Kent, where his armies destroyed the city of Rochester. In 679 he defeated his brother-in-law, Ecgfrith of Northumbria, at the Battle of the Trent: the battle was a major setback for the Northumbrians, and effectively ended their military involvement in English affairs south of the Humber. It also permanently returned the kingdom of Lindsey to Mercia's possession. However, Æthelred was unable to re-establish his predecessors' domination of southern Britain.\nHe was known as a pious and devout Christian king, and he made many grants of land to the church. It was during his reign that Theodore, the Archbishop of Canterbury, reorganized the church's diocesan structure, creating several new sees in Mercia and Northumbria. Æthelred befriended Bishop Wilfrid of York when Wilfrid was expelled from his see in Northumbria; Æthelred made Wilfrid Bishop of the Middle Angles during his exile and supported him at the synod of Austerfield in about 702, when Wilfrid argued his case for the return of the ecclesiastical lands he had been deprived of in Northumbria.\nÆthelred's wife, Osthryth, was a daughter of King Oswiu, one of the dominant 7th-century Northumbrian kings. Osthryth was murdered in unknown circumstances in 697, and in 704 Æthelred abdicated, leaving the throne to Wulfhere's son Coenred. Æthelred became a monk at Bardney, a monastery which he had founded with his wife, and was buried there. Ceolred, who was Æthelred's son (though apparently not by Osthryth), became king after Coenred; it is also possible that Æthelred had another son named Ceolwald who was briefly king before Ceolred.", "By the 7th century, England was almost entirely divided into kingdoms ruled by the Anglo-Saxons who had come to Britain two hundred years before. The kingdom of Mercia occupied what is now the English midlands. The origin of the kingdom is not recorded, but royal genealogies preserved in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and the Anglian collection agree that the royal houses were descended from a founder named Icel; the Mercian royal house is hence known as the Iclingas. The earliest Mercian king about whom definite historical information has survived is Penda of Mercia, Æthelred's father. The larger neighbouring kingdoms included Northumbria to the north, recently united from its constituent kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira, East Anglia to the east, and Wessex, the kingdom of the West Saxons, to the south.\nAccording to Ecclesiastical History of the English People, a history of the English church written by the 8th-century monk Bede, there were seven early Anglo-Saxon rulers who held imperium, or overlordship, over the other kingdoms. The fifth of these was Edwin of Northumbria, who was killed at the battle of Hatfield Chase by a combined force including Cadwallon, a British king of Gwynedd, and Penda. After Edwin's death, Northumbria briefly fell apart into its two subkingdoms of Bernicia and Deira. Within a year Oswald, Edwin's nephew, killed Cadwallon and reunited the kingdoms, subsequently re-establishing Northumbrian hegemony over the south of England. In 642 Penda killed Oswald at the battle of Maserfield, and Northumbria was again divided. Oswald's son Oswiu succeeded to the throne of Bernicia, and Osric's son Oswine to Deira, the southern of the two kingdoms.\nIn 655, Oswiu defeated and killed Penda at the Battle of the Winwaed. Oswiu installed Peada, a son of Penda, as king of southern Mercia and ruled the northern half himself; after Peada was murdered in 656 Oswiu took direct control of all of Mercia. A coup in 658 threw off Northumbrian overlordship and established Wulfhere as king. By the early 670s, Wulfhere had become the most powerful king in southern Britain, with an effective hegemony over all the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms except for Northumbria.\nThe main source for this period is Bede's History, completed in about 731. Despite its focus on the history of the church, this work also provides valuable information about the early Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. For Wessex and Kent, Bede had informants who supplied him with details of the church's history in each province, but he appears to have had no such contact in Mercia, about which he is less well-informed. A further source for this period is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, compiled at the end of the 9th century in Wessex. The Chronicle's anonymous scribe appears to have incorporated much information recorded in earlier periods.", "Æthelred was the son of Penda of Mercia. Penda's queen, Cynewise, is named by Bede, who does not mention her children; no other wives of Penda are known and so it is likely but not certain that she was Æthelred's mother. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle gives Penda's age as fifty in 626, and credits him with a thirty-year reign, but this would put Penda at eighty years old at the time of his death, which is generally thought unlikely as two of his sons (Wulfhere and Æthelred) were young when he was killed. At least as likely is that Penda was fifty years old at his death, rather than at his accession. Æthelred's date of birth is unknown, but Bede describes Wulfhere as a youth at the time of his accession in 658, so it is likely he and Æthelred were in their middle teens at that time. The early sources do not say whether Æthelred was older or younger than Wulfhere.\nNothing is known of Æthelred's childhood. He had another brother, Peada, and two sisters, Cyneburh and Cyneswith; it is also possible that Merewalh, king of the Magonsæte, was Æthelred's brother.\nIn 674, according to Stephen of Ripon, Wulfhere \"stirred up all the southern nations against [Northumbria]\", but he was defeated by Oswiu's son Ecgfrith who forced him to surrender Lindsey, and to pay tribute. Wulfhere survived the defeat, but died in 675, possibly of disease, and Æthelred became king.\nThe first recorded act of Æthelred's reign is in 676, when his armies ravaged Kent, destroying Rochester, the seat of the bishops of West Kent. The reason for his attack is not recorded, but he may have wished to prevent King Hlothhere of Kent from regaining control of Surrey, which had been recently brought into the Mercian orbit by Wulfhere. It may also be that Æthelred sought revenge for the murder of the sons of Eormenred of Kent; the murders had been instigated by Ecgberht of Kent, Hlothhere's brother, and it is possible that Æthelred was the uncle of the murdered princes. A third suggestion is that the kings of Essex solicited the invasion, in response to recent Kentish attempts to gain dominance over the East Saxons. Regardless of the reason, Hlothhere was likely then forced to accept Æthelred's overlordship. The damage to the see of Rochester was so great that the incumbent bishop, Putta, retired from his diocese; his appointed successor, Cwichhelm, also gave up the see \"because of its poverty\".\nEarly in Æthelred's reign, Theodore, the Archbishop of Canterbury, began a substantial reorganization of the church in Mercia. In 675 he removed Winfred from his position as Bishop of Lichfield, and over the next four years he divided the vast Mercian see into the five dioceses of Leicester, Lichfield, Worcester, Dorchester and Hereford. Æthelred was a devout king, \"more famed for his pious disposition than his skill in war\", and he made several gifts of land to the expanding church, including grants at Tetbury, Long Newnton, and Somerford Keynes. There is also a tradition that Æthelred was associated with the founding of Abingdon Abbey, in southern Oxfordshire.", "Mercia had been in conflict with Northumbria since at least 633, when Penda of Mercia defeated and killed Edwin of Northumbria at the Battle of Hatfield Chase. However, there were diplomatic marriages between the two kingdoms: Æthelred's sister Cyneburh married Alhfrith, a son of Oswiu of Northumbria, and both Æthelred and his brother Peada married daughters of Oswiu. Cyneburh's marriage to Alhfrith took place in the early 650s, and Peada's marriage, to Ealhflæd, followed shortly afterwards; Æthelred's marriage, to Osthryth, is of unknown date but must have occurred before 679, since Bede mentions it in describing the Battle of the Trent, which took place that year.\n\nBede does not mention the cause of the battle, simply saying that it occurred in the ninth year of Ecgfrith's reign. He is more informative on the outcome. Ælfwine, the young subking of Deira, was killed; Ælfwine was brother to Osthryth and Ecgfrith, and was well liked in both Mercia and Northumbria since Æthelred's marriage to Osthryth. According to Bede, his death threatened to cause further strife between the two kingdoms, but Theodore, the Archbishop of Canterbury, intervened:\nTheodore, the beloved of God, enlisting God's help, smothered the flames of this awful peril by his wholesome advice. As a result, peace was restored between the kings and peoples, and in lieu of further bloodshed the customary compensation was paid to King Ecgfrith for his brother's death.\nÆthelred took possession of Lindsey again after the battle; the change in control this time was lasting, and Lindsey remained part of Mercia until the Viking invasion of the 9th century remade the map of England. Conflict between Northumbria and Mercia did not completely cease after this date: Scottish annals record that Æthelbald, an 8th-century Mercian king, ravaged Northumbrian territory in 740 while King Eadberht of Northumbria was absent fighting the Picts. However, the Battle of the Trent effectively ended Northumbrian involvement in southern Britain.\nA conflict between Bishop Wilfrid of York and the church and secular establishment led to Wilfrid's expulsion from Northumbria and the division of his vast diocese, and Æthelred sided with Ecgfrith against Wilfrid. After Ecgfrith's death in 685, Archbishop Theodore arranged a reconciliation between Wilfrid and Aldfrith, Ecgfrith's successor, but in 692 Aldfrith and Wilfrid fell out and Wilfrid went into exile in Mercia. Æthelred now supported Wilfrid, making him bishop of the Middle Angles, and defending him at the Council of Austerfield in about 702, when Wilfrid argued his case before an assembly of bishops led by Archbishop Berhtwald of Canterbury. Æthelred's support for Wilfrid embroiled him in dispute with both Canterbury and Northumbria, and it is not clear what his motive was, though it may be relevant that some of Wilfrid's monasteries were in Mercian territory.", "Two charters of 681 show Æthelred granting land near Tetbury, on what is now the border between Gloucestershire and Wiltshire. This may indicate that Æthelred was able to extend Mercian influence further into the territory of the West Saxons, as Wulfhere had done before him. The West Saxons managed a significant military resurgence under Cædwalla, king of Wessex from about 685 to 688, but when Cædwalla departed for Rome on pilgrimage there may have been internal strife before Ine, his successor, took the throne. Cædwalla had successfully conquered the kingdoms of Sussex and Kent, and his abdication may have contributed to the unsettled history of the southeast over the next few years. In Kent, Oswine emerged as king, though only in eastern Kent; the western half of the kingdom was ruled by Swæfheard, son of Sæbbi, the king of Essex. It is possible that Æthelred provided support to both Swæfheard and Oswine; for each king a charter survives in which Æthelred confirms land grants they made in Kent, and Æthelred's invasion of Kent in 676 indicates his opposition to the traditional Kentish royal house. A charter of Swæfheard's dated 691 is also of interest as it indicates that Æthelred had invaded Kent; it has been suggested that Æthelred intended to place Wilfrid in the Archbishop's seat at Canterbury, but if so he was unsuccessful. Alternatively, Æthelred may have needed assistance in Kent from the East Saxons who may have been independent of Mercia for a decade or more by that time. The East Saxons did return to the Mercian orbit over the next few years: a charter of Æthelred's, dated between 693 and 704, shows him granting land to Wealdhere, the bishop of London, and in 704 Æthelred consented to a grant made by Swæfheard. The latter charter also appears to show that a comes, or local official, was put in place by the Mercians to protect their interests.\nDespite this evidence of Mercian involvement in the southeast there is very little indication that Æthelred had expansionist ambitions to the south. The increasing strength of the West Saxons under Cædwalla and Ine would have limited Mercian opportunities in that direction. The Northumbrians were no longer a distraction; they had been contained north of the Humber since the Battle of the Trent, and became even less of a threat after their disastrous defeat in 685 at the hands of the Picts. A possible explanation is that Æthelred was preoccupied with war with the Welsh. It was also at this time that the Hwicce came more definitely into the Mercian orbit. The last Hwiccean ruler to take the title of king was Oshere, who died in 685; but from the mid-670s he sought Æthelred's consent for his grants, and Æthelred regarded him as a subking. Further evidence of Æthelred's involvement among the Hwicce comes from a charter in which he grants land for a minster in Gloucestershire, in Hwiccean territory; the charter is generally thought to be a fabrication, but it appears to be based on an authentic earlier source.", "Osthryth was murdered in 697, for reasons unknown; according to Bede the murderers were \"her own people, the Mercian chieftains\". Bede records that Peada's death, forty years earlier, stemmed from \"the treachery, it is said, of his own wife\"; Peada's wife was Ealhflæd, Osthryth's sister. Hence Osthryth's murder may have been in revenge for Peada's assassination, though it has also been interpreted more directly as a sign of continuing hostility between Northumbria and Mercia. Osthryth was buried at Bardney in Lindsey, the monastery where, at her urging, the relics of her uncle, Oswald of Northumbria, were kept and revered, though evidence of resistance at Bardney to the cult of Oswald is also indicative of the poor relations between the two kingdoms.\nIn 704, Æthelred abdicated to become a monk and abbot at Bardney, leaving the kingship to his nephew Coenred. Seventh century Mercian rulers often patronised religious establishments outside the Mercian heartlands, perhaps as a way of gaining support in outlying provinces. Æthelred's and Osthryth's interest in Bardney is consistent with this pattern. The encouragement of the cult of royal saints in areas beyond the central Mercian lands also seems to have been a deliberate policy, and both Æthelred and Osthryth were later revered as saints at Bardney. It appears that Æthelred continued to have influence in the kingdom after his abdication: a passage in Stephen of Ripon's Life of Wilfrid shows Æthelred summoning Coenred to him and advising him to make peace with Wilfrid. The date of Æthelred's death is not recorded; though it is known that he was buried at Bardney.\nÆthelred had at least one son, Ceolred. According to the thirteenth-century Chronicon Abbatiae de Evesham, Ceolred was not the son of Osthryth, although it does not name Ceolred's mother, and in the view of the historian Ann Williams this may mean that Æthelred remarried after Osthryth's death. However, Susan Kelly states that Osthryth was \"most likely (though not certainly)\" Ceolred's mother. Ceolred succeeded to the throne in 709, after Coenred abdicated in 709 to go to Rome on pilgrimage. One version of the regnal lists for Mercia shows a king named Ceolwald reigning after Ceolred, and it is possible that Ceolwald, if he existed, was also a son of Æthelred's.", "Yorke, Barbara, \"The Origins of Mercia\" in Brown & Farr, Mercia, pp. 15–16.\nBarbara Yorke, \"The Origins of Mercia\" in Brown & Farr, Mercia, pp. 18–19.\nBede, Ecclesiastical History, II, 5, p. 111.\nYorke, Kings and Kingdoms, pp. 103–104.\nKirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 83.\nKirby, Earliest English Kings, pp. 88–90.\nYorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 78.\nYorke, Kings and Kingdoms, pp. 96–97.\nKirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 115.\nYorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 100.\nSimon Keynes, \"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle\", in Blackwell Encyclopedia, p. 35.\nStafford, Pauline, \"Political Women in Mercia\" in Brown & Farr, Mercia, p. 36\nBede, Ecclesiastical History, III, 24, pp. 183–185.\nKirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 82.\nKirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 113.\nKirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 93.\nSwanton, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, sub anno 656, p. 29\nYorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 107, accepts the account in the Life of St Mildburh, which makes Merewalh and Æthelred brothers, as genuine. Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 93, expresses doubts.\nEddius Stephanus, Life of Wilfrid, 20, in Age of Bede, pp. 126–127.\nKirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 116; Williams, Kingship and Government, p. 23.\nHenry of Huntingdon, sub anno 670.\nYorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 105.\nA detailed discussion of Æthelred's likely accession date can be found in Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 113.\nBede, Ecclesiastical History, IV, 12, p. 223.\nKirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 117.\nThe suggestion is due to D.W. Rollason, and is described by Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 137, n. 14.\nZaluckyj, Mercia, p. 130, quoting Leonard Dutton's Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms.\nYorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 106.\nKirby, Making of Early England, p. 49.\nQuoted in Sarah & John Zaluckyj, \"The Age of Mercian Supremacy\", in Zaluckyj et al., Mercia, p. 129.\nSarah & John Zaluckyj, \"The Age of Mercian Supremacy\", in Zaluckyj et al., Mercia, p. 131.\nBede, Ecclesiastical History, IV, 21, p. 240.\nThis translation is by Leo Sherley-Price, from Bede, Ecclesiastical History, IV, 21, p. 240; except that \"Ecgfrith\" has been substituted for \"Egfrid\" to keep the spelling consistent within this article.\nBede, Ecclesiastical History, IV, 12, p. 225.\nAnderson, Scottish Annals, pp. 55–56.\nStenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 85.\nAlan Thacker, \"St Wilfrid\", in Lapidge et al., \"Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England\", pp. 474–476.\nWilliams, \"Æthelred\"\nKirby, Earliest English Kings, pp. 126–127.\nStenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 143.\n\"Anglo-Saxons.net: S 71\". Sean Miller. Retrieved 11 March 2008.\n\"Anglo-Saxons.net: S 73\". Sean Miller. Retrieved 11 March 2008.\nKirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 122.\nYorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 30.\n\"Anglo-Saxons.net: S 10\". Sean Miller. Retrieved 11 March 2008.\n\"Anglo-Saxons.net: S 12\". Sean Miller. Retrieved 11 March 2008.\nBrooks, Early History of the Church at Canterbury, p. 77.\nKirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 123.\n\"Charters of St. Paul's: 2\". Trinity College, Cambridge. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2008.\n\"Anglo-Saxons.net: S 65\". Sean Miller. Retrieved 11 March 2008.\nYorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 109.\n\"Anglo-Saxons.net: S 70\". Sean Miller. Retrieved 11 March 2008.\nBede, Ecclesiastical History, V, 24, p. 327.\nBede, Ecclesiastical History, III, 24, p. 185.\nCollins & McClure, Ecclesiastical History of the English People, p. 390., n. 127.\nBede, Ecclesiastical History, III, 11, p. 160.\nYorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 111.\nYorke, Kings and Kingdoms, pp. 109–110\nEddius Stephanus, Life of Wilfrid, in Age of Bede, pp.&169–170.\nSwanton, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, sub anno 716, p. 42.\nKirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 128.\nKelly, \"Osthryth\"", "Primary sources\nAnderson, Alan Orr (1908). Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers A.D. 500–1286. London: D. Nutt. OCLC 1248209. (1991 edition: ISBN 1-871615-45-3)\nBede (1991). D. H. Farmer (ed.). Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Translated by Leo Sherley-Price. Revised by R. E. Latham. London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044565-X.\nFarmer, D.H. (1988). The Age of Bede. Translated by J.F. Webb. London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044437-8.\nForrester, Thomas (1991). The Chronicle of Henry of Huntingdon. Felinfach: Llanerch Press. ISBN 0-947992-55-3.\nSwanton, Michael (1996). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92129-5.\nSecondary sources\nBrooks, Nicholas (1984). The Early History of the Church of Canterbury: Christ Church from 597 to 1066. London: Leicester University Press. ISBN 0-7185-0041-5.\nBrown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carole A. (2001). Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon kingdom in Europe. Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-7765-8.\nCollins, Roger; McClure, Judith (1994). The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. trans. Bertram Colgrave. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-283866-0.\nKelly, S. E. \"Osthryth (Ostrith) (d. 697), queen of the Mercians\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2004. Retrieved 9 February 2015\nKirby, D.P. (1992). The Earliest English Kings. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-09086-5.\nLapidge, Michael (1999). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22492-0.\nStenton, Frank M. (1971). Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-821716-1.\nThacker, Alan, \"St Wilfrid\", in Lapidge, Michael (1999). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22492-0.\nWilliams, Ann, Kingship and Government in Pre-Conquest England, c. 500–1066. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999. ISBN 0-333-56798-6\nWilliams, Ann. \"Æthelred (d. after 704)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2004. Retrieved 25 March 2008.\nYorke, Barbara, \"The Origins of Mercia\", in Brown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carole A. (2001). Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon kingdom in Europe. Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-7765-8.\nYorke, Barbara, Kings and Kingdoms in Early Anglo-Saxon England. London: Seaby, 1990. ISBN 1-85264-027-8\nZaluckyj, Sarah, & Zaluckyj, John, \"The Age of Mercian Supremacy\", in Zaluckyj, Sarah (2001). Mercia: The Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Central England. Logaston: Logaston Press. ISBN 1-873827-62-8.\nZaluckyj, Sarah; et al. (2001). Mercia: The Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Central England. Logaston: Logaston Press. ISBN 1-873827-62-8.", "Æthelred 2 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England" ]

[ "Æthelred of Mercia", "Mercia in the seventh century", "Ancestry and early reign", "Relations with Northumbria", "The southern kingdoms", "Abdication and final years", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Æthelred II in an early thirteenth-century copy of the Abingdon Chronicle", "Gold mancus of Æthelred wearing armour, 1003–1006", "Silver penny of Æthelred II", "A charter of Æthelred's in 1003 to his follower, Æthelred. British Library, London" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Ethelred_the_Unready.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Aethelred_II_gold_mancus_1003_1006.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Silver_penny_of_Aethelred_II_%28YORYM_2000_632%29_obverse.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Aethelred_charter_1003.jpg" ]

[ "Æthelred II (Old English: Æþelræd, [ˈæðelræːd]; c. 966 – 23 April 1016), known as the Unready, was King of the English from 978 to 1013 and again from 1014 until his death in 1016. His epithet does not derive from the modern word \"unready\", but rather from the Old English unræd meaning \"poorly advised\"; it is a pun on his name, which means \"well advised\".\nÆthelred was the son of King Edgar the Peaceful and Queen Ælfthryth. He came to the throne at about the age of 12, following the assassination of his older half-brother, King Edward the Martyr. \nThe chief problem of Æthelred's reign was conflict with the Danes. After several decades of relative peace, Danish raids on English territory began again in earnest in the 980s, becoming markedly more serious in the early 990s. Following the Battle of Maldon in 991, Æthelred paid tribute, or Danegeld, to the Danish king. In 1002, Æthelred ordered what became known as the St. Brice's Day massacre of Danish settlers. In 1013, King Sweyn Forkbeard of Denmark invaded England, as a result of which Æthelred fled to Normandy in 1013 and was replaced by Sweyn. After Sweyn died in 1014, Æthelred returned to the throne, but he died just two years later. Æthelred's 37-year combined reign was the longest of any Anglo-Saxon English king, and was only surpassed in the 13th century, by Henry III. Æthelred was briefly succeeded by his son, Edmund Ironside, but he died after a few months and was replaced by Sweyn's son Cnut.", "Æthelred's first name, composed of the elements æðele, \"noble\", and ræd, \"counsel, advice\", is typical of the compound names of those who belonged to the royal House of Wessex, and it characteristically alliterates with the names of his ancestors, like Æthelwulf (\"noble-wolf\"), Ælfred (\"elf-counsel\"), Eadweard (\"rich-protection\"), and Eadgar (\"rich-spear\").\nÆthelred's notorious nickname, Old English Unræd, is commonly translated into present-day English as \"The Unready\" (less often, though less inaccurately, as \"The Redeless\"). The Anglo-Saxon noun unræd means \"evil counsel\", \"bad plan\", or \"folly\". It was most often used in reference to decisions and deeds, but once in reference to the ill-advised disobedience of Adam and Eve. The element ræd in unræd is the same element in Æthelred's name that means \"counsel\" (compare the cognate in the German word Rat). Thus Æþelræd Unræd is an oxymoron: \"Noble counsel, No counsel\". The nickname has also been translated as \"ill-advised\", \"ill-prepared\", thus \"Æthelred the ill-advised\".\nBecause the nickname was first recorded in the 1180s, more than 150 years after Æthelred's death, it is doubtful that it carries any implications as to the reputation of the king in the eyes of his contemporaries or near contemporaries.", "Sir Frank Stenton remarked that \"much that has brought condemnation of historians on King Æthelred may well be due in the last resort to the circumstances under which he became king.\" Æthelred's father, King Edgar, had died suddenly in July 975, leaving two young sons behind. The elder, Edward (later Edward the Martyr), was probably illegitimate, and was \"still a youth on the verge of manhood\" in 975. The younger son was Æthelred, whose mother, Ælfthryth, Edgar had married in 964. Ælfthryth was the daughter of Ordgar, ealdorman of Devon, and widow of Æthelwald, Ealdorman of East Anglia. At the time of his father's death, Æthelred could have been no more than 10 years old. As the elder of Edgar's sons, Edward – reportedly a young man given to frequent violent outbursts – probably would have naturally succeeded to the throne of England despite his young age, had he not \"offended many important persons by his intolerable violence of speech and behaviour.\" In any case, a number of English nobles took to opposing Edward's succession and to defending Æthelred's claim to the throne; Æthelred was, after all, the son of Edgar's last, living wife, and no rumour of illegitimacy is known to have plagued Æthelred's birth, as it might have his elder brother's.\nBoth boys, Æthelred certainly, were too young to have played any significant part in the political manoeuvring which followed Edgar's death. It was the brothers' supporters, and not the brothers themselves, who were responsible for the turmoil which accompanied the choice of a successor to the throne. Æthelred's cause was led by his mother and included Ælfhere, Ealdorman of Mercia and Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester, while Edward's claim was supported by Dunstan, the Archbishop of Canterbury and Oswald, the Archbishop of York among other noblemen, notably Æthelwine, Ealdorman of East Anglia, and Byrhtnoth, ealdorman of Essex. In the end, Edward's supporters proved the more powerful and persuasive, and he was crowned king at Kingston upon Thames before the year was out.\nEdward reigned for only three years before he was murdered by members of his brother's household. Though little is known about Edward's short reign, it is known that it was marked by political turmoil. Edgar had made extensive grants of land to monasteries which pursued the new monastic ideals of ecclesiastical reform, but these disrupted aristocratic families' traditional patronage. The end of his firm rule saw a reversal of this policy, with aristocrats recovering their lost properties or seizing new ones. This was opposed by Dunstan, but according to Cyril Hart, \"The presence of supporters of church reform on both sides indicates that the conflict between them depended as much on issues of land ownership and local power as on ecclesiastical legitimacy. Adherents of both Edward and Æthelred can be seen appropriating, or recovering, monastic lands.\" Nevertheless, favour for Edward must have been strong among the monastic communities. When Edward was killed at Æthelred's estate at Corfe Castle in Dorset in March 978, the job of recording the event, as well as reactions to it, fell to monastic writers. Stenton offers a summary of the earliest account of Edward's murder, which comes from a work praising the life of St Oswald:\nOn the surface his [Edward's] relations with Æthelred his half-brother and Ælfthryth his stepmother were friendly, and he was visiting them informally when he was killed. [Æthelred's] retainers came out to meet him with ostentatious signs of respect, and then, before he had dismounted, surrounded him, seized his hands, and stabbed him ... So far as can be seen the murder was planned and carried out by Æthelred's household men in order that their young master might become king. There is nothing to support the allegation, which first appears in writing more than a century later, that Queen Ælfthryth had plotted her stepson's death. No one was punished for a part in the crime, and Æthelred, who was crowned a month after the murder, began to reign in an atmosphere of suspicion which destroyed the prestige of the crown. It was never fully restored in his lifetime.\n— Stenton 2001, p. 373", "Nevertheless, at first, the outlook of the new king's officers and counsellors seems in no way to have been bleak. According to one chronicler, the coronation of Æthelred took place with much rejoicing by the councillors of the English people. Simon Keynes notes that \"Byrhtferth of Ramsey states similarly that when Æthelred was consecrated king, by Archbishop Dunstan and Archbishop Oswald, 'there was great joy at his consecration', and describes the king in this connection as 'a young man in respect of years, elegant in his manners, with an attractive face and handsome appearance'.\"\nÆthelred was between nine and twelve years old when he became king and affairs were initially managed by leading councillors such as Æthelwold, bishop of Winchester, Queen Ælfthryth and Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury. Æthelwold was especially influential and when he died, on 1 August 984, Æthelred abandoned his early councillors and launched on policies which involved encroachment on church privileges, to his later regret. In a charter of 993 he stated that Æthelwold's death had deprived the country of one \"whose industry and pastoral care administered not only to my interest but also to that of all inhabitants of the country.\"\nÆlfthryth enjoyed renewed status in the 990s, when she brought up his heirs and her brother Ordulf became one of Æthelred's leading advisers. She died between 1000 and 1002.\nDespite conflicts with the Danes throughout his reign, Æthelred's reign of England saw expansion in England's population, trade and wealth.", "England had experienced a period of peace after the reconquest of the Danelaw in the mid-10th century by King Edgar, Æthelred's father. However, beginning in 980, when Æthelred could not have been more than 14 years old, small companies of Danish adventurers carried out a series of coastline raids against England. Hampshire, Thanet and Cheshire were attacked in 980, Devon and Cornwall in 981, and Dorset in 982. A period of six years then passed before, in 988, another coastal attack is recorded as having taken place to the south-west, though here a famous battle was fought between the invaders and the thegns of Devon. Stenton notes that, though this series of isolated raids had no lasting effect on England itself, \"their chief historical importance is that they brought England for the first time into diplomatic contact with Normandy.\"\nDanish attacks started becoming more serious in the early 990s, with highly devastating assaults in 1006–1007 and 1009–1012. Tribute payments by Æthelred did not successfully temper the Danish attacks. Æthelred's forces were primarily composed of infantry, with substantial numbers of foreign mercenaries. He did not have substantial numbers of trained cavalry forces.\nDuring this period, the Normans offered shelter to Danes returning from raids on England. This led to tension between the English and Norman courts, and word of their enmity eventually reached Pope John XV. The pope was disposed to dissolve their hostility towards each other, and took steps to engineer a peace between England and Normandy, which was ratified in Rouen in 991.", "In August 991, a sizeable Danish fleet began a sustained campaign in the south-east of England. It arrived off Folkestone, in Kent, and made its way around the south-east coast and up the River Blackwater, coming eventually to its estuary and occupying Northey Island. About 2 kilometres (1 mile) west of Northey lies the coastal town of Maldon, where Byrhtnoth, ealdorman of Essex, was stationed with a company of thegns. The battle that followed between English and Danes is immortalised by the Old English poem The Battle of Maldon, which describes the doomed but heroic attempt of Byrhtnoth to defend the coast of Essex against overwhelming odds. This was the first of a series of crushing defeats felt by the English: beaten first by Danish raiders, and later by organised Danish armies. Stenton summarises the events of the poem:\nFor access to the mainland they (the Danes) depended on a causeway, flooded at high tide, which led from Northey to the flats along the southern margin of the estuary. Before they (the Danes) had left their camp on the island[,] Byrhtnoth, with his retainers and a force of local militia, had taken possession of the landward end of the causeway. Refusing a demand for tribute, shouted across the water while the tide was high, Byrhtnoth drew up his men along the bank, and waited for the ebb. As the water fell the raiders began to stream out along the causeway. But three of Byrhtnoth's retainers held it against them, and at last they asked to be allowed to cross unhindered and fight on equal terms on the mainland. With what even those who admired him most called 'over-courage', Byrhtnoth agreed to this; the pirates rushed through the falling tide, and battle was joined. Its issue was decided by Byrhtnoth's fall. Many even of his own men immediately took to flight and the English ranks were broken. What gives enduring interest to the battle is the superb courage with which a group of Byrhtnoth's thegns, knowing that the fight was lost, deliberately gave themselves to death in order that they might avenge their lord.\"\n— Stenton 2001, pp. 376–77", "In the aftermath of Maldon, it was decided that the English should grant the tribute to the Danes that they desired, and so a gafol of £10,000 was paid them for their peace. Yet it was presumably the Danish fleet that had beaten Byrhtnoth at Maldon that continued to ravage the English coast from 991 to 993. In 994, the Danish fleet, which had swollen in ranks since 991, turned up the Thames estuary and headed toward London. The battle fought there was inconclusive.\nIt was about this time that Æthelred met with the leaders of the Danish fleet and arranged an uneasy accord. A treaty was signed that provided for seemingly civilised arrangements between the then-settled Danish companies and the English government, such as regulation of settlement disputes and trade. But the treaty also stipulated that the ravaging and slaughter of the previous year would be forgotten, and ended abruptly by stating that £22,000 of gold and silver had been paid to the raiders as the price of peace. In 994, Olaf Tryggvason, a Norwegian prince and already a baptised Christian, was confirmed as Christian in a ceremony at Andover; King Æthelred stood as his sponsor. After receiving gifts, Olaf promised \"that he would never come back to England in hostility.\" Olaf then left England for Norway and never returned, though \"other component parts of the Viking force appear to have decided to stay in England, for it is apparent from the treaty that some had chosen to enter into King Æthelred's service as mercenaries, based presumably on the Isle of Wight.\"", "In 997, Danish raids began again. According to Keynes, \"there is no suggestion that this was a new fleet or army, and presumably the mercenary force created in 994 from the residue of the raiding army of 991 had turned on those whom it had been hired to protect.\" It harried Cornwall, Devon, western Somerset and south Wales in 997, Dorset, Hampshire and Sussex in 998. In 999, it raided Kent, and, in 1000, it left England for Normandy, perhaps because the English had refused in this latest wave of attacks to acquiesce to the Danish demands for gafol or tribute, which would come to be known as Danegeld, 'Dane-payment'. This sudden relief from attack Æthelred used to gather his thoughts, resources, and armies: the fleet's departure in 1000 \"allowed Æthelred to carry out a devastation of Strathclyde, the motive for which is part of the lost history of the north.\"\nIn 1001, a Danish fleet – perhaps the same fleet from 1000 – returned and ravaged west Sussex. During its movements, the fleet regularly returned to its base in the Isle of Wight. There was later an attempted attack in the south of Devon, though the English mounted a successful defence at Exeter. Nevertheless, Æthelred must have felt at a loss, and, in the Spring of 1002, the English bought a truce for £24,000. Æthelred's frequent payments of immense Danegelds are often held up as exemplary of the incompetency of his government and his own short-sightedness. However, Keynes points out that such payments had been practice for at least a century, and had been adopted by Alfred the Great, Charles the Bald and many others. Indeed, in some cases it \"may have seemed the best available way of protecting the people against loss of life, shelter, livestock and crops. Though undeniably burdensome, it constituted a measure for which the king could rely on widespread support.\"", "Æthelred ordered the massacre of all Danish men in England to take place on 13 November 1002, St Brice's Day. No order of this kind could be carried out in more than a third of England, where the Danes were too strong, but Gunhilde, sister of Sweyn Forkbeard, King of Denmark, was said to have been among the victims. It is likely that a wish to avenge her was a principal motive for Sweyn's invasion of western England the following year. By 1004 Sweyn was in East Anglia, where he sacked Norwich. In this year, a nobleman of East Anglia, Ulfcytel Snillingr met Sweyn in force, and made an impression on the until-then rampant Danish expedition. Though Ulfcytel was eventually defeated, outside Thetford, he caused the Danes heavy losses and was nearly able to destroy their ships. The Danish army left England for Denmark in 1005, perhaps because of the losses they sustained in East Anglia, perhaps from the very severe famine which afflicted the continent and the British Isles in that year.\nAn expedition the following year was bought off in early 1007 by tribute money of £36,000, and for the next two years England was free from attack. In 1008, the government created a new fleet of warships, organised on a national scale, but this was weakened when one of its commanders took to piracy, and the king and his council decided not to risk it in a general action. In Stenton's view: \"The history of England in the next generation was really determined between 1009 and 1012...the ignominious collapse of the English defence caused a loss of morale which was irreparable.\" The Danish army of 1009, led by Thorkell the Tall and his brother Hemming, was the most formidable force to invade England since Æthelred became king. It harried England until it was bought off by £48,000 in April 1012.", "Sweyn then launched an invasion in 1013 intending to crown himself king of England, during which he proved himself to be a general greater than any other Viking leader of his generation. By the end of 1013 English resistance had collapsed and Sweyn had conquered the country, forcing Æthelred into exile in Normandy. But the situation changed suddenly when Sweyn died on 3 February 1014. The crews of the Danish ships in the Trent that had supported Sweyn immediately swore their allegiance to Sweyn's son Cnut the Great, but leading English noblemen sent a deputation to Æthelred to negotiate his restoration to the throne. He was required to declare his loyalty to them, to bring in reforms regarding everything that they disliked and to forgive all that had been said and done against him in his previous reign. The terms of this agreement are of great constitutional interest in early English History as they are the first recorded pact between a King and his subjects and are also widely regarded as showing that many English noblemen had submitted to Sweyn simply because of their distrust of Æthelred. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:\nthey [the counsellors] said that no lord was dearer to them than their natural (gecynde) lord, if he would govern them more justly than he did before. Then the king sent his son Edward hither with his messengers and bade them greet all his people and said that he would be a gracious (hold) lord to them, and reform all the things which they hated; and all the things which had been said and done against him should be forgiven on condition that they all unanimously turned to him (to him gecyrdon) without treachery. And complete friendship was then established with oath and pledge (mid worde and mid wædde) on both sides, and they pronounced every Danish king an exile from England forever.\n— Williams 2003, p. 123\nÆthelred then launched an expedition against Cnut and his allies. It was only the people of the Kingdom of Lindsey (modern North Lincolnshire) who supported Cnut. Æthelred first set out to recapture London apparently with the help of the Norwegian Olaf Haraldsson. According to the Icelandic historian, Snorri Sturluson, Ólaf led a successful attack on London bridge with a fleet of ships. He then went on to help Æthelred retake London and other parts of the country. Cnut and his army decided to withdraw from England, in April 1014, leaving his Lindsey allies to suffer Æthelred's revenge. In about 1016 it is thought that Ólaf left to concentrate on raiding western Europe. In the same year, Cnut returned to find a complex and volatile situation unfolding in England. Æthelred's son, Edmund Ironside, had revolted against his father and established himself in the Danelaw, which was angry at Cnut and Æthelred for the ravaging of Lindsey and was prepared to support Edmund in any uprising against both of them.", "Over the next few months Cnut conquered most of England, while Edmund rejoined Æthelred to defend London when Æthelred died on 23 April 1016. The subsequent war between Edmund and Cnut ended in a decisive victory for Cnut at the Battle of Assandun on 18 October 1016. Edmund's reputation as a warrior was such that Cnut nevertheless agreed to divide England, Edmund taking Wessex and Cnut the whole of the country beyond the Thames. However, Edmund died on 30 November and Cnut became king of the whole country.\nÆthelred was buried in Old St Paul's Cathedral, London. The tomb and his monument in the quire at Old St Paul's Cathedral were destroyed along with the cathedral in the Great Fire of London in 1666. A modern monument in the crypt lists his among the important graves lost.", "Æthelred's government produced extensive legislation, which he \"ruthlessly enforced\". Records of at least six legal codes survive from his reign, covering a range of topics. Notably, one of the members of his council (known as the Witan) was Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York, a well-known homilist. The three latest codes from Æthelred's reign seemed to have been drafted by Wulfstan. These codes are extensively concerned with ecclesiastical affairs. They also exhibit the characteristics of Wulfstan's highly rhetorical style. Wulfstan went on to draft codes for King Cnut, and recycled there many of the laws which were used in Æthelred's codes.\nDespite the failure of his government in the face of the Danish threat, Æthelred's reign was not without some important institutional achievements. The quality of the coinage, a good indicator of the prevailing economic conditions, significantly improved during his reign due to his numerous coinage reform laws.", "Later perspectives of Æthelred have been less than flattering. Numerous legends and anecdotes have sprung up to explain his shortcomings, often elaborating abusively on his character and failures. One such anecdote is given by William of Malmesbury (lived c. 1080 – c. 1143), who reports that Æthelred had defecated in the baptismal font as a child, which led St Dunstan to prophesy that the English monarchy would be overthrown during his reign. This story is, however, a fabrication, and a similar story is told of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine Copronymus (the epithet means 'dung-named'), another medieval monarch who was unpopular among certain of his subjects.\nEfforts to rehabilitate Æthelred's reputation have gained momentum since about 1980. Chief among the rehabilitators has been Simon Keynes, who has often argued that our poor impression of Æthelred is almost entirely based upon after-the-fact accounts of, and later accretions to, the narrative of events during Æthelred's long and complex reign. Chief among the culprits is in fact one of the most important sources for the history of the period, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which, as it reports events with a retrospect of 15 years, cannot help but interpret events with the eventual English defeat a foregone conclusion.\nYet, as virtually no strictly contemporary narrative account of the events of Æthelred's reign exists, historians are forced to rely on what evidence there is. Keynes and others thus draw attention to some of the inevitable snares of investigating the history of a man whom later popular opinion has utterly damned. Recent cautious assessments of Æthelred's reign have more often uncovered reasons to doubt, rather than uphold, Æthelred's later infamy. Though the failures of his government will always put Æthelred's reign in the shadow of the reigns of kings Edgar, Æthelstan, and Alfred, historians' current impression of Æthelred's personal character is certainly not as unflattering as it once was: \"Æthelred's misfortune as a ruler was owed not so much to any supposed defects of his imagined character, as to a combination of circumstances which anyone would have found difficult to control.\"", "Æthelred has been credited with the formation of a local investigative body made up of twelve thegns who were charged with publishing the names of any notorious or wicked men in their respective districts. Because the members of these bodies were under solemn oath to act in accordance with the law and their own good consciences, they have been seen by some legal historians as the prototype for the English grand jury. Æthelred makes provision for such a body in a law code he enacted at Wantage in 997, which states:\nþæt man habbe gemot on ælcum wæpentace; & gan ut þa yldestan XII þegnas & se gerefa mid, & swerian on þam haligdome, þe heom man on hand sylle, þæt hig nellan nænne sacleasan man forsecgean ne nænne sacne forhelan. & niman þonne þa tihtbysian men, þe mid þam gerefan habbað, & heora ælc sylle VI healfmarc wedd, healf landrican & healf wæpentake.\n— Liebermann 1903, pp. 228–32, \"III Æthelred\" 3.1–3.2\nthat there shall be an assembly in every wapentake, and in that assembly shall go forth the twelve eldest thegns and the reeve along with them, and let them swear on holy relics, which shall be placed in their hands, that they will never knowingly accuse an innocent man nor conceal a guilty man. And thereafter let them seize those notorious [lit. \"charge-laden\"] men, who have business with the reeve, and let each of them give a security of 6 half-marks, half of which shall go to the lord of that district, and half to the wapentake.\nBut the wording here suggests that Æthelred was perhaps revamping or re-confirming a custom which had already existed. He may actually have been expanding an established English custom for use among the Danish citizens in the North (the Danelaw). Previously, King Edgar had legislated along similar lines in his Whitbordesstan code:\nic wille, þæt ælc mon sy under borge ge binnan burgum ge buton burgum. & gewitnes sy geset to ælcere byrig & to ælcum hundrode. To ælcere byrig XXXVI syn gecorone to gewitnesse; to smalum burgum & to ælcum hundrode XII, buton ge ma willan. & ælc mon mid heora gewitnysse bigcge & sylle ælc þara ceapa, þe he bigcge oððe sylle aþer oððe burge oððe on wæpengetace. & heora ælc, þonne hine man ærest to gewitnysse gecysð, sylle þæne að, þæt he næfre, ne for feo ne for lufe ne for ege, ne ætsace nanes þara þinga, þe he to gewitnysse wæs, & nan oðer þingc on gewitnysse ne cyðe buton þæt an, þæt he geseah oððe gehyrde. & swa geæþdera manna syn on ælcum ceape twegen oððe þry to gewitnysse.\n— Liebermann 1903, pp. 206–14, \"IV Edgar\" 3–6.2\nIt is my wish that each person be in surety, both within settled areas and without. And 'witnessing' shall be established in each city and each hundred. To each city let there be 36 chosen for witnessing; to small towns and to each hundred let there be 12, unless they desire more. And everybody shall purchase and sell their goods in the presence a witness, whether he is buying or selling something, whether in a city or a wapentake. And each of them, when they first choose to become a witness, shall give an oath that he will never, neither for wealth nor love nor fear, deny any of those things which he will be a witness to, and will not, in his capacity as a witness, make known any thing except that which he saw and heard. And let there be either two or three of these sworn witnesses at every sale of goods.\nThe 'legend' of an Anglo-Saxon origin to the jury was first challenged seriously by Heinrich Brunner in 1872, who claimed that evidence of the jury was only seen for the first time during the reign of Henry II, some 200 years after the end of the Anglo-Saxon period, and that the practice had originated with the Franks, who in turn had influenced the Normans, who thence introduced it to England. Since Brunner's thesis, the origin of the English jury has been much disputed. Throughout the 20th century, legal historians disagreed about whether the practice was English in origin, or was introduced, directly or indirectly, from either Scandinavia or Francia. Recently, the legal historians Patrick Wormald and Michael Macnair have reasserted arguments in favour of finding in practices current during the Anglo-Saxon period traces of the Angevin practice of conducting inquests using bodies of sworn, private witnesses. Wormald has gone as far as to present evidence suggesting that the English practice outlined in Æthelred's Wantage code is at least as old as, if not older than, 975, and ultimately traces it back to a Carolingian model (something Brunner had done). However, no scholarly consensus has yet been reached.", "Æthelred has been described as \"a youth of graceful manners, handsome countenance and fine person...\" as well as \"a tall, handsome man, elegant in manners, beautiful in countenance and interesting in his deportment.\"", "Æthelred married first Ælfgifu, daughter of Thored, earl of Northumbria, in about 985. Their known children are:\nÆthelstan Ætheling (died 1014)\nEcgberht Ætheling (died c. 1005)\nEdmund Ironside (King of England, died 1016)\nEadred Ætheling (died before 1013)\nEadwig Ætheling (executed by Cnut 1017)\nEdgar Ætheling (died c. 1008)\nEadgyth or Edith (married Eadric Streona)\nÆlfgifu (married Uhtred the Bold, ealdorman of Northumbria)\nWulfhild? (married Ulfcytel Snillingr)\nAbbess of Wherwell Abbey?\nIn 1002 Æthelred married Emma of Normandy, sister of Richard II, Duke of Normandy. Their children were:\nEdward the Confessor (King of England, died 1066)\nAlfred Aetheling (died 1036–37)\nGodgifu or Goda of England (married firstly Drogo of Mantes, Count of Mantes, Valois and the Vexin and secondly Eustace II, Count of Boulogne)\nAll of Æthelred's sons were named after English kings.", "King Aethelred II is a recurring character in the 2022 Netflix docufiction series Vikings: Valhalla, played by Irish actor Bosco Hogan.", "Burial places of British royalty\nCultural depictions of Æthelred the Unready\nHouse of Wessex family tree", "", "Different spellings of this king’s name most commonly found in modern texts are \"Ethelred\" and \"Æthelred\" (or \"Aethelred\"), the latter being closer to the original Old English form Æþelræd. Compare the modern dialect word athel.\n\"Ethelred the Redeless\" e.g. in Hodgkin, Thomas (1808). The History of England from the Earliest Times to the Norman Conquest. Longmans, Green, and Company. p. 373. While rede \"counsel\" survived into modern English, the negative unrede appears to fall out of use by the 15th century; c.f Richard the Redeless, a 15th-century poem in reference to Richard II of England.\nFor this king's forebear of the same name, see Æthelred of Wessex.\nNote that this terms specifies the north and north-eastern territories in England which were at the time largely governed according to Danish custom; no mention is made of the law's application to the hundreds, the southern and English equivalent of the Danish wapentake.", "Weir, Alison (1989). Britain's Royal Families. Vintage. p. 23. ISBN 9780099539735.\nBosworth & Toller 1882, p. 781.\nSchröder 1944.\nBosworth & Toller 1882, p. 1124.\nWilliams 2003.\nKeynes 1978, pp. 240–241.\nStenton 2001, p. 374.\nHart 2007.\nStenton 2001, p. 372.\nMiller 1999, p. 163.\nHigham 2000, pp. 7–8.\nStafford 1989, p. 58.\nPhillips 1909.\nKeynes 1980, p. 166.\nKeynes 2004.\nStafford 2004.\nHoward, Ian (2003). Swein Forkbeard's Invasions and the Danish Conquest of England, 991–1017. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. p. 145. ISBN 0-85115-928-1.\nStenton 2001, p. 375.\nMolyneaux, George (2015). The Formation of the English Kingdom in the Tenth Century. Oxford University Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-19-102775-8.\nHoward, Ian (2003). Swein Forkbeard's Invasions and the Danish Conquest of England, 991–1017. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. p. 28. ISBN 0-85115-928-1.\nBenham 2020, pp. 189–204.\nBrusher, Joseph. S. J. \"John XV - the Scholarly Pontiff\". Popes Through the Ages.\nStenton 2001, pp. 377–78.\nStenton 2001, p. 379.\nStenton 2001, p. 380.\nStenton 2001, pp. 381–84.\nStenton 2001, pp. 384–86.\nHagland & Watson 2005, pp. 328–33.\nStenton 2001, pp. 386–93.\nSinclair 1909, p. 93.\nKeynes 2012, p. 129.\n\"Remarkable monuments from Pre-Fire St Paul's – St Paul's Cathedral\". www.stpauls.co.uk. Retrieved 30 May 2020.\nWormald 1978, p. 49.\nLiebermann 1903, pp. 216–70.\nWormald 2004.\nWormald 1999a, pp. 356–60.\n\"Ethelred II\". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009.\nWilliam of Malmesbury; Sharpe, John (trans); Gile, John Allen (trans) (1847). William of Malmesbury's Chronicle of the kings of England. From the earliest period to the reign of King Stephen. London: H. G. Bohn. pp. 190–92.\nCartwright, Mark (13 November 2017). \"Constantine V\". www.worldhistory.org. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 26 October 2021.\nKeynes 1986, p. 217.\nTurner 1968, pp. passim.\nTurner 1968, pp. 1–2.\nWormald 1999a, pp. 4–26, especially pp. 7–8 and 17–18.\nWormald 1999b, pp. 598–99, et passim.\nFlorence (of Worcester) 1854, p. 107.\nThe Gunnlaugr Saga of Gunnlaugr the Scald\nLawson 2004.\nFryde et al. 1996, p. 27.\nBarlow 1965, p. 232.\nBarlow 1997, p. 28 and family tree in endpaper.", "Barlow, Frank (1965). \"Edward the Confessor's Early Life, Character and Attitudes\". The English Historical Review. Oxford University Press. 80 (315): 225–251. doi:10.1093/ehr/LXXX.CCCXV.225. JSTOR 560131.\nBarlow, Frank (1997). Edward the Confessor. London: Yale University Press.\nBenham, Jenny (2020). \"The earliest arbitration treaty? A reassessment of the Anglo-Norman treaty of 991*\". Historical Research. 93 (260): 189–204. doi:10.1093/hisres/htaa001. ISSN 0950-3471.\nBosworth, Joseph; Toller, T. N. (1882). An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. Oxford: Clarenden.\nFlorence (of Worcester) (1854). The Chronicle of Florence of Worcester: With the Two Continuations; Comprising Annals of English History, from the Departure of the Romans to the Reign of Edward I. Translated by Thomas Forester. London: Henry G. Bohn.\nFryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I, eds. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (3rd with corrections ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.\nHagland, J.R.; Watson, B. (2005). \"Fact or folklore: the Viking attack on London Bridge\" (PDF). London Archaeologist. 12. London: London Archaeologist Association. 10. Retrieved 27 July 2017.\nHart, Cyril (24 May 2007). \"Edward the Martyr\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8515. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\nHigham, Nick J. (2000). The Death of Anglo-Saxon England. Sutton. ISBN 978-0-7509-2469-6.\nKeynes, Simon (1978), \"The Declining Reputation of King Æthelred the Unready\", in David Hill (ed.), Ethelred the Unready: Papers from the Millenary Conference, British Archaeological Reports - British Series 59, pp. 227–253\nKeynes, Simon (1980). The Diplomas of King Æthelred 'the Unready' 978–1016. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521227186.\nKeynes, Simon (1986). \"A Tale of Two Kings: Alfred the Great and Æthelred the Unready\". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. Fifth Series 36. 36: 195–217. doi:10.2307/3679065. JSTOR 3679065.\nKeynes, Simon (23 September 2004). \"Æthelred II (c. 966x8–1016)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8915. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\nKeynes, Simon (2012). \"The Burial of King Æthelred the Unready at St. Paul's\". In David Roffe (ed.). The English and Their Legacy, 900–1200: Essays in Honour of Ann Williams. Boydell Press.\nLawson, M. K. (23 September 2004). \"Edmund II\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8502. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\nLiebermann, Felix (1903). Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen: in der Ursprache mit Uebersetzung und Erläuterungen. Vol. 1. Halle a.S.: Max Niemeyer.\nMiller, Sean (1999). \"Edward the Martyr\". In M. Lapidge; J. Blair; S. Keynes; D. Scragg (eds.). The Blackwell Encyclopædia of Anglo-Saxon England. ISBN 0-631-22492-0.\nPhillips, G. E. (1909). \"St. Edward the Martyr\" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company.\nSchröder, Edward (1944). Deutsche Namenkunde: Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Kunde deutsche Personen- und Ortsnamen [German name customs : Collected essays on the customs of German personal and place names] (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.\nSinclair, William Macdonald (1909). Memorials of St. Paul's Cathedral. George W. Jacobs & Company.\nStafford, Pauline (1989). Unification and Conquest: A Political and Social History of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries. E. Arnold. ISBN 978-0-7131-6532-6.\nStafford, Pauline (2004). \"Ælfthryth (d. 999x1001)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/194. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 12 February 2021. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nStenton, Frank Merry (2001). Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.). Oxford: University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5.\nTurner, Ralph V. (1968). \"The Origins of the Medieval English Jury: Frankish, English, or Scandinavian?\". The Journal of British Studies. 7 (2): 1–10. doi:10.1086/385549. JSTOR 175292.\nWilliams, Ann (2003). Æthelred the Unready: The Ill-Counselled King. ISBN 1-85285-382-4.\nWormald, Patrick (1978), \"Aethelred the lawmaker\", in David Hill (ed.), Ethelred the Unready: Papers from the Millenary Conference, British Archaeological Reports - British Series 59, pp. 47–80\nWormald, Patrick (1999a). Making of English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century. Vol. 1: Legislation and its Limits. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-631-13496-1.\nWormald, Patrick (1999b). \"Neighbors, Courts, and Kings: Reflections on Michael Macnair's Vicini\". Law and History Review. 17 (3): 597–601. doi:10.2307/744383. JSTOR 744383.\nWormald, Patrick (23 September 2004). \"Wulfstan (d. 1023)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30098. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)", "Cubitt, Catherine (2012). \"The politics of remorse: penance and royal piety in the reign of Æthelred the Unready\". Historical Research. 85 (228): 179–192. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2281.2011.00571.x.\nGilbride, M.B. \"A Hollow Crown review\". Medieval Mysteries.com \"Reviews of Outstanding Historical Novels set in the Medieval Period\". Archived from the original on 18 June 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2012.\nGodsell, Andrew \"Ethelred the Unready\" in \"History For All\" magazine September 2000, republished in \"Legends of British History\" (2008).\nHart, Cyril, ed. and tr. (2006). Chronicles of the Reign of Æthelred the Unready: An Edition and Translation of the Old English and Latin Annals. The Early Chronicles of England 1.\nLavelle, Ryan (2008). Aethelred II: King of the English 978–1016 (New ed.). Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press. ISBN 9780752446783.\nRoach, Levi (2016). Æthelred the Unready. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300196290.\nSkinner, Patricia, ed, Challenging the Boundaries of Medieval History: The Legacy of Timothy Reuter (2009), ISBN 978-2-503-52359-0.", "Æthelred 32 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England\nMiller, Sean. \"Æthelred the Unready\".\nDocumentary – The Making of England: Aethelred the Unready" ]

[ "Æthelred the Unready", "Name", "Early life", "Kingship", "Conflict with the Danes", "Battle of Maldon", "England begins tributes", "Renewed Danish raids", "St. Brice's Day massacre of 1002", "Invasion of 1013", "Death and burial", "Legislation", "Legacy", "Origin of the jury", "Appearance and character", "Marriages and issue", "In popular culture", "See also", "References", "Notes", "Citations", "Sources", "Further reading", "External links" ]

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[ "Æthelstan presenting a book to St Cuthbert, an illustration in a manuscript of Bede's Life of Saint Cuthbert, probably presented to the saint's shrine in Chester-le-Street by Æthelstan when he visited the shrine on his journey to Scotland in 934.[1] He wore a crown of a similar design on his crowned bust coins.[2] It is the oldest surviving portrait of an English king and the manuscript is the oldest surviving made for an English king.[3]", "Statue in Tamworth of Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians, with her young nephew Æthelstan", "Silver penny of King Æthelstan", "A sixteenth-century painting in Beverley Minster in the East Riding of Yorkshire of Æthelstan with Saint John of Beverley", "Coin of Æthelstan Rex, small cross pattée type, London mint, moneyer Biorneard", "Miniature of St Matthew in the Carolingian gospels presented by Æthelstan to Christ Church Priory, Canterbury", "Alea evangelii, a board game played at Æthelstan's court", "Charter S416 of Æthelstan for Wulfgar in 931, written by \"Æthelstan A\"", "Æthelstan in a fifteenth-century stained glass window in All Souls College Chapel, Oxford", "Empty fifteenth-century tomb of King Æthelstan at Malmesbury Abbey", "" ]

