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[ "Road sign to Çanta at State road D.100.", "Primary school in Çanta, Silivri." ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/%C3%87anta01.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/%C3%87anta02.JPG" ]

[ "Çanta (meaning \"bag\" in Turkish) is a town in Silivri district of Istanbul Province, Turkey, on the European side of the city. It is accessible from the state road D.100 that runs from Istanbul to Edirne, and is home to 4,739 people (2000 census).\nÇanta is a newly established, modern settlement while a village with the similar name, Çantaköy, still exists neighboring the town in the north. To differentiate between the both settlements, the village is called \"Eski Çanta\" (Old Çanta) while the town is sometimes called \"Yeni Çanta\" (New Çanta). Çanta has three neighborhoods, Fatih, Mimarsinan and Yolçatı.", "", "\"Çanta Belediyesi Haritası\" (in Turkish). Harita Map. Retrieved 2015-01-20.\n\"Çanta Mimar Sinan Mahallesi, Silivri, İstanbul haritası\" (in Turkish). Bilgi Ara. Retrieved 2015-01-20.\n\"Yolçati Mahallesi -İstanbul Silivri Çanta\" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2015-01-20.\n\"Çanta\" (in Turkish). Yerel Net. Retrieved 2015-01-20.", "Çanta Wind Farm", "" ]

[ "Çanta, Silivri", "Population", "References", "See also", "External links" ]

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[ "Çanta Wind Farm.", "Office building of Boydak Energy Co. at the wind farm.", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/%C3%87antaWindFarm06.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/%C3%87antaWindFarm01.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" ]

[ "Çanta Wind Farm is a 2014 wind power plant consisting of 19 wind turbines with a total installed capacity of 47.5 MW. The wind farm is in Çanta in the Silivri district of Istanbul Province, northwestern Turkey. \nThe wind farm was initially projected by Bora Wind Energy Company in 2011. After Boydak Energy Company took over Bora Co. construction began in 2012. The farm went into production in May 2014 with six turbines of each 2.5 MW. By end June the same year, eight more turbines increased the total installed capacity to 35 MW.", "The wind farm is located on a 240 m (790 ft)-high hill northwest of Çanta town, just east of the provincial border between Tekirdağ and Istanbul. It is at a distance of 27 km (17 mi) to Çorlu, 17 km (11 mi) to Silivri and 83 km (52 mi) to Istanbul.", "Maximum power output of each of the 19 turbines supplied by Nordex in Germany is 2.5 MW, and the total annual energy production is about 151 GWh. The turbines of type N100/2500 have 100 m (330 ft) rotor diameter.\nAverage annual wind speed at the site is given with 7.5–8.5 m/s (25–28 ft/s).", "List of wind farms in Turkey", "\"Boydak Enerji\" (in Turkish). Boydak. Retrieved 2015-01-19.\n\"Çanta Rüzgar Enerji Santrali (RES)\" (in Turkish). Enerji Atlası. Retrieved 2015-01-19.\n\"Nordex liefert 19 Windkraftanlagen in die Türkei\" (in German). IWR. 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2015-01-19.\n\"Çanta RES'in türbinleri Nordex'ten\" (in Turkish). Yeşil Ekonomi. 2012-06-06. Retrieved 2015-01-19.\n\"Rüzgar enerji santralinde montaj hız kazandı\" (in Turkish). Makina Market. 2013-09-25. Retrieved 2015-01-19.", "" ]

[ "Çanta Wind Farm", "Location", "Technical details", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "", "", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/%C3%87apano%C4%9Flu_Mosque-_2014-02-11_14-18.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque%2C_Istambul.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Edirne_7333_Nevit.JPG" ]

[ "The Çapanoglu Mosque is a mosque in Yozgat City, Yozgat Province, Turkey.\nInfluenced by European architectural styles, the mosque was constructed in two parts, by members of the Çapanoglu family: the first part was constructed by Çapanoğlu Mustafa Ahmed Pasha in 1779, and the second in 1794/95 by his brother Süleyman." ]

[ "Çapanoğlu Mosque" ]

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[]

[ "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Bostanli_Carsi.jpg" ]

[ "Çarşı is a light-rail station on the Karşıyaka Tram line of the Tram İzmir system in İzmir, Turkey. The station is located between 2018th Street and the Bostanlı Creek and consists of two side platforms served by two tracks. Both platforms are wheelchair-accessible and are integrated with the citywide smartcard, İzmirimkart.\nŞht. Cengiz Topal Avenue is located just northwest of the station, which is an automobile-free road for pedestrians and tram traffic only. Many cafes and shops are located along the avenue. \nÇarşı station was opened on 11 April 2017.", "\"Karşıyaka'da Tramvayı Seferleri Başladı\". milliyet.com.trr (in Turkish). 11 April 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2018." ]

[ "Çarşı (Tram İzmir)", "References" ]

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[ "", "Çarşı and Greenpeace with a huge placard, standing against a possible nuclear power plant establishment in Turkey", "Fans support the team in all the branches", "Fans eating at fish restaurants", "Some young fans wearing Çarşı concepted goods", "Çarşı member throwing tear gas cartridge back at police" ]

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[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f7/Carsilogo.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Bjk_carsi.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/BJK_Fans_at_Cola_Turka_Arena.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/BJK_Fans_at_Besiktas_Fish_Market.JPG", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/25/Young_Carsi_Supporters.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Protesters_action_during_Gezi_park_night_protests._Events_of_June_15%2C_2013-3.jpg" ]

[ "Beşiktaş Çarşı Grubu (referred to simply as Çarşı) is the best known supporter group of BJK (Beşiktaş Gymnastics Club, notably including the Beşiktaş football club).\nAt their home ground in Vodafone Park, Çarşı locate themselves on the curva of Kapalı (Covered Stand) and are known for their social and political commentary, choreography, and genuine manner of chanting. \nThere are many catch-phrases of the group, \"Çarşı, her şeye karşı!\" (English: Çarşı is against everything!\") being probably the most famous one.\nIn May 2008, Çarşı disbanded itself unexpectedly. However, in the 2013 Turkish protests, Çarşı was a central mobilizing force for anti-Erdogan protests.", "In Turkey; Beşiktaş, Fenerbahçe and Galatasaray are accepted as the biggest three clubs (Trabzonspor is the fourth occasionally), as they are the most successful ones in Turkish football history, and have the highest number of supporters. There are also numerous supporter groups of many teams, i.e. ultrAslan for Galatasaray, Genç FB for Fenerbahçe, Group Yalı for Göztepe A.Ş. etc. The groups' names are related to a team's name or badge, the symbol of the city, or a specific place inside the city. The name 'Çarşı' is also an example for this situation. Çarşı literally means \"Marketplace\" in Turkish. In the 1980s, the young people of Beşiktaş district who were supporting Beşiktaş J.K. were usually spending their time around the bazaar, located in the center of the district. They were living, coming together and supporting the team together in that specific place. This lifestyle led them to found the group with the name of Çarşı in 1982.\nAlthough Çarşı is basically accepted as a fan group, Çarşı may be defined better as a common way of acting, including the shared beliefs of the fans; therefore Çarşı is a dignity, or a form of common soul among Beşiktaş fans. According to a well-known fan, Alp Batu Keçeci, Çarşı is described as an abstract notion rather than a basic and solid fan group.\nThis definition collected positive reactions of the supporters and it was embraced over time. Many of the internet fan forums have given place for this article.", "Çarşı separates itself from the other fan groups by its members' attitude during the matches, and with their placards. The group was formed in 1981–82 season and their fame began to spread in the 1990s. Çarşı does not have a homogenous structure and it does not consist of a certain group of people with a specific identity. People from different social backgrounds, cultural environments, and ethnic origins are assembled at the group even though they support opposite ways of thinking in terms of politics or ideologies. An all-around antagonist image and attitude represent the basic characteristics of the group.\nThe name of the group comes from the central market place of Beşiktaş district, which is located in downtown, near the Istanbul Bosphorus. Beşiktaş Çarşı contains many restaurants, bars, a big fish market, and also numerous cosmetics, clothing and technology shops. There the fans assemble and pass their time with various activities until the matches. It is possible to see the fans on match days, wearing black-and-white jerseys at the fish restaurants and bars. Also, the newly produced chants by Beşiktaş fans are usually sung and embraced for the first time in Beşiktaş Çarşı.\nAfter their meetings, fans generally walk to the home ground, İnönü Stadium passing Dolmabahçe Palace. They generally prefer to arrive there about 2 or 3 hours before the matches; however, majority of people do not get in the stadium instantly. They also like to hang around the stadium just before going in, for different reasons such as meeting their friends, to have some drinks or to chant right before the matches.\nIn Istanbul, supporters live on both the European and Asian sides of the Bosphorus, and so do Çarşı members. The inhabitants of the Asian side travel to the stadium by both road and sea transportation, but sea transportation is used more frequently. The fans mainly get on the ferries from Kadıköy or Üsküdar districts, where they can arrive at Beşiktaş in approximately 20 minutes. \nThere are both directly related members of group and just normal supporters who want to be a part of action; also it is likely to see many university students among the members. Therefore, the group stand out with its quip, witty and humorist aspect. Çarşı generally react the topics and incidents with an unexpected manner.\nÇarşı utilize some symbols to express their opinions. One of them is a derivative form of letter A, as it is used in the notion of anarchy. However, Çarşı states that they re-shaped the symbol with extending the low ends of the letter to show the difference. Hence, they use the letter as a symbol of rebellious soul (Turkish: Asi Ruh). This idea was the inspiration for the name of the TV documentary Turkish: Asi Ruh dedicated to the group, which was begun in 2007 (the group's 25th anniversary) and which came out on DVD in 2008.\nThe assortment of support is very wide; teenage and elderly fans alike consider themselves members and participate. The fans wear the official team products as well as the products based on Çarşı.", "On 28 May 2008, Çarşı concluded its presence by a farewell letter written by Alen Markaryan, arguably the main cheerleader (Turkish: Amigo). During the Press Gala of Turkish: Asi Ruh documentary, Markaryan declared that they decided to disband the group after discussions which questioned the group's position as coming before Beşiktaş J.K. itself for the supporters. According to the newspapers, some subsequent reactions came up even in the gala. Discussions not yet finished. In internet forums, some users cite that they are proponents of the decision, but are also showing the tendency to keep the group's ideology and legacy. On the other hand, there are also users who believe that Çarşı cannot be ended like a defunct organization, as its roots are deeper and more philosophical than those of a typical fan group.", "Çarşı played a significant role in the 2013 protests in Turkey, resisting police attacks and even chasing a water cannon away with an excavator they acquired.", "\"Çocuklar inanın\" (in Turkish). hurriyet.com.tr. 25 April 2006. Retrieved 25 May 2008.\n{{cite news\nThey are the loudest football fans in the world and are holding the world decibel record. (132 decibel against Liverpool)\n| title = BJK'nin Taraftar Grubu Çarşı Kendini Feshetti.\n| url = http://www.cnnturk.com/SPOR/FUTBOL/haber_detay.asp?PID=177&haberID=464371\n| publisher=cnnturk.com\n| date = 2008-05-28\n| access-date = 2008-07-16|language=tr}}\n\"'5. Büyük' '4 Büyükler'e sponsor\" (in Turkish). hurriyet.com.tr. 2 April 2008. Retrieved 2 April 2008.\n\"4 büyükler sahne alıyor\" (in Turkish). hurriyet.com.tr. 5 October 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2008.\n\"En çok taraftarı olan takım hangisi?\" (in Turkish). haberturk.com. 5 January 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2008.\n\"Çarşı'nın Yürüyüşü\" (in Turkish). ligtv.com.tr. Retrieved 15 July 2008.\n\"Çarşı Nedir?\" (in Turkish). forzabesiktas.com. Retrieved 25 May 2008.\nhttp://1903sozluk.ekolay.net/Pages/%C3%A7ar%C5%9F%C4%B1%20nedir%20ne%20de%C4%9Fildir.bjk Çarşı Nedir, Ne Değildir\nThere are many forums on the Web, however they do not represent an encyclopedic information. To observe the cited fact in the article, the expressions of \"Çarşı Nedir\" in Turkish or \"What is Çarşı\" in English can be searched.\n\"Çarşı, savaşa karşı\" (in Turkish). radikal.com.tr. 17 February 2003. Retrieved 25 May 2008.\n\"Beşiktaş:2 – Galatasaray:1 (Maç Sonucu)\" (in Turkish). milliyet.com.tr. 3 March 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2008.\n\"Beşiktaş:2 – Galatasaray:1 (Maç sonucu)\" (in Turkish). milliyet.com.tr. 3 March 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2008.\n\"Beşiktaş: 2 – Galatasaray: 1\" (in Turkish). hurriyet.com.tr. 4 July 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2008.\n\"Çarşı Cinlere de Karşı\" (in Turkish). ntvspor.net. 26 February 2008. Retrieved 12 June 2008.\n\"Taraftar Grubu Çarşı Kendini Feshetti\" (in Turkish). ntvmsnbc.com. 28 May 2008. Retrieved 16 July 2008.\n\"Beşiktaş'ın Taraftar Grubu \"Çarşı\" Kendini Feshetti\" (in Turkish). milliyet.com.tr. 28 May 2008. Retrieved 16 July 2008.\n\"Çarşı Kendine de Karşı!\" (in Turkish). ntvspor.net. 28 May 2008. Retrieved 16 July 2008.\nVice, 17 June 2013, Talking to Besiktas' Bulldozer Joyriding Fans About Their Role In the Turkish Uprising", "Books\nDikici, Sema (2009). Çarşı: Başka Bir Taraftarlık (in Turkish). Turkey: Dipnot Yayınları. ISBN 978-975-080-456-4.\nDikici, Sema (2015). Futbol 3 F (in Turkish). Turkey: Sinemis. ISBN 978-605-4566-34-1.\nKana, Ersin (2008). Asi Ruh (in Turkish). Turkey: New Age Yayınları. ISBN 9789756131015.", "Official website\nEuropean Ultras List\nRebellious Soul (Çarşı) Documentary" ]

[ "Çarşı (supporter group)", "Definition", "Characteristics", "Defunction and reactions", "2013 Turkey protests", "References", "Bibliography", "External links" ]

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[ "View of the hamam today" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Mytilini_-_Tsarsi_Hamam01.jpg" ]

[ "The Çarşı Hamam (Greek: Τσαρσί Χαμάμ, in Turkish meaning \"market bath\") is an Ottoman bath (hamam) in the town of Mytilene in Lesbos, Greece. \nIt was probably built in the first quarter of the 19th century, and formed part of the nearby Yeni (\"New\") Mosque complex. As its name indicates, it was the main market bath for the local neighbourhood. Its layout follows the typical three-part procession from cold to warm found in Ottoman and Roman baths. The bath underwent a restoration in 2000–2001 and is open to the public for visits.", "Loupou, Athina-Christina. \"Τσαρσί Χαμάμ\" (in Greek). Hellenic Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 14 August 2013." ]

[ "Çarşı Hamam, Mytilene", "References" ]

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[ "A view of Çarşamba district during winter", "", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/%C3%87ar%C5%9Famba_il%C3%A7esinden_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCn%C3%BCm.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Samsun_districts.png" ]

[ "Çarşamba is a town and district (ilçe) of Samsun Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey, in the center of the Çarşamba Plain. It is the second largest district of the Samsun province after Bafra. The mayor is Halit Doğan (AKP). Ferhan Şensoy - writer, actor and stage director - was born here.\nThe town is bisected by the Yeşilırmak river running south-to-north and by the Black Sea Coastal Road (D010) which runs west-to-east. There is a Sugar Factory in Çarşamba county.", "Göğceli Mosque, Seljuk Empire era log mosque in Göğceli Cemetery", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\nGazete, Banka (20 November 2021). \"Aydemir: 'Yeter ki şeker fabrikası çalışsın\". Gazetebanka.com. p. https://gazetebanka.com/. Retrieved 20 November 2021.", "Çarşamba municipality's official website" ]

[ "Çarşamba", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Çarşamba: The Mosque of Hirami Ahmet Pasha.", "" ]

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[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/HiramiAmhetPasaMosque20071010_01.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Location_map_Fatih.jpg" ]

[ "Çarşamba is a small part of the Fatih district of Istanbul, Turkey, close to the Fatih Mosque. It is one of the most conservative areas of the city. \nAccording to the 17th-century Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi, the district takes its name from the town of Çarşamba on the Black Sea coast since, after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, this part of the city was repopulated with people from Çarşamba. However, others think it acquired its name from the large Wednesday (Çarşamba in Turkish) Market held here every week.\nThe neighbourhood is home to two Byzantine churches that were converted into mosques after the Conquest of Constantinople in 1453: the Fethiye and Hirami Ahmet Pasha mosques. \nÇarşamba is also home to the Sultan Selim Mosque, built by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent for his father Yavuz Sultan Selim (Selim the Grim in English) whose shrine stands in the grounds. The mosque is usually attributed to Mimar Sinan although there is no record of it in the official list of his works. it was a favourite with the Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier who admired its simplicity of form.\nHere, too, is the İsmail Ağa Mosque, built in 1724, and named after a Şeyhülislam named İsmail Efendi (1645-1725). Its congregation has a particular reputation for conservatism.", "Mamboury, (1953), p.99", "Mamboury, Ernest (1953). The Tourists' Istanbul. Istanbul: Çituri Biraderler Basımevi." ]

[ "Çarşamba, Fatih", "Notes", "Sources" ]

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[ "", "", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Hanabad_Caravanserai_Cardak.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Denizli_districts.png" ]

[ "Çardak is a town and a district of Denizli Province of Turkey. It is situated on the road from Denizli to Ankara near the banks of the Lake Acıgöl.\nDenizli's airport (Çardak Airport) is in Çardak.\nA very notable sight in the town is the caravanserai of Hanabad, built in the 13th century by the local ruler Esedüddin Ayaz during the reign of Seljuk sultan Alaeddin Keykubad I. It bears typical characteristics of Seljuk caravanserais and on its stones are carved fish, cow and human relics.\nA small village until the early years of the Turkish Republic, Çardak started growing as of 1958 when it was made into a district. Streets and buildings are well arranged and it is a tidy little town.\nThe economy is based on agriculture, and surface mining of sodium sulfate reserves in Lake Acıgöl whose name means \"the bitter lake\". Services rendered to the airport are also taking an increasingly important share in the town's economy. Hanabad Caravanserai is being restored.", "Çardak Airport\nLake Acıgöl", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27." ]

[ "Çardak", "See also", "References" ]

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[ "The 15th century Armenian monastery of Ktuts in Çarpanak Island", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

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[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Ktuts_monastery_1986.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Ktutz_2.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Ktutz_3.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Ktutz_6.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Ktuz_7.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Ktuz_monastery_1.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Ktuz_monastery_2.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Lakevanlandsat.jpeg" ]

[ "Çarpanak Island (Turkish: Çarpanak Adası) or Ktuts or Ktouts (Armenian: Կտուց կղզի Ktuts kghzi), is a small island in Lake Van. It is now uninhabited, but formerly contained an Armenian monastery called Ktuts. The ruins of it can still be seen.", "Ktuts' Anapat (pictures and information at Rensselaer Digital Collections)\nArmenian Monastery on Ktuts (Charpanak) Island, Lake Van\nArmenian Monastery on Ktuts (Charpanak) Island, Lake Van", "", "Lake Van\nKtuts monastery\nAkdamar Island\nKuş Island" ]

[ "Çarpanak Island", "External links", "Gallery", "See also" ]

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[ "", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/%C3%87at%C3%B6ren_Baraj%C4%B1_-_%C3%87at%C3%B6ren_Dam_08.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Arch_dam_Oymapinar_%28Manavgat_River%2C_Turkey%29.JPG" ]

[ "Çatören Dam is a dam in Turkey, located on the Seydisuyu river basin. The development was backed by the Turkish State Hydraulic Works.", "List of dams and reservoirs in Turkey", "\"ÇATÖREN BARAJI\" (in Turkish). State Hydraulic Works (Turkey). Archived from the original on 25 February 2018.\nCicek, Tokatli & Kose (2017, p. 116)", "Cicek, Arzu; Tokatli, Cem; Kose, Esengul (27 August 2017). \"Ecological Risk Indices to Evaluate the Sediment Quality of Seydisuyu Stream Basin\". Iğdır University Journal of Science and Technology (in Turkish and English). 7 (2): 115–123. doi:10.21597/jist.2017.148. ISSN 2146-0574. Retrieved 21 November 2021." ]

[ "Çatören Dam", "See also", "References", "Bibliography" ]

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[ "Temple of Hermes in Çatıören", "Çatıören church" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/%C3%87at%C4%B1%C3%B6ren_Hermes_temple.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/%C3%87at%C4%B1%C3%B6ren_church.JPG" ]

[ "Çatıören is an archaeological site in Mersin Province, Turkey.", "The site is situated in the rural area of Erdemli district of Mersin Province. Its distance to Erdemli is about 25 kilometres (16 mi) and to Mersin is 62 kilometres (39 mi). Visitors from Mersin follow Turkish state road D.400 and a village road from the town of Ayaş to north. The ruins are to the west of the road.", "Due to scarcity of documents, the history of the site has not been studied and the original name of the site is unknown. The Turkish name Çatıören means \"roof-ruin\". But the presence of a Hellenistic temple and polygonal masonry imply that the site was originally a Hellenistic site. It may be a 1st or 2nd century BC temple. The church however is probably a 6th-century Byzantine building. It seems, like many other similar sites the settlement continued uninterrupted from the Hellenistic to Byzantine age.", "Although the ruins are scattered around, only three building are partially standing. The building just next to the road is thought to be an early Byzantine church. Two walls as well as the apse are standing. The Hellenistic temple is further to west and located on a hill. It is a temple of Hermes, the Greek god of transitions. Partially rock carved, four walls and a staircase are standing. On the wall there is a relief of Caduceus. There is another building which was probably a tower to the south of the temple. There are also ruins of cisterns, sepulchers etc. around.", "Kerem, Filiz; Çalışkan, Mehmet; Aydın, Ayşe; Aydınoğlu, Ümit (2009). Mersin: Ören Yerleri - Kaleleri - Müzeleri (in Turkish). İstanbul: Mersin Valiliği. pp. 158–159. ISBN 9786054196074.\nSağlam, Mustafa (4 February 2012). \"ÇATIÖREN HARABELERİ | İçel | Türkiye\". www.kendingez.com (in Turkish). Retrieved 2018-08-19." ]

[ "Çatıören", "Geography", "History", "The ruins", "References" ]

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[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Catal_railway_station.jpg" ]

[ "Çatal station (Turkish: Çatal Garı) is a railway station on the Torbalı-Ödemiş railway, located in the district of Bayındır, Turkey. Çatal (English: Fork) is named for the junction just east of the station where the Çatal-Tire railway branches off.", "ORC network opening dates - trainsofturkey.com\n2022178951 Çatal railway station on OpenStreetMap" ]

[ "Çatal railway station", "References" ]

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[ "The Çatalan (West) Bridge crossing Seyhan Dam Lake, seen from the south", "The Çatalan (West) Bridge crossing Seyhan Dam Lake, seen from the campus of Çukurova University." ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Adana_Seyhan_Baraj%C4%B1_-_panoramio.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/West_Bridge_over_Seyhan%2C_Adana_2016-1127_01-1.jpg" ]

[ "The Çatalan Bridge (Turkish: Çatalan Köprüsü), also known as the West Bridge (Turkish: Batı Köprüsü), is a 1,575 m (5,167 ft) long bridge crossing the Seyhan Dam Lake in Adana, Turkey. The bridge connects the city of Adana to the villages and vacation homes north of the lake. Despite crossing the Seyhan Dam Lake, the bridge is named after the Çatalan Dam, which is 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) north and the next dam upstream on the Seyhan River. The Çatalan bridge was the longest bridge in Turkey from its construction in 1998 to 2007, when it was surpassed by Viaduct No. 1 near Bolu and the longest bridge crossing a body of water until 2016, when it was surpassed by the Osman Gazi Bridge near Gebze.\nConstruction was started in 1998 by a consortium of three companies: Lurgi Bamag, STFA and ALKE. The bridge opened to traffic on 17 June 2002.", "Çatalan Bridge" ]

[ "Çatalan Bridge", "External links" ]

[ 2645, 2646 ]

[ 13498 ]

[ "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 2, 2 ]

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[ "Çatalan Dam is an embankment dam on the Seyhan River dam in Adana Province, Turkey. It is 22 km (14 mi) north of the city of Adana. Constructed between 1982 and 1997, the development was backed by the Turkish State Hydraulic Works.", "Yedigöze Dam – upstream\nSeyhan Dam – downstream\nList of dams and reservoirs in Turkey", "\"Catalan Dam\". Turkey State Hydraulic Works. Retrieved 25 February 2012." ]

[ "Çatalan Dam", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2647, 2648, 2649 ]

[ 13499 ]

[ "", "Bulgarian bayonet charge at the \"Battle of Çatalca\"", "", "" ]

[ 0, 3, 10, 10 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/%C3%87ilingozNaturePark_%2814%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0f/Chataldzha_attack.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Istanbul_districts.png" ]

[ "Çatalca (Metrae; Ancient Greek: Μέτραι, romanized: Métrai) is a city and a rural district in Istanbul, Turkey. It is the largest district in Istanbul by area.\nIt is in East Thrace, on the ridge between the Marmara and the Black Sea. Most people living in Çatalca are either farmers or those visiting vacation homes. Many families from Istanbul come to Çatalca during weekends to hike in the forests or have picnics.", "", "Çatalca's ancient Greek name was Ergisce or Ergiske (Ancient Greek: Ἐργίσκη, romanized: Ergískē). It was an ancient Greek city in Thrace, located in the region of the Propontis. \nAccording to ancient texts, the Greek name is after Ergiscus (Ἐργίσκος), a son of Poseidon through the naiad (nymph) Aba (Ἄβα). In Greek mythology, Aba was a nymph and she is presumed to be a daughter of the river Hebros.\nThe site is now occupied in part by modern Çatalca.\nUnder Roman rule, it was named Metrae or Metre and was important enough in the Late Roman province of Europa to become a suffragan of its capital Heraclea's Metropolitan Archbishop, yet was to fade.", "Çatalca was settled throughout the Ottoman period and according to the Ottoman Official Statistics of 1910 the majority of the area were Greeks. The Crimean War caused a mass exodus of Crimean Tatars towards Ottoman lands. A few Crimean Tatars settled in Çatalca.\nIn the First Balkan War the Bulgarian army had driven the Turkish forces back from the border, but the Turkish forces retreated to the prepared positions at Çatalca where on 16–17 November 1912 they defeated the Bulgarians at the \"First Battle of Çatalca\". The Çatalca fortifications formed a line across the peninsula, the \"Chataldja line\", which became the armistice line of 3 December 1912, after Bulgaria decided not to attack Adrianople at that time. Upon expiration of the armistice, on 3 February [O.S. 21 January] 1913, hostilities recommenced and the Second Battle of Çatalca began. It was a series of thrusts and counter-thrusts by both the Ottomans and the Bulgarians and lasted until 3 April 1913. There were a large number of journalists who reported on the military actions at Çatalca, whose accounts provide rich details about this event.\nAccording to the Ottoman population statistics of 1914, the kaza of Çatalca had a total population of 30.165, consisting of 16.984 Greeks, 13.034 Muslims, 53 Jews, 44 Armenians, 40 Bulgarians and 10 Roma people.\nBefore 1930, Çatalca also covered present districts of Arnavutköy, Beylikdüzü, Büyükçekmece, western parts of Başakşehir, rural parts of Eyüp and Sarıyer. In 1930 county (bucak) of Kilyos was part of district of Sarıyer, used to be part of Beyoğlu. At same time, villages of Odayeri, Ağaçlı, İhsaniye and Kısırmandıra (Işıklar after 1987) were passed to Kemerburgaz county (formerly part of Beyoğlu district) of Sarıyer. In 1963, villages as Arnavutköy, Bolluca, Hacımaşlı, Haraççı and İmrahor of Boyalık (its center was Hadımköy) county part of district of Gaziosmanpaşa, formerly part of Eyüp. In 1972 Tayakadın village of Boyalık county and Yeniköy one of it were passed to Gaziosmapaşa. In 1987 county of Büyükçekmece was separated and become district. Finally in 2009 remainder of Boyalık county was passed to Arnavutköy, was part of Gaziosmanpaşa and Muratbey village was passed to Büyükçekmece.", "As of a November 22, 2000 census, the population of Çatalca district was 81,589, while the city of Çatalca had a population of 36,544 in 2009. The population growth rate was 0.66%. The literacy rate was 99%.", "Çatalca has an area of 1,715 km² and 135 kilometers of coastline. Its neighbors include Çatalca to the south, and Silivri and Tekirdağ Province to the west. Avcılar, Küçükçekmece, and Arnavutköy lie to the east.\nFresh water for Istanbul is provided from by lakes Durusu and Çatalca.\nYalıköy is a seaside resort of Çatalca. The Çilingoz Nature Park west of Yalıköy offers camping and outdoor recreation activities.", "At Çatalca, there is a mediumwave broadcasting station with a 226 metres tall mast. It works on 702 kHz with 600 kW.", "", "Çatalca is twinned with:\n Fancy, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\n Oran, Algeria\n Diego Garcia, British Indian Ocean Territory\n Hitadhoo, Maldives\n Ganja, Azerbaijan\n Lille, France\n Kule, Botswana", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\nAn Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen,2005,page 913\nSuda. Byzantium. Ergiske: It is in Thrake, [and was named] after Ergiskos the son of Poseidon and Aba, a Nymphe\nHarpokration, Lexicon of the Ten Orators, e.ergiske\nPentzopoulos, Dimitri (2002). The Balkan exchange of minorities and its impact on Greece. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-1-85065-702-6.\nHall, Richard C. (2000) The Balkan Wars 1912-1913: Prelude to the First World War Routledge, London, page 69, ISBN 0-415-22946-4\nBlack, Jeremy (2002) Warfare in the Western World, 1882-1975 Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, page 40 ISBN 0-253-34050-0\nErickson, Edward J. (2003). Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 285 ff. ISBN 978-0-275-97888-4.\nKemal Karpat (1985), Ottoman Population, 1830-1914, Demographic and Social Characteristics, The University of Wisconsin Press, p. 184-185", "District governor's official website (in Turkish)\nDistrict municipality's official website (in Turkish)\nÇatalca local news website (in Turkish)\nGCatholic with titular incumbent bio links" ]

[ "Çatalca", "History", "Antiquity", "Modern period", "Population", "Geography", "Media", "International relations", "Twin towns and sister cities", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2650, 2651, 2652 ]

[ 13500, 13501, 13502, 13503, 13504, 13505, 13506, 13507, 13508, 13509, 13510, 13511, 13512 ]

[ "Çatalca (west) and Kocaeli peninsulas (east) separated by the Bosphorus" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Bosporus_Strait_and_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpeg" ]

[ "The Çatalca Peninsula lies in the European section of Turkey (Thrace), extending from the southeast Balkans and separating the Black Sea from the Sea of Marmara on the western side of the strait of Bosphorus. Approximately two thirds of Istanbul, one of the most populous cities of the world, occupy its eastern part.", "The peninsula is roughly rectangular. It is bordered by the Black Sea to the north, Sea of Marmara to the south and Bosphorus to the east. The west border is more or less arbitrary, but usually taken to correspond with the western border of İstanbul Province. Thus defined, its north to south width is about 40 kilometres (25 mi) and the west to east length is about 90 kilometres (56 mi). Çatalca Peninsula is almost a mirror image of the Kocaeli Peninsula on the other side of the Bosphorus. In fact, the geographers consider it to be a part of the Kocaeli–Çatalca subregion. There are several natural and artificial lakes in the Çatalca peninsula including Lake Durusu, Lake Büyükçekmece and Lake Küçükçekmece.", "During the reign of Byzantine Emperor Anastasius I (491-518) a defense wall had been constructed between Evcik beach at the north and Silivri at the south to defend İstanbul (then known as Constantinople) from Huns and other attackers. The 40 kilometres (25 mi) wall was one of the longest ramparts of Europe. But even then such attackers as Avars (616), Bulgarians (813) and Pechenegs (1090) were able to lay siege to İstanbul. After 1371, most of Çatalca Peninsula fell to Ottoman Turks. The whole peninsula became a part of Ottoman Empire by the conquest of İstanbul in 1453. Since then Çatalca Peninsula is a Turkish land except for Bulgarian attack during the first Balkan war and temporary occupation by Greece at the end of the First World War.", "Çatalca Peninsula (together with Kocaeli Peninsula at the other side of Bosphorus) is the most industrialised region of Turkey. Approximately two thirds of İstanbul, one of the most populous cities of the world with 13.120.596 inhabitants constitute the population of Çatalca Peninsula . The population density of the peninsula exceeds 2000/km² (5180/ mi²).", "An essay on Çatalca (in Turkish)\nStatistical Institute page" ]

[ "Çatalca Peninsula", "Geography", "History", "Population and economy", "References" ]

[ 2653 ]

[ 13513, 13514, 13515, 13516, 13517 ]

[ "Ruins of Çatalhöyük", "", "", "Calibrated Carbon 14 dates for Çatalhöyük, as of 2013.[1]", "Model of the neolithic settlement ( 7300 BC ) of Catal Höyük", "On-site restoration of a typical interior.", "The earliest excavations of the site.", "Deep trenches in the site.", "Detail of the mural showing the hind part of the aurochs, a deer and hunters.", "Mural, Museum of Anatolian Civilizations.", "Neolithic hunters attacking an aurochs, Museum of Anatolian Civilizations.", "Seated goddess flanked by two felines, lionesses", "Protective roof of the archeological site." ]

