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PaulLerner

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Edouard-Raymond_Fabre.JPG" ]

[ "Édouard-Raymond Fabre (15 September 1799 – 16 July 1854) was a Canadian politician and bookseller, the Mayor of Montreal, Quebec between 1849 and 1851.\nIn 1807, he began studies at the Petit Séminaire de Montréal, where he remained until 1812 after which he was employed at a prominent hardware store owned by Arthur Webster. After nearly a decade there, Fabre spent a year in Paris to gain experience in book retailing at the Galeries Bossange.\nFabre remained in the bookselling business for years while supporting the Patriote movement for much of this time.\nIn 1848, Fabre entered municipal politics when he was elected a councillor in Montreal's East Ward. The following year he was elected Mayor, prompted a financial restructure of the city's finances, and introduced measures to manage a cholera outbreak. Despite his reluctance to serve a second year as Mayor, Fabre served in that role until 1851.\nÉdouard-Raymond Fabre contracted cholera and died in July 1854. Leading politician Louis-Joseph Papineau paid tribute, declaring that Fabre \"rendered outstanding services to the country.\" He was entombed at the Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery in Montreal.\nFabre is commemorated by a street in the Plateau Mont-Royal district and a park in Mercier-Hochelaga-Maisonneuve.", "Répertoire des personnages inhumés au cimetière ayant marqué l'histoire de notre société (in French). Montreal: Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery.\nBiography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online\nÉdouard-Raymond Fabre at City of Montreal\nÉdouard-Raymond Fabre at The Canadian Encyclopedia\n(in French) Quebec textbook lists for Fabre, Édouard-Raymond at Université Laval" ]

[ "Édouard-Raymond Fabre", "References" ]

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[ 17270 ]

[ "Edouard-Théophile Blanchard (Henri Regnault, 1869)", "", "", "" ]

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[ "Édouard-Théophile Blanchard (18 November 1844 – 24 October 1879, Paris) was a French painter. He was a student of François-Édouard Picot and Alexandre Cabanel at the École des Beaux Arts.\nBlanchard won the Prix de Rome scholarship in 1868.\nHis works included The Death of Astyanax (1868) at the École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts, Paris, Hylas Driven By the Nymbhs (1874) at the Musée des beaux-arts de Caen which would be destroyed in 1944 and Herodias (1874) at the Salon des artistes français (French Artist's Hall) as well as The Gods and the Mortals which was displayed at the École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts in Paris in 2004.", "The Legacy of Homer: Four Centuries of Art from the Ecole Nationale Superieure Des Beaux-arts, Paris, 2005, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-10918-0\nGaston Schefer, Galerie Contemporaine (Contemporary Gallery), a biographical note of Édouard Théophile Blanchard with the artist's photo, Paris, Le Lutin." ]

[ "Édouard-Théophile Blanchard", "References" ]

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[ "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/%C3%89douard_Alphonse_James_de_Rothschild.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Alphonse James de Rothschild (24 February 1868 – 30 June 1949), also known as Baron Édouard de Rothschild was an aristocrat, French financier and a member of the prominent Rothschild banking family of France.", "Born in Paris, Édouard de Rothschild was the only son of Baron Alphonse James de Rothschild (1827–1905). His mother was Leonora de Rothschild (1837–1911), the daughter of Lionel de Rothschild of the English branch of the family. He was raised in a Paris mansion at 2 rue Saint-Florentin that is now home to the United States Embassy as well as at Château de Ferrières in the country.", "Only a few months after Édouard's marriage, his father died and he formally took over the running of de Rothschild Frères bank. His grandfather and the French bank founder, James Mayer de Rothschild, had stipulated \"that the three branches of the family descended from him always be represented.\" As such, Édouard would be joined by the sons of two different uncles: cousin Robert Philippe de Rothschild (1880–1946) and cousin Maurice de Rothschild (1881–1957). Édouard was cautious by nature and often old-fashioned in his ideas, an attitude which extended to his personal dress and office décor. Like his father, Édouard too was appointed a director of the Banque de France. In 1911, he negotiated a deal with Henri Deterding for his Royal Dutch Shell company to purchase the Rothschilds' Azerbaijan oil fields.\nIn 1937, the government of France nationalized the country's railways including a major Rothschild railway asset owned in partnership with the English branch of the family. They had owned the Chemin de Fer du Nord rail transport company for almost 100 years and had an interest in the Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée railway which Robert represented for the family on its board of directors.\nBecause of cousin Maurice's perceived flamboyant playboy image and his conduct in political and business activities, Édouard considered him to be something of a black sheep. They tolerated each other for the sake of the business but by the middle of the 1930s their differences reached a point where Édouard and cousin Robert decided to force Maurice out of de Rothschild Frères bank. After extensive and bitter negotiations, a buyout was reached through an arbitrator.\nÉdouard de Rothschild inherited a share of the Château Lafite Rothschild vineyard in Bordeaux plus he also came into a valuable art collection from his father which he expanded through a number of important purchases. His large collection included pieces by prominent sculptors such as Jean-Louis Lemoyne and paintings from Vigée-Lebrun, Rembrandt and The Astronomer by Vermeer, amongst others.", "Like his father, Édouard de Rothschild invested in thoroughbred horse racing. A horse enthusiast who also liked to ride, he was a good polo player and a member of a team that competed in Polo at the 1900 Summer Olympics.\nHe inherited Haras de Meautry, a thoroughbred horse breeding farm in Touques, Calvados about 130 miles north of Paris. His sister Béatrice married Maurice Ephrussi whose family owned an estate at the village of Reux about eight miles away. In 1868, Édouard acquired the property and the Château de Reux remains in family hands to this day.\nÉdouard de Rothschild kept a stable of thoroughbreds at the Chantilly Racecourse in Chantilly, Oise and raced horses at racecourses throughout France with great success. Among the major races his horses won were:\nPrix de l'Arc de Triomphe - (2) - Brantôme (1934), Eclair au Chocolat (1938)\nCritérium de Saint-Cloud - (3) - Rocking Chair (1921), Tonnelle (1936) Tricaméron (1938)\nCritérium International - (4) - Flamant (1926), Godiche (1929), Brantôme (1933) Téléférique (1936)\nGrand Prix de Paris - (2) - Sans Souci II (1907) Crudité (1935)\nGrand Prix de Saint-Cloud - (4) - Prédicateur (1913), Cadum (1925), Bubbles (1929) Genièvre (1939)\nPoule d'Essai des Poulains - (2) Mont Blanc (1922) Brantôme (1934)\nPoule d'Essai des Pouliches - (4) - Flowershop (1920), Nephthys (1921), La Dame de Trèfle (1925) Ligne de Fond(1932)\nPrix de Diane - (5) - Quenouille (1919), Flowershop (1920), Perruche Bleue (1932), Vendange (1933) Péniche (1935)\nPrix du Cadran - (5) - Prédicateur (1913), Cadum (1925), Cacao (1929), Brantôme (1935) Chaudière (1936)\nPrix Jacques le Marois - (3) - Ivain (1924), Vitamine (1927) Aromate (1935)\nPrix Morny - (2) - Justitia (1898) Brantôme (1933)\nPrix Lupin - (7) - Sans Souci (1907), Floraison (1912), Le Farina (1914), Bubbles (1928), Brantome (1934), Aromate (1935), Bacchus (1939)\nPrix Royal-Oak - (5) - Stéarine (1919), Cacao (1928), Brantôme (1934), Bokbul (1935) Eclair au Chocolat (1938)\nPrix Vermeille - (2) - Stearine (1919) Tonnelle (1937)\nDuring the German occupation of France in World War II, the Nazis seized some of the best racehorses in the country, shipping more than six hundred of them to Germany for racing and/or breeding. Among the horses stolen was Édouard de Rothschild's champion Brantôme who was sent to the German National Stud. The horse was repatriated at the end of the war in 1945 and became a leading sire.", "The rise to power of Adolf Hitler's National Socialist party in Germany and the subsequent Anschluss of Austria to Germany saw a wave of Jews, and others the Nazis labeled as \"undesirables,\" seek refuge in France. Most of these people escaped with little more than a suitcase of clothes. In March 1939, Édouard's wife Germaine converted an old house near the Château de Ferrières into a hostel for some 150 of these displaced persons. \nNazi Germany attacked France in 1940. In July 1940 Petain's French Government ordered the confiscation of the property of Baron Edouard de Rothschild and Louis Louis-Dreyfus. In 1939, Édouard's son Guy joined the French Army and his daughter Jacqueline escaped with her husband Gregor Piatigorsky to the United States. Before leaving, Édouard de Rothschild tried to hide as much of his valuable art collection as possible, on the grounds of the Haras de Meautry farm and at his Château de Reux. The Nazis confiscated his collection.\nWith his wife and second daughter Bethsabée, Edouard de Rothschild left France, escaping via Lisbon, Portugal to New York City. With the Allied liberation of France in 1944, Édouard de Rothschild and his wife returned home, where he died in Paris in 1949 at the age of eighty-one. His son Guy took over as head of the family bank.", "On 1 March 1905, Edouard de Rothschild married Germaine Alice Halphen (1884–1975). They had four children, but according to his daughter Jacqueline, neither parent paid much attention to them. Their children were:\nÉdouard Alphonse Émile Lionel de Rothschild (1906–1911)\nGuy Édouard Alphonse Paul de Rothschild (1909–2007), who from 1937 to 1956 was married to Baroness Alix Hermine Jeanette Schey de Koromla (1911–1982), and who later married Baroness Marie-Hélène van Zuylen van Nyevelt (1927–1996) in 1957\nJacqueline Rebecca Louise de Rothschild (1911–2012), who from 1930 to 35 was married to Robert Calmann-Levy (1899–1982), and who later married renowned cellist Gregor Piatigorsky (1903–1976) in 1937.\nBethsabée Louise Émilie Béatrice de Rothschild (1914–1999), who from 1948 to 1951 was married to Donald Bloomingdale (1913–1954),", "Appears as a minor character in the historical-mystery novel Stone's Fall, by Iain Pears.", "Staff (July 1, 1949). \"DE ROTHSCHILD, 81, SPORTSMAN, DEAD Baron, Member of the Famous Financial Family, Noted for His Racing Stable\". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 April 2016.\n\"Édouard Alphonse James de Rothschild\". Olympedia. Retrieved 27 December 2020.\n\"German Invasion of Western Europe, May 1940\". encyclopedia.ushmm.org. Retrieved 2022-02-21.\n\"France to Seize Fortunes of Rothschild, Louis-Dreyfus and Other Noted Exiles; FRANCE TO SEIZE WEALTH OF EXILES\". The New York Times. 1940-08-01. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-02-21.\n\"Nazis Interpret French Action to Seize Exiles' Funds As Opening Anti-jewish Drive\". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 1940-08-02. Retrieved 2022-02-21.\nSara Houghteling (November 17, 2010). \"Hunting for Looted Art in Paris\". The New York Times.\nPiatigorsky, Jacqueline Rebecca (1988). Jump in the Waves - A Memoir. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0312018344.\nThe Whims of Fortune: The Memoirs of Guy de Rothschild by Guy de Rothschild. Random House (1985) ISBN 0-394-54054-9 / Contre bonne fortune (French) by Guy de Rothschild. Belfond (1983). ISBN 2-7144-1550-4, ISBN 978-2-7144-1550-9\nHough, Randy (July 19, 2012). \"Chess Benefactor Jacqueline Piatigorsky Dies at 100\". United States Chess Federation. Retrieved 22 July 2012.\nStaff (March 5, 1954). \"EX-U. S. DIPLOMAT FOUND DEAD HERE\". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 March 2016." ]

[ "Édouard Alphonse James de Rothschild", "Early life", "Career", "Thoroughbred horse racing/Polo", "Nazi occupation and Vichy France, 1940–44", "Personal life", "Cultural references", "References" ]

[ 3540 ]

[ 17272, 17273, 17274, 17275, 17276, 17277, 17278, 17279, 17280, 17281, 17282, 17283, 17284, 17285, 17286, 17287, 17288, 17289 ]

[ "", "Édouard André during the expedition (by Émile Bayard)", "Sefton Park boating lake, designed by André", "A typical grotto in Cognac", "The plan of Palanga Park" ]

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[ "Édouard François André (17 July 1840 – 25 October 1911) was a French horticulturalist, landscape designer, as well as a leading landscape architect of the late 19th century, famous for designing city parks and public spaces in Lithuania, Monte Carlo and Montevideo.", "Born into a family of nurserymen in Bourges, Cher, Édouard André assisted Jean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps in 1860, at the age of twenty, and participated in the redesign of the city of Paris in cooperation with Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand and Georges-Eugène Haussmann. Eventually he was appointed Head Gardener (Jardinier Principal) of Paris. During eight years of public service he designed and planted many public spaces, including the Parc des Buttes Chaumont and Tuileries Gardens.\nHis international career was launched in 1866, when he won the competition to design Sefton Park in Liverpool. During his life André designed around a hundred public and private landscape parks, mainly in Europe: the Russian Empire, Austria-Hungary, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Denmark and Bulgaria (the Euxinograd palace park). Among the most famous of them in addition to Sefton Park, Liverpool, are the Luxembourg Castle Park, Funchal Garden in Madeira, Portugal, Weldham Castle Garden in Markelo, Netherlands, public park of Cognac, France and the Villa Borghese gardens, the major public park in Rome. His experience in designing public parks was distilled in Traité général de la composition des parcs et jardins, (Masson, Paris) 1879.\nThe private parks designed by André include four landscape parks in Lithuania established in Tyszkiewicz nobles' residences: Lentvaris, Trakų Vokė (now in Paneriai elderate of Vilnius city municipality), Užutrakis (near Trakai) and the most beautiful park in Lithuania, the Palanga Botanical Park. These parks have many distinctive features used by André in his parks: harmonious placement and pleasing arrangement of artificial grottoes, waterfalls, mountain-style stone structures, employment of natural water bodies and panoramas.\nÉdouard André succeeded Charles Antoine Lemaire as editor of L'Illustration Horticole in 1870.\nHe undertook a botanising trip in the foothills of the Andes in 1875–76 that resulted in the introduction of numerous hardy and tender plants new to European cultivation; his researches resulted in a volume on bromeliads, Bromeliaceae Andreanae. Description et Histoire des Bromeliacées récoltées dans la Colombie, l'Ecuador et la Venezuela, Librairie Agricole, Paris, 1889.\nHis pupil and assistant, Charles or Carlos Thays went to Buenos Aires in 1889 and was responsible for the planning of tree-lined boulevards and public gardens, resulting in the French atmosphere often noted in that city.\nÉdouard André died in La Croix-en-Touraine, and was interred in Montmartre Cemetery, Paris.", "Bromeliaceae Andreanae. Description et Histoire des Bromeliacées, récoltées dans la Colombie, l'Ecuador et la Venezuela. Paris: Librairie Agricole, 1889. Nachdruck: Berkeley CA, USA: Big Bridge Press, 1983\nL' art des jardins: traité général de la composition des parcs et jardins. Paris: Masson, 1879. Nachdruck: Marseille: Lafitte Reprints, 1983, ISBN 2-7348-0127-2", "Roseraie du Val-de-Marne", "Édouard André\nVilla Borghese\nIt was reprinted by Lafitte Reprints, Marseille, 1983.\nMBG Rare Books: Author - Lemaire, Charles Antoine\nIt was reprinted by Big Bridge Press, Berkeley CA, 1983.\nIPNI.  André.", "Palanga Botanical Park website\nAbout Sefton Park\nWeldham Castle website\nRoseraie du Val-de-Marne Website\nWorks by or about Édouard André at Internet Archive" ]

[ "Édouard André", "Biography", "Bibliography", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Portrait of Édouard André, by Franz Xaver Winterhalter, Paris, Musée Jacquemart-André." ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/%C3%89douard_Andr%C3%A9%2C_by_Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard François André (1833–1894) was a French banker, politician, soldier and art collector. He was the husband of Nélie Jacquemart-André, the society painter. Their art collection is preserved at the Musée Jacquemart-André in Paris.", "Son to Ernest André (1803–1864), Edouard André was born into a family of rich banker Protestants, native to the Southeast of France (Nîmes dans le Gard), who flourished during the Second French Empire. Edouard André lost his mother at the age of two.\nIn firm support of Napoleon III and sensitive to the Saint-Simonian ideas, the Andre family was involved in financing the modernization of France and large companies of the imperial regime.\nHe succeeded his father as MP of Gard, as such he was elected at 29 May 1864. He was re-elected at the 1869 French legislative election; he served until 4 September 1870, when the Third Republic was established.\nAfter the fall of the Second Empire, he joined the National Guard in 1871. With the Rothschilds, he negotiated the contribution that France had to pay to Germany after the surrender and brought the necessary amount together in a short time.\nDisappointed by politics, he decided to devote himself exclusively to his collections of paintings, furniture and art objects. In 1868, he sought the architect Henri Parent to design mansion of grand proportions on a plot of 158 m2 in Paris for 1.5 million francs.", "Sylvia Kahan - In Search of New Scales: Prince Edmond De Polignac, Octatonic Explorer Page 60 2009 \"\"Around that time, Polignac made the acquaintance of Nélie Jacquemart-André, a society painter and the wife of Édouard André, a wealthy Protestant banker and arts .\"\n\"Notice d'autorité personne\". A general catalogue for BnF. BnF. Retrieved 18 November 2015.\nFiche sur le site de l'Assemblée Nationale" ]

[ "Édouard André (art collector)", "Biography", "References" ]

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[ "The Prince of Joinville on the Isle of Gorée", "A Village Near Dakar" ]

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[ "Édouard Auguste Nousveaux (4 September 1811, Paris - 1867, Paris) was a French landscape painter and watercolorist. He is best known for the works he created after participating in an expedition to Senegal; many of which were used in books and travel magazines.", "He obtained his artistic education at the École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts. In 1831, barely aged twenty. he held his first showing at the Salon.\nIn 1842, the artist Stanislas Darondeau died of an illness contracted in Senegal, after returning from an exploratory expedition there with Governor Édouard Bouët-Willaumez. Nousveaux, then aged thirty-one, was chosen to replace him; having already displayed an affinity for exotic themes. Upon his return in 1845, he exhibited nine watercolors at the Salon. They received mixed reviews. He was named a Knight in the Legion of Honor in 1847.\nHe would continue to make use of the sketches he executed in Senegal for several more years. In 1850, he turned to making lithographs of Paris, which were poorly received and criticized for being inaccurate or anachronistic. After this, there are few traces of any significant artistic production, although he did some collaborative work with Le Magasin pittoresque and L'Illustration.\nHe continued to travel, and died after returning from a military expedition.\nIn 1890, Colonel Henri-Nicolas Frey used some of Nousveaux' watercolors to illustrate his book, Côte occidentale d'Afrique : vues, scènes, croquis. Many publishers used his works without crediting them.", "Xavier Ricou, Trésors de l'iconographie du Sénégal colonial, Riveneuve, Marseille, 2007 ISBN 978-2-914214-15-5\nÉdouard Bouët-Willaumez, Description nautique des cotes de l'Afrique occidentale, comprises entre le Sénégal et l'Équateur : commencée en 1838 et terminée en 1845 par les ordres de M. le contre-amiral Jean-Baptiste Montagniès de La Roque, Impr. administrative de Paul Dupont, 1849\n\"Salon de 1845 : Aquarelles, pastels, dessins\", in La Revue indépendante, vol. 18-19, 1845, p.507\n\"Iconographie du vieux Paris\", in Revue universelle des arts, vol. 9, 1859, p.395-396\nCôte occidentale d'Afrique : vues, scènes, croquis, Marpon et E. Flammarion, Paris, 1890, 543 p. (Online @ Gallica)\nPierre Cariou, \"Un peintre colonial méconnu : Édouard Nousveaux\", in Notes africaines, #36-56, 1948, p.46", "Biography in the Dictionnaire Général des Artistes de l'École Française Depuis l'Origine des Arts du Dessin Jusqu'à Nos Jours, Vol. 2: Architectes, Peintres, by Émile Bellier de la Chavignerie @ Google Books" ]

[ "Édouard Auguste Nousveaux", "Biography", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3546, 3547 ]

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[ "Illustration from Le Pèlerin,\n 2 March 1902" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Edouard_Aynard.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Aynard (1 January 1837, Lyon - 25 January 1913) was a French politician belonging to the Republican Federation. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1889 to 1913.", "\"Base de données historique des anciens députés - Assemblée nationale\". Assemblee-nationale.fr. Retrieved 2013-05-08." ]

[ "Édouard Aynard", "References" ]

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[ "The Mill of Chauffour (1878)", "Pontoise; View from the Locks (1874)" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

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[ "Edmond-Joseph Béliard, known as Édouard (24 November 1832, Paris – 28 November 1912, Étampes) was a French Impressionist painter.", "He was born in Paris as the son of an architect, and began his professional career as a legal assistant and secretary to Alphonse Esquiros. Later, he took painting lessons with Léon Cogniet and Ernest Hébert, where he came under the influence of Jean-Baptiste Corot. After spending some time in Rome, he had his first exhibit at the Salon in 1867, and lived in London from 1870 to 1872.\nAfter his return to Paris, he became associated with the group of young Impressionists who gathered around Edgar Degas and became a close friend of Camille Pissarro, who he met at the Café Guerbois. It was there that he made the acquaintance of Émile Zola and may have provided some inspiration for one of Zola's recurring characters; the painter Gagnière.\nIn 1874, he helped prepare for the first major Impressionist exhibition, where he held a retrospective of his works. He also participated in their second exhibition, focusing on landscapes but, as the years progressed, he turned away from pure Impressionism and introduced more elements of Realism into his work.\nHe spent his last years in the commune of Étampes, where he served as mayor from 1892 to 1900. A street there is named after him.", "Commentary @ Van-Gogh.fr\nBrief biography @ the Web Gallery of Art.\nList of the Mayors of Étampes @ FranceGenWeb.", "Gérald Schurr and Pierre Cabanne, Dictionnaire des petits maîtres de la peinture 1820-1920, Editions de l'Amateur, 2014 ISBN 2-859175-41-5", "Béliard; le peintre qui devint maire. by Thomas Galley @ La Bauge Literaire.\nUne découverte : Béliard, Les bords de l’Oise by Thomas Galley @ La Bauge Literaire.\nCorpus Étampois Le Moulin de Chauffour." ]

[ "Édouard Béliard", "Life and work", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

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[ "Édouard Baer in 2018 at the Cabourg Film Festival." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Edouard_Baer_Cabourg_2018.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Baer (born 1 December 1966) is a French actor, director, screenwriter, film producer and radio personality.\nIn 2009, he participated in the French television programme Rendez-vous en terre inconnue. On 5 March 2015 he appeared with Sandrine Kiberlain on the cover of Paris Match .", "", "", "", "", "Pallister, Janis L.; Hottell, Ruth A. (2005). Francophone women film directors: a guide. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. pp. 79–. ISBN 978-0-8386-4046-3. Retrieved 25 September 2011.\n\"Edouard Baer\". IMDb. Retrieved 12 January 2021.\nDormoy, Géraldine (6 March 2015). \"Sandrine Kiberlain et Edouard Baer en couple\". L'Express (in French).", "Édouard Baer at IMDb" ]

[ "Édouard Baer", "Theatre", "Filmography", "Actor", "Filmmaker", "References", "External links" ]

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[ 17313 ]

[ "Gorgona, where Bague landed in March 1911", "Cap d'Antibes, near where Bague disappeared in June 1911" ]

[ 1, 1 ]

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[ "Édouard Jean Bague (1879 – 1911) was an early twentieth-century French aviator. A lieutenant in the Algerian tirailleurs, he obtained his aviators's licence (number 337) from the Aéro-Club de France on 23 November 1910. He resigned his commission early in 1911 to concentrate on aviation and, in particular, his plan to cross the Mediterranean by air. In the same year he published two books, Mes premières impressions d'aviateur and Nice-Gorgone en aéroplane under the name Édouard Bague.", "In an initial attempt in March 1911, Bague planned to fly from Antibes to Ajaccio, Corsica, from there to Sardinia and then via Sicily to Tunis.\nOn that occasion, due to a navigation error, he did not reach Ajaccio. Instead, after a flight which began at 7.30am and ended at 1.00pm, Bague landed on the small wooded Italian island of Gorgona. His Blériot monoplane was seriously damaged on landing, and Bague was injured. The distance of over 200 km he covered on this occasion established a new record for a flight over the sea. According to a Reuters report, his escape from death on this occasion was considered \"miraculous\".\nOn 5 June 1911, Bague made a second attempt to cross the Mediterranean by air. His planned itinerary was:\nNice to Calvi, Corsica (170 km)\nCalvi to Ajaccio, Corsica (80 km)\nAjaccio to Sassari, Sardinia (150 km)\nSassari to Cagliari, Sardinia (200 km)\nCagliari to Bizerta, Tunisia (200 km)\nBizerta to Tunis (80 km)", "His aircraft disappeared shortly after departing from Nice. It was reported that he embarked on the flight without a compass. A witness reported sighting an aircraft apparently in difficulty in the area through which Bague would have been expected to have been flying.\nSeveral French naval vessels undertook an extensive sea search for Bague; the Ministry of the Marine despatched the destroyer Arbalète and six torpedo boats from Ajaccio and the destroyer Mousqueton and six torpedo boats from Toulon. However, no trace of Bague or his airplane was found, then or subsequently.", "List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea", "\"De Nice la Corse EN AÉROPLANE - SANS ÊTRE CONVOYÉ - un lieutenant de tirailleurs réussit cette traversés\". L'Ouest-Éclair (in French). Rennes (4426): 1. 6 March 1911. Retrieved 3 July 2011. \n\"Little Hope Left for Airman Bague: Fisherman believes Lieutenant fell into sea an hour after leaving Nice\". The New York Times. New York. 7 June 1911.\n\"On a perdu tout espoir de retrouver l'aviateur Bague\". Le Petit Parisien (in French). Paris: 1. 7 June 1911. Retrieved 3 July 2011. \nNice-Gorgone, en aéroplane Édouard Bague; Paris ; Nancy : Berger-Leurault, 1911.\n\"FLIES 124 MILES OVER SEA TO ISLET; Lieut. Bague, with No Vessel as Escort, Makes Flight from the French Coast Beyond Corsica. LANDS ON ROCKY GORGONA Breaks Monoplane and Record, but Is Not Hurt -- Planned to Make Corsica and Proceed to Tunis\". New York Times. New York. 6 March 1911.\n\"AVIATION - MEDITERRANEAN FLIGHT - Feared death of Lieutenant Bague\". Irish Times. Dublin: 7. 7 June 1911.\n\"Bague l'Héros de la Méditerranée doit s'être perdu en mer\". La Presse (Paris) (in French). Paris: 1. 7 June 1911. Retrieved 3 July 2011." ]

[ "Édouard Bague", "Career", "Disappearance and search", "See also", "References" ]

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[ "Édouard Baldus, Autoportrait (vers 1853).", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ]

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[ "Édouard Baldus (June 5, 1813, Grünebach, Prussia – 1889, Arcueil) was a French landscape, architectural and railway photographer.", "", "Édouard-Denis Baldus was born on June 5, 1813 in Grünebach, Prussia. He was originally trained as a painter and had also worked as a draughtsman and lithographer before switching to photography in 1849.", "In 1851, he was commissioned for the Missions Héliographiques by the Historic Monuments Commission of France to photograph historic buildings, bridges and monuments, many of which were being razed to make way for the grand boulevards of Paris, being carried out under the direction of Napoleon III's prefect Baron Georges-Eugène Haussmann. The high quality of his work won him government support for a project entitled Les Villes de France Photographiées, an extended series of architectural views in Paris and the provinces designed to feed a resurgent interest in the nation's Roman and medieval past.\nIn 1855, Baron James de Rothschild, President of Chemin de Fer du Nord, commissioned Baldus to do a series of photographs to be used as part of an album that was to be a gift to Queen Victoria and Prince Albert as a souvenir of their visit to France that year. The lavishly bound album is still among the treasures of the Royal Library at Windsor Castle. In 1856, he set out on a brief assignment to photograph the destruction caused by torrential rains and overflowing rivers in Lyon, Avignon, and Tarascon. He created a moving record of the flood without explicitly depicting the human suffering left in its wake.", "Baldus was well known throughout France for his efforts in photography. One of his greatest assignments was to document the construction of the Louvre museum. He used wet and dry paper negatives as large as 10x14 inches in size. From these negatives, he made contact prints. To create a larger image, he put contact prints side by side to create a panoramic effect. He was renowned for the sheer size of his pictures, which ranged up to eight feet long for one panorama from around 1855, made from several negatives.\nDespite the documentary nature of many of his assignments, Baldus was inventive in overcoming the limitations of the calotype process (described here). He often retouched his negatives to blank out buildings and trees, or to put clouds in white skies; in his composite print of the medieval cloister of St. Trophime, in Arles (1851), he pieced together fragments of 10 different negatives to capture focus in depth in a panoramic view of the interior space and also render detail in the brightly lit courtyard outside.", "He died in 1889 in Arcueil, France.", "", "Daniel, Malcolm, The Photographs of Édouard Baldus, with an essay by Barry Bergdoll. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; Montreal, Canadian Centre for Architecture, 1994, ISBN 0-87099-714-9, ISBN 0-87099-715-7.\nLindlein, Peter, The Secret of Edouard Baldus Revealed, Essay, PDF on www.lindlein.com, 2010", "The Photographs of Edouard Baldus article on his photographic style\nSome of Baldus's photographs\nLee Gallery\n\"The Secret of Edouard Baldus Revealed\" — with Baldus' photographs.\nThe Photographs of Édouard Baldus: Landscapes and Monuments of France\nÉdouard Baldus, photographs, Canadian Centre for Architecture (digitized items)" ]

[ "Édouard Baldus", "Biography", "Early life", "Career", "Innovations in photography", "Death", "Notable photographs", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Balladur in 1986" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/%C3%89douard_Balladur-1-crop2.png" ]

[ "Édouard Balladur (French: [edwaʁ baladyʁ]; born 2 May 1929) is a French politician who served as Prime Minister of France under François Mitterrand from 29 March 1993 to 17 May 1995. He unsuccessfully ran for president in the 1995 French presidential election, coming in third place.", "Balladur was born in Izmir, Turkey, to an ethnic Armenian family with five children and longstanding ties to France. His family emigrated to Marseille in the mid-to-late 1930s.\nIn 1957, Balladur married Marie-Josèphe Delacour, with whom he had four sons.", "Balladur started his political career in 1964 as an advisor to Prime Minister Georges Pompidou. After Pompidou's election as President of France in 1969, Balladur was appointed under-secretary general of the presidency then secretary general from 1973 to Pompidou's death in 1974.\nHe returned to politics in the 1980s as a supporter of Jacques Chirac. A member of the Neo-Gaullist Rally for the Republic (RPR) party, he was the theoretician behind the \"cohabitation government\" from 1986 to 1988, explaining that if the right won the legislative election, it could govern with Chirac as prime minister without Socialist Party President François Mitterrand's resignation. As Minister of Economy and Finance, he sold off a large number of public companies and abolished the wealth tax.\nBalladur appeared as an unofficial deputy Prime Minister in the cabinet led by Chirac. He took a major part in the adoption of liberal and pro-European policies by Chirac and the RPR. After Chirac's defeat at the 1988 presidential election, part of the RPR held him responsible of the abandonment of Gaullist doctrine, but he kept the confidence of Chirac.", "When the RPR/UDF coalition won the 1993 legislative election, Chirac declined to become Prime Minister again in a second \"cohabitation\" with President Mitterrand, and Balladur became Prime Minister. He was faced with a difficult economic situation, but he did not want to make the political errors of the previous cohabitation government. If he failed to impose his project of minimum income for youth, he led a moderate liberal policy in economy. Conveying the image of a quiet conservative, he did not question the wealth tax (reestablished by the Socialists in 1988). Despite corruption affairs affecting some of his ministers, who he forced to resign (thus lending his name to the so-called \"Balladur jurisprudence\"), he became very popular and had the support of influential media.", "When he became Prime Minister, Balladur had promised Chirac that he would not enter the 1995 presidential election, and that he would support Chirac's candidacy. However, a number of right-wing politicians advised Balladur to run for the presidency in 1995. He went back on his promise to Chirac and entered the campaign. When he announced his candidacy, four months before the election, he was considered the favourite. In the polls, he led Chirac by almost 20 points. However, from the position of an outsider, Chirac criticized Balladur as representing \"dominant ideas\", and the difference between the two decreased quickly. The revelation of a bugging scandal which implicated Balladur also contributed to a drop in his popularity among voters.\nIn the first round of the election, Balladur finished in third place with 18.6% of the vote behind the Socialist candidate Lionel Jospin and Chirac. He was thus eliminated from the final run-off election between the top two candidates, which Chirac won.\nChirac immediately appointed Alain Juppé to replace Balladur as Prime Minister. Despite Chirac declaring that he and Balladur had been \"friends for 30 years\", Balladur's decision to stand against him greatly strained their relationship. As a result, the \"Balladuriens\" who had supported him in the presidential election, such as Nicolas Sarkozy, were ostracized from the new Chirac administration.", "Balladur failed to win the elections for the presidency of the Île-de-France region in 1998, the RPR nomination for the mayoralty of Paris in 2001, and the Chair of the National Assembly in 2002. He presided over the National Assembly's foreign affairs committee during his last parliamentary term (2002–2007). Since the 1980s, he had advocated the unification of the right-wing groupings into a single large party, but it was Chirac who managed the feat, with the creation of the Union for a Popular Movement in 2002.\nFollowing the 2007 French presidential election, Nicolas Sarkozy nominated Balladur to the head of a committee for institutional reforms. The constitutional revision was approved by the Parliament in July 2008.\nFrom 1968 to 1980, Balladur was president of the French company of the Mont Blanc Tunnel while occupying various other positions in ministerial staff. Following the 1999 deadly accident in the tunnel, he gave evidence to the court judging the case in 2005 about the security measures he had or had not taken. Balladur claimed that he always took security seriously, but that it was difficult to agree on anything with the Italian company operating the Italian part of the tunnel. From 1977 to 1986, he was president of Générale de Service Informatique (later merged into IBM Global Services), making him one of the few French politicians with business experience.\nIn 2006, he announced that he would not run again for re-election in 2007 as a member of Parliament for the 15th arrondissement of Paris, a conservative stronghold.\nIn 2008, Balladur visited the United States to speak at an event organized by the Streit Council, a Washington-based think tank. Balladur presented his latest book, in which he outlined a concept for a \"Union of the West\".\nBalladur is often caricatured as aloof, aristocratic, and arrogant in media, such as the Canard Enchaîné weekly or the Les Guignols de l'info TV show. Incidentally, the percentage of French government ministers who were also members of Le Siècle peaked at 72% under Balladur's Prime Ministership (1993–95).", "Governmental functions\nPrime minister: 1993–1995.\nMinister of State, Minister of Economy and Finances: 1986–1988.\nElectoral mandates\nNational Assembly of France\nMember of the National Assembly of France for Paris: Elected in March 1986, but he became minister / 1988–1993 (Became Prime minister in 1993) / 1995–2007. Elected in 1986, reelected in 1988, 1993, 1995, 1997, 2002.\nRegional Council\nRegional councillor of Ile-de-France: March–April 1998 (Resignation).\nMunicipal Council\nCouncillor of Paris: 1989–2008. Reelected in 1995, 2001.", "Investigative forensic accounting enabled by the leaked Panama Papers revealed aspects of the Karachi affair, also dubbed \"Karachigate\", with the Ministry of Justice examining whether armament contract commissions paid by Saudi Arabia, then Pakistan, financed the 1995 presidential campaigns of Balladur or Chirac, whose administration then succeeded in taking office. In May 2017, Balladur and his former Defence Minister François Léotard were each charged, in relation to the Pakistan deal, with \"complicity in misuse of corporate assets and concealment\". In June 2019, Balladur's former campaign manager, Nicolas Bazire, was one of six men convicted over the arms deal, and was sentenced to three years imprisonment for using \"illegal funds\" in Balladur's 1995 campaign. On 4 March 2021, Édouard Balladur was acquitted by the Court of Justice of the Republic, a special court that tries members of the government for actions performed in the exercise of their functions.", "(29 March 1993– 17 May 1995)\nÉdouard Balladur– Prime Minister\nAlain Juppé – Minister of Foreign Affairs\nFrançois Léotard – Minister of Defense\nCharles Pasqua – Minister of the Interior and Regional Planning\nEdmond Alphandéry – Minister of Economy\nNicolas Sarkozy – Minister of the Budget and Spokesman for the Government\nGérard Longuet – Minister of Industry, Foreign Trade, Posts, and Telecommunications\nMichel Giraud – Minister of Labour, Employment, and Vocational Training\nPierre Méhaignerie – Minister of Justice\nFrançois Bayrou – Minister of National Education\nPhilippe Mestre – Minister of Veterans and War Victims\nJacques Toubon – Minister of Culture and Francophonie\nJean Puech – Minister of Agriculture and Fish\nMichèle Alliot-Marie – Minister of Youth and Sports\nDominique Perben – Minister of Overseas Departments and Territories\nBernard Bosson – Minister of Transport, Tourism, and Equipment\nSimone Veil – Minister of Social Affairs, Health, and City\nMichel Roussin – Minister of Cooperation\nHervé de Charette – Minister of Housing\nAlain Carignon – Minister of Communication\nAndré Rossinot – Minister of Civil Service\nAlain Madelin – Minister of Companies and Economic Development\nFrançois Fillon – Minister of Higher Education and Research", "19 July 1994 – Minister of Communication Alain Carignon leaves the Cabinet and the Ministry is abolished.\n17 October 1994 – José Rossi succeeds Longuet as Minister of Industry, Foreign Trade, Posts, and Telecommunications.\n12 November 1994 – Bernard Debré succeeds Roussin as Minister of Cooperation", "2011 : Mort d'un président de Pierre Aknine : played by Cyrille Eldin", "For a Union of the West, 2009, Hoover Institution Press, ISBN 978-0-8179-4932-7.", "Cook, Bernard A. (27 January 2014). Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia. ISBN 9781135179328. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2020.\nMarsh, David (2011). The Euro. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 1956. ISBN 978-0-300-17390-1. Chirac's appointee as finance minister - effectively No. 2 to the prime minister - was the prime, precisely-worded Édouard Balladur, born in Turkey of an Armenian family who emigrated to Marseille in the 1930s.\nMaclean, Mairi (1995). \"Privatisation in France 1993–94: New departures, or a case of plus ça change?\". West European Politics. 18 (2): 273–290. doi:10.1080/01402389508425072. Retrieved 27 January 2018.\n\"{title}\". Archived from the original on 9 July 2009. Retrieved 2 September 2008.\nBrigitte Granville; Jaume Martorell Cruz; Martha Prevezer (2015). \"Elites, Thickets and Institutions: French Resistance Versus German Adaptation to Economic Change, 1945-2015\" (PDF). CGR Working Paper No. 63. Queen Mary University of London: Centre for Globalization Research: 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2018.\n[https://web.archive.org/web/20210112213026/https://www.lemonde.fr/panama-papers/article/2016/04/05/les-commissions-de-karachi-exhumees-par-les-panama-papers_4896096_4890278.html Archived 12 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine \"Les commissions de Karachi exhumées par les \"Panama papers'\"] Le Monde 2016-04-05\n\"Karachi affair: Six men sentenced to prison over arms deal\" Archived 24 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine British Broadcasting Corporation 2019-06-15\nMallet, Victor (4 March 2021). \"Former French PM Balladur acquitted over arms kickbacks\". ft.com. Financial Times. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2021.", "Media related to Édouard Balladur at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Édouard Balladur", "Biography", "Early political career", "Prime Minister", "1995 presidential election", "Later political career", "Political offices held", "\"Karachi affair\"", "Cabinet", "Changes", "Filmography", "Bibliography", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Edouard Bard - 2010" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/%C3%89douard_Bard%2C_2010_%28cropped%29.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Bard, born on September 1, 1962, is a French climatologist, Professor of Climate and Ocean Evolution at the Collège de France and a member of the French Academy of Sciences.", "After studying geological engineering (ENSG) in Nancy, Édouard Bard began his research at the Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA) in Gif-sur-Yvette (doctoral thesis in 1987) and continued at the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University in New York as a postdoctoral fellow in 1988 and as an associate researcher in 1989. Back in France, he first joined the CEA as a researcher, then began teaching as a professor at the University of Aix-Marseille in 1991 and at the Collège de France in 2001. He is currently deputy director of the European Centre for Research and Education in Environmental Geosciences (CEREGE) at the Arbois Technopole in Aix-en-Provence and coordinates the EQUIPEX ASTER-CEREGE, project.\nÉdouard Bard is the author of more than 200 articles in the peer-reviewed scientific literature, as well as some thirty popular articles (some available for download) and books intended for the general public, including L'Homme et le climat, Découvertes Gallimard, 2005 and director-author of L'Homme face au climat, Odile Jacob, 2006 and L'Océan, le climat et nous: un équilibre fragile ?, Le Pommier & Universcience, 2011.\nIn 2011 and 2012, he was scientific curator of the exhibition \"L'océan, le climat et nous\" at the Cité des sciences et de l'industrie de la Villette in Paris.\nSince 2004, Édouard Bard has organized numerous symposia and symposia at the Collège de France on climate and ocean change, some of which are widely open to the general public and politicians, such as \"L'Homme face au climat\" in 2004, \"Closing the Fourth International Polar Year\" in 2009 in partnership with the Senate, \"Arctic : the major scientific challenges\" in 2012 in partnership with the Arctic Workshop, \"Climate, energy and society: the Collège de France and COP21\" in 2015 with the participation of the President of the Republic, François Hollande.\nIn 2007, he was vice-president of Group 1 of the Grenelle de l'Environnement on the fight against climate change and energy management, and participated in the French government delegations in Ilulissat in Greenland and Bali in Indonesia for the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP13). In 2009, he was a member of the Commission du Grand Emprunt national (Programme des investissements d'avenir) chaired by Alain Juppé and Michel Rocard, former prime ministers. From 2010 to 2013, he was a member of the Scientific Council of OPECST.", "Édouard Bard's scientific work is at the interface of climatology, oceanography and geology. Its main objective is to understand the natural functioning of the ocean-atmosphere-cryosphere-biosphere system on time scales ranging from a few centuries to several million years. Better documenting these changes, accurately dating them, understanding their mechanisms and modelling them are important tasks in projects to predict future climate change.\nFor his research, Édouard Bard uses analytical chemistry techniques to determine the magnitude and chronology of climate variations. New quantitative methods have allowed him to reconstruct past environments from various archives such as marine and lake sediments, corals, stalagmites and polar ice. The common thread is the desire to study the same climatic phenomena, such as glaciations, using complementary and often innovative geochemical techniques. To study the climate of the past, he uses \"time machines\" - sophisticated mass spectrometers to measure radioactive isotopes and date climate variations recorded in geological archives. Another feature of his research is a back and forth between studies of past and recent periods, as well as current environments. Since variations in the climate system involve mechanisms with very different time constants, it is indeed crucial to have a long-term perspective in order to be able to distinguish the effects of climate forcings according to their geological, astronomical and anthropogenic origins.\nÉdouard Bard's main scientific contributions concern the following topics: the diffusion of radiocarbon-labelled carbon dioxide in the ocean (first measurements in accelerator mass spectrometry, variations in surface ocean temperature using organic, isotopic and elemental geochemistry indicators, the dating of fossil corals by mass spectrometry of uranium and thorium to reconstruct sea level variations and to study the history of ice caps, the innovative use of radiocarbon as a tracer of CO₂ exchanges at the ocean-atmosphere interface, the calibration of the radiocarbon dating method and the use of other cosmogenic nuclides such as beryllium 10 to reconstruct solar activity in the past, as well as variations in the geomagnetic field and the global carbon cycle.\nA more detailed description of Edouard Bard's research is available on the GEOMAR Kiel website (Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research) published as part of the Petersen Foundation's 2013 Award of Excellence.", "1991 - CNRS Bronze medal, For his research\n 1993 - Outstanding Young Scientist Award from the European Union of Geosciences 1994 - Junior member of the Institut universitaire de France (IUF)\n 1997 - Donath Medal of the Geological Society of America (GSA) and Fellow of the GSA\n 1997 - Paul Gast Award Geochemical Society Reading\n 1997 - Macelwane Medal of the American Geophysical Union (AGU) and Fellow of the AGU\n 2005 - A.G. Huntsman Award for excellence in the marine sciences (Canada)\n 2005 - Georges Lemaître Prize for Geophysics and Astronomy (Belgium)\n 2006 - Sverdrup Award Lecture, \"ocean sciences\" section of the AGU\n 2006 - Grand Prix Gérard Mégie of the French Academy of Sciences and the CNRS 2007 - Chevallier in the Ordre National de la Légion d'Honneur 2009 - elected Member of the Academia Europaea 2010 - elected member of the French Academy of Sciences (Institut de France) 2011 - elected Foreign Member of the Royal Belgian Academy, Science Section\n 2012 - Jaeger-Hales Australian National University (Canberra) Reading\n 2013 - Wegener Medal of the European Geosciences Union (EGU) and Honorary Fellow of the EGU\n 2013 - Award of Excellence from the Petersen Foundation, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, GEOMAR Kiel\n 2014 - elected Foreign Member of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 2014 - Grand Medal Prince Albert 1st of the Oceanographic Institute of Monaco. Video\n 2016 (As well as 2014 and 2001) - Thomson Reuters Highly Cited Researcher", "Meltwater pulse 1B (en)", "Collège de France\nCEREGE.\nEQUIPEX ASTER-CEREGE\nAixMICADAS.\nArticles de vulgarisation disponibles au téléchargement\nL'Homme et le climat.\nL'Homme face au climat.\nL'Océan, le climat et nous : un équilibre fragile ?\nVidéos « Clôture de la quatrième année polaire internationale »\nVidéos «Arctique : les grands enjeux scientifiques»\nVidéos «Climat, énergie et société : le Collège de France et la COP21»\nRapport du groupe 1 du Grenelle de l’Environnement\nRapport de la Commission du Grand Emprunt national\nBard E, Rostek F, Sonzogni C. Interhemispheric synchrony of the last deglaciation inferred from alkenone palaeothermometry. Nature 385, 707-710 (1997).\nBard E, Arnold M, Maurice P, Duplessy JC. Bomb radiocarbon in the ocean by means of accelerator mass spectrometry: technical aspect. Nuclear Instruments and Methods B 29, 297-301 (1987).\nBard E, Arnold M, Östlund HG, Maurice P, Monfray P, Duplessy JC. Penetration of bomb radiocarbon in the tropical Indian ocean by means of accelerator mass spectrometry. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 87, 379-389 (1988).\nBard E, Arnold M, Maurice P, Duprat J, Moyes J, Duplessy JC. Retreat velocity of the North-Atlantic polar front during the last deglaciation determined by ¹⁴C accelerator mass spectrometry. Nature 328, 791-794 (1987).\nRostek F, Ruhland G, Bassinot F, Müller PJ, Labeyrie L, Lancelot Y, Bard E. Reconstructing sea surface temperature and salinity using d¹⁸O and alkenone records. Nature 364, 319-321 (1993).\nBard E, Rostek F, Turon J-L, Gendreau S. Hydrological impact of Heinrich events in the subtropical northeast Atlantic. Science 289, 1321-1324 + 2 p. suppl. (2000).\nBard E. Climate shock: Abrupt changes over millennial time scales. Physics Today 55 (12), 32-38, (2002).\nLeduc G, Vidal L, Tachikawa K, Rostek F, Sonzogni C, Beaufort L, Bard E. Moisture transport across Central America as a positive feedback on abrupt climatic changes. Nature 445, 908-911 + 25 p. suppl. (2007).\nBard E, Rickaby R. Migration of the Subtropical Front as a modulator of glacial climate. Nature 406, 380-383 + 10 p. suppl. (2009).\nBard E, Hamelin B, Fairbanks RG. U/Th ages obtained by mass spectrometry in corals from Barbados. Sea level during the past 130,000 years. Nature 346, 456-458 (1990)\nBard E, Hamelin B, Arnold M, Montaggioni L, Cabioch G, Faure G, Rougerie F. Deglacial sea level record from Tahiti corals and the timing of meltwater discharge. Nature 382, 241-244+ 2 p. suppl. (1996).\nLambeck K, Bard E. Sea-level change along the French Mediterranean coast since the time of the Last Glacial Maximum. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 175, 202-222 (2000).\nMix AC, Bard E, Schneider RR. Environmental Processes of the Ice age: Land, Oceans, Glaciers (EPILOG). Quaternary Science Reviews 20, 627-657, (2001).\nBard E, Antonioli F, Silenzi S. Sea-level during the penultimate interglacial period based on a submerged stalagmite from Argentarola Cave (Italy). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 196, 135-146 (2002).\nMénot G, Bard E, Rostek F, Weijers JWH, Hopmans EC, Schouten S, Sinninghe Damsté JS. Early reactivation of European rivers during the last deglaciation. Science 313, 1623-1625 + 6 p. suppl. (2006).\nBard E, Hamelin B, Delanghe-Sabatier D. Deglacial melt water pulse 1B and Younger Dryas sea-levels revisited with new onshore boreholes at Tahiti. Science 327, 1235-1237 + 15 p. suppl. (2010).\nDeschamps P, Durand N, Bard E, Hamelin B, Camoin G, Thomas AL, Henderson GM, Okuno J, Yokoyama Y. Ice sheet collapse and sea-level rise at the Bølling warming 14,600 yr ago. Nature 483, 559-564, + 35 p. suppl. (2012).\nSoulet G, Ménot G, Bayon G, Rostek F, Ponzevera, Toucanne S, Lericolais G, Bard E. Abrupt drainage cycles of the Fennoscandian Ice sheet. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110 (17), 6682-6687, + 4 p. suppl. & 4 Tables (2013).\nBard E. Correction of accelerator mass spectrometry ¹⁴C ages measured in planktonic foraminifera: Paleoceanographic implications. Paleoceanography 3, 635-645 (1988).\nBard E, Arnold M, Mangerud M, Paterne M, Labeyrie L, Duprat J, Mélières MA, Sonstegaard E, Duplessy JC. The North Atlantic atmosphere-sea surface ¹⁴C gradient during the Younger Dryas climatic event. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 126, 275-287 (1994).\nBard E, Hamelin B, Fairbanks RG, Zindler A. Calibration of the ¹⁴C timescale over the past 30,000 years using mass spectrometric U-Th ages from Barbados corals. Nature 345, 405-410 (1990).\nBard E. Geochemical and geophysical implications of the radiocarbon calibration. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 62, 2025-2038 (1998).\nReimer PJ, Bard E, et al. IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0-50,000 years Cal BP. Radiocarbon 55 (4): 1869-1887, (2013).\nBard E, Raisbeck G, Yiou F, Jouzel J Solar modulation of cosmogenic nuclide production over the last millennium: comparison between ¹⁴C and ¹⁰Be records. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 150, 453-462 (1997).\nBard E, Raisbeck G, Yiou F, Jouzel J Solar irradiance during the last 1200 yr based on cosmogenic nuclides. Tellus B 52, 985-992 (2000).\nBard E, Frank M. Climate change and solar variability: what's new under the Sun. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 248, 1-14 (2006).\nDelaygue G, Bard E. An Antarctic view of beryllium-10 and solar activity for the past millennium. Climate Dynamics 36, 2201-2218 (2011).\nVoir sur geomar.de.\nAcademia europaea\n\"Académie des sciences\". Archived from the original on 2016-06-04." ]