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[ "Æthelstan or Athelstan (/ˈæθəlstæn/; Old English: Æðelstān [ˈæðelstɑːn]; Old Norse: Aðalsteinn; lit. 'noble stone'; c. 894 – 27 October 939) was King of the Anglo-Saxons from 924 to 927 and King of the English from 927 to his death in 939. He was the son of King Edward the Elder and his first wife, Ecgwynn. Modern historians regard him as the first King of England and one of the \"greatest Anglo-Saxon kings\". He never married and had no children; he was succeeded by his half-brother, Edmund I.\nWhen Edward died in July 924, Æthelstan was accepted by the Mercians as king. His half-brother Ælfweard may have been recognised as king in Wessex, but died within three weeks of their father's death. Æthelstan encountered resistance in Wessex for several months, and was not crowned until September 925. In 927 he conquered the last remaining Viking kingdom, York, making him the first Anglo-Saxon ruler of the whole of England. In 934 he invaded Scotland and forced Constantine II to submit to him. Æthelstan's rule was resented by the Scots and Vikings, and in 937 they invaded England. Æthelstan defeated them at the Battle of Brunanburh, a victory that gave him great prestige both in the British Isles and on the Continent. After his death in 939, the Vikings seized back control of York, and it was not finally reconquered until 954.\nÆthelstan centralised government; he increased control over the production of charters and summoned leading figures from distant areas to his councils. These meetings were also attended by rulers from outside his territory, especially Welsh kings, who thus acknowledged his overlordship. More legal texts survive from his reign than from any other 10th-century English king. They show his concern about widespread robberies, and the threat they posed to social order. His legal reforms built on those of his grandfather, Alfred the Great. Æthelstan was one of the most pious West Saxon kings, and was known for collecting relics and founding churches. His household was the centre of English learning during his reign, and it laid the foundation for the Benedictine monastic reform later in the century. No other West Saxon king played as important a role in European politics as Æthelstan, and he arranged the marriages of several of his sisters to continental rulers.", "By the ninth century the many kingdoms of the early Anglo-Saxon period had been consolidated into four: Wessex, Mercia, Northumbria and East Anglia. In the eighth century, Mercia had been the most powerful kingdom in southern England, but in the early ninth, Wessex became dominant under Æthelstan's great-great-grandfather, Egbert. In the middle of the century, England came under increasing attack from Viking raids, culminating in invasion by the Great Heathen Army in 865. By 878, the Vikings had overrun East Anglia, Northumbria, and Mercia, and nearly conquered Wessex. The West Saxons fought back under Alfred the Great, and achieved a decisive victory at the Battle of Edington. Alfred and the Viking leader Guthrum agreed on a division that gave the Anglo-Saxons western Mercia, and eastern Mercia to the Vikings. In the 890s, renewed Viking attacks were successfully fought off by Alfred, assisted by his son (and Æthelstan's father) Edward and Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians. Æthelred ruled English Mercia under Alfred and was married to his daughter Æthelflæd. Alfred died in 899 and was succeeded by Edward. Æthelwold, the son of Æthelred, King Alfred's older brother and predecessor as king, made a bid for power, but was killed at the Battle of the Holme in 902.\nLittle is known of warfare between the English and the Danes over the next few years, but in 909, Edward sent a West Saxon and Mercian army to ravage Northumbria. The following year the Northumbrian Danes attacked Mercia, but suffered a decisive defeat at the Battle of Tettenhall. Æthelred died in 911 and was succeeded as ruler of Mercia by his widow Æthelflæd. Over the next decade, Edward and Æthelflæd conquered Viking Mercia and East Anglia. Æthelflæd died in 918 and was briefly succeeded by her daughter Ælfwynn, but in the same year Edward deposed her and took direct control of Mercia.\nWhen Edward died in 924, he controlled all of England south of the Humber. The Viking king Sihtric ruled the Kingdom of York in southern Northumbria, but Ealdred maintained Anglo-Saxon rule in at least part of the former kingdom of Bernicia from his base in Bamburgh in northern Northumbria. Constantine II ruled Scotland, apart from the southwest, which was the British Kingdom of Strathclyde. Wales was divided into a number of small kingdoms, including Deheubarth in the southwest, Gwent in the southeast, Brycheiniog immediately north of Gwent, and Gwynedd in the north.", "According to the Anglo-Norman historian William of Malmesbury, Æthelstan was thirty years old when he came to the throne in 924, which would mean that he was born around 894. He was the oldest son of Edward the Elder. He was Edward's only son by his first consort, Ecgwynn. Very little is known about Ecgwynn, and she is not named in any contemporary source. Medieval chroniclers gave varying descriptions of her rank: one described her as an ignoble consort of inferior birth, while others described her birth as noble. Modern historians also disagree about her status. Simon Keynes and Richard Abels believe that leading figures in Wessex were unwilling to accept Æthelstan as king in 924 partly because his mother had been Edward the Elder's concubine. However, Barbara Yorke and Sarah Foot argue that allegations that Æthelstan was illegitimate were a product of the dispute over the succession, and that there is no reason to doubt that she was Edward's legitimate wife. She may have been related to St Dunstan.\nWilliam of Malmesbury wrote that Alfred the Great honoured his young grandson with a ceremony in which he gave him a scarlet cloak, a belt set with gems, and a sword with a gilded scabbard. Medieval Latin scholar Michael Lapidge and historian Michael Wood see this as designating Æthelstan as a potential heir at a time when the claim of Alfred's nephew, Æthelwold, to the throne represented a threat to the succession of Alfred's direct line, but historian Janet Nelson suggests that it should be seen in the context of conflict between Alfred and Edward in the 890s, and might reflect an intention to divide the realm between his son and his grandson after his death. Historian Martin Ryan goes further, suggesting that at the end of his life Alfred may have favoured Æthelstan rather than Edward as his successor. An acrostic poem praising prince \"Adalstan\", and prophesying a great future for him, has been interpreted by Lapidge as referring to the young Æthelstan, punning on the Old English meaning of his name, \"noble stone\". Lapidge and Wood see the poem as a commemoration of Alfred's ceremony by one of his leading scholars, John the Old Saxon. In Michael Wood's view, the poem confirms the truth of William of Malmesbury's account of the ceremony. Wood also suggests that Æthelstan may have been the first English king to be groomed from childhood as an intellectual, and that John was probably his tutor. However, Sarah Foot argues that the acrostic poem makes better sense if it is dated to the beginning of Æthelstan's reign.\nEdward married his second wife, Ælfflæd, at about the time of his father's death, probably because Ecgwynn had died, although she may have been put aside. The new marriage weakened Æthelstan's position, as his step-mother naturally favoured the interests of her own sons, Ælfweard and Edwin. By 920 Edward had taken a third wife, Eadgifu, probably after putting Ælfflæd aside. Eadgifu also had two sons, the future kings Edmund and Eadred. Edward had several daughters, perhaps as many as nine.\nÆthelstan's later education was probably at the Mercian court of his aunt and uncle, Æthelflæd and Æthelred, and it is likely the young prince gained his military training in the Mercian campaigns to conquer the Danelaw. According to a transcript dating from 1304, in 925 Æthelstan gave a charter of privileges to St Oswald's Priory, Gloucester, where his aunt and uncle were buried, \"according to a pact of paternal piety which he formerly pledged with Æthelred, ealdorman of the people of the Mercians\". When Edward took direct control of Mercia after Æthelflæd's death in 918, Æthelstan may have represented his father's interests there.", "", "Edward died at Farndon in northern Mercia on 17 July 924, and the ensuing events are unclear. Ælfweard, Edward's eldest son by Ælfflæd, had ranked above Æthelstan in attesting a charter in 901, and Edward may have intended Ælfweard to be his successor as king, either of Wessex only or of the whole kingdom. If Edward had intended his realms to be divided after his death, his deposition of Ælfwynn in Mercia in 918 may have been intended to prepare the way for Æthelstan's succession as king of Mercia. When Edward died, Æthelstan was apparently with him in Mercia, while Ælfweard was in Wessex. Mercia acknowledged Æthelstan as king, and Wessex may have chosen Ælfweard. However, Ælfweard outlived his father by only sixteen days.\nEven after Ælfweard's death there seems to have been opposition to Æthelstan in Wessex, particularly in Winchester, where Ælfweard was buried. At first Æthelstan behaved as a Mercian king. A charter relating to land in Derbyshire, which appears to have been issued at a time in 925 when his authority had not yet been recognised outside Mercia, was witnessed only by Mercian bishops. In the view of historians David Dumville and Janet Nelson he may have agreed not to marry or have heirs in order to gain acceptance. However, Sarah Foot ascribes his decision to remain unmarried to \"a religiously motivated determination on chastity as a way of life\".\nThe coronation of Æthelstan took place on 4 September 925 at Kingston upon Thames, perhaps due to its symbolic location on the border between Wessex and Mercia. He was crowned by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Athelm, who probably designed or organised a new ordo (religious order of service) in which the king wore a crown for the first time instead of a helmet. The new ordo was influenced by West Frankish liturgy and in turn became one of the sources of the medieval French ordo.\nOpposition seems to have continued even after the coronation. According to William of Malmesbury, an otherwise unknown nobleman called Alfred plotted to blind Æthelstan on account of his supposed illegitimacy, although it is unknown whether he aimed to make himself king or was acting on behalf of Edwin, Ælfweard's younger brother. Blinding would have been a sufficient disability to render Æthelstan ineligible for kingship without incurring the odium attached to murder. Tensions between Æthelstan and Winchester seem to have continued for some years. The Bishop of Winchester, Frithestan, did not attend the coronation or witness any of Æthelstan's known charters until 928. After that he witnessed fairly regularly until his resignation in 931, but was listed in a lower position than he was entitled to by his seniority.\nIn 933 Edwin was drowned in a shipwreck in the North Sea. His cousin, Adelolf, Count of Boulogne, took his body for burial at the Abbey of Saint Bertin in Saint-Omer. According to the abbey's annalist, Folcuin, who wrongly believed that Edwin had been king, he had fled England \"driven by some disturbance in his kingdom\". Folcuin stated that Æthelstan sent alms to the abbey for his dead brother and received monks from the abbey graciously when they came to England, although Folcuin did not realise that Æthelstan died before the monks made the journey in 944. The twelfth-century chronicler Symeon of Durham said that Æthelstan ordered Edwin to be drowned, but this is dismissed by most historians. Edwin might have fled England after an unsuccessful rebellion against his brother's rule, and his death may have put an end to Winchester's opposition.", "Edward the Elder had conquered the Danish territories in east Mercia and East Anglia with the assistance of Æthelflæd and her husband Æthelred, but when Edward died the Danish king Sihtric still ruled the Viking Kingdom of York (formerly the southern Northumbrian kingdom of Deira). In January 926, Æthelstan arranged for his only full sister to marry Sihtric. The two kings agreed not to invade each other's territories or to support each other's enemies. The following year Sihtric died, and Æthelstan seized the chance to invade. Guthfrith, a cousin of Sihtric, led a fleet from Dublin to try to take the throne, but Æthelstan easily prevailed. He captured York and received the submission of the Danish people. According to a southern chronicler, he \"succeeded to the kingdom of the Northumbrians\", and it is uncertain whether he had to fight Guthfrith. Southern kings had never ruled the north, and his usurpation was met with outrage by the Northumbrians, who had always resisted southern control. However, at Eamont, near Penrith, on 12 July 927, King Constantine II of Alba, King Hywel Dda of Deheubarth, Ealdred of Bamburgh, and King Owain of Strathclyde (or Morgan ap Owain of Gwent) accepted Æthelstan's overlordship. His triumph led to seven years of peace in the north.\nWhereas Æthelstan was the first English king to achieve lordship over northern Britain, he inherited his authority over the Welsh kings from his father and aunt. In the 910s Gwent acknowledged the lordship of Wessex, and Deheubarth and Gwynedd accepted that of Æthelflæd; following Edward's takeover of Mercia, they transferred their allegiance to him. According to William of Malmesbury, after the meeting at Eamont Æthelstan summoned the Welsh kings to Hereford, where he imposed a heavy annual tribute and fixed the border between England and Wales in the Hereford area at the River Wye. The dominant figure in Wales was Hywel Dda of Deheubarth, described by the historian of early medieval Wales Thomas Charles-Edwards as \"the firmest ally of the 'emperors of Britain' among all the kings of his day\". Welsh kings attended Æthelstan's court between 928 and 935 and witnessed charters at the head of the list of laity (apart from the kings of Scotland and Strathclyde), showing that their position was regarded as superior to that of the other great men present. The alliance produced peace between Wales and England, and within Wales, lasting throughout Æthelstan's reign, though some Welsh resented the status of their rulers as under-kings, as well as the high level of tribute imposed upon them. In Armes Prydein Vawr (The Great Prophecy of Britain), a Welsh poet foresaw the day when the British would rise up against their Saxon oppressors and drive them into the sea.\nAccording to William of Malmesbury, after the Hereford meeting Æthelstan went on to expel the Cornish from Exeter, fortify its walls, and fix the Cornish boundary at the River Tamar. This account is regarded sceptically by historians, however, as Cornwall had been under English rule since the mid-ninth century. Thomas Charles-Edwards describes it as \"an improbable story\", while historian John Reuben Davies sees it as the suppression of a British revolt and the confinement of the Cornish beyond the Tamar. Æthelstan emphasised his control by establishing a new Cornish see and appointing its first bishop, but Cornwall kept its own culture and language.\nÆthelstan became the first king of all the Anglo-Saxon peoples, and in effect overlord of Britain. His successes inaugurated what John Maddicott, in his history of the origins of the English Parliament, calls the imperial phase of English kingship between about 925 and 975, when rulers from Wales and Scotland attended the assemblies of English kings and witnessed their charters. Æthelstan tried to reconcile the aristocracy in his new territory of Northumbria to his rule. He lavished gifts on the minsters of Beverley, Chester-le-Street, and York, emphasising his Christianity. He also purchased the vast territory of Amounderness in Lancashire, and gave it to the Archbishop of York, his most important lieutenant in the region. But he remained a resented outsider, and the northern British kingdoms preferred to ally with the pagan Norse of Dublin. In contrast to his strong control over southern Britain, his position in the north was far more tenuous.", "In 934 Æthelstan invaded Scotland. His reasons are unclear, and historians give alternative explanations. The death of his half-brother Edwin in 933 might have finally removed factions in Wessex opposed to his rule. Guthfrith, the Norse king of Dublin who had briefly ruled Northumbria, died in 934; any resulting insecurity among the Danes would have given Æthelstan an opportunity to stamp his authority on the north. An entry in the Annals of Clonmacnoise, recording the death in 934 of a ruler who was possibly Ealdred of Bamburgh, suggests another possible explanation. This points to a dispute between Æthelstan and Constantine over control of his territory. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle briefly recorded the expedition without explanation, but the twelfth-century chronicler John of Worcester stated that Constantine had broken his treaty with Æthelstan.\nÆthelstan set out on his campaign in May 934, accompanied by four Welsh kings: Hywel Dda of Deheubarth, Idwal Foel of Gwynedd, Morgan ap Owain of Gwent, and Tewdwr ap Griffri of Brycheiniog. His retinue also included eighteen bishops and thirteen earls, six of whom were Danes from eastern England. By late June or early July he had reached Chester-le-Street, where he made generous gifts to the tomb of St Cuthbert, including a stole and maniple (ecclesiastical garments) originally commissioned by his step-mother Ælfflæd as a gift to Bishop Frithestan of Winchester. The invasion was launched by land and sea. According to Symeon of Durham, his land forces ravaged as far as Dunnottar in north-east Scotland, the furthest north that any English army had reached since Ecgfrith's disastrous invasion in 685, while the fleet raided Caithness, then probably part of the Norse kingdom of Orkney.\nNo battles are recorded during the campaign, and chronicles do not record its outcome. By September, however, he was back in the south of England at Buckingham, where Constantine witnessed a charter as subregulus, thus acknowledging Æthelstan's overlordship. In 935 a charter was attested by Constantine, Owain of Strathclyde, Hywel Dda, Idwal Foel, and Morgan ap Owain. At Christmas of the same year Owain of Strathclyde was once more at Æthelstan's court along with the Welsh kings, but Constantine was not. His return to England less than two years later would be in very different circumstances.", "In 934 Olaf Guthfrithson succeeded his father Guthfrith as the Norse King of Dublin. The alliance between the Norse and the Scots was cemented by the marriage of Olaf to Constantine's daughter. By August 937 Olaf had defeated his rivals for control of the Viking part of Ireland, and he promptly launched a bid for the former Norse kingdom of York. Individually Olaf and Constantine were too weak to oppose Æthelstan, but together they could hope to challenge the dominance of Wessex. In the autumn they joined with the Strathclyde Britons under Owain to invade England. Medieval campaigning was normally conducted in the summer, and Æthelstan could hardly have expected an invasion on such a large scale so late in the year. He seems to have been slow to react, and an old Latin poem preserved by William of Malmesbury accused him of having \"languished in sluggish leisure\". The allies plundered English territory while Æthelstan took his time gathering a West Saxon and Mercian army. However, Michael Wood praises his caution, arguing that unlike Harold in 1066, he did not allow himself to be provoked into precipitate action. When he marched north, the Welsh did not join him, and they did not fight on either side.\nThe two sides met at the Battle of Brunanburh, resulting in an overwhelming victory for Æthelstan, supported by his young half-brother, the future King Edmund. Olaf escaped back to Dublin with the remnant of his forces, while Constantine lost a son. The English also suffered heavy losses, including two of Æthelstan's cousins, sons of Edward the Elder's younger brother, Æthelweard.\nThe battle was reported in the Annals of Ulster:\nA great, lamentable and horrible battle was cruelly fought between the Saxons and the Northmen, in which several thousands of Northmen, who are uncounted, fell, but their king Amlaib [Olaf], escaped with a few followers. A large number of Saxons fell on the other side, but Æthelstan, king of the Saxons, enjoyed a great victory.\nA generation later, the chronicler Æthelweard reported that it was popularly remembered as \"the great battle\", and it sealed Æthelstan's posthumous reputation as \"victorious because of God\" (in the words of the homilist Ælfric of Eynsham). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle abandoned its usual terse style in favour of a heroic poem vaunting the great victory, employing imperial language to present Æthelstan as ruler of an empire of Britain. The site of the battle is uncertain, however, and over thirty sites have been suggested, with Bromborough on the Wirral the most favoured among historians.\nHistorians disagree over the significance of the battle. Alex Woolf describes it as a \"pyrrhic victory\" for Æthelstan: the campaign seems to have ended in a stalemate, his power appears to have declined, and after he died Olaf acceded to the kingdom of Northumbria without resistance. Alfred Smyth describes it as \"the greatest battle in Anglo-Saxon history\", but he also states that its consequences beyond Æthelstan's reign have been overstated. In the view of Sarah Foot, on the other hand, it would be difficult to exaggerate the battle's importance: if the Anglo-Saxons had been defeated, their hegemony over the whole mainland of Britain would have disintegrated.", "", "Anglo-Saxon kings ruled through ealdormen, who had the highest lay status under the king. In ninth-century Wessex they each ruled a single shire, but by the middle of the tenth they had authority over a much wider area, a change probably introduced by Æthelstan to deal with the problems of governing his extended realm. One of the ealdormen, who was also called Æthelstan, governed the eastern Danelaw territory of East Anglia, the largest and wealthiest province of England. He became so powerful that he was later known as Æthelstan Half King. Several of the ealdormen who witnessed charters had Scandinavian names, and while the localities they came from cannot be identified, they were almost certainly the successors of the earls who led Danish armies in the time of Edward the Elder, and who were retained by Æthelstan as his representatives in local government.\nBeneath the ealdormen, reeves—royal officials who were noble local landowners—were in charge of a town or royal estate. The authority of church and state was not separated in early medieval societies, and the lay officials worked closely with their diocesan bishop and local abbots, who also attended the king's royal councils.\nAs the first king of all the Anglo-Saxon peoples, Æthelstan needed effective means to govern his extended realm. Building on the foundations of his predecessors, he created the most centralised government that England had yet seen. Previously, some charters had been produced by royal priests and others by members of religious houses, but between 928 and 935 they were produced exclusively by a scribe known to historians as \"Æthelstan A\", showing an unprecedented degree of royal control over an important activity. Unlike earlier and later charters, \"Æthelstan A\" provides full details of the date and place of adoption and an unusually long witness list, providing crucial information for historians. After \"Æthelstan A\" retired or died, charters reverted to a simpler form, suggesting that they had been the work of an individual, rather than the development of a formal writing office.\nA key mechanism of government was the king's council (witan in Old English). Anglo-Saxon kings did not have a fixed capital city. Their courts were peripatetic, and their councils were held at varying locations around their realms. Æthelstan stayed mainly in Wessex, however, and controlled outlying areas by summoning leading figures to his councils. The small and intimate meetings that had been adequate until the enlargement of the kingdom under Edward the Elder gave way to large bodies attended by bishops, ealdormen, thegns, magnates from distant areas, and independent rulers who had submitted to his authority. Frank Stenton sees Æthelstan's councils as \"national assemblies\", which did much to break down the provincialism that was a barrier to the unification of England. John Maddicott goes further, seeing them as the start of centralised assemblies that had a defined role in English government, and Æthelstan as \"the true if unwitting founder of the English parliament\".", "The Anglo-Saxons were the first people in northern Europe to write administrative documents in the vernacular, and law codes in Old English go back to Æthelberht of Kent at the beginning of the seventh century. The law code of Alfred the Great, from the end of the ninth century, was also written in the vernacular, and he expected his ealdormen to learn it. His code was strongly influenced by Carolingian law going back to Charlemagne in such areas as treason, peace-keeping, organisation of the hundreds and judicial ordeal. It remained in force throughout the tenth century, and Æthelstan's codes were built on this foundation. Legal codes required the approval of the king, but they were treated as guidelines which could be adapted and added to at the local level, rather than a fixed canon of regulations, and customary oral law was also important in the Anglo-Saxon period.\nMore legal texts survive from Æthelstan's reign than from any other tenth-century English king. The earliest appear to be his tithe edict and the \"Ordinance on Charities\". Four legal codes were adopted at Royal Councils in the early 930s at Grately in Hampshire, Exeter, Faversham in Kent, and Thunderfield in Surrey. Local legal texts survive from London and Kent, and one concerning the 'Dunsæte' on the Welsh border probably also dates to Æthelstan's reign. In the view of the historian of English law Patrick Wormald, the laws must have been written by Wulfhelm, who succeeded Athelm as Archbishop of Canterbury in 926. Other historians see Wulfhelm's role as less important, giving the main credit to Æthelstan himself, although the significance placed on the ordeal as an ecclesiastical ritual shows the increased influence of the church. Nicholas Brooks sees the role of the bishops as marking an important stage in the increasing involvement of the church in the making and enforcement of law.\nThe two earliest codes were concerned with clerical matters, and Æthelstan stated that he acted on the advice of Wulfhelm and his bishops. The first asserts the importance of paying tithes to the church. The second enforces the duty of charity on Æthelstan's reeves, specifying the amount to be given to the poor and requiring reeves to free one penal slave annually. His religious outlook is shown in a wider sacralization of the law in his reign.\nThe later codes show his concern with threats to social order, especially robbery, which he regarded as the most important manifestation of social breakdown. The first of these later codes, issued at Grately, prescribed harsh penalties, including the death penalty for anyone over twelve years old caught in the act of stealing goods worth more than eight pence. This apparently had little effect, as Æthelstan admitted in the Exeter code: \"I King Æthelstan, declare that I have learned that the public peace has not been kept to the extent, either of my wishes, or of the provisions laid down at Grately, and my councillors say that I have suffered this too long.\" In desperation the Council tried a different strategy, offering an amnesty to thieves if they paid compensation to their victims. The problem of powerful families protecting criminal relatives was to be solved by expelling them to other parts of the realm. This strategy did not last long, and at Thunderfield Æthelstan returned to the hard line, softened by raising the minimum age for the death penalty to fifteen \"because he thought it too cruel to kill so many young people and for such small crimes as he understood to be the case everywhere\". His reign saw the first introduction of the system of tithing, sworn groups of ten or more men who were jointly responsible for peacekeeping (later known as frankpledge). Sarah Foot commented that tithing and oath-taking to deal with the problem of theft had its origin in Frankia: \"But the equation of theft with disloyalty to Æthelstan's person appears peculiar to him. His preoccupation with theft—tough on theft, tough on the causes of theft—finds no direct parallel in other kings' codes.\"\nHistorians differ widely regarding Æthelstan's legislation. Patrick Wormald's verdict was harsh: \"The hallmark of Æthelstan's law-making is the gulf dividing its exalted aspirations from his spasmodic impact.\" In his view, \"The legislative activity of Æthelstan's reign has rightly been dubbed 'feverish' ... But the extant results are, frankly, a mess. In the view of Simon Keynes, however, \"Without any doubt the most impressive aspect of King Æthelstan's government is the vitality of his law-making\", which shows him driving his officials to do their duties and insisting on respect for the law, but also demonstrates the difficulty he had in controlling a troublesome people. Keynes sees the Grately code as \"an impressive piece of legislation\" showing the king's determination to maintain social order.", "In the 970s, Æthelstan's nephew, King Edgar, reformed the monetary system to give Anglo-Saxon England the most advanced currency in Europe, with a good quality silver coinage, which was uniform and abundant. In Æthelstan's time, however, it was far less developed, and minting was still organised regionally long after Æthelstan unified the country. The Grately code included a provision that there was to be only one coinage across the king's dominion. However, this is in a section that appears to be copied from a code of his father, and the list of towns with mints is confined to the south, including London and Kent, but not northern Wessex or other regions. Early in Æthelstan's reign, different styles of coin were issued in each region, but after he conquered York and received the submission of the other British kings, he issued a new coinage, known as the \"circumscription cross\" type. This advertised his newly exalted status with the inscription, \"Rex Totius Britanniae\". Examples were minted in Wessex, York, and English Mercia (in Mercia bearing the title \"Rex Saxorum\"), but not in East Anglia or the Danelaw.\nIn the early 930s a new coinage was issued, the \"crowned bust\" type, with the king shown for the first time wearing a crown with three stalks. This was eventually issued in all regions apart from Mercia, which issued coins without a ruler portrait, suggesting, in Sarah Foot's view, that any Mercian affection for a West Saxon king brought up among them quickly declined.", "Church and state maintained close relations in the Anglo-Saxon period, both socially and politically. Churchmen attended royal feasts as well as meetings of the Royal Council. During Æthelstan's reign these relations became even closer, especially as the archbishopric of Canterbury had come under West Saxon jurisdiction since Edward the Elder annexed Mercia, and Æthelstan's conquests brought the northern church under the control of a southern king for the first time.\nÆthelstan appointed members of his own circle to bishoprics in Wessex, possibly to counter the influence of the Bishop of Winchester, Frithestan. One of the king's mass-priests (priests employed to say Mass in his household), Ælfheah, became Bishop of Wells, while another, Beornstan, succeeded Frithestan as Bishop of Winchester. Beornstan was succeeded by another member of the royal household, also called Ælfheah. Two of the leading figures in the later tenth-century Benedictine monastic reform in Edgar's reign, Dunstan and Æthelwold, served in early life at Æthelstan's court and were ordained as priests by Ælfheah of Winchester at the king's request. According to Æthelwold's biographer, Wulfstan, \"Æthelwold spent a long period in the royal palace in the king's inseparable companionship and learned much from the king's wise men that was useful and profitable to him\". Oda, a future Archbishop of Canterbury, was also close to Æthelstan, who appointed him Bishop of Ramsbury. Oda may have been present at the battle of Brunanburh.\nÆthelstan was a noted collector of relics, and while this was a common practice at the time, he was marked out by the scale of his collection and the refinement of its contents. The abbot of Saint Samson in Dol sent him some as a gift, and in his covering letter he wrote: \"we know you value relics more than earthly treasure\". Æthelstan was also a generous donor of manuscripts and relics to churches and monasteries. His reputation was so great that some monastic scribes later falsely claimed that their institutions had been beneficiaries of his largesse. He was especially devoted to the cult of St. Cuthbert in Chester-le-Street, and his gifts to the community there included Bede's Lives of Cuthbert. He commissioned it especially to present to Chester-le Street, and out of all manuscripts he gave to a religious foundation which survive, it is the only one which was wholly written in England during his reign. It has a portrait of Æthelstan presenting the book to Cuthbert, the earliest surviving manuscript portrait of an English king. In the view of Janet Nelson, his \"rituals of largesse and devotion at sites of supernatural power ... enhanced royal authority and underpinned a newly united imperial realm\".\nÆthelstan had a reputation for founding churches, although it is unclear how justified this is. According to late and dubious sources, these churches included minsters at Milton Abbas in Dorset and Muchelney in Somerset. In the view of historian John Blair, the reputation is probably well-founded, but \"these waters are muddied by Æthelstan's almost folkloric reputation as a founder, which made him a favourite hero of later origin-myths\". However, while he was a generous donor to monasteries, he did not give land for new ones or attempt to revive the ones in the north and east destroyed by Viking attacks.\nHe also sought to build ties with continental churches. Cenwald was a royal priest before his appointment as Bishop of Worcester, and in 929 he accompanied two of Æthelstan's half-sisters to the Saxon court so that the future Holy Roman Emperor, Otto, could choose one of them as his wife. Cenwald went on to make a tour of German monasteries, giving lavish gifts on Æthelstan's behalf and receiving in return promises that the monks would pray for the king and others close to him in perpetuity. England and Saxony became closer after the marriage alliance, and German names start to appear in English documents, while Cenwald kept up the contacts he had made by subsequent correspondence, helping the transmission of continental ideas about reformed monasticism to England.", "Æthelstan built on his grandfather's efforts to revive ecclesiastical scholarship, which had fallen to a low state in the second half of the ninth century. John Blair described Æthelstan's achievement as \"a determined reconstruction, visible to us especially through the circulation and production of books, of the shattered ecclesiastical culture\". He was renowned in his own day for his piety and promotion of sacred learning. His interest in education, and his reputation as a collector of books and relics, attracted a cosmopolitan group of ecclesiastical scholars to his court, particularly Bretons and Irish. Æthelstan gave extensive aid to Breton clergy who had fled Brittany following its conquest by the Vikings in 919. He made a confraternity agreement with the clergy of Dol Cathedral in Brittany, who were then in exile in central France, and they sent him the relics of Breton saints, apparently hoping for his patronage. The contacts resulted in a surge in interest in England for commemorating Breton saints. One of the most notable scholars at Æthelstan's court was Israel the Grammarian, who may have been a Breton. Israel and \"a certain Frank\" drew a board game called \"Gospel Dice\" for an Irish bishop, Dub Innse, who took it home to Bangor. Æthelstan's court played a crucial role in the origins of the English monastic reform movement.\nFew prose narrative sources survive from Æthelstan's reign, but it produced an abundance of poetry, much of it Norse-influenced praise of the King in grandiose terms, such as the Brunanburh poem. Sarah Foot even makes a case that Beowulf may have been composed in Æthelstan's circle.\nÆthelstan's court was the centre of a revival of the elaborate hermeneutic style of later Latin writers, influenced by the West Saxon scholar Aldhelm (c.639–709), and by early tenth-century French monasticism. Foreign scholars at Æthelstan's court such as Israel the Grammarian were practitioners. The style was characterised by long, convoluted sentences and a predilection for rare words and neologisms. The \"Æthelstan A\" charters were written in hermeneutic Latin. In the view of Simon Keynes it is no coincidence that they first appear immediately after the king had for the first time united England under his rule, and they show a high level of intellectual attainment and a monarchy invigorated by success and adopting the trappings of a new political order. The style influenced architects of the late tenth-century monastic reformers educated at Æthelstan's court such as Æthelwold and Dunstan, and became a hallmark of the movement. After \"Æthelstan A\", charters became more simple, but the hermeneutic style returned in the charters of Eadwig and Edgar.\nThe historian W. H. Stevenson commented in 1898:\nThe object of the compilers of these charters was to express their meaning by the use of the greatest possible number of words and by the choice of the most grandiloquent, bombastic words they could find. Every sentence is so overloaded by the heaping up of unnecessary words that the meaning is almost buried out of sight. The invocation with its appended clauses, opening with pompous and partly alliterative words, will proceed amongst a blaze of verbal fireworks throughout twenty lines of smallish type, and the pyrotechnic display will be maintained with equal magnificence throughout the whole charter, leaving the reader, dazzled by the glaze and blinded by the smoke, in a state of uncertainty as to the meaning of these frequently untranslatable and usually interminable sentences.\nHowever, Michael Lapidge argues that however unpalatable the hermeneutic style seems to modern taste, it was an important part of late Anglo-Saxon culture, and deserves more sympathetic attention than it has received from modern historians. In the view of historian David Woodman, \"Æthelstan A\" should \"be accorded recognition as an individual author of no little genius, a man who not only overhauled the legal form of the diploma but also had the ability to write Latin that is as enduringly fascinating as it is complex ... In many ways the diplomas of \"Æthelstan A\" represent the stylistic peak of the Anglo-Saxon diplomatic tradition, a fitting complement to Æthelstan's own momentous political feats and to the forging of what would become England.\"", "Historians frequently comment on Æthelstan's grand and extravagant titles. On his coins and charters he is described as Rex totius Britanniae, or \"King of the whole of Britain\". A gospel book he donated to Christ Church, Canterbury is inscribed \"Æthelstan, king of the English and ruler of the whole of Britain with a devout mind gave this book to the primatial see of Canterbury, to the church dedicated to Christ\". In charters from 931 he is \"king of the English, elevated by the right hand of the almighty to the throne of the whole kingdom of Britain\", and in one manuscript dedication he is even styled \"basileus et curagulus\", the titles of Byzantine emperors. Some historians are not impressed. \"Clearly\", comments Alex Woolf, \"King Æthelstan was a man who had pretensions,\" while in the view of Simon Keynes, \"Æthelstan A\" proclaimed his master king of Britain \"by wishful extension\". But according to George Molyneaux \"this is to apply an anachronistic standard: tenth-century kings had a loose but real hegemony throughout the island, and their titles only appear inflated if one assumes that kingship ought to involve domination of an intensity like that seen within the English kingdom of the eleventh and later centuries.\"", "The West Saxon court had connections with the Carolingians going back to the marriage between Æthelstan's great-grandfather Æthelwulf and Judith, daughter of the king of West Francia (and future Holy Roman Emperor) Charles the Bald, as well as the marriage of Alfred the Great's daughter Ælfthryth to Judith's son by a later marriage, Baldwin II, Count of Flanders. One of Æthelstan's half-sisters, Eadgifu, married Charles the Simple, king of the West Franks, in the late 910s. He was deposed in 922, and Eadgifu sent their son Louis to safety in England. By Æthelstan's time the connection was well established, and his coronation was performed with the Carolingian ceremony of anointment, probably to draw a deliberate parallel between his rule and Carolingian tradition. His \"crowned bust\" coinage of 933–938 was the first Anglo-Saxon coinage to show the king crowned, following Carolingian iconography.\nLike his father, Æthelstan was unwilling to marry his female relatives to his own subjects, so his sisters either entered nunneries or married foreign husbands. This was one reason for his close relations with European courts, and he married several of his half-sisters to European nobles in what historian Sheila Sharp called \"a flurry of dynastic bridal activity unequalled again until Queen Victoria's time\". Another reason lay in the common interest on both sides of the Channel in resisting the threat from the Vikings, while the rise in the power and reputation of the royal house of Wessex made marriage with an English princess more prestigious to European rulers. In 926 Hugh, Duke of the Franks, sent Æthelstan's cousin, Adelolf, Count of Boulogne, on an embassy to ask for the hand of one of Æthelstan's sisters. According to William of Malmesbury, the gifts Adelolf brought included spices, jewels, many swift horses, a crown of solid gold, the sword of Constantine the Great, Charlemagne's lance, and a piece of the Crown of Thorns. Æthelstan sent his half-sister Eadhild to be Hugh's wife.\nÆthelstan's most important European alliance was with the new Liudolfing dynasty in East Francia. The Carolingian dynasty of East Francia had died out in the early tenth century, and its new Liudolfing king, Henry the Fowler, was seen by many as an arriviste. He needed a royal marriage for his son to establish his legitimacy, but no suitable Carolingian princesses were available. The ancient royal line of the West Saxons provided an acceptable alternative, especially as they (wrongly) claimed descent from the seventh-century king and saint, Oswald, who was venerated in Germany. In 929 or 930 Henry sent ambassadors to Æthelstan's court seeking a wife for his son, Otto, who later became Holy Roman Emperor. Æthelstan sent two of his half-sisters, and Otto chose Eadgyth. Fifty years later, Æthelweard, a descendant of Alfred the Great's older brother, addressed his Latin version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle to Mathilde, Abbess of Essen, who was Eadgyth's granddaughter, and had apparently requested it. The other sister, whose name is uncertain, was married to a prince from near the Alps who has not definitely been identified.\nIn early medieval Europe, it was common for kings to act as foster-fathers for the sons of other kings. Æthelstan was known for the support he gave to dispossessed young royalty. In 936 he sent an English fleet to help his foster-son, Alan II, Duke of Brittany, to regain his ancestral lands, which had been conquered by the Vikings. In the same year he assisted the son of his half-sister Eadgifu, Louis, to take the throne of West Francia, and in 939 he sent another fleet that unsuccessfully attempted to help Louis in a struggle with rebellious magnates. According to later Scandinavian sources, he helped another possible foster-son, Hakon, son of Harald Fairhair, king of Norway, to reclaim his throne, and he was known among Norwegians as \"Æthelstan the Good\".\nÆthelstan's court was perhaps the most cosmopolitan of the Anglo-Saxon period. The close contacts between the English and European courts ended soon after his death, but descent from the English royal house long remained a source of prestige for continental ruling families. According to Frank Stenton in his history of the period, Anglo-Saxon England, \"Between Offa and Cnut there is no English king who played so prominent or so sustained a part in the general affairs of Europe.\"\nForeign contemporaries described him in panegyrical terms. The French chronicler Flodoard described him as \"the king from overseas\", and the Annals of Ulster as the \"pillar of the dignity of the western world\". Some historians take a similar view. Michael Wood titled an essay, \"The Making of King Aethelstan's Empire: an English Charlemagne?\", and described him as \"the most powerful ruler that Britain had seen since the Romans\". In the view of Veronica Ortenberg, he was \"the most powerful ruler in Europe\" with an army that had repeatedly defeated the Vikings; continental rulers saw him as a Carolingian emperor, who \"was clearly treated as the new Charlemagne\". She wrote:\nWessex kings carried an aura of power and success, which made them increasingly powerful in the 920s, while most Continental houses were in military trouble and engaged in internecine warfare. While the civil wars and the Viking attacks on the Continent had spelled the end of unity of the Carolingian empire, which had already disintegrated into separate kingdoms, military success had enabled Æthelstan to triumph at home and to attempt to go beyond the reputation of a great heroic dynasty of warrior kings, in order to develop a Carolingian ideology of kingship.", "Æthelstan died at Gloucester on 27 October 939. His grandfather Alfred, his father Edward, and his half-brother Ælfweard had been buried at Winchester, but Æthelstan chose not to honour the city associated with opposition to his rule. By his own wish, he was buried at Malmesbury Abbey, where he had buried his cousins who died at Brunanburh. No other member of the West Saxon royal family was buried there, and, according to William of Malmesbury, Æthelstan's choice reflected his devotion to the abbey and to the memory of its seventh-century abbot Saint Aldhelm. William described Æthelstan as fair-haired \"as I have seen for myself in his remains, beautifully intertwined with gold threads\". His bones were lost during the Reformation, but he is commemorated by an empty fifteenth-century tomb.", "After Æthelstan's death, the men of York immediately chose the Viking king of Dublin, Olaf Guthfrithson as their king, and Anglo-Saxon control of the north, seemingly made safe by the victory of Brunanburh, collapsed. The reigns of Æthelstan's half-brothers Edmund (939–946) and Eadred (946–955) were largely devoted to regaining control. Olaf seized the east midlands, leading to the establishment of a frontier at Watling Street. In 941 Olaf died, and Edmund took back control of the east midlands in 942, and then York in 944. Following Edmund's death York again switched back to Viking control, and it was only when the Northumbrians finally drove out their Norwegian Viking king Eric Bloodaxe in 954 and submitted to Eadred that Anglo-Saxon control of the whole of England was finally restored.", "Chronicle sources for the life of Æthelstan are limited, and the first biography, by Sarah Foot, was only published in 2011. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in Æthelstan's reign is principally devoted to military events, and it is largely silent apart from recording his most important victories. An important source is the twelfth-century chronicle of William of Malmesbury, but historians are cautious about accepting his testimony, much of which cannot be verified from other sources. David Dumville goes so far as to dismiss William's account entirely, regarding him as a \"treacherous witness\" whose account is unfortunately influential. However, Sarah Foot is inclined to accept Michael Wood's argument that William's chronicle draws on a lost life of Æthelstan. She cautions, however, that we have no means of discovering how far William \"improved\" on the original.\nIn Dumville's view, Æthelstan has been regarded by historians as a shadowy figure because of an ostensible lack of source material, but he argues that the lack is more apparent than real. Charters, law codes, and coins throw considerable light on Æthelstan's government. The scribe known to historians as \"Æthelstan A\", who was responsible for drafting all charters between 928 and 935, provides very detailed information, including signatories, dates, and locations, illuminating Æthelstan's progress around his realm. \"Æthelstan A\" may have been Bishop Ælfwine of Lichfield, who was close to the king. By contrast with this extensive source of information, no charters survive from 910 to 924, a gap which historians struggle to explain, and which makes it difficult to assess the degree of continuity in personnel and the operation of government between the reigns of Edward and Æthelstan. Historians are also paying increasing attention to less conventional sources, such as contemporary poetry in his praise and manuscripts associated with his name.", "The reign of Æthelstan has been overshadowed by the achievements of his grandfather, Alfred the Great, but he is now considered one of the greatest kings of the West Saxon dynasty. Modern historians endorse the view of twelfth-century chronicler William of Malmesbury that \"no one more just or more learned ever governed the kingdom\". Frank Stenton and Simon Keynes both describe him as the one Anglo-Saxon king who will bear comparison with Alfred. In Keynes's view he \"has long been regarded, with good reason, as a towering figure in the landscape of the tenth century ... he has also been hailed as the first king of England, as a statesman of international standing\". David Dumville describes Æthelstan as \"the father of mediaeval and modern England\", while Michael Wood regards Offa, Alfred, and Æthelstan as the three greatest Anglo-Saxon kings, and Æthelstan as \"one of the more important lay intellectuals in Anglo-Saxon history\".\nÆthelstan is regarded as the first King of England by modern historians. Although it was his successors who would achieve the permanent conquest of Viking York, Æthelstan's campaigns made this success possible. His nephew Edgar called himself King of the English and revived the claim to rule over all the peoples of Britain. Simon Keynes argued that \"the consistent usages of Edgar's reign represent nothing less than a determined reaffirmation of the polity created by Æthelstan in the 930s\". Historian Charles Insley, however, sees Æthelstan's hegemony as fragile: \"The level of overlordship wielded by Æthelstan during the 930s over the rest of Britain was perhaps not attained again by an English king until Edward I.\" George Molyneaux argues that:\nThe tendency of some modern historians to celebrate Æthelstan as \"the first king of England\" is, however, problematic, since there is little sign that in his day the title rex Anglorum was closely or consistently tied to an area similar to that which we consider England. When Æthelstan's rule was associated with any definite geographical expanse, the territory in question was usually the whole island of Britain.\nSimon Keynes saw Æthelstan's law-making as his greatest achievement. His reign predates the sophisticated state of the later Anglo-Saxon period, but his creation of the most centralised government England had yet seen, with the king and his council working strategically to ensure acceptance of his authority and laws, laid the foundations on which his brothers and nephews would create one of the wealthiest and most advanced systems of government in Europe. Æthelstan's reign built upon his grandfather's ecclesiastical programme, consolidating the ecclesiastical revival and laying the foundation for the monastic reform movement later in the century.\nÆthelstan's reputation was at its height when he died. According to Sarah Foot, \"He found acclaim in his own day not only as a successful military leader and effective monarch but also as a man of devotion, committed to the promotion of religion and the patronage of learning.\" Later in the century, Æthelweard praised him as a very mighty king worthy of honour, and Æthelred the Unready, who named his eight sons after his predecessors, put Æthelstan first as the name of his eldest son. In his biography of Æthelred, Levi Roach commented, \"The king was clearly proud of his family and the fact that Æthelstan stands atop this list speaks volumes: though later overtaken by Alfred the Great in fame, in the 980s it must have seemed as if everything had begun with the king's great-uncle (a view with which many modern historians would be inclined to concur).\"\nMemory of Æthelstan then declined until it was revived by William of Malmesbury, who took a special interest in him as the one king who had chosen to be buried in his own house. William's account kept his memory alive, and he was praised by other medieval chroniclers. In the early sixteenth century William Tyndale justified his English translation of the Bible by stating that he had read that King Æthelstan had caused the Holy Scriptures to be translated into Anglo-Saxon. From the sixteenth century onwards, Alfred's reputation became dominant, and Æthelstan largely disappeared from popular consciousness. Sharon Turner's History of the Anglo-Saxons, first published between 1799 and 1805, played a crucial role in promoting Anglo-Saxon studies, and he helped to establish Brunanburh as a key battle in English history, but his treatment of Æthelstan was slight in comparison with Alfred. Charles Dickens had only one paragraph on Æthelstan in his Child's History of England, and although Anglo-Saxon history was a popular subject for nineteenth-century artists, and Alfred was frequently depicted in paintings at the Royal Academy between 1769 and 1904, there was not one picture of Æthelstan.\nWilliams comments: \"If Æthelstan has not had the reputation which accrued to his grandfather, the fault lies in the surviving sources; Æthelstan had no biographer, and the Chronicle for his reign is scanty. In his own day he was 'the roof-tree of the honour of the western world'.\"", "Ninth-century kings of Wessex up to the reign of Alfred the Great used the title king of the West Saxons. In the 880s Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians, accepted West Saxon lordship, and Alfred then adopted a new title, king of the Anglo-Saxons, representing his conception of a new polity of all the English people who were not under Viking rule. This endured until 927, when Æthelstan conquered the last Viking stronghold, York, and adopted the title king of the English. \nAn allusion in the twelfth-century Liber Eliensis to \"Eadgyth, daughter of king Æthelstan\" is probably a mistaken reference to his sister. \nAn exception is George Molyneaux, who states that \"There are, however, grounds to suspect that Æthelstan may have had a hand in the death of Ælfweard's full brother Edwin in 933\". \nSome historians believe that Sihtric renounced his wife soon after the marriage and reverted to paganism, while others merely state that Æthelstan took advantage of Sihtric's death to invade. In the view of Alex Woolf, it is unlikely that Sihtric repudiated her because Æthelstan would almost certainly have declared war on him. \nAccording to William of Malmesbury it was Owain of Strathclyde who was present at Eamont, but the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says Owain of Gwent. It could have been both. \nWilliam of Malmesbury's report of the Hereford meeting is not mentioned in the first volume of the Oxford History of Wales, Wales and the Britons 350–1064 by Thomas Charles-Edwards. \nThe situation in northern Northumbria, however, is unclear. In the view of Ann Williams, the submission of Ealdred of Bamburgh was probably nominal, and it is likely that he acknowledged Constantine as his lord, but Alex Woolf sees Ealdred as a semi-independent ruler acknowledging West Saxon authority, like Æthelred of Mercia a generation earlier. \nIn the view of Janet Nelson, Æthelstan had limited control over the north-west, and the donation of Amounderness in an area which had recently attracted many Scandinavian immigrants to \"a powerful, but far from reliable, local potentate\" was \"a political gesture rather than a sign of prior control.\" \nWormald discusses the codes in detail in The Making of English Law. \nMurray Beaven commented in 1918 that as the Anglo-Saxon day started at 4 p.m. the previous evening it is more likely that he died on 26 October, but as the exact date is not known Beaven preferred to keep the accepted date. \nDavid Dumville's chapter on Æthelstan in Wessex and England is headed 'Between Alfred the Great and Edgar the Peacemaker: Æthelstan, The First King of England', and the title of Sarah Foot's biography is Æthelstan: The First King of England.", "Foot 2011, pp. 120–21.\nBlunt 1974, pp. 47–48.\nParker Library 2015.\nFoot 2011, p. 110.\nKeynes 2014, pp. 534–36.\nWood 2005, p. 7.\nStenton 1971, pp. 95, 236.\nKeynes & Lapidge 1983, pp. 11–13, 16–23.\nStenton 1971, pp. 259–69, 321–22.\nMiller 2004.\nCostambeys 2004.\nCharles-Edwards 2013, pp. 510–12, 548.\nFoot 2011, pp. 29–30.\nKeynes 1999, p. 467; Abels 1998, p. 307.\nYorke 2001, pp. 26, 33; Foot 2011, pp. 29–31.\nYorke 2004.\nFoot 2011, pp. 31–33.\nLapidge 1993, p. 68 n. 96; Wood 1999, pp. 157–58.\nNelson 1999a, pp. 63–64.\nRyan 2013, p. 296.\nLapidge 1993, pp. 60–68.\nLapidge 1993, p. 69; Wood 1999, p. 158.\nWood 1999, p. 157; Wood 2007, p. 199; Wood 2010, p. 137.\nFoot 2011, pp. 32, 110–12.\nWilliams 1991a, p. 6; Miller 2004.\nFoot 2011, pp. xv, 44–52.\nFoot 2011, pp. 17, 34–36, 206.\nFoot 2011a.\nFoot 2011, p. 17.\nKeynes 2001, p. 51; Charles-Edwards 2013, p. 510.\nFoot 2011, p. 17; Keynes 2014, pp. 535–36; Keynes 1985, p. 187 n. 206.\nFoot 2011, pp. 73–74; Keynes 1999, pp. 467–68.\nDumville 1992, p. 151; Nelson 1999b, p. 104.\nFoot 2011, p. 249.\nFoot 2011, p. 59.\nFoot 2011, pp. 73–74.\nNelson 2008, pp. 125–26.\nFoot 2011, p. 40.\nFoot 2011, pp. 75, 83 n. 98; Thacker 2001, pp. 254–55.\nMolyneaux 2015, p. 29.\nFoot 2011, pp. 39–43, 86–87; Stenton 1971, pp. 355–56.\nHart 2004; Thacker 2001, p. 257.\nFoot 2011, p. 18; Stenton 1971, p. 340; Miller 2014, p. 18.\nWoolf 2007, pp. 150–51.\nFoot 2011, pp. 12–19, 48.\nFoot 2011, p. 162 n. 15; Woolf 2007, p. 151; Charles-Edwards 2013, pp. 511–12.\nHigham 1993, p. 190; Foot 2011, p. 20.\nStenton 1971, pp. 340–41; Foot 2011, p. 163.\nCharles-Edwards 2013, pp. 510–19.\nCharles-Edwards 2013, pp. 497–523.\nCharles-Edwards 2013, p. 432; Davies 2013, pp. 342–43; Foot 2011, p. 164; Stenton 1971, pp. 341–42.\nFoot 2011, p. 20.\nWilliams 1991c, pp. 116–17; Woolf 2007, p. 158.\nMaddicott 2010, pp. 7–8, 13.\nNelson 1999b, pp. 116–17.\nHigham 1993, p. 192; Keynes 1999, p. 469.\nFoot 2011, pp. 164–65; Woolf 2007, pp. 158–65.\nFoot 2011, pp. 87–88, 122–23, 165–67; Woolf 2007, pp. 158–66; Hunter Blair 2003, p. 46.\nFoot 2011, pp. 88–89; Woolf 2007, pp. 166–68.\nHigham 1993, p. 193; Livingston 2011, pp. 13–18, 23; Wood 1999, p. 166; Wood 2005, p. 158.\nFoot 2011, pp. 169–71; Stenton 1971, pp. 342–43; Woolf 2007, pp. 168–69; Smyth 1979, pp. 202–04.\nWoolf 2007, p. 169.\nFoot 2011, pp. 3, 210–211.\nFoot 2008, p. 144.\nFoot 2011, pp. 172–79; Scragg 2014, p. 58; Higham 1993, p. 193; Hill 2004, pp. 139–53; Livingston 2011, pp. 18–20.\nWoolf 2013, p. 256.\nSmyth 1984, p. 204; Smyth 1979, p. 63.\nFoot 2011, pp. 172–72.\nJohn 1982, p. 172; Stafford 2014, pp. 156–57.\nHart 1992, p. 575.\nFoot 2011, p. 129.\nFoot 2011, p. 130.\nFoot 2011, p. 10.\nFoot 2011, pp. 71–72.\nYorke 2014, pp. 126–27.\nFoot 2011, pp. 63, 77–79; Stenton 1971, p. 352; Maddicott 2010, p. 4.\nFoot 2011, p. 136.\nPratt 2010, p. 332.\nKeynes 1999, p. 471.\nRoach 2013, pp. 477–79; Foot 2011, pp. 136–37.\nPratt 2010, pp. 335–36, 345–46; Foot 2011, pp. 299–300.\nWormald 1999, pp. 299–300.\nWormald 1999, pp. 290–308, 430–40.\nFoot 2011, pp. 138, 146–48; Pratt 2010, pp. 336, 350; Keynes 1999, p. 471; Brooks 1984, p. 218.\nFoot 2011, pp. 136–40, 146–47.\nFoot 2011, pp. 140–42.\nPratt 2010, pp. 339–47; Foot 2011, pp. 143–45.\nWormald 1999, pp. 300, 308.\nPratt 2010, p. 349.\nCampbell 2000, pp. 32–33, 181; Foot 2011, p. 152.\nFoot 2011, pp. 151–55.\nFoot 2011, pp. 155–56.\nFoot 2011, pp. 95–96.\nFoot 2011, p. 97.\nLapidge 2004; Yorke 2004.\nWood 2010, pp. 148–49.\nFoot 2011, pp. 97–98, 215.\nCubitt & Costambeys 2004.\nBrooke 2001, p. 115.\nNelson 1999b, p. 112.\nFoot 2011, pp. 117–24; Keynes 1985, p. 180.\nKarkov 2004, p. 55.\nBlair 2005, p. 348.\nFoot 2011, pp. 135–36.\nFoot 2011, pp. 101–02.\nBlair 2005, p. 348; Dumville 1992, p. 156.\nFoot 2011, pp. 94, 99–107, 190–91; Keynes 1985, pp. 197–98; Brett 1991, pp. 44–45.\nFoot 2011, pp. 109–17.\nLapidge 1993, p. 107; Gretsch 1999, pp. 332–34, 336.\nKeynes 1999, p. 470.\nGretsch 1999, pp. 348–49.\nFoot 2011, pp. 72, 214–15.\nFoot 2011, p. 214, quoting an unpublished lecture by Stevenson.\nLapidge 1993, p. 140.\nWoodman 2013, p. 247.\nFoot 2011, pp. 212–13; Ortenberg 2010, p. 215.\nWoolf 2007, p. 158.\nKeynes 2001, p. 61.\nMolyneaux 2015, p. 211.\nOrtenberg 2010, pp. 211–15; Foot 2011, p. 46.\nKarkov 2004, pp. 66–67.\nFoot 2011, pp. xv, 44–45.\nSharp 1997, p. 198.\nOrtenberg 2010, pp. 217–18; Sharp 2001, p. 82.\nFoot 2011, pp. 46–49, 192–93; Ortenberg 2010, pp. 218–19.\nFoot 2011, pp. xvi, 48–52; Ortenberg 2010, pp. 231–32; Nelson 1999b, p. 112; Wormald 2004.\nFoot 2011, pp. 22–23, 52–53, 167–68, 167–69, 183–84.\nZacher 2011, p. 84.\nZacher 2011, p. 82.\nMacLean 2013, pp. 359–61.\nStenton 1971, p. 344.\nOrtenberg 2010, p. 211; Foot 2011, p. 210.\nWood 1983, p. 250.\nOrtenberg 2010, pp. 211–22.\nBeaven 1918, p. 1, n. 2.\nFoot 2011, pp. 25, 186–87; Thacker 2001, pp. 254–55.\nKeynes 1999, pp. 472–73.\nCooper 2013, p. 189.\nDumville 1992, pp. 146, 167–68.\nFoot 2011, pp. 251–58, discussing an unpublished essay by Michael Wood.\nDumville 1992, pp. 142–43.\nMiller 2014, p. 18.\nFoot 2011, pp. 71–73, 82–89, 98.\nKeynes 1999, pp. 465–67.\nFoot 2011, p. 247.\nWilliams 1991b, p. 50.\nLapidge 1993, p. 49.\nStenton 1971, p. 356; Keynes 1999, p. 466.\nDumville 1992, p. 171.\nWood 2005, p. 7; Wood 2007, p. 192.\nDumville 1992, chapter IV; Foot 2011.\nKeynes 2008, p. 25.\nInsley 2013, p. 323.\nMolyneaux 2015, p. 200.\nFoot 2011, pp. 10, 70.\nDumville 1992, p. 167.\nFoot 2011, pp. 94, 211, 228.\nRoach 2016, pp. 95–96.\nFoot 2011, pp. 227–33.\nFoot 2011, pp. 233–42.\nWilliams 1991b, p. 51.", "Abels, Richard (1998). Alfred the Great: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England. Harlow, Essex: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-04047-2.\nBeaven, Murray (1918). \"King Edmund I and the Danes of York\". English Historical Review. 33 (129): 1–9. doi:10.1093/ehr/XXXIII.CXXIX.1. ISSN 0013-8266.\nBlair, John (2005). The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-921117-3.\nBlunt, Christopher (1974). \"The Coinage of Æthelstan, King of England 924–939\". British Numismatic Journal. XLII: 35–160 and plates. ISSN 0143-8956.\nBrett, Caroline (1991). \"A Breton pilgrim in England in the reign of King Æthelstan\". In Jondorf, Gillian; Dumville, D.N. (eds.). France and the British Isles in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. ISBN 978-0-85115-487-9.\nBrooke, Christopher (2001). The Saxon and Norman Kings. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-23131-8.\nBrooks, Nicholas (1984). The Early History of the Church of Canterbury. Leicester, UK: Leicester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7185-1182-1.\nCampbell, James (2000). The Anglo-Saxon State. London, UK: Hambledon & London. ISBN 978-1-85285-176-7.\nCharles-Edwards, T. M. (2013). Wales and the Britons 350–1064. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821731-2.\nCooper, Tracy-Anne (March 2013). \"Review of Æthelstan: The First King of England by Sarah Foot\". Journal of World History. 24 (1): 189–192. doi:10.1353/jwh.2013.0025. ISSN 1045-6007. S2CID 162023751.\nCostambeys, Marios (2004). \"Æthelflæd [Ethelfleda] (d. 918), ruler of the Mercians\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8907. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nCubitt, Catherine; Costambeys, Marios (2004). \"Oda [St Oda, Odo] (d. 958), archbishop of Canterbury\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20541. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nDavies, John Reuben (2013). \"Wales and West Britain\". In Stafford, Pauline (ed.). A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland c. 500–c. 1100. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-42513-8.\nDumville, David (1992). Wessex and England from Alfred to Edgar. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. ISBN 978-0-85115-308-7.\nFoot, Sarah (2008). \"Where English Becomes British: Rethinking Contexts for Brunanburh\". In Barrow, Julia; Wareham, Andrew (eds.). Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Ashgate. pp. 127–144. ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8.\nFoot, Sarah (2011). Æthelstan: The First King of England. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12535-1.\nFoot, Sarah (2011a). \"Æthelstan (Athelstan) (893/4–939), king of England\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/833.(subscription or UK public library membership required)\nGretsch, Mechtild (1999). The Intellectual Foundations of the English Benedictine Reform. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-03052-6.\nHart, Cyril (1992). The Danelaw. London, UK: The Hambledon Press. ISBN 978-1-85285-044-9.\nHart, Cyril (2004). \"Sihtric Cáech (Sigtryggr Cáech) (d. 927), king of York\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/49273. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nHigham, N. J. (1993). The Kingdom of Northumbria: AD 350–1100. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Alan Sutton. ISBN 978-0-86299-730-4.\nHill, Paul (2004). The Age of Athelstan: Britain's Forgotten History. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7524-2566-5.\nHunter Blair, Peter (2003). An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83085-0.\nInsley, Charles (2013). \"Southumbria\". In Stafford, Pauline (ed.). A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland c. 500-c. 1100. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-42513-8.\nJohn, Eric (1982). \"The Age of Edgar\". In Campbell, James (ed.). The Anglo-Saxons. London, UK: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-014395-9.\nKarkov, Catherine (2004). The Ruler Portraits of Anglo-Saxon England. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell. ISBN 978-1-84383-059-7.\nKeynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael, eds. (1983). Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred & Other Contemporary Sources. London, UK: Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-044409-4.\nKeynes, Simon (1985). \"King Æthelstan's books\". In Lapidge, Michael; Gneuss, Helmut (eds.). Learning and Literature in Anglo-Saxon England. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 143–201. ISBN 978-0-521-25902-6.\nKeynes, Simon (1999). \"England, c. 900–1016\". In Reuter, Timothy (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. III. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 456–484. ISBN 978-0-521-36447-8.\nKeynes, Simon (2001). \"Edward, King of the Anglo-Saxons\". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). Edward the Elder 899–924. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. pp. 40–66. ISBN 978-0-415-21497-1.\nKeynes, Simon (2008). \"Edgar rex admirabilis\". In Scragg, Donald (ed.). Edgar King of the English: New Interpretations. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. pp. 3–58. ISBN 978-1-84383-399-4.\nKeynes, Simon (2014) [1st edition 1999]. \"Appendix I: Rulers of the English, c. 450–1066\". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England (Second ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 521–38. ISBN 978-0-470-65632-7.\nLapidge, Michael (1993). Anglo-Latin Literature 900–1066. London, UK: The Hambledon Press. ISBN 978-1-85285-012-8.\nLapidge, Michael (2004). \"Dunstan [St Dunstan] (d. 988), archbishop of Canterbury\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8288. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nLivingston, Michael (2011). \"The Roads to Brunanburh\". In Livingston, Michael (ed.). The Battle of Brunanburh: A Casebook. Exeter, Devon: University of Exeter Press. pp. 1–26. ISBN 978-0-85989-862-1.\nMacLean, Simon (2013). \"Britain, Ireland and Europe, c. 900–c. 1100\". In Stafford, Pauline (ed.). A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland c. 500-c. 1100. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-42513-8.\nMaddicott, John (2010). The Origins of the English Parliament, 924–1327. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-958550-2.\nMiller, Sean (2014). \"Æthelstan\". In Michael Lapidge; John Blair; Simon Keynes; Donald Scragg (eds.). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England (2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1.\nMiller, Sean (2004). \"Edward [called Edward the Elder] (870s?–924), king of the Anglo-Saxons\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8514. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nMolyneaux, George (2015). The Formation of the English Kingdom in the Tenth Century. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-871791-1.\nNelson, Janet (1999a). Rulers and Ruling Families in Early Medieval Europe. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-86078-802-7.\nNelson, Janet L. (1999b). \"Rulers and government\". In Reuter, Timothy (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume III c. 900–c. 1024. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 95–129. ISBN 0-521-36447-7.\nNelson, Janet (2008). \"The First Use of the Second Anglo-Saxon Ordo\". In Barrow, Julia; Wareham, Andrew (eds.). Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8.\nOrtenberg, Veronica (2010). \"'The King from Overseas: Why did Æthelstan Matter in Tenth-Century Continental Affairs?\". In Rollason, David; Leyser, Conrad; Williams, Hannah (eds.). England and the Continent in the Tenth Century:Studies in Honour of Wilhelm Levison (1876–1947). Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. ISBN 978-2-503-53208-0.\nParker Library (8 September 2015). \"History by the Month: September and the Coronation of Æthelstan\". Corpus Christi College, University of Cambridge.\nPratt, David (2010). \"Written Law and the Communication of Authority in Tenth-Century England\". In Rollason, David; Leyser, Conrad; Williams, Hannah (eds.). England and the Continent in the Tenth Century: Studies in Honour of Wilhelm Levison (1876–1947). Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. ISBN 978-2-503-53208-0.\nRoach, Levi (August 2013). \"Law codes and legal norms in later Anglo-Saxon England\". Historical Research. Institute of Historical Research. 86 (233): 465–486. doi:10.1111/1468-2281.12001.\nRoach, Levi (2016). Æthelred the Unready. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-22972-1.\nRyan, Martin J. (2013). \"Conquest, Reform and the Making of England\". In Higham, Nicholas J.; Ryan, Martin J. (eds.). The Anglo-Saxon World. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. pp. 284–334. ISBN 978-0-300-12534-4.\nScragg, Donald (2014). \"Battle of Brunanburh\". In Michael Lapidge; John Blair; Simon Keynes; Donald Scragg (eds.). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England (2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1.\nSharp, Sheila (Autumn 1997). \"England, Europe and the Celtic World: King Athelstan's Foreign Policy\". Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester. 79 (3): 197–219. doi:10.7227/BJRL.79.3.15. ISSN 2054-9318.\nSharp, Sheila (2001). \"The West Saxon Tradition of Dynastic Marriage\". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). Edward the Elder 899–924. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-21497-1.\nSmyth, Alfred P. (1979). Scandinavian York and Dublin. Vol. 2. Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Humanities Press. ISBN 978-0-391-01049-9.\nSmyth, Alfred (1984). Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80–1000. London, UK: Edward Arnold. ISBN 978-0-7131-6305-6.\nStafford, Pauline (2014). \"Ealdorman\". In Michael Lapidge; John Blair; Simon Keynes; Donald Scragg (eds.). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England (2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 156–57. ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1.\nStenton, Frank (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5.\nThacker, Alan (2001). \"Dynastic Monasteries and Family Cults\". In N. J. Higham; D. H. Hill (eds.). Edward the Elder 899–924. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-21497-1.\nWilliams, Ann (1991a). \"Ælfflæd queen d. after 920\". In Williams, Ann; Smyth, Alfred P.; Kirby, D. P. (eds.). A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain. London, UK: Seaby. p. 6. ISBN 1-85264-047-2.\nWilliams, Ann (1991b). \"Athelstan, king of Wessex 924–39\". In Ann Williams; Alfred P. Smyth; D. P. Kirby (eds.). A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain. London, UK: Seaby. pp. 50–51. ISBN 1-85264-047-2.\nWilliams, Ann (1991c). \"Ealdred of Bamburgh\". In Ann Williams; Alfred P. Smyth; D. P. Kirby (eds.). A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain. London, UK: Seaby. pp. 116–17. ISBN 1-85264-047-2.\nWood, Michael (1983). \"The Making of King Aethelstan's Empire: An English Charlemagne?\". In Wormald, Patrick; Bullough, Donald; Collins, Roger (eds.). Ideal and Reality in Frankish and Anglo-Saxon Society. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell. pp. 250–272. ISBN 978-0-631-12661-4.\nWood, Michael (1999). In Search of England. London, UK: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-024733-6.\nWood, Michael (2005). In Search of the Dark Ages. London, UK: BBC Books. ISBN 978-0-563-53431-0.\nWood, Michael (2007). \"'Stand strong against the monsters': kingship and learning in the empire of king Æthelstan\". In Wormald, Patrick; Nelson, Janet (eds.). Lay Intellectuals in the Carolingian World. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83453-7.\nWood, Michael (2010). \"A Carolingian Scholar in the Court of King Æthelstan\". In Rollason, David; Leyser, Conrad; Williams, Hannah (eds.). England and the Continent in the Tenth Century: Studies in Honour of Wilhelm Levison (1876–1947). Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. ISBN 978-2-503-53208-0.\nWoodman, D. A. (December 2013). \"'Æthelstan A' and the rhetoric of rule\". Anglo-Saxon England. Cambridge University Press. 42: 217–248. doi:10.1017/S0263675113000112. ISSN 0263-6751. S2CID 159948509.\nWoolf, Alex (2007). From Pictland to Alba: 789–1070. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1233-8.\nWoolf, Alex (2013). \"Scotland\". In Stafford, Pauline (ed.). A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland c. 500–c. 1100. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-42513-8.\nWormald, Patrick (1999). The Making of English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century. Vol. 1. Chichester, West Sussex: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-13496-4.\nWormald, Patrick (2004). \"Æthelweard [Ethelwerd] (d. 998?)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8918. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nYorke, Barbara (2001). \"Edward as Ætheling\". In N. J. Higham; D. H. Hill (eds.). Edward the Elder 899–924. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-21497-1.\nYorke, Barbara (2004). \"Æthelwold (St Æthelwold, Ethelwold) (904x9–984)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8920. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nYorke, Barbara (2014) [1st edition 1999]. \"Council, King's\". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England (Second ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 126–27. ISBN 978-0-470-65632-7.\nZacher, Samantha (2011). \"Multilingualism at the Court of King Æthelstan: Latin Praise Poetry and The Battle of Brunanburh\". In Tyler, Elizabeth M. (ed.). Conceptualizing Multilingualism in England, c. 800–c. 1250. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. ISBN 978-2-503-52856-4.", "Æthelstan 18 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England\nAthelstan on In Our Time at the BBC\nFoot, Sarah (11 April 2013). \"Athelstan\". The Essay: Anglo-Saxon Portraits. BBC. Radio 3.\nSillito, David (27 August 2009). \"Viking hoard reveals its story\". BBC Radio 4, Today Programme. (On The Vale of York Hoard)" ]

[ "Æthelstan", "Background", "Early life", "Reign", "The struggle for power", "King of the English", "Invasion of Scotland in 934", "Battle of Brunanburh", "Kingship", "Administration", "Law", "Coinage", "Church", "Learning", "British monarch", "European relations", "Death", "Aftermath", "Primary sources", "Legacy", "Notes", "Citations", "Sources", "External links" ]