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[ "Çatalhöyük ([tʃaˈtaɫhœjyc]; also Çatal Höyük and Çatal Hüyük; from Turkish çatal \"fork\" + höyük \"tumulus\") was a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic proto-city settlement in southern Anatolia, which existed from approximately 7500 BC to 6400 BC, and flourished around 7000 BC. In July 2012, it was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.\nÇatalhöyük is located overlooking the Konya Plain, southeast of the present-day city of Konya (ancient Iconium) in Turkey, approximately 140 km (87 mi) from the twin-coned volcano of Mount Hasan. The eastern settlement forms a mound that would have risen about 20 m (66 ft) above the plain at the time of the latest Neolithic occupation. There is also a smaller settlement mound to the west and a Byzantine settlement a few hundred meters to the east. The prehistoric mound settlements were abandoned before the Bronze Age. A channel of the Çarşamba River once flowed between the two mounds, and the settlement was built on alluvial clay which may have been favorable for early agriculture.", "The site was first excavated by James Mellaart in 1958. He later led a team which further excavated there for four seasons between 1961 and 1965. These excavations revealed this section of Anatolia as a centre of advanced culture in the Neolithic period. Excavation revealed 18 successive layers of buildings signifying various stages of the settlement and eras of history. The bottom layer of buildings can be dated as early as 7100 BC while the top layer is from 5600 BC.\nMellaart was banned from Turkey for his involvement in the Dorak affair in which he published drawings of supposedly important Bronze Age artifacts that later went missing. After this scandal, the site lay idle until 1993, when investigations began under the leadership of Ian Hodder, then at the University of Cambridge. The Hodder led excavations ended in 2018. Hodder, a former student of Mellaart, chose the site as the first \"real world\" test of his then-controversial theory of post-processual archaeology. The site has always had a strong research emphasis upon engagement with digital methodologies, driven by the project's experimental and reflexive methodological framework. According to Mickel, Hodder's Çatalhöyük Research Project (ÇRP) established itself as a site for progressive methodologies - in terms of adaptable and democratized recording, integration of computerized technologies, sampling strategies, and community involvement.\"\nNew excavations are being directed by Ali Umut Türkcan from Anadolu University.", "Çatalhöyük was composed entirely of domestic buildings, with no obvious public buildings. While some of the larger ones have rather ornate murals, the purpose of some rooms remains unclear.\nThe population of the eastern mound has been estimated to be around 10,000 people, but the population likely varied over the community's history. An average population of between 5,000 and 7,000 is a reasonable estimate. The sites were set up as large numbers of buildings clustered together. Households looked to their neighbors for help, trade, and possible marriage for their children. The inhabitants lived in mudbrick houses that were crammed together in an aggregate structure. No footpaths or streets were used between the dwellings, which were clustered in a honeycomb-like maze. Most were accessed by holes in the ceiling and doors on the side of the houses, with doors reached by ladders and stairs. The rooftops were effectively streets. The ceiling openings also served as the only source of ventilation, allowing smoke from the houses' open hearths and ovens to escape. \nHouses had plaster interiors characterized by squared-off timber ladders or steep stairs. These were usually on the south wall of the room, as were cooking hearths and ovens. The main rooms contained raised platforms that may have been used for a range of domestic activities. Typical houses contained two rooms for everyday activity, such as cooking and crafting. All interior walls and platforms were plastered to a smooth finish. Ancillary rooms were used as storage, and were accessed through low openings from main rooms.\nAll rooms were kept scrupulously clean. Archaeologists identified very little rubbish in the buildings, finding middens outside the ruins, with sewage and food waste, as well as significant amounts of ash from burning wood, reeds and animal dung. In good weather, many daily activities may also have taken place on the rooftops, which may have formed a plaza. In later periods, large communal ovens appear to have been built on these rooftops. Over time, houses were renewed by partial demolition and rebuilding on a foundation of rubble, which was how the mound was gradually built up. As many as eighteen levels of settlement have been uncovered.\nAs a part of ritual life, the people of Çatalhöyük buried their dead within the village. Human remains have been found in pits beneath the floors and, especially, beneath hearths, the platforms within the main rooms, and under beds. Bodies were tightly flexed before burial and were often placed in baskets or wound and wrapped in reed mats. Disarticulated bones in some graves suggest that bodies may have been exposed in the open air for a time before the bones were gathered and buried. In some cases, graves were disturbed, and the individual's head removed from the skeleton. These heads may have been used in rituals, as some were found in other areas of the community. In a woman's grave spinning whorls were recovered and in a man's grave, stone axes. Some skulls were plastered and painted with ochre to recreate faces, a custom more characteristic of Neolithic sites in Syria and at Neolithic Jericho than at sites closer by.\nVivid murals and figurines are found throughout the settlement, on interior and exterior walls. Distinctive clay figurines of women, notably the Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük, have been found in the upper levels of the site. Although no identifiable temples have been found, the graves, murals, and figurines suggest that the people of Çatalhöyük had a religion rich in symbols. Rooms with concentrations of these items may have been shrines or public meeting areas. Predominant images include men with erect phalluses, hunting scenes, red images of the now extinct aurochs (wild cattle) and stags, and vultures swooping down on headless figures. Relief figures are carved on walls, such as of lionesses facing one another.\nHeads of animals, especially of cattle, were mounted on walls. A painting of the village, with the twin mountain peaks of Hasan Dağ in the background, is frequently cited as the world's oldest map, and the first landscape painting. However, some archaeologists question this interpretation. Stephanie Meece, for example, argues that it is more likely a painting of a leopard skin instead of a volcano, and a decorative geometric design instead of a map.", "A striking feature of Çatalhöyük are its female figurines. Mellaart, the original excavator, argued that these well-formed, carefully made figurines, carved and molded from marble, blue and brown limestone, schist, calcite, basalt, alabaster, and clay, represented a female deity. Although a male deity existed as well, \"statues of a female deity far outnumber those of the male deity, who moreover, does not appear to be represented at all after Level VI\". To date, eighteen levels have been identified. These artfully-hewn figurines were found primarily in areas Mellaart believed to be shrines. The stately goddess seated on a throne flanked by two lionesses was found in a grain bin, which Mellaart suggests might have been a means of ensuring the harvest or protecting the food supply.\nWhereas Mellaart excavated nearly two hundred buildings in four seasons, the current excavator, Ian Hodder, spent an entire season excavating one building alone. Hodder and his team, in 2004 and 2005, began to believe that the patterns suggested by Mellaart were false. They found one similar figurine, but the vast majority did not imitate the Mother Goddess style that Mellaart suggested. Instead of a Mother Goddess culture, Hodder points out that the site gives little indication of a matriarchy or patriarchy.\n\"There are full breasts on which the hands rest, and the stomach is extended in the central part. There is a hole in the top for the head which is missing. As one turns the figurine around one notices that the arms are very thin, and then on the back of the figurine one sees a depiction of either a skeleton or the bones of a very thin and depleted human. The ribs and vertebrae are clear, as are the scapulae and the main pelvic bones. The figurine can be interpreted in a number of ways – as a woman turning into an ancestor, as a woman associated with death, or as death and life conjoined. It is possible that the lines around the body represent wrapping rather than ribs. Whatever the specific interpretation, this is a unique piece that may force us to change our views of the nature of Çatalhöyük society and imagery. Perhaps the importance of female imagery was related to some special role of the female in relation to death as much as to the roles of mother and nurturer.\"\nIn an article in the Turkish Daily News, Hodder is reported as denying that Çatalhöyük was a matriarchal society and quoted as saying \"When we look at what they eat and drink and at their social statues, we see that men and women had the same social status. There was a balance of power. Another example is the skulls found. If one's social status was of high importance in Çatalhöyük, the body and head were separated after death. The number of female and male skulls found during the excavations is almost equal.\" In another article in the Hurriyet Daily News Hodder is reported to say \"We have learned that men and women were equally approached\".\nIn a report in September 2009 on the discovery of around 2000 figurines Hodder is quoted as saying:\nÇatalhöyük was excavated in the 1960s in a methodical way, but not using the full range of natural science techniques that are available to us today. Sir James Mellaart who excavated the site in the 1960s came up with all sorts of ideas about the way the site was organized and how it was lived in and so on ... We’ve now started working there since the mid 1990s and come up with very different ideas about the site. One of the most obvious examples of that is that Çatalhöyük is perhaps best known for the idea of the mother goddess. But our work more recently has tended to show that in fact there is very little evidence of a mother goddess and very little evidence of some sort of female-based matriarchy. That's just one of the many myths that the modern scientific work is undermining.\nProfessor Lynn Meskell explained that while the original excavations had found only 200 figures, the new excavations had uncovered 2,000 figurines of which most were animals, with less than 5% of the figurines women.\nEstonian folklorist Uku Masing has suggested as early as in 1976, that Çatalhöyük was probably a hunting and gathering religion and the Mother Goddess figurine did not represent a female deity. He implied that perhaps a longer period of time was needed to develop symbols for agricultural rites. His theory was developed in the paper \"Some remarks on the mythology of the people of Catal Hüyük\".", "Çatalhöyük has strong evidence of an egalitarian society, as no houses with distinctive features (belonging to royalty or religious hierarchy, for example) have been found so far. The most recent investigations also reveal little social distinction based on gender, with men and women receiving equivalent nutrition and seeming to have equal social status, as typically found in Paleolithic cultures. Children observed domestic areas. They learned how to perform rituals and how to build or repair houses by watching the adults make statues, beads and other objects.\nÇatalhöyük's spatial layout may be due to the close kin relations exhibited amongst the people. It can be seen, in the layout, that the people were \"divided into two groups who lived on opposite sides of the town, separated by a gully.\" Furthermore, because no nearby towns were found from which marriage partners could be drawn, \"this spatial separation must have marked two intermarrying kinship groups.\" This would help explain how a settlement so early on would become so large.\nIn the upper levels of the site, it becomes apparent that the people of Çatalhöyük were gaining skills in agriculture and the domestication of animals. Female figurines have been found within bins used for storage of cereals, such as wheat and barley, and the figurines are presumed to be of a deity protecting the grain. Peas were also grown, and almonds, pistachios and fruit were harvested from trees in the surrounding hills. Sheep were domesticated and evidence suggests the beginning of cattle domestication as well. However, hunting continued to be a major source of food for the community. Pottery and obsidian tools appear to have been major industries; obsidian tools were probably both used and also traded for items such as Mediterranean sea shells and flint from Syria. There is also evidence that the settlement was one of the earliest places in the world to mine and smelt metal in the form of lead. Noting the lack of hierarchy and economic inequality, historian and anti-capitalist author Murray Bookchin has argued that Çatalhöyük was an early example of anarcho-communism.\nConversely, a 2014 paper argues that the picture of Çatalhöyük is more complex and that while there seemed to have been an egalitarian distribution of cooking tools and some stone tools, unbroken quern-stones and storage units were more unevenly distributed, indicating social inequality. Private property existed but shared tools also existed. It was also suggested that Çatalhöyük was slowly becoming less egalitarian, with greater inter-generational wealth transmission, though there may have been efforts to try to stop this.", "Boncuklu Höyük\nCities of the ancient Near East\nCucuteni–Trypillian culture\nGöbekli Tepe\nKamyana Mohyla\nList of largest cities throughout history\nList of Stone Age art\nMatriarchy\nNeolithic Revolution\nOld Europe (archaeology)\nSacred bull\nVenus figurines", "Shukurov, Anvar; Sarson, Graeme R.; Gangal, Kavita (7 May 2014). \"The Near-Eastern Roots of the Neolithic in South Asia\". PLOS ONE. 9 (5): Appendix S1. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...995714G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095714. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4012948. PMID 24806472.\nRenfrew, Colin (2006). \"Inception of agriculture and rearing in the Middle East\". Human Palaeontology and Prehistory. 5: 395–404.\nÇatalhöyük entry on the UNESCO World Heritage List site\nJ. Mellaart, Excavations at Çatal Hüyük, first preliminary report: 1961. Anatolian Studies, vol. 12, pp. 41–65, 1962\nJ. Mellaart, Excavations at Çatal Hüyük, second preliminary report: 1962. Anatolian Studies, vol. 13, pp. 43–103, 1963\nJ. Mellaart, Excavations at Çatal Hüyük, third preliminary report: 1963. Anatolian Studies, vol. 14, pp. 39–119, 1964\nJ. Mellaart, Excavations at Çatal Hüyük, fourth preliminary report: at 1965. Anatolian Studies, vol. 16, pp. 15–191, 1966\nKleiner, Fred S.; Mamiya, Christin J. (2006). Gardner's Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective: Volume 1 (Twelfth ed.). Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing. pp. 12–4. ISBN 978-0-495-00479-0.\nDavid Orton et al., A tale of two tells: dating the Çatalhöyük West Mound, Antiquity, vol. 92, iss. 363, pp. 620–639, June 2018\nKenneth Pearson and Patricia Connor, The Dorak affair, New York, Atheneum, 1968\nI. Hodder, Çatalhöyük, Anatolian Archaeology, vol. 4, pp. 8–10, 1998\nI. Hodder, Getting to the Bottom of Thing: Çatalhöyük 1999, Anatolian Archaeology, vol. 5, pp. 4–7, 1999\nI. Hodder, Çatalhöyük, Anatolian Archaeology, vol. 8, pp. 5–7, 2002\nI. Hodder, A New Phase of Excavation at Çatalhöyük, Anatolian Archaeology, vol. 9, pp. 9–11, 2003\nÇatalhöyük: Excavations of a Neolithic Anatolian Höyük – Çatalhöyük Archive Report 2008\nMorgan, Colleen; University (2016). \"Analog to Digital: Transitions in Theory and Practice in Archaeological Photography at Çatalhöyük\" (PDF). Internet Archaeology (42). doi:10.11141/ia.42.7.\nTaylor, James; University; Issavi, Justine; Berggren, Åsa; Lukas, Dominik; Mazzucato, Camilla; Tung, Burcu; Dell'Unto, Nicoló (2018). \"'The Rise of the Machine': the impact of digital tablet recording in the field at Çatalhöyük\". Internet Archaeology (47). doi:10.11141/ia.47.1.\nMickel, Allison (2021). Why Those Who Shovel Are Silent. Louisville: University Press of Colorado. pp. 6–7. ISBN 9781646421152.\nMaynes, Mary Jo; Waltner, Ann (2012). The Family: A World History. New York City: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530476-3.\nShillito, Lisa-Marie; Matthews, Wendy; Almond, Matthew; Bull, Ian D. (2011). \"The microstratigraphy of middens: capturing daily routine in rubbish at Neolithic Çatalhöyük, Turkey\" (PDF). Antiquity. 85 (329): 1024–1038. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00068460. S2CID 56433872.\nCentre, UNESCO World Heritage. \"Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük\". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 4 January 2020.\n\"Incredible discovery of intact female figurine from neolithic era in Turkey | Ars Technica\". 16 September 2016.\nNoah Wiener (1 November 2013). \"Çatalhöyük mural\". Bible History Daily. Biblical Archaeology Society. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. This Çatalhöyük mural is thought to represent a nearby volcanic eruption. New scientific evidence confirms a contemporaneous eruption at nearby Hasan Dağ. Alt URL\nCartographic Images (accessed 23 February 2014)\nA bird's eye view – of a leopard's spots. The Çatalhöyük ‘map’ and the development of cartographic representation in prehistory. Anatolian Studies 56, 2006, pp. 1–16. Published by The British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara\nMellaart, James (1967). Catal Huyuk: A Neolithic Town in Anatolia. McGraw-Hill. p. 181.\nMellaart (1967), 180.\nBalter, Michael (2005). The Goddess and the Bull. New York: Free Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-7432-4360-5.\n\"Çatalhöyük: Ancient History of the Anatolia\".\nHodder, Ian (2005). \"New finds and new interpretations at Çatalhöyük\". Çatalhöyük 2005 Archive Report. Catalhoyuk Research Project, Institute of Archaeology.\nHodder, Ian (1 January 2008). \"A Journey to 9000 years ago\". Retrieved 7 August 2008.\nHodder, Ian (2 March 2015). \"Çatalhöyük excavations reveal gender equality in ancient settled life\". Retrieved 25 March 2015.\nO'Brien, Jeremy \"New techniques undermine 'mother goddess' role in the community\" Irish Times September 20, 2009 \nMasing, Uku (2011). Aarded Tellistes. Tartu, Estonia: Ilmamaa. pp. 209–227. ISBN 978-9985-77-351-2.\nOriental Studies 3. Acta et Commentationes Universitatis Tartuensis 392 / Tartu Riikliku Ülikooli Toimetised 392. Tartu 1976, 75–92.\nLeften Stavros Stavrianos (1991). A Global History from Prehistory to the Present. New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-357005-2. Pages 9–13\nR Dale Gutrie (2005). The Nature of Paleolithic art. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31126-5. Page 420-422\nMaynes, Mary Jo; Waltner, Ann (2012). The Family: A World History. New York City: Oxford University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-19-530476-3.\nBookchin, Murray. The Rise of Urbanisation and Decline of Citizenship. pp. 18–22.\nWright, Katherine I. Karen. \"Domestication and inequality? Households, corporate groups and food processing tools at Neolithic Çatalhöyük.\" Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 33 (2014): 1–33.", "Bailey, Douglass. Prehistoric Figurines: Representation and Corporeality in the Neolithic. New York: Routledge, 2005 (hardcover, ISBN 0-415-33151-X; paperback, ISBN 0-415-33152-8).\nBalter, Michael. The Goddess and the Bull: Çatalhöyük: An Archaeological Journey to the Dawn of Civilization. New York: Free Press, 2004 (hardcover, ISBN 0-7432-4360-9); Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2006 (paperback, ISBN 1-59874-069-5). A highly condensed version was published in The Smithsonian Magazine, May 2005.\nDural, Sadrettin. \"Protecting Catalhoyuk: Memoir of an Archaeological Site Guard.\" Contributions by Ian Hodder. Translated by Duygu Camurcuoglu Cleere. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2007. ISBN 978-1-59874-050-9.\nHodder, Ian. \"Women and Men at Çatalhöyük,\" Scientific American Magazine, January 2004 (update V15:1, 2005).\nHodder, I. (2014). \"Çatalhöyük excavations: the 2000-2008 seasons.\", British Institute at Ankara, Monumenta Archaeologica 29, ISBN 978-1-898249-29-0\nHodder, Ian. Twenty-Five Years of Research at Çatalhöyük, Near Eastern Archaeology; Chicago, vol. 83, iss. 2, pp. 72–29, June 2020\nHodder, Ian. The Leopard's Tale: Revealing the Mysteries of Çatalhöyük. London; New York: Thames & Hudson, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 0-500-05141-0). (The UK title of this work is Çatalhöyük: The Leopard's Tale.)\nMallett, Marla, \"The Goddess from Anatolia: An Updated View of the Catak Huyuk Controversy,\" in Oriental Rug Review, Vol. XIII, No. 2 (December 1992/January 1993).\nMellaart, James. Çatal Hüyük: A Neolithic Town in Anatolia. London: Thames & Hudson, 1967; New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1967. Online at archive.org\nOn the Surface: Çatalhöyük 1993–95, edited by Ian Hodder. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research and British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, 1996 (ISBN 0-9519420-3-4).\nTaylor, James Stuart (2016), Making Time For Space At Çatalhöyük: GIS as a tool for exploring intra-site spatiotemporality within complex stratigraphic sequences (PhD thesis), University of York \nTodd, Ian A. Çatal Hüyük in Perspective. Menlo Park, CA: Cummings Pub. Co., 1976 (ISBN 0-8465-1958-5; ISBN 0-8465-1957-7).", "What we learned from 25 Years of Research at Catalhoyuk - Ian Hodder - Oriental Institute lecture Dec 4, 2019\nÇatalhöyük — Excavations of a Neolithic Anatolian Höyük, Çatalhöyük excavation official website\nÇatalhöyük photos\nThe First Cities: Why Settle Down? The Mystery of Communities, by Michael Balter, Çatalhöyük excavation official biographer\nInterview with Ian Hodder March 201 \"Ian Hodder: Çatalhöyük, Religion & Templeton's 25%\"" ]

[ "Çatalhöyük", "Archaeology", "Culture", "Religion", "Economy", "See also", "References", "Sources", "External links" ]

[ 2654, 2655, 2656, 2657, 2658, 2659, 2660, 2661, 2662, 2663, 2664 ]

[ 13518, 13519, 13520, 13521, 13522, 13523, 13524, 13525, 13526, 13527, 13528, 13529, 13530, 13531, 13532, 13533, 13534, 13535, 13536, 13537, 13538, 13539, 13540, 13541, 13542, 13543, 13544, 13545, 13546, 13547, 13548, 13549, 13550, 13551, 13552, 13553, 13554, 13555, 13556, 13557, 13558, 13559, 13560, 13561, 13562, 13563, 13564, 13565, 13566, 13567 ]

[ "Location of Çatalpınar within Turkey.", "" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Ordu_districts.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png" ]

[ "Çatalpınar is a town and district of Ordu Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey, 56 km from the city of Ordu and 20 km from the town of Fatsa. According to the 2000 census, population of the district is 23,192 of which 10,265 live in the town of Çatalpınar. The district covers an area of 47 km² (18 sq mi), and the town lies at an elevation of 22 m (72 ft).\nThe local economy depends on agriculture, particularly growing hazelnuts and grazing animals. There is a mineral water spring in the village of Elmaköy.", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\nTurkish Statistical Institute. \"Census 2000, Key statistics for urban areas of Turkey\" (XLS) (in Turkish). Retrieved 2009-04-25.\nGeoHive. \"Statistical information on Turkey's administrative units\". Retrieved 2009-04-25.\nStatoids. \"Statistical information on districts of Turkey\". Retrieved 2009-04-25.", "Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. \"Geographical information on Çatalpınar, Turkey\". Retrieved 2009-04-25.", "District governor's official website (in Turkish)\nRoad map of Çatalpınar and environs\nDetailed map of Çatalpınar district\nVarious images of Çatalpınar, Ordu" ]

[ "Çatalpınar", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2665, 2666 ]

[ 13568, 13569 ]

[ "Location of Çatalzeytin within Turkey.", "" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Kastamonu_districts.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png" ]

[ "Çatalzeytin is a town and district of the Kastamonu Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. According to the 2000 census, population of the district is 8,508 of which 3,410 live in the town of Çatalzeytin. The district covers an area of 368 km² (142 sq mi), and the town lies at an elevation of 74 m (243 ft).", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\nTurkish Statistical Institute. \"Census 2000, Key statistics for urban areas of Turkey\" (XLS) (in Turkish). Retrieved 2008-11-02.\nGeoHive. \"Statistical information on Turkey's administrative units\". Retrieved 2008-11-23.\nStatoids. \"Statistical information on districts of Turkey\". Retrieved 2008-11-23.", "Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. \"Geographical information on Çatalzeytin, Turkey\". Retrieved 2008-11-02.", "District governor's official website (in Turkish)\nÇatalzeytin Mektubu Gazetesi. A local newspaper and information website (in Turkish)" ]

[ "Çatalzeytin", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2667, 2668 ]

[ 13570, 13571 ]

[ "Çavak from west" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/%C3%87avak%2C_Mersin.jpg" ]

[ "Çavak is a village in the Mersin Province, Turkey. Administratively, it is part of Yenişehir district (which is an intracity district within Mersin city). The population of the village was 1,130 as of 2012.", "TurksatArchived September 27, 2013, at the Wayback Machine" ]

[ "Çavak", "References" ]

[ 2669 ]

[ 13572 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/%C3%87avdar_k%C3%B6y%C3%BC_-_panoramio.jpg" ]

[ "Çavdar is a village in the District of Yenipazar, Aydın Province, Turkey. As of 2010, it had a population of 713 people.", "\"Population of city, towns and villages - 2010\". Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 10 August 2012." ]

[ "Çavdar, Yenipazar", "References" ]

[ 2670 ]

[ 13573 ]

[ "Aizanoi ruins in Çavdarhisar", "Location of Çavdarhisar within Turkey.", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 5 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Aizanoi.ZeusTemple.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Kutahya_districts.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png" ]

[ "Çavdarhisar is a town and district of Kütahya Province in the Aegean region of Turkey. According to 2000 census, population of the district is 13,538 of which 4,687 live in the town of Çavdarhisar. The local Kocaçay stream is still crossed by the Roman Penkalas Bridge.", "In January 2021, archaeologists led by Dr. Elif Özer from Pamukkale University announced that they had discovered a cache containing 651 Roman coins dated about 2,100 years ago in a jug buried near a stream in Aizanoi. Researchers revealed a jug firstly in 2019. 439 pieces of coins were denarius (ancient Roman coins minted on silver), and 212 were cistophori, silver coins from Pergamum. Caesar, Brutus, Mark Antony and Augustus Young are engraved on the mostly well-preserved coins. Find is going to display in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations.\nIn August 2021, archaeologists from Dumlupinar University announced the discovery of statue of Hygieia. Human sized statue has portrayed with a snake in its arms. The statue was revealed inside the columned gallery throughout the south wing of the agora.", "Aizanoi ancient city of Phrygia", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\nTurkish Statistical Institute. \"Census 2000, Key statistics for urban areas of Turkey\" (XLS) (in Turkish). Retrieved 2008-10-31.\n\"Collection of priceless Roman coins unearthed in Turkey\". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2021-02-17.\nAgency, Anadolu (2021-01-28). \"Rare collection of Roman coins found in Turkey's ancient Aizanoi\". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 2021-02-17.\nJack Guy (2021-02-09). \"More than 650 silver Roman coins found in a jug in Turkey\". CNN Style. Retrieved 2021-02-17.\n\"Stash of more than 600 Roman-era silver coins discovered in Turkey | Live Science\". www.livescience.com. Retrieved 2021-02-17.\n\"Statue of Greek health goddess Hygieia unearthed\". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 2021-08-29.\n\"Statue of Greek Goddess Hygieia Unearthed in Turkey\" (in Greek). Retrieved 2021-08-29.", "Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. \"Geographical information on Çavdarhisar, Turkey\". Retrieved 2008-10-31.", "District governor's official website (in Turkish)" ]

[ "Çavdarhisar", "Archaeology", "Places of interest", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2671, 2672, 2673 ]

[ 13574, 13575, 13576, 13577, 13578 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Mundy-Cavus%2C_messenger_or_usher.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Mundy-Cavus_basi.jpg" ]

[ "Çavuş, also anglicized Chaush and Chiaus (from Turkish: çavuş / چاوش, \"messenger\"), Arabic 'shawish, شاويش', (from Old Turkic Çabuş or Çawuş, \"person who gives order, person who yells\") was an Ottoman title used for two separate soldier professions, both acting as messengers although differing in levels. It was a rank below agha and kethüda (from Persian, kad-khuda, \"magistrate\"), in units such as the Janissaries and Sipahi, and was also a term for members of the specialized unit of çavuşān (چاوشان, also çavuşiyye, çavuş(an)-i divan(i)) consisting of combined cavalry and infantry serving the Imperial Council (as in Ottoman Egypt). The leaders of the council's çavuş were titled çavuşbaşı / چاوش باشی (or başçavuş / باش چاوش). The çavuşbaşı was an assistant (or deputy) to the Grand Vizier, dealing with security matters, accompanying ambassadors visiting the Grand Vizier, and also carried out the first examination of petitions submitted to the Council, and led council meetings when the Grand Vizier was not present. The title has its origin in Uyghur use, where it was the title of ambassadors, and then entered Seljuq use for Byzantine imperial messengers, and Persian and Arabic use for various court attendants.\nThe word gave rise to surnames, such as Çavuş (Turkish), Çavuşoğlu (Turkish), Čaušević (Serbo-Croatian), Čaušić (Serbo-Croatian), Baščaušević (Serbo-Croatian), Çaushaj (Albanian), Ceaușu (Romanian), Ceaușescu (Romanian), Τσαούσης (Tsaousis in Greek), and others. It is also the stem of place names, such as Çavuş (in Turkey), Çavuşlu (in Turkey), Çavuşlar (in Turkey), Çavuşköy (in Turkey), Çavuşbayırı (in Turkey), Čauševac (in Bosnia), Čauševići (in Bosnia and Serbia), Čaušev Do (in Bosnia), Čauševina (in Bosnia), Čaušlije (in Bosnia), Čaušlija (in Macedonia), Chavusy (in Belarus), Çaushi (in Albania), and others. In the past in former Yugoslavia, the word čauš was also sometimes applied to the wedding-planner.", "Daut Bey (fl. 1484), served Sultan Bayezid II (r. 1481–1512)\nKuyumcu Süleyman Agha, served Grand Vizier Ipşir Pasha (1653–54)\nMehmed Raşid, served Sultan Mahmud II (r. 1808–1839)\nMustafa Agha\nAhmed Agha\nSelim Pasha\nZulfiqar Agha\nMohammed Haji-Ajvazade\nAbdul Kerim Izet", "In the modern Turkish Armed Forces, the rank of Çavuş is equivalent of \"sergeant\" (and NATO OR-5 rank), and ranks above the rank of Onbaşı (\"corporal\"). The insignia is two inverted chevrons, in red or camouflage pattern, depending on the dress.", "Tzaousios, Byzantine title\nChaush (India), Muslim community", "\"Chiaus\". Merriam-Webster.\n\"تعريف و شرح و معنى شاويش بالعربي في معاجم اللغة العربية معجم المعاني الجامع، المعجم الوسيط ،اللغة العربية المعاصر ،الرائد ،لسان العرب ،القاموس المحيط - معجم عربي عربي صفحة 1\".\n\"*Etimoloji: Kökenbilim, kelimelerin aslını ve evrimini inceleyen disiplin ~ EYun étymon \"asıl\" + logeía \"bilim\"\". Nisanyansozluk.com. Retrieved 2017-06-30.\nStein 2007, p. 84.\nWilkins 2010, p. 122.\nBaşaran 2014, p. 186, Holt 2013, p. 238, Stein 2007, p. 84\nBaşaran 2014, p. 186, Stein 2007, p. 84\nBaşaran 2014, p. 186.\nİbrahim Aksu (2006). The Story of Turkish Surnames: An Onomastic Study of Turkish Family Names, Their Origins, and Related Matters. Olay Gazete Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-9944-5163-0-3.\nRječnik 1882, p. 916, Ujević 1942, p. 207\nŠimunović 1995, p. 10.\nUjević 1942, p. 207.\nRječnik 1882, p. 916, Ujević 1942, p. 207\nRječnik 1882, p. 916, Ujević 1942, p. 207\nJan Karłowicz. Imiona własne polskich miejsc i ludzi od zatrudnień. Warszawa, 1887. p. 5.\nZbornik za istoriju, jezik i književnost srpskog naroda: Spomenici na srpskom jeziku. 1. odeljenje. 1934. p. 352.\nEvliya Çelebi (1991). The Intimate Life of an Ottoman Statesman, Melek Ahmed Pasha (1588-1662): As Portrayed in Evliya Celebi's Book of Travels (Seyahat-name). SUNY Press. pp. 129–. ISBN 978-0-7914-0640-3.\nAlbert Hourani; Philip Shukry Khoury; Mary Christina Wilson (1993). The Modern Middle East: A Reader. University of California Press. pp. 45–. ISBN 978-0-520-08241-0.", "Başaran, Betül (2014). Selim III, Social Control and Policing in Istanbul at the End of the Eighteenth Century: Between Crisis and Order. BRILL. pp. 186–. ISBN 978-90-04-27455-6.\nHolt, P. M. (2013). Studies in the History of the Near East. Routledge. pp. 238–. ISBN 978-1-136-27331-5.\nŠimunović, Petar (1995). Hrvatska prezimena: podrijetlo, značenje, rasprostranjenost. Golden Marketing. p. 10. ISBN 978-953-6168-16-3.\nStein, Mark L. (2007). Guarding the Frontier: Ottoman Border Forts and Garrisons in Europe. I.B.Tauris. pp. 84–. ISBN 978-0-85771-313-1.\nUjević, Mate (1942). Hrvatska enciklopedija. Vol. 4. Konzorcija Hrvatske enciklopedije. p. 207.\nWilkins, Charles L. (2010). Forging Urban Solidarities: Ottoman Aleppo 1640-1700. BRILL. pp. 122–. ISBN 978-90-04-16907-4.\nRječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika. U knížarnici L. Hartmana na prodaju. 1882. p. 916.", "" ]

[ "Çavuş", "List of çavuşbaşı", "Modern Turkish military usage", "See also", "References", "Sources", "External links" ]

[ 2674, 2675 ]

[ 13579, 13580, 13581, 13582, 13583, 13584, 13585, 13586, 13587 ]

[ "View of rock castle in Çavuşin" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/%C3%87avu%C5%9Fin01.JPG" ]

[ "Çavuşin is a village in the district of Avanos in Nevşehir Province in the Cappadocia region of Turkey. It is on the road between Avanos and Göreme, about five kilometers north of Göreme.", "Göreme Tarihî Millî Parkı", "Hundreds of pictures of Çavuşin" ]

[ "Çavuşin", "See also", "External links" ]

[ 2676 ]

[ 13588 ]

[ "The ruins of Urartian Sardurihinilli.", "The site of Haykaberd.", "Part of Urartian Sardurihinilli.", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 1, 6 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Urartian_fort_in_%C3%87avu%C5%9Ftepe.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/%C3%87avu%C5%9Ftepe.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Taht_Odas%C4%B1_-_%C3%87avu%C5%9Ftepe.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Urartu_Helmet_Fragment_1.jpg" ]

[ "Sardurihinilli, also known as Haykaberd (Armenian: Հայկաբերդ, lit. 'Fortress of Hayk') or Çavuştepe Kalesi, is an ancient Urartian fortified site located on a ridge on the northeastern edge of the village of Çavuştepe in the Gürpınar district of Van Province in eastern Turkey. It is located approximately 25 kilometers southeast of Van along the road leading to the city of Hakkâri, in a valley once known as Hayots Dzor in historic Armenia. It was founded by the Urartian king Sarduri II (r. 764–735) some time during his reign in the 8th century BC and is believed to be identical with the fortress of Sardurihurda mentioned in the same king's cuneiform inscriptions.\nIn Armenian folklore it is identified with Haykaberd or Haykʻ, the fortress built by Hayk, the legendary founder of the Armenian nation, close to the site where he slew the invading Babylonian king Bel.", "Sardurihinilli has a linear plan, perched upon a ridge overlooking the Gürpınar Plain called Bol Dağı. It is composed of fortification walls as well as the remains of an Urartian royal palace, built between 764 and 735 BC during the reign of King Sarduri II at the climax of power of the Urartian Empire. There are upper and lower sections of the fortress in which the Temple of Khaldi or Irmushini, citadel walls, king's tower, workshops (7th century BC), storehouses, cisterns, kitchen, palace with a throne room, \"royal\" toilet, harem and colonnaded halls were located. A moat surrounded sections of the fortress.\nThe fortress stands out by the high quality of its masonry, which, in the view of C. A. Burney, suggests that it was \"a wealthy town, of which only the acropolis remains to this day.\" Aside from the cyclopean wall, the blocks used in the fortress are smoothly finished and fit exactly together without mortar being used.\nIf Sardurihinilli is to be identified with Sardurihurda, then it is located near the site of a city called Ulhu, which Assyrian inscriptions say Sargon II conquered during his campaign against Urartu, although it seems Sardurihurda did not fall to the Assyrians.\nFour Urartian cuneiform inscriptions have been discovered at Sardurihinilli, of which the best preserved one reads as follows:\nThis temple is dedicated to the god Irmushini; I, Sarduri, son of Argishti, constructed it in a great feat when I took the throne in my father's place. Sarduri speaks: the rock was solid and nothing was built here. I, Khaldi, built this great temple to the god Irmushini and also a great fortress. I built a canal from the Gugunaini [Hoşap] River, I erected vineyards, ploughed fields; I built a new city here, created great monuments, established the name of Sardurihinili. Sarduri speaks: life and glory, as well as rule, power, strength, and happinness to Sarduri, son of Argishti, from Khaldi, from the Khaldian gates, and from the god Irmushini. Sarduri, the powerful king, the great king, the king of Biainili, ruler of the city of Tushpa.\nSardurihinilli was destroyed in the 7th century BC, presumably by the Scythians or Medes. Traces of a later medieval occupation exist. In 1884, a cuneiform inscription from the site was taken to Vienna and published by D. H. Müller. Nikolai Marr and Joseph Orbeli visited the site in 1916 and collected some artifacts that are now located at the Hermitage. Christopher Lehmann-Haupt was the first to conduct excavations at the site and draw up a sketch-plan of the fortress. C. A. Burney visited the site in 1956 and published a brief description and sketch-plan of the fortress. The site was excavated between 1961 and 1986 by Afif Erzen.", "Karapetyan 2015, p. 63.\nBurney 1957, p. 46.\nYesayan & Kilimjyan 1991, p. 103.\nZimansky 1985, p. 42.\nKarapetyan 2015, p. 71.\nYesayan & Kilimjyan 1991, p. 102.\nBurney 1957, pp. 45–47.", "Belli, O. (2001). Çavuştepe (Šardurḫinili) Excavations. In: O. Belly (ed.): İstanbul University’s Contributions to Archaeology in Turkey 1932-2000. Istanbul, pp. 173–178.\nBurney, C. A. (1957). \"Urartian Fortresses and Towns in the Van Region\". Anatolian Studies. 7: 37–53. doi:10.2307/3642346. ISSN 0066-1546.\nErzen, A. (1978). Çavuştepe I. M. Ö. 7.-6. Yüzyil Urartu Mımarlik Antilari ve Ortaçağ Nekropolü. Ankara.\nErzen, A. (1978): Ausgrabungen auf der urartäischen Burg Çavuştepe im Gebiet von Van. In: E. Akurgal (ed.): The Proceedings of the Xth International Congress of Classical Archaeology, Ankara-İzmir, 23-30.9.1973. Ankara, pp. 55–59.\nKarapetyan, Samvel (2015). Հայոց Ձոր [Hayotsʻ Dzor] (in Armenian). Yerevan: Research on Armenian Architecture. ISBN 9789939843216.\nYesayan, S. A.; Kilimjyan, G. S. (1991). \"Հայկաբերդ ամրոցը\" [Haikaberd castle]. Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri (in Armenian). 6 (6): 102–113. ISSN 0320-8117.\nZimansky, Paul (1985). Ecology and Empire: The Structure of the Urartian State (PDF). Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. ISBN 0-918986-41-9. OCLC 469553313.", "Urartu\nHayk\nBel (mythology)", "Map of Haykaberd", "Haykaberd/Cavustepe\nPhotos of Haykaberd/Cavustepe" ]

[ "Çavuştepe", "Site", "Notes", "Sources", "See also", "External links", "Photos" ]

[ 2677, 2678, 2679, 2680 ]

[ 13589, 13590, 13591, 13592, 13593, 13594, 13595, 13596, 13597, 13598, 13599 ]

[ "Çay Kervansaray built 1278", "Çay; Taş Madrese of 1278, now Mosque (Sultan Alâeddin Camii); west side", "", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/%C3%87ay_Kervansaray_von_1278.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/%C3%87ay%3B_Ta%C5%9F_Medrese_%28heute_Moschee%29_von_1278%3B_Westseite.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Afyonkarahisar_districts.png" ]