[ "Édouard Bard", "Biography", "Scientific contributions", "Main awards and honours", "See also", "References" ]

[ 3561 ]

[ 17352, 17353, 17354, 17355, 17356, 17357, 17358, 17359, 17360, 17361, 17362, 17363, 17364, 17365, 17366, 17367, 17368, 17369, 17370, 17371, 17372, 17373, 17374, 17375, 17376, 17377, 17378, 17379 ]

[ "Grave at Père Lachaise Cemetery" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/P%C3%A8re-Lachaise_-_Division_65_-_Batiste_01.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Batiste (28 March 1820 – 9 November 1876) was a French composer and organist.", "Batiste was born in Paris and studied at the Conservatory as a teenager, winning prizes in solfège, harmony and accompaniment, counterpoint and fugue, and organ. In 1840, he won the Prix de Rome together with François Bazin.\nIn 1842, he became the organist at the church of Saint-Nicolas-des-Champs in Paris, where he remained for twelve years, before becoming organist at Saint-Eustache Church. While at Saint-Eustache, he performed the organ in the premiere of Hector Berlioz's Te Deum in April 1855, conducted by the composer. \nHe died in Paris aged 56.\nHis students included Edward Morris Bowman and Joseph Lennon.", "Rollin Smith, January 2007. Édouard Batiste; retrieved 2009-11-12.\nGarbett, A. S. (July 1911). \"\"The Etude Gallery of Musical Celebrities\"\". The Etude. Philadelphia: Theodore Presser Company.", "Works by or about Édouard Batiste at Internet Archive\nFree scores by Édouard Batiste at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)" ]

[ "Édouard Batiste", "Career", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3562 ]

[ 17380, 17381, 17382 ]

[ "Baumann (4th standing) and the French team during the 1920 Olympics." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/French_national_football_team_-_Olympic_games_1920.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Baumann (4 March 1895 – 12 April 1985) was a French footballer. He competed at the 1920 Summer Olympics and the 1924 Summer Olympics.", "\"Édouard Baumann\". Olympedia. Retrieved 15 August 2021.\nEvans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Édouard Baumann Olympic Results\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2018.", "Édouard Baumann at National-Football-Teams.com\nÉdouard Baumann at Olympedia\nÉdouard Baumann at the French Football Federation (in French)\nÉdouard Baumann at the French Football Federation (archived 2016-10-30) (in French)" ]

[ "Édouard Baumann", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3563 ]

[ 17383, 17384 ]

[ "Édouard Beaupré compared to his father, Gaspard Beaupré, whose height was 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Edouard_Beaupre.JPG" ]

[ "Édouard Beaupré, (January 9, 1881 – July 3, 1904) was a Canadian circus and freak show giant, wrestler, strongman, and star of Barnum and Bailey's circus. He was one of the tallest men in recorded history, with a reported height of 2.51 m (8 ft 3 in).", "Édouard Beaupré was born in the southern Saskatchewan town of Willow Bunch on January 9, 1881. He was the first of 20 children born to Gaspard Beaupré and Florestine Piché, a Métis. When he started school at seven, he was of average height, but at nine he was already 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in), and at 12 he was over 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in) tall. He stopped going to school at this time. He spoke French, English, Métchif, Cree and Sioux. He was an excellent horseman, but by the age of 17 he had reached the height of 2.21 m (7 ft 3 in) and he abandoned the trade.\nHis father worked as a freighter for the trader Jean-Louis Légaré, who was a cattle and horse rancher and also Beaupré's godfather. For several years he accompanied his father on his trips to Moose Jaw, Regina and Montana.\nAbandoning life on the ranch, Beaupré began touring. He displayed his strength by bending iron bars and lifting horses onto his shoulders. He toured from Winnipeg to Montreal and stayed for a time in California. While in Montreal, on March 25, 1901, Beaupré wrestled Louis Cyr, a famous French Canadian strongman. The match was very short, with Cyr winning. Around 21-years-old, he stood 2.41 m (7 ft 11 in) and weighed 166 kilograms (366 lb). His neck measured 21 inches in circumference and his hands were 12 and a half inches from the wrist to finger tips. His chest measured 56 inches while his shoes had to be custom made for his size 22 feet. In December 1903, he measured 2.50 m (8 ft 2+1⁄2 in)", "Beaupré signed a contract on July 1, 1904, with the Barnum and Bailey circus to appear at the St. Louis World's Fair in St. Louis, Missouri. However, just two days later on July 3, 1904, he died at age 23 of a pulmonary hemorrhage, a complication of tuberculosis. At the time of his death, he was 2.49 m (8 ft 2 in) tall and weighed 170 kilograms (370 lb), as indicated on his death certificate.", "At the circus' request, the undertaker embalmed Beaupré's body. However, the circus refused to pay, so they decided to preserve the body which they then put on display in St. Louis. Through an unknown connection, the body made it to the Museum of Eden in Montreal and was put on display there, but the exposition drew such a crowd that the authorities shut it down. The body was then passed on to a Montreal circus, but they quickly went bankrupt and dumped the body in a warehouse. It sat there until 1907, when two kids came across the body as they were playing in the warehouse. The Université de Montréal claimed the body, and, after doing some research and an autopsy, mummified Beaupré's body and placed it in a glass display case in the university.", "The family only discovered Beaupré's body was in Montreal in 1967, and so in 1975 began the process to try to return the body to Willow Bunch for a proper burial. The university refused and claimed rights over the body, saying that they wanted to continue to perform research and did not want the body displayed anywhere else. In 1989 the family once again tried, this time bringing the media with them as well to put some pressure on the university. This time the effort worked, and so the university decided they could cremate the remains, to prevent anyone from grave-robbing the body. It took two big urns to contain Beaupré's ashes. Finally, in 1990, the body of le Géant Beaupré or le Géant de Willow-Bunch was brought back to Willow Bunch. The family had a memorial service, and his remains now lie in front of the Willow Bunch Museum.", "\"le Musée Virtuel Francophone de la Saskatchewan (Édouard Beaupré)\". Internet Archives (Wayback Machine). Archived from the original on May 13, 2006. Retrieved 17 June 2015.\nAndre Lalonde (1994). \"BEAUPRÉ, ÉDOUARD\". Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 13. University of Toronto/Université Laval. Retrieved 17 June 2015.\n\"Édouard J. Beaupré, The Willow Bunch Giant\". Town and RM of Willow Bunch. Retrieved December 6, 2020.", "The Tallest Man: Édouard Beaupré Archived 2015-06-22 at the Wayback Machine\nBiography and family history of Édouard Beaupré Archived 2000-01-18 at the Wayback Machine at Canada's Digital Collections" ]

[ "Édouard Beaupré", "Life", "Death", "Travels after death", "Burial", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3564 ]

[ 17385, 17386, 17387, 17388, 17389, 17390, 17391, 17392, 17393, 17394, 17395 ]

[ "Édouard Belin", "Édouard Belin receiving a telegraph", "Early portrait of Édouard Belin", "Belinograph BEP2V wirephoto machine from 1953" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/%C3%89douard_Belin_Anefo.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/%C3%89douard_Belin_et_son_appareil_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9photographique.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Portrait_%C3%89douard_Belin_%282%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Belinograph_BEP-2V_-_MfK_Bern.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Belin (5 March 1876 – 4 March 1963) was a French photographer and inventor. In 1907 Belin invented a phototelegraphic apparatus called the Bélinographe (télestéréographe)—a system for receiving photographs over telephone wires via telegraphic networks. \nBelin's invention had been used for journalistic photos since 1914, and the process was improved by 1921 to enable transmission of images by radio waves.\nFrom 1926, Belin worked on an television apparatus. In 1926, with Holweg, he tested the capacity for the eye to perceive pictures proposed at a very high speed, using a mirror drum.\nBelin was born in Vesoul, Haute-Saône, France, and died, aged 86, in Territet, Canton of Vaud, Switzerland.", "In this apparatus, the transmitter traverses the original image point by point. At each point a measurement of light intensity is made with an electric eye. The measurement is conveyed to the receiver. There, a variable intensity light source reproduces the light measured by the electric eye, while carrying out same displacements exactly. By doing this, it exposes the photographic paper and makes it possible to obtain a copy of the original image.\nOther scientists such as Arthur Korn had also been developing technology to transmit images over long distances. \nModern telecopiers and photocopiers use the same principle, with this close the sensor of light intensity was replaced by a sensor CCC, and that the device of impression is based on the laser technology, and either photographic.", "Belin gave his name to a high school of Vesoul, Haute-Saône, France.", "Display resolution\nFax\nGamma correction\nImage scanner\nTelegraphy#Facsimile\nTelerecording (UK)\nWirephoto", "Edward Jewitt Wheeler (1908). \"Picture Telegraphy on an Entirely Novel Principle\". Current Literature: 1908. Current Literature Publishing Company. pp. 436–437. Retrieved 2 July 2014.\nWilfred S. Ogden (December 1921). \"How the World's First Wireless News-Picture Was Flashed Across the Atlantic Ocean, Paris get President Harding's portrait in twenty minutes\". Popular Science. The Popular Science Monthly. Bonnier Corporation. pp. 21–22. ISSN 0161-7370. Retrieved 2 July 2014.\n\"L'impact de la roue à miroirs 1920-1929\", Site Histoire de la télévision\nSolbert, Oscar N.; Newhall, Beaumont; Card, James G., eds. (September 1953). \"Photos by Wire\" (PDF). Image, Journal of Photography of George Eastman House. Rochester, N.Y.: International Museum of Photography at George Eastman House Inc. 2 (6): 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2014.\nLycée Edouard Belin. missiontice.ac-besancon.fr", "Comprehensive bibliography of texts by or about Edouard Belin\nRadio Reproduces Note Across Ocean, 5 August 1921, from Today in Science History\nEdouard Belin – Fax and Belinographe Inventor at FaxAuthority.com" ]

[ "Édouard Belin", "Bélinographe", "Legacy", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3565, 3566, 3567 ]

[ 17396, 17397, 17398, 17399, 17400 ]

[ "Bonn, 1986, Édouard Benjamin (centre left)." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F073771-0014%2C_Bonn%2C_BMZ%2C_Vertrag_mit_Guinea.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Benjamin (born 1941) is a diplomat from Guinea. He was Minister of Economy and Finance from 1989 to 1992. He served as Executive Secretary of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) from 1993 to 1997.", "\"In Memoriam: Edouard Benjamin\". www.yale64.org. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022." ]

[ "Édouard Benjamin", "References" ]

[ 3568 ]

[ 17401 ]

[ "Edouard Bertin (Pierre-Louis De Laval, 1815)", "View of the quarries of Cervara, \n Carcassonne", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Edouard_Bertin%2C_by_Pierre-Louis_De_Laval.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Beaux-Arts_de_Carcassonne_-_Vue_des_carri%C3%A8re_de_la_Cervara_-_Fran%C3%A7ois-Edouard_Bertin.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c2/Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager_2.png" ]

[ "François Édouard Bertin (1797–1871) was a French painter born in Paris, and the son of the renowned journalist Louis-François Bertin. Édouard studied under Girodet-Trioson and Bidauld. He represented the details and general character of a landscape with great skill, but was less successful in his colouring. He was inspector of the Beaux Arts, and from 1854, was the director of the Journal des Débats. Bertin died in Paris in 1871.", "", " This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1886). \"Bertin, François Edouard\". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K). Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons." ]

[ "Édouard Bertin", "Selected works", "References" ]

[ 3569, 3570 ]

[ 17402 ]

[ "Portrait of Edouard Beugniot published in 1902 by la Société industrielle de Mulhouse" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/EdouardBeugniotPortraitpubli%C3%A91902.JPEG" ]

[ "Édouard Beugniot (1822-1878) was a French engineer, designer of the Beugniot lever, a system for articulating the driving axles of railway locomotives.", "Jean Gaspard Edouard Beugniot was born in Masevaux on 12 February 1822. His parents were Jean Claude Beugniot, who worked at the spinning factory of Nicolas Koechlin in the same city, and Henriette Berger-Pfeffel. At age 15, Édouard Beugniot left Masevaux to go to Mulhouse as an apprentice mechanic in the foundry of André Koechlin & Cie, whose founder André Koechlin was the first cousin of Nicolas Koechlin.\nIn 1844, Édouard Beugniot was 22 when he was appointed head of the locomotive department of André Koechlin & Cie. Two years later he qualified as a civil engineer. When the company became Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques, he directed the locomotive construction sector at the Mulhouse plant and worked with Alfred de Glehn. Beugniot designed a system for articulating the driving axles of railway locomotives, known as the Beugniot lever.", "Édouard married Maria Charlotte Clémentine Leydle. They had only one child, Marie Jeanne Claudine Henriette Beugniot born in 1859, who married Auguste Jean Hyacinthe Salin in 1878.", "Édouard Beuniot died on 25 October 1878. He is buried in the Cemetery rue Lefebvre in Mulhouse. His grave has a bust signed Wiedmaier with, on the pedestal, the inscription \"To Edouard Beugniot, engineer, his workers and his collaborators\".", "Édouard Beugniot et Lebleu, Mémoire sur une locomotive de montagne système E.Beugniot construite par MM.A.Koechlin et Cie : suivi du rapport présenté au nom du comité de mécanique sur la locomotive de montagne de M.E.Beugniot (séance du 28 novembre 1860), Mulhouse, A.Koechlin et Cie, 1860, 97 p..", "Chevalier de l’ordre des Saints Maurice et Lazare (from King Victor Emmanuel)\nOfficier de l’ordre de Charles III (from the Spanish government)", "", "Roland Oberlé, « Édouard Beugniot », in Nouveau dictionnaire de biographie alsacienne, vol. 3, p. 206\nRené Limacher, « Jean Gaspard Edouard Beugniot Ingénieur Civil », Patrimoine Doller - Bulletin, no 12, 2002, p. 50-53\nNicolas Stoskopf, André Koechlin & Cie, SACM, Wärtsilä, histoire de la Fonderie (D’Giesserei) à Mulhouse (1826-2007) : Extrait de l’ouvrage, paru en 2007 sous le titre SACM, quelle belle histoire !, HAL archives ouvertes, 2010, 73 p. (lire en ligne [archive]), chap. I (« André Koechlin & Cie (1826-1872), une société, un patron, une usine… »), p. 2-33." ]

[ "Édouard Beugniot", "Career", "Family", "Death", "Publication", "Honours", "References", "Further reading" ]

[ 3571 ]

[ 17403, 17404, 17405, 17406, 17407, 17408 ]

[ "Frédéric Bazille: Portrait of Édouard Blau (1870)." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Bazille%2C_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_-_Portrait_of_Edouard_Blau.jpeg" ]

[ "Édouard Blau (30 May 1836 – 7 January 1906) was a French dramatist and opera librettist. He was a cousin of Alfred Blau, another librettist of the same period.\nGoing to Paris at the age of 20 he worked at the Assistance Publique but from 1870 concentrated on theatrical writing. For his libretti he collaborated with Louis Gallet, Alfred Blau, Camille du Locle and Louis de Gramont.", "Georges Bizet\nLa Coupe du roi de Thulé (1868–69)\nDon Rodrigue (1873)\nJacques Offenbach\nLa Marocaine (1879)\nBelle Lurette (1880)\nBenjamin Godard\nDante (1880)\nJules Massenet\nLe Cid (1885)\nWerther (1892)\nÉdouard Lalo\nLe roi d'Ys (1888)", "Smith C. Édouard Blau. In: The New Grove Dictionary of Opera. Macmillan, London & New York, 1997." ]

[ "Édouard Blau", "Operas to librettos by Édouard Blau", "References" ]

[ 3572 ]

[ 17409 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Bocher%2C_Edouard.jpg" ]

[ "Pierre Henri Édouard Bocher (16 February 1811, Paris - 2 May 1900, Paris) was a French politician.", "Édouard Bocher was born on 16 February 1811 in Paris, son of a Paris stockbroker.\nHe was among the twenty founders of the Conférence Molé debating society on 19 March 1832.\nFour of them later became members of the Council of State including Prosper Hochet, Mortimer Ternaux, Achille Guilhem and Édouard Bocher.\nhe became auditor to the Conseil d'État in 1833 and sub-prefect for Étampes in 1834. In 1834 he married Aline de Laborde (1811-1885), second daughter of comte Alexandre de Laborde and an accomplished lady of letters. They had two children:\nEmmanuel Bocher (1835-1919), officer, writer, pianist, painter, editor of the complete works of Gavarni and great friend of Sarah Bernhardt\nValentin Bocher (1840-1849)\nIn 1839 Édouard Bocher was made prefect for Gers, then in 1841 for Toulouse and in 1842 for Caen. In 1848 he stopped being prefect for Calvados and in 1849 he became deputy for that department, sitting on the right. He protested against the 1851 coup. Opposed to the Second French Empire, he and others were put in charge of dealing with the property of Louis-Philippe I and his family.\nIn 1871 he was elected to represent Calvados, sitting in the centre-right group, of which he became president. He was senator for Calvados from 1876 to 1894, sitting on the right.\nA great book collector, he assembled a remarkable collection of rare books. He was a close friend of Alfred de Musset, who dedicated one of his first poems to him.", "Robert & Cougny 1889.\nMartin-Frugier 1989, pp. 233–234.", "François d'Ormesson and Jean-Pierre Thomas, Jean-Joseph de Laborde, banquier de Louis XV, mécène des Lumières, Paris, Perrin, 2002, p. 294-295 - (ISBN 2-262-01820-0)\nMartin-Frugier, Anne (April–June 1989), \"La formation des élites: les \"conférences\" sous la Restauration et la Monarchie de Juillet\", Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine (in French), Societe d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine, 36 (2): 211–244, doi:10.3406/rhmc.1989.1491, JSTOR 20529584\nRobert, Adolphe; Cougny, Gaston (1889), \"Édouard Bocher\", dictionnaire des parlementaires français de 1789 à 1889 (in French)" ]

[ "Édouard Bocher", "Life", "References", "Bibliography" ]

[ 3573 ]

[ 17410, 17411, 17412, 17413, 17414 ]

[ "Louis Édouard Bouët-Willaumez" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Disd%C3%A9ri_-_Louis_%C3%89douard_Bou%C3%ABt-Willaumez.jpg" ]

[ "Louis Edouard Bouët-Willaumez (24 April 1808 – 9 September 1871) was a French admiral.", "He was born Louis Edouard Bouët, the son of a businessman (and mayor of Lambezeller) in Maison-Lafitte, near Paris. Having joined the French Navy, in 1824 he embarked on a five-year voyage, first in the Mediterranean (where he saw action at the Battle of Navarino in 1827) and then in the Indian Ocean.\nIn 1829 he was promoted to ship's ensign, and served in the Morea expedition. In 1830 he was part of the blockade and capture of Algiers, followed by the blockade of Antwerp. Made Lieutenant in 1834, he was attached to the naval post at La Plata, from where he was sent to Senegal. In 1836 took command of the steamship L'Africain, with which he traveled 200 miles inland, up to the Félou Falls (les Chutes de Félou) in upper Senegal. He was the only Westerner to return alive, the others having succumbed to disease.\nIn 1838 Bouët took command of the brig La Malouine, which charted a trade route along the African coast. Along the way he punished a native tribe that had plundered three trading ships, and signed a commercial treaty with the king of Gabon in 1839. In July 1840 he carried out a reconnaissance of the bay of Mogador and established a plan of attack.\nPromoted to Lieutenant commander in 1840, on Le Misus, he took command of the Foreign Division of Africa from 1841 to 1842, when he was named provisional governor of Senegal. In 1843, Bouët began a period of expansion when he captured the port of Saint-Louis and allowed privately owned trading companies (mainly from Bordeaux) to handle the administration of the town; he also sent a new mission to Bambuk, and signed a commercial treaty with the ruler of Bundu. On 15 August 1844 he was attached to the expedition commanded by the Prince de Joinville, which took Mogador using the information that had been collected by Bouët. His reward was to take the trophies back to France, together with a promotion to captain.\nIn 1845 he was adopted by his uncle, Vice-Admiral Willaumez, whose name he took, and married the daughter of Admiral Lemorant — two events that opened a number of doors for him. In that same year, Bouët-Willaumez took command of the steamship Le Caraïbe at Lorient as Flag captain to Admiral Montagniac de Rocque, and served as Commander of the Naval Division of the Western Coasts of Africa. He served as chief of staff of a squadron of twenty-six cruisers.\nIn 1848 he became commander of the Naval Division of the African Coast, on the frigate Pénélope. During this period he restored French sovereignty over Guinea, and was named Commander of the Légion d'honneur for courage shown during a bayonet-charge on land against rebellious tribes. He also took part in a diplomatic mission to negotiate the end of trade with England.\nIn 1853, promoted to rear admiral, he was named chief of staff of the Mediterranean squadron, under Admiral Hamelin. During the Crimean War he took part in the bombardment of Odessa and attacks on Sebastopol. He was made a commander of the Order of the Bath by the British government for his services during the war.\nIn 1859, during the Second Italian War of Independence, Bouët-Willaumez commanded the French squadron in the Adriatic. After these operations, he was appointed to the committee responsible for coast defences, and oversaw works at the ports of Nice and Villefranche-sur-Mer which became part of France at the end of the war.\nPromoted to vice admiral in 1860, he served as Maritime Prefect of Cherbourg, and in 1861 as Prefect at Toulon. He commanded the French Mediterranean Fleet in 1864, and was appointed to the Senate of France in 1865.\nDuring the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, he was named to command a squadron intended to attack the north German coasts, but French defeats on land put an end to these plans.\nHe died in 1871.", "", "", "Amiral Bouet-Willaumez (in French)" ]

[ "Édouard Bouët-Willaumez", "Biography", "Writings", "References", "Sources and external links" ]

[ 3574 ]

[ 17415, 17416, 17417, 17418, 17419, 17420, 17421, 17422, 17423 ]

[ "Boubat in 1943", "", "" ]

[ 0, 3, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Edouard_Boubat_1943.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Lella%2C_Edouard_Boubat%2C_Bretagne%2C_1947.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Remi_%C3%A9coutant_la_mer%2C_Edouard_Boubat%2C_Paris%2C_1995.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Boubat (French: [buba]; 13 September 1923 – 30 June 1999) was a French photojournalist and art photographer.", "Boubat was born in Montmartre, Paris. He studied typography and graphic arts at the École Estienne and worked for a printing company before becoming a photographer. In 1943, he was subjected to service du travail obligatoire, forced labour of French people in Nazi Germany, and witnessed some of the horrors of World War II. He took his first photograph after the war in 1946 and was awarded the Kodak Prize the following year. He travelled internationally for the French magazine Réalités, where his colleague was Jean-Philippe Charbonnier, and later worked as a freelance photographer. French poet Jacques Prévert called him a \"peace correspondent\" as he was humanist, apolitical and photographed uplifting subjects. His son Bernard Boubat is also a photographer.", "1947 – Kodak Prize\n1971 – David Octavius Hill Medal\n1984 – Grand Prix National de la Photographie\n1988 – Hasselblad Foundation International Award in Photography", "", "", "2 November – 23 December 2006: Les photographes de Réalités: Édouard Boubat, Jean-Philippe Charbonnier, Jean-Louis Swiners. Galerie Agathe Gaillard, Paris, France\n15 August – 1 October 2006: French masters: Edouard Boubat and Jean-Philippe Charbonnier. Duncan Miller Gallery, Los Angeles, USA\n1983 Ambassade de France, New York (USA)\n1982 Lausanne, Switzerland.\nWitkin Gallery, New York (USA)\n1980 Musée d'Art Moderne, Paris\nLausanne Switzerland\n1979 Fondation Nationale de la Photographie. Lyon, France.\n1978 Musée d'Art Moderne Carilo, Mexico\nMusée N. Niépce, France\nChalon s/Saône, France\nPhotographers' Gallery, London, UK\n1976 Witkin Gallery, New York (USA) and travelling.\n1975 Galerie du Château d'Eau, Toulouse, France\n1973 Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France\n1971 India, Galerie Rencontre, Paris\n1967 Moderna Museet, Stockholm, Sweden\n22 November – 31 December 1954, Édouard Boubat, Limelight Gallery, New York, USA", "1951 Galerie La Hune, Paris, France\n1949 Salon, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France", "Edouard Boubat: Pauses (Bookking International, 1988). ISBN 978-2877140249.\nÉdouard Boubat (Centre national de la photographie, 1988). ISBN 978-2867540431.\nPhotographies 1950–1987. (Éditions du Désastre, 1988). ISBN 978-2877700016.\nIt's a Wonderful Life (Editions Assouline, 1997). ISBN 978-2843230127.\nÉdouard Boubat: The Monograph. (Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 2004). ISBN 978-0810956100.\nÉdouard Boubat: A Gentle Eye (Thames & Hudson, 2004). ISBN 978-0500512012.", "Riding, Alan (9 July 1999). \"Edouard Boubat, Photographer With Poetic Eye for Children, 75\". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 February 2014.\nWilliams, Val (17 July 1999). \"Obituary: Edouard Boubat\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2014.\nMuir, Robin (21 August 1999). \"Shots from the heart\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2014.\n\"Edouard Boubat\". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 11 June 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2020.\n\"Träger der David-Octavius-Hill-Medaille\". Deutsche Fotografische Akademie. Archived from the original on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2014.\n\"1988 Hasselblad Award Winner\". Hasselblad Foundation. Retrieved 6 February 2014.\nGee, Helen (1997), Limelight : a Greenwich Village photography gallery and coffeehouse in the fifties : a memoir (1st ed.), University of New Mexico Press, ISBN 978-0-8263-1817-6", "\"Entre Vues: Frank Horvat – Edouard Boubat (interview)\". Frank Horvat Photography. July 1986. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012.", "Édouard Boubat at Luminous Lint\nEdouard Boubat and his Cat Photos" ]

[ "Édouard Boubat", "Life and work", "Notable awards", "Gallery", "Exhibitions", "Solo", "Group", "Publications", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 3575, 3576, 3577 ]

[ 17424, 17425, 17426, 17427, 17428, 17429, 17430, 17431, 17432 ]

[ "Édouard Bovet" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Ed_bovet.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Bovet (14 September 1797 – 25 October 1849) was a Swiss watchmaker and founder of the Bovet Fleurier watch company.", "Édouard Bovet was born in Fleurier in Neuchâtel, the son of Jean Frédéric Bovet, in 1797. Although the \"Genève\" tag is virtually compulsory for Swiss watches in the highest price bracket, it is the lesser-known name \"Fleurier\" name that marks Bovet watches. Bovet originated from this village in the Val-de-Travers, to the west of Neuchâtel. Watchmaking was introduced there between 1730 and 1740 by David Vaucher, probably a pupil of Daniel JeanRichard. The number of watchmakers in the Val-de-Travers grew rapidly in the first half of the 19th century. The lacemaking that had provided work for one-third of the people living in the valley had been replaced by the much lower cost production on Jacquard machines in France and Flanders.\nFour more sons and a daughter were born in the following years. After completing his apprenticeship as a watchmaker, Edouard Bovet and two of his brothers moved to London, then the center of watch assembly and the watch trade in 1814.", "", "He found a job with the Magniac company who sent him to Canton in 1818 as a watch repairer; this was the sole Chinese port that tolerated European merchants and businessmen — the so-called “red-haired barbarians”. In Canton in 1818, he formed a partnership with his brothers in 1822. The enterprise, which made luxury watches in Switzerland for export to China, was a resounding success. \nThe flourishing watch trade with China prompted Bovet to set up his own company in 1822: he founded a general partnership with his two brothers in London and one brother who had remained in Fleurier; the fourth and youngest brother also entered the business. Soon every first class watch in China with a high practical value and elegant exterior was simply called \"Bovet\". Pearl ornamentation and enamel miniature painting carried out in Geneva on Bovet watches ensured first class aesthetics at prices that, in contrast to the exaggerated luxury watches of the time, were affordable, at least for the upper class. \nFor years a Bovet watch was considered an asset in China and was accepted in payment everywhere. The movement was frequently finely engraved and chased and could be observed through a glass cover on the back. The central second hand that jumped every second, like modern quartz watches, was a Bovet specialty. Bovet adapted its production to the Chinese tradition of making gifts of valuable objects (statues, vases, horses even concubines) in pairs. So he could often sell two identical watches at the same time: if one failed, a replacement was at hand. But Bovet’s enamel painters found it very difficult to paint two identical but mirror-image miniatures.", "Edouard Bovet returned to Fleurier in 1830 as a made man, accompanied by his four-year-old half-Chinese son Edouard-Georges. At that time it was customary for the European merchants in China to take a \"temporary\" wife for the duration of their stay. If children were born of this liaison, the father accepted responsibility. As a fervent republican, Bovet exposed himself in the abortive Neuchâtel revolution against Prussian rule in 1831. The house that his brothers had built for him in Fleurier according to his written instructions from China remained empty. Bovet had to move to Besançon where he continued watchmaking with the help of other exiled watchmakers.", "Edouard Bovet’s brothers and nephews — all of them company shareholders — made sure that the cornerstones of the Bovet empire in Fleurier, London and Canton continued to flourish. Once the political situation was back to normal, in 1840, the firm was reregistered as Bovet Frères et Cie.; the share capital amounted to one million francs. Edouard Bovet died in 1849; he lived long enough to witness the triumph of the republic and the withdrawal of the Prussians in the previous year. The succession was settled and the production for China continued; in 1855 Bovet was awarded a gold medal at the world exhibition in Paris for an absolutely identical pair of watches ordered by the Chinese emperor.\nTwo generations later the Bovets were running a flourishing Swiss-Chinese commercial enterprise and were no longer interested in watchmaking. The name was sold several times and relaunched in 1994. The current Bovet watches are modeled on their luxury precursors from the 19th century and look like pocket watches for the wrist.", "Conso - Marque Bovet \"1818 : Édouard Bovet arrive à Canton, le seul port chinois ouvert aux étrangers et vend quatre montres de 10.000 francs. 1822 : Édouard et Alphonse Bovet créent la société de montres Bovet.\"\nReyne Haines Vintage Wristwatches 2010 - Page 27 \"BOVET This maker was founded in London in 1822 by Edouard Bovet, the son of watchmaker Jean-Frederic Bovet. Edouard studied watch making in London in 1814.\nArts of Asia: Volume 27, Issues 5-6 1997 \"For Edouard Bovet was a watchmaker and he had brought with him to China a consignment of his speciality products, at a time when such novelties were in increasing demand at the Imperial Court in Beijing and among the wealthy elite in ...\"\nCatherine Pagani \"Eastern magnificence & European ingenuity\": clocks of late ... 2001 - Page 189 \"Bovet, Edouard (1797-1849), Fleurier. Edouard Bovet went to London in 1815. In 1818, he went to Canton, where in 1822, he started a society for commerce in watches in China with his brother Alphonse. The society lasted until 1864.\"" ]

[ "Édouard Bovet", "Early life", "Career", "1818–1830", "Return to Fleurier", "Legacy", "References" ]

[ 3578 ]

[ 17433, 17434, 17435, 17436, 17437, 17438, 17439, 17440, 17441, 17442, 17443, 17444 ]

[ "", "Branly's coherer", "Plaque at the Musée Édouard Branly on rue d'Assas in Paris" ]

[ 0, 2, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Portrait_of_Edouard_Branly_%281844-1940%29%2C_Physicist_%282536834552%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Branly_coherer.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Mus%C3%A9e_Edouard_Branly_plaque.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Eugène Désiré Branly (23 October 1844 – 24 March 1940) was a French inventor, physicist and professor at the Institut Catholique de Paris. He is primarily known for his early involvement in wireless telegraphy and his invention of the Branly coherer around 1890.", "He was born on 23 October 1844 and died on 24 March 1940. His funeral was at the Notre Dame cathedral in Paris and was attended by the President of France, Albert Lebrun. He was interred in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.", "Temistocle Calzecchi-Onesti's experiments with tubes of metal filings, as reported in \"Il Nuovo Cimento\" in 1884, led to the development of the first radio wave detector, the coherer, by Branly some years later. It was the first widely used detector for radio communication. This consisted of iron filings contained in an insulating tube with two electrodes that will conduct an electric current under the action of an applied electrical signal. The operation of the coherer is based upon the large electrical contact resistance offered to the passage of electric current by loose metal filings, which decreases when direct current or alternating current is applied between the terminals of the coherer at a predetermined voltage. The mechanism is based on the thin layers of oxide covering all the filings, which is highly resistive. The oxide layers are broken down when a voltage is applied of the right magnitude, causing the coherer to \"latch\" into its low-resistance state until the voltage is removed and the coherer is physically tapped.\nThe coherer became the basis for radio reception, and remained in widespread use for about ten years, until about 1907. British radio pioneer Oliver Lodge made the coherer into a practical receiver by adding a \"decoherer\" which tapped the coherer after each reception to dislodge clumped filings, thus restoring the device's sensitivity. It was further developed by Guglielmo Marconi, then replaced about 1907 by crystal detectors.\nIn 1890, Branly demonstrated what he later called the \"radio-conductor\", which Lodge in 1893 named the coherer, the first sensitive device for detecting radio waves. Shortly after the experiments of Hertz, Dr. Branly discovered that loose metal filings, which in a normal state have a high electrical resistance, lose this resistance in the presence of electric oscillations and become practically conductors of electricity. This Branly showed by placing metal filings in a glass box or tube, and making them part of an ordinary electric circuit. According to the common explanation, when electric waves are set up in the neighborhood of this circuit, electromotive forces are generated in it which appear to bring the filings more closely together, that is, to cohere, and thus their electrical resistance decreases, from which cause this piece of apparatus was termed by Sir Oliver Lodge a coherer. Hence the receiving instrument, which may be a telegraph relay, that normally would not indicate any sign of current from the small battery, can be operated when electric oscillations are set up. Prof. Branly further found that when the filings had once cohered they retained their low resistance until shaken apart, for instance, by tapping on the tube.\nIn On the Changes in Resistance of Bodies under Different Electrical Conditions, he described how the electrical circuit was made by means of two narrow strips of copper parallel to the short sides of the rectangular plate, and forming good contact with it by means of screws. When the two copper strips were raised the plate was cut out of the circuit. He also used as conductors fine metallic filings, which he sometimes mixed with insulating liquids. The filings were placed in a tube of glass or ebonite, and were held between two metal plates. When the electrical circuit, consisting of a Daniell cell, a galvanometer of high resistance, and the metallic conductor, consisting of the ebonite plate, and the sheet of copper, or of the tube containing the filings, was completed, only a very small current flowed; but there was a sudden diminution of the resistance which was proved by a large deviation of the galvanometer needle when one or more electric discharges were produced in the neighbourhood of the circuit. In order to produce these discharges a small Wimshurst influence machine may be used, with or without a condenser, or a Ruhmkorff coil. The action of the electrical discharge diminishes as the distance increases; but he observed it easily, and without taking any special precautions, at a distance of several yards. By using a Wheatstone bridge, he observed this action at a distance of 20 yards, although the machine producing the sparks was working in a room separated from the galvanometer and the bridge by three large apartments, and the noise of the sparks was not audible. The changes of resistance were considerable with the conductors described. They varied, for instance, from several millions of ohms to 2000, or even to 100, from 150,000 to 500 ohms, from 50 to 35, and so on. The diminution of resistance was not momentary, and sometimes it was found to remain for twenty-four hours. Another method of making the test was, by connecting the electrodes of a capillary electrometer to the two poles of a Daniell cell with a sulphate of cadmium solution. The displacement of mercury which takes place when the cell is short-circuited, only takes place very slowly when an ebonite plate, covered with a sheet of copper of high resistance, is inserted between one of the poles of the cell, and the corresponding electrode of the electrometer; but when sparks are produced by a machine, the mercury is rapidly thrown into the capillary tube owing to the sudden diminution in the resistance of the plate.\nBranly found that, upon examination of the conditions necessary to produce the phenomena, the following data:\nThe circuit need not be closed to produce the result.\nThe passage of an induced current in the body produces a similar effect to that of a spark at a distance.\nAn induction-coil with two equal lengths of wire was used, a current is sent through the primary while the secondary forms part of a circuit containing the tube with filings and a galvanometer. The two induced currents caused the resistance of the filings to vary.\nWhen working with continuous currents the passage of a strong current lowers the resistance of the body for feeble currents.\nSumming up, he stated that in all these tests the use of ebonite plates covered with copper or mixtures of copper and tin was less satisfactory than the use of filings; with the plates he was unable to obtain the initial resistance of the body after the action of the spark or of the current, while with the tubes and filings the resistance could be brought back to its normal value by striking a few sharp blows on the support of the tube.", "Branly was nominated thrice for a Nobel Prize, but never received it. In 1911, he was elected to the French Academy of Sciences, winning over his rival Marie Curie. Both had opponents in the Academy: she a female and he a devout catholic, who had left Sorbonne for a chair in the Catholic University of Paris. Branly eventually won the election by two votes. In 1936 he was elected to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences.\nBranly was named as Marconi's inspiration during the first radio communication across the English Channel, when Marconi's message was: \"Mr. Marconi sends to Mr. Branly his regards over the Channel through the wireless telegraph, this nice achievement being partly the result of Mr. Branly's remarkable work.\"\nBranly's discovery of radioconduction was named an IEEE Milestone in Electrical Engineering and Computing in 2010.", "The quai Branly – a road that runs alongside the River Seine in Paris – is named after Branly. It is the name of this road, not of Branly himself, that led to the naming of the Musée du quai Branly.\nBranly is also commemorated by a technical High School (lycée) in Châtellerault, a commune in the Vienne department in the Poitou-Charentes region.", "Musée Édouard Branly, which preserves his laboratory\nRadio: History of radio, Invention of radio\nPeople: Alexander Stepanovich Popov, Karl Ferdinand Braun\nU.S. Patent 796,800 : \"Receiver for use in wireless telegraphy\" Edouard Branly, 1905", "TIMES, Special Cable to THE NEW YORK (1940-03-25). \"E. BRANLY DEAD; FAMED PHYSICIST; Devised Coherer First Used in Detecting and Receiving of Wireless Impulses AIDED MARCONI INVENTION Member of French Academy Predicted Talking Pictures --Had Studied Medicine\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-12-11.\n\"Edouard Branly | French engineer | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2021-12-11.\nFunerals, politics, and memory in modern France, 1789-1996, Chapter 12, Avner Ben-Amos, accessed 14 May 2011\nÉdouard Branly, the Coherer, and the Branly effect - History of Communications, Jean-Marie Dilhac, Communications Magazine, IEEE, Volume: 47 Issue: 9, September 2009, (quoting J. Terrat-Branly, Mon père, Édouard Branly, Corrêa, 1941) accessed 10 May 2011\nÉdouard Branly, findgrave.com, 19 December 1999, accessed 10 May 2011\nVariations of Conductivity under Electrical Influences, By Édouard Branly. Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 103 By Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain) Page 481 (Contained in, Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris, vol. cix., 1890, p. 785.)\n\"On the Changes in Resistance of Bodies under Different Electrical Conditions\". By E. Branly. Minutes of proceedings, Volume 104, Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain). 1891. Page 416 (Contained in, Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 1891, vol. exit., p. 90.)\n\"Experiments on the conductivity of insulating bodies\", by M. Édouard Branly, M.D. Philosophical magazine. Taylor & Francis., 1892. Page 530 (Contained in, Comptes Rendus de l' Académie des Sciences, 24 Nov. 1890 and 12 Jan. 1891, also, Bulletin de la Societi international d'electriciens, no. 78, May 1891)\n\"Increase of Resistance of Radio-conductors\". E. Branly. (Comptes Rendus, 130. pp. 1068-1071, April 17, 1900.)\n\"Wireless Telegraphy\". Modern Engineering Practice. Vol. VII. American School of Correspondence. 1903. p. 10.\nalthough Dr. Branly himself termed it a radio-conductor.\nMaver's wireless telegraphy: theory and practice By William Maver (jr.)\nUnited States Naval Institute (1902). Proceedings: Volume 28, Part 2. Page 443.\nBranly's filings used, were iron, aluminium, antimony, cadmium, bismuth, &c\nMinutes of proceedings, Volume 104 By Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain)\nBefore closing the circuit a test is made to see that the current at make and break gives the same deviation on the galvanometer. The filings are then placed in the secondary circuit, and the primary opened and closed at regular intervals\nThese deviations were obtained with an induction coil without core. The results obtained with a core were almost identical.\nA circuit was used consisting of a battery, the body to be tested, and a galvanometer; the electromotive force of the battery used was 1 volt at first, then 100 volts, and then again 1 volt.\n\"Edouard Branly\".\nÉdouard Branly (1890). \"Milestones:Discovery of Radioconduction\". IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. Retrieved 28 July 2011.\nLycée Édouard Branly, accessed 10 May 2011", "Media related to Édouard Branly at Wikimedia Commons\nEugenii Katz, \"Edouard Eugène Désiré Branly\". The history of electrochemistry, electricity and electronics; Biosensors & Bioelectronics.\n\"Édouard Branly\". Robert Appleton Company, The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume II, 1907.\n\"Edouard Eugène Désiré Branly\"\". Adventures in Cybersound.\nÉdouard Branly at Find a Grave" ]

[ "Édouard Branly", "Biography", "Coherer", "Honours", "Legacy", "See also", "References", "External links and resources" ]