[ 2383, 2384, 2385, 2386, 2387, 2388, 2389, 2390, 2391, 2392 ]

[ 12490, 12491, 12492, 12493, 12494, 12495, 12496, 12497, 12498, 12499, 12500, 12501, 12502, 12503, 12504, 12505, 12506, 12507, 12508, 12509, 12510, 12511, 12512, 12513, 12514, 12515, 12516, 12517, 12518, 12519, 12520, 12521, 12522, 12523, 12524, 12525, 12526, 12527, 12528, 12529, 12530, 12531, 12532, 12533, 12534, 12535, 12536, 12537, 12538, 12539, 12540, 12541, 12542, 12543, 12544, 12545, 12546, 12547, 12548, 12549, 12550, 12551, 12552, 12553, 12554, 12555, 12556, 12557, 12558, 12559, 12560, 12561, 12562, 12563, 12564, 12565, 12566, 12567, 12568, 12569, 12570, 12571, 12572, 12573, 12574, 12575, 12576, 12577, 12578, 12579, 12580, 12581, 12582, 12583, 12584, 12585, 12586, 12587, 12588, 12589, 12590, 12591, 12592, 12593, 12594, 12595, 12596, 12597, 12598, 12599, 12600, 12601, 12602, 12603, 12604, 12605, 12606, 12607, 12608, 12609, 12610, 12611, 12612, 12613, 12614, 12615, 12616, 12617, 12618, 12619, 12620, 12621, 12622, 12623, 12624, 12625, 12626, 12627, 12628, 12629, 12630, 12631, 12632, 12633, 12634, 12635, 12636, 12637, 12638, 12639, 12640, 12641, 12642, 12643, 12644, 12645, 12646, 12647, 12648, 12649, 12650, 12651, 12652, 12653, 12654, 12655, 12656, 12657, 12658, 12659, 12660, 12661, 12662, 12663, 12664, 12665, 12666, 12667, 12668, 12669, 12670, 12671, 12672, 12673, 12674, 12675, 12676, 12677 ]

[ "Æthelstan presenting a book to St Cuthbert. Illustration in a gospel book presented by Æthelstan to the saint's shrine in Chester-le-Street, the earliest surviving portrait of an English king.[17]" ]

[ 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Athelstan.jpg" ]

[ "Æthelstan A (/ˈæθəlstæn ˈeɪ/) is the name given by historians to an unknown scribe who drafted charters (or diplomas), by which the king made grants of land, for King Æthelstan of England between 928 and 935. They are an important source for historians as they provide far more information than other charters of the period, showing the date and place of the grant, and having an unusually long list of witnesses, including Welsh kings and occasionally kings of Scotland and Strathclyde.\nThe Æthelstan A charters commence shortly after King Æthelstan conquered Northumbria in 927, making him the first king to rule the whole of England. The diplomas give the king titles such as \"King of the English\" and \"King of the Whole of Britain\", and this is seen by historians as part of a rhetoric which reflected his master's claim for a new status, higher than previous West Saxon kings.\nThe diplomas are written in elaborate Latin known as the hermeneutic style, which became dominant in Anglo-Latin literature from the mid-tenth century and a hallmark of the English Benedictine Reform. Scholars vary widely in their views of his style, which has been described as \"pretentious\" and \"almost impenetrable\", but also as \"poetic\" and \"as enduringly fascinating as it is complex\".\nÆthelstan A ceased to draft charters after 935, and his successors returned to a simpler style, suggesting that he was working on his own rather than being a member of a royal scriptorium.", "After the death of Bede in 735, Latin prose in England declined. It reached its lowest level in the ninth century, when few books and charters were produced, and they were of poor quality. King Æthelstan's grandfather, Alfred the Great (871–899), embarked on an extensive programme to improve learning, and by the 890s the standard of Latin in charters was improving. Few charters survive from the reigns of Alfred and his son, Edward the Elder (899–924), and none from 909 to 925. Until then, charters had generally been plain legal documents, and King Æthelstan's early diplomas were similar.\nUntil about 900, diplomas appear to have been drawn up in varying traditions and circumstances, but in later Anglo-Saxon times (c. 900–1066) charters can be more clearly defined. According to Simon Keynes:\nIn this period, a diploma can be characterised as a formal and symbolic record, in Latin, of an occasion when the king, acting in a royal assembly, and with the consent of the ecclesiastical and secular orders, created an estate of \"bookland\" at a specified place, and conveyed it on the privileged terms defined by the \"book\", or diploma, to a named beneficiary. This act of establishing a particular estate as bookland, so that it could be held henceforth on these privileged terms, could be performed only by the king, in a royal assembly; but the diploma itself served hereafter as the title-deed for the land in question. It established that the land was to be held, with its appurtenances, free from the imposition of worldly burdens, with the exception of military service, bridge-work and fortress-work, and with the power to give it to anyone of its owner's choosing.", "In the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries there was a debate among historians as to whether late Anglo-Saxon charters were produced by a royal chancery or by monasteries on behalf of beneficiaries. In the 1910s, W. H. Stevenson argued that charters in different areas of England were drawn up by the same hand, which would be unlikely if they were drawn up locally, supporting the case that the writers were royal clerks. The German scholar Richard Drögereit followed this up in 1935 by examining original charters between 931 and 963, and identified three scribes from their handwriting, whom he called Æthelstan A, Æthelstan C and Edmund C. Other charters which only existed in copies he allocated to these and other scribes on the basis of their style. In 2002 Keynes listed twenty \"Æthelstan A\" charters, of which two are original and the rest copies.\nThe boundary clauses of the Æthelstan A charters were written in correct Old English, so it is unlikely that he was of foreign origin. The witness lists of the Æthelstan A charters consistently place Bishop Ælfwine of Lichfield in Mercia in a higher position than his rank warranted. King Æthelstan was probably brought up in Mercia, and in Sarah Foot's view he was probably intimate with Ælfwine before King Edward's death; as Ælfwine disappeared from the witness lists at the same time as the Æthelstan A charters ended, she suggests that he may have been Æthelstan A. Keynes thinks it more likely Æthelstan A was a king's priest from Mercia, who acquired his learning in a Mercian religious house and respected Ælfwine as a fellow Mercian; that Æthelstan A entered Æthelstan's service before he became king and was in permanent attendance on him. David Woodman also considers a Mercian origin likely, pointing out that some Mercian ninth-century charters have borrowings from Aldhelm, an important source of Æthelstan A's style. Woodman also puts forward the alternative idea that Æthelstan A had a connection with Glastonbury Abbey in Wessex, which appears to have been a centre of learning at this time, and certainly housed many of the texts which informed Æthelstan A's idiosyncratic Latin style.", "The first charter produced by Æthelstan A in 928 described the king as rex Anglorum, \"king of the English\", the first time that title had been used. By 931 he had become \"king of the English, elevated by the right hand of the Almighty to the throne of the whole kingdom of Britain\". Some charters were witnessed by Welsh kings, and occasionally by the kings of Scotland and Strathclyde, signifying acceptance of Æthelstan's lordship. In Keynes's view, it cannot be a coincidence that the charters commenced immediately after the conquest of Northumbria, and Æthelstan A's primary aim was to display the \"grandeur of Æthelstan's kingship\". Foot argues that the king's inner circle quickly seized on the potential of the conquest for \"ideological aggrandizement of the king's public standing\". To Keynes, the diplomas \"are symbolic of a monarchy invigorated by success, developing the pretensions commensurate with its actual achievements and clothing itself in the trappings of a new political order.\" He sees the fifty years from 925 to 975 as \"the golden age of the Anglo-Saxon royal diploma\".\nBefore 928 charters had been produced in various ways, sometimes by royal priests, sometimes by other priests on behalf of the beneficiaries. Æthelstan A was solely responsible for the production of charters between 928 and 934. King Æthelstan thus took unprecedented control over an important part of his functions. In 935 Æthelstan A shared the work with other scribes, and he then apparently retired. His charters have exceptionally long witness lists, with 101 names for a grant by the king to his thegn Wulfgar at Lifton in Devon in 931, and 92 for a grant to Ælfgar at Winchester in 934. The witness lists of King Æthelstan's father and grandfather were much shorter, with the longest in Alfred the Great's reign having only 19 names. In John Maddicott's view the long lists in Æthelstan's reign reflect a change of direction to larger assemblies. The king established a novel system, with his scribe travelling with him from meeting to meeting, and a uniform format of charters. The dating clause showed the regnal year, the indiction, the epact, and the age of the moon. In Keynes's view: \"Nothing quite like them had been seen before; and they must have seemed magnificent, even intimidating, in their formality and their grandeur.\" A unique feature is that three charters in favour of a religious community require it to sing a specified number of psalms for the king, indicating a particular interest in psalmody by the king or scribe.\nFrankish annalists usually recorded a king's location at Easter and Christmas, but this was not a practice of English chroniclers, and the only period in the tenth and eleventh centuries for which historians can construct a partial itinerary of the king's movements is provided by the location of assemblies recorded in Æthelstan A's charters of 928 to 935. Other charters rarely named the place of assembly, apart from a group in the 940s and early 950s known as the \"alliterative\" charters.\nIn 935 a new simplified format was introduced by other scribes, apparently while Æthelstan A was still active, and became the standard until the late 950s. This coincided with the disappearance of Wulfstan I, Archbishop of York from the witness lists, and greater prominence of the Bishops of London and Bishop of Winchester, and the new format may have reflected a change of outlook at court. As charters were no longer written in Æthelstan A's distinctive style when he ceased producing them, it is likely he was working on his own rather than heading a royal scriptorium.", "The standard of Latin prose improved in the tenth century, especially after about 960, when the leaders of the Benedictine reform movement adopted the elaborate and ornate style of Latin now called by historians the hermeneutic style. Use of this style, influenced especially by Aldhelm's De virginitate, dates back to King Æthelstan's reign. Æthelstan A borrowed heavily from Aldhelm; he would not copy whole sentences, only a word or a few words, incorporating them in a structure reminiscent of Aldhelm's works. In Woodman's view, \"Æthelstan A\" varied the language in each charter out of a delight in experimentation and to demonstrate his literary ability.\nThe florid style of seventh-century Irish texts known as Hiberno-Latin was influential on the Continent due to the work of Irish missionaries in Europe. Some works were known to English writers such as Aldhelm in the same century, but it is likely that Æthelstan A learnt of them from continental scholars such as Israel the Grammarian, who brought texts influenced by Hiberno-Latin to King Æthelstan's court.\nWoodman states that: \"whilst it is true that the main impetus for the literary revival of Latin prose occurred from the mid-tenth century, the beginnings of this style of Latin can actually be found rather earlier and in the most unlikely of places. In fact it is diplomas of the 920s and 930s that are the first to display this distinctive Latin in its most exuberant form.\" According to Scott Thompson Smith Æthelstan A's diplomas \"are generally characterised by a rich pleonastic style with aggressively literary proems and anathemas, ostentatious language and imagery throughout, decorative rhetorical figures, elaborate dating clauses, and extensive witness lists. These are clearly documents with stylistic ambitions.\" Few listeners would have understood them when they were read out at royal assemblies. In Charter S 425 of 934, the second of the two originals to survive, Æthelstan A wrote (in Smith's translation):\nThe wanton fortune of the deceiving world, not lovely with the milky-white radiance of unfading lilies but odious with the galling bitterness of woeful corruption, raging with venomous jaws tears with its teeth the sons of fetid flesh in the vale of tears; although with its smiles it may be alluring to the unfortunate, it brazenly leads down to the lowest depths of Acherontic Cocytus unless the offspring of the High-Thunderer should intervene. And so because that ruinous [fortune] mortally fades away in its failing, one must especially hasten to pleasant fields of ineffable joy where the angelic music of hymnal jubilation and the mellifluous scent of blooming roses are sensed as sweet beyond measure by good and blessed noses and heard by ears as the delights of musical instrument without end.\nIn S 416 of 931, the first original to survive, after the boundary clause in Old English, he reverted to Latin for the anathema against anyone who set aside the charter:\nIf, however, God forbid, anyone swollen with diabolic spirit should be tempted to diminish or annul this brief document of my arrangement and confirmation, let him know that on the final and great day of judgment, when the archangel's shrill trumpet rings out, when graves burst open by themselves and give up the bodies now revived, when every element trembles, with the traitor Judas, who is called \"son of perdition\" by the Sower's merciful Offspring, he is to perish in eternal confusion within the hungry flames of unspeakable torments.\nSome scholars are not impressed. Michael Lapidge describes Æthelstan A's style as \"pretentious\", and according to Mechtild Gretsch the diplomas\nare composed in almost impenetrable Latin. Their proems consist of long convoluted sentences, parading an ostentatious display of Greek and glossary-based vocabulary and containing numerous unmistakable verbal reminiscences of Aldhelm's writings. Nothing similar had previously been attempted in Anglo-Saxon diplomatic and although, later in the tenth century, other charters affecting the hermeneutic style were composed, the ferocious lexical and syntactical difficulties of these Æthelstan charters were never to be surpassed.\nOn the other hand, Drögereit describes Æthelstan A's style as having a \"poetic quality\", and Woodman describes him as an \"author of no little genius, a man who not only overhauled the legal form of the diploma but also had the ability to write Latin that is as enduringly fascinating as it is complex.\" In Woodman's view: \"Never before had the royal diploma's rhetorical properties been exploited to such a degree and it seems no coincidence that these documents appeared following King Æthelstan's momentous political conquest of the north in 927.\"", "Keynes listed the Æthelstan A charters in Table XXVII of his Atlas of Attestations. The charters are in the script called \"Square minuscule ('Phase II')\", with a Latin text and the boundary clause in the vernacular.", "", "Anglo-Saxon charters", "Simon Keynes uses the word 'diploma' to denote a formal document, almost always in Latin, recording a grant of land by the king to another party, approved by a royal assembly. Keynes regards 'charter' as a broader term covering diplomas and other forms of written record such as leases and wills.\nThere is one possible exception. Charter S 395 in 925 uses the title rex Anglorum, but this only survives in a copy and it is unclear whether the title was added later. \nTable XXVII also includes spurious charters which have elements derived from those of Æthelstan A, and later charters which show the influence of Æthelstan A.\nNumber in the Sawyer catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters", "Keynes 2013, p. 18, n. 2.\nLapidge 1993, p. 20.\nGretsch 1999, p. 334.\nDrögereit 1935, p. 361.\nWoodman 2013, p. 247.\nWoodman 2013, p. 217.\nLapidge 1993, pp. 5–10.\nKeynes 2013, p. 73; Woodman 2013, p. 218.\nWoodman 2013, p. 219; Smith 2012, p. 37.\nKeynes 2013, p. 43.\nKeynes 1980, pp. 14–17; Drögereit 1935, pp. 345–54.\nKeynes 2002a.\nGretsch 1999, p. 336.\nFoot 2011, p. 98.\nKeynes 2013, pp. 35, 55; Keynes 1987, p. 186.\nWoodman 2013, pp. 223–25.\nFoot 2011, pp. 155–56.\nFoot 2011, p. 27, n. 65.\nKeynes 1999, p. 470; Keynes 2013, pp. 52, 54; Foot 2011, pp. 27, 92, 213.\nKeynes 1999, p. 470; Gretsch 1999, p. 334.\nMaddicott 2010, pp. 5–6, 15–16.\nKeynes 2013, pp. 54, 77.\nGretsch 1999, p. 335.\nKeynes 2013, pp. 35–36; Foot 2011, pp. 80, 82–89.\nKeynes 2013, pp. 55–56.\nFoot 2011, p. 72.\nWoodman 2013, pp. 218, 220.\nWoodman 2013, pp. 236–45.\nWoodman 2013, pp. 225–30; Stevenson 2002, pp. 272–75.\nWoodman 2013, pp. 218–19.\nSmith 2012, p. 37.\nFoot 2011, p. 133.\nSmith 2012, p. 177.\nSmith 2012, p. 44.\nWoodman 2013, pp. 217, 247.\nKeynes 2002a; Keynes 2002b.\nKeynes 2013, p. 169.\nElectronic Sawyer.\nS 400\nS 399\nS 403\nS 405\nS 412\nS 413\nFoot 2011, p. 262.\nS 1604\nWoodman 2013, p. 248.\nS 416\nS 417\nS 418a\nS 418\nS 419\nS 379\nS 422\nS423\nS 425\nS 407\nNelson 1999, p. 116.\nS 426\nS 434\nS 435", "Drögereit, Richard (1935). \"Gab es eine Angelsächsische Königskanzlei?\" [Was There an Anglo-Saxon Royal Chancery?] (PDF). Archiv für Urkundenforschung (in German) (13): 335–436. OCLC 316293986. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-08. (Translation on Kemble: The Anglo-Saxon Charters Website)\n\"The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters\". Kemble: The Anglo-Saxon Charters Website. British Academy-Royal Historical Society Joint Committee on Anglo-Saxon Charters. Retrieved 22 June 2014.\nFoot, Sarah (2011). Æthelstan: The First King of England. New Haven, US: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12535-1.\nGretsch, Mechtild (1999). The Intellectual Foundations of the English Benedictine Reform. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-03052-6.\nKeynes, Simon (1980). The Diplomas of King Æthelred 'The Unready' 978–1016. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22718-6.\nKeynes, Simon (1987). \"Regenbald the Chancellor (sic)\". Anglo-Norman Studies. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. 10. ISBN 0-85115-502-2.\nKeynes, Simon (1999). \"England, c. 900–1016\". In Reuter, Timothy (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume III c. 900–c. 1024. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-36447-7.\nKeynes, Simon (2002a). \"Atlas of Attestations: Table XXVII: The Charters of 'Æthelstan A'\" (PDF). Kemble: The Anglo-Saxon Charters Website. British Academy-Royal Historical Society Joint Committee on Anglo-Saxon Charters. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-08.\nKeynes, Simon (2002b). \"Atlas of Attestations: Introductory Note\". Kemble: The Anglo-Saxon Charters Website. British Academy-Royal Historical Society Joint Committee on Anglo-Saxon Charters. Archived from the original on 2014-12-23.\nKeynes, Simon (2013). \"Church Councils, Royal Assemblies, and Anglo-Saxon Royal Diplomas\". In Owen-Crocker, Gale R.; Schneider, Brian W. (eds.). Kingship, Legislation and Power in Anglo-Saxon England. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-877-7.\nLapidge, Michael (1993). Anglo-Latin Literature 900–1066. London, UK: The Hambledon Press. ISBN 1-85285-012-4.\nMaddicott, John (2010). The Origins of the English Parliament, 924–1327. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-958550-2.\nNelson, Janet L. (1999). \"Rulers and Government\". In Reuter, Timothy (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume III c. 900–c. 1024. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-36447-7.\nSmith, Scott Thompson (2012). Land and Book: Literature and Land Tenure in Anglo-Saxon England. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-4486-1.\nStevenson, Jane (2002). \"The Irish Contribution to Anglo-Latin Hermeneutic Prose\". In Richter, Michael; Picard, Jean Michel (eds.). Ogma: Essays in Celtic Studies in Honour of Prionseas Ni Chathain. Dublin, Ireland: Four Courts Press. ISBN 1-85182-671-8.\nWoodman, D. A. (December 2013). \"'Æthelstan A' and the rhetoric of rule\". Anglo-Saxon England. Cambridge University Press. 42: 217–248. doi:10.1017/S0263675113000112. ISSN 0263-6751. S2CID 159948509." ]

[ "Æthelstan A", "Background", "Identity of Æthelstan A", "Significance of the charters", "Style of the charters", "List of charters", "Charters", "See also", "Notes", "References", "Sources" ]

[ 2393 ]

[ 12678, 12679, 12680, 12681, 12682, 12683, 12684, 12685, 12686, 12687, 12688, 12689, 12690, 12691, 12692, 12693, 12694, 12695, 12696, 12697, 12698, 12699, 12700, 12701, 12702, 12703, 12704, 12705, 12706, 12707, 12708, 12709, 12710, 12711, 12712, 12713, 12714, 12715, 12716, 12717, 12718, 12719, 12720, 12721 ]

[ "Modern Ely cathedral with the river Great Ouse in the foreground; though most of the Fenland was drained in the early modern period and Ely is no longer an island, the landscape retains some watery features" ]

[ 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/River_Great_Ouse_%26_Ely_Cathedral.jpg" ]

[ "Æthelstan Mannessune (died c. 986) was a landowner and monastic patron in late 10th-century Anglo-Saxon England, coming from a family of secularised priests. Remembered by Ely Abbey as an enemy, he and his family endowed Ramsey Abbey and allegedly provided it with a piece of the True Cross. His children became important in their own right, one of them, Eadnoth, becoming Abbot of Ramsey and Bishop of Dorchester, and another becoming abbess of Chatteris nunnery.", "Æthelstan came from a family of secularised priests in the Fens of the eastern Danelaw. He seems to have come from the Isle of Ely. His father, Manne, had owned land at Chatteris and Wold, both on Ely, while the Libellus Æthelwoldi Episcopi (\"Little Book of Bishop Æthelwold\") associated a priest named Manne with land at Haddenham, a place only a few miles distant. Æthelstan's recorded lands lay in Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire and Bedfordshire, with \"outlying\" [Hart] estates in Norfolk and Lincolnshire.\nÆthelstan's reputation in church literature was varied. According to the Liber Eliensis he gave protection to a priest named Æthelstan in return for a payment of two marks after that priest had seized land from the monastery of Ely. According to the Liber Benefactorum Ecclesiae Ramesiensis, he donated a piece of the True Cross to Ramsey Abbey, though the Liber provides no information as to how Æthelstan acquired such a valuable relic.", "According to the Liber Benefactorum, Æthelstan was married to a kinswoman of Oswald, one time Bishop of Worcester and Archbishop of York. He had two sons named Godric (died 1013) and Eadnoth (died 1016), and two daughters named Ælfwaru (died 1007) and Ælfwyn. It is possible that a woman named Ælfae was also his daughter, though this is uncertain. Godric, Ælfwaru and Ælfwyn (as well as Ælfae) all inherited estates from Æthelstan in addition to a fishery, while Eadnoth became a monk at Worcester, before becoming Abbot of Ramsey and Bishop of Dorchester. After Eadnoth founded a nunnery on his family lands at Chatteris, his younger sister Ælfwyn became abbess. In 1007 Chatteris nunnery received the lands of Over and Barley, following the death of their sister Ælfwaru.\nÆthelstan seems to have died on 14 June 986. Subsequently his widow agreed to pass her manor of Slepe (what would become St Ives) to Ramsey Abbey, even though her late husband had left this to their daughter Ælfwyn. This led to a dispute as Æthelstan Mannessune's own kinsman, a priest named Osweard, claimed this inheritance, and even though Ramsey kept the land, the agreement they came to between 992 and 1006 involved handing two estates over to Osweard's son.", "Wareham, \"Family\", p. 50\nHart, \"Eadnoth I\", p. 615\nWareham, \"Family\", pp. 49–50\nWareham, \"Family\", p. 51\nWareham, \"Family\", pp. 51–52\nHart, \"Eadnoth I\", p. 615, n. 7\nWareham, \"Family\", p. 49", "Hart, Cyril (1992) [1964], \"Eadnoth I of Ramsey and Dorchester\", in Hart, Cyril (ed.), The Danelaw, London: Hambledon Press, pp. 613–23, ISBN 1-85285-044-2, originally published in Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society: 56–675, 1964\nWareham, Andrew (1996), \"St Oswald's Family and Kin\", in Brooks, Nicholas; Cubitt, Catherine (eds.), St Oswald of Worcester: Life and Influence, London: Leicester University Press, pp. 46–63, ISBN 0-7185-0003-2", "Williams, Ann (2008). \"Cautionary tales: the daughters of Æthelstan Mannesunu and Earl Godwine\". Anglo-Saxon. 2: 1–16. ISSN 1754-372X.", "Æthelstan Mannessune 1 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England" ]

[ "Æthelstan Mannessune", "Origins and reputation", "Legacy", "References", "Sources", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 2394 ]

[ 12722, 12723, 12724, 12725, 12726, 12727, 12728, 12729 ]

[ "a coin from the reign of Æthelstan.", "" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/%C3%86thelstan_Eastanglian_coin.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Shakespeare2.jpg" ]

[ "Æthelstan (/ˈæθəlstæn/) was king of East Anglia in the 9th century. As with the other kings of East Anglia, there is very little textual information available. Æthelstan did, however, leave an extensive coinage of both portrait and non-portrait type. \nIt is suggested that Æthelstan was probably the king who defeated and killed the Mercian kings Beornwulf (d. 826) and Ludeca (d. 827). He may have attempted to seize power in East Anglia on the death of Coenwulf of Mercia (d. 821). If this is the case, he was apparently defeated by Coenwulf's successor Ceolwulf.\nThe end of Æthelstan's reign is placed in the middle or late 840s. He was succeeded by Æthelweard.", "Kirby, D.P., The Earliest English Kings. London: Unwin Hyman, 1991. ISBN 0-04-445691-3\nYorke, Barbara, Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. London: Seaby, 1990. ISBN 1-85264-027-8", "Æthelstan 80 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England" ]

[ "Æthelstan of East Anglia", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2395, 2396 ]

[ 12730 ]

[ "Saint Æthelthryth\nfrom Benedictional of St. Æthelwold, 10 C British Library", "Site of shrine in Ely Cathedral", "Saint Etheldreda's statue in Ely Cathedral", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/St-aethelthryth.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/S95EtheldredaShrineEly.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Saint_Ethelreda%27s_Statue%2C_Ely_Cathedral.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg" ]

[ "Æthelthryth (or Æðelþryð or Æþelðryþe; c. 636 – 23 June 679 AD) was an East Anglian princess, a Fenland and Northumbrian queen and Abbess of Ely. She is an Anglo-Saxon saint, and is also known as Etheldreda or Audrey, especially in religious contexts. Her father was King Anna of East Anglia, and her siblings were Wendreda and Seaxburh of Ely, both of whom eventually retired from secular life and founded abbeys.", "Æthelthryth was probably born in Exning, near Newmarket in Suffolk. She was one of the four saintly daughters of Anna of East Anglia, including Wendreda and Seaxburh of Ely, all of whom eventually retired from secular life and founded abbeys.\nÆthelthryth made an early first marriage in around 652 to Tondberct, chief or prince of the South Gyrwe. She managed to persuade her husband to respect her vow of perpetual virginity that she had made prior to their marriage. Upon his death in 655, she retired to the Isle of Ely, which she had received from Tondberct as a morning gift.\nÆthelthryth was subsequently remarried for political reasons in 660, this time to Ecgfrith of Northumbria, who was fourteen or fifteen at the time. Shortly after his accession to the throne in 670, Æthelthryth wished to become a nun. This step possibly led to Ecgfrith's long quarrel with Wilfrid, bishop of York, who was her spiritual counsellor. One account relates that while Ecgfrith initially agreed Æthelthryth should continue to remain a virgin, about 672 he appealed to Wilfrid for the enforcement of his marital rights as against Etheldreda's religious vocation. The bishop succeeded at first in persuading the king to consent that Etheldreda should live for some time in peace as a sister of the Coldingham nunnery, founded by his aunt, Æbbe of Coldingham. Eventually, in light of the danger of being forcibly carried off by the king, Æthelthryth then fled back to the Isle of Ely with two nuns as companions. They managed to evade capture, thanks in part to the rising of the tide.\nAnother version of the legend related that she halted on the journey at 'Stow' and sheltered under a miraculously growing ash tree which came from her staff planted in the ground. Stow came to be known as 'St Etheldred's Stow', when a church was built to commemorate this event. It is more likely that this 'Stow' actually refers to another fair, near Threekingham. Ecgfrith later married Eormenburg and expelled Wilfrid from his kingdom in 678. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Æthelthryth founded a double monastery at Ely in 673, which was later destroyed in the Danish invasion of 870.", "Bede told how after her death, Æthelthryth's bones were disinterred by her sister and successor, Seaxburh and that her uncorrupted body was later buried in a white, marble coffin. In 695, Seaxburh translated the remains of her sister Æthelthryth, who had been dead for sixteen years, from a common grave to the new church at Ely. The Liber Eliensis describes these events in detail. When her grave was opened, Æthelthryth's body was discovered to be uncorrupted and her coffin and clothes proved to possess miraculous powers. A sarcophagus made of white marble was taken from the Roman ruins at Grantchester, which was found to be the right fit for Æthelthryth. Seaxburh supervised the preparation of her sister's body, which was washed and wrapped in new robes before being reburied. She apparently oversaw the translation of her sister's remains without the supervision of her bishop, using her knowledge of procedures gained from her family's links with the Faremoutiers Abbey as a basis for the ceremony.\nAfter Seaxburh, Æthelthryth's niece and her great-niece, both of whom were royal princesses, succeeded her as abbess of Ely.\nThe church of St Etheldreda Histon was demolished, it is commemorated in a stained glass window.\nSt Etheldreda's Church in Ely Place in Holborn is dedicated to the saint. It was originally part of the palace of the bishops of Ely. After the English Reformation, the palace was used by the Spanish ambassadors, enabling Roman Catholic worship to continue in the church.\nSt Etheldreda's Church, Hatfield is 13th century and was originally Saxon. It was named for Saint Etheldreda because it was adjacent to the Palace of the Bishops of Ely who held her as their patron saint.\nSt Etheldreda's is a Roman Catholic parish church in Ely, Cambridgeshire. It is part of the Diocese of East Anglia within the Province of Westminster. The church contains the shrine and relics of Æthelthryth, including her hand.\nSt. Etheldreda's Church in White Notley, Essex, is a Church of England parish church, of Saxon construction, built on the site of a Roman temple, with a large quantity of Roman brick in its fabric. The church has a small Mediaeval English stained glass window, depicting St. Etheldreda, which is set in a stone frame made from a very early Insular Christian Roman Chi Rho grave marker.\nThe common version of Æthelthryth's name was St. Audrey, which is the origin of the word tawdry, which derived from the fact that her admirers bought modestly concealing lace goods at an annual fair held in her name in Ely. By the 17th century, this lacework had become seen as old-fashioned, vain, or cheap and of poor quality, at a time when the Puritans of eastern England disdained ornamental dress.\nEtheldreda is remembered in the Church of England with a Lesser Festival on 23 June.", "There are a number of accounts of Æthelthryth's life in Latin, Old English, Old French, and Middle English. According to Jocelyn Wogan-Browne, \"more medieval vernacular lives [about Æthelthryth] were composed in England than any other native female saint\". Æthelthryth appears in Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Ælfric's Lives of Saints, Goscelin of Saint-Bertin's Lives of Female Saints, the Liber Eliensis, Marie de France's La vie seinte Audree, the South English Legendary, and a Middle English life in BL Cotton Faustina B.iii, among others. A modern fictional account has been written by Moyra Caldecott.", "List of Anglo-Saxon saints\nSaint Æthelthryth, patron saint archive\nWuffingas\nThe hymn 'Aethelthryth' by the Venerable Bede", "Macpherson, Ewan (1909). \"St. Etheldreda\" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company.\nHistoric England. \"St Æthelreda's nunnery (348635)\". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 18 August 2009.\n\"David Roffe's web page about St Æthelreda\". Retrieved 18 August 2009.\nStow Minster contains a stained glass window that portrays the legend.\n\"Stow Minster: History\". Stow-in-Lindsey, Lincs., UK: Stow Minster. Archived from the original on 17 June 2010. Retrieved 27 November 2010.\nRidyard, Royal Saints, p. 53.\nFairweather, Liber Eliensis, pp. 56–61.\nRidyard, The Royal Saints, p. 179.\nYorke, Nunneries, p. 50.\n\"Huston and Impington\". Histon and Impington. Retrieved 26 October 2021.\nWaite, Vincent (1964). Portrait of the Quantocks. London: Robert Hale. ISBN 0-7091-1158-4.\n\"The Calendar\". The Church of England. Retrieved 27 March 2021.\nWogan-Browne, \"Rerouting the Dower\" p. 28.\nBede notes that he wrote this hymn in the Ecclesiastical History, IV, 20 (Wikisource version) several/many years earlier.", "Virginia Blanton (2007) Signs of Devotion: the cult of St Aethelthryth in medieval England, 695–1615. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press ISBN 0-271-02984-6\n\"Table of contents for Signs of Devotion\". Library of Congress. Retrieved 27 November 2010.\nMcCash, June Hall & Judith Clark Barban, ed. and trans. (2006) The Life of Saint Audrey; a text by Marie de France. Jefferson, NC: McFarland ISBN 0-7864-2653-5\nM. Dockray-Miller (2009) Saints Edith and Æthelthryth: Princesses, Miracle Workers, and their Late Medieval Audience; the Wilton Chronicle and the Wilton Life of St Æthelthryth, Turnhout: Brepols Publishers ISBN 978-2-503-52836-6.\nMaccarron, Máirín, \"The Adornment of Virgins: Æthelthryth and Her Necklaces,\" in Elizabeth Mullins and Diarmuid Scully (eds), Listen, O Isles, unto me: Studies in Medieval Word and Image in honour of Jennifer O’Reilly (Cork, 2011), 142–155.\nMajor, Tristan, \"Saint Etheldreda in the South English Legendary,\" Anglia 128.1 (2010), 83–101.\nWogan-Browne, Jocelyn, \"Rerouting the Dower: The Anglo-Norman Life of St. Audrey by Marie (of Chatteris?)\", in Power of the Weak: Studies on Medieval Women, ed. Jennifer Carpenter and Sally-Beth Maclean (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1995), 27–56.", "Rosser, Susan (Autumn 1997). \"Æthelthryth: a Conventional Saint?\". Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester. 79 (3): 15–24. doi:10.7227/BJRL.79.3.4.\nÆlfric of Eynsham (1881). \"Of Saint Æðeldryða\" . Ælfric's Lives of Saints. London, Pub. for the Early English text society, by N. Trübner & co.", "Æthelthryth 2 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England\nRichard John King, 1862. Handbook of the Cathedrals of England (Oxford) (On-line text)\nThacker, Alan (8 October 2009). \"Æthelthryth [St Æthelthryth, Etheldreda, Audrey] (d. 679)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8906. (subscription or UK public library membership required)" ]

[ "Æthelthryth", "Life", "Legacy", "Hagiography", "See also", "References", "Sources", "Further reading", "External links" ]

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[ 12731, 12732, 12733, 12734, 12735, 12736, 12737, 12738, 12739, 12740, 12741, 12742, 12743, 12744, 12745, 12746, 12747, 12748, 12749, 12750, 12751, 12752 ]

[ "The Dead Man's Plack monument, erected in 1825, marking the supposed spot where King Edgar killed Æthelwald" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Deadmans_Plack_Monument_-_geograph.org.uk_-_18224.jpg" ]

[ "Æthelwald or Æthelwold (died 963) was ealdorman of East Anglia. He is mentioned in Byrhtferth's life of Oswald of Worcester along with other members of his family.\nHe was probably the oldest son of Æthelstan Half-King and succeeded to some of his father's offices in 956 when Æthelstan became a monk at Glastonbury Abbey. He was a benefactor of Ramsey Abbey and a supporter of the Benedictine reform movement which began in the reign of King Edgar.\nHe was the first husband of Ælfthryth who married King Edgar after Æthelwald's death. William of Malmesbury's Gesta regum anglorum has a late account of Æthelwald's marriage and death. According to William, the beauty of Ordgar's daughter Ælfthryth was reported to King Edgar. Edgar, looking for a Queen, sent Æthelwald to see Ælfthryth, ordering him \"to offer her marriage [to Edgar] if her beauty were really equal to report.\" When she turned out to be just as beautiful as was said, Æthelwald married her himself and reported back to Edgar that she was quite unsuitable. Edgar was eventually told of this deception, and decided to repay Æthelwald's betrayal in like manner. He said that he would visit the poor woman, which alarmed Æthelwald. He asked Ælfthryth to make herself as unattractive as possible for the king's visit, but she did the opposite. Edgar, quite besotted with her, killed Æthelwald during a hunt.\nEdward Augustus Freeman debunks the Æthelwald murder story as a \"tissue of romance\" in his Historic essays, but his arguments were in turn refuted by the naturalist William Henry Hudson in his 1920 book Dead Man's Plack and an Old Thorn.\nÆthelwald was seemingly dead by 962 as he ceases to witness charters at that time. He was buried at Ramsey Abbey. His younger brother Æthelwine succeeded to his offices.\nA memorial to Æthelwald, known as the Dead Man's Plack, was erected in Longparish, Hampshire in 1825.", "Æthelwald 41 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England. Retrieved 2007-10-29.\nÆthelwald 43 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England. Retrieved 2007-10-29.\nHenson, Donald, A Guide to Late Anglo-Saxon England: From Ælfred to Eadgar II. Hockwold-cum-Wilton: Anglo-Saxon Books, 1998. ISBN 1-898281-21-1\nHigham, Nick, The Death of Anglo-Saxon England. Stroud: Sutton, 1997. ISBN 0-7509-2469-1\nMiller, Sean, \"Æthelstan Half-King\" in Michael Lapidge, et al. (eds), The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Blackwell, 1999. ISBN 0-631-22492-0\nStafford, Pauline, Unification and Conquest: A Political and Social History of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries. London: Edward Arnold, 1989. ISBN 0-7131-6532-4\nWilliam of Malmesbury, The Kings before the Norman Conquest, trans. Joseph Stevenson. Reprinted Llanerch, 1989. ISBN 0-947992-32-4", "Freeman, Edward Augustus (1875). Historic Essays. MacMillan & Co. pp. 10–25.\nHudson, William Henry (1920). Dead Man's Plack and an Old Thorn." ]

[ "Æthelwald, Ealdorman of East Anglia", "Sources", "References" ]

[ 2401 ]

[ 12753, 12754, 12755 ]

[ "Map showing the major kingdoms of northern Great Britain in the 8th century. Northumbria was formed from the earlier kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Kingdom_of_Northumbria_in_AD_802.jpg" ]

[ "Æthelwald Moll was King of Northumbria, the historic petty kingdom of Angles in medieval England, from 759 to 765. He seized power after the murder of Oswulf son of Eadberht; his ancestry and connection to the royal family of Northumbria is unknown. Æthelwald faced at least one rebellion, led by Oswine, perhaps a brother of Oswulf. In 765 a Witenagemot of Northumbrian notables deposed Æthelwald and replaced him with Alhred, a kinsman of his predecessor. After his removal from the throne Æthelwald became a monk, perhaps involuntarily.\nÆthelwald's marriage with one Æthelthryth is recorded in 762 at Catterick by Symeon of Durham. He is known to have had at least one son, Æthelred, who later became king.", "Æthelwald is not recorded in the extant genealogies of Northumbrian kings, perhaps because he was not a descendant of Ida and the Bernician kings. Whether he was a descendant of the Deiran dynasty of Ælle, or simply a member of a powerful noble family, is unknown.\nIt is likely that he is to be identified with the patrician Moll, recorded in the reign of King Eadberht, to whom Eadberht and his brother Ecgbert, Archbishop of York, granted the monasteries of Stonegrave, Coxwold, and Donaemuthe, all in modern Yorkshire. These had belonged to Moll's brother, Abbot Forthred.", "On 24 July 759, King Oswulf was murdered by members of his own household. The regicide was \"a crime in which Æthelwald may very well have been involved.\" Æthelwald was crowned King of Northumbria on 5 August 759.\nHis reign was not unopposed. The continuator of Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum reports the death of a certain Oswine in 761. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and Symeon of Durham's Historia Regum supply more details, recording that Oswine, \"a most noble ætheling\", was killed fighting against Æthelwald on 6 August 761 in the Eildon Hills.\nÆthelwald was deposed on 30 October 765, apparently by a council of noblemen and prelates held at Pincanheale, an important site used for two later Northumbrian church councils. According to the Irish Annals of Tigernach, Æthelwald was tonsured.\nHe was succeeded as king by Eadberht's son-in-law Alhred.", "Æthelwald's marriage with one Æthelthryth is recorded in 762 at Catterick by Symeon of Durham. They are known to have had at least one son, Æthelred, who later became king. It is presumed, on onomastic grounds, that the Moll \"slain by the urgent command of King Eardwulf\" c. 799 was a kinsman of Æthelwald Moll.", "Kirby, pp. 150–151; Yorke, p. 89.\n\"Moll 1\". Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England.\nKirby, p. 150. The event is known from a letter of Pope Paul I, obtained by Abbot Forthred, which ordered Eadberht and Ecgberht to return the monasteries to Forthred. (Text). The location of Donaemuthe is uncertain.\nThus Williams, p. 51; see also Kirby, pp. 98 & 150, who states that he is \"...very likely to have been associated with those who were responsible...\".\nKirby, p. 151, states that Oswine's origins are unknown. Marsden, pp. 232–233, suggests he was a son of Eadberht. The description of Oswine as an ætheling comes from John of Worcester's chronicle.\nSymeon of Durham, p. 448; Kirby, p. 151. AT, s.a. 764, reports: \"Moll rí Saxan clericus eficitur\" [Moll, king of the Saxons, was made a monk].\nSymeon of Durham, p. 448; Kirby, p. 150.\n\"Moll 2\". Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England.\nKirby, p.156, Symeon of Durham, p. 461.", "Anonymous; Whitley Stokes, editor (1895–1897). \"The Annals of Tigernach\". Revue Celtique 16-18. Retrieved 2007-01-27.\nD.P. Kirby, The Earliest English Kings. London: Unwin Hyman, 1991. ISBN 0-04-445691-3\nJohn Marsden, Northanhymbre Saga: The History of the Anglo-Saxon Kings of Northumbria. London: Cathie, 1992. ISBN 1-85626-055-0\nSymeon of Durham; J. Stevenson, translator (1855). The Historical Works of Simeon of Durham. Church Historians of England, volume III, part II. Seeley's. Retrieved 2007-01-27.\nAnn Williams, Kingship and Government in Pre-Conquest England, c. 500–1066. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999. ISBN 0-333-56798-6\nBarbara Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms in Early Anglo-Saxon England. London: Seaby, 1990. ISBN 1-85264-027-8", "Æthelwald 14 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England; see also Moll 1" ]

[ "Æthelwald Moll of Northumbria", "Origins", "Reign", "Descendants", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2402 ]

[ 12756, 12757, 12758, 12759, 12760, 12761, 12762, 12763, 12764 ]

[ "Seal in the British Museum, referring to a Bishop Ethilwald, which probably belonged to Æthelweald", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Britishmuseumaethelwaldseal.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/CroixCelteReliquaireIvoireMorse.jpg" ]

[ "Æthelweald (or Æthelwald) was a medieval Bishop of Dunwich.\nÆthelweald was consecrated between 845 and 870, but his death date is unknown. After Æthelweald, there was an interruption with the episcopal succession through Danish Viking invasions in the late 9th and early 10th centuries. By the mid-10th century, Dunwich had been united to the see of Elmham.", "Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1986). Handbook of British Chronology (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 216. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.", "Æthelwald 25 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England" ]

[ "Æthelweald", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2403, 2404 ]

[ 12765 ]

[ "Imaginary depiction of Æthelwealh from John Speed's 1611 \"Saxon Heptarchy\"" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Ethelwolfe_-_John_Speed.JPG" ]

[ "Æthelwealh (fl. c. 660 – c. 685) was ruler of the ancient South Saxon kingdom from before 674 till his death between 680 and 685. He was baptised in Mercia, becoming the first Christian king of Sussex. He was killed by a West Saxon prince, Cædwalla, who eventually became king of Wessex.", "The legendary foundation of the kingdom of Sussex, was in 477, when according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Ælle of Sussex and three of his sons are said to have landed at a place called Cymenshore and fought against the local Britons. The foundation story is regarded with some skepticism by most academics. The archaeological evidence, based on the cemeteries of the 5th century, shows that the main area of settlement was between the lower Ouse and Cuckmere rivers in East Sussex. However, by Æthelwealh's time the kingdom of the South Saxons seems to have been concentrated in the Selsey area, in the south-west of Sussex.\nÆlle, the first king of the South Saxons was followed by Cissa of Sussex, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. There is a 150-year gap between Ælle, whose ancestry can not be established, and Æthelwealh, whose ancestry is more secure.", "Mercian power was ascending with Wulfhere of Mercia advancing into Jutish southern Hampshire and the Isle of Wight in about 681. Then according to Bede, Æthelwealh travelled to Mercia to be baptised, becoming the first Christian king of Sussex, with Wulfhere as his godfather. Bede in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People recorded that Æthelwealh, also married Eafe, who was the daughter of Eanfrith, a ruler of the Christian Hwicce people. Bede goes on to say that Wulfhere presented the Isle of Wight and Meonwara to Æthelwealh. This alliance between the South Saxons and the Mercians and their control of southern England and the Isle of Wight was a challenge to the West Saxons, whose power base at the time was in the upper Thames area.\nWilfrid, the exiled bishop of York, came to Sussex in 681 and converted the people of Sussex and the Isle of Wight to Christianity. Æthelwealh gave Wilfrid land in Selsey where he founded the Episcopal See of the South Saxons with its seat at Selsey Abbey.", "Cædwalla was a West Saxon prince who had apparently been banished by Centwine, king of Wessex. Cædwalla had spent his exile in the forests of the Chiltern and the Weald, and at some point had befriended Wilfrid. Cædwalla vowed that if Wilfrid would be his spiritual father then he would be his obedient son.\nAccording to tradition, Cædwalla invaded Sussex in about 686 and was met by Æthelwealh at a point in the South Downs just southeast of Stoughton, close to the border with Hampshire, and it was here that Æthelwealh was defeated and slain. According to the same tradition, Æthelwealh lies buried in the southern barrow of the group that marks the spot.\nThe invasion stalled when Cædwalla was driven out by two of Æthelwealh's ealdormen, Berhthun and Andhun. In 687 Cædwalla became King of the West Saxons and a new invasion of Sussex began, this time it was successful. Bede describes how brutally Cædwalla suppressed the South Saxons.\nAfter his victory, Cædwalla immediately summoned Wilfrid and made him supreme counsellor over his whole kingdom. Then when Wilfrid returned north, in 686, the see of Selsey was absorbed by the Diocese of the West Saxons, at Winchester. In temporal matters, Sussex was subject to the West Saxon kings, and in ecclesiastical matters, it was subject to the bishops of Winchester.", "In Kent, Hlothhere had been ruler since 673/4. This was until his nephew Eadric of Kent revolted against him and went to Sussex where, with help from Æthelwealh, he raised a South Saxon army. Eadric was then able to defeat Hlothhere, in about 685 and become ruler of Kent. On Æthelwealh's death, at the hands of Cædwalla, William of Malmesbury suggests that Eadric became king of the South Saxon kingdom. However, in 686, a West Saxon warband invaded Kent, under Cædwalla and his brother Mul, they removed Eadric from power and made Mul king of Kent.", "History of Sussex", "", "Æthelwealh's succession is problematic. Only William of Malmesbury cites Eadric (possibly mistaken for Eadric of Kent?). (De gestis regum Anglorum Book 1 Ch 34)\nAlso written Aedilualch, Aethelwalch, Aþelwold, Æðelwold, Æþelwald, or Ethelwalch\nTraditionally thought to be south of Selsey Bill\nSix Anglo-Saxon cemeteries provide the bulk of the archaeological evidence for the early period.\nAlso Eabae or Ebba\nAlso written as Eanfrid or Eanfridi\nThe Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says that Wulfhere gave the Isle of Wight to Æthelwealh; Bede says both the Isle of Wight and Meonwara.\nThe tradition is based on some Bronze Age barrows at Bow Hill, Sussex. The barrows are known as the \"Devils Humps\" or the \"King's graves\". However, there is no supporting evidence for the legends.", "Welch 1978, p. 32.\nKelly 1998, pp. 3–13.\nJones 1998, pp. 70–71.\nBell 1978, pp. 64–69.\nGreen 2002, p. 24.\nCannon & Hargreaves 2009.\nKirby 2000, pp. 96–97.\nWelch 1978, p. 31.\nBede 1910, 4.13.\nKelly 1994, pp. 1–4.\nStephens 1876, p. 18.\nFarmer & Webb 1998, pp. 149–150.\nSimpson 2013, p. 45.\nBarr-Hamilton 1953, p. 21.\nYorke 2008.\nBede 1910, 4.15.\nBede 1910, 4.16.\nFarmer & Webb 1998, p. 152.\nKelly 1994, p. 14.\nStephens 1876, p. 14.\nYorke 2002, pp. 29–30.", "s:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Commissioned in the reign of Alfred the Great\nBarr-Hamilton, Alec (1953). In Saxon Sussex. Arundel Press. OCLC 65986286.\nBede (1910). Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Translated by Jane, L.C.; Sellar, A.M.\nBell, Martin (1978). \"Saxon Sussex. In Drewett, P. L. (ed.), Archaeology in Sussex to AD 1500 : essays for Eric Holden\". OCLC 490391417. \nCannon, John; Hargreaves, Anne (2009). \"Aethelwald\". The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev. ed.). Oxford Reference. Retrieved 18 June 2020.\nFarmer, D. H.; Webb, J.F.(Tr), eds. (1998). The Age of Bede (Revised ed.). London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-044727-9.\nGreen, Ken (2002). Chichester An Illustrated History. Derby: Breedon books. ISBN 1-85983-336-5.\nJones, Michael E. (1998). The End of Roman Britain. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8530-5.\nKelly, Susan (1994). Hobbs, Mary (ed.). Chichester Cathedral: An Historic Survey. Chichester: Phillimore. ISBN 0-85033-924-3.\nKelly, S. E (1998). Anglo-Saxon Charters VI, Charters of Selsey. OUP for the British Academy. ISBN 0-19-726175-2.\nKirby, D.P. (2000). The Earliest English kings. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-24211-8.\nSimpson, Jacqueline (2013). Folklore Sussex. Stroud: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-5100-8.\nStephens, W.R.W. (1876). Memorials of the South Saxon See and Cathedral Church of Chichester. London: Richard Bentley. OCLC 504623992.\nWelch, Martin G. (1978). Brandon, Peter (ed.). The South Saxons. Chichester: Phillimore. ISBN 978-0-85033-240-7.\nYorke, Barbara (2008). \"Who were the Jutes\". Making History Programme 11. BBC. Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2020.\nYorke, Barbara (2002). Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. London, UK: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-16639-X.", "Æthelwalh 1, Eafe 1, and Eanfrith 3 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England. Retrieved 30 March 2007.\nBede. \"Liber Quartus\". Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum. The Latin Library. Retrieved 30 March 2007." ]

[ "Æthelwealh of Sussex", "Background", "Alliance with the Mercians", "West Saxon takeover", "Relationship with Kent", "See also", "References", "Notes", "Citations", "Bibliography", "External links" ]

[ 2405 ]

[ 12766, 12767, 12768, 12769, 12770, 12771, 12772, 12773, 12774, 12775, 12776, 12777, 12778, 12779, 12780, 12781, 12782, 12783 ]

[ "Will of Alfred the Great, AD 873–888, granting land to Æthelweard (11th-century copy, British Library Stowe MS 944, ff. 29v–33r)[4]" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Will_of_Alfred_the_Great_%28New_Minster_Liber_Vitae%29_-_BL_Stowe_MS_944%2C_f_30v.jpg" ]

[ "Æthelweard (died 920 or 922) was the younger son of King Alfred the Great and Ealhswith.\nHe was born about 880. That he was Alfred's younger son by Ealhswith is stated by Asser in his biography of the king (c. 893). Asser also provides valuable detail on the boy's upbringing. Whereas his brother Edward and sister Ælfthryth were raised and educated at court, Æthelweard was sent to a type of school (schola), where he learned to read and write both Latin and Old English and was instructed in the liberal arts \"under the attentive care of teachers, in company with all the nobly born children of virtually the entire area, and a good many of lesser birth as well.\" Such education would have started at an early age, before the onset of adolescence.\nThrough Alfred's patronage, Æthelweard became a wealthy landowner. In his father's will (AD 873 x 888), in which he is unnamed but called Alfred's \"younger son\" (þam gingran minan suna ), he is the beneficiary of a vast number of estates across the south of Britain: Arreton (Isle of Wight), Dean (i.e. East Dean or West Dean, West Sussex), Meon (i.e. East Meon or West Meon, Hampshire), Amesbury (Wiltshire), Dean (probably West Dean, Wiltshire), Sturminster Marshall (Dorset), Yeovil (Somerset), Crewkerne (Somerset), Whitchurch Canonicorum (Dorset), Axmouth (Devon), Branscombe (Devon), Cullompton (Devon), Tiverton (Devon), Mylenburnan (probably Burn in Silverton, Devon), Exminster (Devon), Suðeswyrðe (possibly Lustleigh, Devon), Lifton (Devon) and appurtenant lands, i.e. all his father's property in Cornwall, except Triggshire.\nSince the (late) 890s, Æthelweard attested several of his brother's charters. According to John of Worcester, he died on 16 October 922 and his body received burial at Winchester, where he was soon joined by his brother Edward (d. 924). William of Malmesbury confirms the place of burial, but places his death four years before Edward's. It may have been Æthelweard whose name was entered into the New Minster Liber Vitae, fol. 9v., with the designation clito \"ætheling\", but if so, he seems to be mistaken for a son of Edward.\nWilliam tells that Æthelweard had two sons, Æthelwine and Ælfwine, who died fighting in the Battle of Brunanburh and who were buried at Malmesbury, at the behest of their cousin King Athelstan, who was buried there himself only two years later. The connection with this house is prominent in a series of three spurious charters from the Malmesbury archive, in which Athelstan is made to endow the abbey in memory of his \"cousins\" (patruelia) Æthelweard, Ælfwine and Æthelwine. If Ælfwine and Æthelwine died childless, their deaths would have brought an end to Æthelweard's direct descent.", "art. Ealhswith, in K.J. Panton, Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy, Lanham - Plymouth, 2011, p. 138.\nAsser, Vita Ælfredi, ch. 75.\nAsser, Vita Ælfredi, ch. 75. See also Keynes and Lapidge, p. 257 note 148.\nCharter S 1507 at the Electronic Sawyer\nS 1507. The identification of the estates here is based on the corresponding notes to the translation by Keynes and Lapidge.\nSee \"Æthelweard 5\". Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England. \nJohn of Worcester, Chronicon, sub anno 922.\nWilliam of Malmesbury, Gesta regumm. II ch. 130.\nWilliam of Malmesbury, Gesta regumm. II ch. 135.\nS 434, 435, 436 (AD 937).", "Anglo-Saxon charters:\nS 1507 (AD 873 x 888), King Alfred's will, tr. S. Keynes and M. Lapidge, Alfred the Great. Harmondsworth, 1983. pp. 173–8, with notes, pp. 313–26.\nS 434, S 435, S 436 (AD 937).\nHistorians\nAsser, Vita Ælfredi, ed. W.H. Stevenson, Asser’s Life of King Alfred. Oxford, 1904; tr. S.D. Keynes and M. Lapidge, Alfred the Great. Harmondsworth, 1983. pp. 65–110.\nWilliam of Malmesbury, Gesta regum Anglorum, ed. and tr. R.A.B. Mynors, R. M. Thomson and M. Winterbottom, William of Malmesbury. Gesta Regum Anglorum. The History of the English Kings. OMT. 2 vols: vol 1. Oxford, 1998.\nJohn of Worcester, Chronicle (of Chronicles), ed. Benjamin Thorpe, Florentii Wigorniensis monachi chronicon ex chronicis. 2 vols. London, 1848–9; tr. J. Stevenson, Church Historians of England. 8 vols: vol. 2.1. London, 1855. 171–372.\nNew Minster Liber Vitae, fol. 9v., per entry in PASE.", "Æthelweard 5 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England" ]

[ "Æthelweard (son of Alfred)", "Notes", "Primary sources", "External links" ]

[ 2406 ]

[ 12784, 12785, 12786, 12787, 12788 ]

[ "The obverse and reverse of a coin from the reign of Æthelweard.", "" ]

[ 0, 5 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/%C3%86thelweard_coin.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Shakespeare2.jpg" ]

[ "Æthelweard (died 854) was a 9th-century king of East Anglia, the long-lived Anglo-Saxon kingdom which today includes the English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. Little is known of Æthelweard's reign and even his regnal dates are not known for certain. He was succeeded by Edmund, who was said to have been crowned on 25 December 854.", "Prior to the arrival of the Vikings, the 6th century Kingdom of the East Angles was rich and powerful, with a distinctive ecclesiastical culture. Between this time and the early Norman period, practically nothing is known of the history of East Anglia, except that the kingdom was rich and powerful enough to remain independent. Its kings are in some cases known only from the coins issued during their reigns. According to the historian Barbara Yorke, Viking attacks eventually destroyed all the East Anglian monasteries, where books and charters would have been kept.", "As with Æthelstan, whom he succeeded, textual evidence for Æthelweard's reign is very limited. He is not mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. However, numismatic evidence in the form of surviving coinage suggests that he was the ruler of an independent kingdom and not subject to Mercia or Wessex. The date when Æthelweard became king is uncertain, but it is conventionally dated to the middle or late 840s. It appears that he died in 854. He was succeeded as king by his fourteen-year-old son Edmund, later known as Saint Edmund, who was said to have been crowned on 25 December 854.", "Campbell, The Anglo-Saxons, p. 135\nYorke, Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England, p. 58\nKirby, The Earliest English Kings, p. 161", "Campbell, James (1991). The Anglo-Saxons. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-014395-9.\nKirby, D.P. (2000). The Earliest English Kings. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-4152-4211-8.\nYorke, Barbara (2002). Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-16639-X.", "Æthelweard 62 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England; see also Æthelweard 77" ]

[ "Æthelweard of East Anglia", "9th century East Anglia", "Life and reign of Æthelweard", "References", "Sources", "External links" ]

[ 2407, 2408 ]

[ 12789, 12790, 12791, 12792, 12793 ]

[ "King Alfred's Monument", "" ]

[ 2, 5 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Kingalfredsmonument.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Saint-stub-icon.jpg" ]

[ "Æthelwine of Athelney was a 7th-century saint venerated in the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. He lived as a hermit on the island of Athelney in the marsh country of Somerset, and is known to us through being recorded in the hagiography of the Secgan Manuscript. He was venerated as a saint after his death, Nov. 26.", "Aethelwine was a son of Cynegils, king of the West Saxons from 611-42 AD and the brother of Cenwealh, king of the West Saxons from 642-672 AD.\nWilliam of Malmesbury says that he had a chronic disease.", "His name is two Anglo Saxon words, æðel (prince) and wine (friend protector).\n He takes his suffix from Athelney, the island where he lived. Athelney was made famous as the island fort in the Somerset marshes from where Alfred the Great launched his conquest of the Danes, two centuries after Æthelwine lived there. The Anglo-Saxon name of Athelney isle was \"Æðelinga íeg\", thought to mean the \"Island of Princes\" (æðeling) and as it had this name prior to Alfred it is possible that it derived from Æthelwine, or that it was an established royal residence, fort or refuge of some type. To give thanks for his victory, Alfred founded on the Isle in 888 AD, a monastery, Athelney Abbey.", "House of Wessex family tree", "Lyng and Athelney by Miranda Richardson.\nStowe MS 944, British Library\nG. Hickes, Dissertatio Epistolaris in Linguarum veterum septentrionalium thesaurus grammatico-criticus et archeologicus (Oxford, 1703), p115.\nThe Oxford Dictionary of Saints, Oxford University Press.\n\"Saint Egelwine of Athelney\". 23 November 2012.\nWilliam of Malmesbury Gesta Pontificum Anglorum ii.92.3\n\"Æthelwine 1\". Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England.\n'Houses of Benedictine monks: The abbey of Athelney', A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 2 (1911), pp. 99-103.", "Æthelwine 1 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England" ]

[ "Æthelwine of Athelney", "Personal life", "Etymology of his Name", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2409, 2410 ]

[ 12794, 12795, 12796, 12797 ]

[ "Page from the will of Alfred the Great. The top part, above the 'I', is the end of the preamble describing his councillors' support against his nephews at Langandene. The will itself starts below the 'I'.", "Coin of \"Alwaldus\" (Æthelwold)" ]

[ 2, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Alfred_the_Great%27s_will.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Coin_of_%C3%86thelwold_%C3%A6theling.JPG" ]