[ "Çay is a town and district of Afyonkarahisar Province in the Aegean region of Turkey. the mayor is Ali Yakut (AKP).", "Akkonak\nArmutlu\nAydoğmuş\nBulanık\nÇayırpınar\nÇayıryazı\nCumhuriyet\nÇay\nDeresinek\nDevederesi\nEber\nGöcen\nİnli\nKadıköy\nKaracaören\nKaramık\nKılıçkaya\nKılıçyaka\nKoçbeyli\nMaltepe\nOrhaniye\nPazarağaç\nPınarkaya\nYeşilyurt", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27." ]

[ "Çay", "Settlements in the district", "References" ]

[ 2681, 2682, 2683, 2684 ]

[ 13600, 13601 ]

[ "The site of Çayönü, in southeastern Turkey", "", "", "Cayönü ruins.", "So-called skull building", "Grill architecture", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 7 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/%C3%87ayonu.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Near_East_non_political.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Cay%C3%B6n%C3%BC_-_Zellplangeb%C3%A4ude.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Cay%C3%B6n%C3%BC_-_skull-building.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Cay%C3%B6n%C3%BC_-_Grillplangeb%C3%A4ude.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/GateOfAugustus.jpg" ]

[ "Çayönü Tepesi is a Neolithic settlement in southeastern Turkey which prospered from circa 8,630 to 6,800 BC. It is located forty kilometres north-west of Diyarbakır, at the foot of the Taurus mountains. It lies near the Boğazçay, a tributary of the upper Tigris River and the Bestakot, an intermittent stream.", "The site was excavated for 16 seasons between 1964 and 1991, initially by Robert John Braidwood and Halet Çambel and later by Mehmet Özdoğan and Aslı Erim Özdoğan. The settlement covers the periods of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA), the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB), and the Pottery Neolithic (PN).\nThe stratigraphy is divided into the following subphases according to the dominant architecture:\nround, PPNA\ngrill, PPNA\nchanneled, Early PPNB\ncobble paved, Middle PPNB\ncell, Late PPNB\nlarge room, final PPNB\nAn analysis of blood found at the site suggested that human sacrifice occurred there.", "", "Çayönü is possibly the place where the pig (Sus scrofa) was first domesticated.", "Genetic studies of emmer wheat, the precursor of most current wheat species, show that the slopes of Mount Karaca (Karaca Dağ), which is located in close vicinity to Çayönü, was the location of first domestication. A different DNA approach pointed to Kartal Daği.\nRobert Braidwood wrote that \"insofar as unit HA can be considered as representing all of the major pre-historic occupation at Cayonu, cultivated emmer along with cultivated einkorn was present from the earliest sub-phase.\"", "Cities of the ancient Near East\nGöbekli Tepe\nDja'de el-Mughara", "Collins, Andrew (2014). Gobekli Tepe: Genesis of the Gods: The Temple of the Watchers and the Discovery of Eden. Simon and Schuster. p. 93. ISBN 9781591438359.\nÇambel, H.; Braidwood, R. J., eds. (1980). The Joint Istanbul-Chicago Universities' Prehistoric Research in Southeastern Anatolia. Istanbul University Publications. Vol. 2589. Istanbul. OCLC 15163668.\nÖzdoğan, A. (1999). \"Çayönü\". In Özdoğan, M.; Başgelen, N. (eds.). Neolithic in Turkey: The Cradle of Civilization, New Discoveries. Istanbul: EGE Yayınları. pp. 35–64. ISBN 975-6899-41-7.\nPearson, J; Grove, M; Ozbek, M; Hongo, H (2013). \"Food and social complexity at Çayönü Tepesi, southeastern Anatolia: Stable isotope evidence of differentiation in diet according to burial practice and sex in the early Neolithic\". J Anthropol Archaeol. 32 (2): 180–189. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2013.01.002. PMC 4066944. PMID 24976671.\nLoy, Thomas H.; Wood, Andrée R. (1989). \"Blood Residue Analysis at Çayönü Tepesi, Turkey\". Journal of Field Archaeology. 16 (4): 451–460. doi:10.1179/jfa.1989.16.4.451.\nErvynck, A.; et al. (2001). \"Born Free? New Evidence for the Status of Sus scrofa at Neolithic Çayönü Tepesi (Southeastern Anatolia, Turkey)\". Paléorient. 27 (2): 47–73. doi:10.3406/paleo.2001.4731. JSTOR 41496617.\nCiváň, Peter; et al. (2013). \"Reticulated Origin of Domesticated Emmer Wheat Supports a Dynamic Model for the Emergence of Agriculture in the Fertile Crescent\". PLOS One. 8 (11): e81955. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...881955C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081955. PMC 3843696. PMID 24312385.\nBraidwood, Robert J.; et al. (1974). \"Beginnings of Village-Farming Communities in Southeastern Turkey, 1972\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 71 (2): 568–572. Bibcode:1974PNAS...71..568B. doi:10.1073/pnas.71.2.568. PMC 388049. PMID 16592143.", "Çayönü from About.com\nÇayönü from Ancient Near East" ]

[ "Çayönü", "Archaeology", "Origin of domestication", "Animal life - domestication of pigs and cattle", "Farming - cultivation of cereals", "See also", "Notes", "External links" ]

[ 2685, 2686, 2687, 2688, 2689, 2690 ]

[ 13602, 13603, 13604, 13605, 13606, 13607, 13608, 13609 ]

[ "Location of Çayıralan within Turkey.", "" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Yozgat_districts.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png" ]

[ "Çayıralan is a town and district of Yozgat Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. The average altitude is 1,500 m above sea level. According to 2000 census, population of the district is 32,880 of which 14,046 live in the town of Çayıralan. It has one of the largest forest areas in Central Anatolia. The district also possesses marble mines.", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\nTurkish Statistical Institute. \"Census 2000, Key statistics for urban areas of Turkey\" (XLS) (in Turkish). Retrieved 2008-03-19. \nGeoHive. \"Statistical information on Turkey's administrative units\". Retrieved 2008-03-19.", "Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. \"Geographical information on Çayıralan, Turkey\". Retrieved 2008-03-18.", "District governor's official website (in Turkish)\nMunicipality's official website (in Turkish)\nGeneral information on Çayıralan (in Turkish)\nA nostalgic photo of Çayıralan\nA view of marble mines in Çayıralan" ]

[ "Çayıralan", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2691, 2692 ]

[ 13610, 13611 ]

[ "A view of Çayırbaşı Stadium.", "", "Main building of Çayırbaşı Stadium." ]

[ 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/%C3%87ay%C4%B1rba%C5%9F%C4%B1Stadium_%283%29.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Location_map_Istanbul.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/%C3%87ay%C4%B1rba%C5%9F%C4%B1Stadium.JPG" ]

[ "Çayırbaşı Stadium (Turkish: Sarıyer Belediyesi Çayırbaşı Stadı) is a football stadium at Çayırbaşı neighborhood of Sarıyer district in Istanbul Province, Turkey owned and run by the Municipality of Sarıyer. Built in 2002, it has a seating capacity for 5,000 spectators. The ground is artificial turf.\nThe stadium is currently used for football matches only, and it is the home ground of Kireçburnu Spor women's football team.", "Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality - Directorate of Youth and Sports" ]

[ "Çayırbaşı Stadium", "References" ]

[ 2693, 2694, 2695 ]

[ 13612 ]

[ "", "View of Kefnas (2018)" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Kefnas1.jpeg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Kefnas2.jpeg" ]

[ "Çayırlı (Kurdish: Kefnas) is a former Yazidi village located in the Midyat district of the Mardin Province in southeastern Turkey. The village is located ca. 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) southeast of Midyat in the Tur Abdin region of southeastern Anatolia.\nYazidis who try to return to Çayırlı are threatened by paramilitary and islamic-fundamentalistic groups.", "Kefnas is located ca. 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) east of the Yazidi village Koçan and ca. 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) northeast of the Yazidi village Denwan.", "\"Population of Mardin Province in Turkey - Census 2009\". Turkish Statistical Institute. Archived from the original on 2013-09-17.\nİbrahim Sediyani (2009). Adını arayan coğrafya. Özedönüş Yayınları. p. 255. ISBN 9786054296002.\n\"TMMOB Mimarlar Odası Diyarbakır Şubesi\" (PDF). Retrieved 2018-12-27.\n\"Index Anatolicus\". nisanyanmap.com. Retrieved 2018-12-27.\n\"Situation von Angehörigen der ezidischen Religionsgemeinschaft\" (PDF). bundestag.de (in German). Deutscher Bundestag. 2014. p. 2. Retrieved 2019-02-11." ]

[ "Çayırlı, Midyat", "Location", "References" ]

[ 2696, 2697 ]

[ 13613, 13614 ]

[ "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Beylik-da%C4%9F%C4%B1ndan-%C3%A7ay%C4%B1rova-995x498.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Kocaeli_districts.png" ]

[ "Çayırova is a town and district of Kocaeli Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. It was ceded from Gebze district in 2008. The mayor is Ziyaettin Akbaş (AKP).", "\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\n\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.", "City's site\nDistrict governor's site" ]

[ "Çayırova District, Kocaeli", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2698, 2699, 2700 ]

[ 13615 ]

[ "The station building at dusk." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Cay_station.jpg" ]

[ "Çay railway station (Turkish: Çay istasyonu) is a railway station in Çay, Turkey. TCDD Taşımacılık operates a daily inter-city train from İzmir to Konya which stops at the station at night. The station is located just off the D.675 state highway, 4 km (2.5 mi) north of the town of Çay.\nÇay station was built in 1896 by the Ottoman Anatolian Railway.", "\"Konya Mavi Treni\". tcddseferleri.com (in Turkish). Retrieved 7 April 2018.\n\"CFOA - Chemins de Fer Ottomans d'Anatolie History\". trainsofturkey.com. Retrieved 21 February 2019.", "TCDD Taşımacılık\nTurkish State Railways\nTurkish train timetables" ]

[ "Çay railway station", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2701 ]

[ 13616 ]

[ "Location of Çaybaşı within Turkey.", "" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Ordu_districts.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png" ]

[ "Çaybaşı, formerly Çilader, is a town and district of Ordu Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. According to the 2000 census, population of the district is 15,372 of which 4,810 live in the town of Çaybaşı. The district covers an area of 165 km² (64 sq mi), and the town lies at an elevation of 440 m (1,444 ft).", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\nTurkish Statistical Institute. \"Census 2000, Key statistics for urban areas of Turkey\" (XLS) (in Turkish). Retrieved 2009-04-25.\nStatoids. \"Statistical information on districts of Turkey\". Retrieved 2009-04-25.", "Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. \"Geographical information on Çaybaşı, Turkey\". Retrieved 2009-04-25.", "District governor's official website (in Turkish)\nDistrict municipality's official website (in Turkish)\nRoad map of Çaybaşı and environs\nVarious images of Çaybaşı, Ordu" ]

[ "Çaybaşı", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2702, 2703 ]

[ 13617, 13618 ]

[ "", "Location of Çayeli within Turkey.", "", "Streets of the town in 2006", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 4, 6, 6 ]

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[ "Çayeli (Laz: მაფავრი, Mapavri) is a town and district of Rize Province on the Black Sea coast of eastern Turkey, 18 km east of the city of Rize. \nÇay means tea in Turkish and a large percentage of Turkey's tea is indeed grown in this lush green district.", "Çayeli consists of a narrow coastal strip and a large section of the Black Sea Mountain range which rises steeply and runs parallel to the coast. The Rize mountain section of these mountains reach up to 2,000 m in the district. \nThe local economy is mainly dependent on tea-growing, along with some sweetcorn, which before tea was planted in the 1940s was the major crop here. The town and the cultivated area are all on the coastal strip, while the mountain hinterland is sparsely populated. Indeed, the steepness of these hills is legendary, and celebrated in song; the late Barış Manço used to sing a version of the local ballad Çayelunden Öteye Ciderum Yali Yali, which tells of a man so much in love that he was even prepared to haul his household over the mountains of Çayeli. \nHowever, for anyone who does venture up here the countryside is unspoilt forest and the views from these steep mountainsides are incredible; therefore Çayeli is now attracting visitors on trekking holidays. \nThe local cuisine includes a dish of large, light-coloured baked beans known as Çayeli fasulyesi. \nThe majority of people are nationalist and conservative, and the municipality is controlled by the Turkish Nationalism-leaning Nationalist Movement Party.", "Çayeli has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa).", "Mapavri was long occupied by the Laz community, and was part of the Roman Empire and then the Empire of Trebizond until was brought within the Ottoman Empire by Mehmet II in 1461, although this coast has always been vulnerable to invaders from across the nearby Caucasus. \nIn the recent past Çayeli was an impoverished remote region that saw successive generations migrate away to jobs in Turkey's larger cities or abroad. This emigration slowed when tea was planted here in the 1940s.", "Neighborhoods of Çayeli\nLimanköy, Çayeli\nDemirhisar Koyu, Cayeli", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\n\"Climate: Çayeli\". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 14 April 2014.", "(in Turkish) the municipality\n(in Turkish) the district governorate" ]

[ "Çayeli", "Geography", "Climate", "History", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2704, 2705, 2706 ]

[ 13619, 13620, 13621, 13622, 13623, 13624 ]

[ "" ]

[ 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Arch_dam_Oymapinar_%28Manavgat_River%2C_Turkey%29.JPG" ]

[ "Çaygören Dam is a dam in Turkey. The development was backed by the Turkish State Hydraulic Works.", "List of dams and reservoirs in Turkey", "DSI directory, State Hydraulic Works (Turkey), Retrieved December 16, 2009" ]

[ "Çaygören Dam", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2707 ]

[ 13625 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Caykisla.jpg" ]

[ "Çaykışla is a village in the District of Emirdağ, Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey.", "\"Population of city, towns and villages - 2011\". Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 22 July 2012." ]

[ "Çaykışla, Emirdağ", "References" ]

[ 2708 ]

[ 13626 ]

[ "Houses and a mosque in Çaykara village", "Sea of clouds in Çaykara district", "Uzungöl village and lake in Çaykara", "Another village in Çaykara", "A traditional house in Çaykara", "Alithinos (Uzuntarla) village, with steep crop fields in front.", "'Dry stone' walls to keep cattle out at Tsaxmut plateau (Cahmud yaylası).", "Section of an 1877 map showing the original names of towns and villages in Of and Çaykara (Katokhôr)", "The mosque of Zeleka (Taşören) in 2010, just after it had been restored, and just before it burned down. Currently (2018), the mosque has been restored again.", "The summer settlement of Ğorğoras (Eğridere) at Ligoras ('Wolf-mountain'), or in Turkish: Kurt Daği.", "A view at Sultan Murat Yayla", "", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 7, 7, 8, 8, 12, 12 ]

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[ "Çaykara (Romeika: Kadahor, Κατωχώρι) is a town and district of Trabzon Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. As of 2014, the District Mayor of Çaykara is Hanefi Tok (AKP). Çaykara village lies in a V-shaped valley along the Solaklı River in the Pontic Mountains, at an elevation of around 300 metres. Çaykara district lies to the south of Dernekpazarı (Kondu) and forms the upper part of the Of-valley system ('Solaklı Vadisi' in Turkish), with peaks reaching to over 3300 meters. The western half of İkizdere district - which lies just east of Çaykara and is now part of Rize province - was historically also part of the same administrative and cultural region. Large swathes of the district are made up of old-growth temperate broadleaf and mixed forest, gradually making way for alpine tundra at higher altitudes.", "The district takes its name from the Çaykara stream, which forms through the conjunction of the Solaklı and Yeşilalan brooks. The historic name of Çaykara is Kadahor or Katokhôr (from Kato Choriou \"lower village\" in Pontic Greek). As is typical in transhumance communities in the Pontic Mountains and the Caucasus, Kadahor was settled with a number of subordinate upland villages for different seasons, which explains its name. However, in current times the name 'Tsaikara' (Τσαϊκάρα) is also used in Pontic Greek.", "Current Çaykara district covers the upper parts of the 'Ophis' ('Solaklı' in modern Turkish) river valley, and its tributaries. The river Ophis and a homonymous Greek settlement at its mouth were first mentioned in antiquity by Arrian. A path besides the river functioned as a trade route connecting the coast with eastern Anatolia, through 'Paipert' (current Bayburt). In the Middle Ages, the administrative region (or Bandon) to which the area of Çaykara belonged was known as Stylos. It lay between the bandon of Sourmena and Rhizaion. Settlement of the higher parts of the valley is first attested in the middle-ages, when it was part of the Byzantine Empire. The history of individual villages and towns in the district going back to antiquity is unknown. This may be due to the frequent landslides that occur there, and the limited archeological research which has been conducted. A few place names hint at a possible Chaldian presence in the valley before it was Hellenized, such as the Haldizen (Χάλντιζεν) stream in the southeast of the district and the village 'Halt' (Χάλτ, or Söğütlü in Turkish), downstream in Of-district. It is assumed that Kadahor was one of the original settlements in the area, which may explain its name and function as the central market-town of the upper valley.\nAccording to local oral histories, the valley functioned as an alternative trading route during the late medieval period connecting Trabzon - through the coastal town of Of - to Persia and beyond. At that time the valley was part of the Empire of Trebizond. On a hill overlooking Çaykara town, just west of the village Taşören, Çaykara (Zeleka), lies a ruined fortress which according to locals was constructed by Genoese traders. The Genoese also held the fortress town of Bayburt - south of Çaykara - which could be reached by the mountain pass near Sakarsu (modern Şekersu). Çaykara entered Ottoman rule in 1461, following the Ottoman conquest of the Empire of Trebizond by Sultan Mehmed II. According to Greek historiographers the valleys attracted residents of coastal cities who sought refuge from Ottoman taxation. While the population of the valley at that time was mostly made up of Greek-speaking Christians, the locals did have interactions with nomadic Turkish tribes on the summer pastures.\nAccording to the Ottoman tax books (tahrir defterleri) of 1486, there were 1277 people living in the historic villages that were located within the present-day Çaykara district (namely the villages of Ğorğoras (in Greek: Γοργορά), Holayisa, Paçan and Zeno (in Greek: Ξένος), where there were 235 houses (1 of them inhabited by Muslims, 234 of them by Christians.)\nDuring the Ottoman period the valley also housed a small number of Armenians, who had settled there in the villages Fotinos and Harhes after they had been attacked and chased-off from neighboring valleys by a clan leader called İslamoğlu Bey.\nAccording to the Ottoman tax books (tahrir defterleri) of 1681, the inhabitants of the villages of Ğorğoras, Holayisa, Paçan, Zeno, Yente, Haldizen, İpsil (in Greek: Υψηλή), Okene, Sero (Siros), Kadahor, Hopşera, Sarahos (in Greek: Σαχάρω), Fotinos (in Greek: Φωτεινός) and Zeleka had been fully converted to Islam. In 1681, there were 2100 people living in 380 houses, all of them Muslims. The villages in the valley had a well developed educational system; In the late Ottoman period the uplands of Çaykara housed dozens of seminaries, attracting students from across Anatolia. As a result, the region had one of the highest literacy rates in the empire, and many of the inhabitants of the valley registered surnames in the 19th century - well before other Muslim groups in Anatolia. This history of literacy is reflected in the many scientists, politicians, musicians, directors, etc. that came from the sparsely populated villages in the district. At times the valley also attracted small groups of settlers or refugees from other parts of the empire, such as Arabs from Maraş and Circassians from the Caucasus.\nIn 1915, during the Caucasus Campaign of World War I, Ottoman forces and local guerrillas fought the invading Russian army at the Sultan Murat Plateau (Turkish: Sultan Murat Yaylası 40°40′12″N 40°10′13″E), a high plateau 25 km (16 mi) southwest of Çaykara's town center. A monumental cemetery for the fallen Ottoman soldiers, named Şehitler Tepesi (Hill of Martyrs) is located there. The Russian army constructed a new road through the valley, connecting it to the Anatolian plateau south of the Pontic Mountains. The road was meant to function as an alternative supply route for the Russian forces in eastern Anatolia, as they were unable to hold the Zigana Pass south of Trabzon. Part of the road is still in use as the D915, which is recognized as one of the most dangerous roads in the world due to its many hairpins without guard rails.\nBecause of their Islamic identity, the inhabitants of Kadahor/Çaykara were not deported during the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923. A few dozen families from the valley that had retained their Christian beliefs chose to resettle in Macedonia, Greece, in the village of Nea Trapezounta (New Trabzon). Many families across the valley retain some contact with relatives in Greece.\nUntil 1925, Çaykara was a village bound to the Of district within Trabzon Province. In 1925, it became a bucak (subdistrict), and on 1 June 1947 it became an ilçe (district) of Trabzon Province. During the first half of the 20th century the mother tongue of the residents of the district remained the local Of-dialect of Pontic Greek (colloquially called 'Romeyka', or 'Rumca' in Turkish). Up until the first decade of the 21st century there were many elderly women who were monolingual in Romeyka. All of the permanently settled villages in the district were officially renamed in the 1960s. However, except for Çaykara and Uzungöl - which are the places where the community interacts with the state - these new Turkish names have not caught on. Local toponyms of Greek, Chaldian and Armenian origin such as the names of seasonal settlements, streams, hills and mountains remain in use. Only in the second half of the 20th century did the prevalence of 'Romeyka' start to dwindle among the younger generations.\nThrough a series of state-sponsored programs from the 1940s to the 1970s thousands of residents of Çaykara villages were offered resettlement in other parts of the Turkish Republic and Cyprus. Çaykarali's were settled in Van's Özalp district on the Iranian border (in the village of 'Emek'), in the city Kırıkhan on the Syrian border, in the villages Davlos, Flamoudi and Trikomo in Northern Cyprus, and in Muş province. There is also a settlement of people from Çaykara on the island Imbros, adjacent the Greek village Dereköy. These resettlements and subsequent migrations within and outside Turkey resulted in a stark decline of the population of the district - from around 40.000 people to just above 12.000. While some migrants were able to retain the use of Romeyka due to geographic isolation (those in Van) or contact with local Greek populations (those on Imbros and Cyprus), the use of the language in Çaykara district itself declined. It remains unclear if the linguistic background of the villages was a reason for the government-initiated programmes.", "", "The mother tongue of most inhabitants of the district above the age of 50 is the Of-dialect of Pontic Greek, Romeyka (i.e. 'language of the Romans'), which has been described as the living language closest to Ancient Greek. Due to the community's isolation the dialect retained many archaisms. The language is not taught outside the home, and for a long time it was discouraged to speak it at school. Still, some of the younger generation continue to speak the language, and many have at least a basic understanding of it. The Turkish Latin alphabet is used for communication on online platforms. There are about two dozen Grecophone villages in the district, making it the largest concentration of Greek speakers in the Turkish Republic. While locals generally don't like being addressed as Greek, they are proud of their linguistic heritage, which they use to communicate with Greek-speaking tourists. Inhabitants from Of and Çaykara also settled villages in neighboring Sürmene and Köprübaşı districts, a little further to the west. Thus there are also some pockets of Çaykara/Of-dialect Greek speaking villages in these other parts of Trabzon province. That the Of-dialect of Pontic Greek remained so virulent in this area is partly due to the fact that local imams educated and preached in this language until the second part of the 20th century. Many folk singers from the district have recorded songs in Romeyka. Native of Çaykara Vahit Tursun published a Turkish-Romeyka dictionary in 2019. Most residents of the district are also fluent in Turkish. The most popular musical instruments in the district are the kaval flute, and the kemençe violin.", "Many of the permanent residents of the district still live a life of transhumance, migrating with their cattle between two or three different settlements belonging to the same village; An agricultural settlement near the bottom of the valley, a logging village halfway up the mountain, and a hamlet on the summer grazing land above the tree line ('parharia' or 'yayla'). Most chalets on the yayla have their own dry stone-enclosed private field, but also share a larger enclosed meadow. The spatial structure and the ratio of public to private space differs widely between the yayla's, while there are some recurring patterns. Some of the hamlets have a strong egalitarian and communal structure, with all houses having just a small private garden of approximately the same size. In a few cases there are no private gardens at all. Other hamlets are made up of multiple generational kinship clusters, with each generation adding increasingly larger fields to their cluster. There are, however, also yayla's with a more individualistic spatial organisation. Cows roam freely on the yayla, seeking out the best alpine flowers. During the summer months herders guide their sheep through the mountains. On Tuesdays villagers head down to the local market at Çaykara town. In some villages the 'old new year' of the Julian calendar is celebrated on January 14 (called 'Kalandar'). Villagers dressed as folk characters go door to door making jokes and collecting food or supplies for a shared meal or other communal activity.", "In recent years the valley has become a major tourist attraction. During the summer months Lake Uzungöl attracts thousands of tourists on a daily basis. Especially in the vicinity of the lake dozens of small and medium-sized hotels have been built - often without a permit - leading to conflict with authorities. In 2019 the eclectic Uzungöl Dursun Ali İnan Museum was opened just east of the lake, showcasing objects relating to the history, culture, nature and geography of the district, as well as a large collection of tree root and trunk art. According to some researchers the state has used tourism as an instrument to subvert local culture through the 'festivalisation' of the celebrations related to the agricultural calendar and the transhumance landscapes.", "Within Çaykara district there are about 30 villages which are more or less permanently settled. These villages are listed north to south, with their Turkish and Greek names. In most cases these villages also have or share a distinct logging settlement, a lower communal pasture (called a 'kom' in Romeyka, 'mezire' in Turkish), and a hamlet on the high summer pasture ('parharia' or 'megalo kampos' in Romeyka, 'yayla' in Turkish). These smaller seasonally occupied places are not listed here.", ".\nIn the upper parts of Çaykara district there are six distinct yaylas (summer pastures), each with multiple hamlets. The most famous one of these is Sultan Murat Yaylası, which is shared by the hamlets Sıcakoba, Hanırmak, Şahinkaya, Eğrisu, Vartan and Cerah.", "Cevdet Sunay (1899), Fifth president of Turkey\nBehram Kurşunoğlu (1922), physicist\nOrhan Tekeoğlu (1957), film director\nYeşim Ustaoğlu (1960), architect and film director\nVahit Tursun (1966) publisher on local folklore, creator of Romeika - Turkish dictionary\nİhsan Eş (1971) folk singer, born in Germany, raised in Çaykara.\nYunus Vehbi Yavuz (1944) professor, academician, author\nYusuf Şevki Yavuz (1953) professor, academician, author\nSalih Sabri Yavuz (1962) professor, academician, author\nHasan Rami Yavuz (1909) scholar and lecturer, author\nKemal Yazıcıoğlu (1941) Bureaucrat, governor\nOsman Turan (1914) Professor, politician\nAli Rıza Uzuner (1926) Bureaucrat, ex-minister of labour\nIsmail Müftüoğlu (1939) Bureaucrat, ex-minister of justice\nA.Atilla Osmançelebioğlu (1947) Bureaucrat, governor\nNusret Miroğlu (1947) Bureaucrat, governor\nMurat Mollamahmutoğlu (1959) professor, academician\nSeyfullah Hacımüftüoğlu (1960) Bureaucrat, governor\nSebahattin Öztürk (1962) Bureaucrat, governor\nUlvi Saran (1958) Bureaucrat, academician, governor\nMevlüt Bilici (1961) Bureaucrat, governor\nIsmail Yüksek (1941) professor, academician, rector\nHikmet Öksüz (1965) professor, academician\nBekir Topaloğlu (1936) professor, academician, author\nYaşar Yazıcıoğlu (???) Bureaucrat, politician, author\nDevlet Toksoy (1967) professor, academician\nAli Fikri Yavuz (1924) scholar, author\nEyüp Aşık (1953) politician, ex-parliamenter\nIbrahim Cevahir (1938) businessman\nAtasoy Müftüoğlu (1942) researcher, author, thinker\nErol Zihni Gürsoy (1955) bureaucrat, governor\nAhmet Cemil Kara (1924) politician, ex-parliamenter\nAli Naci Tuncer (1939) bureaucrat, ex-parliamenter\nAyşe Doğan (1952) judge, member of supreme court\nKerim Aydın (1953) musician,\nMazhar Afacan (1940) businessmen, sportsman\nMehmet Gedik (1953) politician, ex-parliamenter\nMehmet Kara (1939) politician, ex-soldier\nMehmet Zekai Özcan (1950) bureaucrat, politician\nMurat Bölükbaş (1980) professional football player\nÜmit Teke (1980) professional football player\nZafer Cansız (1987) professional football player\nIsmail Yüksek (1963) scholar, academician, professor\nIsmail Inan (1918) politician, labour unionist\nHuseyin Demircioglu (1989) controls engineer\nMehmet Niyazoglu (1935) businessman, builder of Izmir Bus Terminal\nAhmet Cemal Niyazoglu (1944) theologist, researcher, author", "Trabzon Province\nTrabzon\nUzungöl\nPontic Mountains\nSultanmurat Plateau", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\nKaradeniz Ansiklopedik Sözlük: \"Kadahor\", by Özkan Öztürk. Istanbul, 2005.\nWinfield, A. B. D. - The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of The Pontos, vol. I, p. 323-324, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1985, Washington DC.\nHistory of Çaykara\nFor daring drivers only: the world’s scariest roads Yahoo Travel, 24 April 2015\nUzungöl’s long story (tr) Karar - 27 july 2019\n'The settlers in occupied Davlos speak Greek' (gr) Politis.com - 13 march 2018\nAgainst all odds: archaic Greek in a modern world Cambridge Group for Endangered Languages and Cultures, 1 July 2010\nSchreiber, L. (2015). Assessing sociolinguistic vitality: an attitudinal study of Rumca (Romeyka) (Doctoral dissertation, Thesis). Free University of Berlin.\nTurkish researcher publishes dictionary of endangered Greek language used in Trabzon Daily Sabah, 26 july 2019\nTrabzon museum to display goods made from tree roots Daily Sabah, 13 November 2018\nUzungöl Dursun Ali İnan Museum (tr) Kuzey Ekspres, 15 September 2019\nOf Conspiracies and Men: The Politics of Evil in Turkey Murat Altun (2016) Dissertation, University of Minnesota\nElias, N. (2016). This is not a Festival. Transhumance-Based Economies on Turkey's Upland Pastures. Nomadic Peoples, 20(2), 265-286.\nFurther reading\nMichael Meeker, A Nation of Empire: The Ottoman Legacy of Turkish Modernity, 2002\nMargarita Poutouridou, The Of valley and the coming of Islam: the case of the Greek-speaking Muslims, 1997\nErol Sağlam, Constitutive Ambiguities: Subjectivities and Memory in the Case of Romeika-Speaking Communities of Trabzon, Turkey, 2017\nSitaridou, I. Greek-speaking enclaves in Pontus today: The documentation and revitalization of Romeyka, 2013", "Çaykara district governor's official website (in Turkish)\nUzungöl Website\nImages of the Sultan Murat Plateau" ]

[ "Çaykara", "Etymology", "History", "Culture", "Language", "Transhumance", "Tourism", "Villages", "Yaylas", "Notable residents", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2709, 2710, 2711, 2712, 2713, 2714, 2715, 2716, 2717, 2718, 2719, 2720, 2721 ]

[ 13627, 13628, 13629, 13630, 13631, 13632, 13633, 13634, 13635, 13636, 13637, 13638, 13639, 13640, 13641, 13642, 13643, 13644, 13645, 13646, 13647, 13648, 13649, 13650, 13651, 13652, 13653, 13654, 13655, 13656, 13657, 13658, 13659, 13660, 13661, 13662, 13663, 13664, 13665, 13666 ]

[ "The village center" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Caykent%2C_Cayirli%2C_Erzinacn.jpg" ]

[ "Çaykent is a village in the Çayırlı district of the Erzincan Province, located in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. It lies on the right bank of the Karasu river, which is one of the two sources of Euphrates.\nÇaykent was known as Piriz prior to 1916, and was primarily settled by Armenians at the time", "According to the Turkish Statistical Institute, Çaykent had the population of 196 people as of 2019.", "\"Caykent, Turkey Elevation\". fallingrain.\n\"ERZİNCAN ÇAYIRLI ÇAYKENT KÖYÜ NÜFUSU\". Türkiye Nüfusu İl ilçe Mahalle Köy Nüfusları (in Turkish). Retrieved 16 May 2020.\n\"Population Of Municipalities, Villages And Quarters\". Central dissemination system. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 16 May 2020.\nSevan, Nişanyan. \"Turkish Toponyms: Çaykent\". Index Anatolicus.\n\"1965 Genel Nüfus Sayımı\". rapory.tuik.gov.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-05-16.\n\"1970 GENEL NÜFUS SAYIMI\". rapory.tuik.gov.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-05-16.\n\"1975 GENEL NÜFUS SAYIMI\" (in Turkish).\n\"1980 GENEL NÜFUS SAYIMI\". rapory.tuik.gov.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-05-16.\n\"1985 GENEL NÜFUS SAYIMI\". rapory.tuik.gov.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-05-16.\n\"1990 GENEL NÜFUS SAYIMI\". rapory.tuik.gov.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-05-16.\n\"2000 GENEL NÜFUS SAYIMI\". rapory.tuik.gov.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-05-16." ]

[ "Çaykent, Çayırlı", "Demographics", "References" ]

[ 2722 ]

[ 13667, 13668, 13669 ]

[ "Main street from south west to north east", "Koru station, the last station in Ankara M2 metro" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/%C3%87ayyolu_main_street.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Koru_station.jpg" ]

[ "Çayyolu is a suburb of Ankara, Turkey.", "Çayyolu at 39°53′N 32°42′E is situated to the west of Hacettepe University Beytepe campus, to the east of Ankara ring road and to the south of the Turkish state highway D.200. Its distance to the Ankara centrum is about 20 kilometres (12 mi). The core of the suburb is a former village named Kutuğun situated almost at the center of the Çayyolu suburb. In 1967 the village was renamed Çayyolu. Beginning by the next year, housing projects around the village transformed the rural area into an urban area. Up to 2012, it was a part of Yenimahalle ilçe (district). But in 2012, it was included in the Çankaya ilçe. Today Çayyolu is a modern suburb with parks, shopping malls, supermarkets, restaurants, coffeehouses, cinema halls a sports complex and a theatre named 125th Anniversary Çayyolu Stage.", "Currently in addition to Çayyolu there are eight neighborhoods; Alacaatlı, Dodorga, Konutkent, Koru, Mutlukent, Profesör Ahmet Taner Kışlalı, Ümitköy and Yaşamkent all of which collectively are known as Çayyolu. From east to west Mutlukent, Ümitköy, Koru, Konutkent and Yaşamkent are along the highway. The population of these neighborhoods as of 2015 and 2019 are shown in the table.", "The mass transportation between Ankara centrum and Çayyolu is via Ankara Metro M2. The last three stations of the metro namely, Ümitköy, Çayyolu and Koru are actually within the suburb.", "Map page\nÇayyolu page (in Turkish)\nLocal news (in Turkish)\nNeighborhood list\nÇankaya population page" ]

[ "Çayyolu", "Location and history", "Population", "Mass transportation", "References" ]

[ 2723, 2724 ]

[ 13670, 13671, 13672, 13673 ]

[ "Çeşme Marina", "Çeşme sea view", "Çeşme Beach", "Çeşme Atakum Beach", "Alaçatı Coastline", "Çeşme Atakum Beach", "Typical Ottoman houses in Çeşme", "Çeşme Castle, inside view.", "Yachts in Çeşme harbor", "Architecture of Çeşme", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 5, 5, 7, 7, 12, 12, 12, 12, 16, 16 ]