[ 3579, 3580, 3581 ]

[ 17445, 17446, 17447, 17448, 17449, 17450, 17451, 17452, 17453, 17454, 17455, 17456, 17457, 17458, 17459, 17460, 17461, 17462, 17463, 17464, 17465, 17466, 17467, 17468, 17469, 17470, 17471, 17472 ]

[ "Édouard Brasey in 2008", "Édouard Brasey at Imaginales 2008.", "Édouard Brasey at salon du livre de Paris 2010." ]

[ 0, 5, 14 ]

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[ "Édouard Brasey is a French novelist, essayist, scriptwriter and story-teller born on 25 March 1954. Author of more than seventy works, many of which have been translated into English, Russian, Japanese, Spanish, Portuguese and Italian. He specialises in the themes of the esoteric, fables, legends and fantasy. He won a prize of Imaginales in 2006 for La Petite Encyclopédie du Merveilleux, and a prize Merlin in 2009 for his novel La Malédiction de l'Anneau. Subsequently, he has become essentially a novelist, notably published by Calmann-Lévy. His historical-esoteric thriller that was published in 2013, Le Dernier Pape, anticipated the abdication of Benoît XVI.", "Édouard Brasey was born on 25 March 1954 in Marseille. He has been interested in the imaginary since his childhood. He has an entry in Who's Who in France. and is member of Mensa International.", "Graduating from the ESSEC Business School (École Supérieure des Sciences Economiques et Commerciales), he gained a Master in Private Law at Lyon II-Lumière, a Diploma of the Institut d'Etudes Politiques of Lyon, and a Master in Cinema Studies and Scriptwriting (Paris I-La Sorbonne), with the directors Éric Rohmer et Jean Rouch as professors. He also trained in the theatre, in story-telling and in commedia dell'arte. He has been a journalist for Lire, L'Expansion, Challenges, Livres Hebdo, Le Monde de la musique, Le Figaro Madame and L'Usine Nouvelle. He writes regularly for the review Historia, edits reviews of historical crime novels, and collaborates in special features concerning witchcraft, the devil, medieval legends, superstitions, pirates or fairy-tales. He collaborates in publications of Historia dedicated to the works of the illustrator Hergé, Tintin et les Forces Obscures and Tintin et la Mer. He was finalist for the New York Festival Best World's Radio Program 2015 with \"The Night Washerwomen\", extract from two series of ten short radio programs for the French Radio channel Radio Bleu, \"The Little Folk of Halloween\" and \"The Little Folk of the Legends\". He plays an \"expert in superstitions\" for the French TV channel France 2.", "Édouard Brasey is the author of nearly seventy works since 1987, comprising investigative documents, essays, chronicles, fictionalised biographies, novels, monographs, collections of fables and illustrated art books. His works address the themes of the invisible world and spirituality, religions and pagan (notably Celtic) beliefs, fables and legends, and the fantastic.", "His first investigative essay, published in 1987 by Ramsay, was dedicated to the literary journalist Bernard Pivot. Favourably received, it was qualified by Philippe Schuwer in Communication et Langages as « a study that approaches hagiography without having the faults ». Édouard Brasey thereupon interested himself in the esoteric with l'Enquête sur l'existence des Anges Rebelles in 1995 and the Enquête sur l'Existence des Fées et des Esprits de la Nature in 1996, published by Filipacchi and J'ai Lu.", "In 1995, the writer specialised in the domain of legends, notably following an apprenticeship with the story-teller Henri Gougaud. Between 2005 and 2012 he wrote a collection of fables, Le Cabinet Fantastique, as well as collections of fantasy, French fiction, esoteric writings, essays and illustrated books at Éditions Le Pré aux Clercs. He authored numerous publications in this domain.", "He has also published twelve novels since 1994, in the fields of thriller, crime novel, historical novel or story inspired by legend.", "In Le Dernier Pape (The Last Pope, Éditions Télémaque 2013, Amazon Kindle e-book 2012 and 2014), the pope is dead. While the pretenders to his succession intrigue in the corridors of the Vatican, gruesomely bloody ritual murders profane places of worship, an atrocious homage to the martyrdom of Saint Peter. Two thousand years ago, the apostle cast on Rome, the place of his torture, a curse that seems ready to accomplish its purpose: a cosmic menace is about to eliminate the seat of Christianity.\nThis esoteric thriller is inspired notably by the prophecy of Malachie, and the prophecy of the third secret of Fátima. \nÉdouard Brasey published Le Dernier Pape in March 2012 in electronic format at Amazon under the title La Prophétie de Pierre, generating 3000 downloads in three months. He subsequently published it with Éditions Télémaque in January 2013, anticipating by a few weeks the abdication of Pope Benoit XVI, which occasioned numerous articles and interviews in the national and international press. In 2014 Édouard Brasey published an update to his novel in electronic format under the definitive title Le Dernier Pape et la Prophétie de Pierre, to integrate the latest developments concerning the Vatican, notably the election of Pope François. The book is regularly classified among the best-sellers in electronic format on the platforms Amazon.com and Amazon.fr., the new edition generated more than 2000 downloads in two months.\nFor Israel Hayom, Edouard Brasey, \"a science-fiction writer known for penning thrillers\", this novel is eerily similar to the real-life events unfolding in the Vatican. The book's protagonist is a pope who finds himself in the middle of numerous scandals, yet even a sci-fi guru like Brasey couldn't stretch his imagination to the point where he envisioned the pontiff resigning from his post [...] I wrote this book in 2011 amidst all of the scandals that were being discussed at the time, and which were vividly manifest this past summer with the Vatileaks affair\". The newspaper insists of the fact that \"Brasey, a former journalist, was the most sought-after pundit in France this week. Everyone wondered how he managed to sniff out such a significant scoop and present his readers with the story of a troubled pope, so similar to real life. (...)\"\nCorine Pirozzi, The Huffington Post, tells that \"Édouard Brasey entices us into an adventure totally captivating, fascinating in its occult accents and gives birth to an esoteric thriller of high quality\". \"Édouard Brasey has just published a book that presents strange coincidences with actual events at the Vatican. Ex-journalist converted to writing fantastic novels, Édouard Brasey has not given up getting scoops.\" Philippe Vallet, on the radio France Info, 3 February 2013, think that \"The Vatican will always light up the imagination of novelists. Witness Edouard Brasey who has published (...) a thriller which mixes the illness of a Pope, the intrigues for his succession, senseless murders and a cosmic menace. A novel researched and fascinating.\"\nFor Julie Malaure, « Quand le pape se meurt », Le Point, 31 January 2013 \"those who (...) thrill with excitement at each revelation made about the Vatican, who twitch at the evocation of secrets that deliberately obscure the Church, will find a great pleasure of reading in this esoteric thriller. Because the prolix Brasey (...) here shows all his generosity.\" Franck Ferrand of Europe 1 sees this novel as \"written exactly in the line of Anges et Démons by Dan Brown\". He salutes the action scenes and the numerous references, the \"Renaissance décor of Saint Peter and the Vatican\" alternating with \"ultra-modernity\", adding only the overall impression and inspiration « \"conspirator\", but only \"that which is proper to all these big novels. We are squarely in a conspiracy theory\".", "Les Lavandières de Brocéliande (Editions Calmann-Lévy, 2012, Le Livre de Poche, 2014). With Les Lavandières de Brocéliande, Edouard Brasey inaugurates a new genre, that of historic and legendary novels of the earth, inspired by popular beliefs, in which the action takes place in Brittany: during All-Saints Day, 1943, Gwenn, a young orphan, discovers one of her fellows, a washerwoman, drowned in the washing basin of Concoret, a small village on the edge of the forest of Brocéliande. Dahud, the oldest inhabitant, and mother of the victim, incriminates the washerwomen of the night, these supernatural creatures that, according to Breton legends, wash the bloody clothes of their still-born infants. The malediction continues to haunt the washerwomen of Brocéliande. This novel has been favourably received by Le Courrier Indépendant. it's followed with Les Pardons de Locronan and La Sirène d'Ouessant His next novel, due to appear with Calmann-Lévy in 2015, is a crime novel in which the action takes place in Haute Provence at the beginning of the 1960s, L'Affaire de la Cabre d'Or.", "On 20 June 2009 Édouard Brasey received the Prix Merlin in the novels category for Les Chants de la Walkyrie, the first volume of the cycle La Malédiction de l'Anneau (Belfond editions, 2008 - 2010). He received a bursary for creation from the Centre National du Livre for his writing. Valeurs Actuelles writes that \"Édouard Brasey makes the ancient Nordic sagas sing, the legend of the powerful Ases and the magnificent Vanes. A remarkable work that holds together a fantastic narrative and lyric poetry\". For Nicolas L., SciFi-Universe, 24 November 2008, \"eminent French specialist in the universe of fairies, folklore, myths and legends, Édouard Brasey offers us, with La Malédiction de l'Anneau, the fruit of a colossal work of compilation carried out from diverse sources, such as l'Edda, La Saga des Völsung or l'Anneau du Nibelung.\" Plume-libre.com insists on the \"titanic work where we sense the love of Édouard Brasey for all that touches from near or from far the imaginary and the fantastic, to take on such a monster might seem a little reckless but the author knew how to respond to the challenge with brio and brings us a new insight into a myth that has not finished making us dream.\"", "L'Encyclopédie du Merveilleux (Editions Le Pré aux Clercs, 2005, 2006, 2007 et 2012) collects more than creatures of surnatural world: fairies, elves, imps, mermaids, dwarfs, dragons, unicorns, griffons, gargoyles, werewolves, vampires trolls, Cyclopes, giants, ogres, titans... with their description, their geographic and mythological origin, their habits and their history. The sources of this work were found in history, legends, Celtic, Greek-Roman, Germanic or Nordic mythology, literary or cinematographic creations. This work is made up of three volumes: Des peuples de la Lumière, Du Bestiaire Fantastique and Des Peuples de l'Ombre (2005 and 2006), re-edited into a single volume entitled La Petite Encyclopédie du Merveilleux in 2007 and La Grande Encyclopédie du Merveilleux in 2012. It earned him a double recognition at Imaginales d'Épinal in 2006: the Imaginales Special Jury Prize, and the Claude Seignolle Prize for the images. The first volume has been translated into English for Five Mile Press by a Melbourne-based Australian translator, Lorraine DAVID, under the title The Encyclopedia of Fantasy – People of Light. More than 100 000 copies of this work were sold, all editions included. These works, accessible to all, have improved the knowledge of the marvellous in France. Jacques Baudou, Le Monde, 21 October 2005, writes \"Re-enchant the world\": this slogan, borrowed from the preface of this encyclopaedia, entitled \"Once upon a time it was marvellous\", could well define better than a long discussion the task engaged here and which must be followed to its conclusion in several volumes.\" For Le Figaro, \"Édouard Brasey is a major specialist of the genre. \"\nDémons et Merveilles (Éditions Le Chêne 2002, 2006 and 2010), Faeries and Demons (Barnes & Noble, New-York, 2003), Dragons, Little People, Witches, Fairies, Trolls and Elves (Hachette UK Illustrated, London, 2003). This illustrated Encyclopedia tells the stories and legends of the enchanted kingdom - most notably in the spooky ghostliness of All Hallows Eve. Each of the four seasons has particular celebrations and this book aims to bring some of the background to these rituals and traditions. Quotations and references also feature from Shakespeare, Walter Scott and J. R. R. Tolkien.", "Édouard Brasey is also a scriptwriter for televised documentaries, theatre and story-telling dramas and musical comedies. He has notably participated in several documentaries on historical or esoteric subjects: \nLe Sorcier Habite l'Immeuble, documentary with J.-C. Deniau, 52 minutes, France 2, 30 October 1989.\nLes Années Algériennes, historical documentary series de Benjamin Stora, 4 x 52 minutes, France 2, October 1991.\nDes Anges, des Démons et des Hommes, documentary with J.-C. Deniau, 70 minutes, France 3, August 1995.\nIl était une Fée, documentary with Bernard Jourdain, 52 minutes, France 2, 9 May 1999.\nHe has written a musical comedy for children, A la Recherche d'Alandys, for Les Monts Rieurs in 2002, and co-authored with his wife, Stéphanie Brasey, a second musical comedy, L'Enfant tombé de la Lune for Les Monts Rieurs, 2012. Also with his wife, Stéphanie Brasey, he has co-authored La Porte des Secrets, a screen adaptation for Paimpont inspired by the legends of the forest of Broceliande.", "As an actor, Édouard Brasey has made several appearances in films and television films, notably :\nLes nuits de la Pleine Lune, Éric Rohmer, 1984.\nDionysos, Jean Rouch, 1984.\nNathalie, Anne Fontaine, 2003.\nJoe Pollox et les Mauvais Esprits, Jérôme Foulon, 2004.\nLa Main du Diable, Jérémy Grammatica, 2010.\nJean Moulin, Yves Boisset, 2002.\nAvocats et Associés, Affaires de Famille, Marion Jourdan – Le Sens du Devoir, Mauvais Esprit, Ciné-Cinémas special *Fables and Legends, Ciné-Cinémas special Vampires.", "As a story-teller, he has created several fables: \nLa Mémoire de Merlin\nLa Forêt Enchantée.\nChercheurs de Vérité.\nLes Sept Portes des Mille et Une Nuits.", "", "Le Dernier Pape et la Prophétie de Pierre\nLa Prophétie de Pierre, Amazon, 2012 (ISBN 979-1091386005)\nLe Dernier Pape, éditions Télémaque, 2013, 352 p. (ISBN 978-2753301665)\nLe Dernier Pape, France Loisirs, 2013 (ISBN 978-2-298-07780-3)\nLe Dernier Pape et la Prophétie de Pierre, 2014 (ISBN 979-1091386005)", "Les Lavandières de Brocéliande, Calmann-Lévy, 9 May 2012, 450 p. (ISBN 978-2702143223)\nLes Pardons de Locronan, Calmann-Lévy, 3 May 2013, 480 p. (ISBN 978-2-7021-5346-8)\nLa Sirène d'Ouessant, Calmann-Lévy, 8 May 2014, 380 p. (ISBN 978-2-7021-4482-4)", "La Malédiction de l'anneau\nLes Chants de la Walkyrie, Belfond, 2 October 2008 (ISBN 9782714444349)\nLe Sommeil du dragon, Belfond, 17 May 2009 (ISBN 9782714445438)\nLe Trésor du Rhin, Belfond, March 2010 (ISBN 978-2714446237)\nLa Malédiction de l'anneau, la trilogie, Belfond, October 2010, 896 p. (ISBN 978-2714448705)", "Le Bestiaire fabuleux, Pygmalion, 7 June 2001 (ISBN 9782857047056)\nLes Amours enchantées, Pygmalion, 25 September 2001 (ISBN 9782857047209)\nL'Amour courtois et autres histoires, Le Pré aux Clercs, coll. « Le cabinet fantastique », 24 August 2007 (ISBN 9782842282981)\nLa France enchantée, Paris, La Martinière, 2011, 191 p. (ISBN 978-2732442143)", "Quand le ciel s'éclaircira, Plon, 18 February 1994, 311 p. (ISBN 9782259000888)\nLe Vœu d'étoile, Le comptoir, 10 October 1996, 240 p. (ISBN 9782884560078)\nRue de l'oubli ou Les ombres d'Istanbul, Autres Temps, coll. « Temps Romanesque », 1998 (ISBN 9782911873638)\nLes Loups de la Pleine Lune : Carnet retrouvé dans un manoir en ruines, Le Pré aux Clercs, 6 January 2005 (ISBN 9782842282233)", "Édouard Brasey and E. Debailleul, Vivre la magie des contes : Comment le merveilleux peut changer notre vie, Albin Michel, coll. « Les clés de la psychologie », 1 January 2000, 336 p. (ISBN 9782226095299)\nTrouver sa vérité par les contes de sagesse, Seuil, January 2000 (ISBN 9782702852019)\nDémons et merveilles, Le Chêne, 2002 (ISBN 9782842773861)\nLa Lune, mystères et sortilèges, Le Chêne, 23 April 2003 (ISBN 9782842774141)\nLes Sept Portes des Mille et une nuits, Le Chêne, 24 September 2003 (ISBN 9782842774653)\nLes Univers de Jules Verne, Le Chêne, 16 March 2005, 240 p. (ISBN 9782842775940)\nLa Cuisine magique des fées et des sorcières, L'Envol, coll. « Cartothèque », 30 June 2005 (ISBN 9782915349122). Avec une préface de l'elficologue Pierre Dubois\nÉdouard Brasey, Jacques Bertinier and Sandrine Gestin, La Bonne cuisine des fées, Fetjaine, October 2007, 118 p. (ISBN 9782354250171)\nEdouard Brasey et Lucile Thibaudier, Grimoires, sortilèges et enchantements, le manuel du sorcier, Fetjaine, 18 October 2007, 119 p. (ISBN 978-2354250164)\nGrimoire des loups-garous, Paris, Éditions Le Pré aux Clercs, 2010, 432 p. (ISBN 9782842284107)\nFormules magiques de l'évangile des quenouilles, Paris, Le Chêne, 2010 (ISBN 9782812302206)\nÉdouard et Stéphanie Brasey, Les Enquêteurs de l'étrange: Histoires vraies de maisons hantées, Éditions Le Pré aux Clercs, 2011, 271 p. (ISBN 978-2842284527)\nÉdouard et Stéphanie Brasey, Traité de sorcellerie, Éditions Le Pré aux Clercs, 2011, 432 p. (ISBN 978-2842284473)\nÉdouard et Stéphanie Brasey, Traité des arts divinatoires, Éditions Le Pré aux Clercs, 2012, 432 p. (ISBN 978-2842284787)", "L'effet Pivot, Ramsay, 1987 (ISBN 9782859566371)\nSorciers. Voyage chez les Astrologues, Envouteurs, Guérisseurs, Mages et Voyants, Ramsay, coll. « Document », 1989 (ISBN 9782859567446)\nLa république des jeux, enquête sur l'univers secret des jeux d'argent et de hasard, Robert Laffont, 10 January 1992, 276 p. (ISBN 9782221070000)\nEnquête sur l'existence des anges rebelles, Filipacchi, 1 September 1995 (ISBN 9782850183980)\nReedition of Enquête sur l'existence des anges rebelles, J'ai lu, coll. « Aventure secrète », 1 November 1998 (ISBN 9782290044346)\nEnquête sur l'existence des fées et des esprits de la nature, Filipacchi, 1er September 1996 (ISBN 9782850183034)\nReedition of Enquête sur l'existence des fées et des esprits de la nature, J'ai lu, coll. « Aventure secrète », 4 janvier 1999 (ISBN 9782290047538)\nL'énigme de l'Atlantide, Pygmalion et, coll. « Mystère des mondes perdus », 12 November 1998 (ISBN 9782857045434)\nReedition of L'énigme de l'Atlantide, J'ai lu, coll. « Aventure secrète », 24 October 2002 (ISBN 9782290320938)", "\"Brasey Édouard Écrivain, Conteur\", Who's who in France, 14 September 2012\nÉdouard Brasey, L'effet Pivot in Communication et langages, 1988, vol. 75, n°1, p. 122-123\nLaurène Daycard, Le Pape au cœur d'un thriller, 11 February 2012, Le Figaro\nLes 32 romans de Fantômas seraient aujourd'hui diffusés en numérique, ActuaLitté, July 26 2014\nThe Vatican's Game of Thrones, Israël Hayom\nLaurène Daycard, « Le pape au cœur d'un thriller », Le Figaro, 11 February 2012\nFranck Ferrand, « Au Cœur de l'Histoire », Europe 1, 19 February 2013\nRaymond Perrin, Littérature de jeunesse et presse des jeunes au début du xxie siècle, Éditions L'Harmattan, 2008 (ISBN 2296052576 et 9782296052574), p. 270" ]

[ "Édouard Brasey", "Biography", "Qualifications and Career in Journalism, Radio and TV", "Career as a Writer", "Investigative Essays", "Literature of the Imaginary", "Novels", "Le Dernier Pape", "Historic and legendary novels", "Fantasy", "Encyclopédia", "Scriptwriter for audio-visual and live arts (television, radio, screen adaptation, theatre)", "Actor", "Storyteller", "Bibliography", "Thrillers and Mysteries", "Historic and legendary novels", "Fantasy", "Legends and Fairy Tales", "Other novels", "Essays et Encyclopediae", "Journalism and investigation", "References" ]

[ 3582, 3583, 3584 ]

[ 17473, 17474, 17475, 17476, 17477, 17478, 17479, 17480, 17481, 17482, 17483, 17484, 17485, 17486, 17487, 17488, 17489, 17490, 17491, 17492, 17493, 17494, 17495, 17496, 17497, 17498, 17499, 17500, 17501, 17502, 17503, 17504, 17505, 17506, 17507, 17508, 17509, 17510, 17511, 17512, 17513, 17514 ]

[ "Édouard Brissaud" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/%C3%89douard_Brissaud.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Brissaud (15 April 1852, Besançon – 20 December 1909) was a French physician and pathologist. He was taught by Jean Martin Charcot at Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital. He had interests in a number of medical disciplines including motion disturbances, anatomy, neurology and psychiatry. He died of a brain tumour, aged 57.\nHe has been awarded a large number of eponyms many of which are now rarely used and some were not the dominant eponym in use.\nBourneville-Brissaud disease – tuberous sclerosis. He studied one of the earliest diagnosed cases with Désiré-Magloire Bourneville in 1881.\nBrissaud's scoliosis – a form of scoliosis giving \"a list of the lumbar part of the spine away from the affected side in sciatica\" (Dorland's Medical Dictionary). Described in 1895.\nBrissaud's disease – Tourette syndrome. He gave a detailed description in 1896.\nBrissaud's infantilism – infantile myxedema (hypothyroidism). Described in 1907.\nBrissaud's reflex – a contraction of the tensor fasciae latae (a thigh muscle) on tickling the sole of the foot.\nBrissaud-Sicard syndrome – is \"hemiparesis and contralateral hemifacial spasm resulting from a pontine lesion\" (Stedman's Medical Dictionary). Described in 1908. Named in conjunction with neurologist Jean-Athanase Sicard.", "Bourneville D, Brissaud É (1881). \"Encéphalite ou sclérose tubéreuse des circonvolutions cérébrales\". Archives de neurologie. 1: 390–412.\nBrissaud É (1895). Leçons sur les maladies nerveuses. Paris: Masson. pp. 469–501.\nBrissaud É (1896). \"La chorée variable des dégenerés\". Revue neurologique, Paris. 4: 417–431.\nBrissaud É (1907). \"L'infantilisme vrai\". Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpêtrière, Paris. 20: 1–17.\nBrissaud É, Sicard JA (1908). \"L'hémispasme facial altern\". Presse Médicale. 16: 1234–236.", "Poirier, Jacques (January 2010). \"Edouard Brissaud, a neglected neurologist and an artist at heart\". Bull. Acad. Natl. Med. (in French). Netherlands. 194 (1): 163–75. doi:10.1016/S0001-4079(19)32349-0. ISSN 0001-4079. PMID 20669563.\nPoirier, J (December 2009). \"Edouard Brissaud (1852–1909]: an outstanding neurologist\". Rev. Neurol. (Paris) (in French). France. 165 Spec No 4: F293–308. ISSN 0035-3787. PMID 20402000.\nEnersen, Ole Daniel. \"Édouard Brissaud\". Who Named It?. Retrieved 13 January 2007.\nEnersen, Ole Daniel. \"Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome\". Who Named It?. Retrieved 13 January 2007.\nEnersen, Ole Daniel. \"Brissaud's infantilism\". Who Named It?. Retrieved 13 January 2007.\nEnersen, Ole Daniel. \"Brissaud's reflex\". Who Named It?. Retrieved 13 January 2007.\nEnersen, Ole Daniel. \"Brissaud's scoliosis\". Who Named It?. Retrieved 13 January 2007.\nEnersen, Ole Daniel. \"Brissaud-Sicard syndrome\". Who Named It?. Retrieved 13 January 2007.", "Timeline of tuberous sclerosis\nHistory of Tourette syndrome\nA Clinical Lesson at the Salpêtrière" ]

[ "Édouard Brissaud", "Papers", "References", "See also" ]

[ 3585 ]

[ 17515, 17516, 17517, 17518 ]

[ "Édouard Bureau" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Edouard-Bureau.png" ]

[ "Louis Édouard Bureau (25 May 1830 in Nantes – 14 December 1918 in Paris) was a French physician and botanist.\nÉdouard Bureau began his medical studies in Nantes in 1848, where he held the post of director of the Muséum de Nantes (Nantes Museum). He completed his medical degree in Paris in 1852. In 1872 he obtained a post as a naturalist assistant at the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle (French National Museum of Natural History) in the laboratory of Adolphe Brongniart, where he replaced Edmond Tulasne. In 1874 he received appointment to the new botany post dealing with classification. Beginning in 1875, he was a director of the herbaria at the museum. He was a professor at the museum from 1874 until he retired in 1905. Adrien Franchet was his assistant in the 80's. He was succeeded by Paul Henri Lecomte.\nBureau was one of the founders of the Société botanique de France (French Botanical Society) and was the chairman in 1875, 1883, 1902 and 1905. In 1895 he was elected to the French Academy of Medicine. From 1895 to 1917, he was a member of the Comité travaux of the historiques et scientifiques (French Committee for Historical and Scientific Endeavors).\nBureau was a significant contributor to Baillon’s Dictionnaire de Botanique (Botanical Dictionary). He wrote the chapters on the Moraceae, including the Artocarpeae (the breadfruit tribe), for volume XVII (1873) of Candolle’s Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis (A preliminary natural system for the plant kingdom). Together with Karl Moritz Schumann, he wrote the Bignoniaceae section of Volume VIII of Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius’s Flora brasiliensis (Flora of Brazil).\nBureau was particularly interested in paleobotany and significantly increased the museum's paleontological holdings. From 1910–1914 he published a two-volume work on the fossils of the Loire basin, and in 1911, he published a further work specifically on the Devonian there.\nThe species Rhododendron bureavii, belonging to the taxonomically complex group of elepidote (nonscaly) rhododendrons, was named in his honor and was based upon specimens from China in his private collection.", "Monographie des Bignoniacées: ou histoire générale et particulière des plantes qui composent cet ordre naturel, 1864 OCLC 5932136\nwith Adrien Franchet (1834–1900) Plantes nouvelles du Thibet et de la Chine occidentale : recueillies pendant le voyage de M. Bonvalot et du prince Henri d'Orléans en 1890, 1891 OCLC 25054778.\nDe la famille des Loganiacées et des plantes qu'elle fournít a la médecine. 1856.\nNotice sur les travaux scientifiques de M.É. Bureau. 1901, 1864.\nRévision du genre Catalpa. 1894.\nBassin houiller de la basse Loire. 1910–1914, Etudes des gîtes minéraux de la France\nNotice sur la géologie de la Loire-Inférieure… avec listes des végétaux fossiles published in Nantes et la Loire inférieure, III Imprimerie Grimaud, Nantes (1900), pp. 99–522.", "Bureau, Édouard (1910–1914) Bassin houiller de la Basse-Loire Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, OCLC 9940546\nBureau, Édouard (1911) \"Sur la flore dévonienne du bassin de la Basse-Loire\" Bull Soc.Sci.Nat.Ouest (third series) 1: pp. 1-42\nIPNI.  Bureau.", "Jaussaud, Philippe and Brygoo, Édouard-Raoul (2004) Du Jardin au Muséum en 516 Biographies Publications scientifiques du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, ISBN 2-85653-565-8", "Paleobotany Muséum de Nantes in French\nFossil plants Muséum de Nantes in French" ]

[ "Édouard Bureau", "Selected publications", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3586 ]

[ 17519, 17520, 17521 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Edouard_Butin.JPG" ]

[ "Édouard Butin (born 13 June 1988) is a French professional footballer who plays as a striker.", "Butin made his professional debut for FC Sochaux-Montbéliard on 14 September 2008 in a Ligue 1 game against Lille OSC. Butin is a France youth international.\nIn July 2017, Butin joined Stade Brestois 29. He left Brest at the end of the 2018–19 season, and after six months without a club he signed a six month contract with US Orléans in December 2019. He left at the end of the contract, and spent another six months without a club, until ASM Belfort signed him on a short term deal in December 2020, despite French amateur football being temporarily suspended due to COVID-19.", "As of 28 February 2020\nAppearance in UEFA Europa League", "\"Fédération Française de Football\".\nEDOUARD BUTIN OFFICIELLEMENT BRESTOIS, JASON BERTHOMIER AUSSI‚ foot29.com, 17 July 2017\n\"Orléans : Edouard Butin s'engage (off.) !\" (in French). foot-national.com. 3 December 2019.\n\"L'ancien sochalien Edouard Butin signe à l'ASM Belfort\" (in French). France Bleu. 21 December 2020.\n\"Edouard Butin » Club matches\". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 18 July 2018.\nÉdouard Butin at Soccerway. Retrieved 9 February 2018." ]

[ "Édouard Butin", "Career", "Career statistics", "References" ]

[ 3587 ]

[ 17522, 17523, 17524 ]

[ "Édouard Cadol by Léopold-Émile Reutlinger" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/%C3%89douard_Cadol.jpeg" ]

[ "Édouard Cadol (11 February 1831 – 1 June 1898) was a 19th-century French playwright and novelist.", "An employee at Chemins de Fer du Nord, Cadol soon left his position to dedicate himself entirely to literature. He made his debut as a critic in small newspapers such as the Courrier de Paris and the Journal de Francfort. He became secretary of the editorial board of Le Temps, wrote the drama chronicle in l’Esprit public, was one of the cofounders of l’Esprit français, published short stories in L'Univers, Le Monde illustré, l’Estafette, le Nord, while working in collaboration for theaters of the suburbs and the boulevards.\nThe brilliant success of his comedy, Les Inutiles, which reached 200 consecutive performances in 1868, established his reputation as a playwright. Therefore, many pieces went out of his pen. His novels include Rose, splendeurs et misères de la vie théâtrale (1873) and Hortense Maillot (1885).\nCadol also collaborated with Jules Verne on theatrical versions of some fiction, such as Around the World in Eighty Days, which degenerated into a polemic and Un neveu d’Amérique (A Nephew from America, 1873).", "1856: La Mye du roy le onziesme, one-act drama, with Édouard Devicque, in-8° ;\n1860: Le Jeune Homme au riflard, one-act comédie en vaudeville, with Charles Varin, in-18 ;\n1862: Lettre à M. le marquis de Carabas sur les partis, in-8 ;\n1863: La Germaine, three-act comedy, in prose, in-12 ;\n1867: Les Ambitions de M. Fauvelle, five-act comedy, in-12 ;\n1867: Contes gais. Les belles imbéciles, in-12 ;\n1868: L’affaire est arrangée, one-act comedy, in-12 ;\n1868: Les Inutiles, four-act comedy, in-12 ;\n1870: La Belle Affaire, three-act comedy, in-12 ;\n1870: La Fausse Monnaie, five-act comedy, in-12 ;\n1870: Jacques Cernol, three-act comedy, in-12 ;\n1870: Le Mystère, comedy in one act and in prose, in-12 ;\n1871: Les Créanciers du bonheur, three-act comedy, in-12 ;\n1871: Paris pendant le siège read online, Brussels, in-8° ;\n1872: Le Spectre de Patrick, drame fantastique en cinq actes et neuf tableaux, in-12 ;\n1872: Une Amourette, four-act comedy, in-12 ;\n1872: Memnon, ou la Sagesse humaine, one-act opéra comique from a tale by Voltaire, in-12 ;\n1873: Le Monde galant, in-12 ;\n1873: Rose, splendeurs et misères de la vie théâtrale, in-12 ;\n1874: Madame Élise, in-12 ;\n1875: La Bête noire, in-12 ;\n1876: Le Cheveu du diable, voyage fantastique au Japon, in-12 ;\n1878: Berthe Sigelin, in-12 ;\n1878: L’Enquête, three-act drama, in-12 ;\n1878: La Grand’Maman, comedy in four acts in prose, in-12 ;\n1878: Marguerite Chauveley, in-12 ;\n1878: La Prima Donna, le père Raymond, in-12 ;\n1879: La Diva, in-12 ;\n1879: La Grande Vie, la Préférée, in-8° ;\n1880: La Princesse Aïdée, tale imitated from Carlo Gozzi, followed by Marianne and Georges Pairier, in-12 ;\n1880: La Comtesse Berthe, four-act play, in-12 ;\n1881: Un Enfant d’Israël, in-12 ;\n1881: Le Fils adultérin, in-12 ;\n1882: La Revanche d’une honnête femme, in-12 ;\n1882: Son Excellence Satinette (affaires étrangères), in-12 ;\n1883: La Belle Virginie, in-12 ;\n1883: Cathy, in-12 ;\n1883: Mademoiselle ma mère, in-12 ;\n1883: Son Altesse, in-12 ;\n1884: Tout seul, aventures d’un prétendant à travers le monde, in-12 ;\n1884: La Vie en l’air, in-12 ;\n1885: Hortense Maillot, in-12 ;\n1885: Les Parents riches, in-12 ;\n1886: Les Amours de Chicot, in-8° ;\n1886: Les Erreurs de la guillotine, in-8° ;\n1886: Lucette, in-8° ;\n1886: Madame veuve Émilie, in-8 ;\n1886: Le Meilleur Monde, in-12 ;\n1887: Gilberte, Paris, in-12 ;\n1887: Mademoiselle, in-12 ;\n1888: Mariage de princesse, in-12 ;\n1889: Le Parasite, in-32 ;\n1889: Chère Madame, in-12 ;\n1890: André Laroche, in-12 ;\n1890: Le Chemin de Mazas, in-12 ;\n1890: Les Filles séduites, in-4 ;\n1891: La Fiancée anonyme, in-12 ;\n1892: Mademoiselle Raymonde, in-12 ;\n1892: Le Fils adoptif, in-12 ;\n1893: Le Cher Maître, in-12 ;\n1893: Le Roi de la Création, in-12 ;\n1893: Thérèse Gervais, in-12 ;\n1894: La Belle Armande, in-32 ;\n1894: Le Bésigue chinois, one-act comedy in prose, in-12 ;\n1894: Les Bouilleurs de cru. Mademoiselle Michu, in-32 ;\n1894: Le Secrétaire particulier, in-12 ;\n1894: Suzanne Herbain, in-12 ;\n1895: Madeleine Houlard, in-12 ;\n1896: L’Archiduchesse, in-12 ;\n1897: Théâtre inédit (La Fête, le Mariage rompu, Son Altesse), in-12.", "Archives des Hauts-de-Seine, commune d'Asnières, death certificate number 190, year 1898 (accessdate 26 December 2015)\nRose, splendeurs et misères de la vie théâtrale, par Édouard Cadol. 1873.", "Édouard Cadol on Wikisource\nPolybiblion; revue bibliographique universelle. Vol. 83. Paris: Aux bureaux de la revue. 1898. pp. 84–5..", "Media related to Édouard Cadol at Wikimedia Commons\n French Wikisource has original text related to this article: Auteur:Édouard Cadol\nÉdouard Cadol on Data.bnf.fr (in French)" ]

[ "Édouard Cadol", "Biography", "Works", "References", "Sources", "External links" ]

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[ "Édouard Candeveau at the 1928 Olympics" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/%C3%89douard_Candeveau_1928.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Candeveau (11 February 1898 – 12 November 1989) was a Swiss rower who competed at the 1920, 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics. He won a bronze medal and a gold medal in the coxed pairs in 1920 and 1924, respectively. In 1928, he competed in the single sculls and finished seventh after being eliminated in the quarter finals. At the European championships, Candeveau won four gold, one silver and one bronze medal between 1920 and 1931.", "\"Édouard Candeveau\". Olympedia. Retrieved 28 August 2021.\nÉdouard Candeveau. sports-reference.com\nÉdouard Candeveau at World Rowing (archived)\nRudern – Europameisterschaften – Einer, Doppelzweier, Zweier m. Stm., Vierer m.Stm.. sport-komplett.de", "Édouard Candeveau at the International Olympic Committee" ]

[ "Édouard Candeveau", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3589 ]

[ 17531 ]

[ "Carpentier in 1973.", "Carpentier (middle) being interviewed by Jack Curran while André the Giant looks on.", "Carpentier in 2010." ]

[ 0, 2, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5f/%C3%89douardCarpentier1973Cropped.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Jack_Curran_interviewing_%C3%89douard_Carpentier_for_TV_while_Andr%C3%A9_the_Giant_looks_on_-_Wrestling_Revue_-_December_1973_p.16_%28cropped%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/%C3%89douardCarpentier2010Cropped.png" ]

[ "Édouard Ignacz Weiczorkiewicz (Russian: Эдуард Виецз; July 17, 1926 – October 30, 2010) was a French-born Canadian professional wrestler, better known by his ring name, Édouard Carpentier. Over the course of his career, Carpentier held multiple world heavyweight championships, including the NWA World Heavyweight Championship and the WWA World Heavyweight Championship. Nicknamed \"The Flying Frenchman\", Carpentier was known for his athletic manoeuvres including \"back flips, cartwheels and somersaults\".", "Weiczorkiewicz was born in 1926 in Roanne, Loire, France to a Russian father and a Polish mother. He joined the French resistance during World War II under the German occupation and was awarded the Croix de Guerre and the Croix du combattant medals by the French government at the close of the war. He moved to Montreal, Quebec in 1956 and became a Canadian citizen. He also became an all around athlete with gymnastic skills.", "At the outset of his career, Carpentier wrestled in Europe as \"Eddy Wiechoski\".\nCarpentier was a crowd favourite, one of the first wrestlers to delight fans with acrobatic leaps from the turnbuckles and a variety of other aerial manoeuvres such as the rope-aided twisting headscissors. He was always a fan favourite in his bouts and was matched against numerous villains, perhaps the most well known of whom was the legendary Killer Kowalski.\nThe highpoint of his career was his NWA World Heavyweight Championship reign from 1956 to 1957. He won the title in a disputed contest against Lou Thesz on 14 June 1957. Some NWA territories and officials recognized the disputed win as a legitimate title change, while others did not. This led to the split of the NWA and led to the creation of other organizations, all with their own world titles. He was later recognized as the first holder of the Omaha version of the World Heavyweight Championship. He eventually dropped the belt to Verne Gagne. The Omaha title was unified with the AWA World Heavyweight Championship in 1963.\nCarpentier headlined Madison Square Garden three times in 1962 with tag team partner Bobo Brazil. They had two main events against Buddy Rogers & Handsome Johnny Barend; another against Rogers & Killer Kowalski. He teamed numerous times with Antonino Rocca, as well as with Vittorio Apollo. In solo matches at the Garden, he defeated Giant Baba, Skull Murphy, Magnificent Maurice, and Hans Mortier.\nAfter his retirement, Carpentier operated a school for teaching professional wrestling skills. He also operated in the early 1980s as a babyface colour commentator, alongside heel play-by-play host Guy Hauray, for the Montreal-based Lutte Internationale, and then, together for the World Wrestling Federation, when the WWF bought the Montreal territory in 1985. They hosted the French edition of the WWF television show Superstars, sold to French-speaking countries. He was replaced by former Québécois wrestler Raymond Rougeau in 1992.", "On 30 October 2010, Carpentier died of a heart attack at his home in Montreal, aged 84. He had also suffered a heart attack in 2000. Carpentier had been in poor health for many years, battered from his acrobatic, high-flying style.", "Atlantic Athletic Commission\nAtlantic Athletic Commission World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)\nAmerican Wrestling Association\nWorld Heavyweight Championship (Omaha version) (1 time)\nInternational Wrestling Alliance\nIWA World Heavyweight Championship (Chicago version) (1 time)\nInternational Wrestling Enterprise\nTWWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)\nLutte Internationale\nCanadian International Heavyweight Championship (2 times)\nCanadian International Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Mad Dog Vachon\nMontreal Athletic Commission / International Wrestling Alliance\nInternational Heavyweight Championship (Montreal version) (5 times)\nNational Wrestling Alliance\nNWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)\nNorth American Wrestling Alliance / Worldwide Wrestling Associates / NWA Hollywood Wrestling\nNWA Americas Heavyweight Championship (1 time)\nWWA World Heavyweight Championship (2 times)\nWWA World Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Ernie Ladd (1 time) and Bob Ellis (1 time)\nWWA International Television Tag Team Championship (4 times) - with Sándor Szabó (2 times), Nick Bockwinkel (1 time) and Ernie Ladd (1 time)\nProfessional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum\nProfessional Wrestling Hall of Fame (class of 2010)\nStampede Wrestling\nStampede Wrestling Hall of Fame (Class of 1995)\nWrestling Observer Newsletter\nWrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (class of 1997)\nCarpentier was awarded the title by disqualification when Thesz could not continue the match due to a back injury. For 71 days, the NWA recognized the title as being in dispute between Carpentier and Thesz.", "\"Canadian Hall of Fame: Edouard Carpentier\". SLAM! Wrestling. Retrieved 2008-04-30.\nGreg Oliver (2010-11-01). \"Edouard Carpentier dead at 84\". Slam! Sports. Retrieved 2013-03-04.\nHoward, Gary (2007). The Rassler from Renfrew: Larry Kasaboski and the Northland Wresting Enterprises. General Store Publishing House. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-897113-59-2.\nShields, Brian; Sullivan, Kevin (2009). WWE Encyclopedia. DK. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-7566-4190-0.\nMathieu Boulay, Agence QMI (2010-11-01). \"Édouard Carpentier n'est plus\" (in French). Canoë Sports. Retrieved 2013-03-04.\nJohnson, Steven; Oliver, Greg; Mooneyham, Mike (2013). The Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame: Heroes and Icons. ECW Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-77090-269-5.\nCawthon, Graham (2013). the History of Professional Wrestling Vol 1: WWF 1963 - 1989. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1492825975.\nWhalen, Ed (host) (December 15, 1995). \"Stampede Wrestling Hall of Fame: 1948-1990\". Showdown at the Corral: A Tribute to Stu Hart. Event occurs at 15:38. Shaw Cable. Calgary 7.\n\"Stampede Wrestling Hall of Fame (1948-1990)\". Puroresu Dojo. 2003.", "Édouard Carpentier at IMDb \nÉdouard Carpentier's profile at Cagematch.net, Wrestlingdata.com, Internet Wrestling Database" ]

[ "Édouard Carpentier", "Early life", "Professional wrestling career", "Death", "Championships and accomplishments", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "At the Japanese Market, 1870" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Edouard_Castres_-_At_the_Japanese_market.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Castres (21 June 1838 in Geneva – 28 June 1902 in Annemasse) was a Swiss painter.\nCastres studied fine arts with Barthélemy Menn in Geneva before enrolling in the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. He took part in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/71 as a Red Cross volunteer accompanying General Bourbaki's Eastern Army throughout the last phase of the war. With collaborators he executed, in 1881, a large-scale panorama showing the withdrawal of Bourbaki's army into Switzerland and its internment. This Panorama is displayed in a rotunda in Lucerne.", "Bourbaki Panorama Luzern at www.bourbakipanorama.ch" ]

[ "Édouard Castres", "External links" ]

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[ 17543 ]

[ "Édouard Chambon", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Edouard_Chambon.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/34/Sports_and_games.png" ]

[ "Édouard Chambon (Valence), born 19 August 1986, is a French software engineer who was world record holder for fastest single time on a 3x3x3 Rubik's Cube with a time of 9.18 seconds and fastest average time of 11.48 seconds. These records were set at the Murcia Open on 23 February 2008.\nChambon won the 3x3x3 Rubik's Cube event at the 2005 French Open, in what was only his second tournament. In the first round of this tournament, he broke the European Record for the fastest average time. Later that year he finished second in the World Championships. A series of top-four finishes followed before he broke the World Record for the fastest solve at the Belgian Open in 2007. Chambon broke the world record in the first round with a 10.36 seconds solve. However, he was then beaten by Thibaut Jacquinot in the final. In 2008, he regained his world record with a time of 9.18 seconds. His record was broken again by Yu Nakajima, who set an average of 11.28 seconds and a best time of 8.72 on 4 May 2008 at Kashiwa Open 2008.", "Rubik's Cube. Jean Pons en quête d'une nouvelle couronne européenne 2008 \"En Espagne où 150 concurrents s'affronteront, dont son vieil adversaire français Édouard Chambon,\"\n\"Official results of Edouard Chambon\". worldcubeassociation.com. Retrieved 2008-02-24.\n\"Rubik's Cube 3x3x3: Fastest Time to Solve\". SpeedCubing.com. Retrieved 2007-03-26.\nChampionnat de France de Rubik's Cube Kanneti Sae Han conserve son titre 23/04/2011 \"Edouard Chambon, un ingénieur de 25 ans, originaire de Valence, a pris la seconde place avec 11.65 secondes, parmi les meilleures performances de cet ancien titré national.\"\n\"Personal Biography of his competitions experience\".\n\"Jean Pons of France Crowned As 2005 World Rubik's Cube Champion\". Hasbro.com. Archived from the original on 2007-02-23. Retrieved 2007-03-26." ]

[ "Édouard Chambon", "References" ]

[ 3593 ]

[ 17544, 17545 ]