[ "Æthelwold (/ˈæθəlwoʊld/) or Æthelwald (died 13 December 902) was the younger of two known sons of Æthelred I, King of Wessex from 865 to 871. Æthelwold and his brother Æthelhelm were still infants when their father the king died while fighting a Danish Viking invasion. The throne passed to the king's younger brother (Æthelwold's uncle) Alfred the Great, who carried on the war against the Vikings and won a crucial victory at the Battle of Edington in 878.\nAfter Alfred's death in 899, Æthelwold disputed the throne with Alfred's son, Edward the Elder. As senior ætheling (prince of the royal dynasty eligible for kingship), Æthelwold had a strong claim to the throne. He attempted to raise an army to support his claim, but was unable to get sufficient support to meet Edward in battle and fled to Viking-controlled Northumbria, where he was accepted as king. In 901 or 902 he sailed with a fleet to Essex, where he was also accepted as king.\nThe following year Æthelwold persuaded the East Anglian Danes to attack Edward's territory in Wessex and Mercia. Edward retaliated with a raid on East Anglia, and when he withdrew the men of Kent lingered and met the East Anglian Danes at an unknown location in the Battle of the Holme on 13 December 902. The Danes were victorious but suffered heavy losses, including the death of Æthelwold, which ended the challenge to Edward's rule.", "In the eighth century, Mercia was the most powerful kingdom in southern England, but in the early ninth Wessex became dominant. In the 820s King Egbert of Wessex conquered south-east England (Kent, Surrey, Sussex and Essex). His reign saw the beginning of Viking attacks, but Egbert and his son Æthelwulf, who succeeded in 839, were able to resist them. Æthelwulf died in 858, and he was followed by four sons in succession. King Æthelbald died in 860, and King Æthelberht in 865; Æthelwold's father, Æthelred, then succeeded to the throne. In the same year the Viking Great Heathen Army invaded England. Within five years they had conquered Northumbria and East Anglia, and forced Mercia to buy them off. In late 870 the Vikings invaded Wessex, and in early 871 they fought armies under Æthelred and Alfred in four battles in quick succession, the last two of which Wessex lost. Æthelred died shortly after Easter that year, leaving young sons. Primogeniture was not established in this period, and it was believed that kings should be adults, so he was succeeded by his younger brother Alfred.\nBy 878 the Vikings had seized eastern Mercia and nearly conquered Wessex, and Alfred was reduced to being a fugitive in the Somerset marshes, but he fought back and won the Battle of Edington. This was followed by a period of peace, and in the late 880s Alfred concluded a treaty with Guthrum, king of the East Anglian Vikings, setting the boundary between Wessex and English Mercia on the one hand, and the Danelaw on the other. Further Viking assaults in the mid 890s were unsuccessful.", "Very little is known of Æthelwold's immediate family. His father, Æthelred, was born in about 848 and died in 871, so his sons must have been young children when he died. Æthelred's wife was probably the Wulfthryth who witnessed a charter as regina in 868. Æthelwold and his older brother Æthelhelm are first recorded in King Alfred's will in the 880s. Æthelhelm is not heard of again, and he probably died soon afterwards. The only other record of Æthelwold before Alfred's death is as a witness to a charter that probably dates to the 890s.\nAfter King Æthelred's death in 871, his sons' supporters complained about Alfred keeping property that should have belonged to his nephews. Alfred justified his conduct in a preamble to his will, which probably dates to the 880s. One of Alfred's biographers, Richard Abels, describes the text as \"rather tendentious\", and another, Alfred P. Smyth, as \"ambiguous and vague – and deliberately so\". Patrick Wormald views the will as \"one of the seminal documents of pre-Conquest history, and like many such not easily understood.\"\nThe dispute concerned property bequeathed in the will of Alfred's father, Æthelwulf. This does not survive, but Alfred described some of its provisions in a preamble to his own will. Æthelwulf had left property jointly to three of his four surviving sons, Æthelbald, Æthelred and Alfred, stipulating that all of it was to be inherited by the brother who lived the longest. When Æthelred inherited the throne in 865, Alfred asked for the property to be divided between them. Æthelred refused, offering instead to leave it to Alfred on his death, together with any further property he acquired, and Alfred agreed. The Viking invasion of Wessex, and the need to provide for their children, led to a revision of the terms. Under an agreement in late 870 or early 871, the survivor was still to keep the property bequeathed jointly to the three brothers, but he would give his brother's children any lands which he had received separately from his father, and any he had acquired later.\nIn the preamble to his will, Alfred stated:\nWhen we now heard many disputes about the inheritance, I brought King Æthelwulf's will to our assembly at Langandene, and it was read before all the councillors of the West Saxons. When it had been read, I urged them all for love of me – and gave them my pledge that I would never bear a grudge against any one of them because they declared what was right – that none of them would hesitate, either for love or fear of me, to expound the common law, lest any man should say that I had treated my young kinsmen wrongfully, the older or the younger. And then they all pronounced what was right, and said that they could not conceive any juster title, nor could they find one in the will. \"Now everything has come into your possession, and you may bequeath it or give it into the hand of kinsman or stranger, whichever you prefer.\"\nHistorians have taken differing views of Æthelwulf's will. The historians Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge suggest that Æthelwulf's other surviving son, Æthelberht, was excluded from the arrangement because he was provided for separately in the eastern kingdom (the recently conquered south-east England), where he acted as king in 855 and 856; it was probably intended that he should establish a separate dynasty there. The bequest to the three brothers would only have covered part of Æthelwulf's property. The transmission of folkland was governed by customary law, and another portion was reserved for the holder of the office of king. Keynes and Lapidge argue that Æthelwulf clearly intended that his personal property should be preserved intact, and it seems to have been considered desirable that this should be held by the reigning king, so it is likely that he intended the kingship of western Wessex to be inherited by the survivor of the three brothers. This plan was abandoned when Æthelbald died in 860 and the kingdom was reunited under Æthelberht, and Æthelred's confirmation of the arrangement when he acceded in 865 recognised Alfred as heir apparent.\nAnn Williams comments: \"Æthelred virtually disinherits his children in favour of Alfred's in the event of his own previous death, at least in respect of the lion's share of the inheritance and therefore the kingship. This is in fact exactly what happened, and Æthelred's sons were not pleased at the outcome.\" In his Life of Alfred, written in 893, Asser states three times that Alfred was Æthelred's secundarius (heir apparent), an emphasis that in Ryan Lavelle's view \"reflects sensitivity on the subject of Alfred's succession\".\nSmyth argues, however, that it is unlikely that Æthelwulf intended to divide his kingdom, or that the kingship of Wessex should be inherited by the surviving brother; the joint property was probably provision for his youngest sons at a time when they appeared very unlikely to succeed to the kingship, with Æthelbald included as a residual beneficiary in case both of them died young. D. P. Kirby argues that it cannot be assumed that the disputed lands represented the greater part of the royal estates; he believes that Æthelwulf did intend to divide his kingdom, but also that it is unlikely he intended the surviving son to inherit the kingship: \"Such an arrangement would have led to fratricidal strife. With three older brothers, Alfred's chances of reaching adulthood would, one feels, have been minimal.\"\nIn his own will, Alfred left the bulk of his property to Edward, while Æthelhelm was left eight estates, and Æthelwold only three (at Godalming and Guildford in Surrey, and Steyning in Sussex), all in the less important eastern part of the kingdom. The largest of these was Steyning, Æthelwulf's original burial place; in Patrick Wormald's view, Alfred may have moved the body to Winchester because he was required to give the estate to Æthelwold under his agreement with Æthelred, and he did not want his nephew to have the prestige of owning his grandfather's grave. Keynes and Lapidge comment: \"If only to judge from the relatively small number of estates he received, Æthelwold in particular would have had cause to be aggrieved by this allocation of property, and his resentment is shown by his rebellion against Edward soon after Alfred's death.\" Smyth argues that the meeting of the king's council, the witan, was bound to support him:\nAlfred, by [c.885] in full control of Wessex and at the height of his power, was clearly bent on trying to settle the kingship on his son, Edward, to the exclusion of his brother Æthelred's heirs. That kingship was never in Alfred's gift, but clearly the greater amount of landed wealth he could entail on Edward, the stronger he made that son's position in any future contest for the kingship. We must, therefore, treat anything he tells us of the terms of the disputed inheritance of his rival nephews with the utmost caution, if not scepticism. The support which Alfred tells us he received from the witan counts for little. As king, Alfred controlled immense patronage in relation to his thegns, who stood to benefit from backing their lord against claims which his nephews made on his property. It is significant that the case ever came before the witan at all. That it did, suggests that Æthelhelm and Æthelwold were by then young men who commanded some independent support and sympathy in Wessex.\nIn Abels' view, Æthelred's sons attempted to shame Alfred into handing over the lands they claimed so as to strengthen their position in the inevitable battle that would break out over the succession when Alfred died, and the Langandene assembly was Alfred's riposte.\nAlfred also assisted his own son by promoting men who could be relied on to support him, and by giving him opportunities for command in battle once he was old enough. In the view of Barbara Yorke, the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which magnified Alfred's achievements, may have been partly intended to strengthen the case for the succession of his own descendants. However, Yorke also argues that Æthelwold's position was not fatally undermined by Alfred's will. His mother had witnessed a charter as regina, whereas Alfred followed West Saxon tradition in refusing to have his wife consecrated as queen, and Æthelwold's status as the son of a queen may have given him an advantage over Edward. Æthelwold was still the senior ætheling, and the only surviving charter he witnessed shows both him and Edward as filius regis (son of a king), but lists Æthelwold above Edward, implying that he ranked above him.", "After Alfred's death in 899, Æthelwold made a bid for the throne. Janet Nelson comments that \"in the eyes of many Englishmen as well as Scandinavians this ætheling had claims stronger than Edward's own.\" According to the 'A' version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Æthelwold abducted a nun from her convent without the permission of King Edward and against the command of the bishop. Her identity is not known, but it must have been intended to strengthen his claim, and in the view of the historian Pauline Stafford, the Chronicle's account is biased in favour of Edward and might have been intended to delegitimise a politically important marriage. Æthelwold took her to the royal manors of Twynham (now Christchurch) and then Wimborne Minster, symbolically important as his father's burial place, and declared that \"he would live or die there\". Lavelle sees Wimborne as strategically significant, close to Roman roads to Dorchester and Salisbury, and at a crossing point of the rivers Allen and Stour; it was the southernmost point for control of access to western Wessex and Æthelwold may have intended a division of the kingdom.\nHowever, when Edward's army approached and camped at Badbury Rings, an Iron Age hill fort four miles west of Wimborne, Æthelwold was unable to gain sufficient support to meet them in battle. Leaving behind his consort, he fled to the Danes of Northumbria, who accepted him as king. Northumbrian coins were issued at this time in the name of a king called 'Alwaldus', who is thought to have been Æthelwold. Norse sagas record traditions of a Danish king Knútr, who briefly ruled Northumbria around 900. He is said to have been at first repulsed by an English king called Adalbrigt north of Cleveland, but then to have defeated him at Scarborough. In 1987, Smyth suggested that Adalbrigt could have been Æthelwold, but in 1995 Smyth put forward the alternative idea that the Northumbrian Danes accepted Æthelwold's claim to be king of the West Saxons rather than taking him as their own king.\nÆthelwold's reign in Northumbria was short, in David Rollason's view because Æthelwold saw it only as a base for gaining power in Wessex. In 901 or 902 he sailed with a fleet to Essex, where Rollason states that he was accepted as king by the local Vikings. However, David Dumville points out that in the next year Æthelwold persuaded the Danes in East Anglia to wage war against Edward, and Dumville argues that it is unlikely that there was an unknown separate Viking army in Essex. In his view Æthelwold was aiming to secure recognition in part of the kingdom of Wessex in order to strengthen his claim to the throne, and he succeeded in gaining the submission of the English rulers of Essex.\nThe East Anglian Danes joined Æthelwold in a raid on Mercia, reaching as far as the fortified burh at Cricklade on the border with Wessex. He then crossed the Thames into Wessex itself to raid Braydon. Edward retaliated by ravaging Danish East Anglia, but he withdrew without engaging Æthelwold in battle. The men of Kent lingered, although according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Edward sent seven messengers to recall them. The Danes caught up with the men of Kent to fight the Battle of the Holme. Its location is unknown but may be Holme in Cambridgeshire. The Danes were victorious but suffered heavy losses. Æthelwold was among the leaders on the Danish side who were killed, together with Eohric, the Viking king of East Anglia, two holds (Danish noblemen), Ysopa and Oscetel, and Beorhtsige, son of the ætheling Beornoth, who was probably a kinsman of the former king of Mercia, Burgred. Kentish losses included their two ealdormen, Sigewulf and Sigehelm, and an Abbot Cenwulf.\nThe achievement of the Kentish contingent put Edward's failure to engage the Danes with his whole army in a poor light. In Cyril Hart's view: \"Undoubtedly there were recriminations, which appear to have continued to threaten Edward's authority for some considerable period, especially in Kent; witness the Wessex chronicler's anxiety to find excuses for Edward's failure to support the Kentish contingent.\" Edward was later to marry Sigehelm's daughter, Eadgifu, and Hart thinks that this may have been designed to placate his Kentish subjects.\nThe various texts of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle give different versions of the revolt. Hart states: \"The oldest and more authoritative is preserved in the 'B' text of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (supported in its essentials by the Latin East Anglian Chronicle); the official version in the 'A' text is clearly a late revision, intended to justify King Edward's position and to reinforce his authority.\" 'B' describes Æthelwold as an ætheling, indicating the legitimacy of his claim for the kingship, a description omitted in 'A'. 'A' says that he took possession of Wimborne and Twinham without the permission of the king and his councillors, 'B' against their will. 'B' says that Æthelwold \"rode away by night\" from Wimborne; 'A' reads \"stole away\". According to 'B', the Northumbrian Danes accepted Æthelwold as their king, and gave allegiance to him, but this is omitted in 'A'. However, none of the texts describe him as an ætheling after his flight to Northumbria, showing that his actions were no longer thought to have a claim to legitimacy. In the view of Scott Thompson Smith, the dispute was over property as well as kingship, and the Chronicle presents Edward as the successful protector of family property against outside interests.", "According to the historian Martin Ryan:\nWhat is striking about Æthelwold's \"rebellion\" is the level and range of support he was able to draw on: he could call on allies from Wessex, Northumbria, East Anglia and, probably, Mercia and Essex. For a time Æthelwold had a claim to be the most powerful ruler in England. Edward's apparent reluctance to engage him in battle may have been well founded.\nIn the view of James Campbell, the bias in the sources has led historians to see Æthelwold's rebellion as a \"somewhat odd episode\", but he had a justifiable claim to the kingship, and he was nearly successful; if he had not been killed at the Holme, he might have united England with much less warfare than ultimately proved to be necessary. \"Had it not been for the chances of battle and war Æthelwold might very well have been regarded as one of the greatest figures in our island's story\". Lavelle argues that \"it is important to acknowledge the audacity of Æthelwold's actions\" and that he \"well deserves to be ranked amongst the 'Nearly Men' of early Medieval Europe\". The twelfth-century Annals of St Neots called him \"king of the pagans\".\nIt is not known whether he had any descendants, but the chronicler Æthelweard was a great-great-grandson of King Æthelred, and this may have been through Æthelwold. Shashi Jayakumar suggests the rivalry between King Eadwig and his younger brother Edgar in the 950s dates back to the conflict which resulted in the Battle of the Holme. Eadwig's wife, Ælfgifu, was probably Æthelweard's sister, and one of Eadwig's supporters, Byrhtnoth, may have been descended from the Mercian royal family through the ætheling Beorhtnoth, whose son Byrhtsige died fighting on Æthelwold's side at the Holme. Opponents of Eadwig included his grandmother, Eadgifu, and Eadwig confiscated her property. In Jayakumar's view: \"The emergence of Ælfgifu, descendant of the ætheling Æthelwold, did not just threaten Edgar's position, it represented a revanche to a line and lineage with royal claims of its own ... The ancestors of Byrhtnoth and Æthelweard had in all likelihood fought together with Æthelwold on the Danish side at the Battle of the Holme, the opposite side to that which Eadgifu's father Sigehelm had fought for.\" The marriage between Eadwig and Ælfgifu was dissolved on the grounds of consanguinity, and Edgar succeeded to the throne when Eadwig died without leaving children. In the view of Nick Higham, Æthelweard shows a \"lack of empathy\" for Edward in his chronicle, which Higham attributes to Edward's victory over Æthelweard's ancestor. Æthelweard was Ealdorman of the Western Provinces in the late tenth century, showing that Æthelred's descendants held on to land and power in the century after his death. Æthelweard's grandson, Æthelnoth, was an eleventh-century archbishop of Canterbury.", "Sean Miller dates Æthelwold's death at the Battle of the Holme as 13 December 902. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle gives it as late 902 (in the Chronicle for 903 but according to a calendar which starts the year in the previous September). Æthelweard's Chronicon dates it 8 December. Cyril Hart thinks it unlikely that the battle took place so late in the year as that would mean he invaded Mercia and Wessex in the autumn; he thinks the spring of 903 is more probable. Some historians, including Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge, give the date as 902, while others, such as Ann Williams, show it as 903. \nAccording to Sean Miller, Æthelred was perhaps a year or so older than Alfred, who was born in 849.\nÆthelwold is often described as Æthelred's elder son, but according to Barbara Yorke his brother Æthelhelm was the elder. Æthelhelm is listed above Æthelwold in Alfred's will. Æthelwold may have had another older brother called Oswald (or Osweald), who witnessed charters as filius regis (a king's son) in 868 and 875.\nAlfred had made an earlier will, and it is possible that the preamble was retained from the earlier one.\nIt is not known where Langandene is. It may be in Devon.\nÆthelwulf had five sons, but the eldest, Æthelstan, had already died when Æthelwulf drew up his will.\nAbels and Smyth date the Langandene assembly to the mid-880s, when Æthelred's children would have been adolescents. Janet Nelson believes that it took place immediately after Alfred became king, and that Ealdorman Wulfhere, who lost his office and inheritance for deserting the king, probably in 878, may have been a maternal uncle of Alfred's nephews and a supporter of theirs at Langandene. Barbara Yorke suggests that when Alfred was at the lowest point in his fortunes Wulfhere may have negotiated with the Viking leader for his support to make Æthelhelm (Æthelred's elder son) king.\nThe twelfth-century chronicler John of Worcester stated that she was a nun of Wimborne. Alex Woolf suggests she may have been Alfred's daughter Æthelgifu, abbess of Shaftesbury, but Ryan Lavelle thinks it unlikely that Æthelwold's route would have taken him through Shaftesbury. \nWimborne Minster may have been suppressed as a result of its association with Æthelwold's lineage. \nFrank Stenton regarded Æthelwold's acceptance as king of the Northumbrian Danes as unlikely, and the identification of the Northumbrian coins with Æthelwold as unsafe, but the view that he was accepted as Northumbrian king has been supported by Keynes and Lapidge, and the coin identification by the numismatist C. E. Blunt.", "Miller 2004b.\nHart 1992, pp. 26, n. 2, 514, n. 8.\nKeynes and Lapidge 1983, p. 292, n. 11.\nWilliams 1991a.\nEdwards 2004; Nelson 2004.\nMiller 2004a.\nWilliams 1979, pp. 145–46.\nKeynes and Lapidge 1983, pp. 18–43, 311.\nYorke 2001, p. 35.\nYorke 2001, pp. 30–31.\nKeynes and Lapidge 1983, p. 177.\nDumville 1979, p. 11.\nLavelle 2009, p. 56; Æthelwald & PASE; S 356 & Sawyer.\nKeynes and Lapidge 1983, p. 175.\nKeynes and Lapidge 1983, pp. 173–74.\nAbels 1998, p. 179.\nSmyth 1995, p. 417.\nWormald 2001, p. 264.\nKeynes and Lapidge 1983, pp. 173–75, 315–16; Wormald 2001, pp. 268–70.\nKeynes and Lapidge 1983, p. 316, n. 13.\nKeynes and Lapidge 1983, pp. 16, 314, n. 3; Abels 2002, pp. 88–92.\nWilliams 1979, p. 147.\nKeynes and Lapidge 1983, p. 53; Lavelle 2009, p. 55.\nKirby 2000, pp. 167–69.\nWormald 2001, p. 270; Lavelle 2009, pp. 58–59.\nYorke 2001, pp. 29–31, 37; Keynes and Lapidge 1983, pp. 173, 177, 322.\nSmyth 1995, pp. 418–19.\nNelson 1986, pp. 53–55.\nYorke 2001, pp. 35–36.\nYorke 2001, pp. 31–35.\nYorke 1995, p. 105.\nYorke 2001, p. 31; Keynes and Lapidge 1983, pp. 235–36, n. 28.\nNelson 2008, p. 122.\nLavelle 2009, pp. 62–63, n. 48; Woolf 2001, p. 99.\nWoolf 2001, pp. 98–99.\nStafford 2008, p. 110.\nThacker 2001, p. 252.\nAbels 1988, p. 81.\nLavelle 2009, p. 68.\nCampbell 2001, p. 21; Lavelle 2009, p. 77; Woolf 2001, pp. 98–99; Williams 1991a.\nBlunt 1985, pp. 192–94.\nStenton 1971, p. 322, n. 2.\nSmyth 1987, pp. 47–52.\nSmyth 1995, p. 436.\nRollason 2003, pp. 216–17; Campbell 2001, p. 21.\nDumville 1992, p. 10.\nMiller 2004b; Hart 1992, pp. 513–15; Smyth 1995, p. 136; Lavelle 2009, pp. 78–79.\nCampbell 2001, p. 21.\nWilliams 1991b.\nHart 1992, pp. 514–15.\nHart 1992, p. 515.\nHart 1992, p. 512; Smith 2012, p. 159.\nLavelle 2009, p. 73.\nSmith 2012, pp. 159–60.\nRyan 2013, p. 297.\nCampbell 2001, pp. 21–22.\nLavelle 2009, p. 79.\nYorke 2001, p. 31.\nJayakumar 2008, pp. 86–89; Yorke 1988, pp. 76–79.\nHigham 2001, pp. 5–6.\nSmyth 1995, p. 196.\nMason 2004.", "\"Æthelwald 35 (Male) Ætheling, cousin of Edward 2, d.902\". Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England (PASE). Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014.\nAbels, Richard (1988). Lordship and Military Obligation in Anglo-Saxon England. Berkeley, USA: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-05794-5.\nAbels, Richard (1998). Alfred the Great: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England. Harlow, UK: Longman. ISBN 0-582-04047-7.\nAbels, Richard (2002). \"Royal Succession and the Growth of Political Stability in Ninth-Century Wessex\". The Haskins Society Journal: Studies in Medieval History. Boydell & Brewer. 12. ISBN 1-84383-008-6.\nBlunt, C. E. (1985). \"Northumbrian Coins in the Name of Alwaldus\" (PDF). British Numismatic Journal. British Numismatic Society (55): 192–4. ISSN 0143-8956., cited in British and Irish Archaeological Bibliography\nCampbell, James (2001). \"What is Not Known about the reign of Edward the Elder\". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). Edward the Elder 899–924. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-21497-1.\nDumville, David (1979). \"The ætheling: a study in Anglo-Saxon constitutional history\". Anglo-Saxon England. Cambridge University Press. 8 (8): 1–33. doi:10.1017/S026367510000301X. ISSN 0263-6751.\nDumville, David (1992). Wessex and England from Alfred to Edgar. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-308-9.\nEdwards, Heather (2004). \"Ecgberht [Egbert] (d. 839), king of the West Saxons\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8581. Retrieved 16 October 2013. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nHart, Cyril (1992). The Danelaw. London, UK: The Hambledon Press. ISBN 1-85285-044-2.\nHigham, Nick (2001). \"Edward the Elder's reputation\". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). Edward the Elder 899–924. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-21497-1.\nJayakumar, Shashi (2008). \"Eadwig and Edgar: Politics, Propaganda, Faction\". In Scragg, Donald (ed.). Edgar, King of the English, 959–975. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-928-6.\nKeynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael, eds. (1983). Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and Other Contemporary Sources. London, UK: Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-044409-4.\nKirby, D. P. (2000). The Earliest English Kings (Revised ed.). London, UK: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-24211-8.\nLavelle, Ryan (2009). \"The Politics of Rebellion: The Ætheling Æthelwold and the West Saxon Royal Succession, 899–902\". In Skinner, Patricia (ed.). Challenging the Boundaries of Medieval History: The Legacy of Timothy Reuter. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. ISBN 978-2-503-52359-0.\nMason, Emma (2004). \"Æthelnoth (d. 1038), Archbishop of Canterbury\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8912. Retrieved 5 May 2014. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nMiller, Sean (2004a). \"Æthelred I [Ethelred I] (d. 871), King of the West Saxons\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8913. Retrieved 24 March 2014. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nMiller, Sean (2004b). \"Edward (called Edward the Elder) (870s?–924), King of the Anglo-Saxons\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8514. Retrieved 16 July 2012. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nNelson, Janet L. (1986). \"'A King Across the Sea: Alfred in Continental Perspective\". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 5th. Cambridge University Press. 36: 45–68. doi:10.2307/3679059. ISSN 0080-4401. JSTOR 3679059.\nNelson, Janet L. (2004). \"Æthelwulf (d. 858), King of the West Saxons\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8921. Retrieved 16 October 2013. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nNelson, Janet (2008). \"The First Use of the Second Anglo-Saxon Ordo\". In Barrow, Julia; Wareham, Andrew (eds.). Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8.\nRollason, David (2003). Northumbria 500–1100: Creation and Destruction of a Kingdom. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81335-2.\nRyan, Martin J. (2013). \"Conquest, Reform and the Making of England\". In Higham, Nicholas J.; Ryan, Martin J. (eds.). The Anglo-Saxon World. New Haven, USA: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12534-4.\n\"S 356\". The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters. Retrieved 10 June 2014.\nSmith, Scott Thompson (2012). Land and Book: Literature and Land Tenure in Anglo-Saxon England. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-4486-1.\nSmyth, Alfred P. (1987). Scandinavian York and Dublin. Vol. 1. Dublin, Ireland: Irish Academic Press. ISBN 0-7165-2365-5.\nSmyth, Alfred P. (1995). King Alfred the Great. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822989-5.\nStafford, Pauline (2008). \"'The Annals of Æthelflæd': Annals, History and Politics in Early Tenth-Century England\". In Barrow, Julia; Wareham, Andrew (eds.). Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8.\nStenton, Frank M. (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5.\nThacker, Alan (2001). \"Dynastic Monasteries and Family Cults: Edward the Elder's Sainted Kindred\". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). Edward the Elder 899–924. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-21497-1.\nWilliams, Ann (1979). Brown, R. Allen (ed.). \"Some Notes and Considerations on Problems Connected with the English Royal Succession 860–1066\". Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies. The Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-107-8.\nWilliams, Ann (1991a). \"Æthelwold Ætheling d. 903\". In Williams, Ann; Smyth, Alfred P.; Kirby, D. P. (eds.). A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain. London, UK: Seaby. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-85264-047-7.\nWilliams, Ann (1991b). \"Burgred King of Mercia 852–874\". In Williams, Ann; Smyth, Alfred P.; Kirby, D. P. (eds.). A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain. London, UK: Seaby. pp. 68–69. ISBN 978-1-85264-047-7.\nWoolf, Alex (2001). \"View from the West: An Irish Perspective\". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). Edward the Elder 899–924. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-21497-1.\nWormald, Patrick (2001). \"Kingship and Royal Property from Æthelwulf to Edward the Elder\". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). Edward the Elder 899–924. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-21497-1.\nYorke, Barbara (1988). \"Æthelwold and the Politics of the Tenth Century\". In Yorke, Barbara (ed.). Bishop Æthelwold: His Career and Influence. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. ISBN 978-0-85115-705-4.\nYorke, Barbara (1995). Wessex in the Early Middle Ages. London, UK: Leicester University Press. ISBN 0-7185-1856-X.\nYorke, Barbara (2001). \"Edward as Ætheling\". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). Edward the Elder 899–924. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-21497-1." ]

[ "Æthelwold ætheling", "Background", "Early life", "Æthelwold's Revolt", "Legacy", "Notes", "Citations", "Sources" ]

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[ "Inner Farne Island", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Inner_Farne_Wide_View.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Saint-stub-icon.jpg" ]

[ "Saint Æthelwold of Farne (also spelled Aethelwald, Ethilwold, etc.) was a late 7th-century hermit who lived on Inner Farne, off the coast of the English county of Northumberland.\nLittle is known about this man, apart from what is recorded in the writings of the Venerable Bede. Æthelwold was both a priest and a monk from Ripon Abbey. Being desirous of some solitude, he succeeded to the tiny hermitage of Saint Cuthbert on Farne, after the latter's death in 687. He, however, found it so drafty that he was obliged to make much needed repairs using a calfskin. The best-known story about Æthelwold, relates how the future Abbot Guthrid visited him on his island with two Lindisfarne monks and, on his journey home, was saved from shipwreck by the saint's prayers. Æthelwold died on 23 March (which is his feast day) 699 (not 720 as is sometimes stated). He was buried with Cuthbert and, like him, was eventually enshrined in Durham Cathedral. He should not be confused with his near contemporary, Saint Æthelwold of Lindisfarne.", "Farmer, David Hugh. (1978). The Oxford Dictionary of Saints. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\nSpecific\n\"Blog Archive » Saint Ethelwald of Farne\". CatholicSaints.Info. 30 March 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2020.", "Æthelwald 8 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England\nNewman Reader: History of St. Edelwald" ]

[ "Æthelwold (hermit)", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "King Edgar seated between St. Æthelwold, Bishop of Winchester, and St. Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury. From an eleventh-century manuscript of the Regularis Concordia.", "The Entry into Jerusalem from the Benedictional of Saint Æthelwold (British Library)" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Edgar_in_Regularis_Concordia.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/The_Entry_into_Jerusalem_-_Benedictional_of_St._Aethelwold_%28971-984%29%2C_f.45v_-_BL_Add_MS_49598.jpg" ]

[ "Æthelwold of Winchester (also Aethelwold and Ethelwold, 904/9 – 984) was Bishop of Winchester from 963 to 984 and one of the leaders of the tenth-century monastic reform movement in Anglo-Saxon England.\nMonastic life had declined to a low ebb in England in the ninth century, partly because of the ravages caused by Viking attacks, and partly because of a preference for secular clergy, who were cheaper and were thought to serve the spiritual needs of the laity better. Kings from Alfred the Great onwards took an interest in the Benedictine rule, but it was only in the middle of the tenth century that kings became ready to commit substantial funds to its support. Æthelwold became the leading propagandist for the monastic reform movement, although he made enemies by his ruthless methods, and he was more extreme in his opposition to secular clergy than his fellow reformers, Saint Dunstan and Oswald of Worcester. He is nevertheless recognised as a key figure in the reform movement, who also made a major contribution to the revival of learning and the arts. He was an important political figure, backing Æthelred the Unready against Edward the Martyr, and playing a major advisory role during Æthelred's minority.", "Æthelwold was born to noble parents in Winchester. From the late 920s he served in a secular capacity at the court of King Athelstan, and according to Æthelwold's biographer, Wulfstan, \"he spent a long time in the royal burh there as the king's inseparable companion, learning much from the king's witan that was useful and profitable to him\". The king arranged for him to be ordained a priest by Ælfheah the Bald, Bishop of Winchester, on the same day as Saint Dunstan. After a period in the late 930s studying under Ælfheah at Winchester, Æthelwold moved to Glastonbury Abbey, where Dunstan had been made abbot. Here Æthelwold studied grammar, metrics and patristics, subsequently being made dean. During the reign of King Eadred (946–955), Æthelwold wished to travel to Europe to learn more about the monastic life, but Eadred refused permission, and instead appointed him abbot of the former monastic site of Abingdon Abbey, which was then served by secular priests. The years he spent in Abingdon were extremely productive, and he undertook the building of a church, the rebuilding of the cloister and the establishment at Abingdon of the Benedictine Rule.\nWhen Eadred died, he was succeeded by his nephew, Eadwig, who drove Eadred's chief advisor, Dunstan, into exile. However, Æthelwold attended Eadwig's court in at least some of the years of his reign, 955–59. The future King Edgar had been taught from boyhood by Æthelwold, who evidently inspired his pupil to take an interest in the rule of Saint Benedict. When Eadwig died, Æthelwold naturally backed Edgar's succession. He seems to have been in the personal service of King Edgar in 960–963, as he wrote many of the charters of this period.", "On 29 November 963, Æthelwold was consecrated Bishop of Winchester, and the following year, with the connivance of King Edgar and the support of an armed force led by a royal official, he had the clerics of the Winchester Old and New Minsters expelled and replaced by monks from Abingdon. The king had sought the permission of the pope for the expulsion the previous autumn. Between 964 and 971, Æthelwold refounded monasteries at Chertsey, Milton Abbas, Peterborough, Ely and Thorney, and the Nunnaminster nunnery in Winchester. He was also zealous in recovering land which he believed had once belonged to religious communities and subsequently been alienated, and if necessary charters were forged to prove claims to title.\nÆthelwold was one of the principal advocates for the Benedictine reform movement during Edgar's reign, the author of all the major works of propaganda produced in England. He had the strong support of Edgar and his wife, Ælfthryth, and his works emphasise the role of Edgar, who he saw as Christ's representative, in restoring the monasteries. He envisaged a major role for Edgar in supervising monasteries, and for Queen Ælthryth supervising Benedictine nunneries. However, he was more extreme in his espousal of monasticism than Dunstan and Oswald, the other great leaders of monasticism in the reign of King Edgar. They followed continental practice in maintaining both monks and secular priests in their households, and did not follow Æthelwold in his dramatic expulsions of secular clerks and replacement by monks. Æthelwold links the terms 'filth' and 'clergy' several times in his writings, regarding them (like other Benedictines) as impure and unfit to serve altars or engage in any form of divine service, because many of them were married and they did not follow a monastic rule.\nTo Æthelwold's admirers, the epithets \"father of monks\" and \"benevolent bishop\" summarize his character as reformer and friend of Christ's poor; though he suffered much from ill-health, his life as scholar, teacher, prelate and Royal counsellor was ever austere, and he was said to be \"terrible as a lion\" to the rebellious, yet \"gentler than a dove\" to the meek. He is said to have written a treatise on the circle and to have compiled the \"Regularis Concordia\".\nThe Benedictines were greatly superior to the secular clergy in their learning and their schools. Æthelwold personally taught the older pupils at Winchester, and their works show that they regarded him with great respect and affection. His surviving works in both Latin and Old English show that he was a great scholar, and his vernacular writings are believed to have played an important role in the development of Standard Old English. Some of the wealth he accumulated was used to rebuild churches, and he was also a major patron of ecclesiastical art, although unfortunately none of his works survive, and only written accounts remain. The artistic workshops he established continued to be influential after his death, both at home and abroad.\nA century later Æthelwold had acquired a great reputation as a goldsmith, and was credited with the production of a range of metal objects at Abingdon, including many figures and objects in precious metal, bells and even a pipe organ. While his later, disreputable successor at Abingdon Spearhafoc clearly was, like Dunstan, a significant artist, that Wulfstan's contemporary Life of Æthelwold mentions him undertaking other forms of manual work, in the gardens and in building, but nothing about metalwork, suggests this legend was a later elaboration, though one that shows the high status of goldsmithing at the time. Æthelwold was certainly bishop during the period when the Winchester school of manuscript illumination reached its peak, and the most important surviving manuscript of the school, the Benedictional of Saint Æthelwold (British Library), was commissioned by him. He also rebuilt the Old Minster at Winchester, completed in 980.", "Æthelwold also played an important political role. When the succession became an issue late in Edgar's reign, Æthelwold supported the claim of Æthelred, the son of his major patron, Ælfthryth, whereas Dunstan and Oswald appear to have supported Edgar's son by an earlier wife, Edward the Martyr, who succeeded to the throne. After Edward was murdered in 978, Æthelwold seems to have played a major advisory role in Æthelred's minority. It is significant that it was only after Æthelwold's death in 984 that Æthelred started acting against the interests of some of the reformed monastic houses. One victim was Abingdon Abbey, and in a charter restoring its privileges in 993 the king acknowledged that Æthelwold's passing had deprived the country \"of one whose industry and pastoral care ministered not only to my interest but also to that of all the inhabitants of the country.\"", "Æthelwold died on 1 August 984 at Beddington in Surrey. He was buried in the crypt of the Old Minster at Winchester, but twelve years later Ælfhelm, a citizen of Wallingford, claimed to have been cured of blindness by visiting Æthelwold's tomb. This was taken as the necessary sign for his formal recognition as a saint, and his body was translated from the crypt to the choir. By the 12th century, Abingdon Abbey had acquired an arm and a leg.\nOne of Æthelwold's pupils, Wulfstan of Winchester, wrote a biography which seems to have played a major role in promoting his cult, and in about 1004 Ælfric, another disciple and abbot of Eynsham, abridged Wulfstan's work in Latin and Old English. However, the Æthelwold of Wulfstan's life inspired respect rather than devotion, and his cult never seems to have achieved great popularity. Wulfstan's saint is a formidable authoritarian, who, for instance, commands a monk to show his devotion by plunging his hand into a pot of boiling stew. He has a reputation for ruthless insensitivity which is not shared by the other tenth-century monastic reformers. His importance to the reform movement has always been appreciated, but the range of his contributions to scholarship has only been recognised in recent years.\nÆthelwold's liturgical feast is kept on 1 August, or on 19 May in the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter.", "Catholic Online Saints and Angels: St. Ethelwold\nCommemoration of Our Father among the Saints Æthelwold, Bishop of Winchester\nSt Ethelwold of Winchester and Abingdon, Abingdon blog\nHuscroft, Richard (2019). Making England 796-1042. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. p. 290. ISBN 978-1-138-18246-2.\nGransden, Antonia (1996). Historical Writing in England: c. 500 to c. 1307. Psychology Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-415-15124-5.\nYorke \"Æthelwold\"\nBarrow The Ideology of the Tenth-Century English Benedictine Reform pp. 141–154.\nQuoted in Foot, Æthelstan, p. 107\nBarrow The Ideology of the Tenth-Century English Benedictine Reform p. 145\nBarrow The Ideology of the Tenth-Century English Benedictine Reform pp. 146–150\nBarrow The Ideology of the Tenth-Century English Benedictine Reform p. 150.\nCatholic Online Saints and Angels: St. Ethelwold accessed on 5 September 2007\nWalsh A New Dictionary of Saints p. 184\nWulfstan of Winchester Life of St. Æthelwold, Lapidge, M. & Winterbottom, M. (eds.), OUP, 1991; Dodwell, Anglo-Saxon Art, pp. 49–50.\nKeynes Æthelred II\nFryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 223\nRoyal Berkshire History, Abingdon Relics\nLapidge, M. et al. (eds.), The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England, Blackwell, 2004, pp.19, 494. For Ælfric's Vita S. Æthelwoldi, see Winterbottom, M. (ed.), Three Lives of English Saints, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, Toronto, 1972, and Stevenson, J. (ed.), Chronicon Monasterii de Abingdon, Rolls Series, London, 1858, II, 255–266 (online at Google Books. Retrieved 1 March 2010).\nFarmer, David Hugh, The Oxford Dictionary of Saints, 1987, pp. 150-2, ISBN 0-19-282038-9\nDivine Worship: The Missal p. 734", "Anglo-Saxons.net Charter S567 accessed on 5 September 2007\nBarrow, Julia, The Ideology of the Tenth-Century English Benedictine 'Reform', in Patricia Skinner (ed.), Challenging the Boundaries of Medieval History: The Legacy of Timothy Reuter, 2009, Brepols, ISBN 978-2-503-52359-0\nCatholic Encyclopedia, 1909: St. Ethelwold\nRyan, Patrick W. R. (1909). \"St. Ethelwold\" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company.\nCatholic Online Saints and Angels: St. Ethelwold accessed on 5 September 2007\nDodwell, C. R. (1982). Anglo-Saxon Art: A New Perspective. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-0861-0.\nFoot, Sarah (2011) Æthelstan: The First King of England, Yale University Press\nFryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.\nLambertson, Reader Isaac. Commemoration of Our Father among the Saints Æthelwold, Bishop of Winchester\nWalsh, Michael A New Dictionary of Saints: East and West London: Burns & Oates 2007 ISBN 0-86012-438-X\nWulfstan of Winchester (1991), Life of St. Æthelwold, Lapidge, M. & Winterbottom, M. (ed. and trans.), OUP\nYorke, Barbara, Æthelwold, Online Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004", "Whitelock, Dorothy, ed. (1979) [1st edition 1955]. \"Ælfric's Life of St Æthelwold\". English Historical Documents, Volume 1, c. 500–1042. Translated by Whitelock, Dorothy (2nd ed.). London, UK: Routledge. pp. 903–11. ISBN 978-0-415-14366-0. (an abbreviation of Wulfstan's Life)\nBrowett, Rebecca (April 2016). \"The Fate of Anglo-Saxon Saints after the Norman Conquest of England: Æthelwold of Winchester as a Case Study\". History. 101 (345): 183–200. doi:10.1111/1468-229X.12231.\nYorke, Barbara, ed. (1988). Bishop Æthelwold: His Career and Influence. The Boydell Press. ISBN 978-0-85115-705-4.\nÆthelwold of Winchester, The Old English Rule of St. Benedict with Related Old English Texts, translated by Jacob Riyeff (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 2017)", "Æthelwold 1 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England" ]

[ "Æthelwold of Winchester", "Early life", "Bishop of Winchester", "Political role", "Death and reputation", "Citations", "Bibliography", "Further reading", "External links" ]

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[ 12878, 12879, 12880, 12881, 12882, 12883, 12884, 12885, 12886, 12887, 12888, 12889, 12890, 12891, 12892, 12893, 12894, 12895, 12896, 12897, 12898, 12899, 12900, 12901, 12902, 12903, 12904, 12905, 12906, 12907 ]

[ "Æthelwulf in the early fourteenth-century Genealogical Roll of the Kings of England", "Depiction of Æthelwulf in the late-13th-century Genealogical Chronicle of the English Kings", "Coin of King Æthelwulf: \"EĐELVVLF REX\", moneyer Manna, Canterbury[59]", "Charter S 316 dated 855, in which Æthelwulf granted land at Ulaham in Kent to his minister Ealdhere.[65]", "King Æthelwulf's ring", "A page from King Alfred's will" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/%C3%86thelwulf_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/%C3%86thelwulf_-_MS_Royal_14_B_V.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/%C3%86thelwulf_penny.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Charter_S_316%2C_dated_855_of_King_%C3%86thelwulf_of_Wessex.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Ethelwulf%27s_Ring_-_Illustration_from_Cassell%27s_History_of_England_-_Century_Edition_-_published_circa_1902.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Alfred_the_Great%27s_will.jpg" ]