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[ "Çeşme ([ˈtʃeʃme]) is a coastal town and the administrative centre of the district of the same name in Turkey's westernmost end, on a promontory on the tip of the peninsula that also carries the same name and that extends inland to form a whole with the wider Karaburun Peninsula. It is a popular holiday resort and the district center, where two thirds of the district population is concentrated. Çeşme is located 85 km west of İzmir, the largest metropolitan center in Turkey's Aegean Region. There is a six-lane highway connecting the two cities (Otoyol 32). Çeşme district has two neighboring districts, Karaburun to the north and Urla to the east, both of which are also part of İzmir Province. The name \"Çeşme\" means \"fountain\" and possibly draws reference from the many Ottoman fountains that are scattered across the city.", "Turkish sources always cited the town and the region as Çeşme (or Cheshme) which is originally a Persian word since the first settlement 2 km south of the present-day center (Çeşmeköy) founded by Tzachas and pursued for some time by his brother Yalvaç before an interlude until the 14th century. The name Çeşme means \"spring, fountain\" in Persian (چشمه) and possibly draws reference from the many Ottoman fountains scattered across the city.", "The urban center and the port of the region in antiquity was at Erythrae (present-day Ildırı), in another bay to the north-east of Çeşme.\nMost probably, the ancient Greek polis of Boutheia (Βούθεια or Βουθία in ancient Greek) was situated in Çeşme. In the 5th century BC, Boutheia was a dependency of Erythrae and paid tribute to Athens as a member of the Delian League.\nThe town of Çeşme itself experienced its golden age in the Middle Ages, when a modus vivendi established in the 14th century between the Republic of Genoa, which held Chios (Scio), and the Beylik of Aydinids, which controlled the Anatolian mainland, was pursued under the Ottomans, and export and import products between western Europe and Asia were funneled via Çeşme and the ports of the island, only hours away and tributary to Ottomans but still autonomous after 1470. Chios became part of the Ottoman Empire in an easy campaign led by Piyale Pasha in 1566. In fact, the Pasha simply laid anchor in Çeşme and summoned the notables of the island to notify them of the change of authority. After the Ottoman capture and through preference shown by the foreign merchants, the trade hub gradually shifted to İzmir, which until then was touched only tangentially by the caravan routes from the east, and the prominence of the present-day metropolis became more pronounced after the 17th century. In 1770, the Çeşme bay became the location of naval Battle of Chesma between Russian and Ottoman fleets during Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774). After the Balkan Wars, Bosniaks mainly from Montenegro settled in the environs of Çeşme such as Alaçatı and Çiflikköy. Up until September 16, 1922 Greeks consisted the majority of Çeşme and its environs. In 1924 with the Population exchange Muslims from Greece mainly from Karaferye settled to the town.\nÇeşme regained some its former lustre starting with the beginning of the 19th century, when its own products, notably grapes and mastic, found channels of export. The town population increased considerably until the early decades of the 20th century, with immigration from the islands of the Aegean and the novel dimension of a seasonal resort center becoming important factors in the increase. The viniculture was for the most part replaced with the growing of watermelons in recent decades, which acquired another name of association with Çeşme aside from the thermal baths, surfing, fruits, vineyards, cheese, tourism, and history.", "In January 2021, archaeologists headed by Elif Koparal, announced the discovery of the ruins of a 2500 year-old temple of Aphrodite from the 5th century BC. Among other findings in and around the temple, they found a statue piece depicting a woman, a terracotta female head and an inscription that reads, \"This is the sacred area\". The traces of the temple were first excavated in 2016.", "A prized location of country houses and secondary residences especially for the well-to-do inhabitants of İzmir for more than a century, Çeşme perked up considerably in recent decades to become one of Turkey's most prominent centers of international tourism. Many hotels, marinas, clubs, restaurants, boutique hotels, family accommodation possibilities (pansiyon) and other facilities for visitors are found in Çeşme center and in its surrounding towns and villages and the countryside, as well as very popular beaches.\nÇeşme district has one depending township with own municipal administration, Alaçatı, where tourism is an equally important driving force as the district center area and which offers its own arguments for attracting visitors, as well as four villages: Ildırı on the coast towards the north, which is notable for being the location of ancient Erythrae, and three others which are more in the background, in terms both of their geographical location and renown: Germiyan, Karaköy and Ovacık, where agriculture and livestock breeding still forms the backbone of the economy. Some andesite, lime, and marble are also being quarried in the Çeşme area, while the share of industrial activities in the economy remains negligible. In terms of livestock, an ovine breed known as sakız koyunu in Turkish (literally \"Chios sheep\"), more probably a crossbreeding between that island's sheep and breeds from Anatolia, is considered in Turkey to be native to the Çeşme region, where it yields the highest levels of productivity in terms of their meat, their milk, their fleece, and the number of lambs they produce.\nPreparations such as jam, ice cream and desserts, and even sauces for fish preparations, based on the distinctively flavored resin of the tree pistachia lentiscus from which it is harvested, are among nationally known culinary specialties of Çeşme. The adjacent Greek island of Chios (sakız in Turkish is the name for both Chios and mastic resin) is the source of mastic resin. Some efforts to produce mastic resin (in Greek mastiche, μαστίχη) in Çeşme, where climate conditions are similar, but they failed to produce the aromatic mastiche. A number of efforts are being made to rehabilitate the potential presented by the mastic trees that presently grow in the wilderness, and to increase the number of cultivated trees, especially those planted by secondary-residence owners who grow them as a hobby activity. The fish is also abundant both in variety and quantity along Çeşme district's coastline.\nIn relation to tourism, it is common for the resorts along Çeşme district's 90 km coastline to be called by the name of their beaches or coves or the visitor's facilities and attractions they offer, as in Şifne (Ilıca), famous both for its thermal baths and beach, and in Çiftlikköy (Çatalazmak), Dalyanköy, Reisdere (also spelled Reis Dere), Küçükliman, Paşalimanı, Ayayorgi, Kocakarı, Kum, Mavi and Pırlanta beaches; Altunyunus, synonymous with a large hotel located in its cove; and Tursite, by the name of the villas located there. Some of these localities may not be shown on a map of administrative divisions The district area as a whole is one of the spots in Turkey where foreign purchases of real estate are concentrated at the highest levels.\nThe town of Çeşme lies across a strait facing the Greek island of Chios, which is only a few miles' away. There are regular ferry connections between the two locations, as well as larger ferries from and to Italy (Ancona, Bari, and Brindisi), used extensively by Turks living in Germany returning for their summer holidays.", "The town itself is dominated by Çeşme Castle. While the castle is recorded to have been considerably extended and strengthened during the reign of Ottoman sultan Bayezid II, sources differ as to their citation of the original builders, whether the Genoese or the Turks at an earlier time after the early 15th century capture. A statue of Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha (Cezayirli Hasan Paşa Monument), one of the naval commanders of the Battle of Çeşme is in front of the castle and the Pasha is depicted caressing his famous pet lion and facing the town square. The battle itself, although ended in Ottoman defeat, had seen Hasan Pasha pulling out honorably after having sunk the Russian flagship Sv. Evstafii, together with his own ship, after which he had to follow the main battle from the coast before joining the capital by way of land, where he rapidly rose to become a distinguished grand vizier.\nA few paces south of the castle, there is an Ottoman caravanserai built in the early centuries of the Ottoman conquest in 1528 by order of Süleyman the Magnificent, and it is now restored and transformed into a boutique hotel. The imposing but redundant 19th century Greek Orthodox church of Ayios Haralambos is used for temporary exhibitions. Along some of the back streets of the town are old traditional Ottoman houses, as well as Sakız house-type residences of more peculiar lines, for the interest of strollers.", "Some of the main districts of Çeşme are Alaçatı, Ilıca, Paşalimanı, Şifne, Ardıç, Boyalık, Dalyan, Ovacık, Ildır and Germiyan.", "Ilıca is a large resort area 5 km east of Çeşme to which it is attached administratively, although it bears aspects of a township apart in many of its characteristics. It is famed for its thermal springs, which is the very meaning of its name.\nIlıca started out as a distinct settlement towards the end of the 19th century, initially as a retreat for wealthy people, especially from İzmir and during summer holidays. Today, it is a popular destination for many. Mentioned by Pausanias and Charles Texier, Ilıca thermal springs, which extend well into the sea, are also notable in Turkey for having been the subject of the first scientifically based analysis in Turkish language of a thermal spring, published in 1909 by Yusuf Cemal. By his time the thermal springs were well-known both internationally, scientific and journalistic literature having been published in French and in Greek, and across Ottoman lands, since the construction here of a still-standing yalı associated with Muhammad Ali of Egypt's son Tosun Pasha who had sought a cure in Ilıca before his premature death.\nIlıca has a fine beach of its own, about 1.5 km long, as well as favorable wind conditions which make it a prized location for windsurfing.\nOne of the main landmarks of Ilıca is the Sheraton hotel.", "Çeşme is the third best surfing resort in the world. Alaçatı, a town located here, offers the ideal location for surfing, and this is where all the surfing schools are located. Surf Festivals take place here every year. Alaçatı is unique as the depth of the water does not go deeper than 1 meter for over 700 meters off shore and the area receives heavy winds.", "", "Çeşme is twinned with:\n Ancona, Italy\n Asciano, Italy\n Bakhchysarai, Ukraine / Russia\n Chios, Greece\n Dömös, Hungary\n El Mina, Lebanon\n Serpukhov, Russia\n Voula, Greece\n Wise, United States", "Mehmet Culum (born 1948), a novelist who based his books on stories from residents of various regions in western Turkey.", "", "Karaburun Peninsula\nCezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha\nBattle of Chesma", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\nHansen, Mogens H.; Nielsen, Thomas H. (2005). An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis. Oxford University Press. p. 1064.\nDaniel Goffman (2002). The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe. Cambridge University Press. pp. 152. ISBN 0-521-45908-7.\nJanuary 2021, Patrick Pester-Staff Writer 12 (12 January 2021). \"2,500-year-old temple to Greek love goddess unearthed in Turkey\". livescience.com. Retrieved 2021-05-21.\n\"Ruins of Aphrodite Temple found in Urla\". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 2021-05-21.\nAgency, Anadolu (2021-01-02). \"2,500-year-old Aphrodite temple discovered in Turkey's Izmir\". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 2021-05-21.\nGershon, Livia. \"Archaeologists in Turkey Unearth 2,500-Year-Old Temple of Aphrodite\". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2021-05-21.\n\"Fact sheet: Chios sheep\". Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University. Archived from the original on 2009-12-24.\nProf. Burçin ÇOKUYSAL (January 26, 2010). \"ECOLOGIC EVALUATION OF Pistacia lentiscus (MASTIC) IN ÇEŞME PENINSULA\". Retrieved September 16, 2011.\nAnother important tourist's resort to the east and not far from Çeşme and whose name is a derivative, Çeşmealtı, is not located within Çeşme district but in the neighboring Urla district, and faces the Gulf of İzmir on the opposite side of the same peninsula's isthmus.\n\"Tosun Paşa Yalısı'nın hikayesi (The story of Tosun Pasha Yalı)\". www.kurumsalhaberler.com (in Turkish). Kurumsal Haberler Institutional News Portal. 2008-06-18.\nhttp://veryturkey.com/destination-info/cesme/everything-about-alacati\nhttp://veryturkey.com/destination-info/cesme/surfing-and-surf-schools-in-cesme\n\"Kardeş Şehirlerimiz\". cesme.bel.tr (in Turkish). Çeşme. Retrieved 2020-01-22.", "\"Çeşme, 31p\" (PDF). www.izto.org.tr (in Turkish). İzmir Chamber of Commerce. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-28.\nPat Yale; Jean-Bernard Carillet; Virginia Maxwell; Miriam Raphael (2005). Turkey, section \"Çeşme\". Lonely Planet. pp. 211. ISBN 1-74059-683-8.\nDominic Whiting (2000). Turkey Handbook: The Travel Guide, section \"Çeşme\". Footprint Books, Bath. p. 260. ISBN 1-900949-85-7.", "Çeşme Travel Guide in English\nÇeşme Travel Guide in Istanbul to Çeşme\nÇeşme Interactive Map\nInformation about Çeşme\nÇeşme photos with explanations\nAbout Çeşme" ]

[ "Çeşme", "Name", "History", "Archaeology", "The region", "The town", "Districts of Çeşme", "Ilıca", "Windsurfing in Çeşme", "International relations", "Twin towns — sister cities", "Famous residents", "Gallery", "See also", "Footnotes", "Sources", "External links" ]

[ 2725, 2726, 2727, 2728, 2729, 2730, 2731, 2732, 2733, 2734, 2735 ]

[ 13674, 13675, 13676, 13677, 13678, 13679, 13680, 13681, 13682, 13683, 13684, 13685, 13686, 13687, 13688, 13689, 13690, 13691, 13692, 13693, 13694, 13695, 13696, 13697, 13698, 13699, 13700, 13701, 13702, 13703, 13704 ]

[ "Çeşme Castle from the west", "Çeşme Castle from the north", "", "" ]

[ 0, 3, 4, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Cesme_Castle%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/%C3%87e%C5%9Fme_Castle.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/TurkeyBodrumCastle.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/SilifkeKale4.jpg" ]

[ "Çeşme Castle is a historic castle in Çeşme, Turkey.", "The castle is located in Çeşme ilçe (district) of İzmir Province at 38°19′25″N 26°18′13″E. Its distance to İzmir is 35 kilometres (22 mi).Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Paşa Monument is in front of the castle and Çeşme Museum is a situated in the castle.", "During the Growth of the Ottoman Empire, Çeşme was attacked twice by the Venetians in 1472 and in 1501. The castle was built as a precaution against further attacks. It was built in 1508 during the reign of the Ottoman sultan Bayezit II. Its commissioner was Mir Haydar, the governor of Aidin Vilayet. It was originally a seaside castle but because of the alluvial deposits it is now slightly inland. The castle became a Tentative World Heritage Site in 2020.", "The rectangular plan castle has moats on three sides six bastions. It is used as a festival center. Both Çeşme International Music festival and Çeşme festival are held in the castle.", "Distance list (in Turkish)\nMinistry of Culture Çaşme branch\nSuvyapı page (in Turkish)\nTurkish info (in Turkish)\n\"Trading Posts and Fortifications on Genoese Trade Routes from the Mediterranean to the Black Sea\". UNESCO. Retrieved 17 April 2020." ]

[ "Çeşme Castle", "Location", "History", "Castle and the activities", "References" ]

[ 2736, 2737, 2738 ]

[ 13705, 13706, 13707 ]

[ "Museum entrance", "Busts of Çaka and Umur, two medieval Turkish admirals" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/%C3%87e%C5%9Fme_Museum.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Busts_in_%C3%87e%C5%9Fme_Museum.jpg" ]

[ "Çeşme Museum is a general interest museum in Çeşme ilçe (district) of İzmir Province, Turkey.", "It lies at 38°19′25″N 26°18′11″E within Çeşme Castle. The Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Paşa Monument is just in front of the museum and the Aegean Sea coast is about 60 metres (200 ft) to the west.", "The castle was commissioned by Sultan Bayezid II of the Ottoman Empire in 1502. In 1965, the museum was established as a weapons museum, but high moisture caused some rusting in the metallic parts of the weapons and the weapons were transferred to other museums. Beginning in 1984, the museum was redesigned as a general purpose museum.", "In one hall items from the Archaic, Roman and Byzantine eras such as terracotta figurines, oil lamps and pottery are exhibited. One hall is reserved for objects from rescue excavations of Idırı (Erythrae) such as terracotta figurines, silver and copper coins and amphorae. Another hall commemorates the Battle of Çeşme, an 18th-century battle fought in the bay of Çeşme. In this hall maps, posters, flags, medals as well as objects from the sunken Russian flagship are exhibited.", "Museum page (in Turkish)\nmekan 360 Touristic info (in Turkish)" ]

[ "Çeşme Museum", "Location", "History", "Exhibited items", "References" ]

[ 2739, 2740 ]

[ 13708, 13709, 13710 ]

[ "Location of Çekerek within Turkey.", "" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Yozgat_districts.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png" ]

[ "Çekerek is a town and district of Yozgat Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It is located in northeast of Yozgat province and it is 90 km (56 miles) far from there. According to 2019 census, population of the district is 22,863 of which 9,900 live in the town of Çekerek and remaining 12,963 people live in rural areas.", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.", "Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. \"Geographical information on Çekerek, Turkey\". Retrieved 2008-03-20.", "District governor's official website (in Turkish)\nGeneral information on Çekerek (in Turkish)" ]

[ "Çekerek", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2741, 2742 ]

[ 13711, 13712 ]

[ "Çekmeköy Alemdağ Neighborhood", "", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Istanbul_-_Cekmekoy_-_Alemda%C4%9F_Mahallesi_-_101._Street_24_November_2018_-_panoramio.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Istanbul_districts.png" ]

[ "Çekmeköy is a district in the Asian suburbs of Istanbul, Turkey. It became a district in 2009 by secession from Ümraniye. Also; Ömerli, Alemdağ, and Taşdelen villages, 17 quarter and four towns joined Çekmeköy district in the same year. Its first mayor, Ahmet Poyraz, was elected in the 2009 Turkish local elections from (AKP).", "\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\n\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05." ]

[ "Çekmeköy", "References" ]

[ 2743, 2744, 2745 ]

[ 13713 ]

[ "Location of Çelebi within Turkey.", "" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/K%C4%B1r%C4%B1kkale_districts.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png" ]

[ "Çelebi is a town and district of Kırıkkale Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. At the 2000 Turkish census the population of the district was 7,210, of whom 3,333 lived in the town of Çelebi.", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\nTurkish Statistical Institute. \"Census 2000, Key statistics for urban areas of Turkey\" (XLS) (in Turkish). Retrieved 2008-03-19.\nGeoHive. \"Statistical information on Turkey's administrative units\". Retrieved 2008-03-19.", "Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. \"Geographical information on Çelebi, Turkey\". Retrieved 2008-03-16.", "District governor's official website (in Turkish)\nDistrict municipality's official website (in Turkish)" ]

[ "Çelebi", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2746, 2747 ]

[ 13714, 13715 ]

[ "A view of the Çelebi Sultan Mehmed Mosque (2010)", "", "The inner wooden roof with the interior dome", "The main entrance of the mosque" ]

[ 0, 0, 2, 3 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/20100328_Bayezid_Mosque_Mehmed_I_Didymoteicho_Evros_Greece_1.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Greece_relief_location_map.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/20100328_Bayezid_Mosque_Mehmed_I_inside_Didymoteixo_Evros_Greece_3.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/20100328_Bayezid_Mosque_Mehmed_I_Didymoteicho_Evros_Greece_2.jpg" ]

[ "The Çelebi Sultan Mehmed Mosque (Turkish: Çelebi Sultan Mehmed Camii; Greek: Τέμενος Μεχμέτ Α'), also known as the Bayezid Mosque (Τέμενος Βαγιαζήτ) and the Great Mosque (Turkish: Büyük Camii or Ulu Camii), is an early 15th-century Ottoman mosque in Didymoteicho, East Macedonia and Thrace, in the far northeast of Greece.", "The 17th-century Ottoman traveller Evliya Çelebi records that the mosque was begun under Sultan Bayezid I (r. 1389–1402), but after his death at the Battle of Ankara and the turmoil that followed, it was interrupted. Construction was taken up again under Sultan Mehmed I (r. 1413–1421), and the mosque was completed and inaugurated in March 1420, as recorded in the inscription above the main entrance. A second inscription over a side-entrance records the name of the architect Ivaz ibn Bayezid, the builder (donor) Dogan ibn Abdullah and the local qadi, Seyid Ali, who supervised construction.", "The mosque is a square structure, approximately 30–32 m on each side, including the walls. The mosque is built with cast stone technique and faced with limestone ashlar blocks, and its external walls are ca. 2.2–2.7 m thick. There are two rows of windows, one at floor level and one above. The main entrance is on the south side, and secondary doors are on the eastern and western sides.\nFrom its layout, the building was apparently originally designed to be crowned by two large domes on the entrance axis, flanked by two smaller ones, while provision was made for addition of a portico surmounted by three smaller domes. The original design was abandoned and was replaced by a lead-covered wooden roof in the shape of a four-sided pyramid, which survives to this day. An interior roof of veneered wooden planks with a cupola, suspended below the actual roof, was added in the 17th century.\nThe interior space is divided by four square-piers into a central square, which served as the main prayer area, and four elongated spaces around it. The mihrab is located on the southern wall, with a fresco depicting a heavenly city above it. The other walls are decorated with quotes from the Quran, prayers and invocations. The minaret is located on the south-eastern corner. Its upper portion was demolished in 1912, during the Bulgarian occupation in the First Balkan War, when it was converted into a church dedicated to Saint George, but rebuilt in 1913 when the Turks recovered the town. A second balcony was added to the minaret at that time.", "The mosque is considered by Greek government officials one of the most important Muslim monuments, not only in Greece, but in all of Europe, as being the oldest mosque on European ground. It has been a protected monument since 1946.\nThe early 15th-century oak roof constitutes \"one of the most important wooden monuments in the world\" according to A. Bakirtzis, author of a study on Ottoman architecture in Greece. The original lead sheathing was removed in the Second World War, and was replaced post-war first with sheet-metal covers, and later again with lead ones. These were removed in 1998 for repairs to the roof, but work stalled, and the roof was covered by a protective membrane instead, but this was torn in 2008, when a piece of the minaret fell on it.\nThe structure remained in urgent need of repair, and was considered particularly endangered by a possible earthquake. Finally, on 23 November 2010, the Central Archaeological Council decided on the resumption of restoration work, which is to be funded by national sources as well as using EU funding programmes.\nIn the early hours of 22 March 2017, during the course of restoration work on the roof, the mosque caught fire. The fire was extinguished after a few hours, but the entire roof was destroyed; damage to the interior and the walls remains unknown.", "List of former mosques in Greece\nList of mosques in Greece", "\"Τέμενος Βαγιαζήτ\" (in Greek). Didymoteicho Municipality. 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2017.\nDadaki, Stavroula. \"Τέμενος Μεχμέτ Α΄\" (in Greek). Hellenic Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 9 August 2013.\n\"Çelebi Sultan Mehmet Camii\". ArchNet. Retrieved 9 August 2013.\nBaram, Uzi; Carroll, Lynda, eds. (2002). A Historical Archaeology of the Ottoman Empire: Breaking New Ground. Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 117. ISBN 0-306-46311-3.\nKotti, Angeliki (26 November 2010). \"Εργα αποκατάστασης στο τέμενος Βαγιαζήτ\" (in Greek). To Ethnos. Retrieved 9 August 2013.\nSykka, Giota (26 November 2010). \"Ανάσα ζωής στο Βαγιαζήτ τζαμί στο Διδυμότειχο - \"Ναι\" του ΚΑΣ για ένταξή του στο ΤΔΠΕΑΕ\" (in Greek). Kathimerini. Retrieved 9 August 2013.\n\"Εκτεταμένη η ζημιά από τη φωτιά στο τέμενος Βαγιαζήτ του Διδυμοτείχου\" (in Greek). in.gr. 22 March 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2017.", "Repair of the Bayezid Mosque. Didymoteicho: Delta TV. 2011-03-26. Event occurs at 00:00." ]

[ "Çelebi Sultan Mehmed Mosque", "Construction", "Structure", "Importance and preservation", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2748, 2749, 2750, 2751 ]

[ 13716, 13717, 13718, 13719, 13720, 13721, 13722, 13723, 13724, 13725 ]

[ "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 3, 3 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/CelikhanUhrturm.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Ad%C4%B1yaman_districts.png" ]

[ "Çelikhan (Kurdish: Komaşir‎) is a rural district of Adıyaman Province of Turkey. The mayor is Mustafa Bulut (AKP). Its population as of 2012 is 8,263. The city is populated by Kurds.", "The local council is controlled by the Justice and Development Party (AKP).", "Doğanşehir", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\n\"Adıyaman Çelikhan ilçesinin nüfusu, yüzölçümü, kısa tarihçesi ve köyleri\". Bölge Gündem Haber (in Turkish). 21 March 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2019.\nStatistical Institute\nAşiretler raporu (in Turkish). Kaynak Yayınları. 2014. p. 25. ISBN 978-975-343-220-7." ]

[ "Çelikhan", "Local politics", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2752, 2753, 2754 ]

[ 13726, 13727 ]

[ "Location of Çeltik within Turkey.", "" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Konya_districts.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png" ]

[ "Çeltik (Turkish: çeltik, \"paddy, rice in a husk\") is a town and district of Konya Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. According to 2000 census, population of the district is 14,460 of which 4,692 live in the town of Çeltik.", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\nTurkish Statistical Institute. \"Census 2000, Key statistics for urban areas of Turkey\" (XLS) (in Turkish). Retrieved 2008-03-23.\nGeoHive. \"Statistical information on Turkey's administrative units\". Retrieved 2008-03-23.", "Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. \"Geographical information on Çeltik, Turkey\". Retrieved 2008-03-23.", "District governor's official website (in Turkish)\nDistrict municipality's official website (in Turkish)" ]

[ "Çeltik", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2755, 2756 ]

[ 13728, 13729 ]

[ "Çemberlitaş, Fatih in 1905, with the Column of Constantine (here referenced as the \"Burnt Column\" (Colonne Brûlée) and the Gazi Atik Ali Paşa Mosque in the background." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/The_Column_of_Constantine_in_%C3%87emberlita%C5%9F_%2814668885112%29.jpg" ]

[ "Çemberlitaş (Turkish for 'Hooped Column') is a quarter in the Fatih district of Istanbul on the European side of the city. It takes its name from the Çemberlitaş Column, also known as the Column of Constantine, which stands beside the Çemberlitaş stop on the T1 tram line. \nÇemberlitaş abuts Sultanahmet to the east, Cağaloğlu to the north, Beyazit to the west and Gedikpaşa to the south.\nAt the heart of Çemberlitaş is a large square framed to the south by Divan Yolu with the tramline running along it. On the east side is Çemberlitaş Hamamı, a Turkish bath probably designed by the famous 16th-century Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan with separate sections for men and women (it's still in business today). Adjoining it is the crumbling 17th-century Vezir Hanı. The Nuruosmaniye Mosque forms the northern side of the square, running into the Grand Bazaar. On the south side of the tramline is the small mid-17th-century Köprülü Mosque built for the grand vizier Köprülü Mehmed Paşa.\nHeading west from the main square run a string of small mosques and religious complexes: the late 15th-century Atik Ali Paşa Mosque, the Koca Sinan Paşa complex and the Çorlulu Ali Paşa complex are on the north side of the tramline while the Kara Mustafa Paşa complex is on its south side.", "Çemberlitaş was originally the site of one of the major forums that ran along Divan Yolu. The original Forum of Constantine was an oval-shaped public arena surrounded by porticoes and filled with statuary. In 330 when he decided to make Byzantium the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, Constantine had a porphyry column erected in the middle of the forum with a statue of himself as Apollo on the top of it. The column was badly damaged by an earthquake in 416 since when it has been held together by iron bands. The statue on the top survived until1106 when it was replaced with a large cross that survived until the Conquest of İstanbul in 1453.", "http://en.firaret.com/cemberlitas-hotels-hotel-prices" ]

[ "Çemberlitaş, Fatih", "Forum of Constantine and the Çemberlitaş", "References" ]

[ 2757 ]

[ 13730, 13731 ]

[ "Entrance to the Hammam", "Seen from Divan Yolu Street", "Street view of the Cemberlitas Hamami and 'The Burnt Column'", "Exterior view of one of the domes", "Interior view of the men's sogukluk", "Front facing view of the entrance" ]

[ 0, 0, 2, 2, 4, 6 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Istanbul_-_panoramio_%28116%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/2013-01-02_%C3%87emberlita%C5%9F_Hamam%C4%B1_Istanbul.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/%C3%87emberlita%C5%9F_Hamam%C4%B1%2C_Sultanahmet%2C_Estambul_6143951115.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Rooftop_of_%C3%87emberlita%C5%9F_Hamam%C4%B1.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/%C3%87emberlita%C5%9F_Hamam%C4%B1_interior.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Cemberlitas_Hamami.jpg" ]

[ "Çemberlitaş Hamamı is a historical Turkish bath (Turkish: hamam) located on Divanyolu Street in the Çemberlitaş neighborhood of Istanbul, Turkey. It was constructed by Mimar Sinan in 1584.", "", "The Çemberlitaş Hamamı was commissioned by Nurbanu Sultan, the head of Istanbul's imperial harem after the death of her second husband Selim II. After his death, her first son ascended to the throne and she held the title \"Mother of the Sultan\". She was responsible for guarding the royal family and had the highest power to exercise administrative control over the imperial harem. In order to manage them she was given a stipend that increased with the number of the women in the harem. She used it to develop several charitable endowments which included the Çemberlitaş Hamamı.\nAs a charitable endowment, the main intention of the hamam was to serve Istanbulites, however, it fulfilled many other purposes. It was an addition to infrastructure which helped to communicate the power of the imperial family, and through its economic success, it funded the creation of new mosque complexes such as the Atik Valide Mosque complex in Istanbul.\nMimar Sinan is the credited architect of the Çemberlitaş Hamamı. However, in his five-volume autobiography which lays claim to all his completed works, the Çemberlitaş is only cited once in the fifth volume written after his death. When compared to the Atik Valide Mosque Complex which he lists in all five volumes, the Çemberlitaş Hamamı was likely built by the team of architects that worked under him and completed his smaller projects with little to no supervision.", "Çemberlitaş was built on Divan Yolu, a processional road from the Byzantine Era that once led to Rome. There were two separate sections for men and women. The men's front entrance was decorated with a gold thuluth inscription on a green background written by the poet Sa'i-I Da'i praising the patron Nurbanu Sultan and the hamam. In contrast, the women's entrance was placed in a discreet area with no decoration to preserve their modesty.\nThe first room of Çemberlitaş Hamamı through the entrance is a dressing room, or sogukluk, to change for the bath. The chambers are built of wood and space provides a lounge for socializing and a place to get refreshments after services were performed. Following that is the iliklik, or warm room, which is a narrow hallway to prepare for the hot room, or sicaklik, where people are bathed.\nThe sicaklik is a square room but with the placement of its 12 columns and bathing chambers and niches in recesses around the perimeter, it gives the illusion of a dodecagonal space. In the center is a heated marble slab, or göbektası, where bathers would lay to work up a sweat.\nIn the back of Çemberlitaş is the furnace, which provides centralized heat for the entire building. Modeled after ancient Roman heating systems, there is a hollow created between the bottom of the building and the foundation underneath where smoke and hot gases circulate and push through flues between the walls to heat the rooms, with someone fueling the fire.\nThe Çemberlitaş Hamamı allowed for a cultural gathering of the Turkish and led to great financial success. When referred to in economic reports listing the profit success rankings of the city, the Çemberlitaş was often listed above many other places of business such as shops, fields, gardens, and houses which were taxed for revenue.", "Çemberlitaş was located in a central area of Istanbul surrounded by mosques and near a bazaar so it serviced a large number of Istanbulites, mainly men. Due to its popularity, there were many different positions to work in the hamam. For the women's section, there was a hamam anasi or “mother of the hamam” as given by the literal translation. Some people oversaw the running of the hamam and a team of supervisors and fee collectors worked under them. There were cooks to make coffee and refreshments, a furnace stoker, laundrymen, bathhouse attendants, servants, and tellaks (people who bathed the customers).\n\nTellaks were often migrants or people who didn't have homes in Istanbul, and instead lived permanently in the hamam and sent a portion of their salary, which was made up of tips, to their family. Until the late 18th century, the majority of them were Albanian and the job was generational, with men following in the footsteps of their fathers to work there. Tellaks were chosen based on physical strength, appearance, and an approachable personality before being trained in the art of caring for their future customers by learning to wash hair, clean their bodies, and massaging them with the scrubbing glove.", "Multiple fires affected the Çemberlitaş Hamamı during its lifetime. During the Ottoman Empire, buildings like Çemberlitaş in Istanbul were built with stone and brick. The lack of a fire fighting unit also contributed to the amount of damage done by fire.\nIn July 1660, there was a fire that raged so intensely over two days that left Çemberlitaş and the area around it so devastated that rent at the hamam was slashed in half.\nThe region of Istanbul, Turkey is high in seismic activity so the area around the Çemberlitaş Hamamı is frequented with earthquakes. However, due to the hamams practice of alternating brick with layers of stone masonry, the Çemberlitaş Hamamı was able to absorb violent movements.\nThere were massive earthquakes in 1719, 1754, and 1766 along with a fire in 1782 that resulted in extensive structural damage to the hamam.", "Icareteyn is the practice of double renting and became popular in the eighteenth century so people would invest capital as a result of the decline of the Çemberlitaş' revenue. By allowing renters to become co-owners and not have to rent for limited terms it encouraged them to invest money in renovations and restorations rather than ditching the efforts after an earthquake or fire to the bathhouse they would have to give up months later. This lasted until 1829 when the hamam didn't need the financial help anymore.\nMost of the renovations we see now done to the Çemberlitaş Hamamı occurred during the nineteenth century when there was more of an effort to modernize turkey like its European counterparts.\nIn February 1667-8, around 6% of the Çemberlitaş income was spent on water conduits and unspecified repairs.\nIn 1768 a royal decree was issued prohibiting further construction of hamams as they were causing too much of a strain on the water and fuel supply. This allowed for the focus of hamams to be on the renovation and preservation of existing structures.\nIn 1770, there was work done on the inscription on the marble room dividers in the men’s hot room, evidenced by inconsistencies in the calligraphy.\nPrior to March 1786, there were again renovations made to the water conduits outside Istanbul that supplied the Çemberlitaş.\nThere were also renovations in 1790 to the interior and the roof of Çemberlitaş and waterways.\nIn 1805 the lead cover of the domes and water conduits and unspecified places.\nDuring the Tanzimat Period that took place from 1839-1876, Istanbul’s architecture was on reform, with more emphasis being placed on Byzantine monuments. Streets were remodeled to direct towards these relics of a powerful past, and bathhouses were rendered insignificant in comparison.\nMustafa Resit Pasa, an urban planner who had travelled to Europe on diplomatic missions admired European city planning and strived to recreate it in istanbul. In 1868, he renovated Divan Yolu around the Çemberlitaş Hamamı after a fire in 1865.\nSewers were installed, streets were widened and streets were to cut through blocks to point towards historic monuments, all of which required the partial demolition of part of the Çemberlitaş Hamamı and its dome, forcing the women’s section to be closed indefinitely.\nThe street level surrounding Çemberlitaş rose so much that a staircase was built to allow entry into the men's sogukluk and broken off diagonally so that women could access their own entrance to the women's iliklik.\nUntil December 2003, the women's sogukluk was converted to a restaurant serving traditional Anatolian food.", "With the ushering in of the Turkish Republic in 1922, bathhouses were rendered obsolete, often being completely destroyed to make way for new infrastructure. The Çemberlitaş Hamamı however, had a consistent influx of money almost entirely from tourists which allowed it to remain standing.\nAfter people started living in apartments with bathrooms the use of hamams became more and more obsolete, so the Çemberlitaş Hamamı was visited less out of necessity and more for the search of historical relics.\nTourism became the primary revenue for the Çemberlitaş Hamamı, as foreign visitors now make up the majority of visits to the hamam itself.\nHamams have held a high appeal by foreign tourists due to its romanticization in cultures as a sensuous experience in movies, artwork, and through the stories of travelers throughout the decades. Amongst these, orientalist paintings, films, travel, magazines, and guide books also contributed to the belief that hamams like the Çemberlitaş were worth visiting.\nOn the other side, many Turkish citizens consider historical relics like the Çemberlitaş Hamamı to hold cultural significance as a callback of the Ottoman empire.", "In the Indian city of Bhopal, the 18th century Hammam-e-Qadimi, was built in the style of Çemberlitaş Hamamı.", "\"History | Çemberlitaş Hamamı\". Cemberlitashamami.com. Retrieved 2013-01-24. \nMacaraig, Nina. Çemberli̇taș Hamamı in Istanbul: the Biographical Memoir of a Turkish Bath. Edinburgh University Press Ltd, 2019.\nErgin, Nina. “Bathing Business in Istanbul: A Case Study of the Cemberlitas Hamami in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries.” Bathing Culture of Anatolian Civilizations: Architecture, History, and Imagination, Peeters, 2011, pp. 142–169.\nCichocki, Nina. The Life Story of the Çemberlitaş Hamam: from Bath to Tourist Attraction.\nNath, Rabindra (8 January 2018). \"400-year-old Turkish spa a big hit in Bhopal\". The Asian Age. Retrieved 28 February 2018." ]

[ "Çemberlitaş Hamamı", "Creation", "The Patron and the Architect", "Architectural Elements", "Employees", "Signs of Wear and Tear", "Renovations/Modernization", "Conversion to Tourist Attraction", "Architectural influence", "References" ]

[ 2758, 2759, 2760, 2761, 2762, 2763 ]

[ 13732, 13733, 13734, 13735, 13736, 13737, 13738, 13739, 13740, 13741, 13742, 13743, 13744, 13745, 13746, 13747, 13748, 13749, 13750, 13751, 13752, 13753 ]

[ "", "Miniature of an Ottoman çeng", "Azerbaijani stamp with an image of a woman playing a çeng.", "Relief of the wall of Trajan representing a procession of singers and musicians in the honor of the Monthu at Medamoud.", "Oud, çeng, and def in the palace garden. Early 16th century. From I. Ahmed's collection.", "Changi", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 9, 9, 9, 9 ]