[ "Édouard Charton in 1883, by Truchelhut & Valkman", "Posthumous portrait by\n Gaston Vuillier" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/%C3%89douard_Charton_%28Truchelut_%26_Valkman%2C_1883%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Le_Tour_du_monde-59-p221.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Charton (11 May 1807 – 27 February 1890) was an eminent French literary figure who was the founder and, for fifty-five years (1833–88), editor-in-chief of the publication Le Magazin pittoresque, in addition to serving for thirty years (1860–90) as director of publication for Hachette.", "A native of Sens in the Bourgogne région, Édouard Charton trained as a lawyer, receiving his degree at the age of 20. His first great dedication to a cause came two years later when, during 1829–31, using his oratorical skills, he became a traveling propagator for the social philosophy of Saint-Simonism, which ultimately resulted for him in great disappointment.\nFrom his mid-forties onward, he spent many years in politics, serving in the National Assembly as Deputy and Senator, expressing his convictions which formed a continuation and refinement of the previous century's Age of Enlightenment: faith in progress and the emancipation of people through education; respect for human dignity, constant fight for the dissemination of knowledge and political action in favor of liberal and republican ideas.\nHe reaffirmed the moral values acquired within his family and found inspiration in the works of Louis Claude de Saint-Martin, the mystic who used \"Unknown Philosopher\" as his pen name. He also gathered experience in philanthropy, discovered the problems involved in the social condition of man, tested solutions, and worked for what he felt were noble causes, establishing durable and useful friendships with men who shared common ideals.\nIn 1833 he put into effect his ideals of \"fighting ignorance\" by starting a new publication Le Magasin pittoresque (pittoresque means that the publication was illustrated). He was inspired by the British Penny Magazine.\nHe remained at the helm director of the successful enterprise until 1888, past his eightieth birthday. For more than a half-century, he always pursued the same aims, while collecting and writing texts, selecting engravings, and supervising the printing and distribution of what he referred to as an \"out-of-order encyclopedia\".\nApplying the same rigor and consistency, he chose the best collaborators to propagate practical knowledge while stimulating curiosity and forming artistic tastes. L'Illustration, a renowned pictorial review, created in 1843 on his initiative, lasted a century (to 1944). In 1860, he embarked upon a working partnership with Louis Hachette and his successors, which would continue for the remaining thirty years of his life. It gave him the opportunity to reach new readers with the travel and exploration review Le Tour du Monde (World Tour) and the scientific publication Bibliothèque des merveilles (Library of Wonders).\nBased on the conviction that man could improve and progress through the acquisition of knowledge, Charton applied his considerable efforts disseminating \"practical knowledge\" to the greatest number, using his great writing talent only to inform and provide moral guidance. After the French Revolution of 1848, his friend Hippolyte Carnot, who was appointed the Minister of Public Instruction and Religion, recruited Charton as Secretary General of the Ministry. It was the beginning of his political career.\nAlthough an opponent of Napoleon III's 1852 Second Empire, Charton adapted to the circumstances, without ever denying his Republican convictions. He promoted public reading with the creation of popular libraries, participated in the creation of the Paris Museum of Anthropology and showed throughout his life a consistency of behavior as testified by his friends and two generations of colleagues.\nHe was described as a man of action able to overcome his anxiety-ridden personal nature. Faithful in friendship, he maintained relations with those who shared his belief in the moral progress of man, whereby the progress of each individual led to the progress of humanity as a whole. In the National Assembly, he remained in the background despite his talents as a speaker. When he did take the floor, it was to raise crucial points speak concerning questions of education, fine arts and the press, as well as to express his opposition to the death penalty.\nEncouraging his colleagues to reach a consensus, he could also remain firm and intransigent on points of principle. During the Second Empire, he turned down the post of director of the Comédie française which would have necessitated swearing an oath to the Emperor. \nPolitical misalliances prevented him from attaining what would have been the crowning glories of his life—serving as Head of Administration, or as Minister of Fine Arts, both opportunities to demonstrate his organizational talents.\nÉdouard Charton died in Versailles at the age of 82.", "Lagarde-Fouquet, A. and Lagarde, C. (2006). Édouard Charton et le combat contre l'ignorance [Édouard Charton and the Battle Against Ignorance], 248p. Rennes: Collection Carnot, Presses Universitaires de Rennes.", "Works by Édouard Charton at Project Gutenberg\nWorks by or about Édouard Charton at Internet Archive\nEdouard Charton by Annie Lagarde-Fouquet in French\nMagasin pittoresque in French\nLe Tour du Monde in French\nLe Tour du Monde a été fondé par Édouard Charton en 1860\nla Bibliothèque des Merveilles in French" ]

[ "Édouard Charton", "Biography", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3594 ]

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[ "", "Chromidina chattoni, a species named in the honour of Édouard Chatton.", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/27/%C3%89douard_Chatton.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Parasite160019-fig2_-_Chromidina_spp._%28Oligohymenophorea%2C_Opalinopsidae%29%2C_parasites_of_cephalopods_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/D%C3%BCrer_-_Rhinoceros.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Chatton (French: [edwaʁ ʃatɔ̃]; 11 October 1883 – 23 April 1947) was a French biologist who first characterized the distinction between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular types. Chatton coined the terms and published them first in his 1937 paper \n\"Pansporella perplex: Reflections on the Biology and Phylogeny of the Protozoa.\"\nChatton was born in Romont, Switzerland. His initial interest was in various human pathogenic protozoa, members of the Apicomplexa and Trypanosomatids. He later expanded his studies to include marine protists, helping to contribute to the description of the dinoflagellate protists. At the Pasteur Institute he met and became a mentor to André Michel Lwoff, future Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine. The two scientists remained associates until Chatton's death in 1947, in Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.", "Jean-Jacques Amigo, « Chatton (Édouard, Pierre, Léon) », in Nouveau Dictionnaire de biographies roussillonnaises, vol. 3 Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Perpignan, Publications de l'olivier, 2017 (ISBN 9782908866506)\nSapp, J. (2005). \"The Prokaryote-Eukaryote Dichotomy: Meanings and Mythology\". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 69 (2): 292–305. doi:10.1128/MMBR.69.2.292-305.2005. PMC 1197417. PMID 15944457.\nSoyer-Gobillard, Marie-Odile (2010). \"Edouard Chatton (1883–1947) and the dinoflagellate protists: concepts and models\" (PDF). International Microbiology. 9 (3): 173–177. PMID 17061207. Retrieved 2013-05-20.\nIPNI.  Chatton.", "A timeline of Chatton's life on Pasteur.fr" ]

[ "Édouard Chatton", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "", "Chavannes (c. 1905)" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/%C3%89douard_Chavannes.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Edouard_Chavannes.png" ]

[ "Émmanuel-Édouard Chavannes (5 October 1865 – 29 January 1918) was a French sinologist and expert on Chinese history and religion, and is best known for his translations of major segments of Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian, the work's first ever translation into a Western language.\nChavannes was a prolific and influential scholar, and was one of the most accomplished Sinologists of the modern era notwithstanding his relatively early death at age 52 in 1918. A successor of 19th century French sinologists Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat and Stanislas Julien, Chavannes was largely responsible for the development of Sinology and Chinese scholarship into a respected field in the realm of French science.", "Édouard Chavannes was born on 5 October 1865 in Lyon, France. As a youth he studied at the lycée in Lyon, where, like most students of his era, his education focused mainly on the Latin and Greek Classics. Chavannes was then sent to Paris to attend the prestigious Lycée Louis-le-Grand, where he and his classmates studied and prepared for the entrance exams to one of the French Grandes Écoles. Chavannes passed his entrance exams and was admitted to the Lettres (\"literature\") section of the École Normale Supérieure in 1885. Chavannes spent three years at the school, finishing in 1888 after successfully passing his agrégation in philosophy.\nGeorges Perrot, a French archaeologist and newly appointed director of the École Normale Supérieure, advised Chavannes to begin studying China after he finished his schooling. Chavannes first considered studying Chinese philosophy, which was nearer to his own educational background, but on the advice of the French scholar Henri Cordier he ultimately decided to focus on Chinese history, which up to that time had been much less widely studied in the West. Chavannes began attending Classical Chinese courses given by the Marquis d'Hervey-Saint-Denys at the Collège de France and the Mandarin Chinese classes of Maurice Jametel (1856–1889) at the École des Langues Orientales Vivantes (School of Living Oriental Languages). Desiring to advance his studies with actual experience in China, Chavannes used the connections of certain friends of his to obtain a position as an attaché to a scientific mission associated with the French Legation in Peking (modern Beijing). He departed for China in January 1889 and arrived two months later. As a sinologist, Chavannes took the Chinese name Sha Wan (沙畹) and the courtesy name Zilan (滋蘭), and he also had an art name Shicheng Boshi (獅城博士, \"The Doctor of Lyon\").\nIn 1891, Chavannes briefly returned to France where he married Alice Dor, the daughter of a well-known optometrist in Lyon, before returning to China with her. Together they had a son, Fernand Henri Chavannes, who later became a highly decorated flying ace during World War I, and two daughters.\nChavannes stayed in China until 1893, when he returned to France to take up the position of Professor of Chinese at the Collège de France, which had been vacated upon the death of the Marquis d'Hervey-Saint-Denys in November 1892. Although Chavannes had only been studying Chinese for five years, the quality and value of his early Chinese scholarship had already been widely recognized in the academic community, and convinced the regents of the Collège de France to give the position to him. Chavannes opened his tenure with a lecture entitled \"Du Rôle social de la littérature chinoise\" (\"On the Social Role of Chinese Literature\"). During his tenure at the Collège, Chavannes was widely active in French academic circles: he was a member of the Institut de France, was an honorary member of a number of foreign societies, served as a French co-editor of the noted sinological journal T'oung Pao from 1904 until 1916, and was elected President of the Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in 1915.\nChavannes's granddaughter Claire Chavannes had a son with physicist Paul Langevin's grandson Bernard Langevin: the french mathematician Remi Langevin.", "", "Chavannes' first scholarly publication, \"Le Traité sur les sacrifices Fong et Chan de Se-ma Ts'ien, traduit en français\" (\"Sima Qian's Treatise on the Feng and Shan Sacrifices, Translated into French\"), which was published in 1890 while he was in Beijing, inspired him to begin a translation of Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian, the first of China's dynastic histories. The first volume of the translation was published in Paris in 1895, and begins with a 249-page introduction which the German anthropologist Berthold Laufer described as \"a masterpiece of historical and critical analysis... not surpassed by anything of this character written before or after him.\" Chavannes produced four additional volumes between 1896 and 1905, covering 47 of the 130 chapters of the Records and complete with full commentary and indices. His translations also include a large number of appendices covering topics of special interests.", "Chavannes was major pioneer in the field of modern epigraphy, and was praised by Berthold Laufer as \"the first European scholar who approached this difficult subject with sound and critical methods and undisputed success.\" His first epigraphical article, \"Les Inscriptions des Ts'in\" (\"Qin Inscriptions\"), was published in Journal Asiatique in 1893, which was followed later by a number of works in which Chavannes was the first Western scholar to successfully analyze and translate the unusual epigraphical style of the Mongol-ruled Yuan dynasty. Chavannes returned to China in 1907 to study ancient monuments and inscriptions, taking hundreds of photographs and rubbings that were published in 1909 in a large album entitled Mission archéologique dans la Chine septentrionale (Archaeological Mission to Northern China). He published two volumes of translations and analysis of the inscription material before his death: La Sculpture à l'époque des Han (Sculpture in the Han Era), published in 1913, and La Sculpture bouddhique (Buddhist Sculpture), published in 1915.", "Chavannes was intrigued by and performed extensive research into the major religions of ancient and medieval China: Chinese folk religion, Buddhism, Daoism, Nestorian Christianity, and Manichaeism. His Mémoire composé à l'époque de la grande dynastie T'ang sur les religieux éminents qui allèrent chercher la loi dans les pays d'occident par I-Tsing (Memoir Written in the Grand Tang Dynasty by Yijing on the Religious Men Who Went to Search for the Law in the Western Lands), which was published in 1894 and won the Prix Julien, contains translations of the biographies and travelogues of sixty Buddhist monks who journeyed from China to India during the Tang dynasty in search of Buddhist scriptures and Sanskrit books. Chavannes' best-known work on Chinese Buddhism is his three-volume work Cinq cents contes et apologues extraits du Tripiṭaka chinois (Five Hundred Tales and Fables from the Chinese Tripiṭaka).\nChavannes' 1910 book Le T'ai Chan, essai de monographie d'un culte chinois (Tai Shan: Monographic Essay on a Chinese Religion), is a detailed study of the indigenous Chinese folk religion, which predates Buddhism and religious Daoism, and focuses on an ancient mountain cult centered on Mt. Tai that Chavannes visited personally. This monumental work begins with introductory essays on the generally sacred role of mountains in Chinese history and culture, then examines the personality of Mt. Tai itself in great detail. Chavannes includes translations of dozens of relevant passages from ancient, medieval, and pre-modern Chinese literature, including comments and passages gathered by medieval scholars Zhu Xi and Gu Yanwu. His study also includes eleven translations from rubbings of stone inscriptions Chavannes made himself in temples he visited on and around Mt. Tai, as well as a detailed hand-drawn topographic map of the mountain that Chavannes drew himself. Chavannes' style in Le T'ai Chan, with his annotated translations, extensive commentary, and exhaustively researched sources was inspirational and influential to later French sinologists.\nIn 1912, Chavannes and his former student Paul Pelliot edited and translated a Chinese Manichaean treatise that Pelliot had discovered among the Dunhuang manuscripts in the Mogao caves. The book, published in Paris as Un traité manichéen retrouvé en Chine (A Manichaean Treatise Found in China), was praised by Berthold Laufer upon Chavannes' death in 1918 as \"perhaps the most brilliant achievement in modern sinology.\"", "(in French) Chavannes, Édouard (1890). \"Le Traité sur les sacrifices Fong et Chan de Se-ma Ts'ien, traduit en français\" (\"Sima Qian's Treatise on the Feng and Shan Sacrifices, Translated into French\"). Journal of the Peking Oriental Society.\n(in French) – – – (1893). La Sculpture sur pierre en Chine au temps des deux dynasties Han (Stone Sculpture in China during the Han dynasty).\n(in French) – – – (1894). Mémoire composé à l'époque de la grande dynastie T'ang sur les religieux éminents qui allèrent chercher la loi dans les pays d'occident par I-Tsing (Memoir Written in the Grand Tang Dynasty by I-Tsing on the Religious Men Who Went to Search for the Law in the Western Lands).\n(in French) – – – (1895–1905). Les Mémoires historiques de Se-ma Ts'ien traduits et annotés (The Historical Memoirs of Sima Qian, Translated and Annotated), 5 vols.\n(in French) – – – (1902). Dix inscriptions chinoises de l'Asie centrale (Ten Chinese Inscriptions From Central Asia).\n(in French) – – – (1903). Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turks) occidentaux (Documents on the Western Turks).\n(in French) – – – (1910). Le T'ai Chan, essai de monographie d'un culte chinois (Tai Shan: Monographic Essay on a Chinese Cult).\n(in French) – – – (1910–1911). Cinq cents contes et apologues extraits du Tripiṭaka chinois (Five Hundred Tales and Fables Extracted from the Chinese Tripiṭaka), 3 vols. (A fourth volume, containing notes and indices, was published posthumously.)\n(in French) (1913) Mission archéologique dans la Chine septentrionale : vol.1 Mission archéologique dans la Chine septentrionale : vol.2 Mission archéologique dans la Chine septentrionale : vol.3 Mission archéologique dans la Chine septentrionale : vol.4 Mission archéologique dans la Chine septentrionale : vol.5", "Birth name as given in Noël Péri's obituary of Chavannes.", "", "Péri (1918), p. 73.\nHoney (2001), p. 45.\nCordier (1917): 115.\n孙沛阳. \"一枚与沙畹的字有关的印章\". 澎湃新闻・上海书评.。Shicheng(獅城), which is literature meaning City of lion, it is coming from the meaning of Lyon in French.\nCordier (1917): 116.\nde la Vallée Poussin (1918): 147.\nLaufer (1918), p. 202.\nLaufer (1918), p. 205.\nLaufer (1918), p. 203.\nLaufer (1918), p. 204.\nHoney (2001), p. 46.\nHoney (2001), pp. 54–55.\nHoney (2001), p. 53.", "Laufer, Berthold (1918). \"Édouard Chavannes\". Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 38, pp. 202–205.\n(in French) Cordier, Henri (1917). \"Nécrologie – Édouard Chavannes\" (\"Obituary – Édouard Chavannes\"), T'oung Pao 18, pp. 114–147.\nHoney, David B. (2001). Incense at the Altar: Pioneering Sinologists and the Development of Classical Chinese Philology. New Haven: American Oriental Society.\n(in French) Péri, Noël (1918). \"Nécrologie – Edouard Chavannes\" (\"Obituary – Édouard Chavannes\"). Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient 18, pp. 73–75.\n(in French) de la Vallée Poussin, Louis (1918). \"Obituary Notice – Édouard Chavannes\", Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 147–151.", "Certain works and translations are available at the site of the Université du Québec à Chicoutimi\nXi Tujue Shiliao by Shawan" ]

[ "Édouard Chavannes", "Life and career", "Scholarship", "History", "Epigraphy", "Religion", "Selected works", "Notes", "References", "Citation", "Works cited", "External links" ]

[ 3597, 3598 ]

[ 17560, 17561, 17562, 17563, 17564, 17565, 17566, 17567, 17568, 17569, 17570, 17571, 17572, 17573, 17574, 17575, 17576, 17577, 17578, 17579, 17580, 17581, 17582, 17583, 17584, 17585, 17586 ]

[ "Anne Boleyn in the Tower, 1835, now in the Musée Rolin in Autun", "Funeral of Godfrey of Bouillon on the Mount of Calvary, at Jerusalem, 1828, now at the Palace of Versailles.", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

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[ "François Barthélemy Michel Édouard Cibot (1799–1877) was a French historical and landscape painter born in Paris. His masters were Guérin and Picot. During the first part of his career he devoted himself to historical painting, producing many sacred works, several specimens of which are to be seen in the churches of Paris. His most\nimportant work of this kind is the series of paintings representing Charity, in the church of St. Leu at Paris. About 1863 he applied himself to landscape painting. He died in Paris in 1877. Amongst his best works are:\nThe Loves of the Angels. 1835.\nRegina Coeli. 1846.\nSt. Theresa. 1847.\nConvicts in 1788. 1836.\nChestnut-trees at Aulnay. 1855.\nPark at Orsay. 1857.\nThe Gouffre, near Seineport. 1864. (In the Luxembourg Gallery.)\nView at Soisy-sur-Ecolle. 1865.", "", " This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1886). \"Cibot, Francois Barthélemy Michel Edouard\". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K). Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.", "Media related to Édouard Cibot at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Édouard Cibot", "Gallery", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3599, 3600, 3601, 3602, 3603, 3604 ]

[ 17587 ]

[ "Cissé with Marseille in 2010", "Édouard Cissé (right) with Guy Gnabouyou." ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/%C3%89douard_Ciss%C3%A9_5441.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/EdouardCiss%C3%A9.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Léopold Cissé (born 30 March 1978) is a French former footballer who played as a midfielder.", "Cissé was born in Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques in southwest France.", "Cissé made his breakthrough at his boyhood club Pau FC in 1997.\nCissé previously played for AS Monaco FC in France and West Ham in the English Premiership (where he scored once against Charlton Athletic) and Paris Saint-Germain. On 28 June 2007, it was confirmed that Cissé had signed a two-year contract (with an option of a third) with Beşiktaş J.K. of Turkey for a fee of €1.5 million per annum. He played well with Fabian Ernst and left the club on 3 June 2009 to sign with Olympique de Marseille. On 18 August 2011, he joined AJ Auxerre on a two-year contract. After two years at the club he left in 2013.", "Cissé played for the France under-20 and under-21 teams. Having Senegalese ancestry, he became eligible to play for the Senegal national football team in 2009 after a change in FIFA regulations. He was called up to friendly match against South Korea, but rejected the call saying that he would rather clarify some points, having not been called up again.", "Paris Saint-Germain\nCoupe de la Ligue: 1997–98\nUEFA Intertoto Cup: 2001\nCoupe de France: 2005–06\nMonaco\nUEFA Champions League runner-up: 2003–04\nBesiktas\nSüper Lig: 2008–09\nTurkish Cup: 2008–09\nMarseille\nLigue 1: 2009–10\nCoupe de la Ligue: 2009–10, 2010–11\nTrophée des Champions: 2010, 2011", "\"Edouard Leopold Cisse\" (in Turkish). Turkish Football Federation. Retrieved 3 October 2019.\n\"Edouard Cissé\". L'Équipe (in French). Paris. Retrieved 4 February 2019.\n\"France – U-21 – International Results – Details\". RSSSF. Retrieved 4 November 2011.\n\"Hammers snap up Cisse\". BBC. 6 August 2002. Retrieved 10 August 2009.\n\"Charlton add to Hammers misery\". BBC. 11 February 2003. Retrieved 5 November 2009.\n\"Edouard Cissé, International franco-sénégalais: \" l'Envie de jouer pour le Sénégal est là\"\".\n\"RFI - Edouard Cissé : \" l'Envie de jouer pour le Sénégal est là \"\".\n\"Brescia, sogno finito il Psg va in Uefa\". Repubblica.it. Retrieved 2 January 2020.\n\"MARSEILLE – BORDEAUX : LES COMPOS, LAURENT BLANC MET SON ÉQUIPE TYPE\". rmcsport.bfmtv.com. Retrieved 5 March 2021.\n\"COUPE DE LA LIGUE FINALE\". eurosport.fr. Retrieved 5 March 2021.\n\"Résultat et résumé Marseille - Paris-SG, Trophée des Champions, Trophée des Champions, Mercredi 28 Juillet 2010\". lequipe.fr. Retrieved 28 February 2021.\n\"Résultat et résumé Lille - Marseille, Trophée des Champions, Trophée des Champions, Mercredi 27 Juillet 2011\". lequipe.fr. Retrieved 28 February 2021.", "Édouard Cissé at L'Équipe Football (in French)" ]

[ "Édouard Cissé", "Early life", "Club career", "International career", "Honours", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3605 ]

[ 17588, 17589, 17590, 17591, 17592, 17593, 17594 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Edouard_Clapar%C3%A8de_%281873-1940%29.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Claparède (24 March 1873 – 29 September 1940) was a Swiss neurologist, child psychologist, and educator.", "Claparède studied science and medicine, receiving in 1897 an MD from the University of Geneva, and working 1897–98 at La Salpêtrière hospital in Paris. In 1901 he founded the Archives de psychologie with his cousin, Théodore Flournoy,\nwhich he edited until his death. He was based from 1904 onward at the University of Geneva, where he became director of the experimental psychology lab.\nAmong the positions he held were: 1904 General Secretary at the Second International Congress of Psychology; 1909 General Secretary at the Sixth International Congress of Psychology; 1912 founder of the Rousseau Institute; Founder and President (1920-1940) of the Association Internationale de Psychotechnique (now the International Association of Applied Psychology); co-founder of the International Bureau of Education (IBE) in 1925; 1915-1940 professor of psychology at the University of Geneva in succession to Flournoy; Permanent Secretary at the International Congress of Psychology; Life President of the Comité de l'Association Internationale des Conferences de Psychotechnique. \nClaparède was married to Hélène Spir, daughter of the Russian philosopher African Spir.", "Claparède performed an influential experiment demonstrating how the trauma of a painful event could be retained even if short term memory was lost. His experiment involved a woman who suffered from a form of amnesia. She had all of her old memories as well as her basic reasoning skills, but the recent past was not remembered. Claparède had greeted her every day, each time she could not remember his face at all. Then during one session of the experiment, Claparède hid a pin in his hand and reached to shake the woman's hand, pricking her. The next day, sure enough, she did not remember him. But when Claparède went to shake her hand, he found that she hesitated, recognizing a threat when her memory had been severely damaged.", "Claparède was briefly a member of the Zurich Freud Group marshalled by C. G. Jung, but he shunned what he saw as the movement's dogmatism, and in 1909 joined Pierre Janet in differentiating the clinical concept of the subconscious from what was termed Freud's philosophical concept of the unconscious. However he retained an interest in psychoanalysis in general, and in 1926 provided an introduction to the first French translation of Freud's Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis.", "Claparède wrote several books concerning the fields he studied including the following:\nL’association des idées (1903)\nPsychologie de l’enfant et pédagogie expérimentale (1909)\nL’éducation fonctionnelle (1931)\nLa genèse de l’hypothèse (1933)", "Cryptamnesia\nOperant conditioning", "R. Gregory ed., The Oxford Companion to the Mind (1987) p. 149\nR. Gregory ed., The Oxford Companion to the Mind (1987) p. 149\nRoland-Lévy, Christine (January 2020). \"The First Hundred Years of IAAP: Towards the Future\" (PDF). Applied Psychology Around the World. 2: 9–10.\nIBE (2015). IBE In Focus: 90 years of excellence in education (PDF). UNESCO. p. 22.\nClaperede's Pinprick Experiment\nR. Gregory ed., The Oxford Companion to the Mind (1987) p. 21\nErnest Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud (1962) p. 331\nF. McLynn, Carl Gustav Jung (1996) p. 154\nE. Ewin ed., Freud Encyclopedia (2002) p. 471\nHameline, Daniel (2000). \"ÉDOUARD CLAPARÈDE (1873–1940)\" (PDF). www.ibe.unesco.org.", "Eustache, F.; Desgranges, B.; Messerli, P. (1996). \"Edouard Claparède and human memory\". Revue neurologique. 152 (10): 602–610. PMID 9033952.\nBoake, C. (2000). \"Édouard Claparède and the Auditory Verbal Learning Test\". Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 22 (2): 286–292. doi:10.1076/1380-3395(200004)22:2;1-1;FT286. PMID 10779842. S2CID 25961986.", "Short biography, bibliography, and links on digitized sources in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science" ]

[ "Édouard Claparède", "Career", "Trauma experiment", "Freudianism", "Works", "See also", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 3606 ]

[ 17595, 17596, 17597, 17598, 17599, 17600, 17601, 17602, 17603 ]

[ "Édouard Colonne" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Edouard_Colonne_par_F%C3%A9lix_Nadar.JPEG" ]

[ "Édouard Juda Colonne (23 July 1838 – 28 March 1910) was a French conductor and violinist, who was a champion of the music of Berlioz and other eminent 19th-century composers.", "Colonne was born in Bordeaux, the son and grandson of musicians of Italian-Jewish descent. From the age of eight, he played flageolet and accordion, and then began violin studies with Baudoin. \nStarting in 1855, Colonne studied at the Conservatoire in Paris, where he won first prizes in both harmony and violin. For almost a decade (1858–67) he was first violinist at the Opéra in Paris, as well as playing second violin in the Lamoureux Quartet. In 1871 he directed concerts at the Grand-Hôtel and Massenet's music for the staging of Les Érinnyes in 1873.\nAlso in 1873, Colonne, along with the music publisher Georges Hartmann, founded the \"Concert National\" at the Odéon Théatre. Two years later, the venue moved to the Théâtre du Châtelet and the name of the enterprise was changed to 'L'Association Artistique du Châtelet'. The Association's performances eventually became known as the Concerts Colonne; and this name continued to be used until the 1960s.\nIn 1878 Colonne had met Tchaikovsky during the Russian composer's visit to Paris, and, as well as giving the local premiere of his 4th Symphony, remained in contact, which led to 'exchange' concert trips for Colonne in Russia.\nColonne was noted for his interest in Berlioz (then, on the whole, more highly regarded in the English- and German-speaking countries than in France). David Cairns noted in relation to the performance tradition following the death of Berlioz that the \"advent of Edouard Colonne was therefore crucial... Berlioz was accepted – as the composer of a single work, at most of two: Faust and the Fantastic Symphony. But the oeuvre was now in good hands\". He comments that when the 15-year-old Pierre Monteux joined Colonne's orchestra in 1890 and \"learned the music from the inside\" this tradition continued. Monteux (first violist and then assistant conductor of the Colonne orchestra) used Colonne's annotated score for his 1931 recording of Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique.\nIn addition, Colonne stood out for his support of the music of Wagner, Mahler and Saint-Saëns. He introduced the descriptive note into programme booklets.\nAnother of his significant contributions was in the technological sphere: he was the first conductor of note to make commercial phonograph records, all for the French Pathé company. His earliest recordings were issued on wax phonograph cylinders, none of which is known to survive, but a later group of recordings, made circa 1906 and issued on Pathé discs, has been remastered and reissued on CD. The works range from Beethoven to Widor, and announcements by Colonne are included.\nColonne's second wife was the soprano Elise Vergin. He died in Paris, aged 71.", "Cinquante Ans de Musique Française de 1874 à 1925. Les Éditions Musicales de la Librairie de France, Paris, 1925.\nExcept for the years of Paris's German occupation in World War II, when (because of Colonne's Jewish ancestry) the events were referred to as 'Pierné Concerts' instead.\nBrown D. Tchaikovsky, Vols III & IV. Gollancz, London, 1992, passim.\nLetters from the composer to Colonne survive: http://en.tchaikovsky-research.net/pages/%C3%89douard_Colonne\nCairns, David. Berlioz – Volume 2: Servitude and Greatness, 1832–1869. London, Allen Lane, 1999, p777-778.\nPathé catalogue, October 1901, p. 32: \"Orchestre Symphonique. — Cylindres enregistrés par l'Orchestre Colonne, sous la direction même de Ed. COLONNE.\"\nForeman L. Édouard Colonne - review of Tahra and Symposium CDs. Classic Record Collector, Autumn 2006, p80-81.\nThis article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wood, James, ed. (1907). The Nuttall Encyclopædia. London and New York: Frederick Warne." ]

[ "Édouard Colonne", "Life and career", "References" ]

[ 3607 ]

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[ "Édouard Corbière" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Edouard-corbiere.jpg" ]

[ "Jean Antoine René Édouard Corbière (1 April 1793 in Brest – 27 September 1875 in Morlaix) was a French sailor, shipowner, journalist and writer, considered to be the father of the French maritime novel. He was the father of poet Tristan Corbière.", "", "The Corbière family originated in Valès, a hamlet in the Haut-Languedoc (now part of the commune of Le Bez, to the east of Castres, in the Tarn département). At the time of Édouard's birth his father was an infantry captain in the French Navy - his mother, Jeanne-Renée Dubois, had been born at Morlaix in 1768. Édouard was the third of four children.\nOn his father's death in 1802, the young Édouard had no choice but to enter the navy to provide a family income. He became a mousse in 1804, a novice in 1806, and an aspirant in 1807 before being captured by the British on 8 May 1811. He was a prisoner on parole at Tiverton, Devon, until November 1811 when he was sent to Stapleton Prison near Bristol. He was repatriated to France because of ill-health in July 1812. He was ejected from the navy on the Bourbon Restoration due to his liberal views and started writing pamphlets, leading him into several stand-offs with the law, firstly at Brest in 1819 due to his writings in La Guêpe, then at Rouen in 1823 in La Nacelle. The latter forced him to become a sailor again, this time in the merchant navy. He sailed for ten years as a long-distance captain of the Nina (an old three-master captured from the British), mainly between Le Havre and Martinique.", "He gave up sea-service for good in 1828, landing in Le Havre, where he was immediately approached by Stanislas Faure, manager of the Journal du Havre newspaper, and asked to become its editor, a post he held until 1839 and for which he wrote until 1843. Under his leadership this daily newspaper rose from a tiny advertisements sheet into a first-rank organ for commercial and maritime information.\nIn the meantime he wrote several novels, the best-known of which, Le Négrier (1832), gained him national fame in France. In 1839 the Finistère steam-packet company (Compagnie des paquebots à vapeur du Finistère) began operating between Le Havre and Morlaix - Corbière was one of its administrators, then its director, until his death.", "In 1844, his marriage to Marie-Angélique-Aspasie Puyo, younger daughter of his friend, the merchant Joachim Puyo, négociant, led Corbière to settle for good at Morlaix. He launched a regatta in 1851, then unsuccessfully proposed starting a national subscription for France to send a yacht to the regatta around the Isle of Wight at which, on 22 August 1851, the schooner America won the trophy later renamed the America Cup. Corbière was also a member of the municipal council of Morlaix in 1855 and 1860. Entering the Chamber of Commerce in 1848, he was its vice-president from 1866 to 1868, then its president from 1868 to March 1875.\nA few months before his death, Corbière was profoundly affected by the death of his eldest son Édouard-Joachim (better known as Tristan Corbière). Corbière's death was an occasion for public mourning in both Morlaix and Le Havre. The steam-packet company's ship Morlaix and the other ships sailing out of the ports of Finistère, all flew their flags at half mast, while the Morlaix herself carried Corbière's coffin, which was then taken ashore by sailors. In 1880, a short road in central Le Havre was renamed after Corbière and later Brest, Morlaix (1905) and Roscoff (1911) did the same. In 1906, the steam-packet company decided to name its fifth and last ship Édouard Corbière. The shipping company founded by Corbière in 1839 disappeared in 1921, after the French state failed to fully reimburse it for the loss of its last ship, torpedoed in the Mediterranean in 1917.", "À la Liberté publique, dithyramb, 1819 Online text\nLe Dix-Neuvième Siècle, political satire, 1819 Online text\nLa Marotte des Ultra, ou Recueil des chansons patriotiques, 1819 Online text\nTrois Jours d'une mission à Brest, 1819\nLa Lanterne magique, pièce curieuse représentant la Chambre des Députés de 1819, 1819 Online text\nLes Philippiques françaises, poem, 1820\nNotre Âge, satire, 1821\nÉlégies brésiliennes, suivies de Poésies diverses, et d'une Notice sur la traite des noirs, 1823 Online text\nBrésiliennes, 1825 Online text\nCorbière à Corbière. Épître à Son Excellence le comte de Corbière, 1827\nPoésies de Tibulle, French verse translation of the poems of Tibullus, 1829\nLes Pilotes de l'Iroise, maritime novel, 1832\nContes de bord, 1833 Online text\nLa Mer et les marins, maritime scenes, 1833 Online text\nLe Prisonnier de guerre, maritime novel, 1834\nLe Négrier, aventures de mer, 4 vol., 1834 Online text 1 2 3 4\nScènes de mer, 2 vol., 1835 Online text 1 2\nLe Banian, maritime novel, 2 vol., 1836\nLes Folles-brises, 2 vol., 1838 Online text 1 2\nLes Trois Pirates, 2 vol., 1838\nTribord et bâbord, maritime novel, 2 vol., 1840 Online text 1 2\nPelaio, roman maritime, 2 vol., 1843 Online text 1 2\nLes Îlots de Martin Vaz, maritime novel, 2 vol., 1843 Online text 1 2\nCric-Crac, maritime novel, 2 vol., 1846 Online text 1 2\nPétition maritime à l'Assemblée nationale, 1848\nQuestions soumises à l'enquête sur la marine marchande, 1851", "National Archives ADM 103/417.", "(in French) Site - town of Morlaix\nWorks by Edouard Corbière at Project Gutenberg\nWorks by or about Édouard Corbière at Internet Archive\n(in French) Jean Berthou: \"Edouard Corbière, père du roman maritime en France, catalogue de l'exposition présentée à Brest et à Morlaix en 1990, 65 p., Gallimard, 1990.\n(in French) Jean Berthou: \"Edouard Corbière, père naturel et spirituel de Tristan\", in \"Tristan Corbière en 1995\", Comité Tristan Corbière/Bibliothèque de Morlaix, p. 43-53,1996.\n(in French) Pascal Rannou: \"Le thème du naufrageur chez Edouard et Tristan Corbière: les aléas d'un topos maritime\", in \"Bretagne et mer en écriture\", revue Plurial n°17, Presses Universitaires de Rennes, p. 217-230, 2008." ]

[ "Édouard Corbière", "Life", "Early years", "Literary debut", "Final years", "Works", "References", "External links" ]

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[ 17613, 17614, 17615, 17616, 17617, 17618, 17619, 17620, 17621, 17622, 17623, 17624, 17625, 17626, 17627 ]

[ "Edouard Cortès as a young man" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Don_Kurtz_-_Edouard_Cortes.jpg" ]

[ "Edouard Léon Cortès (1882–1969) was a French painter of French and Spanish ancestry. He is known as \"Le Poète Parisien de la Peinture\" or \"the Parisian Poet of Painting\" because of his diverse Paris cityscapes in a variety of weather and night settings.", "Cortes was born on August 6, 1882, in Lagny-sur-Marne, about twenty miles east of Paris. His father, Antonio Cortés, had been a painter for the Spanish Royal Court.\nIn 1914 Cortès married Fernande Joyeuse, with whom he had a daughter, Jacqueline Simone, in 1916. The depiction of a woman with a child is repeated throughout his work, a possible reference to Joyeuse and Jacqueline.\nAlthough Cortès was a pacifist, when war came close to his native village he was compelled to enlist in a French Infantry Regiment at the age of 32. Sent to the front lines, Cortès was wounded by a bayonet, evacuated to a military hospital, and awarded the Croix de Guerre. After recovery he was reassigned to use his artistic talent to sketch enemy positions. Later in life his convictions led him to refuse the Légion d'Honneur from the French Government. In 1919 he was demobilized.\nHis wife died in 1918, and the following year he married his sister-in-law, Lucienne Joyeuse.\nCortès lived a simple life amid a close circle of friends. He died on November 26, 1969, in Lagny, and has a street named in his honor.", "At the age of 17, Edouard began his studies at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. His first exhibition in 1901 brought him immediate recognition. Cortès stressed his independence. Once, in responding to a journalist who asked if he was a student of Luigi Loir, he replied in pun: \"Non, seul élève de moi-même.\" (\"No, a student of myself only.\")\nHis works were first exhibited in North America in 1945 and he subsequently achieved even greater success. In his last year of life he was awarded the prestigious Prix Antoine-Quinson from the Salon de Vincennes.", "On November 30, 2000, four paintings by Cortès were recovered in Kalispell, Montana, following an eight-month investigation conducted by the FBI's San Francisco Division. The recovered paintings were stolen in 1988 during a burglary at the Simic Gallery in Carmel, California.\nIn 2008, a lost Cortès painting of a Paris street scene was discovered amongst donated items at a Goodwill Industries thrift store in Easton, Maryland. After an alert store manager noticed that it was a signed original, the painting was subsequently auctioned for $40,600 (US) at Sotheby's. In 2019, a previously unknown work, Place de la Republique en Soir was discovered in Paris.", "\"Edouard Leon Cortès\". Virtual Catalogue Raisonné. Retrieved 9 November 2019.\nKlein, David (1999). Edouard Cortès, Le Poète Parisien de la Peinture (in French). Hong Kong: Klein Art Gallery. ISBN 0-9672343-0-1.\nFBI Theft Notices & Recoveries. \"FBI — Art Theft Program\". Archived from the original on May 9, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-20.\n\"Easton Team Scores Big!\" (II). Goodwill Connection. 2008: 8. \nGural, Natasha. \"World's Preeminent Dealer Of Edouard Cortès Obtains Immaculate Painting That Emerged After 114 Years\". Forbes. Retrieved 1 May 2019.", "Pair Of Edouard Cortès Paintings, Including Remarkably Rare ‘Moulin Rouge’, Quickly Acquired By Elite Collector From World Expert After Six Decades Unseen\nWorld's Preeminent Dealer Of Edouard Cortès Obtains Immaculate Painting That Emerged After 114 Years\nVirtual Catalogue Raisonne for the Complete Works of Edouard Leon Cortes\nOfficial website(in French)\nEdouard Cortes Bio - Findlay Galleries\nÉdouard Cortès at Curlie\nEdouard Cortès (1882–1969): Paris and the French Countryside Revealed, biography and article from the Royal Alberta Museum\nEdouard Cortès at the Art Renewal Center\nRehs Galleries:\nCountry Life: Scenes in Normandy & Brittany, exhibit featuring works the artist produced in the countryside outside Paris\nParis: Part I, exhibit featuring numerous early works by the artist.\nParis: Part II, exhibit featuring numerous mid career works by Cortes\n Edouard Leon Cortes Biography." ]

[ "Édouard Cortès", "Personal life", "Painting history", "Lost and stolen paintings", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3609 ]

[ 17628, 17629, 17630, 17631, 17632, 17633, 17634, 17635, 17636 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Edouard_Courtial.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Courtial (born 28 June 1973 in Neuilly-sur-Seine) is a French politician of The Republicans who currently serves as a member of the French Senate, representing the Oise department.", "Courtial cosigned a bill that would allow the French Internal Revenue Services to remove French Citizenship from French citizens who live outside of the French territories and don't establish their primary fiscal residence in France. After being nominated as Under-secretary for French expatriates affairs, he removed his name from the bill and explained his reasons in an interview for lepetitjournal.com and during the Assembly of the Representatives of the French living abroad.\nIn the UMP's 2012 leadership election, Courtial endorsed Jean-François Copé.\nIn the Republicans’ 2016 presidential primaries, Courtial endorsed Nicolas Sarkozy as the party's candidate for the office of President of France. In the Republicans’ 2017 leadership election, he endorsed Laurent Wauquiez.", "\"LISTE DÉFINITIVE DES DÉPUTÉS ÉLUS À L'ISSUE DES DEUX TOURS\" (in French). National Assembly of France. Retrieved 2010-07-03.\nhttp://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/le-ministere/le-ministre-d-etat-et-les/edouard-courtial/discours-21219/article/discours-du-secretaire-d-etat\nCopé, Fillon et l'UMP : qui soutient qui ? L'Obs, October 17, 2012.\nLudovic Vigogne (April 20, 2016), Bataillons: Primaire à droite: la liste des premiers soutiens parlementaires L'Opinion.\nLudovic Vigogne (October 11, 2017), La liste des 136 parrains de Laurent Wauquiez L'Opinion." ]

[ "Édouard Courtial", "Political positions", "References" ]

[ 3610 ]

[ 17637, 17638, 17639 ]

[ "Making Aioli", "Actors (A Play in the Garden)" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Cr%C3%A9mieux-A%C3%AFoli.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Cremieux-Actors.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Salomon Crémieux (21 January 1856, Marseille – May 1944, Auschwitz) was a French painter of Jewish ancestry. He specialized in rural and coastal scenes.", "His father, Saul Appolon Crémieux (1826-1918) was a jeweler. He initially studied with Marius Guindon and Fernand Cormon at the École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris. Later, he worked with Tony Robert-Fleury. After that, he returned to Marseille.\nHe exhibited at the salon of the Association des Artistes Provençaux and at the Salon Rhodanien. In 1892, he was given honourable mention at the Paris Salon, followed by a third-class medal in 1897. For several years, he was Director of the Association des Artistes Marseillais.\nHe married Adrienne Sarah Ester Padova, who was fourteen years his junior, in 1894. They had three sons, two of whom became well known: Albert, a doctor, and Henri, a popular movie actor. Their third son, Gustave, died in 1925, when he was only twenty-two.\nIn April 1944 he, Adrienne and Albert were taken to the Drancy internment camp, then transferred to Auschwitz, where he was murdered on arrival. Adrienne followed shortly after. Possibly due to his profession, Albert survived.\nHis works may be seen at the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Marseille, Musée d'histoire de Marseille, Musée de la Castre, Musée d'Art de Toulon and the Musée Muséum départemental des Hautes-Alpes.", "Beate and Serge Klarsfeld. Le Mémorial de la déportation des Juifs de France, Nouvelle édition 2012\nRené Édouard-Joseph, Dictionnaire biographique des artistes contemporains, tome 1, A-E, Art & Édition, 1930, p. 331\nÉdouard Crémieux @ the Mémorial de la Shoah", "Denis Coutagne, Bruno Ely, Jean-Roger Soubiran et al., Peintres de la couleur en Provence (1875-1920), Office Régional de la Culture Provence-Alpes-côte d'Azur\", Marsiglia, 1995 ISBN 2-7118-3194-9", "More works by Crémieux @ ArtNet" ]

[ "Édouard Crémieux", "Biography", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 3611, 3612 ]

[ 17640, 17641, 17642, 17643, 17644 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Edouard_Crut.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Crut (16 April 1901 – 24 October 1974) was a French footballer who played for Étoile Carouge, US Saint-Mandé, Gallia Club Lunel, Marseille, OGC Nice, FAC Nice and AS Cannes, as well as for the French national side.", "Édouard Crut at Olympedia\nÉdouard Crut – FIFA competition record (archived)\nÉdouard Crut at WorldFootball.net\nÉdouard Crut at the French Football Federation (in French)\nÉdouard Crut at the French Football Federation (archived) (in French)" ]

[ "Édouard Crut", "References" ]

[ 3613 ]

[ 17645 ]

[ "Daladier in the 1930s", "", "Daladier in 1924", "Neville Chamberlain, Daladier, Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini and Italian Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano, as they prepared to sign the Munich Agreement.", "Édouard Daladier (centre) leaving Joachim von Ribbentrop after the Munich Conference 1938", "Daladier at the Bourget aerodrome after his return from Munich, 30 September 1938", "Daladier with Generals Joseph Vuillemin and Victor Bourret on 12 November 1939", "Édouard Daladier (right) with ambassador André François-Poncet at the Munich Agreement 1938" ]