[ "Æthelwulf ([ˈæðelwuɫf]; Old English for \"Noble Wolf\"; died 13 January 858) was King of Wessex from 839 to 858. In 825 his father, King Ecgberht, defeated King Beornwulf of Mercia, ending a long Mercian dominance over Anglo-Saxon England south of the Humber. Ecgberht sent Æthelwulf with an army to Kent, where he expelled the Mercian sub-king and was himself appointed sub-king. After 830, Ecgberht maintained good relations with Mercia, and this was continued by Æthelwulf when he became king in 839, the first son to succeed his father as West Saxon king since 641.\nThe Vikings were not a major threat to Wessex during Æthelwulf's reign. In 843, he was defeated in a battle against the Vikings at Carhampton in Somerset, but he achieved a major victory at the Battle of Aclea in 851. In 853 he joined a successful Mercian expedition to Wales to restore the traditional Mercian hegemony, and in the same year his daughter Æthelswith married King Burgred of Mercia. In 855 Æthelwulf went on pilgrimage to Rome. In preparation he gave a \"decimation\", donating a tenth of his personal property to his subjects; he appointed his eldest surviving son Æthelbald to act as King of Wessex in his absence, and his next son Æthelberht to rule Kent and the south-east. Æthelwulf spent a year in Rome, and on his way back he married Judith, the daughter of the West Frankish king Charles the Bald.\nWhen Æthelwulf returned to England, Æthelbald refused to surrender the West Saxon throne, and Æthelwulf agreed to divide the kingdom, taking the east and leaving the west in Æthelbald's hands. On Æthelwulf's death in 858 he left Wessex to Æthelbald and Kent to Æthelberht, but Æthelbald's death only two years later led to the reunification of the kingdom. In the 20th century Æthelwulf's reputation among historians was poor: he was seen as excessively pious and impractical, and his pilgrimage was viewed as a desertion of his duties. Historians in the 21st century see him very differently, as a king who consolidated and extended the power of his dynasty, commanded respect on the continent, and dealt more effectively than most of his contemporaries with Viking attacks. He is regarded as one of the most successful West Saxon kings, who laid the foundations for the success of his son, Alfred the Great.", "At the beginning of the 9th century, England was almost completely under the control of the Anglo-Saxons, with Mercia and Wessex the most important southern kingdoms. Mercia was dominant until the 820s, and it exercised overlordship over East Anglia and Kent, but Wessex was able to maintain its independence from its more powerful neighbour. Offa, king of Mercia from 757 to 796, was the dominant figure of the second half of the 8th century. King Beorhtric of Wessex (786–802), married Offa's daughter in 789. Beorhtric and Offa drove Æthelwulf's father Ecgberht into exile, and he spent several years at the court of Charlemagne in Francia. Ecgberht was the son of Ealhmund, who had briefly been King of Kent in 784. Following Offa's death, King Coenwulf of Mercia (796–821) maintained Mercian dominance, but it is uncertain whether Beorhtric ever accepted political subordination, and when he died in 802 Ecgberht became king, perhaps with the support of Charlemagne. For two hundred years three kindreds had fought for the West Saxon throne, and no son had followed his father as king. Ecgberht's best claim was that he was the great-great-grandson of Ingild, brother of King Ine (688–726), and in 802 it would have seemed very unlikely that he would establish a lasting dynasty.\nAlmost nothing is recorded of the first twenty years of Ecgberht's reign, apart from campaigns against the Cornish in the 810s. The historian Richard Abels argues that the silence of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was probably intentional, concealing Ecgberht's purge of Beorhtric's magnates and suppression of rival royal lines. Relations between Mercian kings and their Kentish subjects were distant. Kentish ealdormen did not attend the court of King Coenwulf, who quarrelled with Archbishop Wulfred of Canterbury (805–832) over the control of Kentish monasteries; Coenwulf's primary concern seems to have been to gain access to the wealth of Kent. His successors Ceolwulf I (821–23) and Beornwulf (823–26) restored relations with Archbishop Wulfred, and Beornwulf appointed a sub-king of Kent, Baldred.\nEngland had suffered Viking raids in the late 8th century, but no attacks are recorded between 794 and 835, when the Isle of Sheppey in Kent was ravaged. In 836 Ecgberht was defeated by the Vikings at Carhampton in Somerset, but in 838 he was victorious over an alliance of Cornishmen and Vikings at the Battle of Hingston Down, reducing Cornwall to the status of a client kingdom.", "Æthelwulf's father Ecgberht was king of Wessex from 802 to 839. His mother's name is unknown, and he had no recorded siblings. He is known to have had two wives in succession, and so far as is known, Osburh, the senior of the two, was the mother of all his children. She was the daughter of Oslac, described by Asser, biographer of their son Alfred the Great, as \"King Æthelwulf's famous butler\", a man who was descended from Jutes who had ruled the Isle of Wight. Æthelwulf had six known children. His eldest son, Æthelstan, was old enough to be appointed King of Kent in 839, so he must have been born by the early 820s, and he died in the early 850s. The second son, Æthelbald, is first recorded as a charter witness in 841, and if, like Alfred, he began to attest when he was around six, he would have been born around 835; he was King of Wessex from 858 to 860. Æthelwulf's third son, Æthelberht, was probably born around 839 and was king from 860 to 865. The only daughter, Æthelswith, married Burgred, King of Mercia, in 853. The other two sons were much younger: Æthelred was born around 848 and was king from 865 to 871, and Alfred was born around 849 and was king from 871 to 899. In 856 Æthelwulf married Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, King of West Francia and future Carolingian Emperor, and his wife Ermentrude. Osburh had probably died, although it is possible that she had been repudiated. There were no children from Æthelwulf's marriage to Judith, and after his death she married his eldest surviving son and successor, Æthelbald.", "Æthelwulf was first recorded in 825, when Ecgberht won the crucial Battle of Ellandun in Wiltshire against King Beornwulf of Mercia, ending the long Mercian ascendancy over southern England. Ecgberht followed it up by sending Æthelwulf with Eahlstan, Bishop of Sherborne, and Wulfheard, Ealdorman of Hampshire, with a large army into Kent to expel sub-king Baldred. Æthelwulf was descended from kings of Kent, and he was sub-king of Kent, and of Surrey, Sussex and Essex, which were then included in the sub-kingdom, until he inherited the throne of Wessex in 839. His sub-kingship is recorded in charters, in some of which King Ecgberht acted with his son's permission, such as a grant in 838 to Bishop Beornmod of Rochester, and Æthelwulf himself issued a charter as King of Kent in the same year. Unlike their Mercian predecessors, who alienated the Kentish people by ruling from a distance, Æthelwulf and his father successfully cultivated local support by governing through Kentish ealdormen and promoting their interests. In Abels' view, Ecgberht and Æthelwulf rewarded their friends and purged Mercian supporters. Historians take differing views on the attitude of the new regime to the Kentish church. At Canterbury in 828 Ecgberht granted privileges to the bishopric of Rochester, and according to the historian Simon Keynes, Ecgberht and Æthelwulf took steps to secure the support of Archbishop Wulfred. However, Nicholas Brooks argues that Wulfred's Mercian origin and connections proved a liability. Æthelwulf seized an estate in East Malling from the Canterbury church on the ground that it had only been granted by Baldred when he was in flight from the West Saxon forces; the issue of archiepiscopal coinage was suspended for several years; and the only estate Wulfred was granted after 825 he received from King Wiglaf of Mercia.\nIn 829 Ecgberht conquered Mercia, only for Wiglaf to recover his kingdom a year later. The scholar David Kirby sees Wiglaf's restoration in 830 as a dramatic reversal for Ecgberht, which was probably followed by his loss of control of the London mint and the Mercian recovery of Essex and Berkshire, and the historian Heather Edwards states that his \"immense conquest could not be maintained\". However, in the view of Keynes:\nIt is interesting ... that both Ecgberht and his son Æthelwulf appear to have respected the separate identity of Kent and its associated provinces, as if there appears to have been no plan at this stage to absorb the southeast into an enlarged kingdom stretching across the whole of southern England. Nor does it seem to have been the intention of Ecgberht and his successors to maintain supremacy of any kind over the kingdom of Mercia ... It is quite possible that Ecgberht had relinquished Mercia of his own volition; and there is no suggestion that any residual antagonism affected relations between the rulers of Wessex and Mercia thereafter.\nIn 838 King Ecgberht held an assembly at Kingston in Surrey, where Æthelwulf may have been consecrated as king by the archbishop. Ecgberht restored the East Malling estate to Wulfred's successor as Archbishop of Canterbury, Ceolnoth, in return for a promise of \"firm and unbroken friendship\" for himself and Æthelwulf and their heirs, and the same condition is specified in a grant to the see of Winchester. Ecgberht thus ensured support for Æthelwulf, who became the first son to succeed his father as West Saxon king since 641. At the same meeting Kentish monasteries chose Æthelwulf as their lord, and he undertook that, after his death, they would have freedom to elect their heads. Wulfred had devoted his archiepiscopate to fighting against secular power over Kentish monasteries, but Ceolnoth now surrendered effective control to Æthelwulf, whose offer of freedom from control after his death was unlikely to be honoured by his successors. Kentish ecclesiastics and laymen now looked for protection against Viking attacks to West Saxon rather than Mercian royal power. \nEcgberht's conquests brought him wealth far greater than his predecessors had enjoyed, and enabled him to purchase the support which secured the West Saxon throne for his descendants. The stability brought by the dynastic succession of Ecgberht and Æthelwulf led to an expansion of commercial and agrarian resources, and to an expansion of royal income. The wealth of the West Saxon kings was also increased by the agreement in 838–39 with Archbishop Ceolnoth for the previously independent West Saxon minsters to accept the king as their secular lord in return for his protection. However, there was no certainty that the hegemony of Wessex would prove more permanent than that of Mercia.", "When Æthelwulf succeeded to the throne of Wessex in 839, his experience as sub-king of Kent had given him valuable training in kingship, and he in turn made his own sons sub-kings. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, on his accession \"he gave to his son Æthelstan the kingdom of the people of Kent, and the kingdom of the East Saxons [Essex] and of the people of Surrey and of the South Saxons [Sussex]\". However, Æthelwulf did not give Æthelstan the same power as his father had given him, and although Æthelstan attested his father's charters as king, he does not appear to have been given the power to issue his own charters. Æthelwulf exercised authority in the south-east and made regular visits there. He governed Wessex and Kent as separate spheres, and assemblies in each kingdom were only attended by the nobility of that country. The historian Janet Nelson says that \"Æthelwulf ran a Carolingian-style family firm of plural realms, held together by his own authority as father-king, and by the consent of distinct élites.\" He maintained his father's policy of governing Kent through ealdormen appointed from the local nobility and advancing their interests, but gave less support to the church. In 843 Æthelwulf granted ten hides at Little Chart to Æthelmod, the brother of the leading Kentish ealdorman Ealhere, and Æthelmod succeeded to the post on his brother's death in 853. In 844 Æthelwulf granted land at Horton in Kent to Ealdorman Eadred, with permission to transfer parts of it to local landowners; in a culture of reciprocity, this created a network of mutual friendships and obligations between the beneficiaries and the king. Archbishops of Canterbury were firmly in the West Saxon king's sphere. His ealdormen enjoyed a high status, and were sometimes placed higher than the king's sons in lists of witnesses to charters. His reign is the first for which there is evidence of royal priests, and Malmesbury Abbey regarded him as an important benefactor, who is said to have been the donor of a shrine for the relics of Saint Aldhelm.\nAfter 830, Ecgberht had followed a policy of maintaining good relations with Mercia, and this was continued by Æthelwulf when he became king. London was traditionally a Mercian town, but in the 830s it was under West Saxon control; soon after Æthelwulf's accession it reverted to Mercian control. King Wiglaf of Mercia died in 839 and his successor, Berhtwulf, revived the Mercian mint in London; the two kingdoms appear to have struck a joint issue in the mid-840s, possibly indicating West Saxon help in reviving Mercian coinage, and showing the friendly relations between the two powers. Berkshire was still Mercian in 844, but by 849 it was part of Wessex, as Alfred was born in that year at the West Saxon royal estate in Wantage, then in Berkshire. However, the local Mercian ealdorman, also called Æthelwulf, retained his position under the West Saxon kings. Berhtwulf died in 852 and cooperation with Wessex continued under Burgred, his successor as King of Mercia, who married Æthelwulf's daughter Æthelswith in 853. In the same year Æthelwulf assisted Burgred in a successful attack on Wales to restore the traditional Mercian hegemony over the Welsh.\nIn 9th-century Mercia and Kent, royal charters were produced by religious houses, each with its own style, but in Wessex there was a single royal diplomatic tradition, probably by a single agency acting for the king. This may have originated in Ecgberht's reign, and it becomes clear in the 840s, when Æthelwulf had a Frankish secretary called Felix. There were strong contacts between the West Saxon and Carolingian courts. The Annals of St Bertin took particular interest in Viking attacks on Britain, and in 852 Lupus, the Abbot of Ferrières and a protégé of Charles the Bald, wrote to Æthelwulf congratulating him on his victory over the Vikings and requesting a gift of lead to cover his church roof. Lupus also wrote to his \"most beloved friend\" Felix, asking him to manage the transport of the lead. Unlike Canterbury and the south-east, Wessex did not see a sharp decline in the standard of Latin in charters in the mid-9th century, and this may have been partly due to Felix and his continental contacts. Lupus thought that Felix had great influence over the King. Charters were mainly issued from royal estates in counties which were the heartland of ancient Wessex, namely Hampshire, Somerset, Wiltshire and Dorset, with a few in Kent.\nAn ancient division between east and west Wessex continued to be important in the 9th century; the boundary was Selwood Forest on the borders of Somerset, Dorset and Wiltshire. The two bishoprics of Wessex were Sherborne in the west and Winchester in the east. Æthelwulf's family connections seem to have been west of Selwood, but his patronage was concentrated further east, particularly on Winchester, where his father was buried, and where he appointed Swithun to succeed Helmstan as bishop in 852–853. However, he made a grant of land in Somerset to his leading ealdorman, Eanwulf, and on 26 December 846 he granted a large estate to himself in South Hams in west Devon. He thus changed it from royal demesne, which he was obliged to pass on to his successor as king, to bookland, which could be transferred as the owner pleased, so he could make land grants to followers to improve security in a frontier zone.", "Viking raids increased in the early 840s on both sides of the English Channel, and in 843 Æthelwulf was defeated by the companies of 35 Danish ships at Carhampton in Somerset. In 850 sub-king Æthelstan and Ealdorman Ealhhere of Kent won a naval victory over a large Viking fleet off Sandwich in Kent, capturing nine ships and driving off the rest. Æthelwulf granted Ealhhere a large estate in Kent, but Æthelstan is not heard of again, and probably died soon afterwards. The following year the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records five different attacks on southern England. A Danish fleet of 350 Viking ships took London and Canterbury, and when King Berhtwulf of Mercia went to their relief he was defeated. The Vikings then moved on to Surrey, where they were defeated by Æthelwulf and his son Æthelbald at the Battle of Aclea. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle the West Saxon levies \"there made the greatest slaughter of a heathen that we have heard tell of up to the present day\". The Chronicle frequently reported victories during Æthelwulf's reign won by levies led by ealdormen, unlike the 870s when royal command was emphasised, reflecting a more consensual style of leadership in the earlier period.\nIn 850 a Danish army wintered on Thanet, and in 853 ealdormen Ealhhere of Kent and Huda of Surrey were killed in a battle against the Vikings, also on Thanet. In 855 Danish Vikings stayed over the winter on Sheppey, before carrying on their pillaging of eastern England. However, during Æthelwulf's reign Viking attacks were contained and did not present a major threat.", "The silver penny was almost the only coin used in middle and later Anglo-Saxon England. Æthelwulf's coinage came from a main mint in Canterbury and a secondary one at Rochester; both had been used by Ecgberht for his own coinage after he gained control of Kent. During Æthelwulf's reign, there were four main phases of the coinage distinguishable at both mints, though they are not exactly parallel and it is uncertain when the transitions took place. The first issue at Canterbury carried a design known as Saxoniorum, which had been used by Ecgberht for one of his own issues. This was replaced by a portrait design in about 843, which can be subdivided further; the earliest coins have cruder designs than the later ones. At the Rochester mint the sequence was reversed, with an initial portrait design replaced, also in about 843, by a non-portrait design carrying a cross-and-wedges pattern on the obverse.\nIn about 848 both mints switched to a common design known as Dor¯b¯/Cant – the characters \"Dor¯b¯\" on the obverse of these coins indicate either Dorobernia (Canterbury) or Dorobrevia (Rochester), and \"Cant\", referring to Kent, appeared on the reverse. It is possible that the Canterbury mint continued to produce portrait coins at the same time. The Canterbury issue seems to have been ended in 850–851 by Viking raids, though it is possible that Rochester was spared, and the issue may have continued there. The final issue, again at both mints, was introduced in about 852; it has an inscribed cross on the reverse and a portrait on the obverse. Æthelwulf's coinage became debased by the end of his reign, and though the problem became worse after his death it is possible that the debasement prompted the changes in coin type from as early as 850.\nÆthelwulf's first Rochester coinage may have begun when he was still sub-king of Kent, under Ecgberht. A hoard of coins deposited at the beginning of Æthelwulf's reign in about 840, found in the Middle Temple in London, contained 22 coins from Rochester and two from Canterbury of the first issue of each mint. Some numismatists argue that the high proportion of Rochester coins means that the issue must have commenced before Ecgberht's death, but an alternative explanation is that whoever hoarded the coins simply happened to have access to more Rochester coins. No coins were issued by Æthelwulf's sons during his reign.\nCeolnoth, Archbishop of Canterbury throughout Æthelwulf's reign, also minted coins of his own at Canterbury: there were three different portrait designs, thought to be contemporary with each of the first three of Æthelwulf's Canterbury issues. These were followed by an inscribed cross design that was uniform with Æthelwulf's final coinage. At Rochester, Bishop Beornmod produced only one issue, a cross-and-wedges design which was contemporary with Æthelwulf's Saxoniorum issue.\nIn the view of the numismatists Philip Grierson and Mark Blackburn, the mints of Wessex, Mercia and East Anglia were not greatly affected by changes in political control: \"the remarkable continuity of moneyers which can be seen at each of these mints suggests that the actual mint organisation was largely independent of the royal administration and was founded in the stable trading communities of each city\".", "The early 20th-century historian W. H. Stevenson observed that: \"Few things in our early history have led to so much discussion\" as Æthelwulf's Decimation Charters; a hundred years later the charter expert Susan Kelly described them as \"one of the most controversial groups of Anglo-Saxon diplomas\". Both Asser and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle say that Æthelwulf gave a decimation, in 855, shortly before leaving on pilgrimage to Rome. According to the Chronicle \"King Æthelwulf conveyed by charter the tenth part of his land throughout all his kingdom to the praise of God and to his own eternal salvation\". However, Asser states that \"Æthelwulf, the esteemed king, freed the tenth part of his whole kingdom from royal service and tribute, and as an everlasting inheritance he made it over on the cross of Christ to the triune God, for the redemption of his soul and those of his predecessors.\" According to Keynes, Asser's version may just be a \"loose translation\" of the Chronicle, and his implication that Æthelwulf released a tenth of all land from secular burdens was probably not intended. All land could be regarded as the king's land, so the Chronicle reference to \"his land\" does not necessarily refer to royal property, and since the booking of land – conveying it by charter – was always regarded as a pious act, Asser's statement that he made it over to God does not necessarily mean that the charters were in favour of the church.\nThe Decimation Charters are divided by Susan Kelly into four groups:\nTwo dated at Winchester on 5 November 844. In a charter in the Malmesbury archive, Æthelwulf refers in the proem to the perilous state of his kingdom as the result of the assaults of pagans and barbarians. For the sake of his soul and in return for masses for the king and ealdormen each Wednesday, \"I have decided to give in perpetual liberty some portion of hereditary lands to all those ranks previously in possession, both to God's servants and handmaidens serving God and to laymen, always the tenth hide, and where it is less, then the tenth part.\"\nSix dated at Wilton on Easter Day, 22 April 854. In the common text of these charters, Æthelwulf states that \"for the sake of his soul and the prosperity of the kingdom and [the salvation of] the people assigned to him by God, he has acted upon the advice given to him by his bishops, comites, and all his nobles. He has granted the tenth part of the lands throughout his kingdom, not only to the churches, but also to his thegns. The land is granted in perpetual liberty, so that it will remain free of royal services and all secular burdens. In return there will be liturgical commemoration of the king and of his bishops and ealdormen.\"\nFive from Old Minster, Winchester, connected with the Wilton meeting but generally considered spurious.\nOne from Kent dated 855, the only one to have the same date as the decimation according to Chronicle and Asser. The king grants to his thegn Dunn property in Rochester \"on account of the decimation of lands which by God's gift I have decided to do\". Dunn left the land to his wife with reversion to Rochester Cathedral.\nNone of the charters are original, and Stevenson dismissed all of them as fraudulent apart from the Kentish one of 855. Stevenson saw the decimation as a donation of royal demesne to churches and laymen, with those grants which were made to laymen being on the understanding that there would be reversion to a religious institution. Up to the 1990s, his view on the authenticity of the charters was generally accepted by scholars, with the exception of the historian H. P. R. Finberg, who argued in 1964 that most are based on authentic diplomas. Finberg coined the terms the 'First Decimation' of 844, which he saw as the removal of public dues on a tenth of all bookland, and the 'Second Decimation' of 854, the donation of a tenth of \"the private domain of the royal house\" to the churches. He considered it unlikely that the First Decimation had been carried into effect, probably due to the threat from the Vikings. Finberg's terminology has been adopted, but his defence of the First Decimation generally rejected. In 1994, Keynes defended the Wilton charters in group 2, and his arguments have been widely accepted.\nHistorians have been divided on how to interpret the Second Decimation, and in 1994 Keynes described it as \"one of the most perplexing problems\" in the study of 9th-century charters. He set out three alternatives:\nIt conveyed a tenth of the royal demesne – the lands of the crown as opposed to the personal property of the sovereign – into the hands of churches, ecclesiastics and laymen. In Anglo-Saxon England property was either folkland or bookland. The transmission of folkland was governed by the customary rights of kinsmen, subject to the king's approval, whereas bookland was established by the grant of a royal charter, and could be disposed of freely by the owner. Booking land thus converted it by charter from folkland to bookland. The royal demesne was the crown's folkland, whereas the king's bookland was his own personal property which he could leave by will as he chose. In the decimation Æthelwulf may have conveyed royal folkland by charter to become bookland, in some cases to laymen who already leased the land.\nIt was the booking of a tenth of folkland to its owners, who would then be free to convey it to a church.\nIt was a reduction of one tenth in the secular burdens on lands already in the possession of landowners. The secular burdens would have included the provision of supplies for the king and his officials, and payment of various taxes.\nSome scholars, for example Frank Stenton, author of the standard history of Anglo-Saxon England, along with Keynes and Abels, see the Second Decimation as a donation of royal demesne. In Abels' view Æthelwulf sought loyalty from the aristocracy and church during the king's forthcoming absence from Wessex, and displayed a sense of dynastic insecurity also evident in his father's generosity towards the Kentish church in 838, and in an \"avid attention\" in this period to compiling and revising royal genealogies. Keynes suggests that \"Æthelwulf's purpose was presumably to earn divine assistance in his struggles against the Vikings\", and the mid-20th-century historian Eric John observes that \"a lifetime of medieval studies teaches one that an early medieval king was never so political as when he was on his knees\". The view that the decimation was a donation of the king's own personal estate is supported by the Anglo-Saxonist Alfred P. Smyth, who argues that these were the only lands the king was entitled to alienate by book. The historian Martin Ryan prefers the view that Æthelwulf freed a tenth part of land owned by laymen from secular obligations, who could now endow churches under their own patronage. Ryan sees it as part of a campaign of religious devotion. According to the historian David Pratt, it \"is best interpreted as a strategic 'tax cut', designed to encourage cooperation in defensive measures through a partial remission of royal dues\". Nelson states that the decimation took place in two phases, in Wessex in 854 and Kent in 855, reflecting that they remained separate kingdoms.\nKelly argues that most charters were based on genuine originals, including the First Decimation of 844. She says: \"Commentators have been unkind [and] the 844 version has not been given the benefit of the doubt\". In her view Æthelwulf then gave a 10% tax reduction on bookland, and ten years later he took the more generous step of \"a widespread distribution of royal lands\". Unlike Finberg, she believes that both decimations were carried out, although the second one may not have been completed due to opposition from Æthelwulf's son Æthelbald. She thinks that the grants of bookland to laymen in the Second Decimation were unconditional, not with reversion to religious houses as Stevenson had argued. However, Keynes is not convinced by Kelly's arguments, and thinks that the First Decimation charters were 11th or early 12th century fabrications.", "In 855 Æthelwulf went on pilgrimage to Rome. According to Abels: \"Æthelwulf was at the height of his power and prestige. It was a propitious time for the West Saxon king to claim a place of honour among the kings and emperors of christendom.\" His eldest surviving sons Æthelbald and Æthelberht were then adults, while Æthelred and Alfred were still young children. In 853 Æthelwulf sent his younger sons to Rome, perhaps accompanying envoys in connection with his own forthcoming visit. Alfred, and probably Æthelred as well, were invested with the \"belt of consulship\". Æthelred's part in the journey is only known from a contemporary record in the liber vitae of San Salvatore, Brescia, as later records such as the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle were only interested in recording the honour paid to Alfred. Abels sees the embassy as paving the way for Æthelwulf's pilgrimage, and the presence of Alfred, his youngest and therefore most expendable son, as a gesture of goodwill to the papacy; confirmation by Pope Leo IV made Alfred his spiritual son, and thus created a spiritual link between the two \"fathers\". Kirby argues that the journey may indicate that Alfred was intended for the church, while Nelson on the contrary sees Æthelwulf's purpose as affirming his younger sons' throneworthiness, thus protecting them against being tonsured by their elder brothers, which would have rendered them ineligible for kingship.\nÆthelwulf set out for Rome in the spring of 855, accompanied by Alfred and a large retinue. The King left Wessex in the care of his oldest surviving son, Æthelbald, and the sub-kingdom of Kent to the rule of Æthelberht, and thereby confirmed that they were to succeed to the two kingdoms. On the way the party stayed with Charles the Bald in Francia, where there were the usual banquets and exchange of gifts. Æthelwulf stayed a year in Rome, and his gifts to the Diocese of Rome included a gold crown weighing 4 pounds (1.8 kg), two gold goblets, a sword bound with gold, four silver-gilt bowls, two silk tunics and two gold-interwoven veils. He also gave gold to the clergy and leading men and silver to the people of Rome. According to the historian Joanna Story, his gifts rivalled those of Carolingian donors and the Byzantine emperor and \"were clearly chosen to reflect the personal generosity and spiritual wealth of the West Saxon king; here was no Germanic 'hillbilly' from the backwoods of the Christian world but, rather, a sophisticated, wealthy and utterly contemporary monarch\". The post-Conquest chronicler William of Malmesbury stated that he helped to pay for the restoration of the Saxon quarter, which had recently been destroyed by fire, for English pilgrims.\nThe pilgrimage puzzles historians and Kelly comments that \"it is extraordinary that an early medieval king could consider his position safe enough to abandon his kingdom in a time of extreme crisis\". She suggests that Æthelwulf may have been motivated by a personal religious impulse. Ryan sees it as an attempt to placate the divine wrath displayed by Viking attacks, whereas Nelson thinks he aimed to enhance his prestige in dealing with the demands of his adult sons. In Kirby's view:\nÆthelwulf's journey to Rome is of great interest for it did not signify abdication and a retreat from the world as their journeys to Rome had for Cædwalla and Ine and other Anglo-Saxon kings. It was more a display of the king's international standing and a demonstration of the prestige his dynasty enjoyed in Frankish and papal circles.\nOn his way back from Rome Æthelwulf again stayed with King Charles the Bald, and may have joined him on a campaign against a Viking warband. On 1 October 856 Æthelwulf married Charles's daughter, Judith, aged 12 or 13, at Verberie. The marriage was considered extraordinary by contemporaries and by modern historians. Carolingian princesses rarely married and were usually sent to nunneries, and it was almost unknown for them to marry foreigners. Judith was crowned queen and anointed by Hincmar, Archbishop of Rheims. Although empresses had been anointed before, this is the first definitely known anointing of a Carolingian queen. In addition West Saxon custom, described by Asser as \"perverse and detestable\", was that the wife of a king of Wessex could not be called queen or sit on the throne with her husband – she was just the king's wife.\nÆthelwulf returned to Wessex to face a revolt by Æthelbald, who attempted to prevent his father from recovering his throne. Historians give varying explanations for both the rebellion and the marriage. In Nelson's view, Æthelwulf's marriage to Judith added the West Saxon king to the family of kings and princely allies which Charles was creating. Charles was under attack both from Vikings and from a rising among his own nobility, and Æthelwulf had great prestige due to his victories over the Vikings; some historians such as Kirby and Pauline Stafford see the marriage as sealing an anti-Viking alliance. The marriage gave Æthelwulf a share in Carolingian prestige, and Kirby describes the anointing of Judith as \"a charismatic sanctification which enhanced her status, blessed her womb and conferred additional throne-worthiness on her male offspring.\" These marks of a special status implied that a son of hers would succeed to at least part of Æthelwulf's kingdom, and explain Æthelbald's decision to rebel. The historian Michael Enright denies that an anti-Viking alliance between two such distant kingdoms could serve any useful purpose, and argues that the marriage was Æthelwulf's response to news that his son was planning to rebel; his son by an anointed Carolingian queen would be in a strong position to succeed as king of Wessex instead of the rebellious Æthelbald. Abels suggests that Æthelwulf sought Judith's hand because he needed her father's money and support to overcome his son's rebellion, but Kirby and Smyth argue that it is extremely unlikely that Charles the Bald would have agreed to marry his daughter to a ruler who was known to be in serious political difficulty. Æthelbald may also have acted out of resentment at the loss of patrimony he suffered as a result of the decimation.\nÆthelbald's rebellion was supported by Ealhstan, Bishop of Sherborne, and Eanwulf, ealdorman of Somerset, even though they appear to have been two of the king's most trusted advisers. According to Asser, the plot was concerted \"in the western part of Selwood\", and western nobles may have backed Æthelbald because they resented the patronage Æthelwulf gave to eastern Wessex. Asser also stated that Æthelwulf agreed to give up the western part of his kingdom in order to avoid a civil war. Some historians such as Keynes and Abels think that his rule was then confined to the south-east, while others such as Kirby think it is more likely that it was Wessex itself which was divided, with Æthelbald keeping Wessex west of Selwood, Æthelwulf holding the centre and east, and Æthelberht keeping the south-east. Æthelwulf insisted that Judith should sit beside him on the throne until the end of his life, and according to Asser this was \"without any disagreement or dissatisfaction on the part of his nobles\".", "King Æthelwulf's ring was found in a cart rut in Laverstock in Wiltshire in about August 1780 by one William Petty, who sold it to a silversmith in Salisbury. The silversmith sold it to the Earl of Radnor, and the earl's son, William, donated it to the British Museum in 1829. The ring, together with a similar ring of Æthelwulf's daughter Æthelswith, is one of two key examples of nielloed 9th-century metalwork. They appear to represent the emergence of a \"court style\" of West Saxon metalwork, characterised by an unusual Christian iconography, such as a pair of peacocks at the Fountain of Life on the Æthelwulf ring, associated with Christian immortality. The ring is inscribed \"Æthelwulf Rex\", firmly associating it with the King, and the inscription forms part of the design, so it cannot have been added later. Many of its features are typical of 9th-century metalwork, such as the design of two birds, beaded and speckled borders, and a saltire with arrow-like terminals on the back. It was probably manufactured in Wessex, but was typical of the uniformity of animal ornament in England in the 9th century. In the view of Leslie Webster, an expert on medieval art: \"Its fine Trewhiddle style ornament would certainly fit a mid ninth-century date.\" In Nelson's view, \"it was surely made to be a gift from this royal lord to a brawny follower: the sign of a successful ninth-century kingship\". The art historian David Wilson sees it as a survival of the pagan tradition of the generous king as the \"ring-giver\".", "Æthelwulf's will has not survived, but Alfred's has and it provides some information about his father's intentions. He left a bequest to be inherited by whichever of Æthelbald, Æthelred, and Alfred lived longest. Abels and Yorke argue that this meant the whole of his personal property in Wessex, and probably that the survivor was to inherit the throne of Wessex as well, while Æthelberht and his heirs ruled Kent. Other historians disagree. Nelson states that the provision regarding the personal property had nothing to do with the kingship, and Kirby comments: \"Such an arrangement would have led to fratricidal strife. With three older brothers, Alfred's chances of reaching adulthood would, one feels, have been minimal.\" Smyth describes the bequest as provision for his youngest sons when they reached manhood. Æthelwulf's moveable wealth, such as gold and silver, was to be divided among \"children, nobles and the needs of the king's soul\". For the latter, he left one tenth of his hereditary land to be set aside to feed the poor, and he ordered that three hundred mancuses be sent to Rome each year, one hundred to be spent on lighting the lamps in St Peter's at Easter, one hundred for the lights of St Paul's, and one hundred for the pope.", "Æthelwulf died on 13 January 858. According to the Annals of St Neots, he was buried at Steyning in Sussex, but his body was later transferred to Winchester, probably by Alfred. As Æthelwulf had intended, he was succeeded by Æthelbald in Wessex and Æthelberht in Kent and the south-east. The prestige conferred by a Frankish marriage was so great that Æthelbald then wedded his step-mother Judith, to Asser's retrospective horror; he described the marriage as a \"great disgrace\", and \"against God's prohibition and Christian dignity\". When Æthelbald died only two years later, Æthelberht became King of Wessex as well as Kent, and Æthelwulf's intention of dividing his kingdoms between his sons was thus set aside. In the view of Yorke and Abels this was because Æthelred and Alfred were too young to rule, and Æthelberht agreed in return that his younger brothers would inherit the whole kingdom on his death, whereas Kirby and Nelson think that Æthelberht just became the trustee for his younger brothers' share of their father's bequest.\nAfter Æthelbald's death Judith sold her possessions and returned to her father, but two years later she eloped with Baldwin, Count of Flanders. In the 890s their son, also called Baldwin, married Alfred's daughter, Ælfthryth.", "Æthelwulf's reputation among historians was poor in the twentieth century. In 1935, the historian R. H. Hodgkin attributed his pilgrimage to Rome to \"the unpractical piety which had led him to desert his kingdom at a time of great danger\", and described his marriage to Judith as \"the folly of a man senile before his time\". To Stenton in the 1960s he was \"a religious and unambitious man, for whom engagement in war and politics was an unwelcome consequence of rank\". One dissenter was Finberg, who in 1964 described him as \"a king whose valour in war and princely munificence recalled the figures of the heroic age\", but in 1979 Enright said: \"More than anything else he appears to have been an impractical religious enthusiast.\" Early medieval writers, especially Asser, emphasise his religiosity and his preference for consensus, seen in the concessions made to avert a civil war on his return from Rome. In Story's view \"his legacy has been clouded by accusations of excessive piety which (to modern sensibilities at least) has seemed at odds with the demands of early medieval kingship\". In 839 an unnamed Anglo-Saxon king wrote to the Holy Roman Emperor Louis the Pious asking for permission to travel through his territory on the way to Rome, and relating an English priest's dream which foretold disaster unless Christians abandoned their sins. This is now believed to have been an unrealised project of Ecgberht at the end of his life, but it was formerly attributed to Æthelwulf, and seen as exhibiting what Story calls his reputation for \"dramatic piety\", and irresponsibility for planning to abandon his kingdom at the beginning of his reign.\nIn the twenty-first century he is seen very differently by historians. Æthelwulf is not listed in the index of Peter Hunter Blair's An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England, first published in 1956, but in a new introduction to the 2003 edition Keynes listed him among people \"who have not always been accorded the attention they might be thought to deserve ... for it was he, more than any other, who secured the political fortune of his people in the ninth century, and who opened up channels of communication which led through Frankish realms and across the Alps to Rome\". According to Story: \"Æthelwulf acquired and cultivated a reputation both in Francia and Rome which is unparalleled in the sources since the height of Offa's and Coenwulf's power at the turn of the ninth century\".\nNelson describes him as \"one of the great underrated among Anglo-Saxons\", and complains that she was only allowed 2,500 words for him in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, compared with 15,000 for Edward II and 35,000 for Elizabeth I. She says:\nÆthelwulf's reign has been relatively under-appreciated in modern scholarship. Yet he laid the foundations for Alfred's success. To the perennial problems of husbanding the kingdom's resources, containing conflicts within the royal family, and managing relations with neighbouring kingdoms, Æthelwulf found new as well as traditional answers. He consolidated old Wessex, and extended his reach over what is now Devon and Cornwall. He ruled Kent, working with the grain of its political community. He borrowed ideological props from Mercians and Franks alike, and went to Rome, not to die there, like his predecessor Ine, ... but to return, as Charlemagne had, with enhanced prestige. Æthelwulf coped more effectively with Scandinavian attacks than did most contemporary rulers.", "Ecgberht's death and Æthelwulf's accession are dated by historians to 839. According to Susan Kelly, \"there may be grounds for arguing that Æthelwulf's succession actually took place late in 838\", but Joanna Story argues that the West Saxon regnal lists show the length of Ecgberht's reign as 37 years and 7 months, and as he acceded in 802 he is unlikely to have died before July 839. \nKeynes and Lapidge comment: \"The office of butler (pincerna) was a distinguished one, and its holders were likely to have been important figures in the royal court and household\". \nÆthelstan was sub-king of Kent ten years before Alfred was born, and some late versions of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle make him the brother of Æthelwulf rather than his son. This has been accepted by some historians, but is now generally rejected. It has also been suggested that Æthelstan was born of an unrecorded first marriage, but historians generally assume that he was Osburh's son. \nNelson states that it is uncertain whether Osburh died or had been repudiated, but Abels argues that it is \"extremely unlikely\" that she was repudiated, as Hincmar of Rheims, who played a prominent role in Æthelwulf's and Judith's marriage ceremony, was a strong advocate of the indissolubility of marriage. \nThe historians Janet Nelson and Ann Williams date Baldred's removal and the start of Æthelwulf's sub-kingship to 825, but David Kirby states that Baldred was probably not driven out until 826. Simon Keynes cites the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as stating that Æthelwulf expelled Baldred in 825, and secured the submission of the people of Kent, Surrey, Sussex and Essex; however, charter evidence suggests that Beornwulf was recognised as overlord of Kent until he was killed in battle while attempting to put down a rebellion in East Anglia in 826. His successor as king of Mercia, Ludeca, never seems to have been recognised in Kent. In a charter of 828 Ecgberht refers to his son Æthelwulf \"whom we have made king in Kent\" as if the appointment was fairly new. \nChrist Church, Canterbury kept lists of patrons who had made donations to the church, and late 8th and early 9th century patrons who had been supporters of Mercian power were expunged from the lists towards the end of the 9th century. \nThe authenticity of the Winchester charter is accepted by Patrick Wormald and Nicholas Brooks but disputed by Simon Keynes. \nTo attest a charter was to witness a grant of land by the king. The attesters were listed by the scribe at the end of the charter, although usually only the most high-ranking witnesses were included.\n The scholar James Booth suggests that the part of Berkshire where Alfred was born may have been West Saxon territory throughout the period. \n\"Decimation\" is used here in the sense of a donation of a tenth part. This usually means a payment to the ruler or church (tithe), but it is used here to mean a donation of a tenth part by the king. Historians do not agree what it was a tenth of.\nThe charters are S 294, 294a and 294b. Kelly treats 294a and b, which are both from Malmesbury Abbey, as one text. \nThe six charters are S 302, 303, 304, 305, 307 and 308. \nThe five Old Minster charters are S 309-13. Kelly states that there are six charters, but she only lists five and she states that there are fourteen in total, whereas there would be fifteen if there were six Old Minster charters. \nThe Kent charter is S 315. \nSmyth dismisses all the Decimation Charters as spurious, with what the scholar David Pratt describes as \"unwarranted scepticism\". \nAbels is sceptical whether Æthelred accompanied Alfred to Rome as he is not mentioned in a letter from Leo to Æthelwulf reporting Alfred's reception, but Nelson argues that only a fragment of the letter survives in an 11th-century copy, and the scribe who selected excerpts from Leo's letters, like the editors of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, was only interested in Alfred. \nSome of Æthelwulf's bones may be in Winchester Cathedral. One of six mortuary chests near the altar has his name, but the bones were mixed up when they were thrown around by parliamentary soldiers during the English Civil War. \nThe historian Richard North argues that the Old English poem \"Deor\" was written in about 856 as a satire on Æthelwulf and a \"mocking reflection\" on Æthelbald's attitude towards him.", "Jones 2011, p. 171.\nHalsall 2013, p. 288.\nKelly 2005, p. 178.\nStory 2003, p. 222, n. 39.\nKeynes 1995, pp. 22, 30–37; Williams 1991b; Kirby 2000, p. 152.\nAbels 2002, p. 85.\nEdwards 2004.\nAbels 2002, pp. 86–87.\nKeynes 1993, pp. 113–19; Brooks 1984, pp. 132–36.\nRyan 2013, p. 258; Stenton 1971, p. 241.\nStenton 1971, p. 235; Charles-Edwards 2013, p. 431.\nKeynes & Lapidge 1983, pp. 229–30.\nNelson 2004a.\nNelson 2004b.\nHodgkin 1935, pp. 497, 721; Stenton 1971, p. 236, n. 1; Abels 1998, p. 50; Nelson 2004b.\nAbels 1998, p. 50.\nMiller 2004.\nAbels 1998, p. 71, n. 69.\nNelson 2004a; Williams 1991a.\nKirby 2000, pp. 155–56.\nKeynes 1993, pp. 120–21.\nWilliams 1991a; Stenton 1971, p. 231; Kirby 2000, pp. 155–56.\nSmyth 1995, p. 673, n. 63.\nKeynes 1993, pp. 112–20.\nAbels 2002, p. 88.\nFleming 1995, p. 75.\nKeynes 1993, pp. 120–21; Keynes 1995, p. 40.\nBrooks 1984, pp. 136–37.\nStenton 1971, pp. 232–33.\nKirby 2000, p. 157.\nKeynes 1995, pp. 40–41.\nWormald 1982, p. 140; Brooks 1984, p. 200; Keynes 1994, p. 1114 n. 3; S 281.\nWormald 1982, p. 140; Keynes 1994, pp. 1112–13.\nNelson 2004a; Keynes 1993, p. 124; Brooks 1984, pp. 197–201; Story 2003, p. 223; Blair 2005, p. 124.\nYorke 1990, pp. 148–49.\nPratt 2007, p. 17.\nKelly 2005, p. 89.\nAbels 1998, p. 28.\nYorke 1990, pp. 168–69.\nKeynes 1993, pp. 124–27; Nelson 2004a.\nBrooks 1984, pp. 147–49.\nAbels 1998, pp. 32–33; S 319.\nAbels 1998, p. 271.\nPratt 2007, p. 64.\nKelly 2005, pp. 13, 102.\nKeynes 1993, pp. 127–28.\nKirby 2000, pp. 160–61; Keynes 1998, p. 6; Booth 1998, p. 65.\nBooth 1998, p. 66.\nAbels 1998, p. 29.\nKirby 2000, p. 161.\nKeynes 1994, pp. 1109–23; Nelson 2004a.\nNelson 2013, pp. 236–38; Stafford 1981, p. 137.\nRyan 2013, p. 252.\nAbels 1998, p. 52.\nYorke 1995, pp. 23–24, 98–99; Nelson 2004a; Finberg 1964, p. 189.\nNelson 2004a; Story 2003, p. 227.\nStenton 1971, p. 243; Abels 1998, p. 88.\nRyan 2013, p. 258.\nGrueber & Keary 1893, pp. 9, 17 no. 19, Plate III.4; Early Medieval Coins & Fitzwilliam Museum.\nGrierson & Blackburn 2006, pp. 270, 287–91.\nGrierson & Blackburn 2006, pp. 287–91, 307–08.\nGrierson & Blackburn 2006, pp. 271, 287–91.\nGrierson & Blackburn 2006, pp. 287–91.\nGrierson & Blackburn 2006, p. 275.\nS 316.\nStevenson 1904, p. 186.\nKelly 2005, p. 65.\nOxford English Dictionary 1933.\nKelly 2005, pp. 65–66.\nKeynes 1994, pp. 1119–20.\nKelly 2005, pp. 65, 180.\nKelly 2005, pp. 65, 188.\nKelly 2005, pp. 65–67, 73–74, 80–81.\nKelly 2005, p. 65; Stevenson 1904, pp. 186–91.\nKelly 2005, pp. 65–67; Finberg 1964, pp. 187–206; Keynes 1994, pp. 1102–22; Nelson 2004c, p. 15; Pratt 2007, p. 66.\nKeynes 1994, pp. 1119–21; Williams 2014; Wormald 2001, p. 267; Keynes 2009, p. 467; Nelson 2004c, p. 3.\nKeynes 1994, pp. 1119–21.\nKeynes & Lapidge 1983, p. 232.\nStenton 1971, p. 308; Abels 2002, pp. 88–89; Keynes 2009, p. 467.\nKeynes 2009, p. 467.\nJohn 1996, pp. 71–72.\nSmyth 1995, p. 403.\nSmyth 1995, pp. 376–78, 382–83.\nPratt 2007, p. 66, n. 20.\nRyan 2013, p. 255.\nPratt 2007, p. 68.\nNelson 2004c, pp. 15–16.\nKelly 2005, pp. 67–91.\nKeynes 2009, pp. 464–67.\nAbels 1998, p. 62.\nAbels 1998, pp. 62, 67.\nAbels 1998, p. 67, n. 57.\nKirby 2000, pp. 164–65.\nNelson 1997, pp. 144–46; Nelson 2004a.\nAbels 1998, p. 72.\nAbels 1998, pp. 73, 75.\nStory 2003, pp. 238–39.\nAbels 1998, p. 77.\nKelly 2005, p. 91.\nNelson 2013, p. 240.\nKirby 2000, p. 164.\nAbels 1998, p. 79.\nStafford 1981, pp. 139–42; Story 2003, pp. 240–42.\nNelson 1997, p. 143.\nKirby 2000, pp. 165–66; Stafford 1981, p. 139.\nEnright 1979, pp. 291–301.\nAbels 1998, pp. 80–82; Enright 1979, pp. 291–302.\nKirby 2000, p. 166; Smyth 1995, pp. 191–92.\nAbels 1998, p. 81.\nYorke 1995, pp. 98–99.\nKeynes 1998, p. 7; Abels 2002, p. 89.\nKirby 2000, pp. 166–67.\nKeynes & Lapidge 1983, pp. 71, 235–36, n. 28; Nelson 2006, pp. 70–71.\nWilson 1964, pp. 2, 22, 34, 142; Webster 1991, pp. 268–69; Pratt 2007, p. 65.\nWilson 1964, p. 22.\nAbels 2002, pp. 89–91; Yorke 1990, pp. 149–50.\nKirby 2000, p. 167.\nSmyth 1995, pp. 416–17.\nAbels 1998, p. 87.\nSmyth 1995, p. 674, n. 81.\nNotes & Queries about the Mortuary Chests.\nKeynes & Lapidge 1983, p. 72.\nYorke 1990, pp. 149–50; Abels 2002, pp. 90–91.\nKirby 2000, pp. 167–69; Nelson 2004a.\nHodgkin 1935, pp. 514–15.\nStenton 1971, p. 245.\nFinberg 1964, p. 193.\nEnright 1979, p. 295.\nO'Keeffe 1996, pp. 35–36.\nStory 2003, pp. 218–28; Dutton 1994, pp. 107–09.\nKeynes 2003, p. xxxiii.\nStory 2003, p. 225.\nNelson 2004c.", "Abels, Richard (1998). Alfred the Great: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England. Harlow, UK: Longman. ISBN 0-582-04047-7.\nAbels, Richard (2002). Morillo, Stephen (ed.). \"Royal Succession and the Growth of Political Stability in Ninth-Century Wessex\". The Haskins Society Journal: Studies in Medieval History. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell & Brewer. 12: 83–97. doi:10.1017/upo9781846150852.006. ISBN 1-84383-008-6.\nBlair, John (2005). The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-921117-3.\nBooth, James (1998). \"Monetary Alliance or Technical Cooperation? The Coinage of Berhtwulf of Mercia (840–852)\". In Blackburn, Mark A. S.; Dumville, David N. (eds.). Kings, Currency and Alliances: History and Coinage of Southern England in the Ninth Century. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 63–103. ISBN 0-85115-598-7.\nBrooks, Nicholas (1984). The Early History of the Church of Canterbury. Leicester, UK: Leicester University Press. ISBN 0-7185-1182-4.\nCharles-Edwards, T. M. (2013). Wales and the Britons 350–1064. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821731-2.\n\"Decimation\". The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 1971 [1933]. p. 661. OCLC 67218777.\nDutton, Paul Edward (1994). The Politics of Dreaming in the Carolingian Empire. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-1653-X.\n\"Early Medieval Coins: EMC number 2001.0016\". Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. Archived from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2015.\nEdwards, Heather (2004). \"Ecgberht [Egbert] (d. 839), king of the West Saxons\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8581. Retrieved 5 April 2015. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nEnright, Michael J. (1979). \"Charles the Bald and Æthelwulf of Wessex: Alliance of 856 and Strategies of Royal Succession\". Journal of Medieval History. Amsterdam, Netherlands: North Holland. 5 (1): 291–302. doi:10.1016/0304-4181(79)90003-4. ISSN 0304-4181.\nFinberg, H. P. R. (1964). The Early Charters of Wessex. Leicester, UK: Leicester University Press. OCLC 3977243.\nFleming, Robin (1995). \"History and Liturgy at Pre-Conquest Christ Church\". The Haskins Society Journal: Studies in Medieval History. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. 6: 67–83. ISBN 0-85115-604-5.\nGrierson, Philip; Blackburn, Mark (2006) [1986]. Medieval European Coinage, With A Catalogue of the Coins in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge: 1: The Early Middle Ages (5th–10th Centuries) (corr. ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-03177-X.\nGrueber, Herbert A.; Keary, Charles Francis (1893). A Catalogue of English Coins in the British Museum: Anglo-Saxon Series (PDF). Vol. 2. London, UK: Printed by Order of the Trustees. OCLC 650118125.\nHalsall, Guy (2013). Worlds of Arthur: Facts & Fictions in the Dark Ages. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-870084-5.\nHodgkin, R. H. (1935). A History of the Anglo-Saxons. Vol. 2. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. OCLC 1350966.\nJohn, Eric (1996). Reassessing Anglo-Saxon England. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-5053-7.\nJones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6.\nKelly, Susan (2005). Charters of Malmesbury Abbey. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-726317-4.\nKeynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael, eds. (1983). Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and Other Contemporary Sources. London, UK: Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-044409-4.\nKeynes, Simon (1993). \"The Control of Kent in the Ninth Century\". Early Medieval Europe. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. 2 (2): 111–31. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0254.1993.tb00013.x. ISSN 1468-0254.\nKeynes, Simon (November 1994). \"The West Saxon Charters of King Æthelwulf and his sons\". English Historical Review. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 109 (434): 1109–49. doi:10.1093/ehr/cix.434.1109. ISSN 0013-8266.\nKeynes, Simon (1995). \"England, 700–900\". In McKitterick, Rosamond (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 2, c.700–c.900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–42. ISBN 9781139055710.\nKeynes, Simon (1998). \"King Alfred and the Mercians\". In Blackburn, Mark A. S.; Dumville, David N. (eds.). Kings, Currency and Alliances: History and Coinage of Southern England in the Ninth Century. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 1–45. ISBN 0-85115-598-7.\nKeynes, Simon (2003) [1955]. \"Introduction: Changing Perceptions of Anglo-Saxon History\". In Blair, Peter Hunter (ed.). An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England (Third ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. xvii–xxxv. ISBN 0-521-83085-0.\nKeynes, Simon (2009). \"King Æthelred's Charter for Eynsham Abbey (1005)\". In Baxter, Stephen; Karkov, Catherine; Nelson, Janet L.; Pelteret, David (eds.). Early Medieval Studies in Memory of Patrick Wormald. Farnham, UK: Ashgate. pp. 451–73. ISBN 978-0-7546-6331-7.\nKirby, D. P. (2000). The Earliest English Kings (Revised ed.). London, UK: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-24211-8.\nMiller, Sean (2004). \"Æthelred I [Ethelred I] (d. 871), King of the West Saxons\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8913. Retrieved 24 March 2014. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nNelson, Janet L. (1997). \"The Franks and the English in the Ninth Century Reconsidered\". In Szarmach, Paul E.; Rosenthal, Joel T. (eds.). The Preservation and Transmission of Anglo-Saxon Culture: Selected Papers from the 1991 Meeting of the International Society of Anglo-Saxonists (PDF). Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University. pp. 141–58. ISBN 1-879288-90-7.\nNelson, Janet L. (2004a). \"Æthelwulf (d. 858), king of the West Saxons\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/39264. Retrieved 8 March 2015. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nNelson, Janet L. (2004b). \"Osburh [Osburga] (fl. 839)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20887. Retrieved 8 March 2015. (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nNelson, Janet L. (2004c). \"England and the Continent in the Ninth Century: III, Rights and Rituals\". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press (14): 1–24.\nNelson, Janet L. (2006). \"The Queen in Ninth-Century Wessex\". In Keynes, Simon; Smyth, Alfred P. (eds.). Anglo-Saxons: Studies Presented to Cyril Roy Hart. Dublin, Ireland: Four Courts Press. pp. 69–77. ISBN 1-85182-932-6.\nNelson, Janet L. (2013). \"Britain, Ireland, and Europe, c. 750–c.900\". In Stafford, Pauline (ed.). A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland c.500–c.1100 (paperback ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 231–47. ISBN 978-1-118-42513-8.\n\"Notes & Queries about the Mortuary Chests\". Winchester Cathedral. Church Monuments Society. Retrieved 17 February 2022.\nO'Keeffe, Katherine O'Brien (Winter 1996). \"Deor\" (PDF). Old English Newsletter. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Western Michigan University. 29 (2): 35–36. ISSN 0030-1973.\nPratt, David (2007). The Political Thought of King Alfred the Great. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-12644-1.\nRyan, Martin J. (2013). \"The Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings, c. 825–900\". In Higham, Nicholas J.; Ryan, Martin J. (eds.). The Anglo-Saxon World. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. pp. 232–70. ISBN 978-0-300-12534-4.\n\"S 281\". The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters. Retrieved 21 October 2015.\n\"S 316\". The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters. Retrieved 10 July 2015.\n\"S 319\". The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters. Retrieved 2 July 2015.\nSmyth, Alfred P. (1995). King Alfred the Great. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822989-5.\nStafford, Pauline (1981). \"Charles the Bald, Judith and England\". In Gibson, Margaret; Nelson, Janet L. (eds.). Charles the Bald: Court and Kingdom. Oxford, UK: B A R. pp. 137–51. ISBN 0-86054-115-0.\nStenton, Frank M. (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5.\nStevenson, William Henry (1904). Asser's Life of King Alfred. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. OCLC 1354216.\nStory, Joanna (2003). Carolingian Connections: Anglo-Saxon England and Carolingian Francia, c. 750–870. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-0124-2.\nWebster, Leslie (1991). \"The Age of Alfred: Metalwork, Wood and Bone\". In Webster, Leslie; Backhouse, Janet (eds.). The Making of England: Anglo-Saxon Art and Culture AD 600–900. London, UK: The Trustees of the British Museum. pp. 268–83. ISBN 0-7141-0555-4.\nWilliams, Ann (1991a). \"Æthelwulf King of Wessex 839-58\". In Williams, Ann; Smyth, Alfred P.; Kirby, D. P. (eds.). A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain. London, UK: Seaby. pp. 35–36. ISBN 978-1-85264-047-7.\nWilliams, Ann (1991b). \"Ecgberht King of Wessex 802–39\". In Williams, Ann; Smyth, Alfred P.; Kirby, D. P. (eds.). A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain. London, UK: Seaby. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-85264-047-7.\nWilliams, Ann (2014). \"Land Tenure\". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England (2nd ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 282–83. ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1.\nWilson, David M. (1964). Anglo-Saxon Ornamental Metalwork 700–1100 in the British Museum. London, UK: The Trustees of the British Museum. OCLC 183495.\nWormald, Patrick (1982). \"The Ninth Century\". In Campbell, James (ed.). The Anglo-Saxons. London, UK: Penguin Books. pp. 132–59. ISBN 978-0-7148-2149-8.\nWormald, Patrick (2001). \"Kingship and Royal Property from Æthelwulf to Edward the Elder\". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). Edward the Elder 899–924. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 264–79. ISBN 0-415-21497-1.\nYorke, Barbara (1990). Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. London, UK: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-16639-X.\nYorke, Barbara (1995). Wessex in the Early Middle Ages. London, UK: Leicester University Press. ISBN 0-7185-1856-X.", "Æthelwulf 1 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England" ]

[ "Æthelwulf, King of Wessex", "Background", "Family", "Early life", "King of Wessex", "Viking threat", "Coinage", "Decimation Charters", "Pilgrimage to Rome and later life", "King Æthelwulf's ring", "Æthelwulf's will", "Death and succession", "Historiography", "Notes", "Citations", "Sources", "External links" ]

[ 2417, 2418, 2419, 2420, 2421, 2422 ]

[ 12908, 12909, 12910, 12911, 12912, 12913, 12914, 12915, 12916, 12917, 12918, 12919, 12920, 12921, 12922, 12923, 12924, 12925, 12926, 12927, 12928, 12929, 12930, 12931, 12932, 12933, 12934, 12935, 12936, 12937, 12938, 12939, 12940, 12941, 12942, 12943, 12944, 12945, 12946, 12947, 12948, 12949, 12950, 12951, 12952, 12953, 12954, 12955, 12956, 12957, 12958, 12959, 12960, 12961, 12962, 12963, 12964, 12965, 12966, 12967, 12968, 12969, 12970, 12971, 12972, 12973, 12974, 12975, 12976, 12977, 12978, 12979, 12980, 12981, 12982, 12983, 12984, 12985, 12986, 12987, 12988, 12989, 12990, 12991, 12992, 12993, 12994, 12995, 12996, 12997, 12998, 12999, 13000, 13001, 13002, 13003, 13004, 13005, 13006, 13007, 13008, 13009, 13010, 13011, 13012, 13013, 13014, 13015, 13016, 13017, 13018, 13019, 13020, 13021, 13022, 13023, 13024, 13025, 13026, 13027, 13028, 13029, 13030, 13031, 13032, 13033, 13034, 13035, 13036, 13037, 13038, 13039, 13040, 13041, 13042, 13043, 13044, 13045, 13046, 13047, 13048, 13049, 13050, 13051, 13052, 13053, 13054, 13055, 13056, 13057, 13058, 13059, 13060, 13061, 13062 ]

[ "Çäkçäk (right) and Boxara käläwäse (left)", "" ]

[ 0, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Chakchak.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Glazed-Donut.jpg" ]

[ "Çäkçäk (pronounced [ɕækˈɕæk], Yañalif: Cəkcək, Tatar Cyrillic: Чәкчәк or чәк-чәк, çäk-çäk; Tajik: чақчақ, chaqchaq; Kyrgyz: чак-чак; Uzbek: chak-chak; Russian: чак-чак, chak-chak; Bashkir: сәк-сәк, säk-säk, Kazakh \"шек-шек\" (shek-shek)), frequently anglicized as chak-chak (/tʃækˈtʃæk/), is a Tatar sweet. It is particularly popular in Tatarstan and Bashkortostan, and is recognized as Tatarstan's national sweet in Russia.\nÇäkçäk is made from unleavened dough cut and rolled into hazelnut-sized balls, which are then deep-fried in oil. Optionally hazelnuts or dried fruits are added to the mixture. The fried balls are stacked in a mound in a special mold and drenched with hot honey. After cooling and hardening, çäkçäk may be optionally decorated with hazelnuts and dried fruits.\nTraditional wedding çäkçäk is of bigger size and is often covered with candies and dragées. The biggest çäkçäk (1,000 kg) was prepared on 29 August 2005 during Kazan's millennium celebration.", "If the dough is fried as noodles, çäkçäk is called Boxara käläwäse (Бохара кәләвәсе, [bɔxɑˈrɑ kælæwæˈse], i.e. Bukharan käläwä ).\nKazakh shek-shek is similar to Boxara käläwäse.\nUzbek chakchak comes in half rounded balls, noodles and flakes types.\nTajik chakchak comes in both types, as balls and as noodles.", "List of doughnut varieties\nList of fried dough varieties\nList of Russian dishes\nTatar culture\nTatar cuisine\nLokma (a similar dish originating in Turkey)\nStruffoli\nSachima (a similar dish in Manchu cuisine)\nGavvalu (a similar dish in India)\nFunnel cake", "\"Чәкчәк\". Tatar Encyclopaedia (in Tatar). Kazan: The Republic of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences. Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia. 2002.\n\"Самый большой в мире чак-чак\". www.pari.ru.", "My Home — Tatar cuisine recipes" ]

[ "Çäkçäk", "Types", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2423, 2424 ]

[ 13063, 13064, 13065 ]

[ "Çöğürlü about 1915" ]

[ 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Musch_-_fo30141712180022.jpg" ]

[ "Çöğürlü is a satellite village of Muş in the central district of Muş Province , Eastern Anatolia Turkey.", "The old name of the village was Arinc or Arinch which was changed to Cogurlu in the 19th century. \nAt the end of the 19th century Chechens had begun to emigrate from the Caucasus to eastern Turkey. In 1902, it was estimated there were 1300 Armenians living in or around the village. In 1914, the Armenian church estimated only 613 Armenians in or around the village. The village was depopulated in 1914.\nIn the year 2007 the population of the town was 2567.\nToday the economy of a village depends on agriculture and husbandry. There is a primary school in the village which has drinking water and a sewerage network, electricity and fixed telephone. There is a bus service and a railway station.", "Muş Çöğürlü Köyü Resimleri.\nphoto in 1914.\nÇöğürlü in Merkez (Muş)\nMap by Robert H. Hewsen, Armenian SSR Atlas, Yerevan – Moscow, 1961" ]

[ "Çöğürlü, Muş", "History", "References" ]

[ 2425 ]

[ 13066, 13067 ]

[ "Pide with çökelek and egg filling", "", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/%C3%87%C3%B6kelekli_%28ve_yumurtal%C4%B1%29_pide_%28cropped%29.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/WFromage.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Pideli_k%C3%B6fte_-_Istanbul.jpg" ]

[ "Çökelek (Azerbaijani: Şor) is a fermented and acid/heat coagulated fresh cheese from Turkey and Azerbaijan. It can be produced from heating fermented buttermaking by-products such as buttermilk (yayıkaltı), though skimmed milk yogurt can also be used as a starting material. It can also be obtained from yayık ayranı through heat exposure. Despite its similar appearance, it is distinct from Lor, a form of curdled whey product similar to cottage cheese. Keş, şor, ekşimik and minci are different local names associated with çökelek.\nAccording to Sevan Nişanyan, çökelek is etymologically Turkic in origin. It has been postulated that çökelek had derived from the verb çök- (to coagulate, to sit in Turkish) and the suffix -ak/-ek. Oldest written record about the cheese could be dated to 15th century.", "Kindstedt, Paul (2012-04-01). Cheese and Culture: A History of Cheese and its Place in Western Civilization. Chelsea Green Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60358-412-8.\nZiraat dergisi (in Turkish). Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi. 1979.\nYildiz, Fatih (2016-04-19). Development and Manufacture of Yogurt and Other Functional Dairy Products. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-8208-1.\nEröz, Mehmet (1991). Yörükler (in Turkish). Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı.\nMayadağlı, Hüsniye Zal; Vaḣabzadă, Băkhtii̐ar (1998-01-01). Bahtiyar Vahabzâde: hayatı ve eserleri (in Turkish). Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı.\nKurumu, Türk Dil; Demiray, Kemal; Bakr, Muammer (1977). Resimli Türkçe sözlük (in Turkish). Türk Dil Kurumu.\n\"çökelek\". Nişanyan Sözlük. Retrieved 2020-02-12.", "Kashk\nAcid curd" ]

[ "Çökelek", "References", "See also" ]

[ 2426, 2427 ]

[ 13068, 13069 ]

[ "Çökertme kebabı." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/%C3%87%C3%B6kertme_kebab%C4%B1.jpg" ]

[ "Çökertme kebabı (pronounced 'Ch'kertme kebab') is a type of kebab eaten in Anatolia, and associated particularly with the Bodrum area of South West Turkey.\nÇökertme kebab is made using marinated strips of veal with served with fried potatoes, garlic yoghurt, tomato sauce and served with fried tomatoes and green peppers.\nÇökertme kebab is a particular speciality of the district of Bodrum and the province of Muğla more generally.\nÇökertme is a village in the Milas district of Muğla province, from where the kebab may have originated.", "List of kebabs", "\"Çökertme kebabı tarifi - Kadın\". www.haber8.com (in Turkish). Retrieved 2018-03-23.\n\"Binnur's Turkish Cookbook: Çökertme Kebab\". www.turkishcookbook.com. Retrieved 2018-03-23.\nMynet. \"Çökertme Kebabı\". Mynet Yemek (in Turkish). Retrieved 2018-03-23.\n\"Adnan Şahin - Hem doğası hem de yemekleri mis kokulu Ege'nin 5 yıldızlı lezzet şehri: Muğla - #TG\" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2018-03-23." ]

[ "Çökertme kebabı", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2428 ]

[ 13070, 13071 ]

[ "Çöp şiş on a plate with vegetables." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/%C3%87%C3%B6p_%C5%9Fi%C5%9F.jpg" ]

[ "Çöp Şiş (pronounced 'chop shish') is a type of lamb shish kebab eaten throughout Anatolia in Turkey. \nThe etymology of the name is uncertain, though 'Çöp' means garbage or rubbish in modern Turkish, and may have come from the word meaning 'chaff', the stalk of wheat removed during winnowing. It has also been suggested that they are so called because the meat used is the smaller scraps of meat that are not used for other types of kebab.\nÇöp şiş is generally cooked on wooden skewers rather than iron ones. During preparation, the lamb meat and pieces of fat are mixed with garlic and tomato and left to marinate with black pepper, oregano and olive oil, before cooking over an ocak, or grill.\nIt is usually served with grilled peppers and onion, with bread as an option to wrap the lamb and vegetables inside.", "List of kebabs", "Inc., Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange. \"Çöp Şiş: \"Trash\" Kebap!\". turkeytravelplanner.com. Retrieved 2018-03-06.\n\"turkey - Çöp Sis Kebabs : Are They Garbage?\". turkey.netkurulum.com. Retrieved 2018-03-06.\n\"A Kebab Discovery in Istanbul. Turkish kebab types and what kebab to eat\". Istanbul on Food - Culinary Tours. 2014-02-28. Retrieved 2018-03-06.\n\"Çöp Şiş\". howtoistanbul.com. Retrieved 2018-03-06.\n\"Binnur's Turkish Cookbook: Chop Shish\". www.turkishcookbook.com. Retrieved 2018-03-06." ]

[ "Çöp şiş", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2429 ]

[ 13072, 13073 ]

[ "", "View of Dênwan (2018)", "Yazidi holy place „Mêrê Harab“ in Dênwan, in the background the Yazidi shrine of Mêrê Harab (2018)" ]

[ 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Denwan1.jpeg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Denwan2.jpeg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Mere_Harab_Denwan.jpeg" ]

[ "Çörekli (Kurdish: Dênwan) is a former Yazidi village located in the Midyat district of the Mardin Province in southeastern Turkey. The village is located ca. 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) southeast of Midyat in the Tur Abdin region of southeastern Anatolia.", "Dênwan is located ca. 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) southeast of the Yazidi village Koçan and ca. 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) southwest of the Yazidi village Kefnas.", "İbrahim Sediyani (2009). Adını arayan coğrafya. Özedönüş Yayınları. p. 255. ISBN 9786054296002.\nÖzcoşar, İbrahim (2007). \"MAKALELERLE: MARDİN (IV) - ÖNEMLİ SİMALAR DİNİ TOPLULUKLAR\" (PDF) (in Turkish). Istanbul. Retrieved 2018-12-28.\n\"Hun bi xer hatin - Denwan.de\". www.denwan.de. Retrieved 2018-12-28.\n\"İHD'den Ezidi Raporu\". Mardin Life Gazete, Dergi, Ajans ve Matbaası (in Turkish). Retrieved 2018-12-28." ]

[ "Çörekli, Midyat", "Location", "References" ]

[ 2430, 2431, 2432 ]

[ 13074, 13075 ]

[ "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/%C3%87%C3%BCng%C3%BC%C5%9F_manzara_2014-03-19_19-20.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Diyarbak%C4%B1r_districts.png" ]

[ "Çüngüş (Ottoman Turkish: چونکوش, Kurdish: Çêngûş) is a district of Diyarbakır Province of Turkey. According to Turkish government statistics, its population is 11,927 as of 2018.\nCüngüs was an Armenian bishopric an Armenian Church was constructed in 1841. Besides the church a monastery was located. In 1915, Çüngüş was the site of a massacre during the Armenian genocide in which around 10,000 Armenians living in the area were taken to the Dudan crevasse and murdered by being thrown into the chasm. The massacre was remembered and recorded by the local Kurdish population, and a memorial to victims of the killings was recorded in the film 100 Years Later (2016).", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\nTahir Sezen, Osmanlı Yer Adları (Alfabetik Sırayla), T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Yayın Nu 21, Ankara, p. 133.\nAdem Avcıkıran (2009). Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî (PDF) (in Turkish and Kurdish). p. 57. Retrieved 17 December 2019.\n\"Çüngüş Nüfusu Diyarbakır\". www.nufusu.com. Retrieved 2020-01-22.\n\"Recueil de chants liturgiques - Collection Manuscrits\". Musée Arménien de France (in French). Retrieved 2022-07-12.\nPhilandre (2015-07-03). \"To Cermik and Cungus\". Among Armenian Ruins. Retrieved 2022-07-12.\nHoppe, Ralf (2015-04-21). \"Turkey Slowly Moves to Address Armenian Genocide\". Der Spiegel. ISSN 2195-1349. Retrieved 2022-07-12.\nMouradian, Khatchig (2012-06-19). \"Alchemy near the Chasm of Death: Visiting a Mass Grave of the Armenian Genocide\". The Armenian Weekly. Retrieved 2020-01-22.\nArango, Tim (2015-04-16). \"A Century After Armenian Genocide, Turkey's Denial Only Deepens\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-01-22.\nLubbock, John (2016-03-22), 100 Years Later, retrieved 2020-01-22" ]

[ "Çüngüş", "References" ]

[ 2433, 2434, 2435 ]

[ 13076, 13077, 13078, 13079 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/%C3%87%C3%BCr%C3%BCksulu_Mahmut_Pa%C5%9Fa_%28Tavdgiridze%29.JPG" ]

[ "Çürüksulu Mahmud Pasha (Turkish: Çürüksulu Mahmut Paşa; 1864 – 31 July 1931), was an Ottoman army general and statesman of ethnic Georgian background.", "Mahmud Pasha was born in 1864 in Kobuleti, then part of the Ottoman Empire known by its Ottoman name Çürüksu, in the present-day Adjara region of the Republic of Georgia.\nAfter 1909, Mahmud Pasha took part in the modernization of the Ottoman army under the auspices of German High Command. He served as the Minister of Public Works in the CUP government.\nWhen World War I broke out in 1914, Mahmud Pasha opposed the Ottoman participation in view of the unpreparedness of the armed forces. He was known as an outspoken but a respected figure in the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP). Later in the war, Mahmud Pasha served as the Minister of the Navy in the CUP cabinet of Talaat Pasha. \nIn 1914, Mahmud Pasha's candidacy was put forward by the Sultan to serve in the Ottoman Senate (Ayan Meclisi). After the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in WW I, Mahmud Pasha led the commission to negotiate peace. Mahmud Pasha's support for territorial concessions to reach an agreement with Armenians in 1919 drew criticism from Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.\nOn March 22, 1920, Mahmud Pasha was among the few CUP members arrested and sent by the British authorities for a tribunal in Malta. Upon their repatriation in 1921, he returned to Turkey. Mahmud Pasha died in Istanbul on July 31, 1931.", "\"Çürüksulu Mahmud Pasha Tavgiridze\". The Platform of Georgians in Turkey (TurkGurcu.com). Retrieved May 6, 2012.\nAtatürk, Kemal. \"Public Speeches, Nutuk (1919 - 1927)\". Ataturk Research Center. Retrieved May 6, 2012." ]

[ "Çürüksulu Mahmud Pasha", "Early life and career", "References" ]

[ 2436 ]

[ 13080, 13081, 13082, 13083 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Ashitatribe.jpg" ]

[ "Çığlı (Syriac: ܥܫܝܬܐ, romanized: Ashitha, Kurdish: Aşut) is a village in Hakkâri Province in southeastern Turkey. It is located in the district of Çukurca and the historical region of Hakkari.\nIn the village, there were churches of Mar Gewargis and Mar Saba.", "The Syriac and Turkish names of the village, Ashitha and Çığlı, respectively, both translate to \"avalanche\". Ashitha is derived from \"ašīthā\" (\"avalanche\" in Syriac), whilst Çığlı is likely a combination of \"çığ\" (\"avalanche\" in Turkish) and the adjectival suffix -li.", "The church of Mar Saba was constructed in the 4th century. Ashitha was formerly exclusively inhabited by Assyrians, and was the centre of the lower Tyari district, and a rayyat (vassal) of the ashiret (free men) Tyari clan. It was formed by an aggregation of the villages of Jemane, Jemane Tahtaita, Mata d'Umra-Hatibet, Isrur, and Merwita. The village served as one of two places in the Hakkari region designated by the Patriarch of the Church of the East as a location for the resolution of disputes under the arbitration of a malik.\nA large mission station was built at Ashitha by the American Protestant missionary Asahel Grant in September 1842. By the end of the month, he had also built a school with 20 pupils, and eight mule loads of Syriac books had arrived from Mosul. The size and position of the mission station atop an isolated hill, commanding the whole valley, unnerved Kurds and Turkish authorities, and sparked a series of events that led to the Kurdish massacres in Hakkari in 1843. Although Ashitha was spared after the village clergymen shamasha (deacon) Hinno and kasha (priest) Jindo had written to the Kurdish emir Bedir Khan Beg to pledge their allegiance and support, a number of villagers fled and took refuge in the village of Musakan in the Barwari region.\nMany villagers were killed during the massacres of 1846, and the mission station, which had been converted into a Kurdish fortress, was destroyed during the Ottoman suppression of the revolt of Bedir Khan in 1847. The village was inhabited by 400 Nestorians, and had four priests and one functioning church in 1850. The population dropped to 300 Nestorians, with 20 priests and one church, by 1877. The village was frequently visited by the Nestorian patriarchs Shimun XVII Abraham (r. 1820-1861) and his successor Shimun XVIII Rubil (r. 1861-1903). In the late 19th century, Ashitha was targeted for conversion by Catholic missionaries. Throughout the century, the village had been a major centre of manuscript production.\nAshitha gave its name to the kaza of Chal and Ashitha in the sanjak of Hakkari in the vilayet of Van, which was populated by 200 Jews, 840 Turks, 11,000 Kurds, and 32,000 Assyrians, for a total of 43,890 people in 1900. In 1913, 350 Chaldean Catholics inhabited Ashitha, and were served by one priest as part of the archdiocese of Van. It was claimed in 1913 there was an incumbent Nestorian bishop of Ashitha, however, this is unlikely to be genuine. Amidst the Assyrian genocide in the First World War, Ashitha was attacked by Turks and Kurds under Rashid Bey, Emir of Lower Barwari, on 11 June 1915, and the village was defended under the leadership of Zenkho of Bet Hiob and Lazar of Ashita. Ashitha fell after a day of fighting, and its population of 500 families fled into the mountains.\nVillagers returned to rebuild in the early 1920s, but were expelled to Iraq by the Turkish government, and some founded the village of Sarsing in 1924. By 1933, a number of villagers had settled at Kani Balavi, and 15 former inhabitants, with 3 families, settled at Bandwaya by 1938. Ashitha has since been Turkified to Çığlı, and is now wholly populated by Kurds of the Kaşuran tribe.", "Notes\nAlternatively transliterated as Ashita.\nCitations\n\"HAKKARİ ÇUKURCA ÇIĞLI KÖYÜ NÜFUSU\". Türkiye Nüfusu (in Turkish). Retrieved 7 May 2020.\nStavridis (2018), p. 192.\nWilmshurst (2000), pp. 288–289.\nYacoub (2016), p. 161.\nBorghero (2006), p. 109.\nYonan (1996), pp. 28–29.\nJoseph (2000), p. 79.\nJoseph (2000), pp. 79–82.\nJwaideh (2006), p. 68.\nWilmshurst (2000), p. 149.\nJoseph (2000), p. 83.\nO'Flynn (2017), p. 285.\nWilmshurst (2000), p. 288.\nWilmshurst (2000), p. 289.\nBecker (2015), p. 59.\nWilmshurst (2000), p. 285.\nWilmshurst (2000), p. 284.\nWilmshurst (2000), pp. 366–367.\nYonan (1996), pp. 97–98.\nYacoub (2016), p. 166.\nYacoub (2016), p. 168.\nDonabed (2015), p. 323.\nDonabed (2015), p. 309.\nPeter Alfred, Andrews; Benninghaus, Rüdiger, eds. (1989). Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey. p. 215.", "Becker, Adam H. (2015). Revival and Awakening: American Evangelical Missionaries in Iran and the Origins of Assyrian Nationalism. University of Chicago Press.\nBorghero, Roberta (2006). \"Some features of the North Eastern Neo-Aramaic dialect of Ashitha\". In Pier Giorgio Borbone; Alessandro Mengozzi; Mauro Tosco (eds.). Linguistic and oriental studies in honour of Fabrizio A. Pennacchietti. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 109–121.\nDonabed, Sargon George (2015). Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the Twentieth Century. Edinburgh University Press.\nJoseph, John (2000). The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East: A History of Their Encounter with Western Christian Missions, Archaeologists, and Colonial Powers. Brill.\nJwaideh, Wadie (2006). The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development. Syracuse University Press.\nO'Flynn, Thomas (2017). The Western Christian Presence in the Russias and Qājār Persia, c.1760–c.1870. Brill.\nStavridis, Stavros (2018). \"Lady Surma: the pillar of the Assyrian nation, 1883–1975\". In Hannibal Travis (ed.). The Assyrian Genocide: Cultural and Political Legacies. Routledge. pp. 191–217.\nWilmshurst, David (2000). The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913. Peeters Publishers.\nYacoub, Joseph (2016). Year of the Sword: The Assyrian Christian Genocide, A History. Translated by James Ferguson. Oxford University Press.\nYonan, Gabriele (1996). Lest We Perish: A Forgotten Holocaust : the Extermination of the Christian Assyrians in Turkey and Persia (PDF). Retrieved 7 May 2020." ]

[ "Çığlı, Çukurca", "Etymology", "History", "References", "Bibliography" ]

[ 2437 ]

[ 13084, 13085, 13086, 13087, 13088, 13089, 13090, 13091, 13092, 13093, 13094, 13095, 13096, 13097 ]

[ "Çılbır with duck-fat sautéed ramps", "", "" ]

[ 0, 3, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/%C3%87%C4%B1lb%C4%B1r_with_duck-fat_saut%C3%A9ed_Ramps_%2814826584557%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Obstjoghurt01.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Pideli_k%C3%B6fte_-_Istanbul.jpg" ]

[ "Çılbır is a Turkish dish of poached eggs with yogurt (often with garlic mixed in).\nThere are records of çılbır being eaten by Ottoman sultans as far back as the 15th century. It is now common to serve the dish topped with melted butter infused with Aleppo pepper, for which paprika can be substituted.\nIn several Balkan countries such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia, the Turkish word çılbır is rendered as čimbur and refers to a fried eggs dish. Almost identical is the Panagyurski style eggs dish in Bulgaria.", "List of egg dishes\nTurkish cuisine", "\"Recipe: Eggs Benedict, the Turkish Way (Çılbır)\", FoodsofTurkey.com.", "" ]

[ "Çılbır", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2438, 2439, 2440 ]

[ 13098 ]

[ "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 7, 7 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/%C3%87%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r_district_002.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Ardahan_districts.png" ]

[ "Çıldır (Armenian: Հիւսիսեան, Husenian; meaning \"North\"; Georgian: ჩრდილი, Chrdili; meaning \"Shadow\") is a district of Ardahan Province of Turkey.", "Çıldır is also called Armenian: Հիւսիսեան, Hiusisean; Georgian: ჩრდილი, Chrdili; Russian: Чилдыр, Childyr, and Tsiltiri in Pontic Greek.", "", "Çıldır\nAşıkşenlik", "Ağıllı\nAkçakale\nAkçıl\nAkdarı\nAkkiraz\nAşağıcambaz\nBaltalı\nBaşköy\nDamlıca\nDirsekkaya\nDoğankaya\nEskibeyrehatun\nEşmepınar\nGölbelen\nGölebakan\nGüvenocak\nKarakale\nKaşlıkaya\nKayabeyi\nKenarbel\nKenardere\nKotanlı\nKurtkale\nKuzukaya\nMeryemköy\nÖncül\nÖvündü\nSabaholdu\nSaymalı\nSazlısu\nSemihaşakir\nTaşdeğirmen\nYenibeyrehatun\nYıldırımtepe\nYukarıcambaz\nGeographical Features\nThe district center was established on a flat area with an average height of 1950 meters, and its villages were located on a partly flat and partly hilly land. The total area of the district is 1163 km². Çıldır has a very harsh and cold winter climate, and a warm and rainy summer climate. The average temperature of the coldest month is –30 degrees. The average temperature of the hottest month is +25 degrees.", "The large Lake Çıldır in the district is an important haven for bird life.\nThe semi-documentary film Inat Hikayeleri by Reis Çelik was made in Çıldır, featuring the people of the district, their tales and songs. See for more about the film.", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.", "the district governorate\nlocal news website" ]

[ "Çıldır", "Names", "Administrative structure", "Towns", "Villages", "Background", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2441, 2442, 2443 ]

[ 13099, 13100, 13101, 13102 ]

[ "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/%C3%87inar_2012.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Diyarbak%C4%B1r_districts.png" ]

[ "Çınar (Kurdish: Çinar/Axpar) is a district of Diyarbakır Province of Turkey. Its population is 74,207 according to Turkish government statistics as of 2018.\nIn the local elections 2019 Bedri Kaya was elected Mayor. Selami Kaya was appointed District Governor.\nA historic ruined castle Zerzevan Castle is located 13 km (8.1 mi) southeast of Çınar town.", "Aktepe 37.7224°N 40.5694°E\nAkçomak 37°41′N 40°28′E\nAlabaş 37.7693°N 40.0888°E\nAlancık 37.5269°N 40.2684°E\nAltınakar37°46′N 40°25′E\nArafat 37°41′N 40°11′E\nAvdalı 37°35′N 40°13′E\nAyveri 37°44′N 40°05′E\nAğaçsever 37°36′11″N 40°21′14″E\nAşağıkonak 37.6261°N 40.4932°E\nAşağımollaali 37°45′N 40°14′E\nBallıbaba\nBayırkonağı 37°35′34″N 40°05′48″E\nBağacık 37.6467°N 40.4246°E\nBaşaklı 37.8257°N 40.4552°E\nBaşalan 37.7905°N 40.4757°E\nBelenli 37.7785°N 40.5123°E\nBellitaş 37.6843°N 40.1736°E\nBeneklitaş 37.7102°N 40.0566°E\nBeşpınar 37.7822°N 40.3645°E\nBilmece 37.5468°N 40.2193°E\nBiramehmetağa 37.5495°N 39.9850°E\nBozçalı 37.7402°N 40.3700°E\nBoğazören 37.8081°N 40.1196°E\nBulutçeker 37°38′N 40°10′E\nBuyuransu\nDemirölçek 37°37′N 40°30′E\nDikmencik\nDişlibaşak 37°40′N 39°59′E\nDüzova\nEkinveren\nFilizören 37°38′N 40°17′E\nGöktepe\nGörece\nGümüştaş\nGürses 37°40′34″N 40°21′3″E\nHalkapınar\nHalıören 37°36′N 40°02′E\nHarabe\nHasköy\nHöyükdibi\nKarababa\nKarabudak\nKaralar\nKarasungur\nKaraçevre 37°41′N 40°03′E\nKazıktepe 37°47′N 40°17′E\nKubacık\nKuruyazı\nKutluk 37°46′N 40°31′E\nKuyuluhöyük 37°48′N 40°10′E\nKöksalan\nKürekli\nKılıçkaya\nKırkağaç\nLeblebitaş 37°38′N 39°59′E\nMeydanköy\nMuratcık 38°51′N 38°58′E\nOrtaşar 37°45′N 40°17′E\nOvabağ 37°43′N 39°59′E\nPembeviran\nPiremehmetağa\nSelyazı 37°44′N 40°14′E\nSevindik\nSolmaz\nSoğansuyu 37°47′N 40°03′E\nSürendal 37°33′N 40°18′E\nSırımkesen 37°45′N 40°02′E\nTaşhelvası 37°46′35″N 40°18′46″E\nTekkaynak\nTilver 37°39′N 40°14′E\nToraman\nUzgider\nYaprakbaşı\nYarımkaş 37°42′N 40°08′E\nYazçiçeği 37°36′N 40°23′E\nYeşilbağ\nYeşiltaş\nYukarıortaören\nYuvacık\nYıllarca 37°44′16″N 40°08′38″E\nÇakırkaya\nÇakırtutmaz\nÇataltarla 37°44′N 40°38′E\nÇeltikaltı 37°46′N 40°10′E\nÇukurbaşı 37°41′N 40°30′E\nÇömçeli\nÇınar, Diyarbakır]]\nÇınarköy\nÖncülü 37°43′N 40°32′E\nÖzgider\nÖzyar 37°42′N 40°14′E\nİnanöz 37°42′N 39°58′E\nİncirtepe 37°42′N 40°30′E\nŞekerören 37°44′47″N 40°27′34″E\nŞeyhçoban\nŞükürlü 37°48′44″N 40°20′54″E", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 5 March 2013.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 27 February 2013.\nAdem Avcıkıran (2009). Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî (PDF) (in Turkish and Kurdish). p. 55. Retrieved 17 December 2019.\n\"Çınar Nüfusu Diyarbakır\". www.nufusu.com. Retrieved 22 January 2020.\n\"Diyarbakır Çınar Seçim Sonuçları - 31 Mart 2019 Yerel Seçimleri\". www.sabah.com.tr. Retrieved 10 November 2019.\n\"Kaymakam Selami Kaya\". www.cinar.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019.\nKaya, Selim (December 2014). \"Zerzevan Kalesi\". Atlas (in Turkish) (261). Retrieved 29 April 2018." ]