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[ "The çeng is a Turkish harp. It was a popular Ottoman instrument until the last quarter of the 17th century.\nThe ancestor of the Ottoman harp is thought to be an instrument seen in ancient Assyrian tablets. While a similar instrument also appears in Egyptian drawings.\nThe çeng belongs to the family of instruments known in organology as \"open harps\", which are further divided into the \"bow harps\" and the \"square harps\". The çeng is in the latter groups.", "Of the square harps used for 2,500 years in not only the Middle East but in Central Asia and the Far East as well, the Ottoman çeng was the last to fall into disuse.\nThe father of the Ottoman çeng, which in Ottoman poetry was a metaphor for one in love doubled over in agony from a lover's cruelty, was the Iranian çeng. But in Istanbul, the instrument gained certain features. Writers such as Safiyüddin Urmevî (−1294) and Abd al-Qadir Maraghi\n(1350-60-1435) gave detailed information on the çeng. The Persian manuscript, Kenzü't-Tuhaf, written in the 14th century, gives a good deal of information on the çeng. But the poetical work of the 15th-century poet Ahmed-i Dâî titled Çengname put the çeng in a very privileged place among the other Ottoman instruments. This was because no such work had ever been written – poetically or prosaically – about any other Ottoman instrument. Besides the \"market paintings\", which were made by folk painters outside the palace for European travelers, most of which are to day in European museums, there are many miniatures depicting the çeng along with other instruments, in albums such as the Sehinsahname, the Süleymanname, the Album of Ahmed I and the Surnâme-i Hümâyûn. A careful examination of these reveals the following:\n1. The çeng was played by both men and women.\n2. Miniatures depicting the çeng show it accompanying talks by poets and learned men than on the stage.\n3. Though it is difficult to speak of a standard size of çeng, it becomes clear that there were two sizes of the instrument. The first, the \"kucak çengi\" (lap çeng) was small and played indoors, seated. The second was the \"açık hava çengi\", which was quite large and played standing up. The kucak çengi was played with the pegboard on the player's left knee; the açık hava çengi rested on a long foot that went between the player's legs, and tied around the waist by a belt attached to the lower part of its body (that is, the resonator).\n4. The çeng's resonator was constructed in two ways, either curved or straight. While the curved resonator is encountered in Iranian, Arab, Uygur, Chinese and even Japanese miniatures, the straight resonator appears only in Ottoman miniatures.\nPossibly, when the Ottomans adopted the çeng that came from Iran, another closed harp descended from the Phoenician harp was in use in the Byzantine period. After the Iranian-derived Ottoman çeng was abandoned, the above-mentioned triangular harp was in use in Istanbul, especially in some homes in the Pera district. The fact that in miniatures this instrument, which we can claim was never played in the palace, is shown in the hands of women in palace attire, is not difficult to explain. The market painters were not like the palace artists, who were closely familiar with palace life. For this reason, elements of palace life were mixed with those of outside life.", "(Georgian: ჩანგი) (čangi) A Georgian traditional instrument called the changi is preserved only in one region of Georgia: the Svaneti (western Svanetian Changi mountainous part). The changi consists of two main parts: body and supplementary elements, which are represented by keys and tuners. The body consists of horizontal and vertical parts. The horizontal part the resonator is made out of a long hollowed tree and has the shape of a semi-cylinder. Plate of about 4 mm with a small curvature in the middle is nailed onto it. The plate has six notches for buttons to fasten the strings, they are fastened at the same distance from the sides of the resonator. The vertical part is straight and flat. It has holes for the tuners. The tip of the vertical part is inserted into the horizontal part forming a right angle. On both parts small wooden sticks are nailed parallel to the strings. The changi is mainly made of softwood; the most popular material is fir, but sometimes pine is used. The changi has 6 or 7 strings. The tuning of a six-string Changi is \"fa\", \"sol\", \"la\", \"si\", \"do\", \"re\". The seven-string changi has the same tuning but its scale begins with \"mi\". Special proportions are kept by changi \"Deer\" the instrument makers when designing changi. It is mostly played by women and is generally used for accompaniment. Solo songs are often accompanied with it. But melodies performed on this instrument represent the transcription of Svanetian national \"Saperkhulo\" (a dance) melodies not the original instrumental music. Only one changi is used while accompanying solo melodies. Nevertheless, combining chuniri and changi into ensembles was quite frequent. The changi is quite popular in Svaneti. It was considered to be the instrument of \"sorrow\". According to the sayings, it was often played to comfort a person in his grief. There is a legend connected with Changi that tells us the story of an old man whose son was killed in a war and who found an expression of his grief in a sad melody of his changi. The changi, in the Svanetian language, is also called in Svanetian changi \"Shimekvshe\", which means a broken arm. The Svanetian changi is recognized to be one of the most ancient string instruments. It has existed since the 4th century B.C. It is worthy of note that one of the most ancient nations, the Sumerians, who lived in western Asia and are thought to have been closely connected with the ancestors of the Georgians, with ties of kinship, had a similar instrument that looked like the Svanetian harp. There is a supposition about the origin of the changi, according which it must have been originated from a bow. This weapon is not a particular nation's invention. Thus, the changi could have been invented independently in different nations. The instruments similar to Changi were widespread in many ancient Eastern counties: in Egypt, Shumereti, Babylon, Iran, China, Greece, etc.\nTuning of the six-stringed changi: f – g – a – h – c1 – d1.\nTuning of the seven-stringed changi: e – f – g – a – h – c1 – d1.\nThe traditional technique of making a Svanetian changi was inscribed on the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Georgia list in 2015.", "Triangular harp of Abkhazia similar to the Georgian changi, with 14 horsehair strings. Formerly it was widespread as an instrument on which singers played their own accompaniments.", "Triangular harp of Ossetia with a hollowed body and arc-shaped neck usually terminating in a curved horse's head (or an aurochs's head). The instrument has 12 diatonically tuned horsehair strings of which eight (treble) are white and four (bass) black.\nThe duadastanon was regarded as the instrument of heroes and only men were allowed to play it, accompanying the recitation of the Nart epic tales, as weIl as lyrical, love and children's songs.", "A horizontal angular harp belonging to the Mansi people. The body is hollowed out of a piece of wood, one end of it is bent upwards forming a neck, sometimes adorned with a carved bird's head. It has from five to nine (usually eight) strings producing a diatonic scale, played by plucking.", "In the late 20th century, instrument makers and performers began to revive the çeng, with newer designs incorporating advanced tuning mechanisms such as those found on the kanun. Tone bending is also possible, by pressing on the string behind the bridge. Whereas the soundbox on the old çeng was on the upper part of the instrument, modern instruments have the soundbox on the lower part. \nIn 1995, Fikret Karakaya, a kemençe player from Turkey, made a çeng using the descriptions in the masnavi \"Çengname\" by the Turkish poet Ahmed-i Dai, and from Iranian and Ottoman miniatures from the 15th and 16th centuries. He presently plays and records with the instrument.\nThe second çeng in Turkey was recently made by Mehmet Soylemez, an instrument maker and master's degree graduate student at Istanbul Technical University, for Şirin Pancaroğlu, the primary harpist of Turkey. She has started to explore this ancient instrument and will soon record with it.\nIn the United States, New England Conservatory of Music ethnomusicology professor Robert Labaree plays and records with the instrument.", "Konghou\nMusic of Egypt", "\"არამატერიალური კულტურული მემკვიდრეობა\" [Intangible Cultural Heritage] (PDF) (in Georgian). National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia. Retrieved 25 October 2017.\n\"UNESCO Culture for development indicators for Georgia (Analytical and Technical Report)\" (PDF). EU-Eastern Partnership Culture & Creativity Programme. October 2017. pp. 82–88. Retrieved 25 October 2017.", "Musical Instruments of the Peoples Inhabiting the USSR. State Publishers Music. Moscow, 1975." ]

[ "Çeng", "History", "Changi", "Ayumaa", "Duadastanon", "Tor-sapl-yukh", "Modern times", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2764, 2765, 2766, 2767, 2768, 2769, 2770, 2771, 2772 ]

[ 13754, 13755, 13756, 13757, 13758, 13759, 13760, 13761, 13762, 13763, 13764, 13765, 13766, 13767, 13768, 13769, 13770, 13771, 13772, 13773 ]

[ "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 4, 4, 4, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Rahmi_M._Ko%C3%A7_Museum%2C_Ankara.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Ankara_september_2011_9289.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Ankara_september_2011_9283.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Ankara_september_2011_9284.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Ankara_september_2011_9285.jpg" ]

[ "The Çengelhan Rahmi M. Koç Museum (Turkish: Çengelhan Rahmi M. Koç Müzesi) is a technology museum in Ankara, Turkey.", "The museum is in the old quarters of Ankara known as historic Atpazarı (literally: Horse market), facing the Ankara Citadel. It is at an altitude of 950 metres (3,120 ft) slightly higher than the rest of the city.", "The museum is situated in a historic inn (Turkish: han), called Çengelhan (literally: Hooks inn). According to an inscription on the main gate, the inn was built in 1523 during the reign of Ottoman Sultan Suleyman I. Later, it was used as a warehouse for mohair, which was a speciality of Ankara. During the Republican era, it was owned by the General Directorate of Foundations of Turkey. In 2003, it was rented to industrialist, Rahmi M. Koç, to be used as a museum. After a restoration period, it was opened in 2005.", "The lower floor is reserved for a carpet gallery, agricultural machinery and pharmaceutical exhibits. Machines, medicine, everyday life tools and road transport vehicles are exhibited on the ground floor, along with a brasserie (café). The upper floor contains exhibits of rail transport items, toys, and instruments for communications, science, maritime and navigation. There are also sections about Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of modern Turkey; Vehbi Koç, Rahmi Koç's father and one of the first industrialists of Turkey, and Ankara city.", "", "Museum page\nMuseum guide, (Rahmi M.Koç Müzesi-Çengelhan)" ]

[ "Çengelhan Rahmi M. Koç Museum", "Geography", "History", "The museum", "Gallery", "References" ]

[ 2773, 2774, 2775, 2776, 2777 ]

[ 13774, 13775, 13776, 13777 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/%C3%87engelk%C3%B6y.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Location_map_Istanbul.png" ]

[ "Çengelköy is a neighborhood in the Üsküdar district on the Asian shore of the Bosphorus strait in Istanbul, Turkey, between the neighborhoods of Beylerbeyi and Kuleli. It is mainly a residential district. Many mansions were built there in the Ottoman period. \nFrom the 6th century, the port of Çengelköy was called Sophianai because of the palace Justin II built nearby for his consort Sophia. \nThe name Çengelköy means \"hook village\" and indeed the village is nestled around a sharp turn of the Bosphorus shoreline, but the origin of the name is uncertain. One story put forward is that the village is named after the 19th-century Ottoman admiral Çengeloğlu Tahir Pasha, who had a waterside mansion built there (and there is a Çengeloğlu Street in Çengelköy). Another story derives the name from the Persian word çenkar, \"crab,\" because of the abundance of seafood in the Bosphorus there. A 16th-century Ottoman document apparently refers to the place as \"Çenger köyü.\" \nÇengelköy is world-famous for the small cucumbers once grown there (now grown in Kandıra).\nOpened in 2015, the Mehmet Çakır Cultural and Sports Center, consisting of six indoor swimming pools, is the biggest sports complex on the Anatolian part of Istanbul.\nThe Vahdettin Pavilion, also known as the Çengelköy Pavilion, an official residence of the Presidency and a state guest house, is situated on a hill in Çengelköy.", "The Çengelköy Campus of Tarabya British Schools is located in this neighbourhood.", "Öykü Kabakcı\nMurphy", "Eyice (1976), pages 55-56.\nHürel (2008), page 107.\nEyice (1976), page 56.\n\"Anadolu Yakasının En Büyük Spor Merkezi Çengelköy'de\" (in Turkish). Üsküdar. 2015-06-04. Retrieved 2015-10-06.\n\"Contact Us\". Tarabya British Schools. Retrieved 2019-07-09.", "Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. \"Geographical information on Çengelköy, Istanbul\". Retrieved 2008-11-22.\nPrinted sources\nBelge, Murat (1993). İstanbul Gezi Rehberi (in Turkish). Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları. ISBN 978-975-333-002-2. Retrieved 2008-11-22.\nEyice, Semavi (1976). Bizans Devrinde Boğaziçi. Edebiyat Fakültesi Basımevi.\nHürel, Haldun (2008). Semtleri, Mahalleri, Caddeleri ve Sokakları A'dan Z'ye İstanbul'un Alfabetik Öyküsü. İkarus. ISBN 978-975-999-290-3." ]

[ "Çengelköy", "Education", "Notable People", "Notes", "References" ]

[ 2778, 2779 ]

[ 13778, 13779, 13780 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Cengellerkoyu3.jpg" ]

[ "Çengeller is a village in the District of Gölpazarı, Bilecik Province, Turkey. As of 2010, it had a population of 88 people.", "\"Population of city, towns and villages - 2010\". Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 17 December 2012." ]

[ "Çengeller, Gölpazarı", "References" ]

[ 2780 ]

[ 13781 ]

[ "Cerciz Topulli And Mihal Grameno in 1908 or 1909.", "Guerilla band (çetë) of Çerçiz Topulli and Mihal Grameno in the late Ottoman period" ]

[ 3, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Cerciz_Topulli_And_Mihal_Grameno.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/BASA-1932K-1-433-8.jpg" ]

[ "Çerçiz Topulli (20 September 1880 – 17 July 1915) was an Albanian revolutionary and guerrilla fighter involved in the national movement operating in the mountainous areas of southern Albania. He was the younger brother of Bajo Topulli. He was known for fighting the Ottomans in 1907 and 1908 and then after they left, the Greeks in 1913 and 1914 during the Balkan Wars.", "Çerçiz Topulli was a Tosk Albanian, scion of a notable family of Gjirokastra, born to Ago Topulli and Hasije, daughter of Laze Mullai from Kardhiq.", "During early 1906, he and his brother Bajo founded the first Albanian armed guerrilla band. The group was active for three years, with both brothers taking a winter break during 1906-1907 and spending it in Sofia and Bucharest. Both brothers had been professionals who decided to engage in guerilla warfare after leaving the comforts of town life. The guerilla band viewed the Ottoman regime of Abdul Hamid II along with Greeks and Slavs as the enemy.\nIn the spring of 1907, he and Mihal Grameno formed a band of guerrillas in Sofia to fight for Albanian interests. In April of that year, the band landed in Vlora, having entered the country from Brindisi. The purpose was to spread Albanian national consciousness among the people, including the immediate need for administrative autonomy for Albanians within the Ottoman Empire. They also brought books in Albanian for the people. He wrote an article \"From the Mountains of Albania\" in the journal \"The Hope of Albania\" in its issue. In that article he condemned the many thefts that the Turkish administration would commit towards the Albanians and asked for full independence of Albania. In the article he made calls for an armed insurgency. Soon campaigns of agitation were prepared so as to lead an armed uprising in 1908.\nThe armed bands of Çerçiz Topulli cooperated and were on good terms with armed groups of Bulgarian-Macedonian revolutionaries operating in the Lake Prespa region and Kastoria area, a bond formed due to their hostility toward Greeks.\nOn 25 February 1908, Çerçiz and his followers had assassinated the Ottoman Binbaşı (Lieutenant Colonel) of Gjirokastër, who had brutally suppressed those Albanians working for Albanian political ends. Five of them, including Çerçiz Topulli, then fled to Mashkullorë, a village near the town of Gjirokastër. On 18 March they were surrounded in Mashkullorë by Ottoman forces from Yanya (modern Ioannina). The Ottoman force of 150 troops vastly outnumbered Çerçiz's kachaks. However, Topulli and his fighters managed to keep the Ottomans at bay from dawn until dusk and then fled into the mountains, an event which was later celebrated in folk ballads.", "During the Young Turk Revolution (1908), Adjuntant Major Ahmed Niyazi Bey devoted his energies toward recruiting Çerçiz whom he regarded as \"the Chief of the Tosk Committee of Albanians\". Niyazi sent a letter to Topulli inviting him for a meeting to talk about conditions for a union with the Young Turks (CUP).\nRepresentatives from Topulli met with Niyazi in Korçë. Albanian delegates accused the Turks of lacking commitment to Ottomanism resulting in their struggle to defend themselves from foreigners and Ottomans while Niyazi replied that Turks made much effort toward promoting Ottomanism with the creation of the CUP being evidence of that endeavour. After the discussion Albanian delegates accepted the CUP invitation. All joined through an oath ceremony and were enrolled with promises to bring Topulli and other prominent Albanian committee members for a final meeting to talk about details of the agreement.\nHyrsev Starova Bey, a local Albanian notable and friend of Niyazi's father was tasked with arranging the meeting that was scheduled to occur in Pogradec. Hyrsev also contacted Hysen Baba, an Albanian Bektashi sheikh from the Melçan tekke who acted as mediator between Topulli and Niyazi that influenced the latter along with other brigand leaders to support the CUP cause. Niyazi viewed the meeting as mainly unimportant due to local Albanians already pledging allegiance to the CUP. During negotiations with Albanian committee members the significance of Albanian participation made Niyazi remark that \"most of the leaders and partisans of [the movement for] constitutional administration were not Turkish\". The Korçë Albanian committee lent support to Niyazi and at the request of the CUP called upon guerillas based in the mountains around Korçë to join Ottoman insurgent bands with the Ohri Albanian committee heeding the directive. Topulli was hard pressed by fellow Albanians to meet with Niyazi to talk about joint action and he arrived in Pogradec with his band on 21 July 1908. An oath of alliance was made by Topulli for the CUP cause. \nOttoman documents depicted as the most important Albanian band being the group under Topulli's command consisting of 50 individuals, \"Muslims and Bulgarians\" while there is no clarity about if these Bulgarians belonged to the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) or they just joined to fight Greek bands. Niyazi described that Albanian Tosk bands and Bulgarian bands had been united under Topulli in Ohri. Topulli's guerilla band gave important support to Niyazi and his forces during their capture of the Resne garrison and the event was a small military victory in the campaign to oust the Hamidian regime. During July 1908, Topulli attempted to take the town of Korçë, but his forces were pushed back by Ottoman troops. On 23 July Niyazi met with guerilla leaders Topulli and Mihal Grameno in Resne where he expressed his gratitude and viewed the declaration of the CUP constitution as advantageous for the Albanian nation. Topulli alongside Niyazi and Grameno appeared in photographs taken by the Manakis brothers during the revolution.\nIndividuals that were less prominent \"heroes\" of the revolution like Topulli had their image distributed through media tools of the time. For example on postcards Topulli appears in an image alongside Atıf Bey and Adem Bey symbolising the cooperation of different communal groups of people involved in the revolution.\nWhen the Ottoman Young Turks took power, he organized patriotic societies and assisted in the opening of Albanian-language schools. \nDuring the 31 March Incident, among the 15,000 volunteers assisting the larger Ottoman army Topulli along with Bajram Curri mobilized 8,000 Albanians that put down the revolt in Istanbul.\nOn 29 May 1909, Çerçiz Topulli founded in Gjirokastër a secret society called Kandilja (The Candle), an underground çeta group.\nTopulli, a former ally of the CUP commented that there was no further need \"to shed a single drop of blood for the Turks anymore\". He was of the view that Albanians were \"one of the most perfect branches of the Caucasian races\" and had no commonalities with an empire whose roots were from peoples originating from the Asian steppe.", "After the proclamation of the independence of Albania on 28 November 1912 Topulli was also active in the defense of national interests after independence.\nTopulli went to the north to help with the efforts against Montenegrin forces. He was killed in the Fusha e Shtoit (Shkodër) from the Montenegrin forces .\nIn 1937 his bones were brought back to Gjirokastër.", "Çerçiz Topulli subordinated religious differences and every other consideration to this goal of national liberation:\n\"Each Muslim has a duty to die for a Christian because he is blood of his blood; in the same way each Christian should die for a Muslim who is likewise blood of his own blood.\nTopulli was a strong advocate against the Ottomans:\n\"We go with rifle in hand, out into the mountains, to seek freedom, justice, civilization and progress for all ... to expel the Turks from our dear Motherland.\"", "Gingeras 2016, pp. 32, 67.\nDr. SHYQYRI HYSI (19 March 2008). \"100 vjet nga Lufta e harruar e Mashkullores\". Gazeta Albania (in Albanian). Archived from the original on 23 July 2011.\nBlumi 2011, p. 21.\nClayer 2007, p. 320.\nZaho Golemi (2016). \"Çerçiz Topulli dhe çeta flamur lirie: Me rastin e 110 vjetorit të krijimit të çetës së Çerçiz Topullit\" (PDF). mbrojtja.gov.al. Mbrojtja. pp. 46–51. Retrieved 6 February 2020.\nGawrych 2006, p. 147.\nSkendi 1967, p. 210.\nSkendi 1967, pp. 210–212.\nElsie, Robert (2010). Historical Dictionary of Albania. Scarecrow Press. p. 449-450. ISBN 9780810873803.\nHaid, Gerlinde (2008). European Voices: Multipart Singing in the Balkans and the Mediterranean, Volume 1. ISBN 9783205780908.\n\"Kush e vrau Bimbashin turk?\".\nGawrych 2006, p. 148.\nGawrych 2006, p. 150.\nGingeras 2016, p. 32.\nClayer, Nathalie (2007). Aux origines du nationalisme albanais: La naissance d'une nation majoritairement musulmane en Europe [The origins of Albanian nationalism: The birth of a predominantly Muslim nation in Europe]. Paris: Karthala. p. 572. ISBN 9782845868168.\nHanioğlu 2001, p. 257.\nGawrych 2006, p. 151.\nHanioğlu 2001, pp. 257, 466.\nClayer 2007, pp. 572, 589.\nHanioğlu 2001, p. 258.\nSkendi, Stavro (1967). The Albanian national awakening. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 340–341. ISBN 9781400847761.\nKansu 1997, p. 91.\nHanioğlu 2001, p. 466.\nBlumi 2011, p. 116.\nBlumi, Isa (2011). Reinstating the Ottomans, Alternative Balkan Modernities: 1800–1912. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 4, 6. ISBN 9780230119086.\nÖzen 2017, p. 23.\nÖzen, Saadet (2017). \"The Heroes of Hürriyet: The images in Struggle\". In Lévy-Aksu, Noémi; Georgeon, François (eds.). The Young Turk Revolution and the Ottoman Empire: The Aftermath of 1918. I.B.Tauris. pp. 30–31. ISBN 9781786720214.\nGawrych, George (2006). The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913. London: IB Tauris. p. 167. ISBN 9781845112875.\nGingeras, Ryan (2016). Fall of the Sultanate: The Great War and the End of the Ottoman Empire 1908-1922. Oxford University Press. p. 67. ISBN 9780191663581.\nhttp://korcajone.net/forum/showthread.php?t=1831\nsq:Çerçiz Topulli", "Hanioğlu, M. Șükrü (2001). Preparation for a Revolution: The Young Turks, 1902-1908. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199771110.\nKansu, Aykut (1997). The Revolution of 1908 in Turkey. Brill. ISBN 9789004107915." ]

[ "Çerçiz Topulli", "Biography", "Armed resistance", "Young Turk Revolution (1908) and post revolution", "After independence", "Quotations", "References", "Bibliography" ]

[ 2781, 2782 ]

[ 13782, 13783, 13784, 13785, 13786, 13787, 13788, 13789, 13790, 13791, 13792, 13793, 13794, 13795, 13796, 13797, 13798, 13799, 13800, 13801, 13802, 13803 ]

[ "", "Location of Çerkeş within Turkey.", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/%C3%87erke%C5%9F_-_panoramio.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/%C3%87ank%C4%B1r%C4%B1_districts.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png" ]

[ "Çerkeş is a town and district of Çankırı Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey.", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\nFalling Rain Genomics, Inc. \"Geographical information on Cerkes, Turkey\". Retrieved 2008-03-13.", "District municipality's official website (in Turkish)" ]

[ "Çerkeş", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2783, 2784, 2785 ]

[ 13804 ]

[ "Aerial view of Çerkezköy District's industrial area between the towns of Kapaklı (upper left), Karaağaç (lower left), Çerkezköy (right), and Kızılpınar (lower right) (October 2016)", "", "" ]

[ 3, 7, 7 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/2016.10-446-021a_aerial_view_%C3%87erkezk%C3%B6y_District%2CTurkey_thu06oct2016-1414h_UTC%2B2%28CEST%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Tekirda%C4%9F_districts.png" ]

[ "Çerkezköy is a town and district of Tekirdağ Province in the Marmara Region of Turkey.", "Çerkezköy is located in inland Thrace just to the west of the outlying Istanbul districts of Çatalca and Silivri. Çerkezköy is an industrial area. It is 56 km (35 mi) from Tekirdağ and 110 km (68 mi) from Istanbul but in many ways has closer links to the bigger city. The district covers an area of 326 km² (126 sq mi). The total population is 146,319 (as of 2016.) The mayor is Vahap Akay (CHP).", "Until the 1800s this was a village called 'Türbedere'. 'Türbe' is the Turkish for 'tomb' and the village took its name from the tomb of the eldest son of sultan Bayezid I, Süleyman Çelebi, who was murdered here in 1410 when fleeing from his brothers during the Ottoman Interregnum. The tomb was destroyed by Bulgarian troops when they occupied the town for nine months during the war for Bulgarian Independence in 1912.\nÇerkezköy was founded as a settlement for refugees from the Caucasus following the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 ('Çerkez' being the Turkish pronunciation of 'Circassian'). Soon after, following the independence of Bulgaria from the Ottoman Empire further waves of refugees from Bulgaria came to replace the Caucasians and Çerkezköy was designated as a municipality (Turkish: belediye) in 1911. It became a township of Saray district in 1922 and a district in 1938.\nThe land here is flat, watered by the River Çorlu and good soil for farming, so until the 1970s Çerkezköy was a pleasant small town in a rural setting. But it is also on the main highway from Istanbul to Europe and in 1971 was designated an area for industrial development. Grants were made available by the Turkish state for investors and a large industrial area was constructed on 4 km² (1.5 sq mi) of land near the town.", "Today industrial development has spread beyond the originally designated industrial area and all kinds of goods are produced in the hundreds and hundreds of factories in Çerkezköy, including textiles, plastic and rubber goods, paints and chemicals. Prominent manufacturers include the large white goods manufacturers Arçelik or BSH, automotive parts producers, textile plant of Mavi or Sabancı Holding's woollen textile factory Yünsa. \nNow only 15% of the people work in agriculture and Çerkezköy has a large industrial working class population, living in housing projects sprawled around the fringes of the town. The Caucasusian identity that gave the town its name no longer exists, it has been swamped by an influx of people from all over Turkey. There are jobs here and the town is easily reached by bus from Istanbul. \nThe town centre is a typical Turkish collection of rows of grey low-rise blocks containing public buildings, small supermarkets, banks, and kebab restaurants, with a square in the middle containing a statue of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and nearby a large central mosque. \nThe military base in Çerkezköy is Turkey's biggest centre for basic training in military service. The town is well equipped with schools, hospitals and other infrastructure.", "The D567 (İstanbul-Tekirdağ Road) passes along the eastern limits of the town while the İstanbul-Çerkezköy road passes through the town center. The European Highway is only 12.3 km (7.6 mi) away from the town. \nThe Turkish State Railways operates trains through the Çerkezköy railway station. There is a daily regional train operating to and from İstanbul as well as trains to Edirne and Uzunköprü.\nÇerkezköy Railway Station gained importance after the closure of Halkali Terminal due to construction works. Almost all trains working between Turkey and Europe started to depart from here which used to have only 340 mt of ramp for loading/unloading. To prevent the congestion, TCDD constructed a new container storage area at the eastern side of terminal which allows 3 full trains to be loaded/unloaded at the same time.\nThe Çorlu Airport is located 17 km (11 mi) south of the town.", "Bağlık\nCumhuriyet\nFatih\nFevzi Paşa\nGazi Mustafa Kemal Paşa\nGazi Osman Paşa\nİstasyon\nKızılpınar Atatürk\nKızılpınar Namık Kemal\nKızılpınar Gültepe\nVeliköy\nYıldırım Beyazıt", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\nUysal, Onur. \"Holiday Time for Halkali\", Rail Turkey, 19 April 2013\nUysal, Onur. \"Opening of Ferry, Closure of Halkali: New Era for Trains\", Rail Turkey, 29 May 2013", "Tekirdağ governor's official website\nDistrict municipality's official website\nPopular Website\nÇerkezköy Nerede (in Turkish)\nCerkezkoy Firms and Trade" ]

[ "Çerkezköy", "Facts", "History", "Çerkezköy today", "Transportation", "Neighbourhoods", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2786, 2787, 2788 ]

[ 13805, 13806, 13807, 13808, 13809, 13810, 13811, 13812, 13813, 13814, 13815 ]

[ "Çerkezköy railway station", "" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/%C3%87erkezk%C3%B6yTrainStation_%284%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/%C3%87erkezk%C3%B6y_railway_station.jpg" ]

[ "Çerkezköy railway station is a railway station in Çerkezköy, Turkey. TCDD Taşımacılık operates three daily (four in summer months) trains, from Istanbul, that stop at the station. Two of these trains are international trains to Sofia, Bulgaria and Bucharest, Romania, the latter being seasonal. The other two trains are regional services to Kapıkule and Istanbul.\nÇerkezköy has two platforms serving three tracks. Adjacent to the platforms are a small freight yard, which handles traffic from the nearby logistics facility.\nThe station was originally opened in 1873 by the Oriental Railway as part of their railway from Istanbul to Vienna.", "", "\"Uluslararası Trenler\". tcddtasimacilik.gov.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 25 November 2017.\n\"Istanbul-Kapıkule\". tcddseferleri.com (in Turkish). Retrieved 25 November 2017.\n\"CO History\". trainsofturkey.com. Retrieved 25 November 2017.", "Çerkezköy station timetable" ]

[ "Çerkezköy railway station", "Images", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2789, 2790 ]

[ 13816 ]

[ "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/%C3%87%C3%AArm%C3%BBk.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Diyarbak%C4%B1r_districts.png" ]

[ "Çermik (from Armenian: Ջերմուկ, Jermuk, literally \"hot springs\" Kurdish: Çermûk) is a town and district of Diyarbakır Province of Turkey. The population is 50,812 (as of 2018). The mayor is Şehmus Karamehmetoğlu from the Justice and Development Party (AKP), and the current Kaymakam is Nazlı Demir.\nÇermik got its name from its natural spa, which is rich in salt, calcium sulfate, and fluoride. It was once called Aberna when it was a Byzantine city. The baths draw many visitors and tourists from Turkey, mostly of neighboring provinces. It has been declared the Diyarbakir Thermal Tourism Center in October 1993.\nWithin the Ottoman Empire, Cermik was within the Kurdish sanjaks of the Diyarbekir Eyelet. In 1925 the town came shortly under control of the rebels loyal to Sheikh Said.\nAs of 2006, the population of Çermik was about 21 000. \nMain attractions are the Haburman Bridge, Çeteci Abdullah Pasha Madrasa, Ulu Cami (the Grand Mosque) the Bandeler Fountain (Bandeler Çesmesi) and the Gelincik Dağı ( Mountain of Gelincik) The town also counts with a jewish Synagogue which dates back to the 1416, but it is not in use. The jews left the town after in 1948 the state of Israel was founded.", "Ziya Gökalp\nÇeteci Abdullah Pasha, a former Vali of Diyarbakir.", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\nHovannisian, Richard G., ed. (2006). Armenian Tigranakert/Diarbekir and Edessa/Urfa. Mazda Publishers. p. 62. ....Armenian: Chermug, Chermuk, or Jermuk; Turkish: Chermik or Cermik).\nKévorkian, Raymond H. (2011). The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History. London: I. B. Tauris. p. 369. ISBN 9781848855618. ...in the administrative seat, Chermug (“Hot Springs”), with an Armenian population...\nAdem Avcıkıran (2009). Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî (PDF) (in Turkish and Kurdish). p. 55. Retrieved 17 December 2019.\n\"Çermik Nüfusu Diyarbakır\". www.nufusu.com. Retrieved 2020-01-22.\n\"Diyarbakır Çermik Seçim Sonuçları - 31 Mart Diyarbakır Çermik Yerel Seçim Sonuçları\". secim.haberler.com (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-03-22.\n\"Kaymakam Nazlı Demir\". www.cermik.gov.tr. Retrieved 2020-03-22.\nWalker, Warren S.; Lindahl, Carl (2014-02-04). A Turkish Folktale: The Art of Behet Mahir. Routledge. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-317-77728-1.\nBaskaya, Zafer. \"Assessing Çermik (Diyarbakir) Hot Springs In Relation With Geographical Factors And Potential Of Thermal Tourism\". Turkish Studies.\nOzoglu, Hakan (1996). \"State-Tribe Relations: Kurdish Tribalism in the 16th- and 17th-Century Ottoman Empire\". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 23 (1): 22. ISSN 1353-0194. JSTOR 195817.\nBak, János M. (1984). Religion and Rural Revolt: Papers Presented to the Fourth Interdisciplinary Workshop on Peasant Studies, University of British Columbia, 1982. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-0990-7.\nSinclair, T. A. (1989-12-31). Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume III. Pindar Press. p. 260. ISBN 978-0-907132-34-9.\n\"Turkey: concern raised over the state of the neglected, centuries-old former synagogue the town of Çermik, near Diyarbakır in southeastern Turkey\". Jewish Heritage Europe. 2021-02-04. Retrieved 2022-07-12.\n\"Traditions, tastes, sounds, textures brought together by \"Diyarbekirlilik\"\". Diyarbakir Hafizasi. Retrieved 2022-07-12." ]

[ "Çermik", "Notable people", "References" ]

[ 2791, 2792, 2793 ]

[ 13817, 13818, 13819, 13820, 13821, 13822 ]

[ "Cetenli with Mount Ararat in the distance" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/OTCetenliMitArarat.jpg" ]

[ "Çetenli, Doğubayazıt is a town in Dogubayazit district of central Agri Province eastern Turkey.\nThe town population is 3000\nand its postal ZIP code is 04400.\nThe name of the village comes from the çeten plant, of which the village has a large number of fields.\nLocated in Agri Province, the town is located 18km from the town of Dogubayazit, and is in the shadow of the biblical Mount Ararat. \nThe climate is mountainous and cold to temperate.\nThe village population has fluctuated greatly. In 2007 it was 3000 while in 2000, it was 1076 and in 1997, 1674.\nThe village economy is based on agriculture and animal husbandry and has a school, medical center and a potable drinking water supply, but there is no sewerage nor post office.\nThe village has asphalt roads connecting it, electricity and landline telephone.", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\ntown website" ]

[ "Çetenli, Doğubayazıt", "References" ]

[ 2794 ]

[ 13823 ]

[ "Cetin Güner." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/CetinG%C3%BCng%C3%B6r.JPG" ]

[ "Çetin Güner (born 28 December 1977) is a retired Turkish-German football striker.", "Weltfussball" ]

[ "Çetin Güner", "References" ]

[ 2795 ]

[ 13824 ]

[ "Çetinkaya headquarters in the Arab Ahmet quarter of North Nicosia." ]

[ 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/%C3%87etinkaya_headquarters.jpg" ]

[ "Çetinkaya Türk Spor Kulübü which is also known as \"Kırmızı Şimşekler\" (Red Thunders) is a Turkish Cypriot sports club based in North Nicosia. They are the most decorated team in Northern Cyprus .", "Lefkoşa Türk Spor Kulübü was founded in 1930, and was one of the founding members of the Cypriot First Division in 1934, the sole Turkish Cypriot team in the league (with 7 Greek Cypriot teams: AEL Limassol, Trust, Olympiakos Nicosia, Aris Limassol, APOEL, Anorthosis Famagusta, and EPA Larnaca). The club merged with Çetinkaya Türk Esnaf Ocağı (founded in 1943) on 1949, changing its name to Çetinkaya Türk Spor Birliği.\nThe club went on to become the first team to keep the Cyprus FA Shield permanently after winning it thrice on 1951, 1952, and 1954. After the formation of Cyprus Turkish Football Federation on 1955, the club became a founding member of the Birinci Lig. Çetinkaya Türk remains the only club to have won both Cypriot leagues, main Cup competition, and Super Cup to date.", "The club colours are yellow and red.", "", "Cypriot First Division: (1)\n1950–51\nCypriot Cup: (2)\n1951–52, 1953–54\nRunners-up (1): 1952–53\nPakkos Shield: (3)\n1951, 1952, 1954", "Birinci Lig: (13)\n1957–58, 1959–60, 1960–61, 1961–62, 1969–70, 1996–97, 1997–98, 1999–00, 2001–02, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2006–07, 2011–12\nKıbrıs Kupası and Federasyon Kupası: (17)\n1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1963, 1969, 1970, 1976, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1999, 2001, 2006, 2011\nRunners-up (1): 1998\nCumhurbaşkanlığı Kupası: (7)\n1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2012\nRunners-up (3): 1997, 1999, 2000\nDr. Fazıl Küçük Kupası: (5)\n1992, 1993, 1996, 1998, 2000\nRunners-up (3): 1991, 1999, 2001\nBaşbakanlık Kupası: (0)\nRunners-up (2): 1990, 1998", "\"GAÜ-Çetinkaya yeni başkanı Asım Vehbi\" (in Turkish). Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 26 August 2015. \n\"Uzun süreli hedeflerimiz var\" (in Turkish). Diyalog. Retrieved 26 August 2015. \n\"KKTC Süper Lig\" (in Turkish). mackolik.com. Retrieved 26 August 2015. \n\"Çetinkaya, GAÜ ile yeniden doğuyor\" (in Turkish). Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 26 August 2015. \nGreek Cypriot: Cypriot First Division, Turkish Cypriot: Birinci Lig\nGreek Cypriot: Cypriot Cup, Turkish Cypriot: Federasyon Kupası\nGreek Cypriot: Cyprus FA Shield, Turkish Cypriot: Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kupası\nUp until 1989, the main cup competition was the Kıbrıs Kupası; since then, it has been the Federasyon Kupası.", "" ]