[ 0, 0, 2, 3, 3, 3, 5, 11 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/%C3%89douard_Daladier.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Signature_d%27%C3%89douard_Daladier_-_Archives_nationales_%28France%29.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Daladier_1924.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Staatschefs.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H13007%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Abreise_von_Daladier.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/%C3%89douard_Daladier_sur_l%27a%C3%A9rodrome_du_Bourget_%C3%A0_son_retour_de_Munich.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/12_XI_1939_le_II_4_col_T%C3%A9tu_Villemin_DaladierLa_Chambre_Bourret.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12956%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Daladier_und_Francois-Poncet_%28l.%29.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Daladier (French: [edwaʁ daladje]; 18 June 1884 – 10 October 1970) was a French Radical-Socialist (centre-left) politician, and the Prime Minister of France who signed the Munich Agreement before the outbreak of World War II. \nDaladier was born in Carpentras and began his political career before World War I. During the war, he fought on the Western Front and was decorated for his service. After the war, he became a leading figure in the Radical Party and Prime Minister in 1933 and 1934. Daladier was Minister of Defence from 1936 to 1940 and Prime Minister again in 1938. As head of government, he expanded the French welfare state in 1939.\nAlong with Neville Chamberlain, Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler, Daladier signed the Munich Agreement in 1938, which gave Nazi Germany control over the Sudetenland. After Hitler's invasion of Poland in 1939, Britain and France declared war on Germany. During the Phoney War, France's failure to aid Finland against the Soviet Union's invasion during the Winter War led to Daladier's resignation on 21 March 1940 and his replacement by Paul Reynaud. Daladier remained Minister of Defence until 19 May, when Reynaud took over the portfolio personally after the French defeat at Sedan.\nAfter the Fall of France, Daladier was tried for treason by the Vichy government during the Riom Trial and imprisoned first in Fort du Portalet, then in Buchenwald concentration camp, and finally in Itter Castle. After the Battle of Castle Itter, Daladier resumed his political career as a member of the French Chamber of Deputies from 1946 to 1958. He died in Paris in 1970.", "Daladier was born in Carpentras, Vaucluse, on 18 June 1884, the son of a village baker. He received his formal education at the lycée Duparc in Lyon, where he was first introduced to socialist politics. After his graduation, he became a school teacher and a university lecturer at Nîmes, Grenoble and Marseilles and then at the Lycée Condorcet, in Paris, where he taught history. He began his political career by becoming the mayor of Carpentras, his home town, in 1912. He subsequently sought election to the Paris Chamber of Deputies but lost to a Radical-Socialist Party candidate; he later joined that party.\nDaladier had received military training before the war under France's conscription system. In August 1914, he was mobilised at the age of 30 with the French Army's 2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment when World War I started with the rank of sergeant. In mid-1915, the 2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment was destroyed in heavy fighting against the Imperial German Army on the Western Front. The surviving remnant of it was assigned to other units, Daladier being transferred into the 209th Infantry Regiment. In 1916, he fought with the 209th in the Battle of Verdun and was given a field commission as a lieutenant in the midst of the battle in April 1916 having received commendations for gallantry in action. In May 1917, he received the Legion of Honour for gallantry in action and ended the war as a captain leading a company. He had also been awarded the Croix de Guerre.\nAfter his demobilisation, he was elected to the Paris Chamber of Deputies for Orange, Vaucluse, in 1919.\nLater, he would become known to many as \"the bull of Vaucluse\" because of his thick neck, large shoulders and determined look. However, cynics also quipped that his horns were like those of a snail.", "After he entered the Chamber of Deputies, Daladier became a leading member of the Radical-Socialist Party and was responsible for building it into a structured modern political party. For most of the interwar period, he was the chief figure of the party's left wing, supporters of a governmental coalition with the socialist Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière (SFIO). A government minister in various posts during the coalition governments between 1924 and 1928, Daladier was instrumental in the Radical-Socialists' break with the SFIO in 1926, the first Cartel des gauches with the centre-right Raymond Poincaré in November 1928. In 1930, he unsuccessfully attempted to gain socialist support for a centre-left government in coalition the Radical-Socialist and similar parties. In 1933, despite similar negotiations breaking down, he formed a government of the republican left.\nIn January 1934, he was considered the most likely candidate of the centre-left to form a government of sufficient honesty to calm public opinion after the revelations of the Stavisky Affair, a major corruption scandal. The government lasted less than a week, however, since it fell in the face of the 6 February 1934 riots. After Daladier fell, the coalition of the left initiated two years of right-wing governments.\nAfter a year of being withdrawn from frontline politics, Daladier returned to public prominence in October 1934 and took a populist line against the banking oligarchy that he believed had taken control of French democracy: the Two Hundred Families. He was made president of the Radical-Socialist Party and brought the party into the Popular Front coalition. Daladier became Minister of National Defence in the Léon Blum government and retained the crucial portfolio for two years.\nAfter the fall of the Blum government, Daladier became head of government again on 10 April 1938, orienting his government towards the centre and ending the Popular Front.", "Daladier's last government was in power at the time of the negotiations preceding the Munich Agreement during which France pressured Czechoslovakia to hand the Sudetenland to Nazi Germany. In April–May 1938, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain strongly but unsuccessfully pressed Daladier to renounce the French-Czechoslovak alliance, which led to Britain becoming involved in the crisis. From the British perspective, the problem was not the Sudetenland but the French-Czechoslovak alliance. British military experts were almost unanimous that Germany would defeat France in a war unless Britain intervened. The British thought that allowing Germany to defeat France would unacceptably alter the balance of power, and so Britain would have no choice but to intervene if a French-German war broke out.\nThe alliance would have turned any German attack on Czechoslovakia cause into a French–German war. As British Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax stated at a Cabinet meeting in March 1938, \"Whether we liked or not, we had to admit the plain fact that we could not afford to see France overrun.\"\nAt the Anglo-French summit on 28–29 April 1938, Chamberlain pressured Daladier to renounce the alliance with Czechoslovakia, only to be firmly informed that France would stand by its obligations, which forced the British to be involved very reluctantly in the Sudetenland Crisis. The summit of 28–29 April 1938 represented a British \"surrender\" to the French, rather than a French \"surrender\" to the British since Daladier made it clear France would not renounce its alliance with Czechoslovakia.\nUnlike Chamberlain, Daladier had no illusions about Hitler's ultimate goals. In fact, he told the British in a late April 1938 meeting that Hitler's real aim was to eventually secure \"a domination of the Continent in comparison with which the ambitions of Napoleon were feeble\".\nDaladier went on to say, \"Today, it is the turn of Czechoslovakia. Tomorrow, it will be the turn of Poland and Romania. When Germany has obtained the oil and wheat it needs, she will turn on the West. Certainly we must multiply our efforts to avoid war. But that will not be obtained unless Great Britain and France stick together, intervening in Prague for new concessions [i.e. to the Sudeten Germans] but declaring at the same time that they will safeguard the independence of Czechoslovakia. If, on the contrary, the Western Powers capitulate again, they will only precipitate the war they wish to avoid.\"\nNevertheless, perhaps discouraged by the pessimistic and defeatist attitudes of both military and civilian members of the French government and traumatised by the bloodbath in World War I that he had personally witnessed, Daladier ultimately chose to pressure Czechoslovakia into concessions. The French economic situation was very worrying since the French franc had been devalued on 4 May 1938 for the third time since October 1936. Daladier wanted to stabilise the franc and so had fixed the exchange rate to 176 francs per pound sterling.\nThe crisis of 20–22 May 1938 made the franc come under immense financial pressure since many investors did not wish to hold French assets or debts if France went to war. Jacques Rueff, the director of direction générale du mouvement des fonds and special adviser to Finance Minister, Paul Marchandeau, stated in a report that the government must cut defense spending or find more sources of short-term loans, as the French government was running out of money. Marchandeau stated that ordinary charges upon the treasury in 1938 would \"exceed\" 42 billion francs, and Rueff warned that France would go bankrupt once the legal limits upon short-term loans from the Bank of France was reached. Marchandeau, in testimony before the Senate Finance Committee, stated that the government had only 30 million francs in its account and 230 million francs available from the Bank of France.\nAs French government expenditure for the month of May 1938 alone totalled 4,500 million francs, the British historian Martin Thomas wrote, \"Daladier's government was utterly reliant upon the success of its devaluation\". To provide revenue, the government needed to sell more short-term bonds, but investors were highly reluctant to buy French bonds if Germany was threatening Czechoslovakia and put France on the brink of war. Because the franc was tied to the pound, France needed loans from Britain, which were not forthcoming, and so France was left \"with its hands tied\". British and American investors were unwilling to buy French bonds as long as the Sudetenland Crisis continued, which caused \"severe monetary problems\" for the French government in August–September 1938. Only when Daladier moved the \"free-market liberal\" Paul Reynaud from the Justice Ministry to the Finance Ministry in November 1938 did France regain the confidence of international investors, who resumed buying French bonds.\nReports from the embassy in Warsaw and the legations in Belgrade and Bucharest emphasised that Yugoslavia and Romania would probably do nothing if Germany invaded Czechoslovakia, and Poland might very well join in with Germany since the Teschen conflict between Poland and Czechoslovakia had made them bitter enemies.\nOf France's potential allies in Eastern Europe, only the Soviet Union, which had no border with Czechoslovakia, professed a willingness to come to Czechoslovakia's aid if Germany invaded, but both Poland and Romania were unwilling to extend transit rights for the Red Army, which presented major problems.\nOn 25 September 1938, at the Bad Godesberg Summit, Hitler rejected Chamberlain's offer to have the Sudetenland join Germany in few months, declared that the timeline was unacceptable and that the Sudetenland had to \"go home to the Reich\" by 1 October, and stated that the Polish and Hungarian claims against Czechoslovakia must also be satisfied by 1 October or Czechoslovakia would be invaded. Upon hearing what Hitler had demanded at the summit, Daladier told his cabinet that France \"intended to go to war\".\nThe next day, Daladier told his close friend, US Ambassador William Christian Bullitt Jr., that he would much prefer war to the \"humiliation\" of the Bad Godesberg terms.\nDaladier ordered the French military to mobilise and to put France on a war footing, with a blackout being imposed at night so that German bombers would be not guided to French cities by the lights. On 26 September, Daladier ordered General Maurice Gamelin to London to begin staff talks with the Imperial General Staff. On 27 September, Gamelin, when asked by his chef de cabinet if Daladier was serious about war, replied, \"He'll do it, he'll do it\".\nHowever, on 29 September 1938, Chamberlain announced to the British House of Commons that he just received a phone call from Benito Mussolini, who said that Hitler had reconsidered his views and was now willing to discuss a compromise solution to the crisis in Munich. Ultimately, Daladier felt that France could not win against Germany without Britain on its side, and Chamberlain's announcement that he would be flying to Munich led him to attend the Munich Conference as well, which was held the next day on 30 September.\nThe Munich Agreement was a compromise since Hitler abandoned his more extreme demands such as settling the Polish and Hungarian claims by 1 October, but the conference concluded that Czechoslovakia was to turn over the Sudetenland to Germany within ten days in October and would be supervised by an Anglo-Franco-Italo-German commission. Daladier was happy to have avoided war but felt that the agreement he had signed on 30 September in Munich was a shameful treaty that had betrayed Czechoslovakia, France's most loyal ally in Eastern Europe. Although Daladier feared public hostility to the Munich Agreement on his return to Paris, he was acclaimed by the crowd, which cheered the fact that there would not be another war.\nMost famously, when he saw the enthusiastic crowds waving at his plane as it landed at Le Bourget Airfield before landing, he turned to his aide Alexis Léger (A.K.A Saint John Perse) and commented: \"Ah! les cons! s'ils savaient...\" (\"Ah! The fools! If only they knew...\").", "Daladier had been made aware in 1932 by German rivals to Hitler that Krupp manufactured heavy artillery, and the Deuxième Bureau had a grasp of the scale of German military preparations but lacked hard intelligence of hostile intentions.\nIn October 1938, Daladier opened secret talks with the Americans on how to bypass the Neutrality Acts and to allow the French to buy American aircraft to make up for the underproductive French aircraft industry. Daladier commented in October 1938, \"If I had three or four thousand aircraft, Munich would never have happened\". He was most anxious to buy American war planes as the only way to strengthen the French Air Force. Major problems in the talks were how the French would pay for the American planes and how to bypass the Neutrality Acts.\nIn addition, France had defaulted on its World War I debts in 1932 and so fell foul of the 1934 Johnson Act, which banned American loans to nations that had defaulted on their World War I debts. In February 1939, the French offered to cede their possessions in the Caribbean and the Pacific, together with a lump sum payment of 10 billion francs, in exchange for the unlimited right to buy American aircraft on credit.\nAfter tortuous negotiations, an arrangement was worked out in the spring of 1939 to allow the French to place huge orders with the American aircraft industry, but as most of the aircraft ordered had not arrived in France by 1940, the Americans arranged for French orders to be diverted to the British.\nAt a rally in Marseille in October 1938, Daladier announced a new policy: J'ai choisi mon chemin: la France en avant! (\"I have chosen my path; forward with France!\"). He stated that his government's domestic and foreign policies were to be based on \"firmness\". What that meant, in practice, was the end of the social reforms of the Popular Front government to increase French productivity, especially by ending the 40-hour work week. In a series of decree laws issued on 1 November 1938 by Finance Minister Paul Reynaud, which bypassed the National Assembly, the 40-hour work week was ended, taxes were sharply increased; social spending was slashed, defence spending was increased, the power of unions were restricted and (most controversially) Saturday was once again declared to be a workday. In a radio broadcast on 12 November 1938, Reynaud stated, \"We are going blindfold towards an abyss\". He also argued that however much pain his reforms might cause, they were absolutely necessary. As part of the effort to put the French economy on a war footing, Reynaud increased the military budget from 29 billion francs to 93 billion francs. In response, the French Communist Party called for a general strike to protest the decrees that ended almost all of the reforms of the Popular Front.\nThe one-day general strike of 30 November 1938, which pitted the government against unions supported by the Communist Party, proved to be the first test of Daladier's new policy of \"firmness\". Daladier declared a national emergency in response to the general strike, ordered the military to Paris and other major cities, suspended civil liberties, ordered the police to disperse striking workers with tear gas and to storm factories occupied by the workers and announced that any worker who took part in the strike would be fired immediately with no severance pay. After one day, the strike collapsed.\nAt the time, Daladier justified his policy of \"firmness\" under the grounds that if France was to face the German challenge, French production would have to be increased and said that was the price of freedom. At the same time, the energetic Colonial Minister Georges Mandel was set about organising the French Colonial Empire for war. He established armament factories in French Indochina to supply the French garrisons there to deter Japan from invading, increased the number of colonial \"coloured\" divisions from 6 to 12, built defensive works in Tunisia to deter an Italian invasion from Libya and organised the colonial economies for a \"total war\".\nIn France itself, Mandel launched a propaganda campaign emphasising how the French Colonial Empire was a source of strength under the slogan \"110 million strong, France can stand up to Germany\" in reference to the fact that the population of Germany was 80 million and that of France was 40 million, with the extra 70 million credited to France being the population of its colonies.\nThe 40-hour work week was abolished under Daladier's government, but a more generous system of family allowances was established and set as a percentage of wages: for the first child 5%, for the second child 10% and for each additional child 15%. Also created was a home mother allowance, which had been advocated by natalist and Catholic women's groups since 1929. All mothers who were not professionally employed and whose husbands collected family allowances were eligible for the new benefit. In March 1939, the government added 10% for workers whose wives stayed home to take care of the children. Family allowances were enshrined in the Family Code of July 1939 and, with the exception of the stay-at-home allowance, are still in force. In addition, a decree was issued in May 1938 to allow the establishment of vocational guidance centres.\nIn July 1937, a new law, which was followed by a similar law in May 1946, empowered the Department of Workplace Inspection to order temporary medical interventions.\nThe British historian Richard Overy wrote: \"The greatest achievement of Daladier in 1939 was to win from the British a firm commitment\", the so-called \"continental commitment\" that every French leader had sought since 1919. Daladier had a low opinion of Britain and told Bullitt in November 1938 that he \"fully expected to be betrayed by the British.... he considered Chamberlain a desiccated stick; the King a moron; and the Queen an excessively ambitious woman.... he felt that England had become so feeble and senile that the British would give away every possession of their friends rather than stand up to Germany and Italy\". In late 1938 to early 1939, the British embassy was bombarded with rumours from reliable sources within the French government that France would seek an \"understanding\" with Germany that would resolve all problems in their relations. The fact that French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet was indeed seeking such an understanding lent credence to such rumours.\nDaladier let Bonnet pursue his own foreign policy in the hope that it might finally spur the British into making the \"continental commitment\" since a France aligned with Germany would make the Reich Europe's strongest power and leave Britain with no ally of comparable strength in Europe.\nIn January 1939, Daladier let the Deuxième Bureau manufacture the \"Dutch War Scare\". French intelligence fed misinformation to MI6 that Germany was about to invade the Netherlands with the aim of using Dutch air fields to launch a bombing campaign to raze British cities to the ground. As France was the only nation in Western Europe with an army strong enough to save the Netherlands, the \"Dutch War Scare\" led the British to make anxious inquiries in Paris to ask the French to intervene if the Netherlands were indeed invaded. In response, Daladier stated that if the British wanted the French to do something for their security, it was only fair for the British do something for French security. On 6 February 1939, Chamberlain, in a speech to the House of Commons, finally made the \"continental commitment\" as he told the House: \"The solidarity that unites France and Britain is such that any threat to the vital interests of France must bring about the co-operation of Great Britain\". On 13 February 1939, staff talks between the British Imperial General Staff and the French General Staff were opened.\nDaladier supported Chamberlain's policy of creating a \"peace front\" that was meant to deter Germany from aggression but was unhappy with the British \"guarantee\" of Poland, which Chamberlain had announced to the House of Commons on 31 March 1939. France had been allied to Poland since 1921, but Daladier had been bitter by the German-Polish Nonaggression Pact of 1934 and the Polish annexation of part of Czechoslovakia in 1938. Like other French leaders, he regarded the Sanation regime ruling Poland as a fickle and unreliable friend of France. The rise in French industrial output and the greater financial stability in 1939 as a result of Reynaud's reforms led Daladier to view the possibility of war with the Reich more favourably than had been the case in 1938. By September 1939, France's aircraft production was equal to Germany's, and 170 American planes were arriving per month.\nThe Neutrality Acts were still in effect, but the supportive stance of US President Franklin Roosevelt led Daladier to assume that the Americans would maintain a pro-French neutrality and that their tremendous industrial resources would aid France if the Danzig Crisis ended in war.\nDaladier was far keener than Chamberlain was to bring the Soviet Union into the \"peace front\" and believed that only an alliance with the Soviets could deter Hitler from invading Eastern Europe.\nDaladier did not want a war with Germany in 1939 but sought to have such an overwhelming array of forces arranged against Germany that Hitler would be deterred from invading Poland. Daladier believed that Polish Guarantee by Britain would encourage Poland to object to having the Soviet Union join the \"peace front\", which indeed proved to be the case. The Poles refused to grant transit rights to the Red Army, which the Soviets made a precondition for their joining the \"peace front\". Daladier felt that Chamberlain should not have made guarantee until the Poles had agreed to grant transit rights to the Red Army. He charged that the guarantee made British and French diplomats have more leverage over Polish Foreign Minister Colonel Jozef Beck, who was widely disliked by other diplomats for his stubbornness and haughty manners.\nDaladier felt that on economic and military grounds, it was better to have the Soviet Union serve as the \"eastern pivot\" of the \"peace front\" than for Poland to do so, as the British preferred. Daladier disliked the Poles and the guarantee but believed in maintaining the alliance with Poland; he believed that France should stand by its commitments.\nA public opinion poll in June 1939 showed that 76% of the French believed that France should immediately declare war if Germany tried to seize the Free City of Danzig. For Daladier, the possibility that the Soviet Union might join the \"peace front\" was a \"lifeline\" and the best way of stopping another world war. He was deeply frustrated by the Polish refusal to permit transit rights for the Red Army.\nOn 19 August 1939, Beck, in a telegram to Daladier, stated: \"We have not got a military agreement with the USSR. We do not want to have one\".\nThough the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of 23 August ruined Daladier's hopes of an Anglo-Franco-Soviet \"peace front\", he still believed that France and Britain could stop Germany together. On 27 August 1939, Daladier told Bullitt, \"there was no further question of policy to be settled. His sister had put in two bags all the personal keepsakes and belonging he really cared about, and was prepared to leave for a secure spot at any moment. France intended to stand by the Poles, and if Hitler should refuse to negotiate with the Poles over Danzig, and should make war on Poland, France would fight at once\".", "After the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was signed, Daladier responded to the public outcry by outlawing the French Communist Party on the basis that it had refused to condemn Joseph Stalin's actions. During the Danzig Crisis, Daladier was greatly influenced by the advice that he received from Robert Coulondre, the French ambassador in Berlin, that Hitler would back down if France made a firm enough stand toward Poland. On 31 August 1939, Daladier read out to the French cabinet a letter he received from Coulondre: \"The trial of strength turns to our advantage. It is only necessary to hold, hold, hold!\"\nAfter the German invasion of Poland on 1 September, he reluctantly declared war on 3 September and inaugurated the Phoney War. On 6 October, Hitler offered France and Britain a peace proposal. There were more than a few in the French government who were prepared to take Hitler up on his offer, but in a nationwide broadcast the next day, Daladier declared, \"We took up arms against aggression. We shall not put them down until we have guarantees for a real peace and security, a security which is not threatened every six months\". On 29 January 1940, in a radio address delivered to the people of France, The Nazi's Aim is Slavery, Daladier explicitly stated his opinion of the Germans: \"For us, there is more to do than merely win the war. We shall win it, but we must also win a victory far greater than that of arms. In this world of masters and slaves, which those madmen who rule at Berlin are seeking to forge, we must also save liberty and human dignity\".\nIn March 1940, Daladier resigned as prime minister because of his failure to aid Finland's defence during the Winter War, and he was replaced by Paul Reynaud. Daladier remained defence minister, however, and his antipathy to the new prime minister prevented Reynaud from dismissing Maurice Gamelin as Supreme Commander of the French armed forces. As a result of the massive German breakthrough at Sedan, Daladier swapped ministerial offices with Reynaud and became foreign minister while Reynaud became defence minister. Gamelin was finally replaced by Maxime Weygand on 19 May 1940, nine days after the Germans began the Battle of France.\nUnder the impression that the French government would continue in North Africa, Daladier fled with other members of the government to French Morocco, but he was arrested and tried for treason by the Vichy government during the Riom Trial.\nDaladier was interned in Fort du Portalet, in the Pyrenees. He was kept in prison from 1940 to April 1943, when he was handed over to the Germans and deported to Buchenwald concentration camp in Germany. In May 1943, he was transported to the Itter Castle, in North Tyrol, with other French dignitaries, where he remained until the end of the war. He was freed after the Battle for Castle Itter.", "After the war ended, Daladier was re-elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1946 and acted as a patron to the Radical-Socialist Party's young reforming leader, Pierre Mendès-France. He also was elected as the Mayor of Avignon in 1953. He opposed the transferral of powers to Charles de Gaulle after the May 1958 crisis but, in the subsequent legislative elections of that year, failed to secure re-election. He withdrew from politics after a career of almost 50 years at the age of 74.", "Daladier died in Paris on 10 October 1970, at the age of 86. He was buried at Père Lachaise Cemetery.", "Daladier is portrayed by the English actor David Swift in Countdown to War (1989) and by French actor Stéphane Boucher in Munich – The Edge of War (2021).", "Édouard Daladier – President of the Council and Minister of War\nEugène Penancier – Vice President of the Council and Minister of Justice\nJoseph Paul-Boncour – Minister of Foreign Affairs\nCamille Chautemps – Minister of the Interior\nGeorges Bonnet – Minister of Finance\nLucien Lamoureux – Minister of Budget\nFrançois Albert – Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions\nGeorges Leygues – Minister of Marine\nEugène Frot – Minister of Merchant Marine\nPierre Cot – Minister of Air\nAnatole de Monzie – Minister of National Education\nEdmond Miellet – Minister of Pensions\nHenri Queuille – Minister of Agriculture\nAlbert Sarraut – Minister of Colonies\nJoseph Paganon – Minister of Public Works\nCharles Daniélou – Minister of Public Health\nLaurent Eynac – Minister of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones\nLouis Serre – Minister of Commerce and Industry\nChanges\n6 September 1933 – Albert Sarraut succeeds Leygues (d. 2 September) as Minister of Marine. Albert Dalimier succeeds Sarraut as Minister of Colonies.", "Édouard Daladier – President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs\nEugène Penancier – Vice President of the Council and Minister of Justice\nJean Fabry – Minister of National Defence and War\nEugène Frot – Minister of the Interior\nFrançois Piétri – Minister of Finance\nJean Valadier – Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions\nLouis de Chappedelaine – Minister of Military Marine\nGuy La Chambre – Minister of Merchant Marine\nPierre Cot – Minister of Air\nAimé Berthod – Minister of National Education\nHippolyte Ducos – Minister of Pensions\nHenri Queuille – Minister of Agriculture\nHenry de Jouvenel – Minister of Overseas France\nJoseph Paganon – Minister of Public Works\nÉmile Lisbonne – Minister of Public Health\nPaul Bernier – Minister of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones\nJean Mistler – Minister of Commerce and Industry\nChanges\n4 February 1934 – Joseph Paul-Boncour succeeds Fabry as Minister of National Defence and War. Paul Marchandeau succeeds Piétri as Minister of Finance.", "Édouard Daladier – President of the Council and Minister of National Defence and War\nCamille Chautemps – Vice President of the Council\nGeorges Bonnet – Minister of Foreign Affairs\nAlbert Sarraut – Minister of the Interior\nPaul Marchandeau – Minister of Finance\nRaymond Patenôtre – Minister of National Economy\nPaul Ramadier – Minister of Labour\nPaul Reynaud – Minister of Justice\nCésar Campinchi – Minister of Military Marine\nLouis de Chappedelaine – Minister of Merchant Marine\nGuy La Chambre – Minister of Air\nJean Zay – Minister of National Education\nAuguste Champetier de Ribes – Minister of Veterans and Pensioners\nHenri Queuille – Minister of Agriculture\nGeorges Mandel – Minister of Colonies\nLudovic-Oscar Frossard – Minister of Public Works\nMarc Rucart – Minister of Public Health\nAlfred Jules-Julien – Minister of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones\nFernand Gentin – Minister of Commerce\nChanges\n23 August 1938 – Charles Pomaret succeeds Ramadier as Minister of Labour. Anatole de Monzie succeeds Frossard as Minister of Public Works.\n1 November 1938 – Paul Reynaud succeeds Paul Marchandeau as Minister of Finance. Marchandeau succeeds Reynaud as Minister of Justice.\n13 September 1939 – Georges Bonnet succeeds Marchandeau as Minister of Justice. Daladier succeeds Bonnet as Minister of Foreign Affairs, remaining also Minister of National Defence and War. Raymond Patenôtre leaves the Cabinet and the Position of Minister of National Economy is abolished. Alphonse Rio succeeds Chappedelaine as Minister of Merchant Marine. Yvon Delbos succeeds Zay as Minister of National Education. René Besse succeeds Champetier as Minister of Veterans and Pensioners. Raoul Dautry enters the Cabinet as Minister of Armaments. Georges Pernot enters the Cabinet as Minister of Blockade.", "Interwar France\nFrench Third Republic\n6 February 1934 crisis", "Obituary for Daladier, 'New York Times', 12 October 1970 http://movies2.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0618.html\n'Edouard Daladier and Munich: The French Role in an International Tragedy', Master of Arts thesis by David Wildermuth, Oklahoma State University, 1970. https://shareok.org/bitstream/handle/11244/24004/Thesis-1973-W673c.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y\nObituary for Daladier, 'New York Times', 12 October 1970. http://movies2.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0618.html\nNeville, Peter (2006). Hitler and Appeasement. The British attempt to prevent the Second World War (First ed.). London: Hambeldon. p. 87. ISBN 1-85285-369-7. Retrieved 30 November 2020.\nThe historian John Charmley gives the quip as le taureau avec cornes de limace (the bull with the horns of a slug) but does not give any citation [Charmley 1987, p. 219]\nOvery, Richard, & Wheatcroft, Andrew. The Road To War. London: Macmillan, 1989. p. 86\nOvery & Wheatcroft, p. 115\nAulach, Harindar \"Britain and the Sudeten Issue, 1938: The Evolution of a Policy\" pp. 233–259 from The Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 18, No. 2 April 1983. p. 235\nAulach, p. 238\nShirer, William. The Collapse of the Third Republic: An Inquiry into the Fall of France in 1940, 1969, Da Capo Press, pp. 339–340.\nThomas 1999, p. 127.\nThomas 1999, p. 127-128.\nThomas 1999, p. 128.\nThomas 1999, p. 128-129.\nThomas 1999, p. 130.\nThomas 1999, p. 135.\nOvery & Wheatcroft, p. 174\nOvery & Wheatcroft, p. 175\nBennett, Edward W. (1979). German Rearmament and the West, 1932-1933. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 85. ISBN 0691052697\nKeylor, William, \"France and the Illusion of American Support, 1919-1940\" pp. 204–244 from The French Defeat of 1940 Reassessments edited by Joel Blatt Berghahn Books: Providence 1998 pp. 234–235\nKeylor, William. \"France and the Illusion of American Support, 1919-1940\" pp. 204–244 from The French Defeat of 1940 Reassessments, edited by Joel Blatt Berghahn Books: Providence 1998 p. 234\nKeylor, William \"France and the Illusion of American Support, 1919-1940\" pp. 204–244 from The French Defeat of 1940 Reassessments edited by Joel Blatt Berghahn Books: Providence 1998 pp. 235–236\nKeylor, William \"France and the Illusion of American Support, 1919-1940\" pp. 204–244 from The French Defeat of 1940 Reassessments edited by Joel Blatt Berghahn Books: Providence 1998 p. 237\nKeylor, William \"France and the Illusion of American Support, 1919-1940\" pp. 204–244 from The French Defeat of 1940 Reassessments edited by Joel Blatt Berghahn Books: Providence 1998 p. 238\nKeylor, William \"France and the Illusion of American Support, 1919-1940\" pp. 204–244 from The French Defeat of 1940 Reassessments edited by Joel Blatt Berghahn Books: Providence 1998 pp. 233–244\nOvery, Richard & Wheatcroft, Andrew The Road To War, London: Macmillan, 2009 p.177\nOvery, Richard & Wheatcroft, Andrew The Road To War, London: Macmillan, 2009 p. 178\nOvery, Richard & Wheatcroft, Andrew The Road To War, London: Macmillan, 2009 p. 184\nStellman, Jeanne Mager (16 November 1998). Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety: The body, health care, management and policy, tools and approaches. International Labour Organization. ISBN 9789221098140 – via Google Books.\nOvery, Richard & Wheatcroft, Andrew The Road To War, London: Macmillan, 2009 p. 181\nOvery, Richard & Wheatcroft, Andrew The Road To War, London: Macmillan, 2009 p. 182\nOvery & Wheatcroft 2009, p. 183.\nOvery & Wheatcroft 2009, p. 184-185.\nOvery & Wheatcroft 2009, p. 184.\nOvery, Richard & Wheatcroft, Andrew The Road To War, London: Macmillan, 2009 pp. 182–183\nOvery, Richard & Wheatcroft, Andrew The Road To War, London: Macmillan, 2009 p.182-183\nOvery & Wheatcroft 2009, p. 182-183.\nOvery, Richard & Wheatcroft, Andrew The Road To War, London: Macmillan, 2009 p.181\nOvery & Wheatcroft 2009, p. 179.\nOvery, Richard & Wheatcroft, Andrew The Road To War, London: Macmillan, 2009 p. 183\nOvery, Richard & Wheatcroft, Andrew The Road To War, London: Macmillan, 2009 pp. 183–184\nOvery & Wheatcroft 2009, p. 186.\nOvery, Richard 1939 Countdown to War, London: Penguin, 2009 p. 64.\nShirer, William The Collapse of the Third Republic: An Inquiry into the Fall of France in 1940, 1969, Da Capo Press, p. 529.\n\"Fort du Portalet Office de tourisme Vallée d'Aspe tourisme Parc National Pyrénées séjours balades randonnées\". www.tourisme-aspe.com.\nEntry for Daladier in 'World War 2 Gravestone.com' (2019). https://ww2gravestone.com/people/daladier-eduard/", "Adamthwaite, Anthony France and the Coming of the Second World War 1936-1939, Frank Cass, London, United Kingdom, 1977.\nCairns, John C. \"Reflections on France, Britain and the Winter War Problem\" pages 269–295 from The French Defeat of 1940 Reassessments edited by Joel Blatt Berghahn Books, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America, 1998, ISBN 1-57181-109-5.\nCharmley, John \"Lord Lloyd and the Decline of the British Empire\" Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1987, ISBN 0-29779-205-9.\nImlay, Talbot \"France and the Phoney War, 1939-1940\" pages 261–282 from French Foreign and Defence Policy, 1918-1940 The Decline and Fall of A Great Power edited by Robert Boyce, London, United Kingdom: Routledge, 1998, ISBN 0-415-15039-6.\nIrvine, William \"Domestic Politics and the Fall of France in 1940\" pages 85–99 from The French Defeat of 1940 Reassessments edited by Joel Blatt Berghahn Books, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America, 1998, ISBN 1-57181-109-5.\nJackson, Peter \"Intelligence and the End of Appeasement\" pages 234–260 from French Foreign and Defence Policy, 1918-1940 The Decline and Fall of A Great Power edited by Robert Boyce, London, United Kingdom: Routledge, 1998, ISBN 0-415-15039-6.\nLacaze, Yvon \"Daladier, Bonnet and the Decision-Making Process During the Munich Crisis, 1938\" pages 215–233 from French Foreign and Defence Policy, 1918-1940 The Decline and Fall of A Great Power edited by Robert Boyce, London, United Kingdom: Routledge, 1998, ISBN 0-415-15039-6.\nRéau, Elisabeth du \"Edouard Daladier: The Conduct of the War and the Beginnings of Defeat\" pages 100–126 from The French Defeat of 1940 Reassessments edited by Joel Blatt Berghahn Books, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America, 1998, ISBN 1-57181-109-5.\nRémond, Réné and Janine Bourdin (eds.) Édouard Daladier, chef de gouvernement (avril 1938-septembre 1939): colloque de la Fondation nationale des sciences politiques. Paris, 1975.\nShirer, William L. The Collapse of the Third Republic An Inquiry into the Fall of France in 1940, Simon & Schuster, New York, New York, United States of America, 1969.\nThomas, Martin \"France and the Czechoslovak Crisis\" pages 122–159 from The Munich Crisis 1938 Prelude to World War II edited by Igor Lukes and Erik Goldstein, Frank Cass, London, United Kingdom, 1999.\nFrance since 1870: Culture, Politics and Society by Charles Sowerine.\nOrigins of the French Welfare State: The Struggle for Social\nReform in France, 1914–1947 by Paul V. Dutton\nfiles.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED046810.pdf", "In Defence of France a 1939 book by Daladier at archive.org\nNewspaper clippings about Édouard Daladier in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW" ]

[ "Édouard Daladier", "Early life", "Interwar period", "Munich Agreement", "Rearmament", "World War II", "Postwar", "Death", "In visual media", "Daladier's first ministry, 31 January – 26 October 1933", "Daladier's second ministry, 30 January – 9 February 1934", "Daladier's third ministry, 10 April 1938 – 21 March 1940", "See also", "References", "Sources", "External links" ]

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[ "Self-portrait", "Compromise of the nobles", "Portrait of Alexandra of Denmark" ]

[ 0, 1, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Edouard_De_Bi%C3%A8fve_-_Self-portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/De_Biefve_Compromise_of_Dutch_nobles_1849.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Eduard_de_Biefve.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard De Bièfve (4 December 1808 – 7 February 1882) was a Belgian history and portrait painter. He was one of the leading representatives of the romantic movement in Belgium and his work had an important influence on the development of history painting in Germany.", "Edouard De Bièfve was born into a well-off and noble family in Brussels. He studied at the Academy of Fine Arts of Brussels and then continued his studies from 1828 to 1830 in the school of the Belgian history painter Joseph Paelinck, who had been a pupil of Jacques-Louis David. He went to Paris in 1831, where he became a follower of the new romantic movement. He frequented the studio of the French romantic sculptor David d'Angers. Sculpting and painting at the same time, he exhibited his works in Paris and also participated in exhibitions in Antwerp, Ghent and Brussels. His painting entitled Count Ugolino and his sons in the tower of Pisa was particularly well received when it was exhibited in 1836.\nHis romantic paintings on historic subjects got the attention of the government of the newly independent Belgian state which was looking to glorify its past as well as to foster a new cultural renaissance in Belgium. The government commissioned a work from him on a theme related to the revolt of the Spanish Netherlands against the Spanish rulers. The painting entitled the Compromise of the nobles depicts the moment when members of the lesser nobility in the Spanish Netherlands conclude a local covenant (the ‘compromise’) to petition the Regent Margaret of Parma on 5 April 1566 to moderate the repression of so-called heresy in the country. The painting was exhibited in 1841 together with a history painting – also commissioned by the Belgian government – entitled The Abdication of Charles V by the renowned Belgian romantic painter Louis Gallait. Both paintings were praised and were exhibited in many cities in Europe. They enjoyed a particularly enthusiastic reception in Germany where they formed an important impetus for the development of a German school of history painting. The painting also gained de Bièfve the patronage of Prince Frederick William of Prussia (the future Frederick III) who commissioned a painting entitled Rubens establishes peace between Spain and England. The kings of Bavaria and Wurtemberg followed suit and also ordered paintings from him. As a sign of the high regard in which he was held in the German-speaking world he was invited to become a member of the Academies of Berlin, Dresden, Munich and Vienna. In the year 1841 he returned from Paris and lived from then on in Brussels.\nWhen the painting ordered by the King of Prussia was finally finished and exhibited in Brussels in 1848, the work met with negative criticism and was judged to be mediocre and historically inaccurate.\nThereafter, De Bièfve continued to work for his royal patrons and would occasionally receive a commission from the Belgian government (such as the Belgium founding the monarchy, painted for the meeting hall of the Belgian Senate, 1853). However, he no longer exhibited his new works publicly until 1875 when he showed a historic painting entitled The episode of the banquet of the confederated nobles at the Salon of Brussels. By that time, history painting had become a thing of the past and was being replaced by the modernist movement.\nDe Bièfve died in Brussels on 7 February 1882. On his death, he left the Belgian state all the paintings in his studio together with a sum of money for the erection of a magnificent tomb monument. His tomb can be visited at the cemetery of Laeken.", "Edouard De Bièfve mainly painted history paintings on unusually large canvasses. He belonged to the first wave of Belgian romantic painters who had typically trained in Paris where they had come into contact with the new romantic movement. Others in this group included Gustave Wappers, Louis Gallait, Ernest Slingeneyer, Nicaise de Keyser and other minor figures. They chose as the subject matter of their work important historical events in Belgium’s history which were regarded as key to the country’s national identity. Unlike their French models such as Delacroix, their work, though colourful, lacked true romantic zest and was quickly recuperated by the establishment which rewarded the artists with commissions and rewards. De Bièfve’s history paintings were no exception to this and they quickly became a form of national propaganda.\nEdouard De Bièfve painted portraits and some orientalist paintings such as The Almeh, reflecting a growing interest in this subject matter in Europe at the time. The Almeh depicts an Egyptian dancing girl reclining on a couch. The painting caused quite a stir when it was exhibited at the Brussels Salon of 1842. It scandalised viewers who felt it was flagrantly sexual.", "Lucien Solvay, Notice sur Edouard De Bièfve, Académie royale de Belgique, Bruxelles, 1919 (in French)\nJohn R. Hinde, Jacob Burckhardt and the Crisis of Modernity, McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP, 28 Jun, 2000, p. 249\nJean François Edouard de Bièfve at Die Akademie der Künste (in German)\nBrusselse wandelingen. Het kerkhof van Laken (in Dutch)\nJohan Decavele, et al. \"Belgium.\" Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 22 Feb. 2014.\nTom Verschaffel, Schilderen voor het vaderland. Kunst en nationale propaganda in de negentiende eeuw, Kunstschrift 48 (2004), p. 16-29 (in Dutch)\nJill L. Matus, Unstable Bodies: Victorian Representations of Sexuality and Maternity, Manchester University Press, 1995, p. 135-37", "Media related to Édouard De Bièfve at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Édouard De Bièfve", "Life", "Work", "Notes", "External links" ]

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[ "Édouard Debat-Ponsan, c.1901", "La Vache bien gardée, 1890", "Molière et Goudouli,1907", "", "", "", "", "Massage at the Hammam, 1883" ]

[ 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

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[ "Édouard Debat-Ponsan (25 April 1847 – 29 January 1913) was a French academic painter noted for his allegorical works, scenes of peasant life and Orientalist works.", "Debat-Ponsan was born in Toulouse. A pupil of Cabanel, he was famous for his portraits of wealthy citizens and politicians in Paris, paintings of ancient history and scenes of peasant life. As a Republican and veteran of the War of 1870, Debat-Ponsan engaged in the struggle for rehabilitation of Captain Alfred Dreyfus, he exhibited his allegorical painting Vérité sortant du puits (Truth coming out of the well) at the 1898 Salon, later offered to Émile Zola.\nIn 1877 he travelled to Italy thanks to a sum of 4,000 francs which was granted to him by the Academy. There he saw different painting works, after which he began to paint portraits. In 1882–1883 he made a trip to Istanbul accompanied by his two brothers-in-law, Jules-Arsène Garnier and Henri-Eugène Delacroix (not to be confused with Eugène Delacroix). This trip inspired one of his most celebrated works, Le Massage, Scène de Hammam (The Massage at the Hamman; 1883) now in the Museum of Augustins in Toulouse.\nHe was father of the architect and Grand Prix de Rome winner in 1912, Jacques Debat-Ponsan, and grandfather of Michel Debré, who became Prime Minister under General Charles de Gaulle and was one of the drafters of the Fifth Republic. Other descendants include the politician Jean-Louis Debré. His daughter Jeanne Debat-Ponsan married Robert Debré founder of modern pediatrics in France (see Debré family). His grandson was Michel Debré, who was Prime Minister of France.\nDebat-Ponsan died in Paris on 29 January 1913.", "His scenes of rural life, a very fashionable genre around 1830–1840, hesitate between the idealism of the peasant world and the militant realism of a Gustave Courbet. The painting One morning at the gates of the Louvre may have political overtones. It depicts Catherine de' Medici (in black) calmly viewing the bodies of victims of the 1572 St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. Debat-Ponsan may have actually intended to refer to more recent events in French history, such as the bloody suppression of the Commune of Paris, nine years before this painting was made.\nSelect list of paintings\nLe récit de Philetas c. 1870 (now lost)\nLa Captivité des Juifs à Babylone (now lost)\nDaniel Dans la fosse aux lions (Cathedral of Mirande)\nAu sortir de la carrière, c. 1870 (Toulouse, collection)\nPanorama de la bataille de Montretout, 1881 (in collaboration with Jules-Arsène Garnier and Henry-Eugène Delacroix)\nPanorama de Constantinople, 1883 (in collaboration with Jules-Arsène Garnier and Henry-Eugène Delacroix)\nMassage: Scène de Hammam , 1883 (Toulouse, Musée des Augustins)\nCoin de vigne, 1886 (Nantes, Musée des Beaux-Arts)\nLa Gitane à la toilette, 1896\nLa Vérité sortant du puits, 1898 (Amboise, Musée Hôtel Morin).", "List of Orientalist artists\nOrientalism", "The Artistic Debate, Princeton Archived June 14, 2010, at the Wayback Machine\n\"Rehs Galleries: Edouard Bernard Debat-Ponsan\". Rehs.com. 1913-01-29. Retrieved 2012-06-08.", "Media related to Édouard Debat-Ponsan at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Édouard Debat-Ponsan", "Biography", "Work", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3623, 3624, 3625, 3626, 3627, 3628 ]

[ 17748, 17749, 17750, 17751, 17752, 17753, 17754 ]

[ "Édouard Deldevez, 1857, by Ch. Vogt. Bibliothèque nationale de France." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Edouard_Deldevez.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Marie Ernest Deldevez (31 May 1817 – 6 November 1897) was a French violinist, conductor at important Parisian musical institutions, composer, and music teacher.", "Deldevez was born and died in Paris. He won many prizes as a violinist. He progressed from violinist at the Paris Opera to conductor. He was principal conductor of the Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire from 1872 to 1885.\nAt the Paris Opéra-Comique Deldevez conducted the revival of La Fille du Regiment (with Marie Cabel) in 1857, Rose et Colas (first performance at the theatre, as well as 50th performance in 1862), the premiere of Lalla-Roukh on 12 May 1862, the first production at the Salle Favart of La Servante maîtresse on 12 August 1862 (Galli-Marié's debut at the house), runs of La dame blanche (including the 1,000th performance there in December 1862), Le pré aux clercs, Fra Diavolo (including the 500th performance in March 1863), and a revival of Joseph in 1866.\nAt the Paris Opera, Deldevez conducted La Juive at the opening night of the Palais Garnier in 1875, and the premiere of Massenet's Le roi de Lahore in 1877, along with revivals of La Favorite, Guillaume Tell, Hamlet, Les Huguenots, Le Prophète and Robert le Diable.\nIn 1867, Deldevez published his Notation de la musique classique. He wrote a number of other books and became a chevalier of the Legion d'Honneur in 1874. He published his memoires in 1890.\nSome confusion exists concerning his name, which is occasionally misclassified as \"Ernest\", though not in reliable sources of the period. One source records the name as \"Edmé Édouard Deldevez.\" The standard French edition of his musicological works reedited in 1998 and 2005 by Jean-Philippe Navarre gives only \"Édouard-Marie-Ernest Deldevez.\"", "Deldevez became part of a group of musicians around François Sudre (1787–1864) who were attempting to develop a way of transmitting language through music. Sudre trained Deldevez and Charles Larsonneur to play and interpret his alphabet. A given note would represent a word or a letter of the alphabet. The trio toured France, answering questions from the audience using Sudre's violin. A military application quickly presented itself. A bugler on a battlefield could transmit orders to a regiment by playing an appropriate tune. This promising hypothesis came to nothing because the system was too vulnerable to wind and weather.\nClearly grasping at straws, Sudre then offered the military a set of musical canons, but they declined the suggestion. In 1829, Sudre began to develop the system that is now known as the Do Re Mi method of notating music.", "His compositions include the operas Lionel Foscari (1841), Le Violon enchanté (1848), L'Éventail (1854), and La Ronde des sorcières, along with several lyric scenes and ballets.\nHis Messe de Requiem, Op. 7 is dedicated to the memory of Berton, Chérubini, and Habeneck.\nOther works include Six Songs Without Words for piano, Three Piano Preludes, three-part hymns, and a cantata performed at the Paris Opera on 15 February 1853.\nDeldevez also wrote the original score for the ballet Paquita (Paris, 1846). However, an 1881 revival by Marius Petipa included additional numbers by Ludwig Minkus (1826–1917), and this score is more widely known and used.", "R. J. Stove, César Franck: His Life and Times (2011), p. 62: \"Édouard Deldevez — who later became a prominent conductor of Conservatoire concerts\".\nBruce R. Schueneman, William Emmett Studwell, Minor Ballet Composers: Biographical Sketches (1997), p. 31: \"DELDEVEZ, Edouard-Marie-Ernest, French composer, was born in Paris on May 31, [...] He served as assistant conductor or conductor of both the Paris Opera (1859–1877) and the Societe des Concerts du [...]\".\nWolff, Stéphane, Un demi-siècle d'Opéra-Comique (1900–1950) (Paris: André Bonne, 1953).\nPeter Bloom, Music in Paris in the Eighteen-thirties (1987); Édouard Deldevez, Mes mémoires (Le Puy, 1890).\nH. Robert Cohen, Yves Gérard, Hector Berlioz. La critique musicale, 1823-1863 (2008), p. 36.\nJean-Philippe Navarre editions of five occurrences \"Édouard-Marie-Ernest Deldevez.\"\nStreletski, Gerard, \"Edme(-Marie-Ernest) Deldevez\", in: The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition (London: Macmillan, 2001).\nScore of Requiem at the IMSLP.\nFétis F-J. Biographie universelle des musiciens, supplement, vol. 1 (Paris, 1878), p. 250.", "Société des concerts du Conservatoire\nFree scores by Édouard Deldevez at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)" ]

[ "Édouard Deldevez", "Biography", "The Sudre theory", "Works", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3629 ]