[ "Çınar, Diyarbakır", "Neighbourhoods", "References" ]

[ 2444, 2445, 2446 ]

[ 13103, 13104, 13105 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/%C3%87%C4%B1nar_Vakas%C4%B1.jpg" ]

[ "Çınar incident (Platanus Incident) is the name of a 17th-century rebellion in the Ottoman Empire. It is also sometimes known as \"The Event of the Vakvak\" (Vakʿa-ı Vakvakiye), named after a mythical tree on which human beings grew, as an analogy to the corpses hung from trees in the aftermath of the rebellion.", "During the Cretan War (1645–1669), military expenditures of the Ottoman Empire increased, and the empire began experiencing economic difficulties. Sultan Mehmet IV was only a teenager and the regent, Valide Sultan (mother queen) Turhan Hatice and the short term grand viziers, could not find a solution. Especially after the execution of the reformist grand vizier Tarhoncu Ahmet Pasha, who tried to cut back palace expenditures, the only solution proposed was a devaluation. So, the ratio of gold in coins was reduced. The new coins minted were known as \"red coin\". The salaries were paid in the red coins. But even then, payment to some soldiers was delayed as much as nine months. Besides, the markets in İstanbul refused to accept the red coins.", "A group of soldiers, who had returned from Crete in 1656, sent their representatives to the Palace and demanded payment of their salaries. But the representatives were expelled from the palace by Osman Aga, a senior palace guard. This triggered a rebellion on 26 February 1656. The rebels asked to meet with the sultan on 4 March. Such meetings were known as \"ayak divanı\" (literally: \"meeting with folk\"). During the meeting, they presented a list of 30 men, whom they thought to be responsible for the economic crisis, and they wanted all to be executed. The young sultan accepted to dismiss some of these, including Osman Aga, but he tried to save their lives, but the angry rebels were not satisfied. They killed most of the people whose names were on the list, hanging them on a big platanus tree (Turkish: çınar).", "The Çınar Incident showed the regent Valide Sultan Turhan the urgent need of an able administration. Before the Çınar Incident, ten grand viziers had been appointed in a rapid sequence in eight years between 1648–1656, since Mehmet's accession. Short term grand viziers were ineffective in solving the problems of the empire. So, she finally appointed Köprülü Mehmet Pasha as the new grand vizier in the following September. Köprülü Mehmet accepted the post only after Turhan promised not to interfere with his administration. It soon became clear that Köprülü Mehmet was a wise choice.", "Köprülü era\nAl-Wakwak\nSultanate of Women", "Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi III, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp. 111-120\nGabon Anaston-Bruce Masters:Encyclopaedia of the Ottoman Empire, ISBN 0-8160-6259-5, p. 370\nOn line history (in Turkish)" ]

[ "Çınar incident", "Background", "Incident", "Aftermath", "Also see", "References" ]

[ 2447 ]

[ 13106, 13107, 13108, 13109, 13110, 13111 ]

[ "A view of Çınarcık", "Çınarcık", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 2, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/%C3%87%C4%B1narc%C4%B1k_-_panoramio_%2857%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/%C3%87%C4%B1narc%C4%B1k_Panorama.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Yalova_districts.png" ]

[ "Çınarcık is a town and district of Yalova Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. The mayor is Numan Soyer. (AK Party).\nÇınarcık has a permanent population of 9,000 but its location near İstanbul has made it a popular location for summer homes. On hot weekends during the summer, the population can swell to 300,000 and construction of new summer homes in the town is fast-paced.\nÇınarcık is located on a small strip of flat land on the coast with mountains rising sharply in back of it. This environment is very common among cities on the northern coast of Turkey. Cınarcık provides a number of vacation activities including camping, hiking, and beaches. Most of the coastline of Çınarcık is rocky but the western end has sand beaches with several restaurants. The beaches are not of high quality by Turkish standards as there is a considerable amount of seaweed and jellyfish in the surf, though the jellyfish do not sting. The nightlife can be lively during the summer, due to the large number of İstanbulites staying there. The largest club is Club Kio.", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\nFalling Rain Genomics, Inc. \"Geographical information on Çınarcık, Turkey\". Retrieved 2008-10-20.", "District governor's official website (in Turkish)" ]

[ "Çınarcık", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2448, 2449, 2450 ]

[ 13112 ]

[ "Çınarcık reservoir begins to fill", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/%C3%87INAR%C3%87IK_BARAJI_YEN%C4%B0_SU_TUTULMAYA_BA%C5%9ELANDI_-_panoramio.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Arch_dam_Oymapinar_%28Manavgat_River%2C_Turkey%29.JPG" ]

[ "Çınarcık Dam is a rock-fill dam on the Orhaneli River about 30 km (19 mi) east of Mustafakemalpaşa in Bursa Province, Turkey. It serves several purposes to include power, irrigation, flood control and municipal water supply to the city of Bursa. The dam was constructed between 1996 and 2002. Construction of the Uluabat Hydroelectric Station, which the dam supplies water to, began in 2006 and it was commissioned in 2010. The 125 m (410 ft) tall dam diverts water north through an 11.27 km (7.00 mi) long tunnel where it reaches the power station on the southern bank of Lake Uluabat. Water discharged from the 100 MW power station then enters the lake. The dam and power station are owned by the Turkish State Hydraulic Works.", "List of dams and reservoirs in Turkey", "DSI directory, State Hydraulic Works (Turkey), Retrieved December 16, 2009\n\"Çinarcik Dam\". Turkey State Hydraulic Works. Retrieved 14 December 2014.\nBOZKUŞ, Zafer (December 2011). \"Virtual Failure Analysis of the Çınarcık Dam†1\" (PDF). Civil Engineers Odası. Retrieved 14 December 2014.\n\"Bursa Çınarcık Dam Construction\". TİMTAŞ A.Ş. Retrieved 14 December 2014.\n\"Uluabat\". Herrenknecht. Retrieved 14 December 2014.\n\"Hydroelectric Power Plants in Northern Turkey - other regions\". IndustCards. Archived from the original on 2013-01-03. Retrieved 14 December 2014." ]

[ "Çınarcık Dam", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2451, 2452, 2453 ]

[ 13113, 13114 ]

[ "A view of Çırağan Palace from the Bosporus", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img59_%C3%87%C4%B1ra%C4%9Fan_Palace.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Ciragan_Palace_1840.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Ciragan_Palace_fire_1909.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Mh.%2C_%C3%87%C4%B1ra%C4%9Fan_Cd._No-32%2C_34349_Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F-%C4%B0stanbul%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Ciragan_Palace_2014.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img66_%C3%87%C4%B1ra%C4%9Fan_Palace.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img65_%C3%87%C4%B1ra%C4%9Fan_Palace.jpg" ]

[ "Çırağan Palace (Turkish: Çırağan Sarayı), a former Ottoman palace, is now a five-star hotel in the Kempinski Hotels chain. It is located on the European shore of the Bosporus, between Beşiktaş and Ortaköy in Istanbul, Turkey.\nThe Sultan's Suite, billed at US$35,419.68 per night, is ranked number 14 on World's 15 most expensive hotel suites compiled by CNN Go in 2012.", "The palace, built by Sultan Abdulaziz, was designed by the Armenian palace architect Nigoğayos Balyan and constructed by his sons Sarkis and Hagop Balyan between 1863 and 1867, during a period in which all Ottoman sultans built their own palaces rather than using those of their ancestors; Çırağan Palace is the last example of this tradition. The inner walls and the roof were made of wood, the outer walls of colorful marble. A beautiful marble bridge connects the palace to the Yıldız Palace on the hill behind. A very high garden wall protects the palace from the outer world.\nThe construction and the interior decoration of the palace continued until 1872. Sultan Abdulaziz did not live long in his magnificent palace - he was found dead inside on 30 May 1876, shortly after he was dethroned. His successor, his nephew Sultan Murad V, moved into Çırağan Palace, but reigned for only 93 days. He was deposed by his brother Abdul Hamid II due to alleged mental illness and lived there under house arrest until his death on 29 August 1904\nOn November 14, 1909, during the Second Constitutional Monarchy, Sultan Mehmed V allowed the Ottoman Parliament to hold their meetings in this building. Only two months later, on January 19, 1910, a great fire destroyed the palace, leaving only the outer walls intact. Called \"Şeref Stadı\", for many years its garden served as a football field for the club Beşiktaş J.K.\nIn 1987, the ruined palace was bought by a Japanese corporation, which restored the palace and added a modern hotel complex next to it in its garden. The modern hotel building was opened in 1990 and the restored palace building was opened in 1992. Today, it serves as luxury suites for the five-star Kempinski hotel along with two restaurants that cater to guests.\nThe Palace was renovated again during the first quarter of 2007, now resembling the authentic palace with the baroque style and soft colors.", "Hotels in Istanbul\nOttoman architecture", "Arnold, Helen CNN Go. 25 March 2012. Retrieved 2014-10-09\nHistory of the palace", "Çelik Gülersoy. The Çerâğan palaces. Istanbul Kitaplığı, Istanbul (1992). ISBN 975-7687-08-1", "Media related to Çırağan Palace at Wikimedia Commons\nÇırağan Palace\nÇırağan Palace Suites" ]

[ "Çırağan Palace", "History", "See also", "References", "Literature", "External links" ]

[ 2454, 2455, 2456 ]

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[ "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/%C3%87%C4%B1ral%C4%B1_ve_Ekolojik_Turizm.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Cirali-olympos-theme-photo.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/CiraliMeczet.jpg" ]

[ "Çıralı is an agricultural village in southwest Turkey, in the Kemer district of Antalya Province. It is walking distance from the ancient ruins of Olympos and Chimaera permanent gas vents, located in the ancient Lycia region of Anatolia.\nÇıralı is a very small rural village located just over an hour's drive southwest from Antalya. It has a 3.5 km secluded beach. The ancient ruins of Olympos are located at the far end of its coast. A long hike up the mountains is required to reach the flames of the Chimaera.", "Richardson, terry (3 June 2014). \"Cirali, Turkey: Secret Seaside\". UK Telegraph. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2015.", "Media related to Çıralı at Wikimedia Commons\nOfficial website\nÇıralı Information and Guide.\nÇıralı Information\nÇıralı Online\nREPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND TOURISM - Antalya - Beydaglari Shore National Park" ]

[ "Çıralı", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2457, 2458, 2459 ]

[ 13120 ]

[ "The back facade of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Library" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/%C3%87om%C3%BC_k%C3%BCt%C3%BCphane_arka_cephe_.jpg" ]

[ "The ÇOMÜ Library, the main research library of the Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, is one of the oldest libraries in the southern Marmara Region of Turkey and the largest in southern and western Marmara region. The library is at the centre of the main campus. The ÇOMÜ Library is a 24-hour library, open 365 days a year including holidays.", "ÇOMÜ Library was founded in 1992 in the Anafartalar Campus as the main library of the University.\nAt the end of 2002 the collection was transferred to the Terzioğlu Campus. The collection at that time was only 50,000 volumes in 2002. The Library reached the number of 250,000 printed volumes in size in the end of 2011. The ÇOMÜ Library, apart from over 2 million PhD and MA thesis, has more than 620,000 separate printed books and about 200,000 e-books.", "", "The main building has 2000 reader places and 120 PC workstations. The library also has working groups hall and foreign language study rooms. The ÇOMÜ Library has also a 300-people conference hall in the ground floor. The building is home of over 620,000 printed books and known as the biggest library in the Aegean Sea Region, Turkey.", "The Anafartalar Library, which is also known as the Education Faculty Library, mainly focuses on educational materials. It has a 50 reader places and about 200 PC workstations.", "It is located in the Agakoy Campus of the University, Biga town. The library building was opened on 17 March 2013 by Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan. The ÇOMÜ Biga Library has a 60,000 books-collection which is mainly focused on politics, economics and international relations. The total book capacity of the library is 250,000 volumes. The ÇOMÜ Biga Library is the biggest faculty library in Turkey.", "Housed in a 19th-century former school in the old town, this library, opposite the Tifli Mosque, was the bequest of the late Manfred Osman Korfmann (1945–2005), archaeological director at Troy from 1988 to 2003. It contains more than 20.000 volumes on history, culture, art and archaeology.", "The library occupies a group of two buildings in the main campus of the university. The library includes several off-site storage areas and many other libraries in Çanakkale province:\nFaculty of Medicine Library\nAnafartalar Library, Education\nFaculty of Divinity Library\nBiga Library\nJapanese Library, Japanese Collection in Anafartalar\nAvustralian Studies Centre Library\nHistory Library\nLocal Branches in Gökçeada, Bozcada, Yenice, Çan, Gelibolu (Gallipoli), Lapseki, Biga, Ezine, Ayvacık)\nMusic Library\nÇOMÜ Korfmann Archeology Library.", "ÇOMÜ library IT Services provides a wide range of services, support and facilities, including high speed network access, high specification PCs and quality help, training and advice. The IT hall is at the lower floor of the Main Library and include about 100 PCs for 7/24 hour unlimited usage.\nApart from the Library IT hall, the ÖSEM IT Centre with its 250 PCs is 150 m away.", "\"Raf Uzunluğu 17 km'yi aştı\". University Library of ÇOMÜ. Retrieved 2014-10-18.\n\"Bu Kütüphane 24 Saat Açık\". Zaman. 12 April 2012.\nDemokrat Çanakkale, Newspaper. \"ÇOMÜ Kütüphanesi 24 Saat Açık (ÇOMÜ Library is 24 Hour Open)\". DÇ Newspaper. Retrieved 21 August 2012.\n\"Kütüphane hakkında\". University Library of ÇOMÜ. Retrieved 2013-04-16.\n\"Ege'nin En Büyük Kütüphanesi Kapılarını Açtı\". Objektif. April 10, 2013. Retrieved April 10, 2013.\n\"7/24 Kapanmayan Kütüphane\". Aksiyon. April 10, 2013. Retrieved July 22, 2013.\n\"ÇOMÜ Biga Kütüphanesi açılışa Hazır\". Sabah. April 4, 2013. Retrieved April 4, 2013.", "Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Library" ]

[ "ÇOMÜ Library", "History", "Infrastructure and facilities", "Main building", "Anafartalar Library", "The ÇOMÜ Biga Library", "The ÇOMÜ Korfmann Archeology Library", "Sites", "IT Services", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2460 ]

[ 13121, 13122, 13123, 13124, 13125, 13126, 13127, 13128 ]

[ "ÇOMÜ Ulupınar Observatory in 2012", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Ulup%C4%B1nar_G%C3%B6zlemevi_-_%C3%87OM%C3%9C_Ulup%C4%B1nar_Observatory.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/P200_Dome_Open.jpg" ]

[ "The ÇOMÜ Ulupınar Observatory (UPO) (Turkish: Ulupınar Gözlemevi) is a ground-based astronomical observatory, which was established in 2001 and formally opened on 19 May 2002. It is also known as Çanakkale Observatory or the University Observatory. The Ulupınar Observatory is part of the Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University (ÇOMÜ) Faculty of Science and Arts.\nThe observatory is located at an altitude of 410 m (1,350 ft) on the southern slope of the Radar Tepesi in Ulupınar village 10 km (6.2 mi) south-east of downtown Çanakkale and 5 km (3.1 mi) from the university's main campus. The observatory and its research center premises include a library, a workshop, a classroom, a conference hall and living quarters for night observing astronomers.\nUlupınar Observatory began its activity with a donated 0.40m telescope. It has expanded to a facility having seven telescopes operated by 30 scientists. There are three computer-controlled optical telescopes with several other instruments including the biggest telescopes in Turkey, among them a 1.22m telescope made in Germany. There is also an automated meteorological station fully active at the observatory.", "T-122\nASTELCO 122 cm Cassegrain-Nasymth telescope\nAltazimuth mount\nFocal length: 10220 mm\nFocal ratio: f/10\nIST-60\nIstanbul University collaboration\nASTELCO 60 cm Cassegrain telescope\nGerman-Equatorial Mount: NTM-500\nFocal length: 6000 mm\nFocal ratio: f/8\nT-40\nMeade LX200 model Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope\nNumber of objects in memory: 145,000\nDiameter: 16 in (410 mm)\nOptical tube heat adjusting fan\nFocal length: 4,064 mm (13 ft 4.0 in)\nFocal ratio: f/10\nT-30 (two pieces)\nMeade LX200 model Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope\nNumber of objects in memory: 145,000\nDiameter: 12 in (300 mm)\nFocal Length: 3,048 mm (10 ft 0 in)\nFocal Ratio: f/10\nT-20\nAiming for amateur usage\nNewtonian telescope\nDiameter: 20 cm (7.9 in)\nFocal Ratio: f/10 T-10\nSSP-5 Photoelectric photometer\nComputer-controlled\nUBVRI Johnson filters\nFocal length: 25 mm (0.98 in)\nOptical design: Ramsden\nField of view: 0.4 degree in 2,000 mm (79 in) focal length CCD Camera\nSanta Barbara Instrument Group SBIG-ST237 model CCD imaging camera\nPixel size: 7.4 by 7.4 micrometres (0.00029 in × 0.00029 in)\nChip size 657 × 495 pixels (4.7 × 3.6 mm)", "List of astronomical observatories", "Güler, Mehmet (2012-05-17). \"Ulupınar Observatory making strong contributions to Turkish astronomy\". Today's Zaman. Retrieved 2013-02-20.", "ÇOMU - Astrophysics Research Center (ARC) and Ulupınar Observatory (UPO)" ]

[ "ÇOMÜ Ulupınar Observatory", "Telescopes", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2461, 2462 ]

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[ "Atan playing for Akhisar Belediyespor in 2014" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/%C3%87a%C4%9Fda%C5%9F_Atan_%2714.JPG" ]

[ "Çağdaş Atan ([ˈtʃaːdaʃ ˈatan]; born 29 February 1980) is a Turkish former footballer who played as a central defender. He last managed Alanyaspor of the Turkish Super League.", "Atan began his career with Altay SK before moving to Marmaris Belediye G.S.K., where he signed his first professional contract, in 2000. He returned to Altay in 2001 and played for two seasons. After that, he signed for Denizlispor and Beşiktaş On 1 June 2006, he transferred to Trabzonspor, based in the Black Sea port city of Trabzon. He then signed for German club FC Energie Cottbus in the summer of 2008. After just one season at Cottbus, Atan transferred to Swiss side FC Basel on 23 June 2009. He made his Basel debut in a 2–0 defeat to FC St. Gallen on 12 July 2009, at the AFG Arena.", "Atan has also played and scored for the Turkish national team. He earned both of his caps as a substitute in 2004 and scored once.", "In 2016 Atan started several tenures as assistant manager under Sergen Yalçın in various clubs.", "Basel\nSwiss Super League: 2009–10\nSwiss Cup: 2009–10", "Çağdaş Atan Gaziantepspor’da‚ olaymedya.com, 3 May 2016\n\"St. Gallen 2 – Basel 0\" (in German). FC Basel. 12 July 2009. Retrieved 14 March 2010.", "Çağdaş Atan at Soccerway\nÇağdaş Atan at National-Football-Teams.com\nÇağdaş Atan – UEFA competition record (archive)" ]

[ "Çağdaş Atan", "Club career", "International career", "Coaching career", "Honours", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2463 ]

[ 13131, 13132, 13133 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Cagliyan.jpg" ]

[ "Çağlıyan is a village in the District of Şavşat, Artvin Province, Turkey. As of 2011, it had a population of 102 people.", "\"Population of city, towns and villages - 2011\". Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 23 July 2012." ]

[ "Çağlıyan, Şavşat", "References" ]

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[ 13134 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/%C3%87a%C4%9Fla_Ak%C4%B1n_3.JPG" ]

[ "Çağla Akın (born 19 January 1995 in Istanbul, Turkey) is a Turkish female volleyball player who won the gold medal at the 2013 Club World Championship playing with Nilüfer Belediyespor.", "She is 178 cm (5.84 ft) tall at 60 kg (130 lb). Her parents were national handball players.", "She played for the VakıfBank Türk Telekom before she transferred in 2012 to Beşiktaş. Akın was a member of the girls' youth national team and the women's junior national team.\nAkın won the gold medal at the 2013 Club World Championship playing with Vakıfbank Istanbul.", "VakıfBank Türk Telekom Junior (2009-2011)\n VakıfBank Türk Telekom (2011-2012)\n Beşiktaş Junior (2012-2013)\n Vakıfbank Istanbul (2013-2014)\n Beşiktaş (2014-2017)\n Fenerbahçe (2017-2018)\n Galatasaray (2018-2021)", "", "2011 FIVB Girls Youth World Championship -  Gold\n2011 European Youth Summer Olympic Festival -  Bronze\n2012 Women's Junior European Volleyball Championship -  Gold\n2014 Women's European Volleyball League -  Gold\n2015 FIVB Volleyball Women's U23 World Championship -  Silver", "2013 Club World Championship - Champion, with Vakıfbank Istanbul", "Turkish women in sports", "\"Milli pasör Çağla Akın çok mutlu\". NTV Spor (in Turkish). 2011-08-23. Retrieved 2012-11-02.\n\"Gençler Ligi Kadrosu\" (in Turkish). Vakıfbank Spor Kulübü. Retrieved 2012-11-02.\n\"Çağla Akın\" (in Turkish). Beşiktaş J.K. Retrieved 2012-11-02.\n\"Vakifbank Istanbul fly to first Women's Club World Champs title, China claim bronze\". Zurich, Switzerland: FIVB. 2013-10-13. Retrieved 2013-10-13." ]

[ "Çağla Akın", "Personal information", "Career", "Clubs", "Awards", "National team", "Clubs", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2465 ]

[ 13135, 13136, 13137 ]

[ "Büyükakçay at the 2019 Wimbledon", "Büyükakçay at the 2015 Wimbledon Championships", "Büyükakçay at the 2015 Fed Cup" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Buyukakcay_WMQ19_%2815%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Buyukakcay_WMQ15_%283%29_%2819764437410%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/%C3%87a%C4%9Fla_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkak%C3%A7ay_%2816294801689%29.jpg" ]

[ "Çağla Büyükakçay ([ˈtʃajla byjyˈkaktʃaj]; born 28 September 1989) is a Turkish professional tennis player.\nShe has won ten singles and 15 doubles titles on the ITF Circuit. In September 2016, she reached her best singles ranking of world No. 60. She won her first title on the WTA Tour at her home tournament in Istanbul. On 29 February 2016, she peaked at world No. 111 in the WTA doubles rankings.\nPlaying for Turkey at the Fed Cup, Büyükakçay has a win–loss record of 39–30. She is also the top-ranked tennis player at Istanbul's multi-sports club Enkaspor. Büyükakçay was the first tennis player to represent Turkey at the Olympic Games. She competed at the 2016 Rio Olympics Archived 6 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine.", "She did not contest many junior tournaments, only playing four before competing at the senior level. After a few aborted starts, Büyükakçay played her first professional match at an ITF event in Istanbul in May 2004. Losing in the qualifying draw, she would play two more tournaments during the 2004 season. She won her first ever Fed Cup match in 2005, partnering Pemra Özgen to defeat Stephanie Pace and Stephanie Sullivan of Malta. She made her WTA debut at the İstanbul Cup, but lost to Elena Vesnina in the first round. She continued to compete in 10k and 25k events for the remainder of the year.\nBüyükakçay began the 2006 season in Ramat HaSharon, but fell there in qualifying to Katariina Tuohimaa. She did not win a main-draw match until April, when she made it to the second round of a 10k tournament in Chennai. She again played for Turkey in Fed Cup, registering a straight-sets win over Olfa Dhaoui of Tunisia. She partnered again with Pemra Özgen, this time double bageling Sigurlaug Sigurdardottir and Iris Staub of Iceland. She reached her first singles and doubles finals simultaneously in Antalya, losing the singles final but winning the doubles with Alena Bayarchyk. She continued mainly on the ITF Circuit but would not reach another final until September, when she made it to the final of in Istanbul. Büyükakçay continued to gain experience during the 2007 season, recording her first ever singles title in Istanbul.\nIn 2008, Büyükakçay won her second singles title in Gaziantep. She proceeded to enter a mix of lower and higher-level ITF tournaments with some success, including a quarterfinal appearance at a 50k tournament in Penza, going down to Julia Glushko in a tough three-set match. She ended the season on a high, capturing the doubles title with Lucía Sainz in Vinaros. Büyükakçay recorded her first singles title of the 2009 season in Istanbul before returning to the city two weeks later. Having been awarded a wildcard into the 2009 İstanbul Cup, she drew Lucie Hradecká and led the Czech by a set before succumbing in three sets. She did not compete in any other WTA tournaments for the rest of the year.\nBüyükakçay had an exceptional 2010 season – she remained undefeated during the Fed Cup, winning three singles matches and dropping only four games in the process. She followed up her Fed Cup success the following week, winning the biggest singles title of her career at a 25k tournament in Kharkiv. She won another 25k title in Valladolid in July before returning to Istanbul to play at the İstanbul Cup. Having bowed out in the first round to Elena Baltacha, she entered the doubles draw with Pemra Özgen and reached the semifinals. It was the first WTA-level semifinal in her career – in singles or doubles. She went on to make history when she entered the US Open qualifying draw. Although she lost in the qualifying first round, it was a major achievement in that no other Turkish woman had previously entered qualifying of a Grand Slam tournament. She continued on the tour and reached another final in Esperance, Western Australia, losing to Sacha Jones of New Zealand.\nHer first 2011 tournament was the Australian Open, winning one qualifying match before going down to Corinna Dentoni. She began to combine her schedule with more WTA events but did not reach another final until July, when she lost to Garbiñe Muguruza in Caceras. At the US Open, she lost in the second round of qualifying to Mandy Minella of Luxembourg. In October, she lost in the final of a 25k event in Netanya, narrowly losing to Dinah Pfizenmaier in three sets. However, she did win the doubles crown with Pemra Özgen for her 15th doubles title.\nIn 2012, Büyükakçay managed to record appearances in the finals of three 25k tournaments in Moscow, Zwevegem, and Istanbul, but lost each one to Margarita Gasparyan, Anastasija Sevastova, and Richèl Hogenkamp. She experienced more success in Fed Cup play, winning three singles and one doubles match for Turkey. Büyükakçay was in touching distance of a main-draw berth at the 2013 Australian Open, but lost in the final round of qualifying to Lesia Tsurenko in straight sets. She reached the semifinals of a 25k event in Namangan but was defeated by Oksana Kalashnikova in close three-set encounter. At the French Open, she scraped past Nastassja Burnett in the first qualifying round, but was soundly beaten in the second by Arantxa Parra Santonja. She would rebound; however, when she reached the final of another 25k tournament in Moscow the following week, finishing runner-up to young Anett Kontaveit of Estonia. She maintained her solid performance for the rest of the season, picking up doubles titles in Shrewsbury, Loughborough, Istanbul, and Ankara.\nBüyükakçay experienced a shaky start to the 2014 season – suffering three-set losses to Ashleigh Barty and Kateřina Siniaková in Australia. Although she advanced to the quarterfinals at a 25k event in Sunderland, she only managed to win one singles match at the Fed Cup in Hungary. She was then granted wildcards into the prestigious WTA tournaments in Doha and Dubai, but was beaten in the first round of both by Karolína Plíšková and Zhang Shuai, respectively. She began to pick up form in April, when she won her first singles title in nearly four years in Edgbaston, defeating Frenchwoman Pauline Parmentier. A week later, she advanced to her first ever WTA quarterfinal in Kuala Lumpur and at the French Open, she again came close to a spot in the main draw, but was defeated in the final round of qualifying by Aleksandra Wozniak. At Wimbledon, she was beaten in the first round of qualifying and only managed to win one match during the entire grass-court season.", "Büyükakçay played her first tournament of the year in Shenzhen, where she came through qualifying to make the main draw. She defeated Lara Arruabarrena in the first round. However, in the second round, she was defeated by former world No. 2, Vera Zvonareva, in straight sets. Büyükakçay made her way to Australia, where she competed to qualify for the main draw for the Australian Open. She defeated Nigina Abduraimova and Viktorija Golubic, but then lost to Tatjana Maria in the final round of qualifying in straight sets.\nIn February, Büyükakçay represented Turkey at the 2015 Fed Cup in Group 1 Europe/Africa, in which she had great success. Her most notable wins came when she defeated both Heather Watson and Elina Svitolina, who both were ranked in the top 50. Büyükakçay won all of her singles matches during the 2015 Fed Cup. Her excellent performance was recognized when she was nominated and won the Fed Cup Heart Award, in which she was given the opportunity to donate $1,000 to her chosen charity. Büyükakçay donated the money to the Association of Supporting the Civil Life.", "Her first tournaments were the Shenzhen Open, where she lost in the second round of qualifying to Yaroslava Shvedova, and the Australian Open, where she was defeated in the first round of qualifying by Maria Sakkari. After reaching the second round in an ITF tournament in Andrézieux-Bouthéon and losing in the first round of qualifying at the Dubai Tennis Championships, Büyükakçay received a wildcard for the Qatar Open. She defeated Lucie Hradecká before upsetting No. 7 seed and defending champion Lucie Safarová in straight sets. In the third round, she lost to Roberta Vinci.\nHer next tournament was the Malaysian Open, where she defeated Laura Siegemund and Chang Kai-chen before losing to eventual finalist Eugenie Bouchard. She then played at the Miami Open where she lost in the first round of qualifying to Naomi Broady. She also lost in the first round at an ITF event in Osprey. At the Volvo Car Open, she reached the first round as a qualifier (beating Julia Boserup and Ysaline Bonaventure) where she lost to Danka Kovinić. At the İstanbul Cup, she beat Marina Melnikova, Sorana Cîrstea, Nao Hibino and Stefanie Vögele en route. She then avenged her loss to Kovinic, beating the Montenegrin in three sets and becoming the first Turkish woman to lift a WTA title.\nPrior to the French Open, Büyükakçay reached the second round of an ITF tournament in Trnava, losing to Kateřina Siniaková. At the second Grand Slam tournament of the year, she entered as qualifier (beating Elitsa Kostova, Petra Martić and Klára Koukalová en route) and became the first Turkish woman to win a Grand Slam match by beating Aliaksandra Sasnovich in three sets but then lost to Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova. She started her grass-court season at the Nottingham Open where she lost to Caroline Wozniacki in the first round. Her next three tournaments, including Wimbledon, also ended in early exits.\nAt the 2016 Summer Olympics, Büyükakçay faced Ekaterina Makarova in the first round and lost in three sets. She was the first Turkish woman to compete at the Olympics for tennis.", "(W) winner; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (P#) preliminary round; (DNQ) did not qualify; (A) absent; (Z#) Davis/Fed Cup Zonal Group (with number indication) or (PO) play-off; (G) gold, (S) silver or (B) bronze Olympic/Paralympic medal; (NMS) not a Masters tournament; (P) postponed; (NH) not held; (SR) strike rate (events won / competed); (W–L) win–loss record. \n \nTo avoid confusion and double counting, these charts are updated at the conclusion of a tournament or when the player's participation has ended.\nOnly main-draw results in WTA Tour, Grand Slam tournaments, Fed Cup/Billie Jean King Cup and Olympic Games are included in win–loss records.", "Notes\nThe first Premier 5 event of the year has switched back and forth between the Dubai Tennis Championships and the Qatar Open since 2009. Dubai was classified as a Premier 5 event from 2009–2011 before being succeeded by Doha for the 2012–2014 period. In 2015, Dubai regained its Premier 5 status while Doha was demoted to Premier status. The two tournaments have since alternated status every year.\n2006: WTA ranking: 668, 2007: WTA ranking: 457", "", "", "", "", "", "", "Büyükakçay debuted for the Turkey Fed Cup team in 2004. Since then, she has a 26–16 singles record and a 13–14 doubles record (39–30 overall).", "", "RR = Round Robin\nPPO = Promotional Play-off\nRPO = Relegation Play-off\nPO = Play-off", "", "Turkish women in sports", "\"Cagla BUYUKAKCAY\". Retrieved 25 April 2016.\n\"Branşlar > Tenis-2010 sezonunda\" (in Turkish). Enka Spor Kulübü. Retrieved 4 September 2011.\n\"Buyukakcay Caps Historic Win In Istanbul\". Women's Tennis Association. Retrieved 18 July 2016.\n\"Turkish delight for qualifying trio\". Roland Garros. Retrieved 18 July 2016.\n\"Buyukakcay Triumphs For Turkey In Paris\". Women's Tennis Association. Retrieved 18 July 2016.", "Çağla Büyükakçay at the Women's Tennis Association \nÇağla Büyükakçay at the International Tennis Federation \nÇağla Büyükakçay at the Billie Jean King Cup" ]

[ "Çağla Büyükakçay", "Career", "2015", "2016: Breakthrough and first WTA Tour title", "Performance timelines", "Singles", "WTA career finals", "Singles: 1 (1 title)", "Doubles: 2 (2 runner-ups)", "ITF Circuit finals", "Singles: 26 (10 titles, 16 runner–ups)", "Doubles: 23 (15 titles, 8 runner–ups)", "Fed Cup", "Singles (26-16)", "Doubles (13-14)", "Top-10 wins", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2466, 2467, 2468 ]

[ 13138, 13139, 13140, 13141, 13142, 13143, 13144, 13145, 13146, 13147, 13148, 13149, 13150, 13151, 13152, 13153, 13154, 13155, 13156, 13157, 13158, 13159, 13160, 13161, 13162 ]

[ "Demirsal and Akalın in 2012" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/2012_World_Junior_FS_%C3%87a%C4%9Fla_Demirsal_Berk_Akal%C4%B1n.jpg" ]

[ "Çağla Demirsal (born January 23, 1995) is a Turkish ice dancer. With partner Berk Akalın, she is the 2011 Turkish national champion and placed 14th at the 2013 World Junior Championships.", "(with Akalın)", "(with Akalın)", "\"Competition Results: Cagla DEMIRSAL / Berk AKALIN\". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on 2012-10-18.\n\"Cagla DEMIRSAL / Berk AKALIN: 2013/2014\". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on March 14, 2014.\n\"Cagla DEMIRSAL / Berk AKALIN: 2012/2013\". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on February 6, 2013.\n\"Cagla DEMIRSAL / Berk AKALIN: 2011/2012\". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on April 18, 2012.\n\"Cagla DEMIRSAL / Berk AKALIN: 2010/2011\". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on May 19, 2011.", "Cagla Demirsal / Berk Akalin at the International Skating Union" ]

[ "Çağla Demirsal", "Programs", "Competitive highlights", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2469 ]

[ 13163, 13164 ]

[ "Çağla Korkmaz for Turkey national team (April 2016).", "Çağla Korkmaz playing for Turkey national in the friendly match against Estonia at TFF Riva Facility on April 7, 2018." ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/%C3%87a%C4%9FlaKorkmaz_%282%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/%C3%87a%C4%9FlaKorkmaz_%2810%29.jpg" ]

[ "Çağla Korkmaz (born November 14, 1990) is a Turkish-German female football forward currently playing in the German 2. Bundesliga for 1. FC Lübars with jersey number 8. She is a member of the Turkey women's team.", "Çağla Korkmaz was born to Turkish immigrant parents in Munich, Germany on November 14, 1990.", "", "Korkmaz played for FC Stern München 1919 in the 2011-12 season bevor sie moved to FC Ingolstadt 04, where she scored eleven goals in 29 games of two seasons. Currently, she is part of 1. FC Lübars in the German 2. Bundesliga.", "She was admitted to the Turkey women's team debuting in the friendly match against Georgia on February 24, 2015. .", "\"Oyuncular - Futbolcular: Çağla Korkmaz\" (in Turkish). Türkiye Futbol Federasyonu. Retrieved 2015-10-17.\n\"Hutters Ausgleich in letzter Minute\". Mittelbayerische (in German). 2014-05-05. Retrieved 2015-10-18.\n\"FC Stern München [Women] » Players from A-Z\". World Football. Retrieved 2015-10-17.\n\"Damen des VfB Straubing stoßen das Tor zur Bayernliga weit auf\" (in German). VfB Straubing Frauenfussball. 2011-05-01. Retrieved 2015-10-17.\n\"Klare Überlegenheit reicht nicht zum Sieg\" (in German). FC Ingoldtadt Die Schanzer. 2013-11-17. Retrieved 2015-10-17.\n\"Frauen starten mit Sieg in neue Saison\" (in German). FC Ingoldtadt Die Schanzer. 2012-09-01. Retrieved 2015-10-17.\n\"FC Ingolstadt 04\" (in German). FuPa. Retrieved 2015-10-17.\n\"Cagla Korkmaz\" (in German). FuPa. Retrieved 2015-10-17.\nNittel, Michael (2015-03-26). \"1. FC Lübars stellt keinen Lizenzantrag für die 1. Bundesliga\". Berliner Woche (in German). Retrieved 2015-10-17.\n\"C. Korkmaz\" (in German). Fussball Statistiken. Retrieved 2015-10-17.", "Çağla Korkmaz at UEFA" ]

[ "Çağla Korkmaz", "Early life", "Playing career", "Club", "International", "References", "External links" ]

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[ 13165, 13166, 13167, 13168 ]

[ "Çağla Kubat in the heat of the contest during 2006 PWA IFCA World Slalom Championship in Alaçatı" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/CaglaKubatPWA_IFCASlalomWorldChampionship2006.jpg" ]

[ "Çağla Kubat ([ˈtʃaːɫa kuˈbat]; born 16 November 1978) is a Turkish model, actress and windsurfer who is member of Fenerbahçe sailing & windsurfing team. She is 5 feet 103⁄4 (1.80m) tall.\nShe was born in İzmir. She graduated from Italian High School of Istanbul and Istanbul Technical University with a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering. She was the first runner-up for the Miss Turkey 2002 beauty pageant and represented Turkey at Miss Universe 2002.\nShe speaks English and Italian fluently.", "Çağla is also a champion windsurfer, having won the IFCA windsurfing European Slalom Championship in 2005, in Alaçatı. In 2006, in her first PWA (Professional Windsurfers Association) event, she placed 6th in IFCA Slalom World Championship.\nShe founded her own windsurfing school \"Çağla Kubat Windsurf Academy\" in Alaçatı, İzmir Province. She ranked third in the women's category at the 2012 World Slalom Championship in Spain. In 2013, she became champion in the Master Female Slalom category of the IFCA Junior, Youth & Masters Slalom World Championships held in Alaçatı. She took the third rank at the 2013 World Cup.\nÇağla Kubat's pastimes besides windsurfing are snowboarding, wakeboarding, rollerblading, horseback riding and scuba diving and playing tennis.", "She starred in successful leading female roles in two Turkish TV series to date. These are Sağır Oda (\"The deaf room\") in 2006 and Kuzey Rüzgarı (\"The northern wind\") with Kadir İnanır and Oktay Kaynarca. She also had a leading role on Arka Sokaklar from 2009 to 2011.", "Çağla Kubat married American surfer Jimmy Diaz on 21 September 2013.", "Çağla Kubat won the first level\nFenerbahçe helps me for win\n\"World Champions - 2012–Slalom Worlds\". International Funboard Class Association. Retrieved 2013-09-22.\n\"IFCA Junior, Youth & Masters Slalom World Championships-Results\". International Funboard Class Association. Retrieved 2013-09-22.\n\"Çağla Kubat üçüncü oldu\". Sabah (in Turkish). 2013-08-27. Retrieved 2013-09-22.\n\"Çağla Kubat evlendi\". Haber Ekspres (in Turkish). 21 September 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2013.", "Official website\nÇağla Kubat sailor profile (page 6) at Professional Windsurfers Association" ]

[ "Çağla Kubat", "Sports", "Acting", "Personal life", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2472 ]

[ 13169, 13170, 13171, 13172 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/%C3%87a%C4%9Flar_%C3%87orumlu.jpg" ]

[ "Çağlar Çorumlu (born 4 December 1977) is a Turkish actor.\nÇorumlu was born in 1977 in Merzifon. His parents were teachers. In 1994, he graduated from Merzifon High School and then moved to Eskişehir. In 2000, he finished his studies at Anadolu University with a degree in tourism and hotel management.. While studying, he joined the theatre club of his university. After finishing his studies, he moved to Istanbul in 2000 to pursue a career in theatre. He soon started a career on stage as well as on television. His first professional experience on stage was at Cabaret Taksim. He then had a role on the sitcom 7 Numara as Yusuf Güdük.. In 2007, he joined the crew of Istanbul City Theatres and worked for them until 2013. In 2013, he founded his own theatre company TiyatrOPS.. Aside from his career in theatre, he has appeared in various movies and TV series. In 2010, he was praised for his role in Çağan Irmak's movie Prensesin Uykusu. Additionally, in 2012, for his performance in an adaptation of Oriental Dentist, he received the Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy award at the 16th Afife Jale Theatre Awards. He played singer Zeki Müren in hit comedy film Arif v 216. He worked as an actor for numerous different roles in the theatrical Güldür Güldür Show, which were released on ShowTv. He played in projects of famous humour writers like Gülse Birsel, Cem Yılmaz, Yılmaz Erdoğan", "Ruhsar : Baha - 2000\nYedi Numara : Yusuf - 2000\nGece Yürüyüşü : Hakan - 2005\nTers Köşe : Sinan - 2005\nYanılgılar  : Mehmet - 2006\nAh Polis Olsam : 2006\nHayat Türküsü : Sezgin - 2006\nKader : Kamil - 2006\nEzo Gelin : Zeki - 2006\nAvrupa Yakası : 2007\nDerman : Güven - 2008\nÜvey Aile : Feyyaz - 2008\nOsmanlı Cumhuriyeti : Cooker - 2008\nHaneler : Çağlar - 2009\nTeyzanne : Şaşkın Bakkal - 2009\nRina : Umut - 2009\nPrensesin Uykusu : Aziz - 2010\nKoyu Kırmızı : Galip - 2012\nİbret-i Ailem : Kenan - 2012\nGüldür Güldür : Şevket - 2013\nCesur Hemşire : Babür - 2013\nAldırma Gönül : Levent - 2013\nDaire : Necip - 2014\nPek Yakında : Zeki - 2014\nYok Artık! : Semih - 2015\nBulantı: Beşir - 2015\nKor : Aslan - 2016\nTatlım Tatlım:Haybeden Gerçeküstü Aşk : 2017\nKolonya Cumhuriyeti : Peker - 2017\nArif V 216 : Zeki Müren - 2018\nCebimdeki Yabancı : 2018\nJet Sosyete : Yaşar Yüksel - (2018–2019 / 2020)\nKarakomik Filmler 2: Emanet - 2020\nBabam Çok Değişti : Mehmet Ali - 2020–2021\nAyak İşleri : Vedat - 2021–2022\nThe Life and Movies of Erşan Kuneri : Altın Oran - 2022", "2012 - 16th Afife Theatre Awards, \"Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy Role\" (Oriental Dentist )\n2015 - 20th Sadri Alışık Cinema Awards, \"Best Supporting Actor in a Musical or Comedy Role\" (Pek Yakında)\n2017 - 44th Golden Butterfly Awards, \"Best Comedy & Romantic Actor\" (Güldür Güldür Show)", "\"Sadri Alışık Sinema ve Tiyatro Oyuncu Ödülleri sahiplerini buldu\". Hürriyet. 5 May 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2015.\n\"44. Pantene Altın Kelebek Ödülleri'ni kimler kazandı? İşte kazananlar listesi\". Hürriyet. 11 December 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2020.", "Çağlar Çorumlu at IMDb\nÇağlar Çorumlu on Instagram" ]

[ "Çağlar Çorumlu", "Filmography", "Awards", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2473 ]

[ 13173, 13174, 13175 ]

[ "Birinci playing for Turkey in 2010" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Caglar_Birinci_Turkish_Football.JPG" ]

[ "Çağlar Birinci ([tʃaːɫaɾ biɾindʒi], born 2 October 1985) is a Turkish footballer who plays as a central defender for Altay.", "After a season with Denizlispor in the 2006–07 season, he secured a first-team place as a left-back. In the 2007–08 season, he was given the number 61 squad number, and became vice-captain., eventually becoming the captain. Çağlar joined Elazığspor when his contract expired on a free transfer and Akhisar Belediyespor the further season on 18 July 2014.", "Çağlar was selected for Turkey's 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification games against Armenia and Belgium. Çağlar made his debut against Belgium, starting as left-back.", "Galatasaray\nSüper Lig (2): 2011–12, 2012–13\nSüper Kupa (1): 2012", "\"Stats Centre: Çağlar Birinci facts\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-04-11. \nCaglar Birinci – FIFA competition record", "Çağlar Birinci at the Turkish Football Federation\nÇağlar Birinci at National-Football-Teams.com\nÇağlar Birinci – UEFA competition record\nÇağlar Birinci – FIFA competition record\nÇağlar Birinci at FootballDatabase.eu\nÇağlar Birinci at Soccerway" ]

[ "Çağlar Birinci", "Club career", "International career", "Honours", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2474 ]

[ 13176, 13177 ]

[ "Söyüncü with Turkey in 2016", "Söyüncü about to head the ball during a Leicester City match in 2021" ]

[ 0, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/AUT_vs._TUR_2016-03-29_%28381%29_%28cropped%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/%C3%87a%C4%9Flar_S%C3%B6y%C3%BCnc%C3%BC.jpg" ]

[ "Çağlar Söyüncü (born 23 May 1996) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a defender for Premier League club Leicester City and the Turkey national team.\nSöyüncü's first senior professional team was the Turkish second division Altınordu. In the summer of 2016, he joined SC Freiburg of Germany's Bundesliga, before moving to Leicester City in 2018. He made his senior national team debut in 2016.", "", "Söyüncü began his senior professional career with Altınordu in the TFF First League, the second level of the Turkish football league system. During the 2015–16 season with Altınordu, Söyüncü was linked with Beşiktaş J.K., Galatasaray S.K. and Sevilla FC but the 20 year old Turkish national player selected the Bundesliga because he thought it was better choice for his career and his improvement", "On 24 May 2016, in the 2016 Bundesliga summer transfer window, Söyüncü joined German side SC Freiburg, which was promoted to the top flight competition of Germany for the 2016–17 season. He is the first Turkish footballer who made a transfer to the Bundesliga directly from the TFF First League, the second-highest professional level football league of Turkey.\nHe made his Bundesliga debut on week 1 encounter away against Hertha Berlin which ended in a 2–1 loss, on 28 August 2016. He was linked with Lille OSC, A.S. Roma, and Villarreal CF during the mid-season transfer window of the 2016–17 season. Manchester City was also reported to be interested in Söyüncü.", "On 9 August 2018, Söyüncü joined English Premier League side Leicester City on a five-year contract. He signed for an apparent £18 million transfer fee, possibly rising to £20 million with add-ons. Söyüncü had his Premier League debut on 27 October 2018 at the King Power Stadium where Leicester shared points with West Ham United following the final score of 1–1.\nSöyüncü scored his first Premier League goal in Leicester's 11th game of the 2019–20 season on 3 November 2019 against Crystal Palace at Selhurst Park, a 2–0 win. On 11 May 2021, he scored the winning goal for Leicester City in a 2–1 away victory over Manchester United, to be their first win at Old Trafford since 1998.", "In November 2015, he was called up to Turkey national football team by coach Fatih Terim, following the injury of central defender Serdar Aziz. Söyüncü is the first Altınordu player called up to Turkey national football team after 78 years, since Sait Altınordu, the iconic player of the club, was selected in 1937. He is also the first player called up to national team from any İzmir-based football clubs since 1997. On 17 November 2015, Söyüncü was a reserve for the friendly game against Greece, but stayed on the bench and did not actually get a chance to play. On 18 March 2016, he was called to national squad for friendly games against Sweden and Austria, to be held on 24 March 2016 in Antalya, Turkey and on 29 March in Austria, respectively.\nSubstituting for Ozan Tufan in the dying minutes of a friendly game against Sweden, Söyüncü earned his first senior national team cap on 24 March 2016. Earning his second cap, he was in the starting line-up in the friendly with Russia on 1 September 2016, which ended 0–0.\nOn 1 June 2018, Söyüncü scored his first senior international goal on a friendly game against Tunisia, held at Stade de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland.", "Possessing leadership attributes, Söyüncü is good at playmaking, dribbling and timing. Standing at 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in), he is strong in the air. In 2016, he stated that his idol is Spanish defender Carles Puyol and he admires German international Mats Hummels.\nFormer English international and current pundit Martin Keown analysed Söyüncü for BBC Sport in 2019, describing him \"a defender made for the modern game\", highlighting his agility, aggressiveness and heading attributes.\nHis popularity and uncanny resemblance to the character in the movie “Shrek”, led him to be nicknamed by fans as \"Lord Farquaad\".", "", "As of match played 1 May 2022\nAppearances in UEFA Europa League\nSix appearances in UEFA Europa League, two appearances in UEFA Europa Conference League\nAppearance in FA Community Shield", "As of match played 14 June 2022\nScores and results list Turkey's goal tally first.", "Leicester City\nFA Cup: 2020–21\nFA Community Shield: 2021\nIndividual\nTurkish Footballer of the Year: 2019\nPFA Team of the Year: 2019–20 Premier League", "\"Çağlar Söyüncü\". Turkish Football Federation. Retrieved 24 October 2020.\n\"Çağlar Söyüncü'nün doğum günü kutlandı\" (in Turkish). Turkish Football Federation. 25 May 2018. Archived from the original on 8 November 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2019.\n\"Çaglar Söyüncü: Overview\". Premier League. Retrieved 18 June 2019.\n\"Çaglar Söyüncü\". Leicester City F.C. Retrieved 18 June 2019.\n\"Beşiktaş'tan Eto'o bombası!\" (in Turkish). Milliyet. 24 April 2016. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019.\n\"Çağlar Söyüncü için itiraf:Beşiktaş ve Sevilla\" (in Turkish). Milliyet. 20 May 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2017.\n\"Offiziell: Söyüncü schlägt im Breisgau auf\" (in German). Kicker. 24 May 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.\n\"Freiburg sign Turkey defender Caglar Söyüncü\". www.bundesliga.com. 24 May 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.\n\"1. Lig'den yurt dışına ilk transfer\" (in Turkish). Al Jazeera Türk. 24 May 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.\n\"Çağlar Söyüncü Freiburg ile ilk maçına çıktı\" (in Turkish). Fanatik. 28 August 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.\n\"Çağlar Söyüncü'nün yıldızı parlıyor\" (in Turkish). Four Four Two Turkish Edition. 2 February 2017. Archived from the original on 10 June 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2017.\n\"Guardiola'nın hedefindeki Türk: Çağlar Söyüncü\" (in Turkish). Fanatik. 8 February 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2017.\n\"Leicester City Agree Çağlar Söyüncü Transfer\". Leicester City F.C. 9 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.\n\"Leicester City 'agree Caglar Soyuncu fee'\". Sports Mole. Retrieved 2020-12-01.\n\"As it happened: Leicester City 1-1 West Ham United\" (in Turkish). West Ham United. 27 October 2018. Archived from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.\nSaj Chowdhury (3 November 2019). \"Crystal Palace 0-2 Leicester: Caglar Soyuncu and Jamie Vardy scores as Foxes go third\". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019.\n\"Çağlar Söyüncü gol attı, İngiltere sallandı!\" (in Turkish). Habertürk. Archived from the original on 8 November 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2019.\n\"Manchester United 1–2 Leicester City\". BBC Sport. 11 May 2021.\n\"Hedefim kalıcı olmak\" (in Turkish). Habertürk. 15 November 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015.\n\"Terim'den sürpriz davet!\" (in Turkish). NTV Spor. 14 November 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2015.\n\"İzmir'in son gururu: Çağlar Söyüncü\" (in Turkish). Turkish Football Federation. 29 April 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.\n\"Türkiye 0–0 Yunanistan\" (in Turkish). Turkish Football Federation. 17 November 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2015.\n\"A Milli Takım'ın İsveç ve Avusturya maçları aday kadrosu ve programı\" (in Turkish). Turkish Football Federation. 18 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.\n\"A Milli Takımı'nın Aday Kadrosu Açıkandı\" (in Turkish). Milliyet. 18 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.\n\"Türkiye 2–1 İsveç\" (in Turkish). Turkish Football Federation. 24 March 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2016.\n\"Türkiye – Rusya: 0–0\" (in Turkish). NTV Spor. 1 September 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.\n\"Tunus - Türkiye Maç Detayı - TFF\" (in Turkish). Turkish Football Federation. 1 May 2018. Archived from the original on 8 November 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2019.\n\"Bu çocukta iş var: Çağlar Söyüncü (Altınordu)\" (in Turkish). Four Four Two Turkish Edition. 16 November 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2016.\n\"A Milli Takımı'nın Aday Kadrosu Açıkandı\" (in Turkish). Milliyet. 8 May 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.\nKeown, Martin (3 November 2019). \"Leicester defender Caglar Soyuncu is 'a defender made for the modern game' - Martin Keown analysis\". BBC Sport (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019.\n\"'King Cags' - Leicester react to Caglar Soyuncu goal against Man United on social media\". 12 May 2021.\n\"C. Söyüncü\". Soccerway. Retrieved 31 May 2017.\n\"Çağlar Söyüncü (Altınordu) @ Maçkolik.com\". mackolik.com (in Turkish). Retrieved 19 March 2016.\n\"Games played by Çağlar Söyüncü in 2020/2021\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 12 January 2021.\n\"Games played by Çağlar Söyüncü in 2021/2022\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 7 August 2021.\n\"Çağlar Söyüncü TFF Futbolcu Bilgileri\" (in Turkish). Turkish Football Federation. Retrieved 22 March 2016.\n\"Söyüncü, Çağlar\". National Football Teams. Retrieved 5 June 2018.\nMcNulty, Phil (15 May 2021). \"Chelsea 0–1 Leicester City\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 15 May 2021.\nHafez, Shamoon (7 August 2021). \"Leicester City 1–0 Manchester City\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 8 August 2021.\n\"Gillette-Milliyet Yılın Sporcusu Ödülleri sahiplerini buldu\".\n\"PFA Player of the Year: Kevin de Bruyne and Beth England named 2020 winners\". BBC Sport. 8 September 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.", "Profile at the Turkish Football Federation website (in Turkish)\nÇağlar Söyüncü at National-Football-Teams.com" ]

[ "Çağlar Söyüncü", "Club career", "Altınordu", "SC Freiburg", "Leicester City", "International career", "Style of play and reception", "Career statistics", "Club", "International", "Honours", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Çağlayan station." ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/34AS_%C3%87A%C4%9ELAYAN_METROB%C3%9CS.jpg" ]

[ "Çağlayan is a station on the Istanbul Metrobus Bus rapid transit line. It is located on the Istanbul Inner Beltway in Şişli, Istanbul, adjacent to the Istanbul Çağlayan Justice Palace. The station is serviced by five of the seven metrobus routes\nThe station was opened on 8 September 2008 as part of the ten station eastward expansion of the line.", "\"Metrobüs Güzergahları\". metrobus.iett.istanbul (in Turkish). Retrieved 4 December 2017.\n\"Metrobüs Tarihçe\". metrobus.iett.istanbul (in Turkish). Retrieved 4 December 2017.", "Çağlayan station\nÇağlayan in Google Street View" ]

[ "Çağlayan (Metrobus)", "References", "External links" ]

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[ 13200 ]

[ "Demons in the sky sing \"Ça ira\" as the blade of the guillotine severs the head of Louis XVI in this British print published just four days after the king's execution on 21 January 1793.", "\"Ça ira\" is written on the hat of this musician in this British propaganda illustration." ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Hell_Broke_Loose%2C_or_The_Murder_of_Louis%2C_1793.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/The_French_Glory.jpg" ]

[ "\"Ça ira\" ([sa i.ʁa]; French: \"it'll be fine\") is an emblematic song of the French Revolution, first heard in May 1790. It underwent several changes in wording, all of which used the title words as part of the refrain.", "The author of the original words \"Ah! ça ira, ça ira, ça ira\" was a former soldier by the name of Ladré who made a living as a street singer.\nThe music is a popular contredanse air called \"Le carillon national\", and was composed by Bécourt, a violinist (according to other sources: side drum player) of the théâtre Beaujolais. Queen Marie Antoinette herself is said to have often played the music on her harpsichord.\nThe title and theme of the refrain were inspired by Benjamin Franklin, in France as a representative of the Continental Congress, who was very popular among the French people. When asked about the American Revolutionary War, he would reportedly reply, in somewhat broken French, \"Ça ira, ça ira\" (\"It'll be fine, it'll be fine\").\nThe song first became popular as a worksong during the preparation for the Fête de la Fédération of 1790 and eventually became recognized as an unofficial anthem of revolutionaries.\nAh ! ça ira, ça ira, ça ira\n\nLe peuple en ce jour sans cesse répète,\n\nAh ! ça ira, ça ira, ça ira\n\nMalgré les mutins tout réussira !\n\nNos ennemis confus en restent là\n\nEt nous allons chanter « Alléluia ! »\n\nAh ! ça ira, ça ira, ça ira\n\nQuand Boileau jadis du clergé parla\n\nComme un prophète il a prédit cela.\n\nEn chantant ma chansonnette\n\nAvec plaisir on dira :\n\nAh ! ça ira, ça ira, ça ira.\n\nSuivant les maximes de l'évangile\n\nDu législateur tout s'accomplira.\n\nCelui qui s'élève on l'abaissera\n\nCelui qui s'abaisse on l'élèvera.\n\nLe vrai catéchisme nous instruira\n\nEt l'affreux fanatisme s'éteindra.\n\nPour être à la loi docile\n\nTout Français s'exercera.\n\nAh ! ça ira, ça ira, ça ira.\n\nPierrette et Margot chantent la guinguette\n\nRéjouissons-nous, le bon temps viendra !\n\nLe peuple français jadis à quia,\n\nL'aristocrate dit : « Mea culpa ! »\n\nLe clergé regrette le bien qu'il a,\n\nPar justice, la nation l'aura.\n\nPar le prudent Lafayette,\n\nTout le monde s'apaisera.\n\nAh ! ça ira, ça ira, ça ira\n\nPar les flambeaux de l'auguste assemblée,\n\nAh ! ça ira, ça ira, ça ira\n\nLe peuple armé toujours se gardera.\n\nLe vrai d'avec le faux l'on connaîtra,\n\nLe citoyen pour le bien soutiendra.\n\nAh ! ça ira, ça ira, ça ira\n\nQuand l'aristocrate protestera,\n\nLe bon citoyen au nez lui rira,\n\nSans avoir l'âme troublée,\n\nToujours le plus fort sera.\n\nPetits comme grands sont soldats dans l'âme,\n\nPendant la guerre aucun ne trahira.\n\nAvec cœur tout bon Français combattra,\n\nS'il voit du louche, hardiment parlera.\n\nLafayette dit : « Vienne qui voudra ! »\n\nSans craindre ni feu, ni flamme,\n\nLe Français toujours vaincra !\nAh ! It'll be fine, It'll be fine, It'll be fine\n\nThe people on this day repeat over and over,\n\nAh ! It'll be fine, It'll be fine, It'll be fine\n\nIn spite of the mutineers everything shall succeed.\n\nOur enemies, confounded, stay petrified\n\nAnd we shall sing Alleluia\n\nAh ! It'll be fine, It'll be fine, It'll be fine\n\nWhen Boileau spoke of the clergy\n\nLike a prophet he predicted this.\n\nBy singing my little song\n\nWith pleasure, people shall say,\n\nAh ! It'll be fine, It'll be fine, It'll be fine.\n\nAccording to the precepts of the Gospel\n\nOf the lawmaker everything shall be accomplished\n\nThe one who puts on airs shall be brought down\n\nThe one who is humble shall be elevated\n\nThe true catechism shall instruct us\n\nAnd the awful fanaticism shall be snuffed out.\n\nAt being obedient to Law\n\nEvery Frenchman shall train\n\nAh ! It'll be fine, It'll be fine, It'll be fine.\n\nPierrette and Margot sing the guinguette\n\nLet us rejoice, good times will come !\n\nThe French people used to keep silent,\n\nThe aristocrat says, \"Mea culpa!\"\n\nThe clergy regrets its wealth,\n\nThrough justice, the nation will have it.\n\nThanks to the careful Lafayette,\n\nEveryone will calm down.\n\nAh! It'll be fine, It'll be fine, It'll be fine\n\nBy the torches of the august assembly,\n\nAh ! It'll be fine, It'll be fine, It'll be fine\n\nAn armed people will always take care of themselves.\n\nWe'll know right from wrong,\n\nThe citizen will support the Good.\n\nAh ! It'll be fine, It'll be fine, It'll be fine\n\nWhen the aristocrat shall protest,\n\nThe good citizen will laugh in his face,\n\nWithout troubling his soul,\n\nAnd will always be the stronger.\n\nSmall ones and great ones all have the soul of a soldier,\n\nDuring war none shall betray.\n\nWith heart all good French people will fight,\n\nIf he sees something fishy he shall speak with courage.\n\nLafayette says \"come if you will!\"\n\nWithout fear for fire or flame,\n\nThe French always shall win!", "At later stages of the revolution, many sans-culottes used several much more aggressive stanzas, calling for the lynching of the nobility and the clergy.\nAh! ça ira, ça ira, ça ira\n\nles aristocrates à la lanterne!\n\nAh! ça ira, ça ira, ça ira\n\nles aristocrates on les pendra!\n\nSi on n' les pend pas\n\nOn les rompra\n\nSi on n' les rompt pas\n\nOn les brûlera.\n\nAh! ça ira, ça ira, ça ira\n\nles aristocrates à la lanterne!\n\nAh! ça ira, ça ira, ça ira\n\nles aristocrates on les pendra!\n\nNous n'avions plus ni nobles, ni prêtres,\n\nAh ! ça ira, ça ira, ça ira,\n\nL'égalité partout régnera.\n\nL'esclave autrichien le suivra,\n\nAh ! ça ira, ça ira, ça ira,\n\nEt leur infernale clique\n\nAu diable s'envolera.\n\nAh! ça ira, ça ira, ça ira\n\nles aristocrates à la lanterne!\n\nAh! ça ira, ça ira, ça ira\n\nles aristocrates on les pendra!\n\nEt quand on les aura tous pendus\n\nOn leur fichera la pelle au cul.\nAh! It'll be fine, It'll be fine, It'll be fine\n\naristocrats to the lamp-post\n\nAh! It'll be fine, It'll be fine, It'll be fine\n\nthe aristocrats, we'll hang them!\n\nIf we don't hang them\n\nWe'll break them\n\nIf we don't break them\n\nWe'll burn them\n\nAh! It'll be fine, It'll be fine, It'll be fine\n\naristocrats to the lamp-post\n\nAh! It'll be fine, It'll be fine, It'll be fine\n\nthe aristocrats, we'll hang them!\n\nWe shall have no more nobles nor priests\n\nAh! It'll be fine, It'll be fine, It'll be fine\n\nEquality will reign everywhere\nThe Austrian slave shall follow him\n\nAh! It'll be fine, It'll be fine, It'll be fine\n\nAnd their infernal clique\n\nShall go to hell\n\nAh! It'll be fine, It'll be fine, It'll be fine\n\naristocrats to the lamp-post\n\nAh! It'll be fine, It'll be fine, It'll be fine\n\nthe aristocrats, we'll hang them!\n\nAnd when we'll have hung them all\n\nWe'll stick a shovel up their arse.", "The song survived past the Reign of Terror, and, during the Directory, it became mandatory to sing it before shows. It was forbidden under the Consulate.\nThe ship of the line La Couronne was renamed Ça Ira in 1792 in reference to this song.\nAt the 1793 Battle of Famars, the 14th Regiment of Foot, The West Yorkshire Regiment, attacked the French to the music of \"Ça ira\" (the colonel commenting that he would \"beat the French to their own damned tune\"). The regiment was later awarded the tune as a battle honour and regimental quick march. It has since been adopted by the Yorkshire Regiment.\nFriedrich Witt cited this motif in the Finale of his Symphony no. 16 in A major. Although the year of its completion is unknown, it's clear that it was written in the 1790s.\nCarl Schurz, in volume 1, chapter 14, of his Reminiscences, reported from exile in England that upon Napoleon III's coup d'état of 2 December 1851, \"Our French friends shouted and shrieked and gesticulated and hurled opprobrious names at Louis Napoleon and cursed his helpers, and danced the Carmagnole and sang 'Ça ira.'\"\nRussian composer Nikolai Myaskovsky used both Ça Ira and La Carmagnole in the finale of his Symphony No. 6 in E-flat minor Revolutionary", "An alternative \"sans-culotte\"-like version was sung by Édith Piaf for the soundtrack of the film Royal Affairs in Versailles (Si Versailles m'était conté) by Sacha Guitry.\nThe song is featured in the 1999 television series The Scarlet Pimpernel, starring Richard E. Grant. There the lyrics are sung in English as follows:\nAh ça ira, ça ira, ça ira\n\nOver in France there's a revolution\n\nAh ça ira, ça ira, ça ira\n\nWatch what you say or you'll lose your head\n\nAh ça ira, ça ira, ça ira\n\nPass some time, see an execution! \n\nAh ça ira, ça ira, ça ira\n\nUne deux trois and you fall down dead\n\nAh ça ira, ça ira, ça ira\n\nHear the tale of Marie Antoinette-a!\n\nAh ça ira, ça ira, ça ira\n\nA bloodier sight you have never seen!\nIn an opening scene of the novel What Is To Be Done? by Nikolay Chernyshevsky, the protagonist Vera Pavlovna is shown singing a song with ça ira in the refrain, accompanied by a paraphrase outlining the struggle for a socialist utopian future. The 1875 French translator \"A.T.\" produced a four-stanza version on the basis of the paraphrase, which was reproduced in full by Benjamin Tucker in his translation.", "\"La Marseillaise\"", "\"Ça ira\". The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 23 July 2020.\nChao, Raúl Eduardo (11 August 2016). Damn the Revolution!. Lulu.com. p. 55. ISBN 9781365272226.\nMurphy, Thomas K. (2001). A Land Without Castles: The Changing Image of America in Europe, 1780-1830. Lexington Books. pp. 78–79. ISBN 9780739102206.\nHanson, Paul R. (2004). Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution. Scarecrow Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-8108-5052-1. Retrieved 23 November 2011.\n\"The Band of The Yorkshire Regiment\". British Army. Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 19 July 2014.\nNikolay Chernyshevsky, Que faire, translated by A.T. (1875), page 5. Nikolay Chernyshevsky, What's to be done? A romance, translated by Benjamin R. Tucker (1884–86, 4th edition 1909), page 8. Nikolay Chernyshevsky, A vital question; or, What is to be done?, translated by Nathan Haskell Dole and Simon S. Skidelsky (1886), page 4 gives an English translation of the original paraphrase.", "\"Ça ira\" sung by Edith Piaf, 1954 (mp3)\nGerman translation of \"Ça ira\" by Gerd Semmer sung by Dieter Süverkrüp, 1962 - same as orchestrated version with explanation, 1969\n\"Ça ira\", original version (mp3)\n\"Ça ira\" from the Modern History Sourcebook website of Fordham University, includes translation and discussion of lyrics (song title translated as \"We Will Win!\")\n\"Ça ira\" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.\n\"Ça ira\" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920." ]