[ "Çetinkaya Türk S.K.", "History", "Colours", "Team honours", "Under Cyprus Football Association (until 1954)", "Under Cyprus Turkish Football Association (since 1954)", "Footnotes", "Extra reading" ]

[ 2796 ]

[ 13825, 13826, 13827, 13828, 13829 ]

[ "TOMA water cannon, Ankara, 2013", "", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Police_action_during_protests_in_Ankara._Events_of_June_7-8%2C_2013-6.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Handshake_%28Workshop_Cologne_%2706%29.jpeg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Law-enforcement-stub.png" ]

[ "The Çevik Kuvvet (English: Agile Force or Rapid Response Force) is the riot squad of the General Directorate of Security (Turkish National Police). It was established in 1982, replacing the Toplum Polisi.\nEquipment includes TOMA water cannon vehicles, Otokar Akrep \"scorpion\" APCs and the FN 303 less-lethal weapon.", "Aysen Uysal, \"Riot police and policing protest in Turkey\", in Laleh Khalili, Jillian Schwedler (2010), Policing and Prisons in the Middle East: Formations of Coercion, Hurst Publishers\nadanaegemengazetesi, 8 January 2011, \"Akrep\" artık daha donanımlı\n\"Cop yerine FN 303 | Dünya Bülteni\". Dunyabulteni.net. 2011-09-15. Retrieved 2012-02-16.", "" ]

[ "Çevik Kuvvet", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2797, 2798, 2799 ]

[ 13830 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Cevreyolu_tram.jpg" ]

[ "Çevreyolu is a light-rail station on the Karşıyaka Tram line of the Tram İzmir network. The station consists of two side platforms serving two tracks. Çevreyolu is located on 8291st Street, just off of Caher Dudayev Boulevard, in Ataşehir, Çiğli and gets its name from the O-30 beltway (Turkish: Çevreyolu) running just north of the station. Çevreyolu station was opened on 11 April 2017, along with the entire tram line.", "ESHOT operates city bus service on Caher Dudayev Boulevard.", "\"Tramvay Durakları\". tramizmir.com. Retrieved 8 January 2018.\n\"Karşıyaka'da Tramvayı Seferleri Başladı\". milliyet.com.trr. 11 April 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2018.\n\"Duraktan Geçen Hatlar\". eshot.gov.tr. Retrieved 8 January 2018.", "Tram İzmir - official website" ]

[ "Çevreyolu (Tram İzmir)", "Connections", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2800 ]

[ 13831 ]

[ "The main entrance of Çiçek Pasajı (Cité de Péra) on İstiklal Avenue", "The row of restaurants facing the main entrance on İstiklal Avenue", "Looking up towards the glass cupola and roof above the atrium" ]

[ 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Istanbul_%C3%87i%C3%A7ek_Pasaj%C4%B1_-_Cit%C3%A9_de_Pera.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Beyoglu_4802.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/%C4%B0stanbul_5426.jpg" ]

[ "Çiçek Pasajı (literally Flower Passage in Turkish), originally called the Cité de Péra, is a famous historic passage (galleria or arcade) on İstiklal Avenue in the Beyoğlu district of Istanbul, Turkey. It connects İstiklal Avenue with Sahne Street and has a side entrance opening onto the Balık Pazarı (Fish Market).", "Opened in 1876, Çiçek Pasajı is a covered arcade with rows of historic cafes, winehouses and restaurants.\nThe site of Çiçek Pasajı was originally occupied by the Naum Theatre, which was severely damaged by the Fire of Pera in 1870. The theatre was frequently visited by Sultans Abdülaziz and Abdülhamid II, and hosted Giuseppe Verdi's opera Il Trovatore before the opera houses of Paris.\nAfter the fire of 1870, the theatre was purchased by Ottoman Greek banker Hristaki Zoğrafos Efendi, and architect Kleanthis Zannos designed the current building, which was called Cité de Péra or Hristaki Pasajı (Hristaki Passage) in its early years. Yorgo'nun Meyhanesi (Yorgo's Winehouse) was the first winehouse to be opened in the passage. In 1908, Grand Vizier Mehmed Said Pasha purchased the building, and it became known as the Sait Paşa Pasajı (Said Pasha Passage).\nFollowing the Russian Revolution of 1917, a number of impoverished noble Russian women, including a Baroness, opened flower shops here. By the 1940s the building was mostly occupied by flower shops, hence the present Turkish name Çiçek Pasajı (Flower Passage).\nAfter the restoration of the building in 1988, it was reopened as a galleria of pubs and restaurants.\nThe most recent restoration was made in December 2005 although it was repainted again in 2022.", "Naum Theatre\nRetail", "Emre Aracı: \"Naum Tiyatrosu - 19.Yüzyıl İstanbul’unun İtalyan Operası\". Yapı Kredi Yayınları, Istanbul, 2010. ISBN 978-975-08-1801-1\nVatan: \"Paris’in Garnier’si neyse, İstanbul için de Naum Tiyatrosu oydu\" by Buket Aşçı, 16 December 2010.\nOynakbeyi.com: Naum Tiyatrosu Archived 2014-02-02 at the Wayback Machine\nÇiçek Pasajı: History Archived 2012-08-12 at the Wayback Machine", "Çiçek Pasajı official website\nÇiçek Pasajı Gallery at Fotopedia" ]

[ "Çiçek Pasajı", "History", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2801, 2802 ]

[ 13832, 13833, 13834, 13835 ]

[ "Location of Çiçekdağı, Kırşehir within Turkey.", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/K%C4%B1r%C5%9Fehir_districts.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png" ]

[ "Çiçekdağı is a town and district of Kırşehir Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. According to 2000 census, population of the district is 21,059 of which 6,683 live in the town of Çiçekdağı.", "Muharrem Ertaş (1913-1984), folk musician\nNeşet Ertaş (1938-2012), folk musician", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\nTurkish Statistical Institute. \"Census 2000, Key statistics for urban areas of Turkey\" (XLS) (in Turkish). Retrieved 2008-03-19.\nGeoHive. \"Statistical information on Turkey's administrative units\". Retrieved 2008-03-19.", "Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. \"Geographical information on Çiçekdağı, Turkey\". Retrieved 2008-03-17.", "District governor's official website (in Turkish)\nDistrict municipality's official website (in Turkish)" ]

[ "Çiçekdağı, Kırşehir", "Notable natives", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2803, 2804 ]

[ 13836, 13837 ]

[ "Çiğ köfte meal in Turkey", "Şanlıurfa version" ]

[ 0, 5 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Turkish_%C3%A7i%C4%9F_k%C3%B6fte.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/%C3%87i%C4%9F_K%C3%B6fte.jpg" ]

[ "Çiğ köfte ([tʃiː cœfte]) or chee kofta is a kofta dish that is a regional specialty of southeastern Anatolia in Edessa (modern-day Urfa). The dish is served as an appetizer or meze, and it is closely related with kibbeh nayyeh from Lebanese cuisine.\nÇiğ köfte is common to Armenian and Turkish cuisines; it is also found in the traditional cuisine of the Urfalim Jews.\nTraditionally made with raw meat, there are vegetarian variations made with bulgur and in Urfa, a local meatless version is made with scrambled eggs. In Diyarbakır province locally prepared batches are sold by street vendors.", "In Turkish, çiğ means \"raw\" and köfte means meatball. The word köfte derives from Persian, ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European root \"*(s)kop–\" (grind, pound, beaten).\nIn Aramaic, the indigenous language of Edessa, it is called ܐܰܟܺܝܢ (Acin).", "Bulgur is kneaded with chopped onions and water until it gets soft. Then tomato and pepper paste, spices and very fine ground beef or lamb are added. This absolutely fatless raw mincemeat is treated with spices while kneading the mixture, which is to cook the meat. Lastly, green onions, fresh mint and parsley are mixed in. Some çiğ köfte makers, particularly in Adıyaman, do not use water in their recipes. Instead of water, they use ice cubes and lemons.", "In the beef variant, ground beef is used. Tendons and fat are removed before grinding the beef. High-quality beef is required, since it is served raw.\nSince lamb is considered a \"clean meat\", it is often used for çiğ köfte instead of beef. Both Armenians and Turks use çiğ köfte as a meze, served almost cold. The raw meatball, or kofta, is not kept overnight and is reserved for special occasions. The lamb used must be deboned and trimmed of gristle and fat before it is prepared. The lamb is supposed to be butchered, bought, and prepared the very same day to ensure freshness.\nWith either meat, finely ground bulgur (durum and other wheat) is required. Other ingredients are mild onions, scallions, parsley, and usually green pepper. Variants of the dish may use tomato sauce, Tabasco sauce, and mint leaves. When served, it may be gathered into balls, or in one piece. Crackers or pita bread are sometimes used to consume ıt.", "", "The dish is often associated with Şanlıurfa province, where it is a popular street food, but it is a popular appetizer all over Turkey. The ingredients are all raw and traditionally include ground meat, bulgur, tomato paste, fresh onion, garlic and other spices for flavoring such as \"isot\" and black pepper. A favorite way of eating çiğ köfte is rolled in a lettuce leaf, accompanied by good quantities of ayran to counter-act the burning sensation that this very spicy food will give.\nA vegetarian version of ciğ köfte may also be made with only bulgur grains. The preparation is similar to the versions that include meat, and some cooks also add pomegranate molasses. Depending on the cook's preferences, spices like cumin may be used instead of isot in the preparation of vegetarian versions. Another vegetarian variation from Urfa is made with scrambled eggs.\nAlthough the traditional recipe requires minced raw meat, the version in Turkey consumed as fast-food (through small franchise shops in every neighborhood of Turkey) must be meatless by law due to hygienic necessities. Therefore, çiğ köfte is, unless specifically made, vegan in Turkey. Meat is replaced by ground walnuts, hazelnuts and potato.", "Chi kofte is considered a delicacy in Cilician Armenian culture and is normally prepared on special occasions, especially during holidays. There are many varieties of chi kofte among Armenian families depending on the historic region they are from and their personal preferences. For example, some may use more or less bulgur, and some may use more or less pepper paste depending on their desired spiciness.\nTraditional Armenian chi kofte is made in two varieties, either in loose meatball form in the shape of a small egg, or flattened on a plate with olive oil and minced green onions, similar to kibbeh nayyeh. However, unlike Levantine Arabs, eating chi kofte with bread is not common among Armenians.\nA vegetarian variety also exists which is shaped very similarly to chi kofte and with a similar texture. Although it is prepared throughout the year, it is particularly popular during Lent in accordance with the diet restrictions of the Armenian Apostolic Church.", "Chi kofte was introduced in the United States by Armenian immigrants, and is commonly referred to as Armenian beef tartare.", "King Nemrut, the king of an ancient civilization in the Adıyaman region, decides to burn Abraham because he believes in one god. With the order he gave to his people, he gathered all the wood and wood pieces in the kingdom in a big square. There was no wood left for cooking in the houses, and fires were forbidden. The wood and pieces of wood gathered in the square are the only fire to be lit to burn Ibrahim. The people gathered pieces of wood in the square for days by order of the king. \nA hunter, who is unaware of this order because he is hunting on the mountain, brings the deer he has hunted to his house and asks his wife to cook it. She tells about the co-king's prohibition to light a fire. The hunter also obeys the desperate order. The hunter separates the right hind leg of the deer and crushes it with a fine stone. Add the bulgur, black pepper and salt and knead it well with the ground beef. It is rumored that raw meatballs were first made by this hunter and his family.", "Kısır\nList of meatball dishes\nList of meat dishes", "Perry, Charles (12 March 1992). \"The Hollywood Walk of Food\". Los Angeles Times. p. 12. Retrieved 2019-09-22.\nBasan, Ghilli (2006). Middle Eastern Kitchen. Hippocrene Books. p. 71. ISBN 9780781811903.\nValdespino, Anne (17 January 2020). \"Glendale's Armenian community stars in Marcus Samuelsson's 'No Passport Required' on PBS\". Los Angeles Daily News. Retrieved 22 July 2022.\nKirst, Virginia (16 August 2015). \"Vegan Bites That One-Up Raw Meat\". OZY. Retrieved 22 July 2022.\nBrown, Ellen (2020). Meatballs: The Ultimate Cookbook. Cider Mill Press. p. 11.\nŞanlı, Süleyman (2018). Jews of Turkey: Migration, Culture and Memory. Tayor & Francis. ISBN 9780429016851.\nSivrioglu, Somer; Dale, David (2019). Anatolia: Adventures in Turkish eating. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 9781760873066.\nKitchen, Leanne (2012). Turkey: More Than 100 Recipes, with Tales from the Road. Chronicle Books.\nNişanyan, Sevan. \"kofte\". Nişanyan Sözlük. Retrieved 2020-02-25.\nPlanet, Lonely (2014-02-01). The World's Best Spicy Food: Where to Find it & How to Make it. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74360-421-2.\nLaizer, Sheri (May 1991). Into Kurdistan: Frontiers Under Fire. Zed Books. ISBN 978-0-86232-899-3.\nCru, Rui; Vieira, Margarida, eds. (2017). Mediterranean Foods: Composition and Processing. Taylor & Francis. p. 258.\n\"Nar Ekşili Antep Çiğ Köfte\". Nurselin Mutfağı. Retrieved 2018-11-08.\nŞanlı, Süleyman (2018). Jews of Turkey: Migration, Culture and Memory. Tayor & Francis. ISBN 9780429016851.\nSivrioglu, Somer; Dale, David (2019). Anatolia: Adventures in Turkish eating. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 9781760873066.\n\"Etli çiğ köfte masum mu?\". Retrieved 3 January 2016.\n\"Etsiz çiğ köfte çağındayız\". Kocaeli Gazetesi. 19 August 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2016.\nTE Bilisim - Abdullah Tekin. \"Çiğ köftenin 10 faydası\". Retrieved 3 January 2016.\nTE Bilisim - Abdullah Tekin. \"Üniversiteli çiğköfteciler!\". Retrieved 3 January 2016.\n\"Article\". \n\"Glendale's Armenian community stars in Marcus Samuelsson's 'No Passport Required' on PBS\". Daily News. 2020-01-17. Retrieved 2021-10-10.\n\"Çiğ köftenin 4000 yıllık tarihi\". Milliyet (in Turkish). Retrieved 2021-09-03.", "Lamb çiğ köfte recipe" ]

[ "Çiğ köfte", "Etymology", "Preparation", "Meat differences", "Regions", "Turkey", "Armenia", "United States", "Legend about its origins", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

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[ 13838, 13839, 13840, 13841, 13842, 13843, 13844, 13845, 13846, 13847, 13848, 13849, 13850, 13851, 13852, 13853, 13854, 13855 ]

[ "Çiğdem Belci for Ataşehir Belediyespor in the 2013–14 season.", "Çiğdem Belci playing for Ataşehir Belediyespor in the 2013–14 season.", "Çiğdem Belci playing for Kireçburnu Spor in the 2015–16 season.", "Çiğdem Belci of Beşiktaş J.K. in the 2018–19 Women's First League s season.", "Çiğdem Belci (white) in the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification – UEFA Group 6 match against Belarus." ]

[ 0, 3, 3, 3, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/%C3%87i%C4%9FdemBelci02.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/%C3%87i%C4%9FdemBelci01.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/%C3%87i%C4%9FdemBelci_%2852%29.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/%C3%87i%C4%9FdemBelci_%28102%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/%C3%87i%C4%9FdemBelci09.JPG" ]

[ "Çiğdem Belci (born 17 June 1987) is a Turkish women's football defender currently playing in the First League for Beşiktaş in Istanbul with jersey number 5. She is a member of the Turkish national team since 2003.", "Çiğdem Belci was born on 17 June 1987 in Mersin, southern Turkey. She has three older sisters and a younger brother, who follows her footsteps playing in a feeder club in Mersin.\nAt the age of eight, she began playing football with boys in the neighborhood. Convinced by her daughter's interest, the father took her then to Mersin Camspor, and registered her. However, feared of her daughter's future, he wanted her leave the club. Her mother supported Çiğdem, and was able to stop the father's pressure. Her father changed his mind when she transferred to successful clubs and continued with her higher education.\nShe studied physical education and sports at Ondokuz Mayıs University in Samsun. After graduation, she was appointed a teacher.", "", "Çiğdem Belci obtained her license from her hometown club Mersin Camspor on 1 September 1999, where she played until the end of 2007–08 season and capped 13 times scoring three goals. She moved to Mersingücü Cengiz Topelspor and after one season, she transferred to the Black Sea club Trabzonspor for the 2009–10 season.\nThe next season, Belci signed for the Istanbul-based club Ataşehirspor, and enjoyed two consecutive league championships in 2011 and 2012. She debuted in the UEFA Women's Champions League playing against Lithuanian side Gintra Universitetas on 11 August 2011. She participated in three group matches of the qualifying round. The next year, she played again in three qualifying round matches. However, her team was not successful either in 2011–12 or in 2012–13 to advance further to the knockout stage.\nFor the 2015–16 season, she signed with Kireçburnu Spor, which was recently promoted to the Women's First League. Belci serves as the captain of the team. In the 2016–17 season, she returned to her former club Ataşehir Belediyespor.\nIn the 2018–19 league season, she transferred to Beşiktaş J.K. She enjoyed the champion title of her team in the 2018-19 season. She took part at the 2019–20 UEFA Women's Champions League - Group 9 matches. She played in one matc of the 2021–22 UEFA Women's Champions League qualifying rounds.", "Belci made her first appearance in the Turkey women's U-19 national team in the match against Romania juniors at the International Norte Alentejano Tournament held in Portugal on 28 May 2003. She capped five times in the junior women's national team.\nOn 6 August 2003, she debuted in the national team playing in the friendly match against Russia. Her international participations followed at the UEFA Women's Euro 2009 qualifying round (Northern Ireland, Croatia and Georgia), at the UEFA Support International Tournaments (Bulgaria, Azerbaijan, Estonia, Croatia, Malta, Latvia and Macedonia). Belci played in seven of the eight matches at the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification – UEFA Group 5 matches (Spain, England, Malta and Austria) as well as in eight of ten matches at the UEFA Women's Euro 2013 qualifying – Group 2 (Spain, Kazakhstan, Romania, Germany and Switzerland). In 2013, she participated in all the three 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification – UEFA Group 6 matches against English and Montenegron women.", "As of match played 9 March 2022.", "Turkish Women's First Football League\nAtaşehir Belediyespor\nWinners (3): 2010–11, 2011–12, 2017–18\nRunners-up (3): 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15\nThird places (1): 2016–17\nBeşiktaş J.K.\nWinners (2): 2018–19, 2020–21", "\"Player Details – Çiğdem Belci\". Turkish Football Federation. Retrieved 14 January 2014.\n\"Çiğdem Belci\". UEFA. Retrieved 14 January 2014.\n\"Çiğdem Belci \"Kadın olarak zor bir iş yapıyoruz\" /Hürriyet Röportajı\" (in Turkish). Bilgin Defterli. 17 December 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2014.\n\"Ataşehir Belediyespor 1–4 Olimpia Cluj\" (in Turkish). Türkiye Futbol Federasyonu. 16 August 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2014.\n\"Ataşehir Belediyespor 2–4 Pomurje\" (in Turkish). Türkiye Futbol Federasyonu. 16 August 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2014.\n\"Kireçburnu yine gururlandırdı\". Sarıyer Posta (in Turkish). 4 September 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2015.\n\"Ataşehir Belediyespor 0–2 Beşiktaş A.Ş.\" (in Turkish). Türkiye Futbol Federasyonu. Retrieved 24 October 2018.\n\"Beşiktaş (TUR) 1-1 Górnik Leczna (POL)\". UEFA. Retrieved 15 August 2019.\n\"Twente (NED) 2-2 Beşiktaş (TUR)\". UEFA. Retrieved 15 August 2019.\n\"Alashkert (ARM) 0-3 Beşiktaş (TUR)\". UEFA. Retrieved 15 August 2019.\n\"St.Pölten (AUT) 7-0 Beşiktaş (TUR)\". UEFA Women's Champions League. Retrieved 24 December 2021.", "Çiğdem Belci – UEFA competition record (archive)" ]

[ "Çiğdem Belci", "Early life", "Career", "Club", "International", "Career statistics", "Honours", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2807, 2808, 2809, 2810, 2811 ]

[ 13856, 13857, 13858, 13859, 13860, 13861, 13862, 13863, 13864, 13865, 13866 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/%C3%87i%C4%9Fdem_Can_Rasna_20180426_%284%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Med_3.png" ]

[ "Çiğdem Can Rasna (born July 5, 1976 in Istanbul, Turkey) is a Turkish volleyball player. She is 184 cm and plays as middle player. She has played for Fenerbahçe Acıbadem team since 2006 and wears number 12. Çiğdem is the team's captain. She played 280 times for national team. She also played for Vakıfbank Güneş Sigorta, Eczacıbaşı and TOKI.", "", "13 times Turkish Women's League Champion\n5 times Turkish Cup Champion\n1 time 2005 Mediterranean Games Champion\n1 time Women's CEV Top Teams Cup Champion\n2 times Women's CEV Champions League Runner-Up\n2008-09 Women's CEV Top Teams Cup 3rd place\n2008-09 Aroma Women's Volleyball League Champion with Fenerbahçe Acıbadem\n2009-10 Aroma Women's Volleyball League Champion with Fenerbahçe Acıbadem\n2009 Turkish Cup Champion with Fenerbahçe Acıbadem\n2009 Turkish Super Cup Champion with Fenerbahçe Acıbadem\n2010 Turkish Super Cup Champion with Fenerbahçe Acıbadem\n2009-10 CEV Champions League Runner-Up with Fenerbahçe Acıbadem\n2010 FIVB World Club Championship Champion with Fenerbahçe Acıbadem\n2010-11 CEV Champions League - Bronze medal, with Fenerbahçe Acıbadem\n2010-11 Aroma Women's Volleyball League - Champion, with Fenerbahçe Acıbadem", "Turkish women in sports", "Player profile at fenerbahce.org Archived 2008-04-24 at the Wayback Machine", "Player profile at fenerbahce.org" ]

[ "Çiğdem Can Rasna", "Career", "Personal honors", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

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[ 13867 ]

[ "Izmir Atatürk Organized Industrial Zone", "The Natural Life Park", "F-16D at Çiğli Air Base", "", "" ]

[ 0, 6, 8, 14, 14 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Aytas_Izmir_Ataturk_Indusry_Zone_Branch_-_panoramio.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Sasali_Natural_Life_Park_Cigli_Izmir_Turkey.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Lockheed_Martin_F-16D_Fighting_Falcon%2C_Turkey_-_Air_Force_JP7136113.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/%C4%B0zmir_districts.png" ]

[ "Çiğli (Silleon in Greek) is a metropolitan district of İzmir in western Turkey. It covers the northern end of İzmir Metropolitan Municipality around the mouth of the River Gediz, across the Gulf of İzmir from the main city. The Gediz delta is an Important Bird Area but is under threat from urbanization. IAOIZ, the Izmir Atatürk Organized Industrial Zone, is a significant economic hub and there is a major air force base.", "Çiğ means dew in Turkish, a reference to the delta marshes of the River Gediz which used to cover the entire area. It is a relatively recent settlement created largely by migration from other parts of Turkey, starting with Turkish refugees of the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878). Turks from the surrounding region took refuge in the marshes during the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922), and were joined by ethnic Turks from the Greek province of Western Thrace after the war. The population was further increased by survivors of two earthquakes in eastern Anatolia in 1946 and 1966. Economic migration from eastern Anatolia has continued at a steady pace since then and even the mayor was born in Diyarbakır.", "Çiğli gained village status after the fall of the Ottoman Empire and became a municipality in 1956. It was attached to İzmir's metropolitan area in 1981, first as a dependency of the district of Karşıyaka, and in 1992 it became a distinct entity with its own administrative structures. The district is divided into 23 subdistricts, and also has one separate dependent municipality (Sasalı) and a dependent village (Kaklıç).", "Çiğli was built on the delta marshes where the River Gediz flows into the Gulf of İzmir. It lies betweenKarşıyaka, another metropolitan district, to the south and the west, and İzmir's external dependent district of Menemen to the north. The western boundary is formed by the current delta of the River Gediz where the land is under the constant pressure of further urbanization. The future of the delta is among priority issues in Turkey's agenda of the protection of the environment. Many citizens would like to see full protection for the delta assured to preserve its unique fauna and flora along bird migration routes. The delta is an IBA (Important Bird Area) registered with BirdLife International.", "The district had a population of 168,599 in 2012. The populations of Sasalı and Kaklıç are roughly the same at around 3000 people.", "IAOIZ, the Izmir Atatürk Organized Industrial Zone has 485 factories employing 30,000 people.", "Ekol Sanat Galerisi is a small privately owned art gallery with regular exhibitions.", "The İzmir Bird Paradise (Kuş Cenneti) has recorded 205 species of birds, including 63 species that are resident year-round, 54 species of summer migratory birds, 43 species of winter migratory birds, and 30 transient species. 56 species of birds have bred in the park. The sanctuary, which covers 80 square kilometres, was registered as \"the protected area for water birds and for their breeding\" by the Turkish Ministry of Forestry in 1982. The Sasalı Park of Natural Life (Doğal Yaşam Parkı) is a large open-air zoo established in 2008.", "Çiğli Air Base is now used only by the military but served as İzmir's airport until the new Adnan Menderes Airport opened. Çiğli railway station is served by Turkish State Railways and by the new commuter rail line İZBAN.", "İzmir Kâtip Çelebi University was established in 2010. There was a medical campus of Gediz University, which closed during the 2016 Turkish purges.", "There are 20 mosques including the Küçük Çiğli Cami, Egekent Cami, Esentepe Cami and İzzet Erişen Cami.", "Karşıyaka S.K. run teams in several sports at the nearby Karşıyaka Arena.", "See List of people from Izmir", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\n\"Ekol Sanat Galerisi\". Archived from the original on 2014-03-02.", "Metropolitan Municipality of Greater İzmir\nÇiğli (in Turkish) by İzmir Chamber of Commerce" ]

[ "Çiğli", "History", "Government", "Geography", "Demography", "Economy", "Culture and community", "Landmarks", "Transport", "Education", "Religious sites", "Sport", "Notable people", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2813, 2814, 2815, 2816 ]

[ 13868, 13869, 13870, 13871, 13872, 13873, 13874, 13875 ]

[ "The station building in December 2010." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/%C3%87i%C4%9Fli_station.JPG" ]

[ "Çiğli railway station (Turkish: Çiğli garı) is a railway station in İzmir, Turkey. The station is within the Çiğli district of the city and is a stop for all trains on the line. İZBAN operates commuter trains north to Aliağa and Menemen and south to Alsancak and Tepeköy. TCDD Taşımacılık operates seven trains, five intercity and two regional, to Eskişehir, Bandırma, Balıkesir, Soma, Uşak and Alaşehir. \nÇiğli was the northern terminus of the Çiğli suburban for 140 years, since the service began in 1865 until it ended in 2005.", "Atilla, A. Nedim (2002). İzmir Demiryolları (in Turkish). İzmir: İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları. p. 111. ISBN 975-180076-5." ]

[ "Çiğli railway station", "References" ]

[ 2817 ]

[ 13876 ]

[ "Çifte Minareli Medrese in Sivas, 2020" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/%C3%87ifte_Minareli_Medrese%2C_Sivas.jpg" ]

[ "Çifte Minareli Medrese (Persian: مدرسه اسلامی جفت مناره), literally \"Double Minaret Madrasah\", is a former medrese located in Sivas, Turkey. It was built in 1271/2. It was commissioned by Şemseddin Cüveynî an Ilkhanid vizier.", "\"Çifte Minareli Medrese - Sivas\" (in Turkish). Türkiye Kültür Portalı. Retrieved 4 June 2019.\nIslam encyclopaedia {tr}" ]

[ "Çifte Minareli Medrese (Sivas)", "References" ]

[ 2818 ]

[ 13877 ]

[ "Location of Çifteler within Turkey.", "" ]

[ 0, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Eski%C5%9Fehir_districts.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png" ]

[ "Çifteler is a town and district of Eskişehir Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. According to 2000 census, population of the district is 16,716 of which 11,872 live in the town of Çifteler. The district covers an area of 820 km² (317 sq mi), and the average elevation is 875 m (2,871 ft).", "Abdil Ceylan (born 1983), Olympic long-distance runner\nGurer Aykal (born 1942), Conductor", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\nStatistical Institute\nGeoHive. \"Statistical information on Turkey's administrative units\". Retrieved 2008-04-04.", "Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. \"Geographical information on Çifteler, Turkey\". Retrieved 2008-04-04.\nGovernorship of Eskişehir, Turkey. \"General information on Çifteler, Eskişehir\" (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2007-11-19. Retrieved 2008-04-04.\nIndex Mundi. \"Geographical information on Çifteler, Turkey\". Retrieved 2008-04-04.", "Eskişehir governor's official website (in Turkish)\nMap of Çifteler district" ]

[ "Çifteler", "Notable natives", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2819, 2820 ]

[ 13878, 13879, 13880 ]

[ "Location of Çiftlik (District), Niğde within Turkey.", "" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Ni%C4%9Fde_districts.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png" ]

[ "Çiftlik is a town and district of Niğde Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey, 67 km from the town of Niğde, and 65 km from Aksaray. There is a much shorter route over the mountains to Niğde but that road is often under snow and closed in winter. Population is (2010) 29,183 of which 3,304 live in the town of Çiftlik.\nÇiftlik is Turkish for farm, appropriately in this rural area which was previously known as Melendiz. \nObsidian is found in the area.", "A number of extremely ancient burial mounds höyük.\nThe hot spring and crater lake near the village of Narköy.", "Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. \"Geographical information on Ciftlik, Turkey\". Retrieved 2008-03-13.\n\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\nStatistical Institute Archived 2011-08-24 at the Wayback Machine", "District governor's official website (in Turkish)\nDistrict municipality's official website (in Turkish)\nA local news website (in Turkish)\nA web portal of Niğde (in Turkish)\nYesilbor.com (in Turkish)\ninformation about cappadocia and ciftlik (in Turkish)" ]

[ "Çiftlik, Niğde", "Places of interest", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2821, 2822 ]

[ 13881, 13882 ]

[ "İlhan in 2018" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/%C3%87iler_%C4%B0lhan_8411.jpg" ]

[ "Çiler İlhan is a Turkish writer. She studied International Relations and Political Science at Boğaziçi University and hotel management at the Glion Hotel School in Switzerland. She has variously worked as an hotelier, a writer and an editor.\nİlhan has been an active writer since her youth. In 1993, she won the Yaşar Nabi Nayır Youth Awards award for one of her short stories. She regularly publishes stories, essays, book reviews, travel pieces and translations in newspapers and magazines. Her first book \"Rüya Tacirleri Odası\" \"(Chamber of Dream Merchants\", Artemis, April 2006) is a collection of short stories that allude to one another. Her second book entitled \"Sürgün\" (\"Exile\", Everest, March 2010) contains interconnected stories whose themes range from the invasion of Iraq to women from Batman, and the fate of laboratory. Sürgün (Exile) won the EU Prize for Literature 2011, and was translated and published into English by Istros Books, London in 2016. Exile, shortlisted also for Prix Du Livre Lorientales 2017, has so far been published in over 20 countries. Based on the true story of an extremely cruel murder, Nişan Evi (Engagement, Everest, 2021) is a captivating novella, told in a unique voice, reflecting the lives that are erased and lost under the weight of various power centers—ranging from the official to the secretive—amidst the intertwined way of life in eastern Turkey. İlhan,'s stories and articles were selected for over 15 prominent national and international anthologies. She is a member of Turkish and Dutch PEN.", "\"EU Prize for Literature - Çiler İlhan\".\nProfile" ]

[ "Çiler İlhan", "References" ]

[ 2823 ]

[ 13883 ]

[ "", "The gate of the Yazidi cemetery Goristana Hesen Begê near the village of Mezre (ca. 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) north)", "Yazidi graves on the Yazidi cemetery Goristana Hesen Begê near the village of Mezre" ]

[ 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Mezre1.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/GoristanaHesenBege2.jpeg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/GoristanaHesenBege3.jpeg" ]

[ "Çilesiz (Kurdish: Mezra Mihoka‎) is a former Yazidi village located in the Nusaybin district of the Mardin Province in southeastern Turkey. The village is located ca. 30 kilometres (19 mi) northeast of Nusaybin in the Tur Abdin region of southeastern Anatolia.", "Mezre is located ca. 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) southeast of the Yazidi village Geliye Sora and ca. 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) southwest of the Yazidi village Khanik. The Yazidi cemetery Goristana Hesen Begê is located ca. 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) in the north.", "\"Population of Mardin Province in Turkey - Census 2009\". Turkish Statistical Institute. Archived from the original on 2013-09-17.\nİbrahim Sediyani (2009). Adını arayan coğrafya. Özedönüş Yayınları. p. 256. ISBN 9786054296002.\nKreyenbroek, Philip G. (2009). Yezidism in Europe: Different Generations Speak about Their Religion. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 9783447060608.\n\"TMMOB Mimarlar Odası Diyarbakır Şubesi\" (PDF). Retrieved 2018-12-27." ]

[ "Çilesiz, Nusaybin", "Location", "References" ]

[ 2824, 2825, 2826 ]

[ 13884, 13885 ]

[ "East entrance to Çilingoz Nature Park.", "Beach of the nature park.", "Trees in the nature park.", "Admission fee list at east entrance." ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/%C3%87ilingozNaturePark_%283%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/%C3%87ilingozNaturePark_%288%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/%C3%87ilingozNaturePark_%2814%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/%C3%87ilingozNaturePark_%284%29.jpg" ]

[ "Çilingoz Nature Park (Turkish: Çilingoz Tabiat Parkı) is a nature park located in Çatalca district of Istanbul Province, Turkey.\nSituated at Binkılıç town of Çatalca, northwest of Istanbul on the Black Sea coast, it covers an area of 17.75 ha (43.9 acres). It was established in 2011. The region incorporating the nature park was declared a Wildlife Protection Area for its rich flora and fauna in 2005. Therefore, hunting is continuously forbidden in the region.\nThe nature park is on a bay featuring the combination of beach, forest, lake and reedy. The park has a 1,200 m (3,900 ft)-long and 80 m (260 ft)-wide beach with fine sand at its north. The Çilingoz Creek flows towards north into the Black Sea creating a sandy-alluvial mouth, which is narrow. There, it forms a large lake surrounded by reedy.\nThe nature park offers outdoor recreational activities such as camping, angling, hiking and picnicing for visitors. A restaurant and a snack bar serve the visitors. 60 tents are available for rent. Camping season continues until mid September. There is a RV park for recreational vehicles. The 30 wooden bungalows in the park area are for the use of personnel of the Forestry Administration, and can not be rented by visitors. Nearest comfortable lodging opportunity is available in Yalıköy.", "Flora\nThe nature park is habitat of diverse vegetation. Plants of the wood area are mainly Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis), Oriental alder (Alnus orientalis), European hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) and Turkey oak (Quercus cerris). Shrubs present are common rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum), butcher's-broom (Ruscus aculeatus), myrtle, (Myrtus communis), laurel (Laurus nobilis), heather (Erica arborea), strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo), blackberry (Rubus), pampas grass (Cortaderia selloana). Observed plants in sandy areas are species such as field eryngo (Eryngium campestre), alkanet (Alkanna tinctoria) and golden-flowered Onosma (Onosma taurica). \nFauna\nThe nature park has a population of diverse bird species. Some of them are quail, cormorant, Eurasian woodcock, hawk, eagle-owl, woodpecker, common blackbird, stork, magpie, European goldfinch and passer. Mammals of the park are deer, roe deer, fox, European pine marten, wolf, jackal, squirrel, porcupine, hare, mole and tortoise. Fish species found in the waters of coastal area are red mullet, jack mackerel, grey mullet, bonito and thornback ray. Fish species inhabited in the sweet waters are trout, carp, European chub and eel.", "The nature park can be reached from two directions. When coming from south, Çatalca or Saray on the state road D.020, it is at a distance of 17 km (11 mi) on forest road from Binkılıç. The other route is in the east-west direction, coming from the Lake Terkos and passing through the towns Ormanlı, Karacaköy and Yalıköy. The distance from Yalıköy is 10 km (6.2 mi). Binkılıç and Yalıköy are served by city bus line from Istanbul. A taxi ride is needed to reach the nature park from Binkılıç. There are dolmuş service from Yalıköy.\nAdmission to the nature park and to the beach is charged for visitors and vehicles. Camping is charged for tents on the overnight basis.", "\"Çilingoz Tabiat Parkı\" (in Turkish). İstanbul Tabiat Parkları. Retrieved 2016-06-17.\n\"Bir tarafta deniz, diğer tarafta göl kampçı cenneti Çiligoz\". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 2015-08-12. Retrieved 2016-06-17.\nGürer, Birsen (2013-07-22). \"İstanbullular için iki mükemmel plaj: Yalıköy ve Çilingoz\". Posta (in Turkish). Retrieved 2016-06-17." ]