[ 17755, 17756, 17757, 17758, 17759, 17760, 17761, 17762, 17763, 17764, 17765 ]

[ "Paysage bucolique, 1840s (wood, 32x24cm)" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Laurent_Delvaux%2C_Paysage%2C_1840.%2832x24cm%29.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Delvaux (French: [dɛlvo]; Brussels, 1806 – Spa, 1862) was a Belgian Romantic painter. The grandson of the sculptor Laurent Delvaux and apprentice of the painter Henri Van Assche, his work mainly consisted of bucolic rural scenes from his many trips to France, Switzerland, Germany and Italy. He won silver medal at the 1836 Brussels exhibition and was director of the École de dessin at Spa.", "Raymond Delvaux, Flor De Smedt, Felix Meurisse & Frans Jozef van Droogenbroeck, Het Kasteel van Walfergem, van Hof te Huseghem over Speelgoed van de familie t'Kint tot Landhuis van de familie Delvaux, Asse, Koninklijke Heemkring Ascania, Asse, 2007.", "Works and life of Édouard Delvaux" ]

[ "Édouard Delvaux", "Sources", "External links" ]

[ 3630 ]

[ 17766 ]

[ "Catholic church in Berne" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Bern_Peter_und_Paul.jpg" ]

[ "Pierre Joseph Édouard Deperthes (Édouard Deperthes) (31 July 1833–23 July 1898) was a French architect.", "Deperthes was born in Houdilcourt, a commune in the Ardennes in July 1833. He was the son of two farmers.", "Around the time he was 18, Deperthes travelled to Reims to study architecture, and excelled under his teacher, known only as Mssr. Brunette, at that time the chief architect in Reims.", "He started his first project in 1855, at the age of 22 - working on the design of Lille Cathedral (French: Notre Dame de la Treille) in Lille. He co-operated with two architects known only by their surnames, Leblan and Reimbeau. He then aided in the reconstruction of Saint-Ambrose church in Paris in the same year.", "He died in 1898 of unknown causes, aged 64, in Reims. He left two sons. He was buried in the Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris on 27 July 1898.", "", "Lille Cathedral (1855–1857)\nA parish church in Berne, Switzerland (1857–1864)\nChurch of St. Martin in Brest (1869–1873\nA chateau in Rouen named Chateau d'Eau (1875–1880)", "Renovation of Saint-Ambrose Church, Paris\nRenovation of the Basilica of St. Anne, Sainte-Anne-d'Auray (1865–1876)\nRenovation of the Hôtel de Ville, Paris (1873–1886)", "First prize in architecture competitions in Berne, Vannes, Paris, Rouen, and Oran\nSecond prize in architecture competitions in Rambouillet, Tours, Paris, Milan, and Saint-Nazaire\nMedal awarded in Salon, 1865\nPrize at the Exposition Universelle (1867), Paris\nMedal awarded at an exposition in Lyon, 1872\nOther medals from Reims, Paris, Le Havre, Lille, Grenoble, Montpellier, and Amsterdam\nHe was made a knight of the Legion d'Honneur in the 1870s", "Notices nécrologiques AMB (fr)\nAndreas Hauser: Ferdinand Stadler. Krauthammer : Zürich 1976 S. 160f" ]

[ "Édouard Deperthes", "Early life", "Education", "Early career", "Death", "Work", "Buildings", "Projects", "Awards", "References" ]

[ 3631 ]

[ 17767, 17768, 17769, 17770 ]

[ "Baron Descamps (1900)" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Baron_descamps.jpg" ]

[ "Baron Édouard Eugène François Descamps (1847–1933) was a Belgian jurist and politician who was known as a contributor to international law.", "He was the son of Edouard-J. Descamps and Sylvie Van der Elst. He was married to Maria David-Fischbach Malacord (1860–1921), who gave him three sons (of whom one died):\nPierre Descamps (1884–1965)\nEmmanuel Descamps (1886–1968)", "He was a law professor at the University of Louvain, and it was at his suggestion that a committee of the League of Nations proposed an international court of justice.\nBetween 1901–1907 and 1911–1914, he was president of the Senate, and he served until 1910 as Minister of sciences and arts.", " Belgium: Minister of State, by Royal Decree.\n Belgium: Created Baron Descamps, by Royal Decree in 1904.\n Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold.\n Belgium: Knight Grand Cross in the Order of the Crown, RD in 1919.\n France: Knight Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour.\n Italy: Knight Grand Cross in the Order of the Crown of Italy.\n Netherlands: Knight Grand Cross in the Order of the Netherlands Lion.\n Japan: Knight Grand Cross in the Order of the Rising Sun.\n Greece: Knight Grand Cross in the Order of the Phoenix.\n Luxembourg: Knight Grand Cross in the Order of the Oak Crown.", "\"Descamps\".\nThe Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Peace, 1901-1956, entry Chevalier Edouard Eugène F Descamps.\nDominik J. Schaller; Jürgen Zimmerer (13 September 2013). The Origins of Genocide: Raphael Lemkin as a Historian of Mass Violence. Routledge. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-317-99042-0.\n\"Descamps\".\n\"Descamps\".\n\"Descamps\".\n\"Descamps\".\n\"Descamps\".\n\"Descamps\".\n\"Descamps\".\n\"Descamps\".", "Édouard Descamps in ODIS - Online Database for Intermediary Structures" ]

[ "Édouard Descamps", "Family", "Career", "Honours", "Notes", "External links" ]

[ 3632 ]

[ 17771, 17772, 17773, 17774 ]

[ "Portarit of Édouard Desplechin (1851), anonymous.", "\"Isis' temple\", volume model for act III of Mosè in Egitto by Rossini" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Portrait_of_%C3%89douard_Desplechin_-_L%C3%A9v%C3%AAque_2008_after_p11.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/%C3%89douard_Desplechin-Mo%C3%AFse-Acte_III.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Desplechin (12 April 1802 – 10 December 1871), was a 19th-century French scenic designer, one of the most famous of his time.", "He created numerous settings for grands opéras and theatre plays of the romantic era, and closely collaborated with great composers such as Meyerbeer, Verdi, Gounod and Wagner.\nHis workshop was taken over by Eugène Carpezat and Jean-Baptiste Lavastre.", "Jean-Baptiste Lavastre (1839–1891).", "His name is often spelt \"Despléchin\" » with an acute accent.", "Jean-Maxime Levêque, Édouard Desplechin, le décorateur du grand opéra à la française (1802-1871), L’Harmattan, collection « Univers musical », 2008, 198 p. ISBN 978-2-296-05620-6" ]

[ "Édouard Desplechin", "Biography", "Students", "References", "Bibliography" ]

[ 3633, 3634 ]

[ 17775, 17776 ]

[ "", "Test uniforms created in 1912 by Édouard Detaille for the French line infantry. From left to right: trumpet in parade uniform, private in service uniform and kepi, private 1st class in parade uniform, private in service uniform and leather helmet, officer in parade uniform, officer in service uniform and bonnet de police (side cap), private in field uniform and leather helmet, private in field uniform and kepi.", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

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[ "Jean-Baptiste Édouard Detaille (French: [ʒɑ̃batist‿edwaʁ dətaj]; 5 October 1848 – 23 December 1912) was a French academic painter and military artist noted for his precision and realistic detail. He was regarded as the \"semi-official artist of the French army\".", "", "Detaille was born in Paris and grew up in Picardy. His was a prosperous military family; his grandfather had been an arms supplier for Napoleon. An amateur artist who was friends with a number of collectors and painters, including Horace Vernet, Detaille's father encouraged his son's artistic endeavors. He began his artistic studies at age seventeen under the famous military painter Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier; he had originally approached him to ask for an introduction to the renowned Alexandre Cabanel but Meissonier decided to teach Detaille himself. Meissonier became a major influence on his style, and it was he who inculcated an appreciation for accuracy and precision in Detaille.\nDetaille made his debut as an artist at the Salon—the official art exhibition of the Académie des Beaux-Arts—of 1867 with a painting of Meissonier's studio. At the Salon of 1868, he exhibited his first military painting, The Drummers Halt, which was based solely on his imagination of the French Revolution. With Repose During the Drill, Camp St Maur, which he debuted the following year, Detaille established his reputation as a painter. In the spring of 1870, he went on a \"sketching trip\" to Algeria with three other young painters, Étienne-Prosper Berne-Bellecour, Alexander Louis Leloir, and Jehan Georges Vibert.", "Detaille enlisted in the 8th Mobile Bataillon of the French Army when the Franco-Prussian War broke out in 1870; by November he was seeing and experiencing the realities of war. This experience allowed him to produce his famed portraits of soldiers and historically accurate depictions of military manoeuvres, uniforms, and military life in general. He eventually became the official painter of the battles. He published a book called L'Armée Française in 1885, which contains over 300 line drawings and 20 color reproductions of his works.\nDetaille was one of the first artists to buy photographs from Eugène Atget.", "In 1912, Detaille created new uniforms for the French army. They were never adopted by the Minister of War, but the blue-gray greatcoats would influence later French World War I uniforms, and the Adrian helmet was heavily influenced by his designs.\nDuring his life, he had amassed an impressive collection of military uniforms and artifacts. He bequeathed the collection to the Musée de l'Armée in Paris following his death in 1912 in Paris.", "Detaille appears as a guest at a party at the home of the Princesse de Guermante in Part Two: Chapter One of Marcel Proust's novel Cities of the Plain, where Detaille is referred to as \"the creator of the Dream\", his 1888 painting also known as Le Rêve which shows soldiers asleep on a battlefield dreaming of military glory. The painting, which is in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris, also appears in Paintings in Proust by Eric Karpeles, published by Thames & Hudson.", "His niece married Charles Otzenberger, who subsequently called himself Otzenberger-Detaille.", "", "Academic art\nMilitary art", "Humbert, Jean. Édouard Detaille : l'héroïsme d'un siècle, Paris, Copernic, 1979.\nMasson, Frédéric. Edouard Detaille and his work, Paris, Boussod, Valadon and co., 1891.\nDuplessis, Georges. M. Édouard Detaille, Paris, J. Claye, 1874.", "Dearinger, David Bernard; Stanley Ellis Cushing (2004). Virginia Wageman; Phil Freshman (eds.). Paintings and Sculpture in the Collection of the National Academy of Design: 1826-1925. Manchester, Vermont: Hudson Hills. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-55595-029-3.\nArtfact. \"Edouard Detaille (1848-1912)\". Grove Art excerpts. Oxford Art Online. Retrieved 25 July 2012.\n\"Art\". The Nation. New York, NY: New York Evening Post Company. 93 (2479): 21. 2 January 1913.\nAtget. Paris. Taschen. 2008. p. 82. ISBN 978-3-8365-0471-3.\nDean, Bashford (1920). Helmets and Body Armor in Modern Warfare. Yale University Press. p. 9.", "Media related to Édouard Detaille at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Édouard Detaille", "Biography", "Education and early career", "Franco-Prussian War", "Later life", "Literary references", "Family", "Gallery", "See also", "Further reading", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3635, 3636, 3637, 3638, 3639, 3640, 3641, 3642, 3643, 3644, 3645 ]

[ 17777, 17778, 17779, 17780, 17781, 17782, 17783, 17784, 17785 ]

[ "Devernay playing the choir organ of Notre-Dame des Victoires (Trouville-sur-Mer)" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Edouard-devernay-nd-victoires-trouville.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Henri Devernay Jnr. (8 November 1889 – 5 July 1952) was a French musician, composer and organist who held the position of organiste titulaire of the great organ of Notre-Dame-des-Victoires in Trouville-sur-Mer, Calvados, Normandy.", "Born in Roubaix, Devernay was the son of Édouard Joseph (8 April 1854 in Roubaix – 13 May 1906 ibid.) and Hortense-Coralie Devernay (née Lefebvre; 14 November 1857 in Roubaix). He began his musical studies at the Roubaix conservatoire where he obtained the First Prizes in solfège, piano, harmony and counterpoint in the class of Julien Koszul. He then joined the organ class of the Royal Conservatory of Brussels.\nIn 1912, the village of Trouville-sur-Mer opened auditions for the position of titular organist of the Notre-Dame-des-Victoires church; and he was appointed. He then came to settle in Normandy.\nWounded at Verdun during World War I, he composed his first symphony for organ: Marche pour la Victoire during his convalescence.\nIn 1931, he won the First Prize in musical composition of the SACEM for a lyrical drama, Au temps du bon Roy Henri.\nHe died in Trouville on 5 July 1952.\nHe was the uncle of Yves Devernay.", "Organ pieces\n2 Symphonies\n1 suite\nVarious pieces\nPieces for piano\nCloches d'octobre\nCortège rustique des Moissonneurs\nVocal works\nMass for 4 voices\nThree poems by Baudelaire: Recueillement, Paysage, Brume et Pluie\nMélodies on verses by Albert Samain, Paul Verlaine, Théophile Gautier, Victor Hugo\nOpérettas:\nMonette et ses cousins, Operetta in 3 acts on a libretto by Yvandré\nle Soleil de Bali\nLyrical:\nAu temps du bon Roy Henri, lyrical drama in 1 act", "Yves Devernay at the grandes orgues de la Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris - CD Mitra Digital Réf: 16 214: Miracle de la Tempête (Édouard Devernay)\nÉdouard and Yves Devernay at Trouville - CD Phyllomène Réf.: 2010091507/1 - Nicole and Mathilde Marodon Cavaillé-Coll, Jacques Vandeville (organ, singing, oboe)", "Athena sur la Touques n° 97 (Sept 1988): Trouville 1914. \"Cahiers\" written for his family during his stay at the military hospital of Lyon in November 1916.\nAthena sur la Touques n° 181 (Sept 2009) ISSN 0758-5470: Édouard Devernay, compositeur et organiste à Trouville (Claude Baumann)", "Association des Amis des Orgues de Trouville\nAssociation des amis du Musée de Trouville et du passé régional\nLe Miracle de la Tempête by Édouard Devernay by Nicole Marodon Cavaillé-Coll on YouTube" ]

[ "Édouard Devernay", "Biography", "Compositions", "Discography", "Bibliography", "External links" ]

[ 3646 ]

[ 17786, 17787, 17788, 17789, 17790, 17791 ]

[ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

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[ "Édouard Didron (1836-1902) was a French stained glass artist and art writer.", "", "Édouard Amedée Didron was born on 13 October 1836 in Paris. His father was Mr Fiot and his mother, Ms Didron. His uncle, the archeologist and art historian Adolphe Napoléon Didron (1806-1867), adopted him.", "He designed the stained glass in the Église Saint-Vincent-de-Paul in Marseille. He also designed stained glass in the Église Sainte-Rosalie in Paris, the Église Saint-Christophe in Cergy, the Église Saint-Ouen in Le Tronquay, the Église Notre-Dame in Neufchâtel-en-Bray, the Cathédrale Saint-Maclou de Pontoise in Pontoise, the Basilica of St. Sernin in Toulouse, the Eglise Notre Dame de Carentan and the Cathédrale Saint-Front de Périgueux in Périgueux.\nAdditionally, he wrote many books about art. He denounced the \"bastardization\" of Gothic art, which meant the decoration of bars and private residences with medieval and mock-medieval works. He was also the editor of Annales Archéologiques from 1867 to 1872.", "He died on 14 April 1902 in Paris.", "Nicolas-Marie-Joseph Chapuy, Édouard Didron, Allemagne monumentale et pittoresque: ou ses vues et ses monuments (accompagnés de notes historiques) (Goupil & Vibert, 1845).\nÉdouard Didron, Vitraux du Grand-Andely, (Librairie archéologique de Victor Didron, 1863).\nÉdouard Didron, Les vitraux à l'expossition universelle de 1867 (Librairie archéologique de Victor Didron, 1868).\nÉdouard Didron, Quelques Mots sur l'Art Chrétien à propos de l'Image du Sacré-Cœur (1874).\nÉdouard Didron, Louis Clémandot, Exposition Universelle Internationale de 1878 À Paris. Groupe III. Classe 19. Rapport Sur Les Cristaux, la Verrerie, Et Les Vitraux. (1880).\nÉdouard Didron, Catalogue de la bibliothèque iconographique et archéologique de feu (Emile-Paul, 1903, 87 pages).", "", "Dictionary of Art Historians: Didron, Adolphe Napoléon\nDominique Auzias, Marseille 2013 Petit Futé, Le Petit Futé, 4 Apr 2013, p. 388 \nElizabeth Nicole Emery, Laura Morowitz, Consuming the Past: The Medieval Revival in Fin-de-siècle France, Ashgate Publishing, 2003, p. 119 \nGoogle Books\nGoogle Books\nGoogle Books\nBibliothèque nationale de France\nGoogle Books\nGoogle Books\nGoogle Books" ]

[ "Édouard Didron", "Biography", "Early life", "Career", "Death", "Bibliography", "Gallery", "References" ]

[ 3647, 3648, 3649, 3650, 3651, 3652, 3653, 3654, 3655, 3656, 3657, 3658, 3659, 3660, 3661, 3662, 3663, 3664, 3665, 3666, 3667, 3668, 3669, 3670, 3671, 3672, 3673, 3674, 3675, 3676, 3677, 3678, 3679, 3680, 3681, 3682, 3683, 3684, 3685, 3686, 3687, 3688 ]

[ 17792, 17793, 17794, 17795, 17796, 17797 ]

[ "Edouard Drouyn de Lhuys (1805-1881), by Auguste Lemoine.", "Letter of Napoleon III to the Japanese Shogun nominating Léon Roches, in replacement of Duchesne de Bellecourt, countersigned by Drouyn de Lhuys. Diplomatic Record Office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan).", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 4 ]

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[ "Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys ([edwaːʁ dʁuɛ̃ də‿lɥis]; 19 November 1805 – 1 March 1881) was a French diplomat. Born in Paris, he was educated at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand. The scion of a wealthy and noble house, he excelled in rhetoric. He quickly became interested in politics and diplomacy.\nHe was ambassador to the Netherlands and Spain, and distinguished himself by his opposition to Guizot. Drouyn de Lhuys served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1848 to 1849 in the first government of Odilon Barrot. In Barrot's second government, he was replaced by Alexis de Tocqueville, and was appointed ambassador to Great Britain. He returned briefly as foreign minister for a few days in January 1851, and then returned permanently in the summer of 1852, becoming the first foreign minister of the Second Empire. He resigned his post in 1855, during the Crimean War, when the peace preliminaries he had agreed to in consultation with the British and Austrians at Vienna were rejected by Napoleon III.\nDrouyn de Lhuys returned to power 7 years later, in 1862, when foreign minister Édouard Thouvenel resigned over differences with Napoleon on Italian affairs. Drouyn was thus foreign minister in the lead-up to the Austro-Prussian War. He commented that, \"the Emperor has immense desires and limited abilities. He wants to do extraordinary things but is only capable of extravagances.\"\nIn the aftermath of that war, which was disastrous to French interests in Europe, Drouyn resigned and withdrew into private life.", "1854: Knight Grand Cross in the Order of Leopold.", "Roger Price (2001). The French Second Empire: An Anatomy of Political Power. p. 407. ISBN 9781139430975.\nHandelsblad (Het) 25-12-1854\nObituary. Edouard Drouyn-de-Lhuys. The New York Times, 3 March 1881. Accessed 7 October 2008\nThe Illustrated London News, May 19, 1855.", "Schnerb, Robert. \"Napoleon III and the Second French Empire.\" Journal of Modern History 8.3 (1936): 338–355. online\nSchulz, Matthias. \"A Balancing Act: Domestic Pressures and International Systemic Constraints in the Foreign Policies of the Great Powers, 1848–1851.\" German History 21.3 (2003): 319–346.\nSpencer, Warren Frank. Edouard Drouyn de Lhuys and the Foreign Policy of the Second Empire (PhD dissertation University of Pennsylvania, 1955).", "Internationalization of the Danube River\nThis article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wood, James, ed. (1907). The Nuttall Encyclopædia. London and New York: Frederick Warne." ]

[ "Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys", "Honours", "References", "Further reading", "See also" ]

[ 3689, 3690, 3691 ]

[ 17798, 17799, 17800 ]

[ "Drumont in 1880", "Édouard Drumont, collage with the antisemitic newspaper he founded, La Libre Parole of 10 September 1899.[6] The headlines read: \"The Traitor Convicted, Ten Years of Detention and Degradation, Down with the Jews!\"" ]

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[ "Édouard Adolphe Drumont (3 May 1844 – 5 February 1917) was a French antisemitic journalist, author and politician. He initiated the Antisemitic League of France in 1889, and was the founder and editor of the newspaper La Libre Parole. After spending years of research, he synthesised three major types of antisemitism. The first type was traditional Catholic attitudes toward the alien \"Christ killers\" augmented by vehement antipathy toward the French Revolution. The second type was hostility toward capitalism. The third type was so-called scientific racism, based on the argument that races have fixed characteristics, and asserting that Jews have negative characteristics. \nDrumont's biographer, Grégoire Kauffmann, places Drumont within the counter-revolutionary tradition of Louis Veuillot, Antoine Blanc de Saint-Bonnet, and anti-modern Catholicism. Socialist leader Jean Jaurès stated that \"all the ideas and arguments of Drumont were taken from certain clerical opponents of the French Revolution.", "Drumont was born in Paris in 1844 to a family of porcelain-painters from Lille. He lost his father at the age of seventeen, and had to care for himself and earn his own livelihood from then onwards.", "He first worked in government service, and later became a contributor to the press and was the author of a number of works, of which Mon vieux Paris (1879) was awarded by the French Academy. He also worked for Louis Veuillot's L'Univers.\nDrumont's 1886 book, La France juive (Jewish France), attacked the role of Jews in France and argued for their exclusion from society. In 1892, Drumont initiated the newspaper the La Libre Parole which became known for intense antisemitism. \nGaston Méry was soon made editor in chief due to his skill in exploiting scandalous affairs and his daring invective.\nThe newspaper took \"France for the French\" as its motto.\nThe newspaper was sceptical of Léo Taxil's anti-Catholic Diana Vaughan hoax before Taxil admitted it in 1897.\nFor the French legislative election of May 1898, the antisemitic activist Max Régis endorsed Drumont before this election from Algiers.\nOn 8 May 1898, Édouard Drumont was elected triumphantly with 11,557 votes against 2,328 and 1,741 for his opponents.\nOf six Algerian national deputies, four were elected on the platform of Regis's Anti-Jewish League.\nDrumont represented Algiers in the Chamber of Deputies from 1898 to 1902. He was sued for accusing a parliamentary deputy of having accepted a bribe from the wealthy Jewish banker Édouard Alphonse de Rothschild to pass a piece of legislation the banker wanted.\nDrumont had many devotees. He exploited the Panama Company scandal and reached the maximum of his notoriety during the Dreyfus Affair, in which he was the most strident of Alfred Dreyfus' accusers.\nFor his anti-Panama articles, Drumont was condemned to three months' imprisonment. In 1893, he was an unsuccessful candidate for the representation of Amiens; the next year he retired to Brussels. The Dreyfus affair helped him to regain popularity, and in 1898, he returned to France and was elected deputy for the first division of Algiers, but was defeated as a candidate for re-election in April–May 1902.", "", "Panama scandals\nDreyfus Affair\nJules Guérin\nHenry Coston", "Richard S. Levy, Antisemitism: A historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution (2005) 1:191\nKauffmann, Grégoire (2008). Édouard Drumont. Perrin. p. 425.\nHay, Malcolm (2005). Europe and the Jews: The Pressure of Christendom on the People of Israel for 1,900 Years. Chicago Review Press.\nDeutsch, Gotthard, and A.M. Friedenberg. \"DRUMONT, EDOUARD ADOLPHE, JewishEncyclopedia.com (accessed 9 November 2007).\nArnoulin, Stephane (1902). M. Edouard Drumont et les Jesuites. Librairie des Deux-Mondes. pp. 73–75.\nthe day after Alfred Dreyfus had been convicted again on 9 September 1899 in Rennes\nSeillan, Jean-Marie (2003), \"Nord contre Sud. Visages de l'antiméridionalisme dans la littérature française de la fin du XIXe siècle\", Loxias (in French), 1, retrieved 13 December 2017\nBenbassa 2001, p. 145.\nBouveresse 2008, p. 492.\nZack 2005, p. 594.\nDrumont's Jewish disciple, 2 June 2008\nArendt, Hannah. The Origins of Totalitarianism. Harvest Books, 1973; ISBN 0-15-670153-7, pp. 95-99.", "Benbassa, Esther (2 July 2001), The Jews of France: A History from Antiquity to the Present, Princeton University Press, ISBN 1-4008-2314-5, retrieved 7 February 2016\nBouveresse, Jacques (2008), Un parlement colonial: les délégations financières algériennes, 1898-1945 (in French), Publication Univ Rouen Havre, ISBN 978-2-87775-876-5, retrieved 7 February 2016\nZack, Lizabeth (2005), \"Regis, Max (1873-1950)\", Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-1-85109-439-4, retrieved 7 February 2016", "Anderson, Thomas P. \"Edouard Drumont and the Origins of Modern Anti-Semitism.\" Catholic Historical Review (1967): 28–42. in JSTOR\nBusi, Frederick. The pope of antisemitism: the career and legacy of Edouard-Adolphe Drumont (University Press of America, 1986)\nByrnes, R. F. \"Edouard Drumont and La France Juive.\" Jewish Social Studies (1948): 165–184. in JSTOR\nIsser, Natalie. Antisemitism during the French Second Empire (1991) online\nAntonio Areddu, Vita e morte del marchese di Mores Antoine Manca (1858-1896), Cagliari, Condaghes, 2018", "Works by or about Édouard Drumont at Internet Archive\nDreyfus Rehabilitated" ]

[ "Édouard Drumont", "Early life", "Public career", "Works", "See also", "References", "Sources", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 3692, 3693 ]

[ 17801, 17802, 17803, 17804, 17805, 17806, 17807, 17808, 17809, 17810, 17811 ]

[ "Édouard Du Puy as an older man", "Édouard du Puy's grave, Johannes kyrkogård in Stockholm." ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Edouard_Du_Puy_2.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Johannes._Dupuy.JPG" ]

[ "Jean Baptiste Édouard Louis Camille Du Puy (1770 – 3 April 1822) was a Swiss-born singer, composer, director, and violinist. He lived and worked in Copenhagen and Stockholm from 1793 until his death in 1822.", "Édouard Du Puy was born in Corcelles-Cormondrèche, Canton of Neuchâtel, Switzerland, around the year 1770, although sources differ on the exact year. From the age of four, he was raised by his uncle, a city musician in Geneva, whose last name Edouard later took. Seeing that his nephew had talent, the uncle made sure that Edouard became a musician of education.\nIn 1786, Du Puy was sent to Paris, where he was taught to play the piano by Jan Ladislav Dussek, and the violin by François Chabran. In 1789, he was appointed concertmaster at the court of Heinrich of Prussia in Rheinsberg, replacing J. A. P. Schulz, who was called to Denmark as a choir director at the Royal Danish Orchestra (Danish: Det Kongelige Kapel). Du Puy worked in Rheinsberg for four years while studying harmonies under Carl Friedrich Christian Fasch.", "Still in his early twenties, in 1793 Du Puy traveled throughout the Holy Roman Empire, Poland and Sweden as a violinist. While in Stockholm, he was appointed to the royal chapel, and later also as an opera singer at the Royal Swedish Opera. During this period, he also had an affair with Sophie Hagman In 1799, he fell out of favor with king Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden by praising Napoleon. Du Puy was banished from Sweden, and traveled to Copenhagen.\nIn the beginning, Du Puy made his living by tutoring in music, and gave a concert at the Royal Danish Theatre on March 29, 1800, playing among other things a concerto for violin that he himself had composed. After this, he was quickly made concertmaster at the royal chapel, and in 1802, opera singer. Du Puy was a very successful opera singer, e.g. starring as Don Giovanni in Mozart's opera. Meanwhile, he still performed elsewhere both as a singer, violinist and director. His compositions were popular, especially the singspiel Youth and Folly, and a number of songs written for various plays.\nAmong his other activities, Du Puy was one of the directors of the most esteemed social clubs in Copenhagen at the time called The Harmony (Danish: Harmonien). In 1801, he joined the voluntary royal guard (Danish: Livjægerkorpset), and was made lieutenant in 1807 during the Battle of Copenhagen against the British during the Napoleonic Wars. As lieutenant, Du Puy could no longer perform on stage, but continued as concertmaster, violinist and giving singing lessons.", "Du Puy had fathered a child during his time in Rheinsberg, but when he came to Copenhagen, he married Anna Louise Frederikke Müller in 1803, and had several affairs. He allegedly also had an affair with Princess Charlotte Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (Ludwigslust, 4 December 1784 – Rome, 13 July 1840). She was married to Crown Prince Christian VIII, and mother of King Frederick VII of Denmark. Prince Christian divorced his wife and sent her into internal exile in Horsens, while Du Puy was banished from Denmark.\nAlthough Du Puy applied for amnesty, it was of no use, and he left his family and traveled to Stockholm, where king Gustav IV Adolf had been deposed by a coup. In 1812, Du Puy was reinstated at the opera both as actor and Kapellmeister. Among other roles, he played Figaro in The Marriage of Figaro by Mozart. By 1795, Du Puy was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music, and became titular professor in 1814.", "Du Puy died in his fifties, on 3 April 1822, while in Sweden. He was buried in the Johannes cemetery in Stockholm, where the Royal Swedish Academy of Music raised a monument in his honor in 1866. At his funeral, Mozart's Requiem was performed in Sweden for the first time.\nAs a violinist, Du Puy had a virtuoso style, with a firm intonation and sense of music. His voice was a light baritone, but he could also sing as a tenor, bass or even falsetto. He was also an acclaimed director and Kapellmeister. The Swedish Royal Chapel was one of Europe's best orchestras at the time, and Du Puy is mentioned as one of its best Kapellmeisters. His compositions are light, melodious and lively.\nChoreographer for the Royal Danish Ballet, August Bournonville, made the ballet Livjægerne på Amager in 1871 in Du Puy's honor, about his life and using some of his compositions", "Youth and Folly (Ungdom og Galskap), a successful singspiel of 1806\nRequiem in C minor (organ 1807)\nFöreningen (play 1815)\nAgander och Pagander (play 1818)\nBalder (1819)\nFelicie or Den romaneska flickan (comical opera 1821)\nBjörn Jernsida (unfinished opera)\nFesten för den gamle generalen (ballet)\nViolin Concerto in C major\nViolin Concerto in D minor\nViolin Concerto in E major\nConcerto for 2 violins\nBassoon Concerto in C minor\nFlute Concerto in D minor\nClarinet Concerto\nBassoon Concerto\nHorn Concerto\nQuartet No. 2 for strings\nQuintet in C minor for strings\nQuintet in A minor for bassoon and strings\nIntroduktion und Polonaise: für Klarinette und Klavier\nDuets for violin\n12 contra dance for piano\nHorn quartet\nHorn Trio\n6 quartets for 2 tenors og 2 basses", "Carl Forsstrand (in Swedish): Sophie Hagman och hennes samtida. Några anteckningar från det gustavianska Stockholm. (English: Sophie Hagman and her contemporaries. Notes from Stockholm during the Gustavian age\") Second edition. Wahlström & Widstrand, Stockholm (1911)\nThis article was initially translated from the Danish Wikipedia.\nLivjægerne på Amager, Bournonville-ballet med Du Puy som emne\nMogens Wenzel Andreasen: Ungdom og Galskab - en guldalderroman om Du Puy og Weyse\nNordisk familjebok 1907\nSalmonsens konversationsleksikon 1917\nDansk biografisk Leksikon 1905\nMusik-Lexikon", "Free scores by Édouard Du Puy at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)" ]

[ "Édouard Du Puy", "Early years", "Stockholm and Copenhagen", "Banishment and return to Sweden", "Death and legacy", "Selected works", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3694 ]

[ 17812, 17813, 17814, 17815, 17816, 17817, 17818, 17819, 17820, 17821, 17822, 17823 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Edouard_Dubois.JPG" ]

[ "Édouard Dubois (born 14 March 1989) is a French professional golfer.\nDubois was born in Libourne, France. He turned professional in 2008.\nIn 2009, Dubois finished sixth on the Alps Tour Order of Merit, including his maiden professional win, and progressed to the final stage of European Tour Qualifying School, which earned him a Challenge Tour card. He finished 42nd on that tour in his 2010 debut season, qualifying for the end-of-season Grand Final, and in 2011 picked up his first win at that level, at the Kärnten Golf Open. He followed this with a second win three weeks later.", "2008 Trophée de Margaux", "", "", "", "", "2011 Open d'Arcachon", "Amateur\nJacques Léglise Trophy (representing Continental Europe): 2007\nEuropean Amateur Team Championship (representing France): 2008", "2011 Challenge Tour graduates", "\"ISPS Handa Perth: Bo Van Pelt gagne le duel des Cow-boys\". Le Figaro (in French). 21 October 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2012. ... Édouard Dubois sombre avec un 82. ... Le jeune Édouard Dubois a flirté avec le Top 10 toute la semaine, mais son dernier tour l'a repoussé...", "Édouard Dubois at the European Tour official site\nÉdouard Dubois at the Official World Golf Ranking official site" ]

[ "Édouard Dubois", "Amateur wins", "Professional wins (5)", "Challenge Tour wins (2)", "Alps Tour wins (1)", "Pro Golf Tour wins (1)", "Other wins (1)", "Team appearances", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3695 ]

[ 17824, 17825 ]

[ "Édouard Louis Dubufe (c.1880); photograph by Ferdinand Mulnier [fr]", "Rosa Bonheur with Bull (1857)" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Ferdinand_Mulnier_-_Portrait_de_%C3%89douard-Louis_Dubufe.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Rosa_Bonheur_with_Bull_%2C_by_E_L_Dubufe.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Louis Dubufe (31 March 1819 – 11 August 1883) was a French portrait painter.", "Dubufe was born in Paris. His father was the painter Claude Marie Paul Dubufe, who gave him his first art lessons. Later he studied with Paul Delaroche at the École des Beaux-arts. He was awarded the third-class medal at the \"Salon des Artistes Français\" in 1839.\nIn 1842, he married Juliette Zimmerman (the daughter of composer and pianist Pierre-Joseph-Guillaume Zimmerman) who was a sculptor. The composer Charles Gounod became Édouard's brother-in-law (and lifelong friend) when he married Juliette's sister Anna. During a stay in England, from 1848 to 1851, Dubufe discovered the great English portrait painters, who he would seek to emulate.\nHis official career as a portrait painter began in 1853 with portrayals of Emperor Napoléon III and the Empress Eugénie. That same year saw the birth of his son Guillaume, who would also become a well-known painter. In 1855, Juliette died in childbirth.\nDubufe continued to enjoy great success with the aristocracy, receiving a commission from the Emperor to paint the Congress of Paris in 1856. Later, the Empress asked for his assistance in decorating her \"Salon Bleu\" at the Tuileries Palace. In April 1866, the journal L'Événement ran an article by Émile Zola that criticized Dubufe's qualifications for acting as a judge at the Salon and suggested that he belonged to academic cliques that compromised his judgment.\nThat same year, Dubufe remarried. He died in Versailles in 1883 after a long illness.", "Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, 4th Edition (1888-1890)\n\"Lettres\". charles-gounod.com.\n\"Emuile Zola critique de Dubufe\". googleusercontent.com.", "Emmanuel Bréon, Claude-Marie, Édouard et Guillaume Dubufe: Portraits d'un siècle d'élégance parisienne, Délégation à l'action artistique de la Ville de Paris, 1988 ISBN 2-905118-15-6", "Media related to Édouard Dubufe at Wikimedia Commons\nWorks by or about Édouard Dubufe at Internet Archive\nArtNet: More works by Dubufe\n\"Dubufe, Edouard\" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905." ]

[ "Édouard Dubufe", "Biography", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 3696 ]

[ 17826, 17827, 17828, 17829, 17830 ]

[ "Antoine Édouard Ducpétiaux (1804-1868)" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Edouard_Ducpetiaux1871.jpg" ]

[ "Antoine Édouard Ducpétiaux (29 June 1804, Brussels – 21 July 1868, Brussels) was a Belgian journalist and social reformer.\nIn 1827 he obtained his doctorate from the University of Ghent, being admitted to the bar in Brussels during the following year. He quickly became known as an opponent of the death penalty and fervent defender of freedom of the press.\nHe played a significant role in the events of autumn 1830 during the Belgian Revolution. Ducpétiaux was a leading figure in regards to demands made for an immediate break from the Netherlands along with the creation of a provisional government. He served as president of the \"Réunion centrale\" (Central Assembly), and for a period of time was imprisoned in Antwerp by Dutch authorities (being released on 11 October 1830). Following his release, he resigned from \"Réunion centrale\" due to differences with other assembly members.\nAfterwards he was appointed inspector-general of prisons by the provisional government. Among his numerous publications was a three-volume work on penitentiary reform. In the 1840s he introduced projects for eradication of slums (1844, 1846). Later in his career he was involved with Catholic charity projects. He took the lead in organising the first International Statistical Congress (1853) and International Philanthropic Congress (1856) in Brussels, and the Malines Congresses of 1863, 1864 and 1867.\nDucpétiaux was a member of the masonic lodge \"Les Vrais Amis de l'union et du progrès réunis\" in Brussels. It has also been claimed that he was a member of the elite twelve-member dining club known as the \"Société des douze\".", "", "Edmond Rubbens, Édouard Ducpétiaux, 1804–1868 (2 vols., Leuven, 1922–1934)", "Historical Dictionary of Brussels - Page 91 Paul F. State - 2004 \"Ducpétiaux, Antoine-Édouard (1804–1868). Antoine-Édouard Ducpétiaux was born in Brussels on 29 June 1804, the eldest of three sons of the owner of one of the capital's principal lace houses. He is remembered for his advocacy of improvements within the prison system.\"\nJoseph Marie Quérard, La France littéraire: ou Dictionnaire bibliographique des savants (1828), p. 632: \"Ducpétiaux (Édouard), avocat; né à Bruxelles , le 29 juin 1804.\"\nEric Maes, \"De juridische normering van het gevangenisregime in België: Ontwikkelingen doorheen twee eeuwen detentiepraktijk (1795-heden)\", in Violence, conciliation et répression: Recherches sur l'histoire du crime, de l'Antiquité au XXIe siècle, edited by Aude Musin, Xavier Rousseaux and Frédéric Vesentini (Louvain, 2008), p. 102n, lists as reading on the life and work of Édouard Ducpétiaux: P. Lentz, \"Notice sur Édouard Ducpétiaux\", Bulletin de la Commission Centrale de Statistique, 1872, pp. 71-88; J. Simon, \"Trois grandes figures de la science pénitentiaire belge\", Revue de Droit Pénal et de Criminologie, 1939, pp. 588-605; and E. Rubbens, Édouard Ducpétiaux 1804-1868, Brussels (Collection de l'École des sciences politiques et sociales de l'université de Louvain), 1934.\nMarguerite Silvestre, Michel-Benoit Fincœur, Hosam Elkhadem, Bruxelles (2000), p. 76: \"C'est Edouard Ducpétiaux qui s'en chargea. Antoine-Edouard Ducpétiaux siège à la Commission de statistique aux côtés d'Adolphe Quetelet. Docteur en droit dès 1827, il est rapidement connu comme pourfendeur de la peine de mort et bouillant défenseur de la liberté de la presse.\"\nHistorical Dictionary of Brussels\nM. Defourny, Les Congrès Catholiques en Belgique (Leuven, 1908), p. 29. On Internet Archive.\nPhilippe Libert, Les Vrais amis de l'union et du progress réunis, Brussels: Éditions du Grand Orient de Belgique, 2007, p. 148 ( ISBN 9782804026158).\nLibry-Bagnano, Les crimes d’un honnête homme, La Haye, 1832, p. 180.\nMeyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon, 1908 \"Ducpétiaux (spr. dückpetjō), Edouard, belg. Publizist und Volkswirt,\"" ]

[ "Édouard Ducpétiaux", "Selected publications", "Further reading", "References" ]

[ 3697 ]

[ 17831, 17832, 17833, 17834, 17835, 17836 ]

[ "Édouard Duhour in 1931", "" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/%C3%89douard_Duhour_1931.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c2/Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager_2.png" ]

[ "Édouard Duhour (1 March 1905 – 21 November 1969) was a French shot putter. He competed at the 1928 Summer Olympics and finished in 11th place. His younger brother Clément competed in the shot put and discus throw at the next Games.", "Édouard Duhour at Olympedia\nÉdouard Duhour. sports-reference.com\nÉdouard Duhour. trackfield.brinkster.net" ]

[ "Édouard Duhour", "References" ]

[ 3698 ]

[ 17837 ]

[ "Portrait of Édouard Dujardin by Félix Vallotton" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/%C3%89douard_Dujardin_by_Vallotton.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Dujardin (10 November 1861 – 31 October 1949) was a French writer, one of the early users of the stream of consciousness literary technique, exemplified by his 1888 novel Les Lauriers sont coupés.", "Édouard Émile Louis Dujardin was born in Saint-Gervais-la-Forêt, Loir-et-Cher, and was the only child of Alphonse Dujardin, a sea captain. Stephane Mallarmé described him as \"the offspring of an old sea-dog and a Brittany cow\". He was educated at the Lycée Pierre Corneille in Rouen.\nDujardin became editor of the journal Revue Indépendente in 1886, and it was in this journal that his first works were published. His association with this journal resulted in it being termed an \"important voice for the symbolists\" (Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center 2004).\nWhen his parents died, Dujardin was the sole heir to their fortune, and he used some of this money to finance the plays Antonia in 1891 and Le Chevalier Du Passé in 1882.\nHis literary works are extensive and include numerous plays, poems and novels. Dujardin also produced works of literary and social criticism and reminiscence. James Joyce claimed his style of interior monologue owed its influence to works by Dujardin. He continued his involvement with journalism throughout his life and this resulted in numerous disputes with authorities, including charges of treason, though he was never convicted.\nDujardin had expensive and lavish tastes for clothing which was deemed \"dandyish\" for his time, and was known to frequent Parisian night life. His many dalliances with women were noted and he had had numerous relationships with actresses, models and other glamorous women. Dujardin was also known to have many female friends involved in the arts and he supported some of them financially.\nHis frivolous lifestyle eventually reduced his finances so he began numerous financial ventures, including gambling and real estate. He also offered his services to periodicals for marketing and advertising campaigns. It was here that the police noticed an article compiled by Dujardin which resulted in a jail sentence, though it was later remitted.\nIn 1885 Dujardin and Téodor de Wyzewa initiated the Revue wagnérienne, imitating Félix Fénéon and his Revue Indépendante which had first been published the year before. This annual journal, dedicated to the work of the German composer Richard Wagner, ran for three issues, from 1885 to 1887. In 1886 Dujardin and Fénéon joined forces under the banner of a new improved Revue Indépendante. One of the innovations at this time was that the Revue started having small exhibitions in its rooms.\nDujardin married a woman named Germaine in 1893 and they later separated in 1901. They did not divorce until 1924 when he married Marie Chenou, a woman thirty years his junior. He corresponded frequently with the Irish writer George Moore during a long and enduring friendship.\nIn May 1922 he attended the International Congress of Progressive Artists and signed the \"Founding Proclamation of the Union of Progressive International Artists\".\nDujardin was an advocate of the Christ myth theory. He wrote the book Ancient History of the God Jesus (1938). He fathered two children, lived a peaceful life during his old age and died aged 88 years old on 31 October 1949.", "", "Le Chevalier du passé (1882)\nAntonia (1891)\nLes époux d'Heur-le-Port (1921)", "Les Lauriers sont coupés (The Bays are Sere) (1888)\nThe Source of the Christian Tradition: A Critical History of Ancient Judaism (translated by Joseph McCabe, 1911)\nInterior Monologue\nMallarmé par un des siens\nAncient History of the God Jesus (translated by A. Brodie Sanders, 1938)", "References\nLucie-Smith, Edward. (1972) Symbolist Art. London: Thames & Hudson, p. 58. ISBN 0500201250\n\"Lycée Pierre Corneille de Rouen – History\". Archived from the original on 10 June 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2011.\n'Téodor de Wyzewa' was the adopted name of Polish-born Theodore Etienne Wyzewski, Harrison C, Wood P., Gaiger J. Art in Theory 1815–1900 Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-20066-5-page 1003.\n\"Revue wagnérienne / [directeur-gérant : Édouard Dujardin] - 3 Years available - Gallica\". gallica.bnf.fr. Retrieved 3 December 2018.\nvan Doesburg, Theo. \"De Stijl, \"A Short Review of the Proceedings [of the Congress of International Progressive Artists], Followed by the Statements Made by the Artists' Groups\" (1922)\". modernistarchitecture.wordpress.com. Ross Lawrence Wolfe. Archived from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2018.\nMcCabe, Joseph. (1950). A Rationalist Encyclopedia: A Book of Reference on Religion, Philosophy, Ethics, and Science. Watts. p. 334\nWeaver, Walter P. (1999). The Historical Jesus in the Twentieth Century: 1900-1950. Trinity Press International. p. 300. ISBN 1-56338-280-6\nSources\nGeorge Moore, Letters from George Moore to Ed. Dujardin, 1886–1922, Crosby Gaige, 1929\nDujardin's papers at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center\nBiographical summary (Homonym scientist in French)", "Works by Edouard Dujardin at Project Gutenberg\nWorks by or about Édouard Dujardin at Internet Archive\nDujardin Papers, Dujardin Photography Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin" ]

[ "Édouard Dujardin", "Biography", "List of works", "Plays", "Novels and other works", "References and sources", "External links" ]

[ 3699 ]

[ 17838, 17839, 17840, 17841, 17842, 17843, 17844, 17845, 17846, 17847, 17848, 17849 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Portrait_%C3%A9douard_dulaurier.JPG" ]