[ "Ça Ira", "Original version", "Sans-culotte version", "Post-revolutionary use", "Modern adaptations", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Çakırağa Mansion in Birgi" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/%C3%87ak%C4%B1ra%C4%9Fa_Mansion.jpg" ]

[ "Çakırağa Mansion (Turkish: Çakırağa Konağı) is an historical mansion in İzmir Province, Turkey. It is in Birgi town of Ödemiş ilçe (district) at 38°15′20″N 28°03′56″E\nIt was commissioned in 1761 by Çakıroğlu Mehmet Bey who was a wealthy merchant. The three storey mansion is situated in a large garden with high embankments. The ground floor is reserved for the stables, the kitchen and the guest room. The first and the second floor are the living quarters. The first floor is the winter and the second floor is the summer floor. A central fireplace heats the first floor. In the second floor there are paintings of İstanbul and İzmir.", "Ministry of Culture and Tourism İzmir branch page" ]

[ "Çakırağa Mansion", "References" ]

[ 2478 ]

[ 13230 ]

[ "Reşat Nuri Güntekin.", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Re%C5%9Fat_Nuri_G%C3%BCntekin.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg" ]

[ "Çalıkuşu, or The Wren, is a novel by Reşat Nuri Güntekin written in 1922, about the destiny of a young Turkish female teacher named Feride.", "The events in the novel take place in the early twentieth century, near the collapse of a war weary Ottoman Empire and the creation of the Turkish republic. Most of the novel is recounted in first-person diary format by Feride. In the first section, Feride describes her childhood, beginning from the beginning and leading to the events that led her to a strange hotel room. The second and largest section consists of diary entries describing her adventures in Anatolia. The third section is the only one written from the third person point of view, describing Feride's visit to her home. \nFeride is the orphaned daughter of an army officer. As a teenager, she attends Lycee Notre Dame de Sion in the winter, and stays with one of her late mother's sisters during the summer holidays. She is given the nickname \"the Wren\" during her time at school for her vivacity and mischief. These two characteristics considered unusual and even a bit inappropriate for Muslim girls at that time. \nShe gets engaged to her charming cousin, Kamran, whom she leaves the night before their wedding, upon discovering that he has been unfaithful to her. She runs away from home to become a teacher in Anatolia, although she remains desperately in love with Kamran. She is forced to move from town to town several times during her first three years as a teacher, as a result of the incompetence of officials, the malice of colleagues and the unwanted attention she gets from men because of her beauty and her lively manner. \nMeanwhile, she adopts a little girl called Munise, finds out that Kamran has married the woman he had cheated on Feride with, and develops a friendship with Hayrullah Bey, an elderly military doctor who treats Feride with fatherly affection. At the end of these three years, Munise dies and Feride is forced to resign from her post and marry the doctor because of the rumors about her \"indecent behavior\". \nA couple of years later, Feride returns to Tekirdag to visit one of her aunts and her cousin Mujgan, where Kamran, now widowed and with a small child, also happens to be. He has never gotten over Feride, painfully regrets having cheated on her, and confesses to have married the other woman only out of pity after he heard false rumors about Feride being in love with another man. The night before her arranged departure, Feride confesses to Mujgan that her marriage to the doctor has never been consummated and he has in fact died recently. \nHe told Feride to revive her ties to her family as his last wish, and gave her a package to be entrusted to Mujgan. Mujgan takes the package to Kamran, which turns out to be Feride's diary which was hidden and preserved by the doctor. Finding out that Feride is still in love with him, Kamran arranges to be wedded to Feride the next day without her knowledge. The novel ends with their long-awaited reunion, and Kamran's confession that he betrayed her all those years ago because of his insecurity about her love for and loyalty to him, due to her ostensible frivolity and harsh treatment of him.", "This book was translated into English as The Autobiography Of A Turkish Girl by Sir Wyndham Deedes, although this version of the book is incomplete (omitting the book's third section). In 2018, a complete translation Çalikuşu (the Wren) - The Complete English Translation was published. It combines Deedes' translation of the first four parts with the final fifth part translated by Tugrul Zure and edited by Angel Garcia.", "In 1966, Çalıkuşu was made into a movie (150 minutes) , starring Türkan Şoray, Kartal Tibet\nIt was made into a TV series in 1986, starring Aydan Şener, Kenan Kalav\nin 2005, it was adapted into Yeniden Çalıkuşu a TV series taking place in contemporary Istanbul instead of the novel's begin 20th-century setting. It was cancelled.\nIn 2013, it was adapted into yet another TV series, however, it too was cancelled before completion, finishing before Feride became a teacher.\nIt has been adapted to theater and ballet several times.", "Turkish literature\nReşat Nuri Güntekin", "\"Çalukuşu movie 1966\". Retrieved 2009-02-01.\n\"Çalukuşu TV mini-series 1986\". Retrieved 2009-02-01.\n\"Çalikusu (TV Series 2013–2014) - IMDb\".", "Reşat Nuri Güntekin- Information about Reşat Nuri Güntekin on an official website on Turkish culture\nFeminist Perspectives in Edith Wharton and Reşat Nuri Güntekin: a Comparative Study of the House of Mirth and Çalıkuşu - A study on feminist perspectives in Çalıkuşu" ]

[ "Çalıkuşu", "Plot summary", "Translations", "Adaptations", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2479, 2480 ]

[ 13231, 13232, 13233, 13234, 13235, 13236, 13237, 13238, 13239, 13240, 13241 ]

[ "View from vehicle travelling through Çaldıran town", "", "" ]

[ 0, 4, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/%C3%87ald%C4%B1ran_street.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Van_districts.png" ]

[ "Çaldıran (Kurdish: Ebex, Armenian: Աբաղա, romanized: Abaġa) is a district and town in Van Province of Turkey.\nAs mayor Leyla Atsak from the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) was elected in the local elections of March 2019. However Leyla Atsak was barred from holding office by the Supreme Election Board (YSK), despite being approved as a candidate by the YSK before the elections due to have being dismissed from public office in the past. Şefık Ensari from the Justice and Development Party (AKP) who came in second in the elections was given the mayorship instead. Adem Can became the Kaymakam in September 2019.\nThe town is in an earthquake prone area; 3,840 people were killed by a 7.2 magnitude earthquake in 1976.\nIn the district was found an archaeological site of a former building on a hill 2000 m above sea level.", "In June 2022, Turkish-Mongolian archaeologists led by Ersel Çağlıtütuncigil announced the discovery of the ruins of a summer palace (caravanserai) thought to have been constructed by the Mongol Ilkhanate State ruler Hulagu Khan and decorated with swastika or \"tamga\" shaped roof tiles in the 1260s. Ceramic kilns, tricolor-glazed ceramics, bricks, glazed roof tiles, porcelain were also among the finds.", "At 2,045 m (6,709 ft) above sea level, Çaldıran has a humid continental climate, with Mediterranean influences (Dsb, according to the Köppen climate classification). Summers are mild and dry and winters are cold and snowy, with very low temperatures, due to its elevation. The lowest temperature recorded in Çaldıran is -46.4 °C on 9 January 1990 and It is also the lowest temperature recorded in Turkey.", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\nAdem Avcıkıran (2009). Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî (PDF) (in Turkish and Kurdish). p. 57. Retrieved 17 December 2019.\n\"Van Çaldıran Seçim Sonuçları - 31 Mart 2019 Yerel Seçimleri\". www.sabah.com.tr. Retrieved 2020-04-12.\n\"YSK bars dismissed public servants from serving as mayors - Turkey News\". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 2020-04-12.\n\"Çaldıran Kaymakamı Adem Can\". www.caldiran.gov.tr. Retrieved 2020-04-12.\nDaha önce de büyük depremler yaşandı NTV 23 October 2011\n\"Castle-like structure discovered on hill in Van\". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 2020-04-12.\nAgency, Anadolu (2022-06-26). \"Turkish, Mongolian scientists trace Ilkhanid palace in Turkey's Van\". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 2022-08-08.\nAton, Francesca; Aton, Francesca (2022-08-02). \"Archaelogists Discovered 800-Year-Old Ancient Palace That May Have Belonged To Genghis Khan's Grandson\". ARTnews.com. Retrieved 2022-08-08.\npublished, Owen Jarus (2022-07-22). \"Archaeologists may have discovered the palace of Genghis Khan's grandson\". livescience.com. Retrieved 2022-08-08.\n\"Türkiye'de ve Dünyada Kaydedilen En Düşük ve En Yüksek Değerler\".\nClimate data: Çaldıran - Climate-data.org", "Battle of Çaldıran" ]

[ "Çaldıran, Van", "Archaeology", "Climate", "References", "See also" ]

[ 2481, 2482, 2483 ]

[ 13242, 13243, 13244, 13245, 13246, 13247 ]

[ "A view of Çamaş town", "Location of Çamaş within Turkey.", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Camas_Asagi_Pazar_01.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Ordu_districts.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png" ]

[ "Çamaş is a town and district of Ordu Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. According to the 2000 census, population of the district is 13,650 of which 10,047 live in the town of Çamaş. The district covers an area of 91 km² (35 sq mi), and the town lies at an elevation of 507 m (1,663 ft).\nThe villages of Çamaş district include Budak, Edirli, Hisarbey, Sakargeriş, Saitler, and Söken.", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\nTurkish Statistical Institute. \"Census 2000, Key statistics for urban areas of Turkey\" (XLS) (in Turkish). Retrieved 2009-05-07.\nGeoHive. \"Statistical information on Turkey's administrative units\". Retrieved 2009-05-07.\nStatoids. \"Statistical information on districts of Turkey\". Retrieved 2009-05-08.", "Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. \"Geographical information on Çamaş, Turkey\". Retrieved 2009-05-06.", "Media related to Çamaş at Wikimedia Commons\nDistrict governor's official website (in Turkish)\nRoad map of Çamaş and environs" ]

[ "Çamaş", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2484, 2485, 2486 ]

[ 13248, 13249 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/%C3%87amalan%2C_Mersin_Province.jpg" ]

[ "Çamalan is a village in Tarsus district of Mersin Province, Turkey. It is in the Taurus Mountains and to the west of Turkish state highway D.400. There is a German cemetery from World War I in the village, which is 40 kilometres (25 mi) to Tarsus and 67 kilometres (42 mi) to Mersin. The population of village was 219 as of 2012. The village was founded in the 16th century by Turkmens of the Alevi sect. They escaped from the harsh treatment of the Ottoman sultan Selim I to the forests of the mountainous area for concealment. Their main economic activity was forestry, and they were called tahtacı (\"woodman\"). Nowadays, however, the majority of the village population is retired people from the cities in the Çukurova plains (Cilicia of the antiquity).", "Turkstat" ]

[ "Çamalan", "References" ]

[ 2487 ]

[ 13250 ]

[ "The proposed location of Çamdibi station." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Camdibi_station_location.jpg" ]

[ "Çamdibi is a proposed underground station on the Halkapınar—Otogar Line of the İzmir Metro. It will be located beneath Kamil Tunca Avenue near the intersection with 5227th Street in the southwest Bornova. Construction of the station, along with the metro line, is scheduled to begin in 2018.\nÇamdibi station is expected to open in 2020.", "\"Halkapınar-Otogar Metro Projesi'nin ÇED süreci tamamlandı\". ensonhaber.com (in Turkish). 1 June 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2017.\nYılmaz, Mustafa (15 May 2017). \"Otogara 30 ay sonra metro\". milliyet.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 24 December 2017." ]

[ "Çamdibi (İzmir Metro)", "References" ]

[ 2488 ]

[ 13251 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/%C3%87amk%C3%B6y_Merkez_-_panoramio.jpg" ]

[ "Çamköy is a village in the District of Germencik, Aydın Province, Turkey. As of the 2010 Turkish Census, it had a population of 1,172 people.", "\"Population of city, towns and villages - 2010\". Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 23 July 2012." ]

[ "Çamköy, Germencik", "References" ]

[ 2489 ]

[ 13252 ]

[ "A view of Çamlıca Hill behind the Bosphorus Bridge.", "", "Public park on Çamlıca Hill" ]

[ 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Bosphorus_Bridge%2C_Istanboul.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Location_map_Istanbul.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/-camlica_-hill_-istanbul_-turkey_-cloud_-flower_-sky_-tourism_%2814085936949%29.jpg" ]

[ "Çamlıca Hill ([tʃamlɯdʒa]) (Turkish: Çamlıca Tepesi), aka Big Çamlıca Hill (Turkish: Büyük Çamlıca Tepesi) to differentiate it from the nearby Little Çamlıca Hill (Turkish: Küçük Çamlıca Tepesi), is a hill in the Üsküdar district of the Asian side of Istanbul, Turkey. At 288 m (945 ft) above sea level, Çamlıca Hill offers a panoramic view of the southern part of Bosphorus and the mouth of the Golden Horn.\nThe hill is a popular visitor attraction with Ottoman-themed teahouses, cafes and a restaurant inside a public park with monumental trees, flower gardens and fountains, run by the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality.", "", "On completion in 2019, Çamlıca Mosque became the largest mosque in Asia Minor, able to accommodate 63,000 people and incorporating a museum, art gallery, library, conference hall and underground parking lot.", "Before 2021, numerous radio masts and towers (such as Çamlıca TRT Television Tower) stood on the hill, spoiling the appearance of what had been a historic beauty spot. To improve the situation, the Turkish Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure decided to build a new, single tower on Little Çamlıca Hill. The tower is 369 m (1,211 ft) high and includes observation decks and restaurants. Çamlıca Tower (Çamlıca Kulesi) was inaugurated on May 29, 2021.", "\"Istanbul Topographic Map for Visualization\". Topographic Map Canada. Topographic Map. Retrieved 11 November 2020.\n\"Büyük Çamlıca\" (in Turkish). Istanbul Valiliği. Retrieved 2015-03-18.\n\"Çamlıca Sosyal Tesisleri\" (in Turkish). İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi-Tesislerimiz. Retrieved 2015-03-18.\n\"Çamlıca Mosque: The most modern complex of its kind in Turkey\". Daily Sabah.\n\"Çamlıca Tepesi görüntü kirliliğinden kurtarılıyor\". Haber 7 (in Turkish). 2014-10-04. Retrieved 2015-03-18.\nSABAH, DAILY (2021-05-29). \"Massive TV tower, now Istanbul's tallest structure, inaugurated\". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 2021-06-04.", "" ]

[ "Çamlıca Hill", "Noteworthy Structures", "Çamlıca Mosque", "Çamlıca Tower", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2490, 2491, 2492 ]

[ 13253, 13254, 13255 ]

[ "", "Çamlıca Mosque front view", "Mosque at night", "Two of the six minarets of Çamlıca Mosque which stand at 107.1m high. Photo taken by a tourist at ground level", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 1, 2, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 10, 10 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Camlica-2018-06-14.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Cami_istabulda.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/%C3%87aml%C4%B1ca_Camii.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/%C3%87aml%C4%B1caMosque_%282%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Istanbul_Big_Camlica_Mosque_june_2019_2036.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Istanbul_Big_Camlica_Mosque_june_2019_2021.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Istanbul_Big_Camlica_Mosque_june_2019_1940_panorama_%281%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Istanbul_Big_Camlica_Mosque_june_2019_1986.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Istanbul_Big_Camlica_Mosque_june_2019_1995.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Istanbul_Big_Camlica_Mosque_june_2019_1998.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Istanbul_Big_Camlica_Mosque_june_2019_1933.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Istanbul_Big_Camlica_Mosque_june_2019_1948.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Istanbul_Big_Camlica_Mosque_june_2019_1980.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Istanbul_Big_Camlica_Mosque_june_2019_2013.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Istanbul_Big_Camlica_Mosque_june_2019_2009.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Istanbul_Big_Camlica_Mosque_june_2019_2026_panorama.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque%2C_Istambul.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Edirne_7333_Nevit.JPG" ]

[ "Currently the largest mosque in Turkey, the Grand Çamlıca Mosque ([tʃamlɯdʒa]) (Turkish: Büyük Çamlıca Camii) is a complex for Islamic worship which was completed and opened on 7 March 2019. The mosque stands astride Çamlıca Hill in the Üsküdar district of Istanbul and is visible from much of the centre of the city. The complex incorporates an art gallery, library, and conference hall. It can hold up to 63,000 worshippers at a time (can accommodate up to 100,000 people in case of an earthquake).\nThe cost of the mosque was US$110 million (approx. 550 million Turkish liras at the time). Planning for the Çamlıca Mosque began in the year 2000 and was led by two female architects, Bahar Mızrak and Hayriye Gül Totu.Their design won second prize in a competition to come up with something suitable. \nThe mosque was officially inaugurated on 3 May 2019 by the current President of Turkey, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. Several world leaders were present at the ceremony including Senegalese President Macky Sall, Guinean President Alpha Conde, Albanian president Ilir Meta, Palestinian Prime Minister Mohammad Shtayyeh and other foreign dignitaries.\nÇamlıca Mosque was only the third mosque in Turkey to have six minarets (after the Sultanahmet (Blue) Mosque in Istanbul and the Sabancı Merkez Mosque in Adana).\nIn 2022 work was underway to add a spur to the M4 Metro line from Kadiköy to include a stop at the Çamlıca Mosque.", "The mosque's design was inspired by Classical Ottoman architecture and the works of Mimar Sinan. \nThe exterior of the mosque has been described as \"a huge box attached to a colonnaded courtyard; on top of the box, domes and half-domes swarm around a squat central dome surmounted by a golden, crescent-shaped finial.\" The exterior design may be influenced by Sinan but \"its use of concrete has relegated Sinan's structural devices – the dome-clusters, for example, that he used to diffuse the downward thrust of the main dome – to mere ornament.\" It was supposedly designed to rival Sinan's famous Suleymaniye Mosque, across the Bosphorus on the European side of Istanbul. \nAt 72 metres in height, the main dome of Çamlıca Mosque symbolises the 72 nations residing in Istanbul, Turkey; the dome spanning 34 metres represents the city of Istanbul (34 is the city's car plate number). The main dome is 3.12 metres wide, 7.77 metres high and weighs 4.5 tons. The mosque's gates are some of the largest inside a place of worship in the world - the main gate is 5 metres long, 6.5 metres high and weighs 6 tons. \nThe finial of the Çamlıca Mosque - the largest in the world - was coloured using nanotechnology.", "Çamlıca Mosque has six minarets which represent the six articles of Islamic faith (iman). Four of the six minarets feature three balconies that stand 107.1 metres high in recognition of the Seljuks' Victory at Manzikert in 1071. The other two minarets feature two balconies and are 90 metres high. Four of the minarets are centred around the central dome with the other two on the outer ends of the mosque.", "The interior of the mosque was designed with a more minimalist approach. The two female designers said that their use of \"light, colour, glass, ornamentation and calligraphy\" was intended to make people feel more spiritual within the space.", "Çamlıca Mosque features a museum, underground parking with space for 3,500 vehicles, an art gallery, library, conference hall, and childcare facilities. The art gallery covers 3,500 square metres while the library fills 3,000 square metres. The conference hall is able to seat up to 1,071 people and the mosque features eight art workshops. \nIn April 2022 a new Museum of Islamic Civilisations opened as part of the mosque complex.", "The design for Çamlıca Mosque was by two female architects, Bahar Mızrak and Hayriye Gül Totu, who planned to create a 'female-friendly' mosque that uses positive affirmation for women. The planning incorporated a separate space for women to perform ablutions before prayer, a separate elevator to the prayer spaces and a childcare facility. The separate prayer space for women is located in the central hall of the mosque and holds up to 600 worshippers. The childcare facility has a playground area and a car park. The architects stated that they wanted to change the tradition of more men going to mosques than women by designing Çamlıca Mosque to be 'female-friendly'.", "The first notable funeral to attract crowds to the mosque was the one held for Kadir Mısıroğlu on 6 May 2019.", "As one of several megaprojects embarked on by the ruling AK Party in the second half of the 2010s, the Çamlıca Mosque attracted a great deal of attention, as often negative as positive.", "", "Hagia Sophia\nSultan Ahmed Mosque\nTaksim Mosque\nMimar Sinan Mosque\nIslam in Turkey\nList of mosques in Istanbul\nList of mosques in Turkey\nList of largest mosques\nList of tallest domes", "\"New Istanbul mosque becomes largest in Turkey\". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 21 April 2020.\n\"Çamlıca Mosque: The most modern complex of its kind in Turkey\". Daily Sabah. 8 October 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2020.\n\"Istanbul Camlica Mosque Second Prize Winning Proposal / SN Architects\". ArchDaily. 2012-12-05. Retrieved 2022-05-28.\n\"Erdogan opens Turkey's largest mosque in Istanbul\". Al Jazeera English. 4 May 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019.\nGole, Nilufer (2017). The Daily Lives of Muslims: Islam and public confrontation in contemporary Europe. London: Zed Books. pp. 20–64.\n\"Turkey's largest mosque opens for worship in Istanbul\".\n\"Çamlıca Mosque welcomes 7 million visitors\". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 2020-07-17.\nDixon, Emily (2019). \"Some of Istanbul's mosques may carry a political message\". CNN. Retrieved 20 April 2020.\n\"Erdogan officially opens Turkey's largest mosque\". Euro News. 4 May 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2020.\n\"Turkey: Museum of Islamic civilisations opens in Camlica Mosque\". The Siasat Daily. 2022-04-08. Retrieved 2022-05-28.\n\"Istanbul's giant mosque to be 'women-friendly,' architects say\". Hurriyet Daily. Retrieved 21 April 2020.\nKadir Mısıroğlu hayatını kaybetti (Cenazesi Çamlıca Camii'nden kaldırılacak)" ]

[ "Çamlıca Mosque", "Architecture", "Minarets", "Interior", "Mosque Complex", "Female design and female-specific features", "Notable funerals", "Controversy", "Gallery", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2493, 2494, 2495, 2496, 2497, 2498, 2499, 2500, 2501, 2502, 2503, 2504, 2505, 2506, 2507, 2508, 2509 ]

[ 13256, 13257, 13258, 13259, 13260, 13261, 13262, 13263, 13264, 13265, 13266 ]

[ "Television tower of the Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) at Çamlıca Hill in Üsküdar, Istanbul.", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/%C3%87aml%C4%B1ca_TRT_TV_Tower.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Location_map_Istanbul.png", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Brainsik-bluemosque.jpg" ]

[ "Çamlıca TRT Television Tower (Turkish: TRT Çamlıca Verici İstasyonu) was a communications tower in the Üsküdar district of Istanbul, Turkey, which was owned and operated by the state-owned Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT). It was demolished in late 2020 after 48 years in service.", "The tower was located on Büyük Çamlıca Hill (literally:Big Çamlıca Hill) at 268 m (879 ft) above main sea level. The tower went into service on 30 December 1972. The tower had a total height of 166 m (545 ft) with the 148 m (486 ft) highconical concrete tower and a steel mast atop. On May 21, 2010, a fire broke out at the tower's 80 m (260 ft) height. The fire caused damage to the transmitter, and the broadcasting was interrupted until the damage was removed.", "With the completion of the Küçük Çamlıca TV Radio Tower on the neighboring hill, the steel transmitter masts, which cause visual pollution and are considered to be harmful to health, were removed and integrated in both towers. After serving for 48 years, the tower became defunct, and was demolished in late 2020.", "\"48 yıldır hizmet veren TRT Çamlıca Kulesi için veda zamanı\". TRT Haber (in Turkish). 21 October 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2021.\n\"TRT'nin vericisinde yangın çıktı\". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 21 May 2010. Retrieved 6 February 2017.\n\"Başbakan Yıldırım, Küçük Çamlıca TV-Radyo Kulesi inşaatını inceledi\". NTV (Turkey) (in Turkish). 4 February 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2017." ]

[ "Çamlıca TRT Television Tower", "History", "Demolition", "References" ]

[ 2510, 2511, 2512 ]

[ 13267, 13268, 13269 ]

[ "", "Location of Çamlıdere, Ankara within Turkey.", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 6 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Ankara_%C3%87aml%C4%B1dere_-_panoramio.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Ankara_districts.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png" ]

[ "Çamlıdere is a town and district of Ankara Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey, 108 km north-west of the city of Ankara. According to 2010 census, population of the district is 7297 of which 2994 live in the town of Çamlıdere. The district covers an area of 633 km² (244 sq mi), and the average elevation is 1,175 m (3,855 ft).\nÇamlıdere was settled by the Seljuk Turks and there are a number of Seljuk period buildings in the area.\nMany fossils and petrified forest have been found in the area.", "The population of Çamlıdere is experiencing a rapid depopulation, especially in rural villages, like many other rural and remote areas in Central Anatolia. The population living in villages decreased from 16,464 to a record-low of 3,915 in the period 1965–2012. The urban population declined slightly from 3,132 to 2,764 in the same period.", "This is an attractive woodland district with lakes, meadows, a deer park, a scout camp and many other places for camping, walking and picnics. In summertime Çamlıdere is busy with day-trippers from Ankara and there is a growing number of guest-houses for weekenders coming to enjoy the fresh air and open skies. The people in this rural area are typically conservative and religious in outlook.\nThe summer festival in July features oil-wrestling, music, dance, circumcisions of boys, and pilgrimage to the tomb of Sheikh Ali Semerkandi.", "The country house of former president İsmet İnönü.", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\n\"Population of city, towns and villages - 2010\". Turkish Statistical Institute.\nStatoids. \"Statistical information on districts of Turkey\". Retrieved 2008-05-05.\nTurkish Statistical Institute", "Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. \"Geographical information on Çamlıdere, Turkey\". Retrieved 2008-03-28.\nGovernorship of Çamlıdere, Turkey. \"General information on Çamlıdere district of Ankara\" (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2008-02-13. Retrieved 2008-03-28.", "District governor's official website (in Turkish)" ]

[ "Çamlıdere, Ankara", "Demographics", "Çamlıdere today", "Places of interest", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "", "", "", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/CamligozeDam-June2016.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Arch_dam_Oymapinar_%28Manavgat_River%2C_Turkey%29.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Nuclear_Power_Plant_2.jpg" ]

[ "Çamlıgöze Dam is an embankment dam on the Kelkit River in Sivas Province, Turkey. The development was backed by the Turkish State Hydraulic Works.", "List of dams and reservoirs in Turkey", "DSI, State Hydraulic Works (Turkey), Retrieved December 16, 2009" ]

[ "Çamlıgöze Dam", "See also", "References" ]

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[ 13274 ]

[ "Pokut plateau. Clouds above the mountains of Rize", "Location of Çamlıhemşin within Turkey.", "One of stone arch bridges over Hala Deresi which has been built in Ottoman Empire Era in the 19th century.", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 2, 4, 7, 7 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Rizemountain2.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Rize_Turkey_Provinces_locator.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/ArchBridgeOverFirtinaDeresi%40Rize-Turkey-1.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Ayder3.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Rize_districts.png" ]

[ "Çamlıhemşin (Laz: ვიჯა Vica or ვიჯე Vice; Georgian: ვიჯა Vija) is a small town and district of Rize Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey.\nWith its mountains and valleys in all shades of green, Çamlıhemşin has a reputation as one of the most attractive parts of the eastern Black Sea region, particularly with the autumn foliage.", "The town was originally known as Vija or Vije, with local variants Vijealtı, Vijedibi, although it was officially named as Vicealtı until 1953 when its name was changed to Çamlıca by Turkish authorities. The name Vica (ვიჯა) [vidʒa] / Vija (ვიჟა) [viʒa] / Vice (ვიჯე) [vidʒe] is the Laz word for brine, mineral (salty) water, which corresponds to the Kartvelian *weʒ₁- form.\nIts current name was given in 1957. This is a combination of the terms \"Çamlı\" which in Turkish means \"pine-forested\" or \"piney\" and \"Hemşin\", which is the name of the indigenous Armenian population that predominantly inhabits the region.", "Çamlıhemşin is high in the Fırtına Valley, which leads down to the Black Sea coast, and is an important access point to the Kaçkar mountains. This is a hilly area surrounded by very high mountains that poke up into the clouds, and watered by the Hala River and other streams running down the Black Sea. It rains here all year round, temperatures drop to minus 7 °C in winter and reach 25 °C in summer.\nThis is a low-income district and successive generations of Çamlıhemşin have migrated to jobs in Turkey's larger cities (for example they have reputation as the best bakers and pastry-cooks in Ankara). In Çamlıhemşin some tea is grown and otherwise people live from forestry, beekeeping or herding animals on the mountainside. However the countryside here is a gorgeous mix of meadows and valleys and in recent years the district has begun to attract tourists, people on trekking holidays in the Kaçkar. There are now small hotels and guest houses throughout the district.\nÇamlıhemşin itself is a small town of 2,355 people. There is a health centre and some blocks of public housing, residences for teachers and civil servants posted here. There are high schools in Çamlıhemşin and primary schools in the mountains villages. The traditional Çamlıhemşin village house is wooden, with a steep roof to run off the rain and a wooden terrace at the side. Many of these homes seem stuck to the steep hillsides by magic.\n20 villages of the district are inhabited by Hemshinli, 7 villages are inhabited by Laz. The centre of the district (Vija/Vicealtı) has a Hemshinli majority and a Laz minority who are mostly recent settlers. Hemshinli have a distinct folk culture, for example, the women wear bright orange headscarves which they tie in a certain way to declare their availability (or not) for marriage.\nThe local cuisine includes muhlama, the fondue-type hot cheese, butter and flour pudding.", "Çamlıhemşin has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb).", "Çamlıhemşin has a number of places for hiking and escaping into the countryside, including: \nAyder - the village has mineral baths and plenty of accommodation for visitors.\nthe Fırtına Valley, which runs through the heart of Çamlıhemşin, and is spanned by the Ottoman-era Fırtına River bridges.\nKale-i Balâ a castle high on a rock\nZilkale, a medieval era castle", "Mahmut Turan - a Turkish musician of Hemshin origin playing the tulum", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\nMohti Rize Fındıklı lazlar çamlıhenşin horon Lazca google Kadir Kalemci Web Sayfası Maşukiye Laz Mehmet\nGogokhia, Bakur, \"About the name of Vija town in Lazeti\", Etymological Researches XI, Arnold Chikobava Institute of Linguistics, Tbilisi, 2014, p.p. 3-10; ISSN 1987-9946 (in Georgian).\n\"Climate: Çamlıhemşin\". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 14 April 2014.", "(in English) Çamlıhemşin with photographs\n(in Turkish) Gulapoğlu Ailesi Sitesi - Gulapoglu Family Site from Camlihemsin\n(in Turkish) the Çamlıhemşin-Hemşin foundation\n(in English) a forum for discussion of all things Hamsheni\n(in Turkish) website tilted \"WE ARE HEMŞİNLİ\"" ]

[ "Çamlıhemşin", "Etymology", "Geography", "Climate", "Places of interest", "Notable residents", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "5701 at the Çamlık Railway Museum" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/57_01_Camlik1.jpg" ]

[ "The Çamlık Railway Museum, a.k.a. Çamlık Steam Locomotive Museum, (Turkish: Çamlık Tren Müzesi or Çamlık Buharlı Lokomotif Müzesi) is an outdoor railway museum at Çamlık village of Selçuk district in Izmir Province, Turkey. It is the largest railway museum in Turkey and contains one of the largest steam locomotive collections in Europe.", "The museum is located on a former part of the ORC mainline, the oldest line in Turkey, near the village Çamlık, very close to the historical site at Ephesus. When the tracks on the Izmir-to-Aydın main line were realigned, a small portion of the line, as well as the original Çamlık railway station, were abandoned. The museum was started in 1991, and completed in 1997. It uses the original tracks built in 1866.\nWhile the land, the buildings and the collection are all the property of the Turkish State Railways (TCDD), the museum is run by Atilla Mısırlıoğlu on a 99-year lease. He is the son of the first signalman serving at the Çamlık railway station.", "In the museum, there are 33 steam locomotives displayed outside, half of them arrayed around an 18-road turntable. The manufacturing years of the locomotives range from 1891 to 1951. The oldest one is built by Robert Stephenson & Company, England. The steam engines on display were made by: Henschel (8), Maffei (2), Borsig (1), BMAG (2), MBA (1), Krupp (3), Humboldt (1) from Germany; NOHAB (2) from Sweden; ČKD (1) from Czechoslovakia; Robert Stephenson & Company (2), North British Locomotive Company (1), Beyer, Peacock & Company (1) from the UK; Lima Locomotive Works (1), ALCO (1), Vulcan Iron Works (1) from the USA; and Creusot (1), Batignolles (1), Corpet-Louvet (2) from France. Visitors may climb up into the engines. The locomotives are provided with plaques giving information about technical details.\nThe steam locomotive number 45501, which was involved in the Yarımburgaz train disaster as part of the Orient Express, is exhibited in the museum. The head-on collision in 1957, with its death toll of 95, is the deadliest train accident in Turkey as of 2010.\nThe museum has nine passenger cars including two wooden cars. The salon car used by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881-1938) can be visited inside. There are also seven freight cars on display. In addition to various rolling stock, there are many railway and rail station utilities at the facility such as a water tower, road turntable, hand lorry and crane.", "History of rail transport in Turkey\nTCDD Open Air Steam Locomotive Museum in Ankara\nIstanbul Railway Museum\nAtatürk's Residence and Railway Museum in Ankara", "\"Çamlik Railway Museum in Turkey is faced with closure\". International Steam. Retrieved 2013-04-02.\nNarhanim Alidedeoglu. \"Çamlık Locomotive\". Jimmy's Place Ephesus. Retrieved 2013-04-02.\n\"Çamlık Outdoor Railway Museum\". Trains of Turkey. Retrieved 2013-04-02.\n\"Otuzbeşinci Kilometrede Tren Kazası\" (in Turkish). Kent ve Demiryolu. 2010-10-21. Retrieved 2014-11-25.", "Image gallery of the museum items at Trains of Turkey website\nImage gallery of the museum items at International Steam website" ]

[ "Çamlık Railway Museum", "History", "Museum", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Çamlıyayla and Namrun Castle", "", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/View_of_%C3%87aml%C4%B1yayla.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Mersin_districts.png" ]

[ "Çamlıyayla is a town and district of Mersin Province in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. The district has a population of 10,558 of which 3335 lives in the town of Çamlıyayla.\nÇamlıyayla is a small district high in the Taurus Mountains. In summer the lakes, streams and pine forests of Çamlıyayla attract many visitors, people from Adana, Mersin and Tarsus escaping from the extreme heat on the coast to summer homes up in the hills. (see yayla)\nÇamlıyayla is a quiet rural area without the wild nightlife to entertain young people and is therefore popular with families and the retired, typically children stay in the hills with their grandparents while their parents are at work in the city; in the school holiday period the population of the district rises to over 100,000. The cuisine includes a slushed ice called karsambaç, which antecessor of icecream, very refreshing in summer.\nThere is a mountain goat breeding centre in Çamlıyayla and people go there for hunting wild boar, rabbits and sandgrouse. At higher altitudes the district is bare mountainside, above the tree line.", "The early history of the area is unknown but these hills must have been occupied from the earliest times. By the late 11th century, the area was briefly controlled by the Byzantine empire, but was briefly conquered by the Seljuk Turks in 1081. Near the edge of the town is the sprawling Hetʽumid castle of Lampron, an Armenian construction of the 11th and 12th centuries, which has a few structural remains from the earlier late antique and Byzantine periods. The residential chambers at the northwest are especially impressive with their well-cut ashlar masonry. This site guarded a strategic route from Cappadocia to the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. Subsequently, the castle was brought into the Ottoman Empire and was the scene of fighting between the Ottomans and the Mamluks.", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\nEdwards, Robert W. (1987). The Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: Dumbarton Oaks Studies XXIII. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University. pp. 176–185. ISBN 0-88402-163-7.", "District's official website (in Turkish)\nMunicipality's official website (in Turkish)\nCarefully documented photographic survey and plan of Lampron Castle/ Çamlıyayla" ]

[ "Çamlıyayla", "History", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Kemer and Çamyuva at the foot of Tahtalı Dağı", "Overview of Çamyuva" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/%C3%87amyuva.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Camyuva_view.jpg" ]

[ "Çamyuva (pronounced Chamyoova) is a small town in the district of Kemer, Antalya Province, Turkey, situated to the south of the central town of Kemer. Formerly a village without a municipal administration, it was recently merged with the neighbouring village of Kiriş and the official name for the two agglomerations, as well as the name of the constituted municipality, is Çamyuva. Although during the past few years much construction has occurred, these two towns are still famous for numerous olive and orange groves.\nThe base station of the Olympos Aerial Tram is located nearby Çamyuva." ]

[ "Çamyuva" ]

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[]

[ "Location of Çan within Turkey.", "" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/%C3%87anakkale_districts.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png" ]

[ "Çan is a town and district of Çanakkale Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. According to the 2010 census, the population of the district is 50,669, of which 28,808 live in the town of Çan. The district covers an area of 907 km² (350 sq mi), and the town lies at an elevation of 129 m (423 ft).", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\nStatistical Institute\nGeoHive. \"Statistical information on Turkey's administrative units\". Retrieved 2009-04-21.\nStatoids. \"Statistical information on districts of Turkey\". Retrieved 2009-04-21.", "Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. \"Geographical information on Çan, Turkey\". Retrieved 2009-04-21.", "District governor's official website (in Turkish)\nRoad map of Çan and environs\nVarious images of Çan, Çanakkale" ]

[ "Çan", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "An aerial view of the city center", "", "", "", "The Polyxena sarcophagus found at the Kızöldün Tumulus, the oldest known tumulus of Hellespontine Phrygia, currently on display at the Troy Museum.", "The Trojan horse that appeared in the 2004 film, now on display in Çanakkale. The ancient city of Troy and the ancient region of the Troad are inside Çanakkale Province.", "Çanakkale Clock Tower (1896) at the city center", "Çanakkale waterfront", "Çanakkale Martyrs' Memorial is a war memorial commemorating the service of about 253,000 Turkish soldiers who participated at the Battle of Gallipoli (1915–1916)", "The Çanakkale 1915 Bridge on the Dardanelles strait, connecting Europe and Asia, is the longest suspension bridge in the world.[7]", "", "", "Two streets in central Çanakkale", "A view of the city center", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 8, 8, 12, 12 ]

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[ "Çanakkale (pronounced [tʃaˈnakkale]), formerly Dardanellia (Greek: Δαρδανέλλια), is a city and seaport in Turkey in Çanakkale Province on the southern shore of the Dardanelles at their narrowest point. The population of the city is 195,439 (2021 estimate).\nÇanakkale is the nearest major urban center to the ancient city of Troy, which (together with the ancient region of the Troad) is located inside Çanakkale Province. The wooden horse from the 2004 movie Troy is exhibited on the seafront.", "Çanakkale is the name for a site earlier known as Kale-i-Sultaniye, which was adopted as the official term for the town in 1890, though current a century earlier.\nÇanakkale was an Ottoman fortress called Kale-i Sultaniye (Ottoman Turkish: قلعهٔ سلطانیه) or Sultaniye kalesi (Fortress of the Sultan). From the late 17th century it also became known for its fine-glazed pottery, Çanakkale ceramics, compared by one traveler to Delftware, hence the later name Çanak kalesi 'pot fortress'. The Greek-Byzantine name for Çanakkale was Dardanellia, from which the English name Dardanelles is derived.\nFrom around 1920, the British began to call Çanakkale Chanak and Kale Sultanie in their reporting.", "Ancient Abydos, where the story of Hero and Leander takes place, is to the north of Çanakkale.", "The first inhabitants of the area, which hosted many civilizations, lived on the Biga Peninsula in the Last Chalcolithic Age c. 6,000 years ago. However, very little is known about the identity and lifestyle of these early settlers. According to some excavations and research, the earliest settlements in the region were established at Kumtepe. It is supposed that Kumkale was established in 4000 BC and Troy between 3500–3000 BC.\nAeolian Greeks settled on the land in the 8th century BC and established trade colonies in the region called Aeolis. The region came under the control of the Lydians in the 7th century BC and under the control of the Persians in the 6th century BC. Aeolis went under the control of the Ancient Macedonian army as Alexander the Great defeated the Persians by the Granicus River of the region in the Battle of the Granicus on his way to Asia. The region came under the reign of the Kingdom of Pergamon in the 2nd century BC.\nÇanakkale itself was built as a fortress in 1462 by Mehmed II Fatih, who gave it the name Kale-I Sultaniye, since one of the Sultan's sons had collaborated in its construction. Sited on a bay at the narrowest point of the strait, it, together with another nearby fort, Kilid Bahr, provided an excellent position for controlling traffic through the Dardanelles. The two forts were quickly called in the travel literature \"The Castles\", and a town developed to the north-east, settled by Armenian refugees and Spanish Jews.\nFrom the Renaissance period onwards, after their expulsion from Spain, Jewish refugees settled in Çanakkale and formed a sizeable community which thrived by supplying Mediterranean shipping in the region with provisions and acting as consular agents for many European nations. Down to the late 19th century they retained Spanish as a mother-tongue. Some 1,805 Jews were registered there in 1890, out of a population of 10,862, the rest being Muslims (3,551), Orthodox Greeks (2,577), Armenians (956) and assorted foreigners (2,173).\nThe western part of the Biga Peninsula where ancient Troy is situated was called Troas. Alexandria Troas, an important settlement of the region, was a free trade port and a rich trade center during Roman times. Later in the 2nd century AD, the region was attacked by Goths from Thrace. During the 7th and 8th centuries, in order to attack Constantinople the Arabs passed the strait a few times and came up to Sestos. At the beginning of the 14th century the Karasids dominated the Anatolian part of the strait. During the first half of that century Demirhan Bey from Karasids attempted to dominate the region. The Ottomans gained control of Gallipoli in 1367.\nIn 1915, during the First World War, British Empire and France attempted to secure the waterway through the Straits and ultimately capture Constantinople. Known as The Gallipoli Campaign, or the Dardanelles Campaign, in Turkey it is referred to as the Battle of Çanakkale (Turkish: Çanakkale Savaşı), during March 1915 when the Royal Navy failed to force the Dardanelles and suffered severe losses. During a series of operations, HMS Triumph, HMS Ocean, HMS Goliath, HMS Irresistible and the French battleship Bouvet were all sunk. The French submarine Q84 Joule and the Australian submarine AE2 were also destroyed and several other important ships were crippled too. Most of the damage was inflicted by mines, though a German U-Boat and Turkish small craft contributed too.\nAs of 1920, the city was estimated to have a population of approximately 22,000. An active port city, it was a stopping point for vessels traveling through the strait, as it had been in the ancient past. It was described as lacking quality accommodations and resources for those passing through by the British who visited the region. Exported goods from the city included wine, hides, pottery, ceramic tiles and grain.\nToday, Çanakkale is the finishing point every year for an organised swim across the Dardanelles from Eceabat. This event emulates the swim in 1810 by Lord Byron, who was himself emulating the legendary swim by Leander in the story of Hero and Leander.", "Nuri Bilge Ceylan (film director)\nMetin Erksan (film director)\nTevfik Rüştü Aras (Turkish foreign minister)\nZeynep Bastık (singer)\nMustafa Tutkun (humanitarian activist)\nGüney Dal (writer)", "The service of education throughout the city is above the country average. There are 13 high schools and a college within the boundaries of the city. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University has 12 faculties, 4 institutes, 9 4-year colleges, 14 vocational schools and serves more than 52,000 students in the all area. 30 percent of the city population are college graduates.", "Çanakkale has two airports; the first one which is 3 km from the city centre, serving since 1995. Anadolu Jet, a trademark of Turkish Airlines, and Borajet have daily flights from Istanbul and Ankara.\nThe second airport serves to the island of Gökçeada which is a district of Çanakkale.\nÇanakkale is linked to north, east, and south by paved highways. Buses run to Istanbul and Izmir.", "Çanakkale has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa or Trewartha: Cs) with hot and dry summers and cool and rainy winters. Snow falls ordinarily every winter.", "", "CHİTTAGONG, BANGLADESH\n Canberra, Australia\n Kerch, Ukraine\n Pardubice, Czech Republic\n Pomezia, Italy\n Osnabrück, Germany", "Battle of Gallipoli\nGüzelyalı, a nearby town\nChanak Crisis\nÇanakkale 1915 Bridge", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Turkey: Major cities and provinces\". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2020-12-18.\nStatistical Institute\nJ.M.Cook, The Troad:An Archaeological and Topographical Study, Clarendon Press Oxford 1973 p.53, and n.3.\nRégis Darques, Salonique au XXe siècle: De la cité ottomane à la métropole grecque, editions CNRS 2000 p. 299.\nProthero, G.W. (1920). Anatolia. London: H.M. Stationery Office.\n\"Groundbreaking ceremony for bridge over Dardanelles to take place on March 18\". Hürriyet Daily News. 2017-03-17. Retrieved 2017-03-19.\n\"Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)\" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 24 April 2021.\n@yturker (1 August 2021). \"17.00 Hava Sıcaklıkları: Cizre 45.1,...\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.\nEncyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition s.v. Dardanelles (town).", "Çanakkale (in Turkish)\nÇanakkale Özel website (in Turkish)\nÇanakkale Haberleri (in Turkish)\nPictures of the town and sub-galleries to major sights\nAn overview of memorials, cemeteries and relics of the Gallipoli campaign, in Turkish known as the Çanakkale wars." ]

[ "Çanakkale", "Name", "Legends", "History", "Notable people from Çanakkale", "Education", "Transportation", "Climate", "International relations", "Twin towns — sister cities", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "" ]

[ 9 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Electoral_districts_of_Turkey_2015.png" ]

[ "Çanakkale is an electoral district of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. It elects four members of parliament (deputies) to represent the province of the same name for a four-year term by the D'Hondt method, a party-list proportional representation system.", "Population reviews of each electoral district are conducted before each general election, which can lead to certain districts being granted a smaller or greater number of parliamentary seats. Çanakkale has consistently elected four MPs since 1999.", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "\"YSK Web Portal\" (PDF). Retrieved 10 January 2015.\n\"TBMM 24.Dönem Milletvekili Listesi\". Retrieved 10 January 2015.\n\"TBMM 23.Dönem Milletvekili Listesi\". Retrieved 10 January 2015.\n\"TBMM 22.Dönem Milletvekili Listesi\". Retrieved 10 January 2015.\n\"TBMM 21.Dönem Milletvekili Listesi\". Retrieved 10 January 2015.\nhttp://www.ysk.gov.tr/ysk/docs/2011MilletvekiliSecimi/KesinSonuclar/cannakale.pdf\nhttp://www.ysk.gov.tr/ysk/content/conn/YSKUCM/path/Contribution%20Folders/HaberDosya/CB-AdayOylari-ilBazında-2014.pdf" ]

[ "Çanakkale (electoral district)", "Members", "General elections", "2011", "June 2015", "November 2015", "2018", "Presidential elections", "2014", "References" ]

[ 2543 ]

[ 13314, 13315 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 5 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/%C3%87anakkale_Airport.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Aviacionavion.png" ]

[ "Çanakkale Airport (IATA: CKZ, ICAO: LTBH) is an airport in the city of Çanakkale, Turkey.", "Total passenger traffic was 18,423 in 2009. The busiest days at the airport are 18 March and 25 April every year, both significant dates in Turkish history related to the Ottoman Empire's involvement in the Gallipoli Campaign of World War I; 18 March is the anniversary of World War I defeat of the allied attempt to force the Dardanelles; and 25 April is Anzac Day.", "The airport has one runway, oriented in the 04-22 direction and with dimensions of 2350x45m.", "", "", "\"Devlet Hava Meydanları İşletmesi Genel Müdürlüğü\". www.dhmi.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 2010-01-26." ]

[ "Çanakkale Airport", "History", "Facilities", "Airlines and destinations", "Statistics", "References" ]

[ 2544, 2545 ]

[ 13316, 13317 ]

[ "Entrance of the museum", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

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[ "Çanakkale Archaeological Museum (Turkish: Çanakkele Arkeoloji Müzesi) was a museum in Çanakkale, Turkey. Its contents have been moved to the 2018-established Troy Museum (Turkish: Troya Müzesi or Truva Müzesi), close to the excavation site of the ancient Greek city of Troy. The museum site is now home to the Mehmet Akif Ersoy Provincial Public Library.\nÇanakkale is situated on the Anatolian side of the Dardanelles Strait. It is close to famous Troy of the antiquity. The Dardanelles campaign of World War I is known as Çanakkale Savaşı in Turkish.\nIn 1960, an abandoned church was opened as a museum. In 1984, the museum moved to 100. yıl street of the city at 40°07′59″N 26°24′35″E.\n A minibus, starting at the Minibus station at the bridge over the Çanakkale Çay bridge of the Atatürk Caddesi, provides a regular service to Troy and the new museum. \nThe following text was found to be correct for the Troy Museum: The main items in the exhibition halls are artifacts from various ruins around Çanakkele such as a Troia, Assos, Apollon, Smintheion, Tenedos and Alexandria Troas. Some of the items are marble sculptures, steles, illumination gadgets, terracota and bronze kitchenware, glassware and ornaments. A colored sarcophagus from the Achaemenid Empire and Polyxena sarcophagus are among the notable items. There are also some ethnographic items.", "Troy Museum", "", "Museum page (Outdated)(in Turkish)\nÇanakkale Museum map (Outdated)\nÇanakkale page (Outdated)(in Turkish)" ]

[ "Çanakkale Archaeological Museum", "See also", "Gallery", "References" ]

[ 2546, 2547, 2548, 2549, 2550, 2551, 2552, 2553 ]

[ 13318 ]

[ "Çanakkale Martyrs' Memorial", "Martyrs' Memorial", "Martyrs' Memorial", "Reverse of 500,000 lira (1993–2005)" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Canakkalesehitleriabidesi.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/%C3%87anakkale_Martyrs_Memorial_-_panoramio.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/%C3%87anakkale_%C5%9Eehitler_Abidesi.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/500000_TL_reverse.jpg" ]

[ "The Çanakkale Martyrs' Memorial (Turkish: Çanakkale Şehitleri Anıtı) is a war memorial commemorating the service of about 253,000 Turkish soldiers who participated at the Battle of Gallipoli, which took place from April 1915 to December 1915 during the First World War. It is located within the Gallipoli Peninsula Historical National Park on Hisarlık Hill in Morto Bay at the southern end of the Gallipoli peninsula in Çanakkale Province, Turkey.\nThe memorial was depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 500,000 lira banknotes of 1993–2005.", "For the erection of a memorial in Gallipoli, an architectural contest was opened in 1944. The design by architects Doğan Erginbaş, Ismail Utkular and civil engineer Ertuğrul Barla won the official contest. Construction of the monument was decided in 1952, and the ground stone was laid on 19 April 1954. Financial problems caused interruption of the construction works several times. The main structure was completed on 15 March 1958. In the meantime, the Turkish daily Milliyet started a countrywide financial support campaign, and the memorial was officially opened on 21 August 1960.\nThe 41.70 m (137 ft) high monument is in the form of four square columns 7.5 m (25 ft) wide with 10 m (33 ft) space between each other, topped by a concrete slab of 25 by 25 m (82 by 82 ft). The huge structure is well visible during passage through the Dardanelles.\nThe museum underneath the monument was opened later and the bas-reliefs on the columns were completed afterwards. Situated to the north of the memorial, a war cemetery holding the remains of 600 Turkish soldiers was established in 1992.\nPosted at the site, an inscription with verses from Turkish national anthem by Mehmet Akif Ersoy, reminds the visitors:\nDo not ignore the ground on which you have walked,\n\nIt is not ordinary soil.\n\nReflect on the thousands of people, who lie beneath\n\nWithout a shroud.\n\nYou are the son of a martyr –\n\nDo not hurt your ancestor,\n\nDo not give away this beautiful motherland,\n\nEven if you have the whole world.", "Inside the museum, beneath the memorial, further information and historical artifacts illustrate the magnitude of the Battle of Gallipoli, against the Allied powers: British, French, and Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC). Original personal and military items, such as cutlery, a set of false teeth, dress buttons, belt buckles, sniper shields, and photographs found on the battlefield, are on display in the museum.", "A monument commemorating the soldiers and officers of the famous 57th Regiment of the 19th Division, who all were killed in action, was opened in 1992. It is a three-story tower with a relief inscription of Staff Lieutenant-Colonel Mustafa Kemal's famous command to his soldiers who ran out of ammunition and had nothing left but bayonets, on the morning of 25 April 1915 to meet the ANZACs on the slopes leading up from the beach to the heights of Chunuk Bair (Conkbayırı):\nI do not order you to attack, I order you to die.\nAs a sign of respect, there is no 57th Regiment in the modern Turkish army.\nIn the area are other cemeteries holding the ANZAC dead, and monuments to them.", "List of war cemeteries and memorials on the Gallipoli Peninsula\nLanding at Anzac Cove\nLanding at Cape Helles\nLanding at Suvla Bay\nGallipoli (1981 film)\nOrdered to die: a history of the Ottoman army in the First World War", "Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey Archived 2009-06-15 at the Wayback Machine. Banknote Museum: 7. Emission Group - Five Hundred Thousand Turkish Lira - I. Series, II. Series, III. Series & IV. Series. – Retrieved on 20 April 2009.\nMiniaTurk\nAll about Turkey\nErickson, Edward. Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War. 2000, page xv.\nSalih Saydam website", "Pictures of the memorial\nANZAC site\n360 Degree Panoramic Photos | Çanakkale Statue - Historical Peninsula of Gallipoli Virtual Tour, 360TR.COM, 2008" ]

[ "Çanakkale Martyrs' Memorial", "Design and construction", "The War Museum", "The 57th Regiment Memorial", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2554, 2555, 2556 ]

[ 13319, 13320, 13321, 13322, 13323, 13324, 13325, 13326 ]

[ "Wreck of German submarine SM UB-46 (during WW1)", "From museum yard" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Ub-46-wreck-3.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/CANAKKALE_NAVAL_MUSEUM_WESTERN_TURKEY_OCT_2011_%286395322961%29.jpg" ]

[ "Çanakkale Naval Museum is a museum in Çanakkale , Turkey\nThe museum is situated next to Çimenlik Casemates in Çanakkale at 40°08′53″N 26°23′59″E.", "The collections in the museum are classified as follows\nHistorical boats\nHistorical galley\nAtatürk's boat\nEmperyal Boats of the sultanate (Ottoman Empire\nBoats used in Ottoman era\nOther boats\nMetallic exhibits\nWeapons\nNavigation tools\nStamps and seals\nLanterns\nMedals and signs\nClocks\nWooden exhibits\nShips\nCoats of arms and tughras (seal of the sultan)\nFigureheads\nRigging\nStone exhibits\nLithography\nTomb stones\nInscriptions\nFountains\nArt\nOil paintings\nWatercolor painting\nCharcoal painting\nEngravings\nTextile exhibits\nUniforms\nFlags\nPaper exhibits\nHand written documents\nFirmans (decrees of the Ottoman sultans)", "Collections page of the museum (in Turkish)" ]

[ "Çanakkale Naval Museum", "Collection", "References" ]

[ 2557, 2558 ]

[ 13327 ]

[ "Çanakkale town and the University of Çanakkale from the Sea", "The Çanakkale seafront, with wooden horse from the 2004 film Troy", "COMU Strategic Research Centre, Ibrahim KAYA. The Centre House is one of the oldest buildings in Canakkale Town", "" ]

[ 3, 5, 6, 51 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Canakkale_ferry.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/%C3%87anakkale_trojan_horse.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Canakkal_Strateji_Merkezi.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Stielers_Handatlas_1891_50.jpg" ]