[ "Çilingoz Nature Park", "Ecosystem", "Access and admission", "References" ]

[ 2827, 2828, 2829, 2830 ]

[ 13886, 13887, 13888, 13889, 13890, 13891 ]

[ "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 4, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Cine_%2801.01.2010%29_20%C2%B0_sunny_-_g%C3%BCnesli_20%C2%B0_-_panoramio.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Ayd%C4%B1n_districts.png" ]

[ "Çine is a town and a district of Aydın Province, in the Aegean region of Turkey, 38 km (24 mi) from the city of Aydın, on the road to Muğla.", "Formerly known as Kıroba, Çine is an attractive rural district in the southern part of the valley of the Büyük Menderes River, on the southern flank of Madran mountain. The local economy depends on mining of quartz and amethyst, forestry and agriculture. A dam is being built for a hydro-electric power station, after which the reservoir will be used to irrigate the surrounding farmland, however this project, which began in 1995, was still incomplete as of 2006. The local cuisine features köfte and fish.\nÇine itself is a small town of 20443 people.", "Throughout the ages this area has belonged to the Ionians, Caria, Lydians, Persia, Ancient Rome and Byzantium, was viciously fought over by the Seljuk Turks and Byzantines, eventually ending up in the hands of the Anatolian beylik of the Menteşe. The original settlement is 8 km south of the modern town.\nIn 1426 the area was brought into the Ottoman Empire by Murat II. The town grew in the 19th century when following the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 displaced Turks from Russia were resettled here by Sultan Abdul Hamid II. The town was destroyed by fire in 1900 and rebuilt.", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\nSABAH - 11/07/2006 - Yavuz Donat", "the district governor (in Turkish)" ]

[ "Çine", "Geography", "History", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2831, 2832, 2833 ]

[ 13892, 13893, 13894, 13895 ]

[ "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Adnan_Menderes_Baraj%C4%B1_2014-03-27_14-25.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Arch_dam_Oymapinar_%28Manavgat_River%2C_Turkey%29.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Nuclear_Power_Plant_2.jpg" ]

[ "Çine Dam is a dam in Turkey. The development was backed by the Turkish State Hydraulic Works. It is the first major roller compacted concrete dam in Turkey. At its height of 137 m, Cine Dam is one of the highest dams in the world.", "List of dams and reservoirs in Turkey", "http://ce.ikc.edu.tr/haber/detay/sayfa/284/Cine-Dam-Field-Trip.\nDSI directory, State Hydraulic Works (Turkey), Retrieved December 16, 2009" ]

[ "Çine Dam", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2834, 2835, 2836 ]

[ 13896 ]

[ "The statue, currently in the Adana Archaeology Museum", "The Phoenician inscription", "Part of Çineköy inscription in Adana Archaeology Museum" ]

[ 0, 2, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/AdanaMuseumCinek%C3%B6y.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Adana_Museum_%C3%87inek%C3%B6y_03.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/AdanaMuseumCinek%C3%B6y2.jpg" ]

[ "The Çineköy inscription is an ancient bilingual inscription, written in Hieroglyphic Luwian and Phoenician languages. The inscription is dated to the second half of the 8th century BC. It was uncovered in 1997 near the village of Çine, that is located some 30 km south of Adana, capital city of the Adana Province (ancient Cilicia) in southern Turkey.\nThe find was first reported and described in 1999, and the first edition of the inscription was published in 2000. Important additions to interpretation of the inscription were made in 2007, 2012, 2015, and 2017.\nAnother important inscription of the same type is known as the Karatepe inscription, which was known earlier. Both of these inscriptions trace the kings of ancient Adana from the \"house of Mopsos\" (given in Hieroglyphic Luwian as Muksa and in Phoenician as Mopsos in the form mps). He was a legendary king of antiquity.", "The object on which the inscription is found is a monument to the Storm God Tarhunza. The inscription was authored by the ruler known as Urikki in Assyrian texts, which is equivalent to War(a)ika in Luwian. The question whether it is the same person as Awar(i)ku of the Karatepe inscription or a different one remains debatable. He was the vassal king of Quwê (Assyrian name), the modern Cilicia. In Luwian this region was known as 'Hiyawa'.\nIn this monumental inscription, Urikki made reference to the relationship between his kingdom and his Assyrian overlords. Also, in the Phoenician version of the inscription, Awariku claims to have built 15 fortresses in his kingdom. In the Luwian version of the same inscription, the same sentence is misinterpreted as a reference to destroying fortresses.", "The Çineköy inscription has a special significance for determining the origin (etymology) of the term Syria, a question that was debated among scholars since 1871, when Theodor Nöldeke proposed a linguistic explanation based on derivation of Syria from Assyria. That explanation received a majority support among scholars. Discovery of the Çineköy inscription provided additional evidence for direct connection between terms Syria and Assyria. Phoenician section of the inscription mentions ʾŠR (Ashur), and also ʾŠRYM (Assyrians), while Luwian section narrates the same content by using SU-RA/i (Syria). Analyzing the inscription, historian Robert Rollinger pointed out in 2006 that Luwian section provides conclusive evidence for the original use of the term Syria as synonym for Assyria, thus settling the question.\nThe examined section of the Phoenician inscription reads:\nAnd the king [of Aššur and (?)]\nthe whole “House” of Aššur (’ŠR) were for me a father [and a]\nmother, and the DNNYM and the Assyrians (’ŠRYM)\nwere a single “House.”\nThe corresponding section of the Luwian inscription reads:\n§VI And then, the/an Assyrian king (su+ra/i-wa/i-ni-sa(URBS)) and the whole Assyrian \"House\" (su+ra/i-wa/i-za-ha(URBS)) were made a fa[ther and a mo]ther for me,\n§VII and Hiyawa and Assyria (su+ra/i-wa/i-ia-sa-ha(URBS)) were made a single “House.”\nNoting the scholarly consensus on the interpretation of terms Syria/Assyria in the Çineköy inscription, some researchers have also analyzed similar terms, that appear in other contemporary inscriptions, suggesting some additional interpretations.", "Name of Syria\nTerms for Syriac Christians\nLuwian-Aramean states\nKaratepe bilingual", "İpek, Tosun & Tekoğlu 1999, p. 173–188.\nTekoğlu et al. 2000, p. 961-1007.\nLanfranchi 2007, p. 186-195.\nPayne 2012, p. 42-44.\nYakubovich 2015a, p. 40-44.\nHawkins 2017, p. 211-216.\nSimon 2014, p. 91–103.\nBryce 2016, p. 70.\nBryce 2012, p. 156.\nYakubovich 2015a, p. 46.\nNöldeke 1871, p. 443–468.\nRollinger 2006a, p. 72-82.\nRollinger 2006b, p. 283-287.\nSimon 2012, p. 167–180.\nPayne 2012, p. 42-44, 84, 87, 117.\nWeeden 2013, p. 10.\nDinçol et al. 2014, p. 149.\nHawkins & Weeden 2016, p. 11-12, 14, 18.", "Bryce, Trevor R. (2012). The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History. New York: Oxford University Press.\nBryce, Trevor R. (2016). \"The Land of Hiyawa (Que) Revisited\". Anatolian Studies. 66: 67–79.\nDinçol, Ali; Dinçol, Belkis; Hawkins, John David; Marchetti, Nicolò; Peker, Hasan (2014). \"A Stele by Suhi I from Karkemish\". Orientalia. 83 (2): 143–153.\nHawkins, John David; Weeden, Mark (2016). \"Sketch history of Karkamish in the earlier Iron Age (Iron I–IIB)\" (PDF). Carchemish in Context. Oxford-Philadelphia: Oxbow Books. pp. 9–21.\nHawkins, John David (2017). \"The Ending of the Çineköy Inscription\". At the Dawn of History: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of J. N. Postgate. Eisenbrauns: Penn State University Press. pp. 211–216.\nİpek, İsmet; Tosun, Kazım; Tekoğlu, Recai (1999). \"Adana Geç Hitit Kurtarma Kazısı 1997 Yılı Çalışma Sonuçları\" (PDF). IX. Müze Kurtarma Kazıları Semineri. Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı Milli Kütüphane Basımevi. pp. 173–188.\nLanfranchi, Giovanni B. (2005). \"The Luwian-Phoenician Bilingual of Çineköy and the Annexation of Cilicia to the Assyrian Empire\". Von Sumer bis Homer. Münster: Ugarit Verlag. pp. 481–496.\nLanfranchi, Giovanni B. (2007). \"The Luwian-Phoenician Bilinguals of Çineköy and Karatepe: An Ideological Dialogue\" (PDF). Getrennte Wege?: Kommunikation, Raum und Wahrnehmung in der Alten Welt. Frankfurt am Main: Verlag Antike. pp. 179–217.\nLanfranchi, Giovanni B. (2009). \"A Happy Son of the King of Assyria: Warikas and the Çineköy Bilingual (Cilicia)\". Of God(s), Trees, Kings, and Scholars. Helsinki: Finnish Oriental Society. pp. 127–150.\nLanfranchi, Giovanni B. (2011). \"The Expansion of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Its Peripheries: Military, Political and Ideological Resistance\". Lag Troia in Kilikien? Der aktuelle Streit um Homers Ilias. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. pp. 225–239.\nNöldeke, Theodor (1871). \"Ασσύριος Σύριος Σύρος\". Hermes. 5 (3): 443–468.\nPayne, Annick (2012). Iron Age Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.\nRollinger, Robert (2006a). \"Assyrios, Syrios, Syros und Leukosyros\". Die Welt des Orients. 36: 72–82.\nRollinger, Robert (2006b). \"The Terms Assyria and Syria Again\" (PDF). Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 65 (4): 283–287.\nSimon, Zsolt (2012). \"Where is the Land of Sura of the Hieroglyphic Luwian inscription KARKAMIŠ A4b and Why Were Cappadocians Called Syrians by Greeks?\". Altorientalische Forschungen. 39 (1): 167–180.\nSimon, Zsolt (2014). \"Awarikus und Warikas: Zwei Könige von Hiyawa\". Zeitschrift für Assyriologie. 104 (1): 91–103.\nTekoğlu, Recai; Lemaire, André; İpek, İsmet; Tosun, Kazım (2000). \"La bilingue royale louvito-phénicienne de Çineköy\" (PDF). Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. 144 (3): 961–1007.\nWeeden, Mark (2013). \"After the Hittites: The Kingdoms of Karkamish and Palistin in Northern Syria\" (PDF). Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. 56 (2): 1–20.\nYakubovich, Ilya (2015a). \"Phoenician and Luwian in Early Iron Age Cilicia\". Anatolian Studies. 65: 35–55.\nYakubovich, Ilya (2015b). \"Adanawa or Ahhiyawa? Reply to the Addendum by J. D. Hawkins\". Anatolian Studies. 65: 56–58.", "Inscription From 800 BC Shows the Origin of the Name 'Syria'\nNytt fynd stärker samband mellan suroye-asuroye (in Swedish)\nNeue Entdeckung erhöht Verbindung zwischen Suroye und Asuroye (in German)" ]

[ "Çineköy inscription", "Background", "Syria as Luwian designation for Assyria", "See also", "References", "Sources", "External links" ]

[ 2837, 2838, 2839 ]

[ 13897, 13898, 13899, 13900, 13901, 13902, 13903, 13904, 13905, 13906, 13907, 13908, 13909, 13910, 13911, 13912, 13913 ]

[ "Lake Işıklı", "Gümüşsu Waterfalls near Çivril", "", "" ]

[ 5, 6, 8, 8 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Lake_Isikli_Civril_DenizliProvince_Turkey.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Gumussu_Waterfalls_Civril_DenizliProvince_Turkey.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Denizli_districts.png" ]

[ "Çivril is a town and district of Denizli Province in the inner Aegean region of Turkey. Çivril district area neighbors those of two districts of Uşak Province to its north, namely Sivaslı and Karahallı, and four districts of Afyonkarahisar Province from the north-east to the south which are, clockwise, Sandıklı, Dinar, Dazkırı and Dazkırı, and to its south-west, three districts of the same province as itself depending Denizli. These last three are Bekilli, Çal and Baklan.\nIt is the most populated district of the province after Denizli center and is situated on a plain to the northeast of the city of Denizli, being actually closer to the neighboring provincial seat of Uşak.\nThe population of the district center is 17,989 and the whole district (including the rural area) is 61,815.", "The weather is dry and hot in summer, cold in winter. The villagers of Çivril are mostly occupied with growing the district's well-known tasty apples. Many more migrated to work in Germany and other European countries in the 1960s. Thus Çivril has a number of wealthy citizens living abroad or in Istanbul and in summer is populated with returning families for holiday. But in general this is a typical quiet rural Anatolian district.", "", "During an excavation carried out by the British archaeologists Prof. Seton Lloyd and Prof. James Mellaart between 1953 and 1959 at Beycehöyük, 6 km (4 mi) south of the town of Çivril, several artefacts dating back to the Copper Age (circa 3000 BC) were found. It is assumed that Beycehöyük was the centre of the Arzawa kingdom, contemporaries of the Hittite Empire. Later on Phrygians, Carians, Lydians, Persians and Macedonians passed through the region during recorded history but left very few traces.\nIt is assumed that the relics of raiders and chariots in mounds and on rocks found at Yavuzca farm, 20 km (12 mi) from Çivril, date back to the Phrygians in whose time the most notable settlement here was called Eumeneia. A tomb located on Beycehöyük dates from Seljuk era.", "A village depending Sandıklı until the 1880s, Çivril gained importance once it became the terminus of a branch of the İzmir-Dinar railway which reached here in 1889. The railway was later extended from Dinar further east to Eğirdir in 1912. Çivril continued to grow by becoming a township with its own municipality in 1892 and a district center in 1910, attached at first to Afyonkarahisar and to Denizli after 1925. The railway line was closed in 1988 and the transportation relies today on intercity buses.", "Çivril district area is notable by the large size within its boundaries of Lake Işıklı, a freshwater lake which is a fishing reserve and recreational are for its region, aside from being one of the sources of Büyük Menderes River. The lake lies at an altitude of 821 m and its area is 73 square kilometres. Its waters are also used for irrigation for the surrounding agricultural lands. It is a site for breeding waterbirds and large numbers of wintering wildfowl. It has been proposed as an Important Bird Area.\nThe lake is at about 20 km (12 mi) south of Çivril and extends in Çivril Plain. It is fed by streams from further east. Another stream, Işıklı Stream, in its turn, departs from the lake to join later Büyük Menderes River.", "The ancient and as yet superficially explored city of Eumeneia is located on the shore of Lake Işıklı near Çivril and the locality is arranged into a recreational area.\nThere are a number of waterfalls on Işıklı Stream between Lake Işıklı and Büyük Menderes River, including the Gümüşsu falls.\nTo the north of the district center is the township of Gürpınar, which was previously known as Bulkaz. Another waterfall is located practically within the township.", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\nFalling Rain Genomics, Inc. \"Geographical information on Çivril, Turkey\". Retrieved 2008-10-23.", "District governor's official website (in Turkish)\nMunicipality of Gürpınar" ]

[ "Çivril", "General features", "History", "Beycehöyük", "Turkish era", "Lake Işıklı", "Other places of interest", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2840, 2841, 2842, 2843 ]

[ 13914, 13915, 13916, 13917, 13918, 13919, 13920, 13921 ]

[ "Choban salad served with beer", "", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Bira_ve_%C3%A7oban_salata.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Pideli_k%C3%B6fte_-_Istanbul.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/%C5%9Eorqo%C4%9Fal%C4%B1.JPG" ]

[ "Çoban salatası or Choban salad (Turkish for \"Shepherd's Salad\") is a salad originated from Turkish cuisine and Azerbaijani cuisine consisting of finely chopped tomatoes (preferably peeled), cucumbers, long green peppers, onion, and flat-leaf parsley. The dressing consists of lemon juice, olive oil, and salt.", "Arab salad\nIsraeli salad\nGreek salad\nKachumber\nSerbian salad\nList of salads\nShirazi salad\nShopska salad", "Wright, C. (2003). The Little Foods of the Mediterranean. Harvard Common Press. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-55832-227-1. Retrieved December 22, 2017.\nAkin, E. (2015). Essential Turkish Cuisine. ABRAMS. p. pt126. ISBN 978-1-61312-871-8. Retrieved December 22, 2017.\nSwan, S. (2010). DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Turkey. DK Publishing. p. 350. ISBN 978-0-7566-6495-4. Retrieved December 22, 2017.\nShore, R.; Shore, D. (2017). Home and Away: Simple, Delicious Recipes Inspired by the World's Cafes, Bistros, and Diners. Arsenal Pulp Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-55152-674-4. Retrieved December 22, 2017.\nShales, Melissa (2013-06-03). Top 10 Istanbul. DK Publishing. pp. 82–. ISBN 9781465413154. Retrieved 5 March 2015." ]

[ "Çoban salatası", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2844, 2845, 2846 ]

[ 13922, 13923, 13924 ]

[ "Çaobanded Bridge" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/COBANDEDE_KOPRUSU_-_ERZURUM_KOPRUKOY_-_panoramio.jpg" ]

[ "Çobandede Bridge (Turkish: Çobandede Köprüsü, also called Çoban Bridge) is a historical bridge in Erzurum Province of Turkey.", "The bridge is at 39°58′13″N 41°53′18″E to the east of Köprüköy ilçe (district) of Erzurum Province. Köprüköy, literally \"bridge Ville\" is named after the bridge. The bridge is situated at the point where two tributaries of the Aras River meet. It is on the road from Erzurum to Muş. Currently, Çobandede Bridge is out of service and the Turkish state highway D.955 is over a parallel bridge about 500 metres (1,600 ft) east of Çobandede Bridge.", "In 1865 a priest, Archimandrite Timeteos, copied an inscription, in Armenian that was on the bridge. It read \"this bridge, founded by the Armenians, was repaired by the Magistros under the auspices of the monastery of Sourb Astvatzatzin and the castle of Darun in the year 609\" (609 is equivalent to the year 1160). In 1904, Kajberuny saw this inscription, and two others in Arabic, saying that they were located above the arches on the eastern side of the bridge. Neither the Armenian inscription nor the two Arabic inscriptions currently survive on the bridge. A fourth inscription, not seen by Kajberuny, in Arabic, still survives but in a worn and damaged condition. It is located on the bridge's parapet. About the \"Magistros\" mentioned in the inscription, Kortoshian writes that it may be the family title used by descendants of Grigor Magistros. He was buried in Sourb Astvatzatzin monastery close to nearby Pasinler (Hasankale); Darun (Daroynk) has been identified as either Hasankale or Dogubayazit.\nTurkish researchers write it was constructed during the Mongol occupation of Anatolia towards the end of the 13th century. According to one view, up to 1271 flood, there was an ancient bridge near Çobandede Bridge. Thus Çobandedde Bridge was constructed later than 1271. In a barely readable part of the inscription, there is a date that corresponds to 1289. This date is in accordance with the name of the bridge. Because towards the conclusion of the 13th century, Ilkhanid authority in Anatolia was represented by Mongol general Chupan (called Emir Çoban in Turkish).\nThe bridge was restored in 1727, and again in 1872. In 1946-48 it was additionally restored by the Turkish army.", "The building material is cut stone with three different colors (black, red and, gray). The total length of the bridge is 130 metres (430 ft). In the original design, the bridge had seven arches. But one of the arches is now buried underground. Currently the width of the six remaining arches are; 11.50 metres (37.7 ft), 13 metres (43 ft), 14.50 metres (47.6 ft), 15.50 metres (50.9 ft), 15.50 metres (50.9 ft) and 15.50 metres (50.9 ft). There are eight chambers in the abutments.", "Raffi Kortoshian, \"What is Concealed in the Turkish Information Boards\", Vardzqporq, volume 4, 2011, pages 1-12.\nHistorical Bridges page by Prof. Gülsüm Tanyeli (in Turkish)\nFügen İlter: Osmanlılara kadar Anadolu Türk Köprüleri, Karayolları Yayınları, pp.191-192\nSinclair, T.A. (1989). Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume I. Pindar Press. p. 232. ISBN 9780907132325." ]

[ "Çobandede Bridge", "Location", "History", "Technical details", "References" ]

[ 2847 ]

[ 13925, 13926, 13927, 13928, 13929, 13930, 13931 ]

[ "Çorape from Kukes" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Corape.jpg" ]

[ "Çorape is the Albanian word for socks. The traditional çorape, which are part of the traditional clothing are worked either in wool or cotton, and have many motifs and colors, sometimes including very thin metal threads.\nThe çorape worn in the region of Rugova are usually white, but during the Ottoman presence they were most likely red. They were similar to those used in Montenegro for the way they would look on the inside and for the way they would be tied.", "Trashëgimia dhe tranformimi i kulturës popullore: materiala nga sesioni shkencor, mbajtur në Prishtinë më 7-8 shtator 1979. Instituti Albanologjik i Prishtinës. 1983. p. 163.\nMilina Ivanović (1988). Narodna nošnja Kosova: Rugovo. Kulturno prosvjetni sabor Hrvatske. p. 40." ]

[ "Çorape", "References" ]

[ 2848 ]

[ 13932 ]

[ "Emlak Konutları towerblocks – a prominent site of the city", "Place name sign of Çorlu (2017) on the state road D.100.", "Municipal building of Çorlu.", "5th Army Corps", "A typical street in downtown", "War grave of Çorlu", "1453-built Fatih Mosque.", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 7, 7 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/EmlakKonutFraBroen.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/%C3%87orlu_%2813%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/%C3%87orluMunicipality.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/5cikolordu.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/DowntownCorlu.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/%C3%87orlu%C5%9Eehitlik.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/FatihMosque%C3%87orlu.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Tekirda%C4%9F_districts.png" ]

[ "Çorlu ([ˈtʃoɾɫu] (listen)) is a northwestern Turkish city in inland Eastern Thrace that falls under the administration of the Province of Tekirdağ. It is a rapidly developing industrial centre built on flatland located on the motorway Otoyol 3 and off the highway D.100 between Istanbul and Turkey's border with Greece and Bulgaria.", "Bronze Age relics have been found in various areas of Thrace including Çorlu and by 1000 BC the area was a Phrygian-Greek colony named Tzirallum, Tzirallun, or Tzirallon (Τζίραλλον). The area was subsequently controlled by Greeks, Persians, Romans and the Byzantines.\nDuring Roman and Byzantine times, the town was referred to as Tzouroulos, or Syrallo. The spelling \"Zorolus\" is used for the Latinized form of the name of the episcopal see identified with present-day Çorlu in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees. Some writers have identified the Roman town of Caenophrurium (the stronghold of the Caeni and the place where Emperor Aurelian was murdered in 275) with Çorlu, but this seems unlikely as the Antonine Itinerary lists Cenofrurium as two stages and 36 Roman miles (53 kilometre) closer to Byzantium than Tzirallum, and the Tabula Peutingeriana shows the locations separately. There were important Roman and Byzantine fortifications at Caenophrurium, which was a base for controlling large areas of Thrace.\nFollowing a tumultuous early history, Çorlu was brought under Ottoman control by Sultan Murad I, who immediately ordered the destruction of the Roman walls as part of a policy of opening up the town under Pax Ottomana. In the Ottoman period, the town remained an important staging post on the road from Constantinople to Greece.\nIn the early 16th century, the nearby village of Uğraşdere was the battleground where Sultan Beyazid II defeated his son Selim I (August 1511); a year later Beyazid II was defeated by Selim and was the first Ottoman father to be overthrown by his son. Beyazid II died in Çorlu on his way to exile in Dimetoka. Coincidentally, Selim himself died in Çorlu nine years into his reign. Both father and son are buried in Istanbul.\nIn the late 18th century, when the Ottoman Empire began to decline in military as well as economic power, the city found itself at the crossroads of numerous conflicts. Turkish refugees were settled in the city when the Ottomans lost control of Crimea to the Russians. The grandchildren of these refugees met the Russians themselves when Çorlu was briefly occupied by Russian troops in The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878. During the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913, Çorlu was the command post of the Ottoman army, but was taken by Bulgarian troops in December 1912. The city was recaptured by Turkish forces during the Second Balkan War in July 1913. Çorlu was then occupied by Greek troops from 1920 to 1922 during the Turkish War of Independence, and was ceded by Britain in accordance with the armistice of Mudanya.\nThe city formally became a part of the Republic of Turkey following the declaration of the Republic in 1923. Çorlu continues to be an important garrison of the Turkish army today as the home of the 189th Infantry Regiment.", "The city today is more populous than the provincial center of Tekirdağ, owing to a population growth initially caused by the exodus of Turks from Bulgaria in 1989 which complemented the traditional left-leaning, industrial working-class of Çorlu, and a second wave of migrants from rural Anatolia in the 1990s who came to work in the factories, who now make up the conservative populace of the city. Another group, albeit smaller in numbers, is the Romani community. The city also had a temporary population of ethnic Albanians and Bosnians flown in during the Kosovo conflict as part of Turkey and North Macedonia's efforts to aid the suffering populaces of former Yugoslavia by offering them temporary asylum. The city also has a small Jewish community. In 1970, the only synagogue of the town was converted to mosque, it has been restored in concordance with the original design, without changing the ceiling decorations and the column capitals, now called \"Yeni Camii\".\nThe town center bears the hallmarks of a typical migration-accepting Turkish rural town, with traditional structures coexisting with a collection of concrete apartment blocks providing public housing, as well as amenities such as basic shopping and fast-food restaurants, and essential infrastructure but little in the way of culture except for cinemas and large rooms hired out for wedding parties. The roads passing through the city center is often congested, as it cannot bear the capacity of a quarter million populated city. Çorlu's shopping facilities have recently been enhanced by the completion of the 25 km² Orion Mall. While there is little to no nightlife, as Çorlu is close to Istanbul, locals can and often do easily go to \"the city\" for the weekend.\nÇorlu today displays the characteristics of typical Turkish boomtowns. The town expanded without proper infrastructure developing alongside. Most important mark of this is the city center, which almost remained the same size since 1993–1994, when the population rise started. There are other landmarks, as well. Such as the city prison, 5th Army Corps, a gas station etc. which were outside of the town before the \"boom\" whereas today they are inside the city center as odd landmarks. Since around the year 2000, east side of the city has been gradually populated with tower blocks which constituted a satellite area. Alongside Omurtak boulevard of the east side, many facilities emerged (banks, restaurants, malls, police station etc.) here. Thus making it a second center and decreasing the need to travel to the city center.", "With more than 300 factories, Çorlu is largely a textile producing town, with Levi's and Mavi Jeans being among the companies that have factories here as well as large outlet centers intended to attract consumers from all over Thrace and Istanbul looking for discount clothing. Levi's closed its factory in Çorlu in August 2014. In addition to textiles, Çorlu produces foodstuffs and soft drinks like Coca-Cola, and Unilever products like Algida ice-cream and Calvé condiments. As of 2009, Hewlett-Packard and Foxconn Group have come together for a joint venture in the town to build a large factory and production complex that will enable the two companies to use Çorlu, and Turkey in general, as the hub of their production activities for Eastern Europe and the Middle East.", "", "Aden, Yemen\n Kumanovo, North Macedonia\n Thies, Senegal\n Ebolowa, Cameroon\n Bandaressalam, Comoros\n Sinop, Turkey\n Montgomery, Alabama, USA\n Grenville, Grenada\n Luxor, Egypt\n Alert, Nunavut, Canada", "\"Başkanımız Ahmet SARIKURT\".\n\"Çorlu Kaymakamı\".\n\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"İlçemiz\".\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\nComnena c. 1148, p. 242\nTabula Peutingeriana\nAnnuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013, ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 1013\nOtto Cuntz, ed. (1990), Itineraria Antonini Augusti et Burdigalense, p. 33, ISBN 9783519042730\n\"More Kosovo refugees flown out of Macedonia\". Cnn.com. Retrieved 20 November 2014.\nAvotaynu: the international review of Jewish genealogy, Volume 14, G. Mokotoff, 1998, p. 40.\n\"Çorlu camileri\" (in Turkish). T.C. Çorlu Müftülüğü. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2012.\n\"STAR - Haberler, Son Dakika, Haber, Son Dakika Haberleri\". www.stargazete.com. Archived from the original on February 25, 2009.", "Comnena, Anna (c. 1148). The Alexiad of Anna Comnena. Translated by E.R.A. Sewter. ISBN 9780140449587.", "Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Chorlu\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 270." ]

[ "Çorlu", "History", "Çorlu today", "Economy", "International relations", "Twin towns — Sister cities", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2849, 2850, 2851, 2852, 2853, 2854, 2855 ]

[ 13933, 13934, 13935, 13936, 13937, 13938, 13939, 13940, 13941, 13942, 13943, 13944, 13945, 13946, 13947, 13948, 13949, 13950 ]

[ "A regional train same as the derailed one.", "Derailment accident site after recovery works on the right of the rail track Halkalı, Istanbul-Pehlivanköy, Kırklareli." ]

[ 1, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/TrakyaRegional_%282%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/RailTrackHalkal%C4%B1Pehlivank%C3%B6y_%2827%29.jpg" ]

[ "The Çorlu train derailment was a fatal railway accident which occurred in 2018 at the Çorlu district of Tekirdağ Province in northwestern Turkey when a train derailed, killing 24 passengers and injuring 318, including 42 severely.", "At 17:15 Turkish time on July 8, 2018, five bogies of the six-car train of Uzunköprü-Halkalı Regional\noperating with train number 12703 on the Istanbul-Pythio railway en route to Halkalı Terminal in Istanbul derailed at 162 km (101 mi) near Sarılar village of Çorlu, Tekirdağ. Of the 362 passengers and six crew on board, 24 were killed and 318 injured. 276 lightly injured passengers were discharged from the hospitals after receiving treatment, while medical care for the 42 severely injured victims continues in hospitals in Tekirdağ, Çorlu and Istanbul.\nThe Turkish Ministry of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications announced in a statement right after the accident, that the derailment occurred after the railway track slipped down from its original position due to torrential rains. It was reported that the track was intact when a scheduled train passed through that location at about 10:40 local time the same day. Heavy rainfall at a rate of 32 kg/m² (6.6 lb/sq ft) per hour occurred between 14:20 and 15:10 in the region. Investigations revealed that a culvert under the railway had collapsed as flood water sapped it by washing away the soil underneath its foundation, and as a result the track ballast under the tracks lost its support. However, the sleepers at that spot appeared to be in good order to the railroad engineer of the train, which was running at a speed of 100–110 km/h (62–68 mph). The locomotive ran through without incident, then the first car derailed, although it remained upright. The following five cars, however, fully derailed and overturned, destroying 400 m (1,300 ft) of tracks.\nNumerous Russian news sources reported that Russian tourists were among the injured. The Radio and Television Supreme Council imposed a temporary ban on broadcasting the accident.", "Several emergency services, including AFAD, UMKE, Health Ministry emergency 112 and Gendarmerie, arrived at the scene for rescue operations. The closest distance of the highway to the accident site was approximately 3 km (1.9 mi). Due to the muddy terrain which was a result of the sudden heavy rainfall, access by road vehicles was impossible. The victims were transported to the ambulances waiting on the highway using tractors' chaser bins provided by the villagers. Tracked vehicles had to be sent to the accident site. The injured passengers were transported to nearby hospitals by ambulances and helicopters. Rescue operations continued all night, and were completed at 6:00 hours the next day.\nRepair of the railroad began on 9 July. First, the ballast, sleepers, and damaged tracks were renewed from both sides. Following the restoration of the track, the overturned and damaged cars were removed on July 14 by a work force of 30 with the help of a railroad crane. The cars were transported firstly to Çorlu railway station on a freight train and from there to the Mechanical and Chemical Industry Corporation (MKE) in İzmit by trucks. In February 2021, the mother of a victim was fined to pay TL 8,840 ($1,191 at that time) for insulting public officials while active on social media.", "List of rail accidents in Turkey\nRail transport in Turkey\n2018 in Turkey\n2018 in rail transport", "\"Tekirdağ'da tren kazasında hayatını kaybedenler toprağa veriliyor\". TRT Haber (in Turkish). July 10, 2018. Retrieved July 10, 2018.\n\"Tekirdağ Çorlu'daki tren kazasının nedeni ortaya çıktı! Tren kazasındaki ölü ve yaralı sayısı\". Habertürk (in Turkish). July 9, 2018. Retrieved July 11, 2018.\n\"Train accident death toll rises in NW Turkey\". Anadolu Agency. July 9, 2018. Retrieved July 10, 2018.\n\"Tekirdağ Çorlu'daki tren kazasının nedeni belli oldu\". Posta (in Turkish). July 8, 2018. Retrieved July 8, 2018.\n\"Turkish train death toll rises to 24\". The National. July 9, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2018.\n\"Train derailment kills at least 24 in northwestern Turkey\". Hürriyet Daily News. July 8, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2018.\n\"Tekirdağ'da yolcu treni devrildi: 24 ölü, 124 yaralı\". Vatan (in Turkish). July 9, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2018.\n\"Turkey train derails en route to Istanbul, killing 10\". BBC. July 8, 2018. Retrieved July 8, 2018.\n\"Tekirdağ Çorlu'daki tren kazasında ölenlerin kimlikleri belli oldu\". NTV (in Turkish). July 9, 2018. Retrieved July 10, 2018.\n\"\"Herkese traktör alarak gelmelerini söyledim\"\". Habertürk (in Turkish). July 10, 2018. Retrieved July 10, 2018.\n\"Tekirdağ'daki Tren Kazası\". Milliyet (in Turkish). July 9, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2018.\n\"Çorlu'da 24 kişinin öldüğü kazada devrilen vagonlar kaldırıldı\". CNN Türk (in Turkish). July 14, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2018.\n\"Çorlu train crash victim's mother fined for 'insulting public officials'\". www.duvarenglish.com. September 2, 2021. Archived from the original on February 9, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2021." ]

[ "Çorlu train derailment", "Accident", "Aftermath", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2856, 2857 ]

[ 13951, 13952, 13953, 13954, 13955, 13956, 13957, 13958, 13959, 13960, 13961, 13962 ]

[ "Çorovodë in the Distance", "Osum Canyon", "Gradec Cliffs near Çorovodë" ]

[ 0, 2, 5 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/%C3%87orovod%C3%AB_1.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Osumit_-_Upper_Canyon_-_panoramio.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6e/Shkembi_Gredec_%C3%87orovod%C3%AB.jpg" ]