[ "Jean Paul Louis François Édouard Leuge-Dulaurier (29 January 1807 – 21 December 1881) was a French Orientalist, Armenian studies scholar and Egyptologist.\nDulaurier was born in Toulouse. He succeeded Paul Émile Levaillant de Florival, on the former's death in 1862, as professor of the Armenian language at the Ecole spéciale des Langues orientales. He also established the chair for the Malay language. He was also a member of the Institut de France (Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres). He died in Meudon.\nDulaurier was a major contributor to the Recueil des historiens des croisades, for the part related to Armenian sources which he edited and translated into French. This work is still considered a major source of the period and is available online.", "Examen d'un passage des Stromates de saint Clément d'Alexandrie relatif aux écritures égyptiennes, Paris, H. Fournier jeune, 1833.\nFragment des révélations de saint Barthélemy et de l'histoire des communautés religieuses fondées par saint Pakhome, traduit sur les textes coptes-thébains inédits conservés à la Bibliothèque du Roi, Paris, Imprimerie royale, 1835.\nRapport adressé à M. le Ministre de l'Instruction publique sur les manuscrits malays [sic] et javanais conservés dans la bibliothèque de la Compagnie des Indes orientales... et de la Société royale asiatique, à Londres..., Paris, Panckoucke, 1840.\nFragment d'un traité de médecine copte faisant partie de la collection des manuscrits du cardinal Borgia publiée par Zoega, Paris, 1843 (?).\nLettres et pièces diplomatiques écrites en malay [sic], recueillies et publiées pour servir d'exercices de lecture et de traduction aux élèves de l'École royale et spéciale des langues orientales, Paris, Firmin-Didot, 1845.\n« Institutions maritimes de l'Archipel d'Asie. Textes malay et bougui », in Jean-Marie Pardessus (dir.), Collection des lois maritimes antérieures au XVIIIe, vol. 6, Paris, B. Duprat, 1845.\n« Description de l'Archipel d'Asie par Ibn Battuta, traduite de l'arabe par M. Édouard Dulaurier », Journal asiatique, février 1847, (p. 93–134), et mars 1847, (p. 218–259).\nExamen de quelques points des doctrines de J.-F. Champollion relatives à l'écriture hiéroglyphique des anciens Égyptiens, Paris, Firmin-Didot, 1847.\nCollection des principales chroniques malayes (1er fascicule, comprenant la chronique du royaume de Pasey et une partie des annales malayes), Paris, Imprimerie nationale, 1849.\nRécit de la première croisade extrait de la chronique de Matthieu d'Édesse, Paris, B. Duprat, 1850.\nÉtudes sur les chants historiques et les traditions populaires de l'ancienne Arménie, Paris, Imprimerie nationale, 1852.\nCollection des principales chroniques malayes (2e fascicule, la suite des annales malayes), Paris, Imprimerie nationale, 1856.\nBibliothèque historique arménienne, ou choix des principaux historiens arméniens traduits en français, Paris, A. Durand, 1858.\nRecherches sur la chronologie arménienne, technique et historique, Paris Imprimerie impériale, 1859.\nHistoire, dogmes, traditions et liturgie de l'Église arménienne orientale, avec des notions additionnelles sur l'origine de cette liturgie, les sept sacrements, les observances, la hiérarchie ecclésiastique, les vêtements sacerdotaux et la forme intérieure des églises chez les Arméniens, Paris, A. Durand, 1859.\nLes Mongols d'après les historiens arméniens : fragments traduits sur les textes originaux, Paris, Imprimerie impériale, 1860 (extrait du Journal asiatique).\nÉtude sur l'organisation politique, religieuse et administrative du royaume de la Petite-Arménie à l'époque des croisades, Paris, Imprimerie impériale, 1862 (extrait du Journal asiatique).\nRecueil des historiens des croisades. Documents arméniens, tome I, Paris, Imprimerie nationale, 1869.\nHistoire universelle, par Étienne Açogh'ig de Daron, traduite de l'arménien et annotée par Édouard Dulaurier. Première partie, Paris, E. Leroux, 1883.", "Polybiblion: Gustave Pawlowski, Société bibliographique (France), Henri Stein - 1882- Volume 34 - Page 171 \"M. Jean-Paul-Louis-François-Édouard Dulaurier, membre de l'Institut, est mort à Meudou le 21 décembre 1881. Il était né à Toulouse le 29 janvier 1807. Il s'adonna de bonne heure aux études philologiques et possédait la plupart des ... \"\nDeux Mondes Numéros 10 à 12 \"Les Arméniens de la Turquie et les massacres du Taurus Levaillant de Florival (1800-1862), professeur d'arménien à l'École des langues orientales, et son successeur, Édouard Dulaurier (1807-1881),\"\nHikayat Raja Pasai, texte historico-légendaire sur le sultanat de Pasai, et Sejarah Melayu, histoire romancée du sultanat de Malacca : textes trouvés à Londres dans des manuscrits de la collection Raffles de la Royal Asiatic Society.\nLivres I et II. Translation of Book III was published in 1917 by Frédéric Macler.", "Edouard Dulaurier by Association Culturelle Arménienne de Marne-la-Vallée (France)" ]

[ "Édouard Dulaurier", "Publications", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3700 ]

[ 17850, 17851, 17852, 17853, 17854, 17855, 17856, 17857, 17858, 17859 ]

[ "Duplan with ADO Den Haag in 2015" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Edouard_Duplan_%282015%29.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Duplan (born 13 May 1983) is a French former professional footballer who plays as a winger. He played for RBC Roosendaal, Sparta Rotterdam, Utrecht, ADO Den Haag, and RKVV Westlandia in the Netherlands after starting his career in his native France with Choisy Le Roi, ES Viry-Châtillon, and Clermont Foot.", "Born in Athis-Mons, Essonne, Duplan started his career at Choisy le Roi and made his name at Clermont Foot before moving to Dutch side RBC Roosendaal in 2006. Soon he became a crowd favourite at RBC which also earned him a transfer to Sparta Rotterdam in summer 2007. However, he was seriously injured in his first match for Sparta which cut short his first season in Rotterdam.\nIn the summer of 2010 he made a transfer to FC Utrecht. At the end of the season 2011–2012 Duplan won the David di Tommaso trophy when the supporters of FC Utrecht voted him as best player of the season.", "Career stats – LFP (in French)\nCareer stats – Voetbal International (in Dutch)\nÉdouard Duplan at WorldFootball.net\nHet nieuwe leven van Édouard Duplan is anders dan dat van andere voetballers vice.com\n\"LISTE DES JOUEURS CFFP EN CLUB PRO OU CHAMPIONNAT DE FRANCE\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2010.", "Édouard Duplan at Soccerway\nVoetbal International profile (in Dutch)\nDutch fansite: www.duplan.nl (in Dutch)" ]

[ "Édouard Duplan", "Club career", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3701 ]

[ 17860, 17861, 17862 ]

[ "Baron Empain Palace (Qasr Al Baron), Heliopolis, Egypt.", "Major-General Baron Empain" ]

[ 2, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/The_Baron_Palace.JPG", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Photographie_-_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Empain.JPG" ]

[ "Édouard Louis Joseph, Baron Empain (20 September 1852 – 22 July 1929), was a wealthy Walloon Belgian engineer, entrepreneur, financier and industrialist, as well as an amateur Egyptologist. During World War I he became a known Major General.", "Empain was born at Belœil, Belgium, and was the son of schoolteacher François Julien Empain and his wife Catherine (née Lolivier). He went into business with his brother, Baron François Empain and other family members, and amassed a great fortune.\nEmpain began his career a draughtsman at a metallurgical company, Société métallurgique, in 1878, and became involved in railway construction when he noticed that transport infrastructure in the countryside was inadequate. After success in Belgium with the Liège-Jemeppe line, his companies developed several railway lines in France, including the creation of the Paris Métro.\nBecause he felt that he depended too much on the banks for his industrial plans, in 1881 he founded his own bank, Banque Empain, which later became the Belgian Industrial Bank (\"Banque Industrielle Belge\"). The Empain group of companies expanded greatly throughout the 1890s, constructing electric urban tramlines in Europe as well as railways in Russia, China, the Belgian Congo, and in Cairo, Egypt. Desiring to also be independent of electricity producers, Empain also was involved in forming a number of electricity companies to power his projects.", "Édouard Empain arrived in Egypt in January 1904, intending to rescue one of the projects of his company S.A. des Chemins de Fer de la Basse-Egypte; being the construction of a railway line linking Mansourah (on the Nile river) to Matariya (on the far side of Lake Manzala from Port Said).\nIn 1906, Empain established the Cairo Electric Railways and Heliopolis Oases Company, which bought a very large stretch of desert (25 square kilometres) to the northeast of Cairo at a low price from the Egyptian government. Commencing in 1906 this company proceeded with the building of the new town of Heliopolis, in the desert ten kilometers from the center of Cairo. It was designed as a \"city of luxury and leisure\", with broad avenues and equipped with all necessary conveniences and infrastructure; water, drains, electricity, hotel facilities, such as the Heliopolis Palace Hotel (formerly the presidential palace of ex-President Hosni Mubarak) and Heliopolis House, and recreational amenities including a golf course, racetrack and park. In addition, there was housing for rent, offered in a range of innovative design types targeting specific social classes with detached and terraced villas, apartment buildings, tenement blocks with balcony access and workers' bungalows.\nToday, Baron Empain is perhaps best known by modern visitors to Egypt for the building of a palace (the Palais Hindou) in the Avenue des Palais (renamed Orouba Avenue following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952) Heliopolis, Egypt. Inspired by Angkor Wat in Cambodia and the Hindu temples of Orissa,, the Baron Empain palace was designed by French architect Alexandre Marcel (1860–1928) and decorated by Georges-Louis Claude (1879–1963), with construction being completed in 1911.\nIn 1905, Empain assisted the Belgian government in the purchase of an Old Kingdom mastaba for the royal museum in Brussels, of which he was a benefactor. In 1907 he received the title of Baron, and also suggested to Belgian Egyptologist Jean Capart that he excavate at Heliopolis, where his building constructions were underway. He also made it possible for Capart to acquire some fine ancient artefacts for the Brussels Museum.", "During World War I, he was given the rank of general and directed armaments production at Paris and Le Havre for the Belgian army.\nHe died in Woluwe, Belgium, and was buried in Our Lady of Heliopolis Basilica (Basilique Notre-Dame d'Héliopolis). In Egypt.\nHe was succeeded as baron by his son, Jean Empain, who married American burlesque performer Rozell Rowland (sometimes Rozelle Rowland). They entertained frequently at the Heliopolis. Jean, 2nd Baron Empain, was succeeded by their son, Édouard-Jean Empain.", " Kingdom of Belgium:\nHonorary Aide-de-camp of the HM the King.\nWar Cross\nGrand Officer in the Order of Leopold.\n Kingdom of Egypt: Knight grand Cross of the Order of the Nile.\n Kingdom of Spain: Knight grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic\n United Kingdom: Companion of the Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath.\n France: Commander of the Legion of Honour.", "The town of Kindu in the Belgian Congo was known as Port Empain.\nHeliopolis Oasis Company\nHeliopolis", "THE BELGIANS OF EGYPT, 13 May 1995 Archived 19 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine at www.egy.com\nEMPAIN Edouard at www.wallonie-en-ligne.net\nBELGIAN COMPANIES IN EGYPT* Archived 14 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine at www.booneshares.com\n\"EMPAIN\".", "Howard Shakespeare, Belgian Companies in Egypt, (published by the International Bond & Share Society, 1998).\nVan Loo, Anne & Bruwier, Marie-Cécile (eds.), Héliopolis, Brussels: Fonds Mercator, 2010, 229 p., richly illustrated ISBN 978-90-6153-930-8.\nUne Donation d'antiquités égyptiennes aux Musées royaux de Bruxelles, (1911).\nDuchesne, A. (1985). \"Un général pas comme les autres. Le baron Edouard Empain durant la guerre 1914-1918\". Revue belge d'histoire militaire. 26 (2): 101–112.", "An article from the Egyptian Mail, by Samir Raafat, on the founding of the Cairo Electric Railways & Heliopolis Oases Company.\nAn article from the Egyptian Mail, by Samir Raafat. on the building of the Palace of the Baron Empain.\nA selection of images of the palace of Baron Empain (in Heliopolis, Egypt)" ]

[ "Édouard Empain", "Early life", "Egypt", "Military career", "Honours", "See also", "Notes", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 3702, 3703 ]

[ 17863, 17864, 17865, 17866, 17867, 17868, 17869, 17870, 17871, 17872, 17873, 17874, 17875, 17876 ]

[ "Édouard Estaunié" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/%C3%89douard_Estauni%C3%A9_1923.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Estaunié (4 February 1862 in Dijon – 2 April 1942 in Paris) was a French novelist. Estaunié trained as a scientist and engineer before turning to the novel in 1891. In 1904, he devised the word \"telecommunication\". He was elected to the Académie française in 1923. He was also a reviewer, critic, and homme de lettres as well as a novelist.", "Un simple (1891)\nBonne Dame (1891)\nLe Ferment (1899)\nLes choses voyent (1913)\nL'ascension de M. Baslèvre (1920)\nL'appel de la route (1921)\nL'infirme aux mains de lumière (1923)" ]

[ "Édouard Estaunié", "Novels" ]

[ 3704 ]

[ 17877 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/%C3%89douard_Fabre.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c2/Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager_2.png" ]

[ "Édouard Fabre (August 21, 1885 – July 1, 1939) was a Canadian marathon runner.\nBorn in Sainte-Geneviève, Quebec, he won the Boston Marathon in 1915, with a time of 2:56:41.8. In 1914, he had come in second in the Boston Marathon to fellow Canadian James Duffy. In 1964, he was inducted into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame.\nParc Édouard-Fabre in Montreal is named in his honour.", "List of winners of the Boston Marathon", "\"Edourd Fabe\". Canada's Sports Hall of Fame. Canada's Sports Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2016.\n\"Édouard Fabre\". Olympedia. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.\nCooper, P.L. (1998). The American Marathon. Syracuse University Press. p. 52. ISBN 9780815605201.", "Édouard Fabre at Find a Grave\nÉdouard Fabre at Canada's Sports Hall of Fame \nÉdouard Fabre at Olympics.com\nÉdouard Fabre at Olympic.org (archived)" ]

[ "Édouard Fabre", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3705 ]

[ 17878, 17879 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Edouard_Ferlet_Flaneries_Reims_09226.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Ferlet is a pianist of the French jazz scene.", "Ferlet began playing piano at the age of 7 and studied classical music at l’École Normale de Musique de Paris, and later on at the Conservatoire regional. In the late eighties, he moved to Boston, US, and studied piano under renowned teachers: Herb Pomeroy, Hal Crook, Ed Tomassi, Ray Santisi, Ed Bedner. In 1992, he graduated from the Berklee College of Music in Jazz Composition and was awarded the Berklee jazz performance award.", "Back in France, he worked as a composer for a variety of TV programs and gained a sound experience in the field thanks to the diversity of the commissions he had to face. \nHe rapidly recorded two albums under his name: Escale and Zazimut featuring key artists of the new European jazz generation: Médéric Collignon, Christophe Monniot, Simon Spang-Hanssen, Claus Stotter, François Verly, Gary Brunton.\nIn 2000, he met the bassist Jean-Philippe Viret with whom he recorded three albums in 6 years (Considérations, Étant Donnés and L’Indicible), as well as a DVD and a CD distributed exclusively in Japan. In a few years, this trio, under the label Sketch, was nominated for the Django d'or, les Victoires de la Musique (French Grammy Awards) and obtained great critiques in the media.\nAt the same time, he continued to play with singers from various backgrounds: Mark Murphy in Jazz, Manda Djin in Gospel, Geoffrey Oryema in World Music and Lambert Wilson in cabaret. \nHe successfully conducted the musical direction for Julia Migenes' show Alter Ego. This allowed him to tour all over the world: China, Canada, Germany, Spain, France. He received praise for his sensitivity and his artistic commitment during musical interludes.", "In 2006 Édouard Ferlet and Benjamin Gratton founded Melisse, a French contemporary jazz label. The label supports Ferlet's and other innovative jazzmen's works who share the same musical vision, and has produced albums by Issam Krimi, the Jean-Philippe Viret Trio, François Raulin /Stéphan Oliva, as well as Édouard Ferlet himself.", "Réflections (1996), with Marc Buronfosse\nEscale (1997)\nZazimut (1999)\nConsidérations (2000), with Jean-Philippe Viret and Antoine Banville\nFrench Cricket (2002), with Brunt'Off (Gary Brunton's band)\nÉtant Donnés (2002), with Jean-Philippe Viret and Antoine Banville\nPar Tous Les Temps (2004)\nL'Écharpe d'Iris (2007)\nThink Bach (2012)\nThink Bach Op.2 (2017)", "\"Édouard Ferlet\". Piano Bleu. Retrieved 2009-03-08. \n\"Par Tous Les Temps\". All About Jazz. Retrieved 2009-03-08. \n\"JULIA MIGENES ACCOMPANIED BY FRENCH PIANIST EDOUARD FERLET\". Cultural Services of the French Embassy. Retrieved 2009-03-08. \n\"Jazz Piano Recital by Edouard Ferlet - Piano aux Jacobins\". Shanghai Cultural Information. Retrieved 2009-03-08. \n\"Edouard Feriet Jazz Piano Recital\". French Piano Festival 2009 Beijing. Retrieved 2009-03-08. \n\"Melisse\". Abeille Musique. Retrieved 2009-03-08.", "Ferlet's official website\nFerlet's LastFM page\nHome Melisse. Retrieved 8 March 2009" ]

[ "Édouard Ferlet", "Early years", "Career", "Melisse", "Discography", "Notes", "External links" ]

[ 3706 ]

[ 17880, 17881, 17882, 17883, 17884, 17885, 17886, 17887 ]

[ "Édouard Filhol", "" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/%C3%89douard_Filhol_Projet_Phoebus.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Lascaux2.jpg" ]

[ "Jean Pierre Bernard Édouard Filhol (7 October 1814 – 25 June 1883) was a French scientist.\nIn 1854 Édouard Filhol was appointed Professor of Chemistry at the University of Toulouse, a position he held until 1882. Later, in 1865, he became director of the Museum de Toulouse. It was the first museum in the world to open a gallery of prehistory thanks to the collaboration of Emile Cartailhac, Jean-Baptiste Noulet and Eugène Trutat. In the same year, he became director of the School of Medicine and Pharmacy at the University of Toulouse.\nJean-Baptiste Senderens studied under Édouard Filhol, professor of Chemistry at the Faculty of Sciences in Toulouse.\nAfter ten years of collaboration with Filhol he began a collaboration of equal length with Paul Sabatier, Filhol's successor.\nFrom 1867–1870, Édouard Filhol was Mayor of Toulouse.\nHe was the father of the naturalist Henri Filhol (1843–1902)", "Alcouffe 2006, p. 9.\nAlcouffe 2006, p. 10.\nJohn M. Burney, 1988 Toulouse et son université. Facultés et étudiants dans la France provinciale du XIXe siècle, par John M. Burney, aux Presses universitaires du Mirail et Éditions du CNRS", "Alcouffe, Alain (December 2006), La loi de 1905 et l'université de Toulouse ou la La laïcité au bon sens du terme (in French), Iesr – Toulouse, retrieved 2017-07-26" ]

[ "Édouard Filhol", "References", "Sources" ]

[ 3707, 3708 ]

[ 17888 ]

[ "Plate affixed on Édouard Fournier's Parisian home, at 13 rue des Saints-Pères." ]

[ 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Plaque_%C3%89douard_Fournier%2C_13_rue_des_Saints-P%C3%A8res%2C_Paris_6.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Fournier (15 June 1819, Orléans – 10 May 1880, Paris) was a 19th-century French homme de lettres, playwright, historian, bibliographer and librarian.", "Born into a locksmiths artist family, he studied at the Collège d'Orléans then devoted entirely to literary work. After a first play in 1841, and some feuilletons published in the newspaper Le Loiret in 1842, he published a large number of historical, literary, literature and theater studies. He published numerous authors while continuing to write for the stage. He also contributed a great number of articles to the Encyclopédie universelle, the Supplément du Dictionnaire de la conversation, the Historie des villes de France, Le Moniteur universel, Le Constitutionnel, L'Illustration, La Revue française, Le Théâtre, whose chief editor he was from 1853 to 1855, La Patrie, where he held a Parisian theatrical chronicle from 1856, then theatrical, the Revue des provinces, of which he was director from 1863 to 1866. In 1872, he was appointed a librarian at the Interior Ministry.", "1847:Souvenirs historiques et littéraires du Loiret\n1847:La Musique chez le peuple ou l'Opéra-national, son passé et son avenir sur le boulevard du Temple, with Louis-Adolphe Le Doulcet de Pontécoulant\n1849:Essai sur l'art lyrique au théâtre, depuis les anciens jusqu'à Meyerbeer, with Léon Kreutzer\n1849:Essai historique sur l'orthographe\n1851: Histoire des hôtelleries, cabarets, hôtels garnis, restaurants et cafés, et des anciennes communautés et confreries d'hôteliers, de marchands de vins, de restaurateurs, de limonadiers, etc., with Francisque Michel Text online 1 2\n1851: Un prétendant portugais au XVIe siècle, lettre à M. M. D'Antas, sur Don Antonio, prieur de Crato, suivie d'études sur un prédicateur portugais à Paris en 1610, la Rosalinda et l'origine portugaise de la Fiancée du roi de Garbe\n1852: Histoire de l'imprimerie et des arts et professions qui se rattachent à la typographie, comprenant l'histoire des anciennes corporations et confréries depuis leur fondation jusqu'à leur suppression en 1789, with Paul Lacroix and Ferdinand Seré\n1853: Paris démoli, mosaïque de ruines\n1854: Les Lanternes. Histoire de l'ancien éclairage de Paris, suivi de la réimpression de quelques poèmes rares : Les Nouvelles Lanternes, 1755 [by Valois d'Orville] ; Plaintes des filoux et écumeurs de bourses contre nosseigneurs les réverbères, 1769 ; Les Ambulantes à la brune contre la dureté du temps, 1769 ; Les Sultanes nocturnes, 1769\n1854: Antoine Furetière. Le Roman bourgeois, ouvrage comique Text online\n1855: Les Caquets de l'accouchée, anonymous account of 1622\n1854: Chansons de Gaultier Garguille\n1855: Curiosités des inventions et découvertes\n1855: Curiosités militaires,\n1855: L'Esprit des autres, Text online\n1855–1863: Variétés historiques et littéraires, recueil de pièces volantes rares et curieuses en prose et en vers (10 volumes)\n1856: Lettres inédites de la marquise de Créqui à Sénac de Meilhan, 1782-1789, mises en ordre et annotées by Édouard Fournier, preceded by an introduction by Sainte-Beuve\n1856: Marie-Catherine-Hortense de Villedieu. Récit en vers et en prose de la farce des Précieuses\n1856: L'Esprit dans l'histoire, recherches et curiosités sur les mots historiques, bnam CNAM Gallica Text online\n1857: Alexis Piron. Œuvres \n1858: Histoire physique, civile et morale de Paris par Jacques-Antoine Dulaure, augmentée d'une notice sur Dulaure et continuée jusqu'à nos jours par Édouard Fournier (3 volumes)\n1859: Le Vieux-neuf, histoire ancienne des inventions et découvertes modernes (2 volumes)\n1860: Énigmes des rues de Paris, text online\n1862: Histoire du Pont-Neuf (2 volumes)\n1862: Le Jeu de paume, son histoire et sa description, notice par M. Edouard Fournier, suivie d'un traité de la courte-paume et de la longue-paume, des biographies des principaux paumiers, etc.\n1863: Le Roman de Molière, suivi de fragments sur sa vie privée, d'après des documents nouveaux, Text online\n1864: L'Art de la reliure en France aux derniers siècles\n1864: Chroniques et légendes des rues de Paris, Text online\n1866: La Comédie de Jean de La Bruyère (2 volumes)\n1867: Les Tragédies de Sophocles, texte grec avec un commentaire critique et explicatif\n1871: Les Prussiens chez nous\n1871: Le Théâtre français au XVIe et au XVIIe siècle, ou Choix des comédies les plus curieuses antérieures à Molière, avec une introduction, des notes et une notice sur chaque auteur\n1873: Œuvres complètes de Nicolas Boileau, précédées de la vie de l'auteur d'après des documents nouveaux et inédits\n1874: Voltaire. Théâtre complet\n1875: Œuvres complètes de Regnard, précédée d'une introduction d'après des documents entièrement nouveaux\n1876: Œuvres complètes de Beaumarchais\n1876: Œuvres de Jean de La Fontaine : théâtre, fables, poésies, etc.\n1877: Œuvres de Marivaux. Théâtre complet\n1877: Histoire de la butte des Moulins, suivie d'une étude historique sur les demeures de Corneille à Paris\n1878: Le Livre commode des adresses de Paris pour 1692 par Nicolas de Blégny, précédé d'une introduction et annoté par Édouard Fournier (2 volumes) Text online 1 2\n1879: Scarron. Théâtre complet\n1879: Le Mystère de Robert le Diable, mis en deux parties, avec transcription en vers modernes en regard du texte du XIVe siècle, et précédé d'une introduction par Édouard Fournier\n1880: Souvenirs poétiques de l'école romantique, 1825 à 1840, Text online\n1881: Théâtre choisi de Louis-Benoît Picard\n1881: Paris-Capitale\n1883: Paris démoli (Nouvelle édition revue et augmentée)\n1884: Histoire des enseignes de Paris, revue et publiée par Paul Lacroix\n1885: Études sur la vie et les œuvres de Molière, revues et mises en ordre par Paul Lacroix Text online\n1889: Histoire des jouets et des jeux d'enfants\nUne Malouine au temps de la Révolution. Madame de Bassablons d'après les documents de l'époque (4th edition, 1922)\nTheatre\n1841: La Fête des fous, five-act drama, with Auguste Arnould, Paris, Théâtre de la Renaissance, 6 February\n1851: Christian et Marguerite, one-act comedy, in verse, with Pol Mercier, Paris, Comédie-Française, 6 March\n1853: Le Roman du village, one-act comedy in verse, with Pol Mercier, Paris, Théâtre de l'Odéon, 5 June\n1854: Les Deux Épagneuls, one-act opéra comique in free verse, music by Charles Manry, Paris, Néo-Thermes, 19 December\n1856: Le Chapeau du roi, one-act opéra comique, music by Henri Caspers, Paris, Théâtre-Lyrique, 16 April\n1858: La Charmeuse, one-act opéra comique, music by Henri Caspers, Paris, Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens, 12 April\n1859: Le Diable rose, one-act play with ariettes, with Pol Mercier, music by Hermine Déjazet, Paris, Théâtre Déjazet, 14 November\n1860: Titus et Bérénice, opérette bouffe in 1 act, music by Léon Gastinel, Paris, Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens, 12 May\n1862: Corneille à la butte Saint-Roch, one-act comedy, in verse, Paris, Théâtre-Français, 6 June\n1862: Le Paradis trouvé, one-act comedy, in verse, with Pol Mercier, Paris, Théâtre de l'Odéon, 1 September\n1863: La Fille de Molière, one-act comedy, in verse, Paris, Théâtre de l'Odéon, 15 January Text online\n1864: Racine à Uzès, one-act comedy, in verse, Paris, Théâtre du Vaudeville, 21 December\n1868: La Valise de Molière, one-act comedy, in prose, Paris, Théâtre-Français, 15 January\n1869: Gutenberg, drama in 5 acts and in verse, Paris, Théâtre de l'Odéon, 8 April\n1872: La Vraie Farce de Maître Pathelin, mise en 3 actes et en vers modernes, Paris, Comédie-Française, 26 November", "Pierre Larousse, Grand Dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle, vol. VIII, 1872, (p. 682–683).\nGustave Vapereau, Dictionnaire universel des contemporains, vol. I, 1858, (p. 688).\nAdolphe Bitard, Dictionnaire général de biographie contemporaine française et étrangère, 1878, (p. 482–483).", "Édouard Fournier on data.bnf.fr" ]

[ "Édouard Fournier", "Biography", "Main publications", "Sources", "External links" ]

[ 3709 ]

[ 17889, 17890, 17891, 17892, 17893, 17894, 17895, 17896, 17897, 17898, 17899, 17900, 17901, 17902 ]

[ "Front page of the Manuel du Bibliographe normand by Édouard Frère." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/ManuelBibliographeNormand.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Frère (27 September 1797, Rouen – 7 April 1874, Rouen) was a French bookseller, archivist, biographer, and historian specialized in the Normandy area.", "The son and grandson of booksellers, Frère's father, Jacques-Christophe operated a significant and almost a century-old library on the port of Rouen. Despite having received an education that gave him access to all the liberal professions, Frère's family background gave him a strong taste for books to which he remained faithful until his death. He succeeded his father in 1827 at the family library, and was, from 1827 to 1842, one of those applied and learned booksellers who was of assistance both to letters and its servants. He carried on the traditions of Rouen's most renowned publishers by publishing major works, all related to Normandy, without having misgivings about the considerable sacrifices to his wealth. He repeatedly called on Eustache Hyacinthe Langlois's refined and delicate hand to provide artwork for these books, for he liked his style and loved to encourage his talent.\nOnce he felt his own erudition was up to par, he thought his turn to engage in writing had come as well. Being passionate about Normandy's traditions and local history as he was, he knew about those subjects as much as could the publisher who, for many years, had successfully brought out the most notable publications about all things Norman. In 1842, Frère sold his library to Lebrument, and he definitely entered scholarship, bringing out very erudite articles on various elements of Norman history, focusing notably on booksellers and old books in a row.\nAfter he published these successful local studies, Frère engaged in his opus magnum, the monumental Manuel du Bibliographe normand. It was the outcome of a vast research and information gathered from several Norman scholars, which took him five years to complete. This book answered perfectly the expectations promised by its title. Frère owes the better part of his literary and bibliographical notoriety to this work, which ended in every scholar's hands.\nFrère was appointed in 1846, recording secretary at the Chamber of Commerce in Rouen. There, he was instrumental to the maritime and industrial trade of his region. Members of the Chamber of Commerce appreciated his extensive training, consistent application, discernment and spirit of wisdom, and they like liked to put his knowledge and experience into service. The depth of his knowledge and the seriousness of his work in 1869 led him to fill in Louis Bouilhet's post as director of the municipal library of Rouen, left vacant by his death. During the few years that Frère spent there, he worked as hard he always did throughout his life.\nAfter he was admitted at the Académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Rouen in 1845, Frère became one of the most frequent and most arduous, augmenting, each year, its précis or its archives with meritorious works universally recognized as thought-provoking. His research on the early days of printing in Normandy, his note on printing and bookselling in Rouen in the 15th and 16th centuries, his considerations on the origins of typography, a complete history of printing in Normandy, the Catalogue raisonné des manuscrits normands de la Bibliothèque de Rouen, etc. all go to show the range of Frère's fondness for all book related subjects. This attention was not undivided though, as he ventured, on occasion, into the literary field, publishing the Fragments littéraires de Jeanne Grey, a note on French and English minstrels, on Scandinavian literature, a page on the history of the Palinods. This last publication marked his last year as president of the Academy of Rouen, a position he has held since 1867.\nIn 1869, the Rouen government entrusted him with the preservation of its rich and extensive municipal library. Frère, at once started completing its catalog and review, by increasing the number of notes.\nFrère never knew a moment's respite, in his life of seventy-six years, because death caught him when he had just finished printing the Catalogue des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque municipale de Rouen, relatifs à la Normandie.\nFrère had been a member of the Société libre d'émulation de la Seine-Inférieure, since 1828. He also belonged to the Society of Antiquaries of Normandy and the Society of Norman Bibliophiles.", "A description can be found in Dibdin's A bibliographical, antiquarian and picturesque tour in France and Germany, 1821.", "", "Édouard Frère on data.bnf.fr" ]

[ "Édouard Frère", "Life", "Notes", "Works", "External links" ]

[ 3710 ]

[ 17903, 17904, 17905, 17906, 17907, 17908, 17909, 17910, 17911, 17912, 17913 ]

[ "In the Harem", "" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Edouard_frederic_wilhelm_richter_in_the_harem.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Paul_gauguin.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Frédéric Wilhelm Richter (18 June 1844, Paris - 4 March 1913, Paris) was a French painter who specialized in genre and Orientalist scenes.", "His father was German and his mother was Dutch. He began his artistic studies at the Royal Academy of Art, The Hague, followed by studies at the Académie des Beaux-Arts in Paris with Ernest Hébert and Léon Bonnat.\nAfter completing his studies, he remained in Paris. His first exhibition took place in 1866.\nIn addition to his popular Orientalist paintings, he produced numerous portraits. Some of his works may be seen at the Musée Baron-Martin.", "La Chronique des arts et de la curiosité, Bureaux de la Gazette des beaux-arts, 1913.", "Media related to Édouard Frédéric Wilhelm Richter at Wikimedia Commons\nMore works by Richter @ ArtNet" ]

[ "Édouard Frédéric Wilhelm Richter", "Biography", "Sources", "External links" ]

[ 3711, 3712 ]

[ 17914, 17915 ]

[ "Édouard Zier\n— wood-engraving by Désiré Quesnel", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/%C3%89douard_Zier.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/%C3%89douard_Zier_-_Acis_et_Galath%C3%A9e_se_cachant_de_Polyph%C3%A8me.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Edouard_Zier_illustration_for_Pierre_Louys_Aphrodite.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/%C3%89douard_Zier_-_Portrait_id%C3%A9al.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Zier_Francis_Edouard_Ophelia.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/%C3%89douard_Zier_-_Les_baigneuses_%C3%A0_Biarritz.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard François Zier (1856 – 19 January 1924) was a French illustrator and painter.", "Édouard François Zier was born in Paris in 1856. He received his instructions in art from his father Victor Casimir Zier and later became a pupil of the painter Jean-Léon Gérôme.\nHis first painting, Mort de Caton d'Utique (\"Death of Cato\"), was exhibited at the Salon of 1874. Charles VI et Odette appeared at the 1880 Salon; these two paintings and also Esther (1883) were purchased by the French State. His Julia (Julie, 1875) on a Roman theme was shown at the 1876 Philadelphia Exposition and was awarded a gold medal.\nZier is known foremost however as an illustrator, for a wide variety of genres.\nHe has illustrated for a number of periodicals, such as L'Illustration, Le Monde illustré, Le Courrier français, and Le Journal de la jeunesse.\nTwo of the adventures of the comic book series Bécassine (1917 and 1918) were illustrated by Zier while the original artist Joseph-Porphyre Pinchon served in World War I.\nA number of published books were illustrated by him, such as The Three Musketeers by Alexandre Dumas, Aphrodite by Pierre Louÿs, Le Roman comique by Scarron, La cantiniére du XIIIe siècle by Georges Le Faure, Les Trésors de la fable by Auguste Louvet, Voyages et aventures du Capitaine Marius Cougourdan by Eugène Mouton, Seulette and Le Trésor de Madeleine by Pierre Maël, A l'abordage by Henry de Brisay, Papillonne by Zénaïde Fleuriot.\nHe died in Thiais on 19 January 1924.", "", "Citations\nBélina, A. M. de (1883), \"Édouard Zier\", Nos peintres dessinés par eux mèmes, Paris: E. Bernard et cie, pp. 123–124\nUzanne (1903)\nClement, Clara Erskine; Hutton, Laurence (1879), Artists of the Nineteenth Century and Their Works, vol. 2, Trübner, p. 372\nMichelez, G. (photographer). \"Charles VI et Odette\". albums de photographies dits \"des Salons\". Archives nationales, site de Pierrefitte-sur-Seine. p. folio 19. Retrieved 22 December 2017.\n\"Notes on Art and Archaeology\". The Academy. 17: 464. 19 June 1880.\n\"Édouard ZIER (1856-19 janvier 1924)\". Revue des lectures. 12: 101. 1924.\nAntoine Court, Regards populaires sur l'Anglo-Saxon : drôles de types, publications de l'université de Saint-Etienne, 2003, ISBN 2-86272-273-1, p. 196\nCirella-Urrutia, Anne (2015), Tholas-Disset, Clémentine; Ritzenhoff, Karen A. (eds.), \"World War I in Bande Dessinée: La Semaine de Suzette and th Birth of a Breton Heroine at War!\", Humor, Entertainment, and Popular Culture during World War I, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 372, ISBN 9781137436436, endnote 4\nMegías (2007), p. 57.\nMegías (2007), p. 61.\nMegías (2007), p. 63.\nMegías (2007), p. 67.\nMegías (2007), p. 68.\nBibliography\nUzanne, Joseph (1903), \"Édouard Zier\", Figures contemporaines tirées de l'Album Mariani, vol. 8, Paris: Henry Floury available at Gallica\nMegías, José Manuel Lucía (2007), El \"Quijote\" inédito de Édouard Zier: una mirada recuperada, SIAL Ediciones, ISBN 9788496464643 (in Spanish)", "Lambiek Comiclopedia article" ]

[ "Édouard François Zier", "Life and works", "Gallery", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3713, 3714, 3715, 3716 ]

[ 17916, 17917, 17918, 17919, 17920, 17921, 17922, 17923 ]

[ "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 11, 11 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Edouard_Fritch_Pr%C3%A9sident_Visite_Huahine_10.3.2017a_IMG_5519.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Tree_of_Peace_plaque.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Servare_et_Manere_flag.png" ]

[ "Winfred Édouard Tereori Fritch (born 4 January 1952) is a French politician who has served as President of French Polynesia since 2014. He previously presided over the Assembly of French Polynesia on three occasions: from April 2007 to February 2008, from February 2009 to April 2009 and from May 2013 to September 2014. Until 2015, Fritch was co-president of Tahoera'a Huiraatira, a pro-French political party, before he became president of the newly-established Tapura Huiraatira.\nHe became a member of the Assembly of French Polynesia in 1986. He was reelected in 1991, 1996, 2001, 2004, 2008 and 2013. He served as a cabinet minister in French Polynesia several times between 1984 and 2011. From 1996 to 2004, from 2004 to 2005, in 2008 and again from 2009 to 2011, he served as Vice President of French Polynesia under his father-in-law Gaston Flosse. From 2000 to 2008, he was Mayor of Pirae, where he succeeded Flosse. He lost the 2008 election, but remained a municipal councillor. He was subsequently reelected to the mayorship in 2014.", "Born in Papeete, Fritch graduated from the École des ingénieurs de la Ville de Paris. He came back from metropolitan France in 1980 to work for the commune of Pirae.", "", "The 2008 French Polynesian legislative election took place on January 27, 2008, and February 10, 2008. The pro-French political of former President Gaston Tong Sang, O Porinetia To Tatou Ai'a, secured 27 of the 57 seats in the new French Polynesian Assembly. Fritch's Tahoeraa Huiraatira party won 10 seats.\nNegotiations between Fritch and Tong Sang reportedly broke down earlier in the week of February 17. Tong Sang said that he was prepared to offer Fritch's Tahoeraa Huiraatira party the Speaker of the Assembly, as well as 4 of the 15 ministerial posts, should he form a new government. Fritch refused Tong Sang's offer, saying that he wanted no less than five ministerial positions.\nHowever, the two sides finally reached an eleventh-hour deal between Tong Sang's O Porinetia To Tatou Ai'a party and the Tahoeraa Huiraatira to form a new pro-French coalition in the Assembly. On Thursday, February 21, 2008, Tong Sang announced that he had offered Fritch's Tahoeraa Huiraatira five ministerial positions, which Fritch had wanted, plus the Speakership of the Assembly and the chairmanships of three parliamentary committees.\nFritch was re-elected as the President of the Assembly inaugural sitting of the new 2008 legislative assembly following the political deal. Fritch was re-elected with a total of 36 votes while pro-independence candidate Antony Géros came in second with 21 votes. \nHe served as Speaker for only two months under Gaston Flosse in 2008 until Gaston Tong Sang was elected president in April 2008.", "Fritch stood as a candidate for President of French Polynesia for the Tahoera'a Huiraatira party in the 2009 French Polynesian presidential election. However, he failed to garner enough votes, coming in third place to Oscar Temaru.\nFritch was once again elected as the President of the Assembly of French Polynesia on February 12, 2009. His election as Speaker was part of the coalition agreement which allowed Oscar Temaru to be elected president the day before. Fritch was elected with the support of 38 of the 57 members of the Assembly.\nOn April 9, 2009, a second election was held for President of the Assembly following a reshuffling of the government. Former President Gaston Tong Sang had moved to join the ruling coalition of President Oscar Temaru. Fritch initially resisted calls for a new election, saying that his position was necessary for the current April 9 Assembly session. However, a new election was held following legal advice from the French Council of State in Paris.\nFritch was defeated by Philip Schyle in the election on Thursday morning, April 9, 2009. Schyle, a member of the O Porinetia To Tatou Ai'a, received 40 votes, while Fritch garnered obtained just 14 votes. One Assembly member did not vote and there were two blank ballots. Schyle immediately became the new Speaker.\nIn a speech following his ouster as President, Fritch expressed \"disappointment\" that the UPLD-Tahoeraa political alliance was in trouble. He called the timing of the election unfortunate \"in a time of economic crisis.\" He also accused the new alliance between President Temaru and former President Gaston Tong Sang as being inspired by French President Nicolas Sarkozy.", "Fritch was elected on 16 June 2012 as member of the National Assembly of France in the 1st constituency of French Polynesia. He seated in the Union for Democrats and Independents group in the National Assembly, chaired by former minister Jean-Louis Borloo. He resigned in April 2014 because of a new law preventing cumulative mandates.", "", "", "", "", "", "", "President of French Polynesia\nAssembly of French Polynesia\nTapura Huiraatira\nOrder of Tahiti Nui", "Le président - Assemblée de la Polynésie française\n\"Fritch becomes Speaker in French Polynesia\". RNZ. 13 February 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2021.\nHermès N° 32-33 : La France et les outre-mers. L'enjeu multiculturel ed. Tamatoa Bambridge - Page 517 - 2002 \"Édouard Fritch, du Tahoeraa Huiraatira (parti présidé par M. Flosse, président du gouvernement actuel), par exemple, rappelle : « Nous disons les Polynésiens d'abord, c'est notre mot d' ordre sur ce sujet »9.\"\nListe, par ordre alphabétique et par départements France. Parlement (1946- ). Assemblée nationale - 1986 Page 65 \"... Jean Foyer, Édouard Fritch, Robert Galley, Henri de Gastines, ...\"\nSarah Netter L'état des régions françaises 2002 Page 247 \"... vice-président : Édouard Fritch.\"\nSéverine Tessier Polynésie, les copains d'abord: l'autre système Chirac? 2005 Page 40 \"... qu'il [Gaston Flosse] distribue comme s'il s'agissait de son argent. ... Le secrétaire général du parti, Édouard Fritch, gendre de Gaston Flosse ...\"\nJean-Marc Regnault - Le pouvoir confisqué en Polynésie française 2005 -Page 100 \"Le lundi soir encore Gaston Flosse n'aurait pas su qu'il déposerait cette motion le lendemain déclarent Jean-Christophe Bouissou sur les ondes de RFO le jeudi 6 octobre et encore Édouard Fritch sur la chaîne TNTV le 17 octobre.\n\"FLOSSE RETURNS AS FRENCH POLYNESIA PRESIDENT\". Pacific Islands Report. 25 February 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2021.\n\"Coalition talks in French Polynesia break down\". RNZ. 19 February 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2021.\n\"Fritch Re-elected Speaker of French Polynesia's Legislative Assembly\". Ocean Flash. Pacific Magazine. 2008-02-22. Retrieved 2008-02-22.\n\"Edouard Fritch re-elected as French Polynesia assembly president\". RNZ. 22 February 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2021.\n\"French Polynesia's Tahoeraa leaves Temaru government\". RNZ. 9 April 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2021.\n\"FLOSSE ALLY OUT AS FRENCH POLYNESIA SPEAKER\". Pacific Islands Report. 13 April 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2021. \n\"Schyle elected French Polynesia assembly president\". RNZ. 10 April 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2021.\n\"Président Edouard Fritch a reçu la plus haute distinction de l'ONG slovaque Servare et Manere\". La Présidence de la Polynésie française (in French). Retrieved 2022-07-14.\n\"Edouard Fritch distingué par l'ONG slovaque Servare et Manere\". TNTV Tahiti Nui Télévision (in French). 2022-07-02. Retrieved 2022-07-14." ]

[ "Édouard Fritch", "Career", "2004 French Polynesian legislative election", "2008 French Polynesian legislative election", "2009 French Polynesian presidential election", "2012 French legislative election", "2013 French Polynesian legislative election", "2014 French Polynesian presidential election", "2018 French Polynesian presidential election", "Honours and decorations", "Territorial honours", "Foreign nongovernmental organizations", "See also", "References" ]