[ "Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University (informally ÇOMÜ) is a Turkish public research university located in Çanakkale (Dardannelles) province (near Gallipoli) and its surrounding towns. It is a member of the Balkan Universities Network, the European University Association (EUA), International Association of Universities (IAU), and the Thrace Universities Union. It hosted the World Universities Congress in 2010.\nThe ÇOMÜ is listed among the world's top 1,000 best universities in the 2012 annual Scimago Institutions Rankings World Reports and one of the top innovative universities in Turkey The University was named as one of the top innovative Turkish universities in 2013 by the Turkish Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology.", "", "Some of the COMU colleges were part of the Trakya (Thrace) University before 1992. The Faculty of Education is rooted in the 1950s. The Çanakkale Vocational School was also part of the Thrace University (Edirne).", "The ÇOMÜ was founded in 1992 based upon the Faculty of Education on the Anafartalar Campus by the Turkish Parliament law. Before this the facilities had housed a teacher training institute that was a branch of Trakya University. The first rector of the University was Prof. Dr. Mete Tuncoku.\nWith its new status and intake from Turkey's large youth population, the university developed quickly in terms of the number of students, staff and facilities, spurring the opening of new faculties and colleges.\nThe university has expanded rapidly over the last few years and in the 2005–2006 academic year there were over 19,000 students participating in a wide variety of programs taught by 960 academic staff in two graduate schools, nine faculties, two polytechnic colleges (four-year programs) and 11 vocational colleges (two-year programs). There are several campuses in Chanakkale itself, and some of the academic units are located in other towns of the province.\nThe number of academicians in the COMU is over 1800 and the student number is over 48.610 in 2020.\nWeb site https://global.comu.edu.tr\nRector of our university Prof. Dr. Sedat MURAT", "As of 2020, ÇOMÜ has approximately 48,800 students, of which 30,100 are enrolled in undergraduate programs, 13,600 in 2-years programs, and about 3,600 in MA and PhD programs. Each academic year, the ÇOMÜ hosts over 2000 regular international students from 68 different countries. \nAs of 2020, the number of academical personnel is 1920. The total number of personnel reaches 3,000. \nThe number of the alumni exceeds 112,000. The languages of instructions at ÇOMÜ are Turkish and English.", "Biga Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences\nFaculty of Agriculture\nFaculty of Education\nFaculty of Engineering\nFaculty of Fine Arts\nFaculty of Marine Sciences and Technologies\nFaculty of Medicine\nFaculty of Sciences and Arts\nFaculty of Theology\nFaculty of Communication\nFaculty of Political Sciences in Çanakkale\nFaculty of Architecture and Design", "The Biga Faculty of Economics and Managements Studies is located in Biga, a town approximately 70 kilometers from the Canakkale city center. It offers courses at undergraduate and postgraduate levels.\nThe faculty publishes a quarterly journal: Journal of Administrative Sciences (YBD).\nThe departments are International Relations, Business Studies, Economics, Labor economics & Industrial Relations, Public Finance, Public Management.\nDean: Prof. Dr. Ercan SARIDOĞAN\nDeputy Dean: Prof. Dr. Sedat MURAT\nDepartment of International Relations: Prof. Dr. Mete Tunçoku (Asia-Pacific), Prof. Dr. Yucel Acer (International Law); Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mehmet HASGULER (Cyprus), Assist. Prof. Dr. Bulent Uludağ (Caucasus), Assoc. Prof. Dr. Soner Karagül (International Relations), Asst. Prof. Dr. Bestami Sadi Bilgiç (Political History), Assist. Prof. Dr. Dr. Gurol BABA (Australia and Pacific), Assist. Prof. Dr. Ruhi Güler (International Politics).\nDepartment of Administrative Studies: Prof. Dr. Hamit Palabıyık (Urbanisation and Public Administration), Prof. Dr. Ibrahim Kaya (Sea Law), Assist. Prof. Kutay Üstün (Political Sciences), Assist. Prof. Dr. Assiye Aka (Political Sciences), Assist. Prof. Dr. Hikmet Yavaş (Law and Politics).\nDepartment of Labour Studies: Asst. Prof. Dr. Mahir Gümüş\nWeb:", "The Faculty of Agriculture is located on the main Terzioglu Campus in Canakkale and has practical training facilities at its farm in the village of Saricaali (TETAM) and on the Dardanos Campus.\nThe departments are Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Construction and Irrigation, Agricultural Mechanisation, Animal Science, Field Crops, Horticulture, Landscaping, Plant Protection, Soil Science.", "This is the largest faculty of the university, with approximately 4,500 students, and is on the Anafartalar Campus in the centre of Çanakkale. Departments are Computer and Educational Technology Teaching, Education Studies, Fine Arts Teaching, Foreign Language Teaching, Physical Education and Sports Teaching, Primary School Teaching, Secondary Education Social Subjects Teaching, Turkish Language Teaching.", "The Faculty of Engineering and Architecture is temporarily located in the Faculty of Sciences and Arts building on the Terzioglu Campus, until its own building is complete. Departments are Geomatics Engineering, Computer Engineering, Food Engineering, Geological Engineering, Geophysical Engineering and Environmental Engineering.", "The Faculty of Fine Arts is housed in the buildings of Faculty of Agriculture, Faculty of Theology, Canakkale Vocational College. Nedime Hanim Friendship House is the nest for the departments of Textile, Performing and Visual Arts and Cinema and Television.\nDepartments are Ceramics, Cinema and Television, Performing and Visual Arts, Graphics, Painting, Photography, Sculpture, Textiles, Traditional Handicrafts.", "The Faculty of Marine Science and Technologies was temporarily housed in the Faculty of Sciences and Arts building until the construction of its own building on the Terzioglu Campus. Its first name was Fisheries Faculty which founded in 1992 and started its academic program in 1995. It offers courses at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. It has several research facilities and laboratories for fisheries and aquatic research that encompasses a broad range of topics such as: aquaculture, water chemistry and pollution, fish diseases, biotechnology and genetics, seafood processing and quality, limnology and marine biology, and fisheries biology.\nDepartments are Aquaculture, Fishing and Processing, Hydrobiology.", "The Faculty of Medicine received its first intake of students in 2002 and at present they are being educated at another university in Istanbul. Since 2007 students are educated in the Faculty of Medicine building in the main campus, Çanakkale.\nThe school has 320 students in 2012.", "The Faculty of Sciences and Arts is on the Terzioglu Campus. Its departments are Archaeology, Art History, Sociology, Biology, Chemistry, English Language and Literature, Geography, History, Mathematics, Physics, Turkish Language and Literature.\nThe astronomical observatory ÇOMÜ Ulupınar Observatory, established in 2002, is run by the faculty.", "The ÇOMÜ Faculty of Theology is in its own building on the Terzioglu Campus. It offers undergraduate and postgraduate programmes to train students who will be able to offer their services to the community as Islamic clergymen or scholars or teachers of religious subjects in schools. Students who elect to study appropriate optional courses can also find employment in state archives or similar institutions.\nImportance is also given to academic undertakings. Members of the faculty have organized national and international conferences and panel discussions, participated in interdisciplinary and regional projects (one of these funded by the Turkish Academy of Sciences), and presented papers at national and overseas conferences. Results of research undertakings are presented in publications and information about religious subjects given to the general public through participation in TV programmes and the like.\nDepartments are Basic Islamic Studies, Islamic History and Art, Philosophy and Religious Studies.", "Founded in 2011. It is one of latest faculties of the University with 320 students.", "Founded as \"Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences\" in 2012, began its first year with 11 departments (Political Science and Public Administration, Department of Economics, Department of Business Administration, Department of International Relations, Labour Economics and Industrial relations Department, Finance Department, Health Administration, Department of Social Services, Department of Econometrics, International Trade and Finance Department and the Management Information Systems Department).\nFaculty's International Relations Department received its first students in the 2018-2019 academic year, on a 100% English program. As of the 2019-2020 academic year, our Business Administration department continued its education in 30% English. In addition, departments of \"International Management\", \"Local Governments, \"Urban and Environmental Policies\" were established at the faculty as master programs with opened thesis and education started. Since the 2019-2020 academic year, graduate students have also been admitted to the Department of Management and Organization.\nAs of 2020/2021 over 2000 undergraduate students attend this faculty at various departments. Increasing both the undergraduate and graduate education capacity of our faculty and the supply of qualified academic staff are carried out with a focus on quality.", "It was part of the Faculty of the Engineering and Architecture. It became a separate faculty with the Governmental Chart in 2012 February.", "", "Offers MA and PhD degrees in international relations, political sciences, Middle East, labour relations, Turkish literature, sociology, theology, Balkans studies, management, economics. Established in 1995.", "Offers MA and PhD degrees in chemistry, marine sciences, geography, physics, astronomy, biology, engineering. Established in 1995.", "MA and PhD degrees in education established in 2011. It was part of the Institute of Social Sciences before 2011.\nÇanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Institute of Education or ÇOMÜ Graduate School of Educational Sciences was established in 2010 to conduct graduate education (Master's and Doctorate) as well as scientific research and practice in areas related to educational sciences. \nThe Graduate School began operations with 4 PhD and 14 MA degrees that were transferred from the Graduate Schools of Social Sciences and of Natural and Applied Sciences in the Autumn Semester of the 2011-2012 academic year.", "Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Graduate School of Health Sciences or the ÇOMÜ Institute of Medical Sciences was founded in 2010 and began education and training activities in 2011 with the Department of Physical Education and Sports Teaching.\nThe Graduate School is engaged in efforts to open MSc and PhD programmes in the Faculty of Medicine, School of Health and School of Physical Education and Sports Teaching. It is also planned that graduates from the Departments of Dentistry, Pharmacy, Veterinary Medicine and Biology will be enrolled in these programmes for MSc and PhD degrees.", "The following 4-year schools are also part of the University.\nSchool of Tourism\nSchool of Sports\nSchool of Foreign Languages\nSchool of Health\nSchool of Applied Sciences (Biga)\nGökçeada School of Applied Sciences\nSchool of Applied Sciences in Çan", "The following schools are 2-year colleges:\nÇanakkale Vocational School of Social Sciences\nÇanakkale Vocational School of Technical Sciences\nÇanakkale Vocational School of Marine Technologies\nBiga Vocational School\nGelibolu Vocational School (Gallipoli)\nLapseki Vocational School\nYenice Vocational School\nÇan Vocational School\nAyvacık Vocational School\nBayramiç Vocational School\nEzine Vocational School\nGökçeada Vocational School\nBozcada Vocational School Branch\nEceabat Vocational School Branch", "Terzioğlu Campus (Main Campus, Southern Çanakkale)\nAnafartalar Campus (Faculty of Education etc., City centre)\nDardanos Campus (Dardanelles town)\nUlupinar Campus (Observatory)\nİskele (Peer) Campus (Old Rectorate)\nBiga Ağaköy Campus (Biga) & Biga Campus 2\nGökçeada Campus\nÇan Campus\nGelibolu Campus (Gallipoli)\nEzine Campus\nYenice Campus\nBayramiç Campus\nLapseki Campus\nAyvacık Campus\nKepez Medical Campus\nEceabat Campus\nHamzakoy Campus (Gallipoli)\nBozcada Campus", "Main campus (Terzioğlu Campus) is located in between Çanakkale and Kepez on the upper bank of the Bursa-İzmir highway. The campus is also known as the Terzioğlu Campus or Terzioğlu Hill.\nIn this campus, the following schools are located: The Senate House, Rectorate (A and B Blocks), Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Faculty of Political Sciences, Institute of Social Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Science, School of Health, School of Foreign Languages, Vocational School of Social and Technical Sciences, School of Sports and Sports Halls, Faculty of Fine Arts, Faculty of Divinity, Faculty of Communication and Journalism, the Main Library (ÇOMÜ Library), social areas, student accommodation offices and dormitories, Student Union, mosque, University Radio etc.", "The Anafartalar Campus is the founding campus of ÇOMÜ. It is located in the Cevatpaşa District. The Faculty of Education, The Institute of Education, Süleyman Demirel Conference Hall and the ÇOMÜ Sport Hall are housed here.", "The Dardanos Campus is located in Dardanos (Dardanelles) historical town. The campus includes social sites, swimming poll, application hotel of the University, restaurants, football pitch, sports hall, tennis court, University beach, sailing clup, agriculture gardens, accommodation area, playing grounds etc. The campus is about 8 km to the city centre.", "It is located in Kepez town. The campus is the house of the Medicine School Hospital and related medical research facilities.", "The Ulupınar Campus is situated close to the Ulupınar village about 10 km to the Terzioğlu Main Campus of the University and is home to the Ulupınar Observatory and Space Research Centre.", "ÇOMÜ's library facilities are spread across its three campuses. The collections encompass over 520,000 printed books, as well as thousands of journals and electronic resources.\nThe ÇOMÜ Library or the main research library of the University of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart, is one of the oldest libraries in Southern Marmara, Turkey and the first in size in the Southern and the Western Marmara region. The library is at the centre of the main campus and owns a collection of 690,000 books (520,000 of them are printed). The ÇOMÜ Library is a 7/24 library, open 365 days a year including holidays.", "The Main Library is ÇOMÜ's largest library and is housed in the Terzioğlu Campus near the Rectorate Building. It is home to the books and journals of the Schools of Letter and Sciences, Engineering, Marine Sciences, Administrative and Political Sciences, Divinity, Arts, Humanities. It also houses the Special Collections and rare books.", "The Biga Library in Ağaköy Campus houses a collection of over 60,000 printed works as well as thousands of slides, sound recordings and some manuscript material.\nThe Anafartalar Library in Anafartalar Campus houses a collection of over 5,000 books on education.\nCollege libraries: Each college and schools in the towns also have their own libraries.", "The ÇOMÜ International Relations Office coordinates activities with an international dimension; assists incoming/outgoing students and staff with all necessary procedures and provides support during the preparation and administration of the projects. The ÇOMÜ International Relations Office offers support for students and staff in several areas:", "The Erasmus Programme in ÇOMÜ aims to improve the quality of higher education by encouraging cooperation between participating countries. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University has been participating in Erasmus Mobility Programmes (student & staff exchange) since 2004.", "The main aim in this programme is to provide students with an opportunity to participate in international social responsibility projects and in the EVS (European Volunteer Service) programme.", "Leonardo mobility and pilot projects have been carried out at COMU since 2004. The ÇOMÜ academic staff have also taken part in research or other multinational projects intended to stimulate innovation and to enhance the quality of training and vocational guidance.", "Several projects have been carried out and students participate in the \"Comenius Teaching Assistant\" scheme. In addition, members of the university have been involved in multilateral projects and several Comenius-Grundtvig in-service training programmes have been held.", "The programme funds a range of activities, particularly those enabling staff in adult education to travel abroad for learning experiences, through participation in exchanges and various other professional experiences. Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University has participated in several Grundtvig projects.", "COMU is aware of the importance of encouraging, developing and supporting educational, cultural and scientific cooperation with overseas higher education institutions and has been successful in developing and implementing cooperation agreements with an increasing number of universities abroad.", "The main aim is to provide information about available international research funds. In addition, seminars and workshops on project preparation are organized to inform academic staff about related opportunities and support them in their applications.", "", "For the 2020–21 academic year, ÇOMÜ had a total full-time student body of 48,772.\n30,073 undergraduate students (13,602 out of them are on two-years programs) and 5,098 postgraduates.\nStudents currently come from 68 countries around the world and study a wide range of subjects.\nImperial's male:female ratio for undergraduate students is almost 1:1 ratio.", "ÇOMÜ Student Union or Student Council is part of the ÇOMÜ Senato and the head of the Council is elected by the ÇOMÜ students.", "Sports facilities at Çanakkale city campuses include three gyms, one swimming pool and three sports halls. The University has its own beach in the Dardanelles Campus 6 km from the Main Campus. The Dardanelles Campus has a football pitch, a tennis court, two basketball court a sports hall.", "", "ÇOMÜ Kampüs FM was founded in March 2012. 94:00 FM", "ÇOMÜ FM is an internet radio and run by the University students.", "Students at the University of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart run over 220 clubs and organizations. These include social, athletic, cultural and religious groups, academic clubs and teams, and common-interest organizations.", "Official website of the World Universities Congress (WUC) Archived 2011-01-02 at the Wayback Machine\n\"SCIMAGO 2012 World Report\" (PDF). SCIMAGO 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-16.\n\"Study in Turkey 2013\". Study in Turkey.\nStudy in Turkey, Turkish Higher Education Council", "Official website \nTurkish Universities, State and Private. From USAK Pages" ]

[ "Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University", "History", "Thrace University Period", "Foundation", "Academics", "Faculties", "Biga Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, BIIBF", "Faculty of Agriculture", "Faculty of Education", "Faculty of Engineering", "Faculty of Fine Arts", "Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technologies", "Faculty of Medicine", "Faculty of Sciences and Arts", "Faculty of Theology", "Faculty of Communication", "Faculty of Political Sciences in Çanakkale", "Faculty of Architecture and Design", "Institutes", "Institute of Social Sciences", "Institute of Science", "Institute of Education", "Institute of Medical Sciences", "Other Schools", "Vocational Schools", "Campuses", "Main Campus (Terzioğlu)", "The Anafartalar Campus", "The Dardanos Campus", "The Kepez Campus", "The Ulupınar Campus", "The University Library", "Main Library in Terzioğlu Campus", "Other libraries", "International Relations Office", "EU Erasmus Programme", "EU Youth Programme", "EU Leonardo da Vinci Programme", "EU Comenius Programme", "EU Grundtvig Programme", "International Cooperation Agreements", "International Research Support", "Student life", "Student body", "ÇOMÜ Student Union", "Facilities", "Student Media", "Kampüs FM", "ÇOMÜ FM", "Student organizations", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2559, 2560, 2561, 2562 ]

[ 13328, 13329, 13330, 13331, 13332, 13333, 13334, 13335, 13336, 13337, 13338, 13339, 13340, 13341, 13342, 13343, 13344, 13345, 13346, 13347, 13348, 13349, 13350, 13351, 13352, 13353, 13354, 13355, 13356, 13357, 13358, 13359, 13360, 13361, 13362, 13363, 13364, 13365, 13366 ]

[ "1915 Çanakkale Bridge.", "Districts of Çanakkale", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 8 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/1915_%C3%87anakkale_Bridge_20220327.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/%C3%87anakkale_districts.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Havadan_cnk.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/%C3%87anakkale_Trojan_Horse.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Canakkale_ferry.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/%C3%87anakkale10.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/%C3%87anakkale3.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/View_of_Anzac_Cove_-_Gallipoli_Peninsula_-_Dardanelles_-_Turkey_-_01_%285734713946%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png" ]

[ "Çanakkale Province (Turkish: Çanakkale ili) is a province of Turkey, located in the northwestern part of the country. It takes its name from the city of Çanakkale.\nLike Istanbul, Çanakkale province has a European (Thrace) and an Asian (Anatolia) part. The European part is formed by the Gallipoli (Gelibolu) peninsula, while the Asian part is largely coterminous with the historic region of Troad in Anatolia. They are separated by the Dardanelles strait, connecting the Sea of Marmara and the Aegean Sea.\nThe archaeological site of Troy is found in Çanakkale province.\nÇanakkale is the capital city of the province. The European and Asian parts of the province were connected to each other with the completion of the Çanakkale 1915 Bridge in March 2022.", "In the early Turkish Republic, the Çanakkale Province came into existence with the abolition of the Ottoman-era sanjaks of Biga and Gelibolu. According to a population census in 1927, Çanakkale had 8,500 inhabitants, except its neighbouring villages. It is recorded that Çanakkale, which was also called as \"Hellespontos\" and \"Dardanelles\" in ancient times, has accommodated to many civilizations for about 3,000 years. Even the Archaic Troy (Troia) city, where was governed by Lydians and destroyed by the devastating earthquake in 2500 BC, has ruins in today. In 336 BC, Persian Empire which became the crucial power in Anatolia and was conducted by Alexander the Great that aimed to extend ancient Greece all over the world, was defeated. Also with the ruin of the Anatolian beylik of Karesi, most of the territory of Çanakkale was conquered in the Ottoman era, with the assistance of the castles in remuneration for helping to Byzantine Empire, locating Gelibolu. Afterwards, the Çanakkale strait was given to the Ottoman Empire.\nThe province was included in the Second Inspectorate General on the 19 February 1934 which span over the provinces of Edirne, Çanakkale, Kırklareli, Tekirdağ. It was ruled by an Inspector General who had wide-ranging authorities over civilian, military and educational matters. The office of the Inspectorate-General was abandoned in 1948 but the legal framework of the Inspectorate-Generals was only abolished in 1952, under the Government of the Democrat Party.", "The province of Çanakkale is a notable region for viticulture and winemaking in Turkey. The region between Saros Gulf and Gelibolu on the Gallipoli peninsula is cultivated with vineyards. Wine producer \"Suvla\" is located in Suvla.", "As of 2020 several of the country's coal fired power stations are here, some with smokestack filters which do not meet regulations.", "Çanakkale province is divided into 12 districts (capital district in bold):\nAyvacık\nBayramiç\nBiga\nBozcaada\nÇan\nÇanakkale\nEceabat\nEzine\nGelibolu\nGökçeada\nLapseki\nYenice", "", "List of populated places in Çanakkale Province", "\"Population of provinces by years - 2000-2018\". Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 9 March 2019.\nCagaptay, Soner (2006). Islam, Secularism, and Nationalism in Modern Turkey; Who is a Turk. Routledge. p. 47.\nPekesen, Berna (16 December 2019). Florian, Riedler; Kravietz, Birgit (eds.). The Heritage of Edirne in Ottoman and Turkish Times: Continuities, Disruptions and Reconnections. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 423–424. ISBN 978-3-11-063908-7.\nBayir, Derya (2016-04-22). Minorities and Nationalism in Turkish Law. Routledge. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-317-09579-8.\nBozarslan, Hamit (2008-04-17). Fleet, Kate; Faroqhi, Suraiya; Kasaba, Reşat; Kunt, I. Metin (eds.). The Cambridge History of Turkey. Cambridge University Press. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-521-62096-3.\nAkyol, Cahit (2005-06-04). \"İşte Türkiye'nin şaraplık üzüm haritası\". Hürriyet (in Turkish). Retrieved 2015-07-28.\n\"Çanakkale'den Yepyeni Bir Şarap Markası: 'Suvla'\" (in Turkish). Çanakkale'nin Rehberi. Retrieved 2015-07-28.\n\"Polluted Air Takes More Lives Than Traffic Accidents\". Sivil Sayfalar (in Turkish). 2020-02-03. Retrieved 2020-02-10.\nBaşkanı, M. M. O.; ki, Termik Santraller İle İlgili Bir Basın Açıklaması Yaptı-Kararara Haber – Güncel Hukuk Haberleri dedi (2020-01-24). \"MMO Başkanı, Termik Santraller İle İlgili Bir Basın Açıklaması Yaptı\". Enerji Portalı (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-02-10.", "(in Turkish) Çanakkale governor's official website\n(in Turkish) Çanakkale Belediyesi\n(in Turkish) Çanakkale\n(in English) Çanakkale weather forecast information\n(in English) Pictures of the capital of the province and its sights" ]

[ "Çanakkale Province", "History", "Agriculture", "Environment", "Districts", "Gallery", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2563, 2564, 2565, 2566, 2567, 2568, 2569 ]

[ 13367, 13368, 13369, 13370, 13371, 13372, 13373, 13374, 13375, 13376 ]

[ "Location of Çandır within Turkey.", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Yozgat_districts.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png" ]

[ "Çandır is a town and district of Yozgat Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. According to 2000 census, population of the district is 19,037 of which 13,449 live in the town of Çandır.\nOn March 2, 2022, an F1 tornado touched down in Çandır.", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\nTurkish Statistical Institute. \"Census 2000, Key statistics for urban areas of Turkey\" (XLS) (in Turkish). Retrieved 2008-03-19.\nGeoHive. \"Statistical information on Turkey's administrative units\". Retrieved 2008-03-19.\n\"Hortum bir ilçeyi yıktı geçti\" [The tornado destroyed a town]. Yeni Çağ Gazetesi (in Turkish). 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-30.", "Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. \"Geographical information on Çandır, Turkey\". Retrieved 2008-03-18.", "District municipality's official website (in Turkish)\nGeneral information on Çandır (in Turkish)" ]

[ "Çandır", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2570, 2571 ]

[ 13377, 13378 ]

[ "The mesa from west", "A chamber inside the castle", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 6, 6 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/%C3%87and%C4%B1r_castle%2C_Mersin_Province%2C_Turkey.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/%C3%87and%C4%B1r_church%2C_Mersin_Province%2C_Turkey.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/TurkeyBodrumCastle.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/SilifkeKale4.jpg" ]

[ "Çandır Castle (Turkish: Çandır Kalesi) the medieval Armenian site of Paperon (Armenian: Պապեռոն, also known as Barbaron), is a fortification in Mersin Province, Turkey.", "The castle is in the Toros Mountains at 37°01′11″N 34°36′56″E. It is situated to the east of Ayvagediği and Gözne Castle and to the north of Mersin. The distance to Mersin is about 40 kilometres (25 mi). The castle shares the same name with a village lying to the south (see Çandır, Mersin). It is built on a plateau at an altitude of 1,125 metres (3,691 ft).", "Most historians believe that the castle may be the castle of Paperon which is mentioned in conjunction with Byzantine Emperor Zeno in the 5th century. Zeno, who was an Isaurian, built the castle and spent a part of his refuge years in the castle. Alishan, writing in the 19th century, identifies Paperon with the Byzantine fort of Papirion (\"Παπιρίον\"), which is first mentioned in conjunction with the Byzantine emperor Zeno the Isaurian in the 5th century. However, there is no archeological evidence to support this and the identification is questioned. The site rose to prominence during the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia from the 12th through the 14th centuries, when it was the seat of Het’umid power, and the surviving structures date from this period. The fortress controlled two roads to Central Anatolia, one of which leads to the other main Het’umid stronghold, Lampron. Çandır Castle was the residence of many Armenian nobles and kings as well as the home of the remarkable scholar and diplomat, Sempad the Constable.", "In 1979 the site was surveyed by Robert Edwards, who, in 1987, published an archaeological and historical assessment of the site along with an accurate plan. The only entrance into the castle is up a partially vaulted staircase of approximately 140 steps that is cut into the vertical side of the plateau. In parallel to the steps is an inclined plane which was probably used for haulage. The castle is large, but most of the walls as well as the buildings are in ruins. The two most impressive structures are a two-story residence and a church, both of which are constructed with beautifully executed polished stones. This church, which now only partially survives, was, according to its dedicatory inscription in Armenian, completed in 1251 by Sempad the Constable to honor his father. This inscription was on the south exterior wall of the church; it survived at least into the mid-1930s, but no trace of it existed by 1946.", "A small house has been built inside the castle for a fire warden appointed by the Ministry of Forestry", "Ministry of Tourism page (in Turkish)\nEdwards, Robert W. (1987). The Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: Dumbarton Oaks Studies XXIII. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University. pp. 102–10, 282, pls.53a–56b, 292b–295a. ISBN 0-88402-163-7.\nRobert W. Edwards, Ecclesiastical Architecture in the Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: First Report in Dumbarton Oaks Papers 36, 1982, pp.161-64.\nT. S. R. Boase, The Cilician Kingdom of Armenia, 1978, p.156.", "360Mersin page (For images)\nExtensive photographic survey, description and plan of Papeṙōn / Çandır Castle" ]

[ "Çandır Castle", "Geography", "History", "The castle", "Trivia", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2572, 2573, 2574 ]

[ 13379, 13380, 13381, 13382, 13383, 13384, 13385 ]

[ "", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/%C4%B0zmir_districts.png" ]

[ "Çandarlı is a coastal township with own municipality within the district of Dikili in western Turkey's İzmir Province. It is a well-developed town and an important tourist resort. It is a fishing village, were a lot of daily life revolves around such, with many people having jobs surrounding the fishing industry, making nets, gutting and cooking the fish, not to forget the fisherman themselves. It has a small population in winter months of approximately 1000, but in summer the population nearly doubles with tourists - going all the way to about 2000, normally domestic tourists rather than international. Çandarlı is situated on the northern coast of the (Gulf of Çandarlı) and opposite the important industrial center of Aliağa, another district center. \nThe town's landmark is the 15th century Ottoman castle rebuilt by the Grand Vizier Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger. The castle, built to protect Sultan Murat II who preferred to reside in nearby Manisa from a possible outside attack, is fully intact and open to visitors. \nÇandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger also gave the town its present name, naming it after his own family. Çandarlı's name in antiquity was Pitane. The ruins are situated slightly outside the town itself.", "Çandarlı family\nÇandar" ]

[ "Çandarlı", "See also" ]

[ 2575, 2576 ]

[ 13386 ]

[ "Tombs of Çandarlızade Ali Pasha (left), and his father Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha (right), Yeşil Mosque, Iznik, Bursa Province" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/%C3%87andarl%C4%B1lar2.JPG" ]

[ "Çandarlızade Ali Pasha (died 18 December 1406) was the grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1387 until 1406, under sultan Bayezid I and, during the Ottoman Interregnum, Süleyman Çelebi.", "As a member of the prominent Çandarlı family, Ali was the son of Grand Vizier Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha. Like his father, he advanced from kadı to kadıasker, before becoming Grand Vizier, likely immediately after the death of his father in 1387. He served as Grand Vizier to Sultans Murad I (r. 1362–1389), Bayezid I (r. 1389–1402), and, during the Ottoman Interregnum, of Süleyman Çelebi (r. 1402–1411), until his death in December 1406. As Grand Vizier, he was not only chief minister and head of the administration, but also chief army commander.", "In 1387/8, he accompanied Murad I in his campaign against the Karamanids of central Anatolia. The Karamanid ruler, Aleddin (r. 1361–1398), offered peace, but Çandarlızade Ali advised the Sultan to press on, until securing Aleddin's complete submission. In the next year, 1388/9, he led operations against the Bulgarian tsar Ivan Shisman (r. 1371–1395). His army captured several fortresses, including Provadia, Pirot, and Shumen, and the Bulgarian capital of Veliko Tarnovo, forcing Shishman to capitulate to the Ottomans. Çandarlızade Ali then led his troops to join Sultan Murad at the crucial Battle of Kosovo on 20 June 1389 against the Serbian ruler Lazar (r. 1373–1389). The Ottomans won, but the Sultan was killed, and was succeeded by his son, Bayezid I.\nÇandarlızade Ali accompanied Bayezid in his campaigns in Greece and Bosnia, and fought in the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396, which resulted in the defeat of the Crusader army under the King of Hungary, Sigismund. In 1391 Bayezid began an on-and-off blockade and intermittent siege of the Byzantine capital, Constantinople, that lasted until 1402. Ali was a proponent of maintaining diplomatic avenues open, and in 1391 or 1396 he brokered an agreement that temporarily lifted the siege in exchange for the establishment of a mosque and a Turkish quarter in the city, with its own kadı.", "On 26 July 1402, in the Battle of Ankara, Bayezid I was defeated and captured by Timur. This momentous event overturned the balance of power in the region, as the Ottoman domains in Anatolia were divided by Timur, who restored many of the Anatolian beyliks previously absorbed by Bayezid. Timur did not interfere with the Balkans, however, where the Ottoman conquest was also far advanced. Ali helped save Bayezid's oldest son, Süleyman Çelebi, from capture, and escorted him to the Ottoman capital Bursa, and then to the Ottomans' European capital, Adrianople.\nHe continued serving Süleyman Çelebi as Grand Vizier during the early stages of the Ottoman Interregnum civil war, and was likely responsible for the Treaty of Gallipoli with the Christian powers of the region in early 1403, which preserved most of the Ottoman conquests in the Balkans. During Süleyman Çelebi's campaign into Anatolia in 1403–1404, against his younger brother Mehmed Çelebi (the future Mehmed I, r. 1413–1421), Ali is said to have been responsible for the peaceful surrender of Ankara, by forging letters from Mehmed to the city's garrison. He died in Ankara in December 1406. He was buried in the Yeşil Mosque at Iznik, which his father had begun and which he completed.\nHis loss deprived Süleyman of a capable minister, helping to bring about his downfall in 1410.", "As Grand Vizier, Çandarlızade Ali contributed to the gradual development of the Ottoman state's administration. Notably he codified the responsibilities of the kadıs and arranged for them to charge fees for their services instead of receiving a fixed salary. He founded the corps of palace pages (iç oğlan), which would provide the military and administrative elite of the empire, and enhanced the prestige of the viziers.\nOttoman chroniclers present a very negative picture of Çandarlızade Ali, accusing him of being a drunkard and a paedophile, and of inducing both Bayezid and Süleyman to follow his debauched lifestyle. Likewise the chroniclers claim that he was unpopular both among the administration and the common people. These accusations should be treated with caution, however, as they were circulated by his rivals and enemies, particularly the partisans of Mehmed I, who emerged victorious in the civil war.\nApart from the Yeşil Mosque in Iznik, Ali founded a small mosque (mesjid) and a tekke in Bursa, where a quarter bore his name.", "Mantran 1960, p. 394.\nAtçıl 2017.\nKastritsis 2007, pp. 1–2.\nKastritsis 2007, pp. 111–118.", "Atçıl, Abdurrahman (2017). \"Çandarlızade Ali Paşa\". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.\nKastritsis, Dimitris (2007). The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402-13. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-15836-8.\nMantran, R. (1960). \"Alī Pas̲h̲a Čāndārli̊̊-Zāde\". In Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Schacht, J.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 394. OCLC 495469456." ]

[ "Çandarlızade Ali Pasha", "Life and career", "Under Murad I and Bayezid I", "Under Süleyman Çelebi", "Legacy", "References", "Sources" ]

[ 2577 ]

[ 13387, 13388, 13389, 13390, 13391, 13392, 13393, 13394, 13395, 13396, 13397, 13398, 13399 ]

[ "", "Çankırı Museum building", "Houses in Ilgaz Mountain National Park", "Ilgaz Mountain is a famous tourism destination especially for the winter tourism", "", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 3, 3, 10, 10 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/%C3%87ank%C4%B1r%C4%B1_%28Kaleden%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/%C3%87ank%C4%B1r%C4%B1_M%C3%BCzesi_%282%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/IlgazHouses.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Ilgaz3.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/%C3%87ank%C4%B1r%C4%B1_districts.png" ]

[ "Çankırı, historically known as Gangra (Greek: Γάγγρα), is the capital city of Çankırı Province, in Turkey, about 140 km (87 mi) northeast of Ankara. It is situated about 800 m (2500 ft) above sea level.", "Çankırı was known in antiquity as Gangra (Greek: Γάγγρα), and later Germanicopolis (Greek: Γερμανικόπολις). The city has also been known as Changra, Kandari or Kanghari\nΑ town of Paphlagonia that appears to have been once the capital of Paphlagonia and a princely residence, for it is known from Strabo that Deiotarus Philadelphus (before 31 BC–5/6 AD), the last king of Paphlagonia, resided there. Notwithstanding this, Strabo describes it as only \"a small town and a garrison\".\nAccording to 1st-century BC writer Alexander the Polyhistor the town was built by a goat herder who had found one of his goats straying there; but this origin is probably a mere philological speculation as gangra signifies \"a goat\" in the Paphlagonian language.\nGangra was absorbed into the Roman province of Galatia upon the death of Deiotarus in 6/5 BC. The earlier town was built on the hill behind the modern city, on which are the ruins of a late fortress, while the Roman city occupied the site of the modern city.\nIn the writings of the 2nd-century AD Greco-Roman writer Ptolemy, the city is referred to as Germanicopolis (Greek: Γερμανικόπολις). It was named Germanicopolis, after Germanicus or possibly the emperor Claudius, until the time of Caracalla.\nIn Christian times, Gangra was the metropolitan see of Paphlagonia. Hypatios, bishop of Gangra, is considered a saint in the Orthodox Christian tradition. He was killed by Arians on his return from the Council of Nicaea (325 AD), in which he took part.\nIn the 4th century, the town was the scene of an important ecclesiastical synod, the Synod of Gangra. There is disagreement about the date of the synod, with dates varying from AD 341 to 376. The synodal letter states that twenty-one bishops assembled to take action concerning Eustathius of Sebaste and his followers. The synod issued twenty canons known as the Canons of Gangra; these were declared ecumenical by the Council of Chalcedon in 451. Under these canons, the sect disowned marriage, disparaged the offices of the church, held conventicles of their own, wore a peculiar dress, denounced riches, and affected special sanctity. The synod condemned the Eustathian practices, declaring however that it was not virginity that was condemned, but the dishonouring of marriage; not poverty, but the disparagement of honest and benevolent wealth; not asceticism, but spiritual pride; not individual piety, but dishonouring the house of God.\nOver the centuries the settlement witnessed the hegemony of many cultures and races, such as Hittites, Persians, ancient Greeks, Parthians, Pontic Greeks, Galatians, Romans, Byzantine Greeks, up to the Seljuks and finally the Ottoman Turks. Traces from its long past are still visible throughout the city. The continuity of the city's name from ancient times across languages is of note: Hangara for the Arabs, Gagra for the Jews and Tzungra or Kângıri or Çankıri for the Turks.", "Çankırı has a dry summer continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dsa and Dsb) or a humid continental climate (Trewartha climate classification: Dca and Dcb). Other locations to the north of the city center feature more humid characteristics (Köppen climate classification: Dfa and Dfb). Summers are usually hot and dry and winters are cold and snowy. The rainiest month is May, while the driest month is July.", "", "Various agricultural produce, including wheat, corn, beans, and apples is grown in the farms and fields.", "Most industry is concentrated near the Çankırı city center and the town of Korgun. Other towns included in the larger industrial area of the city are Şabanözü, Çerkeş, Ilgaz, Kurşunlu, and Yapraklı.", "Çankırı is home to Çankırı Karatekin University, which was founded in 2007.", "Şükrü Enis Regü (1922–1974), poet\nRefik Saydam (1881-1942), physician, politician and the fourth Prime Minister of Turkey\nTevfik Fikret (1867-1915) educator and poet\nAli Kemal (1869-1922) newspaper editor, poet, liberal-leaning politician, government official", "Anatolian Tigers", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\nStrab. xii. p.564; comp. Liv. 38.26.\nSmith, W., Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. 3, s.v. \"Stephanus\" of Byzantium.\nOne or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Changra\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 840.\nPtol., Geo. v. 4. § 5, but also \"Gangra (Byzantium)\"\nEncyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor http://www.ehw.gr/asiaminor/forms/filePage.aspx?lemmaId=7515\nHerbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Eustathius of Sebaste\" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.\n\"Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)\" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 27 June 2021.", "Boğaç A. Ergene: \"Local Court, Provincial Society and Justice in the Ottoman Empire, Legal Practice and Dispute Resolution in Çankırı and Kastamonu (1652-1744)\". Studies in Islamic Law and Society, volume 17, Brill, Leiden, 2003. ISBN 90-04-12609-0." ]

[ "Çankırı", "History", "Climate", "Economy", "Agriculture", "Industry", "Education", "Notable people", "See also", "References", "Further reading" ]

[ 2578, 2579, 2580 ]

[ 13400, 13401, 13402, 13403, 13404, 13405, 13406, 13407, 13408, 13409, 13410, 13411, 13412, 13413 ]

[ "" ]

[ 9 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Electoral_districts_of_Turkey_2015.png" ]

[ "Çankırı is an electoral district of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. It elects two members of parliament (deputies) to represent the province of the same name for a four-year term by the D'Hondt method, a party-list proportional representation system.", "Population reviews of each electoral district are conducted before each general election, which can lead to certain districts being granted a smaller or greater number of parliamentary seats. Çankırı elected three MPs from 1999 up until the 2011 general election, after which the number of seats was reduced to two.", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "http://www.ysk.gov.tr/ysk/docs/2011MilletvekiliSecimi/KesinSonuclar/cankiri.pdf\n\"TBMM 24.Dönem Milletvekili Listesi\". Retrieved 10 January 2015.\n\"TBMM 23.Dönem Milletvekili Listesi\". Retrieved 10 January 2015.\n\"TBMM 22.Dönem Milletvekili Listesi\". Retrieved 10 January 2015.\n\"TBMM 21.Dönem Milletvekili Listesi\". Retrieved 10 January 2015.\nhttp://www.ysk.gov.tr/ysk/docs/2011MilletvekiliSecimi/KesinSonuclar/cankiri.pdf\nhttp://www.ysk.gov.tr/ysk/content/conn/YSKUCM/path/Contribution%20Folders/HaberDosya/CB-AdayOylari-ilBazında-2014.pdf" ]

[ "Çankırı (electoral district)", "Members", "General elections", "2011", "June 2015", "November 2015", "2018", "Presidential elections", "2014", "References" ]

[ 2581 ]

[ 13414, 13415 ]

[ "Ilgaz Mountains", "", "" ]

[ 0, 6, 6 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Ilgaz3.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/%C3%87ank%C4%B1r%C4%B1_districts.png" ]

[ "Çankırı Province (Turkish: Çankırı ili) is a province of Turkey, which lies close to the capital, Ankara. The provincial capital is Çankırı.", "Çankırı is primarily agricultural with wheat, beans, corn and tomatoes the most common crops.", "Summers in Çankırı are hot with little rain. Winters are cold with rain and occasional snow.", "Çankırı province is divided into 12 districts (capital district in bold):\nAtkaracalar\nBayramören\nÇankırı\nÇerkeş\nEldivan\nIlgaz\nKızılırmak\nKorgun\nKurşunlu\nOrta\nŞabanözü\nYapraklı", "İnandıktepe", "\"Population of provinces by years - 2000-2018\". Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 9 March 2019.", "(in Turkish) Çankırı governor's official website\n(in Turkish) Çankırı local news website" ]

[ "Çankırı Province", "Economy", "Climate", "Districts", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2582, 2583 ]

[ 13416, 13417 ]

[ "" ]

[ 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Alanyacankiri_003.jpg" ]

[ "Çankırıspor is a sports club located in Çankırı, Turkey. The football club plays in the TFF Second League.", "", "Çankırıspor Official Website\nÇankırı Spor on TFF page" ]

[ "Çankırıspor", "Gallery", "External links" ]

[ 2584 ]

[ 13418 ]

[ "", "A view of Kızılay Square from the northwest, with the Kızılay Emek Business Center Emek Business Center (1959–1965).", "President Atatürk and his colleagues leaving the building of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (1930).", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 2, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 10, 10 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Ankara_asv2021-10_img11_view_from_Atakule_mall.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lay_Square_in_Ankara%2C_Turkey.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Atat%C3%BCrk_TBMM%27den_%C3%A7%C4%B1karken.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel_Funeral_1.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Atakule.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/TRT_Merkez_Binas%C4%B1_ORAN_Ankara.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Sogutozu_Ankara_Turkey.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lay_street_2015.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Gazi_University2.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/MiddleEastTechnicalUniversityCampus800x470.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Ankara_districts.png" ]

[ "Çankaya is a district of Ankara, Turkey. It is home to many government buildings, including the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, as well as nearly all foreign embassies to Turkey. Çankaya is a cosmopolitan district and considered the cultural and financial center of Ankara.", "The population of the central province is close to 1 million in 2016.", "Until the founding of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, Çankaya was a hillside of orchards and gardens to the south of the city, which had grown up in time, surrounding the Ankara Castle (Kale) on the opposite hill. Everything changed in the 1920s when Mustafa Kemal Atatürk came to stay in one of the garden houses. Atatürk selected Ankara as capital of the new republic and in the 1920s and 30s the city quickly grew, especially in the direction of Çankaya. In 1934 the writer Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu described the area as \"a wooden bridge, a dirt road, and when you come round the hill you see a hillside, green in gentle contours. That's Çankaya.\" Çankaya eventually developed into one of the largest central districts of Ankara in later years.", "The climate in Çankaya is cold and temperate. The winter months are much rainier than the summer months in Çankaya. The Köppen-Geiger climate classification is Dsa. The average annual temperature in Çankaya is 11.5 °C. In a year, the average rainfall is 384 mm.", "The early buildings of the republic were in grand Ottoman style, but today Çankaya also contains a number of impressive modern buildings. The district is home to a great number of museums, theatres, cinemas, cultural associations, booksellers, publishers and libraries, including the National Library in a new building. Many of the streets in the district are named after poets, writers and thinkers.\nMost of Ankara's best-known high schools and a great number of university buildings are in the district, including the large campuses of METU, Bilkent University and (most of) Hacettepe University. Çankaya University, a private institution owned by businessman Sıtkı Alp, was opened in a number of former school buildings in 1997.", "There are 124 neighbourhoods in Çankaya as of 2017.\n100.Yıl\n50.Yıl\nAhlatlıbel\nAhmet Taner Kışlalı\nAkarlar\nAkpınar\nAlacaatlı\nAnıttepe\nAşağı Dikmen\nAşağı İmrahor\nAşağı Öveçler\nAşağı Topraklık\nAşıkpaşa\nAta\nAydınlar\nAyrancı\nAziziye\nBademlidere\nBağcılar\nBahçelievler\nBalgat\nBarbaros\nBayraktar\nBeytepe\nBirlik\nBoztepe\nBüyükesat\nCebeci\nCevizlidere\nCumhuriyet\nÇamlıtepe\nÇankaya\nÇavuşlu\nÇayyolu\nÇiğdem\nÇukurambar\nDevlet\nDilekler\nDodurga\nDoğuş\nEhlibeyt\nEmek\nErtuğrulgazi\nErzurum\nEsatoğlu\nEti\nEvciler\nFakülteler\nFidanlık\nGaziosmanpaşa\nGökkuşağı\nGöktürk\nGüvenevler\nGüzeltepe\nHarbiye\nHilal\nHuzur\nİleri\nİlkadım\nİlkbahar\nİlker\nİncesu\nİşçi Blokları\nKarahasanlı\nKarapınar\nKarataş\nKavaklıdere\nKazım Özalp\nKeklikpınarı\nKırkkonaklar\nKızılay\nKızılırmak\nKocatepe\nKonutkent\nKorkutreis\nKoru\nKömürcü\nKüçükesat\nKültür\nMalazgirt\nMaltepe\nMebusevleri\nMeşrutiyet\nMetin Akkuş\nMetin Oktay\nMimar Sinan\nMuhsin Ertuğrul\nMurat\nMustafa Kemal\nMutlukent\nMürsel Uluç\nNaci Çakır\nNamık Kemal\nNasuh Akar\nOğuzlar\nOran\nOrta İmrahor\nOsman Temiz\nÖn Cebeci\nÖveçler\nRemzi Oğuz Arık\nSağlık\nSancak\nSeyranbağları\nSokullu Mehmet Paşa\nSöğütözü\nŞehit Cengiz Karaca\nŞehit Cevdet Özdemir\nTınaztepe\nTohumlar\nTopraklık\nUmut\nÜmit\nÜniversiteler\nYakupabdal\nYaşamkent\nYayla\nYeşilkent\nYıldızevler\nYukarı Bahçelievler\nYukarı Dikmen\nYukarı Öveçler\nYücetepe\nZafertepe", "Çankaya has always played an important role in politics, government, and diplomacy, as the Grand National Assembly is located in the district as well as the former residence of the President of Turkey. Various embassies can be found in the district.\nÇankaya is an overwhelmingly CHP-voting district both in local elections. The party has plurality when it comes to general elections. CHP holds a supermajority in Çankaya District Council, with 37 out of 45 members of the district council also being a member of the party.", "The Museum of Anatolian Civilizations\nAnıtkabir the mausoleum of Atatürk\nAnkara Ethnography Museum\nAtakule Tower\nÇankaya Köşkü - the former residence of the President of Turkey\nPembe Köşk - the residence of Turkish President Ismet Inönü from 1925 to 1973\nTHF Sport Hall", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\n\"Çankaya Nüfusu - Ankara\" (in Turkish). nufusu.com. Retrieved 2017-02-13.\nTurkish Statistical Institute\nTurkish Ministry of the Interior. \"Civilian Administrative Units in Turkey\" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2017-01-31.\n\"Ankara Çankaya Seçim Sonuçları: 31 Mart 2019 Ankara Çankaya Yerel Seçim Sonuçları\". Sözcü (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-06-01.\n\"24 Haziran 2018 Ankara İli Çankaya İlçesi Genel Seçim Sonuçları\". www.haberturk.com. Retrieved 2020-06-01.\n\"MECLİS ÜYELERİ\". Çankaya Belediyesi. Retrieved 2020-06-01.", "Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. \"Geographical information on Çankaya, Turkey\". Retrieved 2008-03-28.", "Presidency of Turkey, official website (in Turkish and English)\nDistrict governor's official website (in Turkish and English)\nDistrict municipality's official website (in Turkish and English)\nThe Kavaklıdere resident's association (in Turkish)" ]

[ "Çankaya, Ankara (district)", "Demographics", "History", "Climate", "Culture", "Neighbourhoods", "Politics and Government", "Places of interest", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2585, 2586, 2587, 2588, 2589, 2590, 2591, 2592, 2593, 2594, 2595 ]

[ 13419, 13420, 13421, 13422, 13423, 13424, 13425, 13426, 13427, 13428, 13429 ]

[ "The view from Atakule to Çankaya.", "" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Atakule%2C_Ankara_panorama_III.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Terra.png" ]

[ "Çankaya is a neighbourhood of the Çankaya district in Ankara, Turkey.", "Çankaya Mansion\nAtakule\nAnkara Botanic Park\nTurkish Revenue Administration", "", "Kerim Demir, Turkish Statistical Institute Ankara Merkez mahalle nüfusları (2015) (in Turkish)" ]

[ "Çankaya, Ankara (neighbourhood)", "Locally located structures", "Demographics", "References" ]

[ 2596 ]

[ 13430 ]

[ "", "Station entrance on Fevzi Paşa Boulevard." ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/%C3%87ankaya_metro_station_01.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Fevzipa%C5%9Fa_entrance_of_%C3%87ankaya_metro_station.jpg" ]

[ "Çankaya is an underground station on the Fahrettin Altay—Evka 3 Line of the İzmir Metro in Konak. Located beneath Fevzi Paşa Boulevard, it is one of the ten original stations of the metro system. The architecture of the station consists of a main hall with a high ceiling, with mezzanines on both sides. The only other station to share this architecture is Konak. Connection to ESHOT city bus service is available above ground. Çankaya station is located near the northern entrance to the historic Kemeraltı marketplace.\nÇankaya station was opened on 22 May 2000.", "ESHOT operates city bus service on Fevzipaşa boulevard.", "Kemeraltı\nHisar Mosque", "\"Tarihçe\". izmirmetro.com.tr. 15 October 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2017.\n\"Çeşme - Duraktan Geçen Hatlar\". eshot.gov.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 20 December 2017." ]

[ "Çankaya (İzmir Metro)", "Connections", "Nearby Places of Interest", "References" ]

[ 2597, 2598 ]

[ 13431 ]

[ "Facade of the Çankaya Mansion", "The residence of Atatürk during the National Campaign was located within Ankara Railway Station Campus", "The Çankaya Mansion during World War II", "President Atatürk studying in the Library Room.", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 3, 3, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Turkey._Ankara._Palace_of_Attaturk_%28i.e.%2C_Ataturk%29_LOC_matpc.16728_%28cropped%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Ataturk%27s_residence_during_the_War_of_Independence.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Presidential_Villa%2C_1940s_%2816665076060%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Ataturk_at_Cankaya_Library_16_July_1929.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Komorowski_in_Turkey.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Dilma_Rousseff_and_Abdullah_G%C3%BCl3.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Dilma_Rousseff_and_Abdullah_G%C3%BCl4.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Cristina_Kirchner_and_Abdullah_Gul_in_Turkey_4.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Burhanettin_Ye%C5%9Filyurt.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Rez%C4%81_Sh%C4%81h_and_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Inonu_ailesi.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Eisenhower%2C_Bayar%2C_Menderes%2C_December_1959.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel_with_Bill_Clinton.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Official_Visit_to_the_Republic_of_Turkey.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Dilma_Rousseff_and_Abdullah_G%C3%BCl6.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/G%C3%BCl-Erdo%C4%9Fan_cumhurba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1_devir_teslim.jpg" ]

[ "The Çankaya Mansion (in Turkish: Çankaya Köşkü) is the official residence of the vice president of Turkey, and previously the official residence of the president of Turkey from 1923 to 2014.\nOriginally, the mansion belonged to the Armenian Kasabian family, who lost possession of it during the Armenian genocide. The property is located in the Çankaya district of Ankara, which lends its name to the palace. The Çankaya Campus is home to several buildings, including the mansion and stretches over 438 acres of land with its unique place in the history of the Turkish Republic. \nThe Çankaya Campus houses Atatürk's Museum Mansion, the Çankaya Mansion, the office of the Chief Aide-de-Camp, the Glass Mansion, State Supervision Council, the Financial Affairs and Preservation Directorate buildings, Press Conference Hall, reception halls, fire department building, social facility, garage, greenhouse, artificial turf sports area, tennis court and employee lodgings.\nSince the transition to a presidential system from 2017 onwards, the Çankaya Mansion has served as the official residence of the Vice President of Turkey.", "The land upon which the Çankaya Mansion now stands was a vineyard that belonged to Ohannes Kasabian, an Armenian jeweller and merchant. The vineyard and house were confiscated by the Bulgurluzâde family after the Kasabian family fled Ankara to escape the Armenian genocide and settled in Istanbul. \nWhen Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who would go to serve as the first president of Turkey, saw the building in 1921, he took a strong liking to the property and purchased it from Bulgurluzâde Tevfik Efendi for 4500 liras. When he initially arrived in Ankara in 1919, Atatürk settled in the Angora School of Agriculture. Following his election as speaker of the Grand National Assembly on 23 April 1920, he moved into a stone house at the railway station, which was once station master's lodge, known as the Direction House. In early June 1921, Atatürk settled in the vineyard lodge, which, after repairs, became known as the Çankaya Mansion.", "In 1924, architect Mehmet Vedat Bey undertook some renovations on the Kasabian Mansion, including adding a second floor for new bedrooms, a framed window entrance at the front, a pantry and kitchen at the rear, and a tower onto the side. In 1926, a central heating system was added. This Mansion became Mareşal Atatürk's home until he moved to the new Çankaya Mansion in June 1932. The building was then named \"Army House\" after Atatürk transferred it to the Turkish Army. The mansion has held a very important place in the history of the Republic. In 1950, after some renovations, it was opened as a museum for public access. In 1986, major restoration works were completed. Since then, a conservation programme has been implemented to preserve the mansion in its original form, with all its original fittings and furniture. The building lacks the opulence of a large palace and is unpretentious, yet styled and designed for practical use. It served as Commander-in-chief Atatürk's headquarters during the National Campaign and the years of westernizing transformations and reforms. Having witnessed to a number of defining moments at a time when the War of Independence was fought and the Republic was founded, today, it is carefully preserved as a tribute to Atatürk's memory.", "Despite the fact that expansion and renovation activities were made twice at the Museum Mansion, when it remained inadequate to meet the gradually increasing needs, it was decided in 1930 to have a new building constructed. Upon the request of Atatürk, the construction of the new Mansion was given to the famous Austrian architect Prof. Dr. Clemens Holzmeister. After Holzmeister assumed the duty on 20 May 1930, he prepared the first draft five days later and two days after he made the changes requested by Atatürk, he delivered the project draft and it is known that he presented the definite plan and model to Atatürk at Yalova on 27 July 1930. Atatürk, after deciding on the place of construction in November 1930, left the decisions related to the construction completely to Holzmeister. The Austrian architect brought all of the architectural structure material from Austria. A part of the interior spaces of the mansion were designed at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna. Holzmeister, who started the construction of the Çankaya Mansion at the beginning of 1931, completed it in a short period of time, such as 1.5 years, and delivered it in June 1932. The entrance story of the mansion, which is made as two stories above a basement, is the working area and place where guests are received. Whereas, the upper story was arranged as the residence. The Çankaya Mansion, which reflects the combination of the traditional Turkish house style with the ease of life of the West, besides being the residence and working areas of Atatürk from 1932 until his death, since it was designed by taking his requests and warnings into account, it is also of value and importance from the aspect of showing his taste and the lifestyle he envisaged. After Atatürk, the Çankaya Mansion gave services, both as a residence and as an office building to İsmet İnönü, Celal Bayar, Cemal Gürsel, Cevdet Sunay, Fahri Korutürk, Kenan Evren, Turgut Özal and Süleyman Demirel, who assumed the duty of President. The mansion, starting from the ninth president Süleyman Demirel, was only used as a residence with the completion of the new service buildings.", "The Glass Mansion is the third building within the Çankaya Campus. Atatürk had it constructed as the residence of his sister Makbule Atadan. The mansion, which was designed by architect Seyfi Arkan, is stated in the architectural records to be one of the luxurious Mansion examples of the period. The Glass Mansion, which is a single-story structure, was completed in 1936. It was allocated as the residence of foreign heads of state, who visited Turkey between 1951 and 1954. It was used as the residence of the Prime Ministry and the Senate Chairmanship between 1954 and 1970. The Glass Mansion, which changed considerably with the repairs made in various periods, was restored in 1994 and a 300 meters square bedroom unit was added and it started to be used again at the beginning of 1996 as a place where foreign heads of state could stay as guests.", "There is no definite information related to the date of the Aide-de-Camp building. Despite the fact that it is stated in some records that it was built in 1922, in a book of memories related to 1924, there is no relationship between the building in the photograph stated to be the “Aide-de-Camp Building” and the building of the present day. The Aide-de-Camp building is a single story built of stone and has undergone many restorations and repairs and it is understood that some sections were added on later. In a stone paved courtyard at the back of the building, the date 1928 is written, but it is not known whether this was written during the construction of the building or during a restoration.", "Gate No. 1, which is the main entrance gate of the Çankaya Campus is also called the Protocol Gate. As it can also be understood from its name, the protocol entrances are made from this gate. Gate No. 1, which became inadequate to meet the needs, together with the changing conditions, was reconstructed in 1999, also including landscaping. Besides the bronze gate, the wall coverings from andesite stone and the landscaping, there is a 230 meters square main gate building and a 140 meters square military unit building and was renovated in conformance with the general architecture and environmental structure of the Çankaya Campus.", "The Administrative building, for which Mustafa Aytöre and Orhan Genç were the project architects, is composed of two stories and a basement. One section is allocated for use to the Preservation Directorate and one section is allocated for use to the Administrative and Financial Affairs Chairmanship. It was built in 1985 on an area of 3,546 meters square.", "During the term of Kenan Evren, the seventh President, it was evaluated that due to the fact that the Çankaya Mansion was inadequate for use, both as a service building and as a residence, it was decided to have a new service building constructed. The building, for which the foundation was laid in 1983, was completed in seven years and started to be used on 29 October 1993. The project, which was prepared by architects Mustafa Aytöre and Orhan Genç, is used as a workplace of the units of the Presidency and the New Service Building has meeting and reception rooms and the official office and study of the President.", "The social facilities are composed of a shooting polygon, a sports hall and cafeteria and has a construction area of approximately 2,000 meters square. The construction of the facility, which is composed of three stories, started on 19 June 1995 and was completed on 20 December 1996. The shooting polygon was organized with the objective of training the bodyguard personnel of the Presidency and the sports hall and cafeteria were organized to give services to all of the personnel. The health centre, with the repairs and additions made in 1996 and 1999, was transformed into a contemporary health centre that can provide services with a dentist, family physician, pediatrician, a sufficient number of nurses and a laboratory for the personnel on duty at the Presidential General Secretariat.", "", "Due to the fact that the reception hall at the New Service Building was inadequate and that there was no press conference hall in the aforementioned building, a project was implemented on 21 May 1997 that would meet this need. A reception hall and foyer, which has different functions, has an area of 2,650 meters square together with additions and a press conference hall, which has a total area of 1,250 meters square together with the other sections, were constructed. The reception hall was opened for use on 29 October 1998 and the press conference hall was opened on 29 October 1999. The Press Conference Hall, which was designed by being connected to the New Service Building, was built underground in order not to spoil the structure of the tree grove within the Campus.", "The old service building within the Çankaya Campus was torn down and in its place, a new building was constructed, which was designed by taking into consideration the needs of the New General Secretariat and the State Supervisory Board, which are composed of six blocks connected to each other.", "When the old greenhouse became inadequate, a new and contemporary greenhouse project was prepared and the construction started in 1998. The greenhouse and the Parks and Gardens Directorate building, which is composed of two stories on a total area of 1,590 meters square, was completed in 1999 and started services.", "Many events have transpired at the Çankaya Mansion which makes it one of the most significant places in Turkish history. All presidents have resided at the Çankaya Mansion and have laid their own mark with their actions and commissioned renovations. Some presidents have chosen to look after the home with their own wages while others have chosen to expand the Campus at great cost. Even during coups the Çankaya Mansion played its part with generals Evren and Gürsel becoming president and Celal Bayar holding a pistol at coupists in an attempt to save himself.", "The fate of the Çankaya Mansion\nKeyzer, Zeynep. \"Of Forgotten People and Forgotten Places: Nation-building and the Dismantling of Ankara's Non-Muslim Landscapes\" in On Location: Heritage Cities and Sites, ed. D. Fairchild Ruggles. New York: Springer, 2012, p. 174.\n(in Turkish) Yalçın, Soner. \"Çankaya Köşkü’nün ilk sahibi Ermeni’ydi.\" Hürriyet. March 25, 2007. Retrieved May 2, 2011.\n(in Turkish) Official Page of Çankaya Municipality \nPresidency of the Republic of Turkey: Çankaya Presidential Campus", "The Presidency" ]

[ "Çankaya Mansion", "Early history", "Museum Mansion", "Çankaya Mansion", "Glass Mansion", "Aide-de-Camp building", "Gate No. 1", "Administrative building", "Service building", "Social facilities and health centre", "Other facilities", "Press conference and reception halls", "General Secretariat and State Supervisory Board", "Greenhouse, Parks and Gardens Directorate", "Presidents at the mansion", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "", "A view of the Turkuaz campus", "A view of the Turkuaz campus", "A view of the Common Area of Çankaya University Turkuaz campus" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ac/Logo_of_%C3%87ankaya_University.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/A_view_of_%C3%87ankaya_University_Turkuaz_campus_in_daytime.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/%C3%87ankaya_University_Promenade.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/A_view_of_the_Common_Area_of_%C3%87ankaya_University_Turkuaz_campus.JPG" ]

[ "Çankaya University (Turkish: Çankaya Üniversitesi) is a private university in Ankara, Turkey. It was established on July 9, 1997 by the Sıtkı Alp Education Foundation. The university began its teaching in the Fall 1997 semester. Sıtkı Alp is the chairman of the board of trustees. English language is predominant medium of teaching, learning and research at the Çankaya University.\nThe 2020 Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked the Çankaya University in the category of the top 401–500 internationally and as 87th among the Emerging Economies Universities. It was the first year that the university was the highest ranked university among both public and private universities in Turkey.", "Çankaya University possesses 5 faculties with 21 departments; two institutes with 17 postgraduate master programs and 6 Ph.D programs; 2 vocational schools with 3 programs; and one English preparatory school to support English language education.\nOne academic year consists of two semesters each of which includes at least 14 weeks. Lessons are designed for one semester.", "Çankaya University is a university owned by a private foundation in Çankaya, Ankara, Turkey. The university was established by Sıtkı Alp, as a transition of his secondary education level school, the Arı Koleji, into a higher education institute, and opened by the former president of Turkey, Süleyman Demirel, in 1997.\nIn 2011, Turkuaz campus that is also known as New Campus opened. Many departments and faculties moved there. Area of Turkuaz campus is approximately 440.000 square meters. In addition, the new campus was awarded by the Arkitera Architecture Center.", "Faculty of Architecture includes Architecture, Industrial Design, Interior Architecture, Urban and Regional Planning\nFaculty of Arts and Sciences includes English Language and Literature, Mathematics, Translation and Interpreting Studies (English), Psychology\nFaculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences includes Banking and Finance, Business Administration (Management), Economics, International Trade, Political Science and International Relations\nFaculty of Engineering, includes Civil Engineering, Computer Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Mechatronics Engineering\nFaculty of Law\nVocational High School of Justice\nÇankaya Vocational Training School, including Banking and Insurance, International Trade\nPreparatory School of English", "Institute of Natural Sciences:\nComputer Engineering - Master's degree\nElectronics and Communication Engineering - Master and Doctorate degree\nIndustrial Engineering - Master's degree\nMechanical Engineering - Master and Doctorate degree\nMaths-computer - Master\nInformation technologies - Master\nInterior architect - Master\nInstitute of Social Sciences:\nBusiness administration (MBA) - Master and Doctorate degree\nHuman resources management - Master\nInternational trade and finance - Master\nPublic law - Master and Doctorate degree\nPrivate law - Master and Doctorate degree\nEnglish literature and Cultural studies - Master and Doctorate degree\nFinancial economics - Master\nPolitical sciences - Master", "Center for Entrepreneurship and Application of Innovation and Research\nCenter for Research and Application in Law\nCenter for Research and Application in Women's Studies\nCenter for Research and Application in Atatürk's Principles and the Revolutionary History\nCenter for Continuing Education, Consultation and Application", "Çankaya University Sports Club was established in 1986 as Arı Spor. Later, its name was changed as Çankaya University Sports Club. Currently, the sports club continues its activities at Çankaya University's Balgat Campus.", "The university is a member of the Caucasus University Association.", "\"Tarihçe - Çankaya Üniversitesi\" (in Turkish). Çankaya Üniversitesi. 22 August 2011.\n\"Çankaya University, Rector\". Retrieved 2020-12-28.\n\"Aday Öğrenci Katalog\" (in Turkish). Çankaya Üniversitesi. 4 August 2016.\n\"Cankaya University\". Times Higher Education World University Rankings. Retrieved 29 May 2020.\n\"Top Universities and Colleges in Turkey\". Studyportals. Retrieved 29 May 2020.\n\"Arkiv Seçkileri 2011\" (in Turkish). Çankaya Üniversitesi. 21 February 2012.\n\"Arkiv Seçkileri 2011\" (in Turkish). Arkitera Mimarlık Merkezi. 21 February 2012.\nTüm Uyeler. kunib.com", "Media related to Çankaya University at Wikimedia Commons\nOfficial website" ]

[ "Çankaya University", "Academic programs", "History", "Faculties and departments", "Institutes", "Research centers", "Sport club", "Affiliations", "References", "External links" ]

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