[ "Çorovodë (definite Albanian form: Çorovoda) is a town and a former municipality in Berat County, Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision and the seat of the municipality Skrapar. The population at the 2011 census was 4,051. The name of the town derives from the Bulgarian word for \"black water\". It was the seat of the former Skrapar District.\nThe river Osum passes through the city. Upstream it forms canyons and caves. The river provides opportunities for kayaking and other aquatic sport.", "The smaller Çorovoda River also flows through the city and mouths into the Osum river. Five km northeast of Çorovodë it formed the Gradec Canyon. In one of its cliffs the presumably biggest cave of Albania named \"Pirogosh\" is located. Allegedly, two kings, Piro and Goshi, named it. Also of note is the Ottoman-era Kasabashi stone bridge over the Çorovoda river.\nDuring the period of communist rule in Albania, the town was a closed city that had a military airport, as well as other critical war infrastructure.", "Çorovodë is known for activities like rafting and mountain hiking. The Osum river is a river that pass between canyons that makes rafting hard and hosts annual rafting contests and championships. There are many mountains and hikes in the area.\nBogova Reserve\nOsum Canyon\nPirogoshi Cave", "Xhelal bej Koprencka, modern Albania's founding father\nIlir Meta (born 1969), Albanian President", "Pirogoshi Cave\nOsum Canyon", "\"Law nr. 115/2014\" (PDF) (in Albanian). p. 6366. Retrieved 25 February 2022.\n2011 census results Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine" ]

[ "Çorovodë", "History", "Tourism", "Notable people", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2858 ]

[ 13963, 13964, 13965 ]

[ "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Vjosariver.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Cornfieldcorrush.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Oliveroad.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Hederaj.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Houseabandoned.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Griba.jpg" ]

[ "Çorrush (definite Albanian form: Çorrushi) is a village in the former Kutë municipality, Fier County, southwestern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Mallakastër.\nCurrently, Çorrush has 16 locally known neighborhoods; Hederaj, Shehaj, Allkomuçaj, Majas, Varfaj, Llakaj, Bajraktaraj, Asllanaj, Caushaj, Banaj, Kolaj, Qendër, Agaraj, Kënaj, Shullënjas and Zotoagaj. All the neighborhoods are placed in a different hilltop. The Inhabitants of the village are called Çorrushiotë.", "Çorrush highest point measures 520m at the hill Maja e Gjatë.\nVjosë river serves as a border with two other regions, Vlorë County and Gjirokastër County.", "First attested in the Ottoman register of 1570, the village at that time was documented to have three neighborhoods, Moskat, Kasadat and Lazarat. Nowadays they are respectively called Kënaj, Shullënjas and Banaj.\nIn the first years of the 18th century came in Çorrush, for enmity reasons, the family of Dëro Iljazi (Hadër Iljazi) from Progonat, Tepelenë District. The family was placed in the neighborhood which now is called Hederaj. Hederaj took the name from the head of this family. From the descendants of this family were later created three other neighborhoods; Allkomucaj, Bregas and Varfaj.\nFor enmity reason also came in 1880 the well known family of Caush Prifti from the village of Hormovë, Tepelenë District. After the family came they were placed and formed four other neighborhoods; Agaraj, Caushaj, Zotoagaj and Asllanaj. While neighborhood Bajraktaraj has the origin from the family of Bajraktar (Flamurtar) also from the village of Hormovë, who came in the same time with the family of Caush Prifti for the same enmity reasons.\nThe newest neighborhood Qendër was formed after the year 1970 by the families of other neighborhoods.", "Mehmet Shehu\nKastriot Islami", "", "\"Law nr. 115/2014\" (PDF) (in Albanian). p. 6370. Retrieved 25 February 2022.\nÇorrush at GEOnet Names Server" ]

[ "Çorrush", "Geography", "History", "Notable people", "Gallery", "References" ]

[ 2859, 2860, 2861, 2862, 2863, 2864 ]

[ 13966, 13967, 13968, 13969 ]

[ "landscape to the north of Çortunlu" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/G%C3%BCn_batarken_%28Pincirik%29_-_panoramio.jpg" ]

[ "Çortunlu village of Sivrice District in Elazığ Province in eastern Turkey.", "\"YerelNET | Kültür ve Turizm Portalı\". YerelNET." ]

[ "Çortunlu, Sivrice", "References" ]

[ 2865 ]

[ 13970 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/%C3%87oruh_River.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/2007-06_%C3%87oruh_rafting.jpg" ]

[ "The Chorokh (Georgian: ჭოროხი Ch'orokhi, Turkish: Çoruh, Armenian: Չորոխ Ch’vorokh, Greek: Άκαμψις, Akampsis) is a river that rises in the Mescit Mountains in north-eastern Turkey, flows through the cities of Bayburt, İspir, Yusufeli, and Artvin, along the Kelkit-Çoruh Fault, before flowing into Georgia, where it reaches the Black Sea just south of Batumi and a few kilometers north of the Turkish-Georgian border.\nIn Arrian's Periplus Ponti Euxini, it is called the Acampsis (Greek: Άκαμψις); Pliny may have confused it with the Bathys. Procopius writes that it was called Acampsis because it was impossible to force a way through it after it has entered the sea, since it discharges its stream with such force and swiftness, causing a great disturbance of the water before it, that it goes out for a very great distance into the sea and makes it impossible to coast along at that point.\nIn English, it was formerly known as the Boas, the Churuk, or the Chorokh.", "The Ch'orokhi valley lies within the Caucasus ecological zone, which is considered by the World Wide Fund for Nature and by Conservation International as a biodiversity hotspot. The Çoruh Valley is recognised by Turkish conservation organisations as an important plant area, an important bird area, a key biodiversity area and has been nominated as a high priority area for protection. This valley is rich in plants and contains 104 nationally threatened plant species of which 67 are endemic to Turkey.", "The Çoruh has been called \"an eco-tourism gem\" and \"Turkey's last remaining wild river\", and is being promoted for whitewater kayaking by the Eastern Anatolia Tourism Development Project. It attracts kayakers and rafters from all over the world and was the site of the 4th World Rafting Championship in 1993 and the Coruh Extreme kayak competition in 2005.", "A total of 17 large hydroelectric dams are planned as part of the Çoruh River Development Plan but a total of 27 are proposed for the Çoruh River Catchment. Under the Çoruh Development Plan, 8 dams have been completed (Arkun, Artvin, Borçka, Deriner, Güllübağ, Murtli, Tortum and Yusufeli Dams), another 2 are under construction.", "European Rivers Network\nECA Watch\nFriends of the Earth", "UN Economic Commission for Europe, Our waters: joining hands across borders : first assessment of transboundary, p. 150\nWilliam Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman geography, 1:216 (1854).\nProcopius, History of the Wars, §8.2\nEncyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition 2:757d\nW. Rickmer Rickmers, \"Lazistan and Ajaristan\", The Geographical Journal 84:6 (Dec., 1934), p. 466. at JSTOR\nWWF Global 200 Regions\nConservation International Biodiversity Hotspots\nOzhatay N, Byfield A & Atay S 2005, 122 Important Plant Areas of Turkey, for WWF Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey.\nMagnin G & Yarar M 1989, Important Bird Area in Turkey, Dogal Hayati Koruma Dernegi, Turkey.\nEken G, Bozdogan M, I˙sfendiyaroglu S, Kılıç DT & Lise Y, (editörler) 2006, Key biodiversity areas in Turkey, Doga Dernegi, Ankara, Turkey.\nUnited Nations Development Programme: Europe & CIS, \"Eastern Turkey Becomes Tourist Destination\" \nAkkus, Cetin; Akkus, Gulizar (2019-01-17). Selected Studies on Rural Tourism and Development. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 22. ISBN 9781527526013.\nCoruh Extreme Race\nENCON 2006, ‘Yusufeli Dam and Hydroelectric Power Project Environmental Impact Assessment’, Ankara, Turkey.\n\"Hydroelectric Power energy Resources\" (PDF) (in Turkish). State Hydraulic Works. Retrieved 10 May 2013." ]

[ "Çoruh", "Biodiversity", "Recreation", "Dams", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2866 ]

[ 13971, 13972, 13973, 13974, 13975, 13976 ]

[ "Çorum Archaeological Museum", "", "", "Museum of archaeology in Çorum", "Clock Tower of Çorum", "Hacıveli Culture Park", "Çorum in spring .", "Gerdek Rock-cut tomb, Hellenistic period, 2nd century BCE, District of Çorum.", "Çorum leblebi", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 6, 11, 11 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/CorumMuseum1.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/%C3%87orum_m%C3%BCzesi_%28cropped%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Clock_Tower_of_%C3%87orum.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Hac%C4%B1veli_Turizm_Tesisi_-_panoramio.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/%C3%87orum_Fuar_Alan%C4%B1_Yan%C4%B1.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Gerdek_Rock_Tomb_front%2C_Hellenistic_period%2C_2nd_century_BC%2C_district_of_%C3%87orum%2C_Turkey.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Leblebi.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/%C3%87orum_districts.png" ]

[ "Çorum ([ˈtʃoɾum]) (Medieval Greek: Ευχάνεια, romanized: Euchaneia) is a northern Anatolian city that is the capital of the Çorum Province of Turkey. Çorum is located inland in the central Black Sea Region of Turkey, and is approximately 244 km (152 mi) from Ankara and 608 km (378 mi) from Istanbul. The city has an elevation of 801 m (2,628 ft) above sea level, a surface area of 12,820 km² (4,950 sq mi), and as of the 2016 census, a population of 237,000.\nÇorum is primarily known for its Phrygian and Hittite archaeological sites, its thermal springs, and its native roasted chick-pea snacks known nationally as leblebi.", "There is ample archaeological evidence for human presence in the area since the Paleolithic ages.\nThe area prospered during the Bronze Age, with the emergence of the Hittite Empire between 1650-1200 BC. Hattusa, the Hittite capital, was located in the region owing to its inherent geographic protection, and the well-established local economy as supported by the regional Karum system.\nThere is a hypothesis that the Byzantine town of Euchaneia was at or near the site of the modern city, but others place Euchaneia further east, at Euchaita.\nThe settlement of Çorum proper can be traced only to the 16th century. The name is of Armenian origin, and is first attested in Ottoman records, in reference to a Seljuk fortress Çorum Kalesi described by Evliya Çelebi. In the mid 16th century, the fortress was divided into four mahalle or quarters.", "The town today is generally tidy and pleasant, with a locally popular countryside. As with most Central Anatolian and inland Black Sea towns, the population is largely conservative, leading to a generally more restricted nightlife that favors dry establishments, although there are some bars, pubs and cafés that offer a mix of contemporary and traditional Turkish folk music. Within the city, there is a good range of shops, cafés and restaurants, with a cuisine that includes a variety of pastries including the nationally-known Çorum Mantısı - a popular dish similar to ravioli that is slowly baked in a brick oven or steamed in a beef broth. As well as the archeological and other historic sites, the countryside surrounding Çorum offers many places for picnics, particularly near the Çomar reservoir or in the mountains around the province.\nThe old Ottoman houses, the 19th century clock tower, and the Çorum Museum that displays a range of artefacts from excavations in the region are popular tourist interests. An International Hittite Congress of archaeologists is held in Çorum every three years.", "Although the economic output of the city has historically been relatively small with a focus on traditional crafts like coppersmithing, tanning, hand weaving, agriculture and animal husbandry, over the past two decades, the city has shown a significant growth in industrial production and light engineering that has made it among the most industrially advanced cities compared to its population size.\nOriginally home to about 20 tile and brick manufactories and 10 flour and feed mills, the city today produces a wide variety of products ranging from cement to automobile parts, refined sugar to dairy products, textiles to computer parts, and more recently, poultry through chicken farming.", "", "Çorum is on the northern edge of the Central Anatolian Plateau. There is an attractive mountainous countryside around the city. The North Anatolian Fault line passes 20 km (12 mi) south of Çorum.", "Çorum has a warm summer continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dsb or Trewartha climate classification: Dcb) with dry summers and cold, snowy winters, and mild to cool wet springs and autumns with light rain.", "Mahmut Atalay - World champion and Olympic medalist wrestler\nTevfik Kış - World champion and Olympic medalist wrestler\nCevdet Cerit - professor of mathematics at Istanbul Technical University\nKomet or Gürkan Coşkun - Famous Turkish artist\nSoner Yalçın - Famous Turkish journalist, arrested for Ergenekon trials\nİbrahim Kaypakkaya - Founder of Türkiye Komünist Partisi/Marksist-Leninist\nİsmail Beşikçi - Writer\nAşık Gülabi (Gülabi Gültekin) - Minstrel\nGen. Ahmet Çörekçi - Former Head Commander of the Turkish Air Force\nSavaş Yurderi Kool Savas - a German rapper and hip hop artist", "Abdalata 40°25′N 34°54′E\nAcıpınar 40.6460°N 34.7515°E\nAhiilyas 40°27′N 34°53′E\nAhmediye 40.6053°N 35.0697°E\nAhmetoğlan 40°23′42″N 35°07′57″E\nAksungur 40.5153°N 34.8044°E\nAkyazı 40.5886°N 34.7582°E\nAkçakaya 40.6662°N 34.9261°E\nAltınbaş 40.5669°N 34.8445°E\nArpalık 40.5664°N 34.7026°E\nArpaöz 40°20′N 34°51′E\nArslanköy 40.6329°N 34.6728°E\nAtçalı 40°34′05″N 35°03′21″E\nAyaz 40.6780°N 34.8569°E\nAyvalı 40.6649°N 35.2258°E\nAşağısaraylı 40°33′48″N 34°48′49″E\nBabaoğlu 40.3571°N 34.7981°E\nBalumsultan 40°20′N 34°46′E\nBalıyakup 40°21′N 35°05′E\nBayatköy 40°11′N 30°16′E\nBektaşoğlu 40.4996°N 34.7290°E\nBeydili 40.6386°N 34.2034°E\nBozboğa 40°27′N 34°51′E\nBoğabağı 40°24′N 34°56′E\nBoğacık 40°39′N 35°08′E\nBoğazönü 40.3212°N 34.8237°E\nBudakören 40°21′N 34°50′E\nBurunköy\nBüyükdivan 40.3302°N 34.8772°E\nBüyükgülücek 40°20′42″N 34°45′06″E\nBüğdüz 40.3999°N 34.8881°E\nBüğet 40.6085°N 35.0112°E\nBüğrüoğlu 40.4069°N 34.6577°E\nCelilkırı\nCerit\nDağkarapınar\nDelibekiroğlu 40°26′N 34°40′E\nDeliler\nDenizköy\nDereköy\nDeğirmendere\nDutköy\nDutçakallı 40°36′09″N 34°45′13″E\nDüdüklük 40°17′41″N 35°01′26″E\nDüvenci\nElicek 40°18′55″N 34°46′25″E\nElköy 40°22′N 35°06′E\nElmalı\nErdek\nErtuğrul\nEskice\nEskiekin 40°31′N 34°59′E\nEskikaradona 40°27′38″N 34°37′55″E\nEskiköy\nEskiören\nEvcikuzkışla 40°23′N 34°38′E\nEvciortakışla\nEvciyenikışla 40°22′N 34°37′E\nEymir\nEğerci\nEşençay\nFeruz\nGemet 40°40′N 35°02′E\nGöcenovacığı 40°21′N 34°52′E\nGökdere\nGökköy\nGökçepınar\nGüney\nGüvenli\nGüveçli\nGüzelyurt\nHacıahmetderesi 40°31′N 34°35′E\nHacıbey\nHacımusa\nHacıpaşa\nHamamlıçay 40°39′N 34°52′E\nHamdiköy 40°25′N 34°44′E\nHankozlusu 40°20′N 34°33′E\nHarmancık\nHımıroğlu 40°20′N 35°08′E\nHızırdede 40°39′N 35°04′E\nKadıderesi 40°19′N 35°04′E\nKadıkırı\nKalehisar 40°17′29″N 34°41′24″E\nKaraağaç\nKarabayır\nKarabürçek\nKaraca\nKaracaören\nKaradona 40°18′11″N 34°38′27″E\nKaragöz\nKarahisar\nKarakeçili\nKarapınar\nKavacık\nKayı\nKazıklıkaya 40°30′N 35°00′E\nKertme\nKiranlık\nKirazlıpınar 40°18′N 35°06′E\nKireçocağı\nKonaklı\nKozluca\nKultak\nKumçeltiği 40°34′45″N 34°30′35″E\nKuruçay\nKutluca\nKuşsaray\nKöprüalan\nKüçükdüvenci 40°41′N 35°08′E\nKüçükgülücek\nKüçükpalabıyık 40°19′N 35°07′E\nKılıçören\nKınık\nKınıkdeliler\nKırkdilim\nKızılpınar\nLaloğlu\nMecidiyekavak 40°29′N 34°41′E\nMislerovacığı 40°24′N 34°37′E\nMollahasan\nMorsümbül 40°33′N 34°47′E\nMustafaçelebi 40°19′N 34°58′E\nMühürler 40°23′N 34°58′E\nNarlık\nOsmaniye\nOvasaray\nOymaağaç\nPalabıyık 40°33′47″N 35°05′10″E\nPancarlık\nPaşaköy\nPembecik\nPınarcık\nPınarçay\nSalur\nSapa\nSaraylı\nSarmaşa 40°38′57″N 34°55′19″E\nSarıkaya\nSarılık 41°35′N 35°42′E\nSarımbey\nSarışeyh\nSazak\nSazdeğirmeni 40°24′44″N 34°45′34″E\nSerban\nSerpin\nSevindikalanı 40°20′56″N 34°59′32″E\nSeydim 40°33′N 34°44′E\nSeydimçakallı 40°31′N 34°41′E\nSeyfe\nSoğuksu\nSırıklı\nTarhan\nTarhankozlusu 40°23′N 34°46′E\nTatar\nTaşpınar\nTeslim\nTolamehmet 40°29′27″N 34°59′40″E\nTozluburun 40°36′N 34°34′E\nTurgut\nTürkayşe 40°23′N 34°59′E\nTürkler\nUğrak\nYakuparpa 40°41′N 34°59′E\nYaydiğin 40°30′43″N 34°55′33″E\nYenice\nYenihayat\nYenikaradona 40°18′20″N 34°39′07″E\nYeşildere\nYeşilyayla\nÇakır\nÇalkışla\nÇaltıcak\nÇalyayla 40°42′N 34°47′E\nÇalıca\nÇanakçı\nÇatak\nÇayhatap 40°25′28″N 34°48′50″E\nÇağşak\nÇeşmeören 40°25′45″N 34°53′03″E\nÇobandivan\nÇomarbaşı 40°37′N 35°04′E\nÇorak\nÇukurören\nÇıkrık\nÖksüzler\nÖmerbey\nÖrencik\nÜlkenpınarı 40°33′N 34°36′E\nÜyük\nÜçköy\nİnalözü 40°28′N 34°35′E\nİsmailköy\nİğdeli\nŞahinkaya\nŞanlıosman 40°19′N 35°03′E\nŞekerbey 40°28′N 35°00′E\nŞendere\nŞeyhhamza\nŞeyhmustafa 40°25′N 35°03′E", "Anatolian Tigers\nAmasya\nChickpea noghl\nLeblebi", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 5 March 2013.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 27 February 2013.\nStatistical Institute\nHistory of Çorum Archived 2009-03-17 at the Wayback Machine\nChristopher Walter, The Warrior Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition (2016), citing Hippolyte Delehaye (1909).\nEconomy of Çorum Archived 2009-03-17 at the Wayback Machine\n\"Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)\" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 28 June 2021.\nAll About Çorum", "Provincial governor's web site\nPictures of the city with links to surrounding Hittite sites\nChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Chórum\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 270." ]

[ "Çorum", "History", "Çorum today", "Economy", "Population", "Geography", "Climate", "Notable natives", "Neighbourhoods", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2867, 2868, 2869, 2870, 2871, 2872 ]

[ 13977, 13978, 13979, 13980, 13981, 13982, 13983, 13984, 13985, 13986, 13987 ]

[ "" ]

[ 9 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Electoral_districts_of_Turkey_2015.png" ]

[ "Çorum is an electoral district of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. It elects four members of parliament (deputies) to represent the province of the same name for a four-year term by the D'Hondt method, a party-list proportional representation system.", "Population reviews of each electoral district are conducted before each general election, which can lead to certain districts being granted a smaller or greater number of parliamentary seats. Çorum elected five MPs from 1999 up until the 2011 general election, after which the number of seats was reduced to four.", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "http://www.ysk.gov.tr/ysk/docs/2011MilletvekiliSecimi/KesinSonuclar/corum.pdf\n\"TBMM 24.Dönem Milletvekili Listesi\". Retrieved 10 January 2015.\n\"TBMM 23.Dönem Milletvekili Listesi\". Retrieved 10 January 2015.\n\"TBMM 22.Dönem Milletvekili Listesi\". Retrieved 10 January 2015.\n\"TBMM 21.Dönem Milletvekili Listesi\". Retrieved 10 January 2015.\nhttp://www.ysk.gov.tr/ysk/docs/2011MilletvekiliSecimi/KesinSonuclar/corum.pdf\nhttp://www.ysk.gov.tr/ysk/content/conn/YSKUCM/path/Contribution%20Folders/HaberDosya/CB-AdayOylari-ilBazında-2014.pdf" ]

[ "Çorum (electoral district)", "Members", "General elections", "2011", "June 2015", "November 2015", "2018", "Presidential elections", "2014", "References" ]

[ 2873 ]

[ 13988, 13989 ]

[ "Çorum Archaeological Museum", "" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/CorumMuseum1.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Museum_btn.png" ]

[ "Çorum Archaeological Museum is an archaeological museum in Çorum, Turkey. It was formally established in 1968, with items found in Alacahöyük, Boğazköy, Ortaköy, Eskiyapar, Pazarlı, Kuşsaray and Alişar Höyük.", "The collection, amounting to 12,337 pieces in 1997, is divided into four principal areas. The First Hall and corridor contains Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine era \"coins, ceramics, glass perfume cups and lachrymatories, figurines and statuettes, offering cups, steles, sarcophagi and column capitals and jewellery\", the Second Hall contains numerous jugs, vases, rythones and crucibles, cap-shaped discs and seals from the Hittite and Phrygian periods, while the Third and Fourth Halls contain rugs, jewellery and items of clothing, weapons, scriptures and wood and metal objects dating to the Seljuk and Ottoman eras. The garden contains a fountain with a statue of a bull.", "\"Çorum Museums\". Kultur.gov.tr. Retrieved 26 August 2015." ]

[ "Çorum Archaeological Museum", "Collection", "References" ]

[ 2874 ]

[ 13990, 13991, 13992 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Saat_kulesi%5E%C3%87orum_-_panoramio.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Brainsik-bluemosque.jpg" ]

[ "Çorum Clock Tower is a clock tower in the Central district of Çorum province, Turkey. It was built either in 1894 according to Çorum Provincial Culture and Tourism Directorate and Meltem Cansever, or in 1896 according to Hakkı Acun. Built by Seven-Eight Hasan Pasha, the tower is 27.5 metres (90 ft) high and 3.9 metres (13 ft) in diameter.", "\"Kuleler-Kaleler\". corum.ktb.gov.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-08-29.\nAcun (2011). Ottoman Empire Clock Towers. Ankara: Atatürk Cultural Center Publications. p. 92. ISBN 9789751623706.\nHaber, Çorum. \"\"Çorum'daki 4 kale ve 2 kule turizme kazandırılıyor\"\". corumhaber.net (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2020-08-10. Retrieved 2020-08-29." ]

[ "Çorum Clock Tower", "References" ]

[ 2875, 2876 ]

[ 13993 ]

[ "Lion Gate in Hattusa", "The Lion Gate at Hattusa. This was one of the city gates. The arc is typical for Hittite architecture.", "Kızılırmak and Taybı plain, İskilip", "", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 5, 5 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Lion_Gate_in_Hattusa.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Lion_Gate%2C_Hattusa_01.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Taybi_Ovasi_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C4%B1rmak.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/%C3%87orum_districts.png" ]

[ "Çorum (Turkish: Çorum İli) is a province in the Black Sea Region of Turkey, but lying inland and having more characteristics of Central Anatolia than the Black Sea coast. Its provincial capital is the city of Çorum, the traffic code is 19.", "Excavations reveal that Çorum area was inhabited during the Paleolithic, Neolithic period and the 4th stage of the Calcolithic Age. Remains of these periods have been found at Büyük Güllüce, Eskiyapar and Kuşsaray.\nIn later times Çorum and its environs were dominated by Hittites and in the district of Boğazkale is one of the most important Hittite sites in Anatolia, the UNESCO World Heritage listed Hattusa, the capital of the Hittite Empire from 1700 BC to 1200 BC. Other important Hittite sites include the open-air temples at Yazılıkaya and Alacahöyük; royal tombs; and the excavations of Boğazköy including tablets proving tradings links between the Hittites and the Ancient Egyptians.\nLater civilizations such as the Phrygians arrived here and who left remains at Pazarlı, north of Çorum. Besides the Phrygians, the Cimmerians, Medes, Persians, Galatians, Romans, Byzantines, Seljuk Turks, Danishmends, Mongol Empire (Ilkhanids), Eretnids, Kadi Burhan al-Din and finally the Ottoman Empire also arrived here. As well as the Hittite archaeology, the province also contains a number of castles, bridges and mosques dating from the Seljuk and Ottoman periods.\nIn 1980, Nationalist Movement Party militants perpetrated the Çorum Massacre against the Alevi Turk minority, killing 57 and injuring more than 200.", "The province of Çorum is a mixture of mountains and high plateaus, some of it watered by the Kızılırmak and Yeşilırmak rivers. The province includes much attractive high meadow and mountain for walking and excursions from the city and towns.\nÇorum is also known as a Geographical centre of Earth. In 2003, a revised calculation by Holger Isenberg using the higher resolution ETOPO2 global digital elevation model (DEM) with data points every 2' (3.7 km near equator) led to a more precise result of 40°52′N 34°34′E in the region of Çorum, Turkey (180 km northeast of Ankara) and thereby validated Woods' calculation.", "The census data of 1831 is only the central city, villages and towns are not included.\nThe boxes with (-) sign are the times the before the subprovince was a subprovince.", "\"Population of provinces by years - 2000-2018\". Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 9 March 2019.", "(in Turkish) Çorum governor's official website\n(in Turkish) Çorum municipality's official website\n(in English) Çorum weather forecast information" ]

[ "Çorum Province", "History", "Geography", "Population", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2877, 2878, 2879, 2880 ]

[ 13994, 13995, 13996, 13997, 13998 ]

[ "", "Location of Çubuk, Ankara within Turkey.", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 8, 8 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Ye%C5%9Fil_%C3%87ubuk_Park%C4%B1_01.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Ankara_districts.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Terra.png" ]

[ "Çubuk is a town and district of Ankara Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey, outside the city of Ankara. Çubuk is a flat plain 35 km north of the city where Ankara airport is located. According to 2000 census, population of the district is 81,747 of which 76,716 live in the town of Çubuk. The district covers an area of 1,362 km² (526 sq mi), and the average elevation is 1,100 m (3,609 ft).", "Çubuk was among the first places that were captured during the conquest of Anatolia by the Seljuk Turks. The district is said to be named after Çubuk Bey, the Seljuk commander that captured the region. Kışlacık, Yeşilkent, Yaylak, Okçular, Çatköy, and Ahurlar are places located in Çubuk and used by Yıldırım Bayezid during the 1402 Battle of Ankara which was fought between the Ottoman Empire and Timur.", "Çubuk is a settlement that was established when the Turks invaded and took control of Anatolia. The district is located in the northeast of Ankara. Çubuk gained historical importance when Yıldırım Bayezid used Çubuk in the Battle of Ankara which was fought between Timur and the Ottoman Empire. Most of the villages that make up the district were formed by the remnants of armies defeated or left behind after the battle.\nÇubuk is in an area that has been crossed by trade routes since the Middle Ages. Many settlements were founded in this region because of the agricultural areas and the Çubuk River. The settlement is thought to have been founded after the conquest of Ankara and was under the control of many civilizations, for example the Hattians, Hittites, Phrygians, Romans, Byzantines, Seljuks and Ottomans. This is why the remains of these empires can be found in the district. Ruins in the Balıkhisar Neighborhood, castle ruins in Camili and Çatkoy, a marble lion sculpture in the Güldarpı neighborhood and remains of graves in the Yakup Derviş neighborhood are among the remains of these empires. Also, the Sultan Siyemi Tomb, Kutoren Village Mosque, Melikshah Village Stone Bath, Mahmutoglan Village Mosque, and Cubuk Karsiyaka Mosque are among the historical monuments located in Çubuk.\nIt is believed that the Turks settled in the region after they invaded and took control of the Anatolia. The Turks who came to the region brought their families, traditions, customs, and beliefs.", "", "Abadan\nAğılcık\nAkbayır\nAkkuzulu\nAşağıçavundur\nAşağıemirler\nAşağıobruk\nAvcıova\nCamili\nÇatköy\nÇitköy\nDağkalfat\nDalyasan\nDedeler\nDemirci\nDumlupınar\nDurhasan\nEğriekin\nEsenboğa\nEskiçöte\nGökçedere\nGüldarbı\nGümüşyayla\nHacılar\nİkipınar\nİmamhüseyin\nKapaklı\nKaraağaç\nKaraçam\nKaradana\nKaraköy\nKaraman\nKarataş\nKargın\nKarşıyaka\nKavaklı\nKışlacık\nKızılca\nKızılören\nKızılöz\nKösrelik\nKösrelikkızığı\nKüçükali\nKuruçay\nKutuören\nKuyumcuköy\nMahmutoğlan\nMelikşah\nMeşeli\nMutlu\nNusratlar\nOkçular\nÖmercik\nOvacık\nOyumiğde\nÖzlüce\nSaraycık\nSarıkoz\nSarısu\nSele\nSığırlıhacı\nSirkeli\nSünlü\nSusuz\nTahtayazı\nTaşpınar\nTuğlaköy\nUluağaç\nYakuphasan\nYaylak\nYazır\nYazlıca\nYenice\nYeşilkent\nYiğitli\nYıldırımaydoğan\nYıldırımelören\nYıldırımevci\nYılmazköy\nYukarıçavundur\nYukarıemirler\nYukarıobruk\nYuva", "Karagöl rocks, picnic area", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\nStatistical Institute\nStatoids. \"Statistical information on districts of Turkey\". Retrieved 2008-04-23.\nTurkish Statistical Institute", "Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. \"Geographical information on Çubuk, Turkey\". Retrieved 2008-03-28.\nKenthaber.com. \"General information on Çubuk district of Ankara\" (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2008-03-28.\nGovernorship of Çubuk, Turkey. \"Physical structure and map of Çubuk\" (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2007-12-05. Retrieved 2008-03-28.\n1965-2016 Turkish Statistical Institute. It was archived from its source on April 19, 2020.\n“Birsen Edanur Yıldırım - Settlement and Population of Ankara Sanjak in Terms of Historical Geography (1871-1907), Settlements by Salname, Çubukabad Town p.89 - Ankara 2006” . It was archived from its source on September 21, 2014. Retrieved March 16, 2012.", "District governor's official website (in Turkish)\nDistrict municipality's official website (in Turkish)" ]

[ "Çubuk, Ankara", "Origin", "History", "Demographics", "Villages", "Places of interest", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2881, 2882, 2883 ]

[ 13999, 14000, 14001, 14002, 14003, 14004, 14005, 14006 ]

[ "", "Main gate of Khedive Palace in Çubuklu, Istanbul." ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Location_map_Istanbul.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/H%C4%B1div_Kasr%C4%B1.jpg" ]

[ "Çubuklu is a neighbourhood in Beykoz district on the Anatolian side of the Bosphorus in İstanbul, Turkey. It was called Katangion (Κατάγγιον in Greek) in Byzantine times when it was a recreational area.\nDuring the Ottoman era, some sultans such as Selim I (r. 1494–1511), Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520–1566), Ahmed I (r. 1603–1617) and Ahmed III (r. 1703–1730) were particularly interested in Çubuklu. The grand vizier Nevşehirli Damat Ibrahim Pasha (in office 1718–1730) and some other high officials in the 19th century also contributed to its development. \nIn the 19th century, Çubuklu became a popular residential area. Grand vizier Halil Rifat Pasha (i.o. 1895–1901) built five yalıs (waterfront mansions) here for his sons. \nAbbas II of Egypt (r. 1892–1914), the last Khedive (Ottoman viceroy) of Egypt and Sudan, built the Khedive Palace on top of a hill overlooking Çubuklu. \nThe Underwater Search and Rescue Command, which trains frogmen and divers for the underwater defense (SAS) and underwater offence (SAT) teams, as well as the Office of Navigation, Hydrography and Oceanography of the Turkish Navy, are situated in Çubuklu.\nŞehir Hatları calls into the passenger ferry terminus in Çubuklu several times a day. It also runs the car ferry between Çubuklu and İstinye on the European side of the Bosphorus.", "\"Çubuklu\" (in Turkish). Beykoz belediyesi. Retrieved 2017-07-12.\n\"Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri Dalgıçlık Yönetmeliği\" (in Turkish). Mevzuat. Retrieved 2017-07-13.\n\"İletişim\" (in Turkish). Seyir Hidrografi ve Oşinografi Dairesi Başkanlığı. Retrieved 2017-07-12.\n\"İstinye - Çubuklu (Arabalı)\" (in Turkish). Şehir Hatları. Retrieved 2017-07-12." ]

[ "Çubuklu", "References" ]

[ 2884, 2885 ]

[ 14007 ]

[ "The Yavuz Selim Mosque" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/%C4%B0stanbul_-_Yavuz_Selim_Camii_-_Mart_2013_-_r2.JPG" ]

[ "Çukurbostan is a quarter of the European side of Istanbul located in the north side of the Fatih district (the walled city). Although it is difficult to define exactly its boundary, Çukurbostan lies between the neighbourhoods of Balat and Atikali. In the quarter are located the Yavuz Selim Mosque and the Byzantine Cistern of Aspar. The cistern was used in the Ottoman period as a vegetable garden, and its name Çukurbostan (\"sunken garden\") gave the name to the quarter." ]

[ "Çukurbostan, Fatih" ]

[ 2886 ]

[]

[ "Çukurcuma Caddesi with the Galata Tower", "Front of \"The Museum of Innocence\" in Çukurcuma" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/%C3%87ukurcuma_Caddesi_with_Galata_tower.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Museum_der_Unschuld_-_Fassade.jpg" ]

[ "Çukurcuma (pronounced chu-KUR-ju-ma; meaning \"Friday Valley\" in Turkish) is a district of Beyoğlu (in Istanbul, Turkey), made up of the Kuloğlu and Firuzağa neighbourhoods. It lies south-east of İstiklal Caddesi in a valley, not far from Galatasaray Square and between the Tomtom and Cihangir neighbourhoods. The main thoroughfare is Çukurcuma Caddesi. The buildings largely date from the 19th century, although there has also been a lot of 20th-century development.\nÇukurcuma is full of antique shops and cafés and has a rather European character. \nThe constituency tends to vote for the CHP. \nIn 2008 The Guardian devoted an article to Çukurcuma. In 2012, the newspaper described it as one of the five best places to live worldwide.", "The area of today's Çukurcuma was not inhabited in the Byzantine period. \nDuring the Conquest of Constantinople (1453), Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror is said to have initiated Friday prayer in the valley, giving rise to its name. The Muhittin Molla Fenari Mosque is said to date from Mehmed's reign. Originally built between 1541 and 1547 to a design of the Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan, it was commissioned for the Shaikh al-Islam Çivizade Hacı Mehmed Efendi.\nIn the 19th century, Çukurcuma expanded as a residential district. In addition to ethnic Turks, Armenians, Greeks and Western Europeans lived here and established schools, hospitals and diplomatic missions. In 1882 the Liceo Italiano Galileo Galilei joined the Greek Zografeion-Lyceum high school. The Greek Consulate General also occupies a building in the neighbourhood. \nThe 1955 Istanbul pogrom hit Çukurcuma hard, and almost all the remaining Turkish Greeks and Armenians subsequently emigrated.\nIn 2008, Orhan Pamuk published his book The Museum of Innocence, much of it set in Çukurcuma. In 2012, Pamuk opened an actual Museum of Innocence in a wooden house in a Çukurcuma back street. It was recognized as European Museum of the Year in 2014.", "Schleifer, Yigal (2008-02-10). \"Day Out: Cukurcuma, Istanbul – A More Intimate Grand Bazaar\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2020-01-31.\nLanyado, Benji (2008-09-12). \"Streets ahead: Cukurcuma in Istanbul\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2020-01-30.\nDyckhoff, Tom (2012-01-20). \"The five best places to live in the world, and why\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2020-01-30.\n\"Oldest Turkish Bath in Istanbul | Aga Hamami\". www.agahamami.com. Retrieved 2022-05-20.\n\"European Museum of the Year Award 2014\". European Museum Forum. Archived from the original on 2014-06-09." ]

[ "Çukurcuma", "History", "References" ]

[ 2887, 2888 ]

[ 14008, 14009, 14010, 14011, 14012 ]