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[ "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/EdouardGlissant.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Glissant (21 September 1928 – 3 February 2011) was a French writer, poet, philosopher, and literary critic from Martinique. He is widely recognised as one of the most influential figures in Caribbean thought and cultural commentary and Francophone literature.", "Édouard Glissant was born in Sainte-Marie, Martinique. He studied at the Lycée Schœlcher, named after the abolitionist Victor Schœlcher, where the poet Aimé Césaire had studied and to which he returned as a teacher. Césaire had met Léon Damas there; later in Paris, France, they would join with Léopold Senghor, a poet and the future first president of Senegal, to formulate and promote the concept of negritude. Césaire did not teach Glissant, but did serve as an inspiration to him (although Glissant sharply criticized many aspects of his philosophy); another student at the school at that time was Frantz Fanon.\nGlissant left Martinique in 1946 for Paris, where he received his PhD, having studied ethnography at the Musée de l'Homme and History and philosophy at the Sorbonne. He established, with Paul Niger, the separatist Front Antillo-Guyanais pour l'Autonomie party in 1959, as a result of which Charles de Gaulle barred him from leaving France between 1961 and 1965. He returned to Martinique in 1965 and founded the Institut martiniquais d'études, as well as Acoma, a social sciences publication. Glissant divided his time among Martinique, Paris and New York; since 1995, he was Distinguished Professor of French at the CUNY Graduate Center. Before his tenure at CUNY Graduate Center, he was a professor at Louisiana State University in the Department of French and Francophone Studies from 1988 to 1993. In January 2006, Glissant was asked by Jacques Chirac to take on the presidency of a new cultural centre devoted to the history of slave trade.", "Shortlisted for the Nobel Prize in 1992, when Derek Walcott emerged as the recipient, Glissant was the pre-eminent critic of the Négritude school of Caribbean writing and father-figure for the subsequent Créolité group of writers that includes Patrick Chamoiseau and Raphaël Confiant. While Glissant's first novel portrays the political climate in 1940s Martinique, through the story of a group of young revolutionaries, his subsequent work focuses on questions of language, identity, space, history, and knowledge and knowledge production.\nFor example, in his text Poetics of Relation, Glissant explores the concept of opacity, which is the lack of transparency, the untransability, the unknowability. And for this reason, opacity has the radical potentiality for social movements to challenge and subvert systems of domination. Glissant demands the \"right to opacity,\" indicating the oppressed—which have historically been constructed as the Other—can and should be allowed to be opaque, to not be completely understood, and to simply exist as different. The colonizer perceived the colonized as different and unable to be understood, thereby constructing the latter as the Other and demanding transparency so that the former could somehow fit them into their cognitive schema and so that they could dominate them. However, Glissant rejects this transparency and defends opacity and difference because other modes of understanding do exist. That is, Glissant calls for understanding and accepting difference without measuring that difference to an \"ideal scale\" and comparing and making judgements, \"without creating a hierarchy\"—as Western thought has done.", "In the excerpt from Poetics of Relation, \"The Open Boat\", Glissant's imagery was particularly compelling when describing the slave experience and the linkage between a slave and the homeland and the slave and the unknown. This poem paralleled Dionne Brand's book in calling the \"Door of No Return\" an Infinite Abyss. This image conveys emptiness sparked by unknown identity as it feels deep and endless. \"The Open Boat\" also discussed the phenomenon of \"falling into the belly of the whale\" which elicits many references and meanings. This image parallels the Biblical story of Jonah and the Whale, realizing the gravity of biblical references as the Bible was used as justification for slavery. More literally, Glissant related the boat to a whale as it \"devoured your existence\". As each word a poet chooses is specifically chosen to aid in furthering the meaning of the poem, the word \"Falling\" implies an unintentional and undesirable action. This lends to the experience of the slaves on the ship as they were confined to an overcrowded, filthy, and diseased existence among other slaves, all there against their will. All of Glissant's primary images in this poem elicit the feeling of endlessness, misfortune, and ambiguity, which were arguably the future existence of the slaves on ships to \"unknown land\".\nSlave ships did not prioritize the preservation of cultural or individual history or roots, but rather only documented the exchange rates for the individuals on the ship, rendering slaves mere possessions and their histories part of the abyss. This poem also highlights an arguable communal feeling through shared relationship to the abyss of personal identity. As the boat is the vessel that permits the transport of known to unknown, all share the loss of sense of self with one another. The poem also depicts the worthlessness of slaves as they were expelled from their \"womb\" when they no longer required \"protection\" or transport from within it. Upon losing exchange value, slaves were expelled overboard, into the abyss of the sea, into another unknown, far from their origins or known land.\nThis \"relation\" that Glissant discusses through his critical work conveys a \"shared knowledge\". Referring back to the purpose of slaves—means of monetary and property exchange—Glissant asserts that the primary exchange value is in the ability to transport knowledge from one space or person to another—to establish a connection between what is known and unknown.\nGlissant's development of the notion of antillanité seeks to root Caribbean identity firmly within \"the Other America\" and springs from a critique of identity in previous schools of writing, specifically the work of Aimé Césaire, which looked to Africa for its principal source of identification. Glissant is notable for his attempt to trace parallels between the history and culture of the Creole Caribbean and those of Latin America and the plantation culture of the American South, most obviously in his study of William Faulkner. Generally speaking, Glissant's thinking seeks to interrogate notions of centre, origin and linearity, embodied in his distinction between atavistic and composite cultures, which has influenced subsequent Martinican writers' trumpeting of hybridity as the bedrock of Caribbean identity and their \"creolised\" approach to textuality. As such, he is both a key (though underrated) figure in postcolonial literature and criticism, but also he often pointed out that he was close to two French philosophers, Félix Guattari and Gilles Deleuze, and their theory of the rhizome.\nGlissant died in Paris, France, on 3 February 2011, at the age of 82.", "", "Soleil de la conscience (Poétique I) (1956; Paris: Éditions Gallimard, 1997). Sun of Consciousness, trans. Nathanaël (New York: Nightboat Books, 2020).\nL'Intention poétique (Poétique II) (1969; Paris: Gallimard, 1997). Poetic Intention, trans. Nathalie Stephens (New York: Nightboat Books, 2010).\nLe Discours antillais (Éditions du Seuil, 1981; Paris: Gallimard, 1997). Caribbean Discourse: Selected Essays, trans. Michael Dash (University Press of Virginia, 1989; 1992).\nPoétique de la relation (Poétique III) (Paris: Gallimard, 1990). Poetics of Relation, trans. Betsy Wing (University of Michigan Press, 1997).\nDiscours de Glendon (Éditions du GREF, 1990). Includes bibliography by Alain Baudot.\nIntroduction à une poétique du divers (1995; Paris: Gallimard, 1996). Introduction to a Poetics of Diversity, trans. Celia Britton (Liverpool University Press, 2020).\nFaulkner, Mississippi (Paris: Stock, 1996; Gallimard, 1998). Trans. Barbara Lewis and Thomas C. Spear (Farrar Straus Giroux, 1999; University of Chicago Press, 2000).\nRacisme blanc (Paris: Gallimard, 1998).\nTraité du tout-monde (Poétique IV) (Paris: Gallimard, 1997). Treatise on the Whole-World, trans. Celia Britton (Liverpool University Press, 2020).\nLa Cohée du Lamentin (Poétique V) (Paris: Gallimard, 2005).\nEthnicité d'aujourd'hui (Paris: Gallimard, 2005).\nUne nouvelle région du monde (Esthétique I) (Paris: Gallimard, 2006).\nMémoires des esclavages (Paris: Gallimard, 2007). With an introduction by Dominique de Villepin.\nQuand les murs tombent. L'identité nationale hors-la-loi? (Paris: Galaade Editions, 2007). With Patrick Chamoiseau.\nLa Terre magnétique: les errances de Rapa Nui, l'île de Pâques (Paris: Seuil, 2007). With Sylvie Séma.\nLes Entretiens de Baton Rouge (Paris: Gallimard, 2008). The Baton Rouge Interviews, with Alexandre Leupin. Trans. Katie M. Cooper (Liverpool University Press, 2020).", "Un champ d'il̂es (Instance, 1953).\nLa Terre inquiète (Éditions du Dragon, 1955).\nLes Indes (Falaize, 1956). The Indies, trans. Dominique O’Neill (Ed. du GREF, 1992).\nLe Sel noir (Seuil, 1960). Black Salt, trans. Betsy Wing (University of Michigan Press, 1999).\nLe Sang rivé (Présence africaine, 1961).\nPoèmes : un champ d'il̂es, La terre inquiète, Les Indes (Seuil, 1965).\nBoises : histoire naturelle d'une aridité (Acoma, 1979).\nLe Sel noir; Le Sang rivé; Boises (Gallimard, 1983).\nPays rêvé, pays réel (Seuil, 1985).\nFastes (Ed. du GREF, 1991).\nPoèmes complets (Gallimard, 1994). The Collected Poems of Edouard Glissant, trans. Jeff Humpreys (University of Minnesota Press, 2005).\nIncludes: Le sang rivé; Un champ d'îles; La terre inquiète; Les Indes; Le sel noir; Boises; Pays rêvé, pays réel; Fastes; Les grands chaos.\nLe Monde incréé; Conte de ce que fut la Tragédie d'Askia; Parabole d'un Moulin de Martinique; La Folie Célat (Gallimard, 2000).\nPoems followed by three texts from 1963, 1975 and 1987.", "La Lézarde (Seuil, 1958; Gallimard, 1997). The Ripening, trans. Frances Frenaye (George Braziller, 1959) and later by Michael Dash (Heinemann, 1985).\nLe Quatrième siècle (Seuil, 1964). The Fourth Century, trans. Betsy Wing (University of Michigan Press, 2001).\nMalemort (Seuil, 1975; Gallimard, 1997).\nLa Case du commandeur (Seuil, 1981; Gallimard, 1997). The Overseer's Cabin, trans. Betsy Wing (University of Nebraska Press, 2011).\nMahagony (Seuil, 1987; Gallimard, 1997). Mahagony, trans. Betsy Wing (University of Nebraska Press, 2021).\nTout-monde (Gallimard, 1993).\nSartorius: le roman des Batoutos (Gallimard, 1999).\nOrmerod (Gallimard, 2003).", "Monsieur Toussaint (Seuil, 1961; Gallimard, 1998). Trans. Joseph G. Foster and Barbara A. Franklin (Three Continents Press, 1981) and later by Michael Dash (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2005).", "1998: \"Nous sommes tous des créoles\", interview in Regards (January).\n1998: \"De la poétique de la relation au tout-monde\", interview in Atalaia.\n1998: \"Penser l’abolition\", Le Monde (24 April)\n1998: \"L’Europe et les Antilles\", interview in Mots Pluriels, No. 8 (October)\n1998: interview in Le Pelletier, C. (ed.), Encre noire - la langue en liberté, Guadeloupe-Guyane-Martinique: Ibis Rouge.\n2000: \"La «créolisation» culturelle du monde\", interview in Label France [BROKEN LINK]\n2010: \"Édouard Glissant: one world in relation\", film by Manthia Diawara", "", "Dash, M. (1995): Edouard Glissant, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\nBritton, C. (1999): Glissant and Postcolonial Theory; Strategies of Language and Resistance Archived 2016-08-08 at the Wayback Machine, Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia.\nDrabinski, J., and Marisa Parham, eds. (2015). Theorizing Glissant: Sites and Citations. London: Rowman and Littlefield.\nUwe, C. (2017): Le Discours choral: essai sur l'oeuvre romanesque d'Édouard Glissant, Bruxelles: Peter Lang.", "Britton, C. (1994): \"Discours and histoire, magical and political discourse in Edouard Glissant's Le quatrième siècle\", French Cultural Studies, 5: 151–162.\nBritton, C. (1995): \"Opacity and transparency: conceptions of history and cultural difference in the work of Michel Butor and Edouard Glissant\", French Studies, 49: 308–320.\nBritton, C. (1996): \"'A certain linguistic homelessness: relations to language in Edouard Glissant's Malemort\", Modern Language Review, 91: 597–609.\nBritton, C. (2000): \"Fictions of identity and identities of fiction in Glissant's Tout-monde\", ASCALF Year Book, 4: 47–59.\nDalleo, R. (2004): \"Another 'Our America': Rooting a Caribbean Aesthetic in the Work of José Martí, Kamau Brathwaite and Édouard Glissant\", Anthurium, 2.2.\nDorschel, A. (2005): \"Nicht-System und All-Welt\", Süddeutsche Zeitung 278 (2 December 2005), 18 (in German).\nOakley, S. (2008): \"Commonplaces: Rhetorical Figures of Difference in Heidegger and Glissant\", Philosophy & Rhetoric 41.1: 1–21.", "Delpech, C., and M. Rœlens (eds). 1997: Société et littérature antillaises aujourd'hui, Perpignan: Presses Universitaires de Perpignan.", "Nick Coates. Gardens in the sands: the notion of space in recent critical theory and contemporary writing from the French Antilles (UCL: 2001) Coates devotes a chapter to Glissant's later fiction (Mahagony, Tout-monde, Sartorius), while the thesis is heavily indebted to Glissant's writings on space and chaos in particular in thinking about post-colonial treatments of space more widely.\nSchwieger Hiepko, Andrea (2009): \"Rhythm 'n' Creole. Antonio Benítez Rojo und Edouard Glissant – Postkoloniale Poetiken der kulturellen Globalisierung\".\nKuhn, Helke (2013): Rhizome, Verzweigungen, Fraktale: Vernetztes Schreiben und Komponieren im Werk von Édouard Glissant. Berlin: Weidler, ISBN 978-3-89693-728-5.", "Caribbean poetry\nCaribbean literature\nPostcolonial literature", "Britton, Celia (2011-02-13). \"Edouard Glissant\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2020-09-11.\n\"Speech by M. Jacques Chirac, President of the Republic, at the reception in honour of the Slavery Remembrance Committee (excerpts)\" Archived 2014-02-27 at the Wayback Machine, French Embassy.\nGlissant Édouard, and Betsy Wing. Poetics of Relation. University of Michigan Press, 2010, pp. 189.\nGlissant and Wing. Poetics of Relation, 2010, p. 190.\nPoetics of Relation, Ann Arbor: Michigan Press. 1990.\nGlissant, Edouard (2017-06-06). \"The Open Boat by Edouard Glissant\". Reading the periphery.org. Retrieved 2018-12-13.\nGlissant, Edouard (1997). Poetics of Relation. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. pp. 5–11.\nKuhn, Helke, Rhizome, Verzweigungen, Fraktale: Vernetztes Schreiben und Komponieren im Werk von Édouard Glissant, Berlin: Weidler, 2013. ISBN 978-3-89693-728-5.", "The Library of Glissant Studies\nIle en Ile Glissant Profile (in French)\nLoïc Céry's Glissant page\nA Plea for \"Products of High Necessity\" (manifesto)\nSam Coombes. \"Insoluble Ambivalence(s): the Inside/Outside Position [sic] of Black Postcolonial communities as Articulated in the Work of Paul Gilroy and Edouard Glissant\". Soundcloud (Podcast). The University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 28 January 2016.\nThe literary papers of Édouard Glissant, Fonds Édouard Glissant, are held at the Bibliothèque nationale de France, Archives and Manuscripts, Paris." ]

[ "Édouard Glissant", "Life", "Writings", "Poetics of Relation: \"The Open Boat\"", "Bibliography", "Essays", "Poetry", "Novels", "Theatre", "Interviews with Glissant", "Writings on Glissant", "Book-length studies", "Articles", "Conference proceedings", "Academic theses", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3718 ]

[ 17939, 17940, 17941, 17942, 17943, 17944, 17945, 17946, 17947, 17948, 17949, 17950, 17951, 17952, 17953, 17954, 17955, 17956, 17957, 17958, 17959, 17960, 17961, 17962, 17963, 17964, 17965, 17966, 17967, 17968, 17969, 17970, 17971, 17972, 17973, 17974, 17975 ]

[ "Goubert Avenue in Puducherry", "Statue of Edouard Goubert in Puducherry" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Goubert_avenue.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Puducherry_Edouard_Goubert-statue.JPG" ]

[ "Édouard Goubert (29 July 1894 – 14 August 1979) was mayor and first chief minister of Pondicherry between 1 July 1963 and 11 September 1964. Initially a strongly pro-French leader, he later shifted towards the pro-merger Indian National Congress, which ultimately became the death knell for the sovereignty of France's comptoirs (trading posts) in India. He and Lambert Saravane founded the French India Socialist Party in july 1947.\nGoubert was popularly known as pappa Goubert.", "Goubert was born in Pondicherry on 29 July 1894 to a French father and Franco-Indian mother. He received his education in French Indochina and studied Law in France. He began his career in the colonial administration and worked as a clerk at the Pondicherry Court. In 1951, he ran as a candidate of the Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance for the seat of French India in the French National Assembly (Assemblée Nationale). Goubert won the election with an overwhelming majority of 99.3% of the vote.\nA referendum on the future of French India was held in Chandernagore, the territory right outside of Calcutta, on 19 June 1949. Out of 12,184 registered voters (drawn from a population of 44,500), 7,473 voted for merger with India while only 114 votes were cast in favor of inclusion in the French Union. While a similar referendum was supposed to be held in the remaining four territories, those referendums never took place. \nInitially, Goubert attempted to negotiate a special status for French India that would make it autonomous from both France and India. However, neither the French nor Indian governments agreed to the demand. By 1954, Goubert shifted his loyalty towards the pro-India faction and supported the annexation of French possessions to the Indian Union. In March 1954, he traveled to Pondicherry and took part in an agitation demanding the merger of French India with the Indian Union. On 29 June 1954, his parliamentary immunity was abolished. On 1 November 1954, France signed treaties transferring sovereignty of French possessions to India, ending Goubert's tenure in the French National Assembly.", "Edouard Goubert died in Asho in Bangalore district, Karnataka on 14 August 1979.", "Coup d'état of Yanaon\nPuducherry Legislative Assembly\nMunicipal administration in French India", "Criminal Justice India Series Volume 20 – Page 16 D. Banerjea – 2002 -\"The other group consisting of E. Goubert, Deivassigamany and Sivasoupiramaniapoulle insisted on holding the Elections as scheduled on 24 ... Mouttoupoulle, who was then Mayor of Pondicherry, extended his support to the Goubert faction.\"\nKate Marsh Fictions of 1947: representations of Indian decolonization 1919–1962 Page 37 2007 – \"Goubert's corruption was legendary, and he profited greatly from the trafficking of contraband goods, the sale of which \"\nLes dernières années de l'Inde française – Page 241 Michel Gaudart de Soulages, Philippe Randa – 2005 \"Après ce retournement, Édouard Goubert et ses partisans se refugient dans l'Union Indienne : « Les mesures prises à son égard ont obligé M. Goubert à quitter précipitemment Pondichéry et à se réfugier, en compagnie du maire, de l'autre..\"\nMarkovits, Claude, ed. (2002) [First published 1994 as Histoire de l'Inde Moderne]. A History of Modern India, 1480–1950. London: Anthem Press. p. 518. ISBN 978-1-84331-004-4.\nVarma, M. Dinesh (30 July 2014). \"Edouard Goubert who holds a fascination for Francophiles in Puducherry\". The Hindu. Retrieved 3 November 2016.\nMansingh, Surjit (9 May 2006). Historical Dictionary of India. Scarecrow Press. p. 248. ISBN 9780810865020. Retrieved 3 November 2016.\nNationale, Assemblée. \"Edouard Goubert\". assemblee-nationale.fr. Archived from the original on 5 May 2010.\nJessica Namakkal, Unsettling Utopia: The Making and Unmaking of French India (Columbia University Press, 2021)", "Édouard Goubert biography – French National Assembly" ]

[ "Édouard Goubert", "Early life and career", "Death", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Edouard Goursat" ]

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[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Goursat_Edouard.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Jean-Baptiste Goursat (21 May 1858 – 25 November 1936) was a French mathematician, now remembered principally as an expositor for his Cours d'analyse mathématique, which appeared in the first decade of the twentieth century. It set a standard for the high-level teaching of mathematical analysis, especially complex analysis. This text was reviewed by William Fogg Osgood for the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. This led to its translation into English by Earle Raymond Hedrick published by Ginn and Company. Goursat also published texts on partial differential equations and hypergeometric series.", "Edouard Goursat was born in Lanzac, Lot. He was a graduate of the École Normale Supérieure, where he later taught and developed his Cours. At that time the topological foundations of complex analysis were still not clarified, with the Jordan curve theorem considered a challenge to mathematical rigour (as it would remain until L. E. J. Brouwer took in hand the approach from combinatorial topology). Goursat's work was considered by his contemporaries, including G. H. Hardy, to be exemplary in facing up to the difficulties inherent in stating the fundamental Cauchy integral theorem properly. For that reason it is sometimes called the Cauchy–Goursat theorem.", "Goursat, along with Möbius, Schläfli, Cayley, Riemann, Clifford and others, was one of the 19th century mathematicians who envisioned and explored a geometry of more than three dimensions.\nHe was the first to enumerate the finite groups generated by reflections in four-dimensional space, in 1889. The Goursat tetrahedra are the fundamental domains which generate, by repeated reflections of their faces, uniform polyhedra and their honeycombs which fill three-dimensional space. Goursat recognized that the honeycombs are four-dimensional Euclidean polytopes.\nHe derived a formula for the general displacement in four dimensions preserving the origin, which he recognized as a double rotation in two completely orthogonal planes.\nGoursat was the first to note that the generalized Stokes theorem can be written in the simple form\n\\int _{S}\\omega =\\int _{T}d\\omega \nwhere \\omega is a p-form in n-space and S is the p-dimensional boundary of the (p + 1)-dimensional region T. Goursat also used differential forms to state the Poincaré lemma and its converse, namely, that if \\omega is a p-form, then d\\omega =0 if and only if there is a (p − 1)-form \\eta with\nd\\eta =\\omega . However Goursat did not notice that the \"only if\" part of the result depends on the domain of \\omega and is not true in general. Élie Cartan himself in 1922 gave a counterexample, which provided one of the impulses in the next decade for the development of the De Rham cohomology of a differential manifold.", "A Course In Mathematical Analysis Vol I Translated by O. Dunkel and E. R. Hedrick (Ginn and Company, 1904)\nA Course In Mathematical Analysis Vol II, part I Translated by O. Dunkel and E. R. Hedrick (Ginn and Company, 1916) (Complex analysis)\nA Course In Mathematical Analysis Vol II Part II Translated by O. Dunkel and E. R. Hedrick (Ginn and Company, 1917) (Differential Equations)\nLeçons sur l'intégration des équations aux dérivées partielles du premier ordre (Hermann, Paris, 1891)\nLeçons sur l'intégration des équations aux dérivées partielles du second ordre, à deux variables indépendantes Tome 1 (Hermann, Paris 1896–1898)\nLeçons sur l'intégration des équations aux dérivées partielles du second ordre, à deux variables indépendantes Tome 2 (Hermann, Paris 1896–1898)\nLeçons sur les séries hypergéométriques et sur quelques fonctions qui s'y rattachent (Hermann, Paris, 1936–1939)\nLe problème de Bäcklund (Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1925)\nLeçons sur le problème de Pfaff (Hermann, Paris, 1922)\nThéorie des fonctions algébriques et de leurs intégrales : étude des fonctions analytiques sur une surface de Riemann with Paul Appell (Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1895)\nThéorie des fonctions algébriques d'une variable et des transcendantes qui s'y rattachent Tome II, Fonctions automorphes with Paul Appell (Gauthier-Villars, 1930)", "Goursat problem\nGoursat tetrahedron\nGoursat's lemma\nGoursat's theorem (Complex analysis)", "Osgood, W. F. (1903). \"Review: Cours d'analyse mathématique. Tome I.\" Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 9 (10): 547–555. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1903-01028-3.\nOsgood, W. F. (1908). \"Review: Cours d'analyse mathématique. Tome II\". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 15 (3): 120–126. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1908-01704-x.\nStillwell, John (January 2001). \"The Story of the 120-Cell\" (PDF). Notices of the AMS. 48 (1): 17–25.\nCoxeter 1973, p. 209, §11.x.\nCoxeter 1973, p. 216, §12.1 Orthogonal transformations.\nLovett, Edgar Odell (1898). \"Review: Goursat's Partial Differential Equations\". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 4 (9): 452–487. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1898-00540-2.\nSzegő, G. (1938). \"Review: Leçons sur les séries hypergéométriques et sur quelques fonctions qui s'y rattachent by É. Goursat\" (PDF). Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 44 (1, Part 1): 16–17. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1938-06652-9.\nDresden, Arnold (1924). \"Review: Leçons sur le problème de Pfaff\". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 30 (7): 359–362. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1924-03903-2.\nOsgood, W. F. (1896). \"Review: Théorie des fonctions algébriques et de leurs intégrales, by P. Appell and É. Goursat\". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 2 (10): 317–327. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1896-00353-0.\nCoxeter, H.S.M. (1973). Regular Polytopes (3rd ed.). New York: Dover.\nKatz, Victor (2009). A History of Mathematics: An introduction (3rd ed.). Boston: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-321-38700-4.", "Media related to Édouard Goursat at Wikimedia Commons\nO'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., \"Édouard Goursat\", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews\nWilliam Fogg Osgood A modern French Calculus Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 9, (1903), pp. 547–555.\nWilliam Fogg Osgood Review: Edouard Goursat, A Course in Mathematical Analysis Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 12, (1906), p. 263.\nÉdouard Goursat at the Mathematics Genealogy Project" ]

[ "Édouard Goursat", "Life", "Work", "Books by Edouard Goursat", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3721 ]

[ 17984, 17985, 17986, 17987, 17988, 17989, 17990, 17991, 17992, 17993, 17994, 17995 ]

[ "Admiral Édouard Guillaud, France\n25th Chef d'état-major des Armées", "", "Guillaud with CENTCOM commander General James Mattis and Canadian Chief of the Defence Staff General Walter Natynczyk during the 7th International Institute for Strategic Studies Regional Security Summit on December 3, 2010.", "Guillaud in Brazil for negotiations regarding export of Dassault Rafale aircraft to Brazil, 1 October 2009", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

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[ "Amiral Édouard Guillaud (born 10 July 1953) is a retired French Naval Officer and Admiral. He devoted a significant part of his career to the design of the Charles De Gaulle aircraft carrier, and eventually captained carrier de Gaulle. He served as Chief of the general staff headquarters of the Armies CEMA from 25 February 2010 to 2014.", "", "Édouard Guillaud is the son of journalist Jean-Louis Guillaud (French: Jean-Louis Guillaud), former president of Agence France-Presse and TF1.\nHe studied at the Lycée Hector Berlioz in Vincennes and at the Private Lycée Sainte-Geneviève in Versailles.", "Édouard joined the École Navale in 1973. As an Enseigne de vaisseau (vessel Ensign), he first served on the patroller La Paimpolaise from 1976 to 1978, monitoring the nuclear trials in Mururoa. Afterwards, he served consecutively for one year on two French nuclear ballistic missile submarines SNLE L'Indomptable and Le Redoutable, following which he took command in 1979 of the minesweeper Lobelia, for another year until 1980. The next year, he studied for a specialisation in gunnery and missiles.\nIn the early 1980s, Guillaud was sent in exchange in the United States (U.S.). As a Lieutenant de Vaisseau (Lieutenant) from 1981 to 1984, he then served as service chief on the aviso Amyot d'Inville and the squadron escorteurs launch missile Du Chayla, then as a service operations chief on the squadron escorteur launch missile Kersaint, cruising off the seas between Iran and Lebanon in 1983.\nFrom 1984 to 1987, he worked on the nuclear aircraft carrier programme, particularly on expert systems in the programming environment of the ship. He was promoted to Capitaine de corvette in 1985.\nIn 1987 he took command of the BATRAL Dumont d'Urville for one year, taking part in the operations related to the Ouvéa cave hostage taking on Ouvéa, New Caledonia.\nGuillaud went on to study at the Superior Naval War School (French: École Supérieure de Guerre Navale, ESGN) and the School of Military Application for Atomic Energy (French: École des Applications Militaires de l'Energie Atomique, EAMEA), rising to Capitaine de frégate in 1989. He specialised in nuclear engineering, obtaining a degree in 1990.\nIn 1991, with the start of the Gulf War, Guillaud was sent on the Clemenceau, where he served as a Maneuver Officer.\nIn 1992, he took command of the aviso-escort Enseigne de vaisseau Henry (F749). In 1993, he re-integrated the design team for the nuclear carrier. Guillaud was promoted to Capitaine de vaisseau in 1996. The following year, he took the position of second officer on the Charles De Gaulle, which was then being completed in Brest.\nFrom 1999 to 2001, Guillaud captained the nuclear carrier Charles De Gaulle, supervising carrier de Gaulle's trials and fittings. The next year, he studied at the Centre des hautes études militaires CHEM and at the Institut des hautes études de Défense nationale IHEDN.", "From 2002 to 2004, he served as the assistant (French: adjoint) chief to the navy of the Chief of the Military Staff of the President of the Republic.\nBetween 2004 and 2006, Contre-Amiral (Counter-Admiral) Guillaud was préfet maritime for the English Channel and the North Sea. He was promoted to Vice-Amiral (Vice-Admiral) on 1 April 2006. The same year, he was called by Jacques Chirac to take on the position of Chief of the Military Staff of the President of the Republic CEMP-P.R., replacing General Georgelin; Guillaud took the office on 4 October, and was confirmed in this role in May 2007 after the election of Nicolas Sarkozy. As a Vice-amiral d'escadre (Squadron vice-admiral), he was promoted to Amiral (Admiral) in December 2007.\nGuillaud has taken office as chief of the general staff headquarters of the Armies CEMA on 25 February 2010, and is the second Admiral of France to take this post.\nSince 19 March 2011, he has commanded the French forces enforcing the Libyan no-fly zone.\nIn 2013 he commanded the French Forces in the Mali Civil War.\nHe left active duty service on 14 February 2014 when général Pierre de Villiers succeeded him at head of the armies. He assumed a French armament directorate until 2017.", "Honorary Corporal of the French Foreign Legion.", "Benoit Puga\nList of Escorteurs of the French Navy\nList of submarines of France\nChristophe Prazuck\nBernard Rogel\nPierre-François Forissier", "L'amiral Guillaud devient chef d'état-major, AFP-Le Figaro, 27 January 2010\n\">Sauvegarde maritime, bilan de l'action de la marine nationale 2005/2006, French Ministry of Defence\nL'amiral Guillaud, un marin très \"ops\", Jean-Dominique Merchet, Libération\nDéfenseur de la mer patrie, Jean-Dominique Merchet, Libération\nL'amiral Edouard Guillaud, nouveau chef d'état-major des armées, Le Monde\nTraynor, Ian (25 March 2011). \"Nato to decide within days whether to take control of Libya military action\". The Guardian." ]

[ "Édouard Guillaud", "Biography", "Early life", "Military career", "Admiral", "Decorations and medals", "See also", "Sources and references" ]

[ 3722, 3723 ]

[ 17996, 17997, 17998, 17999, 18000, 18001, 18002, 18003, 18004, 18005, 18006, 18007 ]

[ "Portrait of Reuss", "Bust of Édouard Guillaume Reuss." ]

[ 0, 2 ]

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[ "Edouard Guillaume Eugène Reuss (German: Eduard Wilhelm Eugen Reuss; 18 July 1804 – 15 April 1891) was a Protestant theologian from Alsace.", "He was born at Strasbourg, where he studied philology (1819–22). He went on to study theology at Göttingen under Johann Gottfried Eichhorn; and Oriental Languages at Halle under Wilhelm Gesenius, and afterwards at Paris under Silvestre de Sacy (1827–28). In 1828 he became Privatdozent at Strasbourg. From 1829 to 1834 he taught Biblical criticism and Oriental languages at the Strasbourg Theological School; he then became assistant, and afterwards, in 1836, regular professor of theology at that university. He became Professor of Old Testament at the same institution in 1864. Reuss was appointed as a regular member of the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft in May 1846. The sympathies of Reuss were German rather than French, and after the annexation of Alsace to Germany he remained at Strasbourg, and retained his professorship till he retired on a pension in 1888. He died in the same city.\nReuss belonged to the liberals in the Lutheran Protestant Church of Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine. His critical position was to some extent that of K. H. Graf and Julius Wellhausen: he was in a sense their forerunner, and was actually for a time Graf's teacher. The originator of the new movement, he hesitated to publish the results of his studies.\nHis son, Ernst Rudolf (1841–1924), was in 1873 appointed city librarian at Strasbourg.", "Amongst his earliest works were: De libris veteris Testamenti apocryphis plebi non negandis (1829), Ideen zur Einleitung in das Evangelium Johannis (1840) and Die Johanneische Theologie (1847). In 1852 he published his Histoire de la théologie chrétienne au siècle apostolique, which was followed in 1863 by L'Histoire du canon des saintes écritures dans l'église chrétienne. In 1874 he began to publish his translation of the Bible, La Bible, nouvelle traduction avec commentaire. New Testament criticism and exegesis formed the subject of Reuss's earlier labours—in 1842, he had published in German a history of the books of the New Testament, Geschichte der heiligen Schriften N. Test.; and though his own views were liberal, he opposed those of the Tübingen school. After a time he turned his attention to Old Testament criticism, based on knowledge of Hebrew. In 1881 he published in German his Geschichte der heiligen Schriften A. Test., a history of Israel from its earliest beginning till the taking of Jerusalem by Titus.\nFor many years Reuss edited with A. H. Cunitz the Beiträge zu den theologischen Wissenschaften. With A. H. Cunitz and J. W. Baum (1809–1878), and after their death alone, he edited the monumental edition of Calvin's works (38 vols., 1863 ff.). His critical edition of the Old Testament appeared a year after his death.", "Chisholm 1911.\nKümmel, W. G. (1972). The New Testament: The History of the Investigation of its Problems. Nashville: Abingdon Press. pp. 487. ISBN 0-687-27926-7.", "This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Reuss, Édouard Guillaume Eugene\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 209.\nArticle in Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopädie\nOtto Pfleiderer, Development of Theology in Germany since Kant (1890).\nGilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). \"Reuss, Eduard Wilhelm Eugen\" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead." ]

[ "Édouard Guillaume Eugène Reuss", "Life", "Works", "Notes", "References" ]

[ 3724, 3725 ]

[ 18008, 18009, 18010, 18011, 18012, 18013, 18014, 18015 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Portrait_%C3%89douard_L%C3%A9ger.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard H. Léger (April 23, 1866 – August 8, 1892) was a physician and political figure in New Brunswick, Canada. He represented Kent in the House of Commons of Canada from 1890 to 1892 as a Conservative member.\nHe was born in Grande-Digue, New Brunswick, the son of Hypolite Léger. He taught school for one year before continuing his education at St. Joseph's College in Memramcook. In 1888, he graduated with an M.D. from the Detroit Medical College. Later that year, he married Élise Michaud. Léger was first elected to the House of Commons in an 1890 by-election held after Pierre-Amand Landry resigned his seat to accept an appointment as judge. He died in office at the age of 26.", "", "Édouard H. Léger – Parliament of Canada biography\nThe Canadian parliamentary companion, 1891 JA Gemmill" ]

[ "Édouard H. Léger", "Electoral record", "References" ]

[ 3726 ]

[ 18016 ]

[ "Édouard Harlé", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1 ]

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[ "Édouard Harlé (1850, Toulouse – 1922, Bordeaux) was a French railway engineer (Ingénieur des ponts et chaussées) and prehistorian\nÉdouard Harlé was a Director of the Chemin de Fer du Midi\nHis collections of prehistoric artefacts are held by Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Bordeaux and Muséum de Toulouse.", "" ]

[ "Édouard Harlé", "References" ]

[ 3727, 3728, 3729, 3730, 3731, 3732, 3733 ]

[]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/%C3%89douard_Herv%C3%A9.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Hervé (28 May 1835 – 4 January 1899) was a French journalist, historian and politician.", "Édouard Hervé was born in Saint-Denis, La Réunion on 28 May 1835.\nA graduate of the École Normale Supérieure, Paris city councilor and advisor to Philippe d'Orléans, Count of Paris (1838–1894), he worked at several newspapers, including Le Journal de Genève (1865–1866) and L'Époque. In 1867, he founded the Journal de Paris.\nThis newspaper was suppressed by the Paris Commune in 1871 when he wrote of the events of March: \"The way the population of Paris yesterday expressed its satisfaction was more than frivolous, and we fear it gets worse with time. Paris now has a festive look that is totally inappropriate, and if we do not want to be called Parisians of decadence, we must put an end to this state of affairs. \"\nIn 1873, he founded Le Soleil, the first major daily newspaper priced at 5 centimes.\nWith a monarchist viewpoint, publication was to continue until June 1915.\nHervé became a member of the Paris municipal council.\nHe belonged to both the Conférence Molé and the Conférence Tocqueville before their merger to form the Conférence Molé-Tocqueville.\nÉdouard Hervé is also the author of several historical works, which are actually compilations of his articles.\nHe was made Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in 1873 and elected member of the Académie française on 11 February 1886.\nHe died on 4 January 1899 in Paris.", "", "Édouard HERVÉ: Academie Francaise.\nNagai 2002, p. 133.\n\"Ministère de la culture - Base Léonore\". culture.gouv.fr. Retrieved 2020-12-23.", "\"Édouard HERVÉ\". Academie Francaise. Retrieved 2013-04-29.\nNagai, Nobuhito (2002), Les conseillers municipaux de Paris sous la troisième république, 1871-1914 (in French), Publications de la Sorbonne, ISBN 978-2-85944-440-2, retrieved 2017-10-15\n Media related to Édouard Hervé at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Édouard Hervé", "Life", "Historical works", "References", "Sources" ]

[ 3734 ]

[ 18017, 18018, 18019, 18020, 18021 ]

[ "Photograph of the 1911 Solvay Conference at the Hotel Metropole. Herzen is standing, sixth from the right.", "Signature" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

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[ "Édouard Herzen (Florence, 1877–1936) was a Belgian chemist of Russian descent who played a leading role in the development of physics and chemistry during the twentieth century. He collaborated with industrialist Ernest Solvay, and participated in the first, second, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh Solvay Conferences.", "Herzen was a grandson of Alexander Herzen, a prominent Russian public figure.\nIn 1902 he published a thesis on Surface Tension. In 1921 he became director of the Division of Physical and Chemical Sciences at the l'Institut des Hautes-Études.\nIn 1924 he published, in collaboration with the physicist Hendrik Lorentz, a note to the Paris Academy of Sciences entitled The Reports of Energy and Mass After Ernest Solvay. The same year he wrote the popular book La Relativité d'Einstein, published by Editions of New Library of Lausanne.", "Laserra, Annamaria (2010). Album Belgique - Google Livres. ISBN 9789052016351. Retrieved 2013-01-07.\nЛюдмила Клот. (2012-05-04). \"Наташа Узер-Герцен: \"Среди потомков Герцена – инженеры, архитекторы, врачи\"\". Русский век. Портал для российских соотечественников. Archived from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2012-11-01.\nИрена Желвакова. (2012). \"Осколки былого\". Наше Наследие, №101, 2012 г. Retrieved 2012-11-04.\nHerzen, Édouard (1902). Sur les tensions superficielles des mélanges de liquides normaux, par ... - Édouard Herzen - Google Boeken. Retrieved 2013-01-07.", "Bulletin des sociétés chimiques belges, vol. 45 à 46, Bruxelles, Société chimique de Belgique" ]

[ "Édouard Herzen", "Biography", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3735 ]

[ 18022, 18023, 18024 ]

[ "Trollius europaeus", "Phytographie médicale" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Hocquart14.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Hocquart13.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Auguste Patrice Hocquart (1789–1870), frequently cited as L. F. J. Hoquart, was a French publisher, writer, artist and engraver, noted for his colour plates illustrating Joseph R. Roques's (1772–1850) materia medica publication Phytographie médicale of 1821–1824.\nIn addition Hocquart wrote many useful guides for the common man, such as Le secrétaire de tout le monde : ou, La correspondance usuelle (1881), detailing \"the principles of the art of letter writing, the instructions of the French Department of Posts and Telegraphs, models of family letters, requests, trading, petitions for all positions and circumstances, the procedures followed for common actions, such as purchasing, sales, deposits, leases, powers of attorney, contracts, acts for mayors and rural police, and finishing with a course of instruction on compatibility and some State laws\". Another was his 1842 work Alphabet des métiers, an alphabetic list of professions, illustrated with woodcuts. According to WorldCat Identities there are \"230 of his works in 367 publications in 4 languages and 479 library holdings\".", "L’art de juger du caractère des hommes sur leur écriture with Johann Caspar Lavater, (Paris 1816) \nPetit dictionnaire de la langue française, suivant l'orthographe de l'Académie (6 editions published between 1819 and 1842) \nDictionnaire classique des hommes célèbres de toutes les nations, depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à ce jour (Auguste Delalain, Paris, 1822) ISBN 0543831426\nLa morale en action ou Choix de faits mémorables et instructifs, propres a faire aimer la religion, la sagesse, a former le coeur par l'exemple de toutes les vertus microforme : a l'usage de toutes les écoles (1825) ASIN: B007MNZAZ8 \nLa Morale en Action ou Choix de Faits Mémorables et Instructifs... (1825) \nLe Duc De Berry, Ou, Vertus Et Belles Actions D'un Bourbon ISBN 1174227362\nAlphabet des petits fabulistes (Moronval, Paris, 1843) \nPhysiognomies des hommes politiques du jour, jugés d'apres̀ le système de Lavater, avec un précis de la science physiognomonique with Johann Caspar Lavater (1741-1801) (Paris, A. Royer, 1843)", "\"Ketterer Kunst, Art auctions, Book auctions Munich, Hamburg & Berlin\".\n\"Fine Antique Prints: Botanicals, birds, animals, views, maps\".\nIconographie de Nantes d'après les collections du Musée - Musée Dobrée - 1978 - p224 \"HOCQUART (Édouard) Né à Tournai le 18 juillet 1789, il vint dès 1795 à Paris où il travailla comme graveur. En 1820, il fit ses premiers essais de gravure sur acier et en 1824 il inventa une machine à graver les ciels ou les fonds de portraits.\"\n\"Le secrétaire de tout le monde : Ou, la correspondance usuelle\". 1881.\nAlphabet des métiers : Contenant la description des arts de l'armurier et de l'arquebusier, du bûcheron, du cjarpentier, du dentiste... / Par Édouard Hocquart. 1842.\nhttp://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-nr90-28998\n\"Max Planck Institute for the History of Science\". www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de. Archived from the original on 2011-04-20. \nhttp://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-nr90-28998\nAmazon Books\nhttp://www.zaalbooks.nl/boek/360/la-morale-en-action-ou-choix-de-faits-m-morables-et-instructifs\nAlphabet des petits fabulistes,... Par Édouard Hocquart. 1843.\nPhysiognomies des hommes politiques du jour, jugés d'apres̀ le système de Lavater, avec un précis de la science physiognomonique. A. Royer. 1843." ]

[ "Édouard Hocquart", "Selected works", "References" ]

[ 3736, 3737 ]

[ 18025, 18026, 18027, 18028 ]

[ "Portrait of Houssin from La Revue du Nord de la France (1895)", "L'Amérique du Sud by Houssin and Aimé Millet" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

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[ "Édouard Charles Marie Houssin (13 September 1847 - 15 May 1919) was a French sculptor.", "Édouard Charles Marie Houssin was born in Douai on 13 September 1847.\nIn 1856 he joined the Academic Schools of Douai, and there received several awards. \nIn 1864 he moved to Paris and joined the private studios of Henri Lemaire of Valenciennes and François Jouffroy of Dijon.\nIn 1866 he was admitted to the sculpture section of the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris.\nIn 1868 Houssin displayed his first bust to the Society of Friends of the Arts of Douai. \nFrom 1871 to 1877 he was professor of sculpture at the Douai Art Schools.\nHe then returned to Paris, where he exhibited regularly at the Salon. \nHis works were rewarded with several awards and medals.\nMany of his works were purchased by the state, and he received many public commissions.\nEarly in 1894 he was appointed professor of modeling the National Manufacture of Sèvres, a position he held until his death in 1919.\nOn 17 January 1794 Houssin participated in a conference followed by a banquet hosted by Charles Bodinier at the Théâtre d'Application in honor of the poet Marceline Desbordes-Valmore in the company of along with Paul Verlaine, Émile Gallé, Robert de Montesquiou and other personalities of the art world. \nIt was during this conference that the idea of a monument to the poet was launched.\nHe created the statue of the poet Marceline Desbordes-Valmore in Douai, inaugurated on 13 July 1896. It disappeared during World War I.\nHe undertook numerous public commissions, particularly in the north of France, that have now disappeared.\nÉdouard Houssin died in Paris on 15 May 1919.\nA square in Wissant (Pas-de-Calais) bears his name.\nIn 1895 Fernand Lefranc wrote in La Revue du Nord, \"His busts, all of impeccable and beautifully executed accuracy cannot be counted.\"", "Over 144 works are attributed to him, of which 99 are portraits. Today the locations of only 27 works are known.\n1867 (ca.) - Germanicus, high-relief plaster, signed inscription on the back: \"1867 Medal\" (Musée de la Chartreuse de Douai)\n1877 - South America, plaster, half-size model of a statue executed for the cascade of the Trocadero in collaboration with Aimé Millet on the occasion of the Universal Exhibition of 1878 (held at the Musée d'Orsay), Denonvilliers foundry. Plaster kept by the Musée de la Chartreuse de Douai.\n1880 (ca) - Esmeralda, Bronze casting, based on the novel by Victor Hugo, Musée de la Chartreuse de Douai, deposited in the Botanical Gardens in 1955.\n1882 ca - Paul Louis Courier, original half-size model of a stone statue for the Hôtel de Ville of Paris, sketch in patinated plaster, Musée de la Chartreuse de Douai (destroyed)\n1884 - Monument Dupleix, project for the monument to Dupleix at Landrecies, plaster molding, Musée de la Chartreuse de Douai\n1885 - Pediment of the new museum in Douai, high relief plaster, set of mythological figures, Musée de la Chartreuse de Douai\n1886 - Abel Desjardins, plaster bust (destroyed). A bronze bust exists, but was not located until it was rediscovered in the former Faculty of Arts of Lille.\n1891 - Ferdinand Dutert, plaster bust of the architect, Musée de la Chartreuse de Douai\n1893 - Colonel Guerin, plaster bust, Musée de la Chartreuse de Douai (destroyed)\n1893 - Jules Breton, Arras terracotta bust, Musée de la Chartreuse de Douai\n1893 - Alfred Trannin, plaster bust of the deputy, Musée de la Chartreuse de Douai (destroyed)\n1895 - Jean Bellegambe Musée de la Chartreuse de Douai\n1896 - Marceline Desbordes-Valmore, bust\n1909 ca - Jules Breton and Élodie de Vigne, bronze bas-relief plaque representing the spouses at the time of their marriage in 1858, Montparnasse Cemetery, Paris.\nM. Hanotte, Assistant to the City Hall of Douai, terracotta, Musée de la Chartreuse de Douai (destroyed)\nPhaëton, stone statue, once in the Jardin du Luxembourg in Paris.\nM. Cardon, molded plaster bust, Musée de la Chartreuse de Douai (destroyed)\nMarsyas, high-relief plaster, Musée de la Chartreuse de Douai", "1868 Salon of the Society of Friends of Arts of Douai: bust\n1877 Paris Salon: first participation\n1878 Exposition Universelle: South America\n1880 Salon: Esmeralda\n1885 Salon of French Artists: Pediment of the new museum in Douai\n1889 Exposition Universelle: Esmeralda", "Musée de la Chartreuse de Douai: Pediment of the Museum - South America (plaster) - Monument Dupleix (plaster) - Jules Breton (plaster) - Germanicus - Ferdinand Dutert - Marsyas\nMusée d'Orsay on the forecourt: South America (cast iron)\nHôtel de Ville, Paris: Fronton - Paul Louis Courier\nJardin du Luxembourg: Phaëton (stone statue, moved)\nJardin des Plantes: Esmeralda", "Citations\nHugot 2011.\nBrunel & Guyaux 2004, p. 33-34.\nSources\nBrunel, Pierre; Guyaux, André (2004). Paul Verlaine. Paris: Presses Universitaires Sorbonne. p. 222.\nHugot, Christophe (16 May 2011). \"À propos d'un buste d'Abel Desjardins\". Retrieved 2013-06-03.\nFurther reading\nDebève, Arnaud (2006). La Vie et l'Œuvre du sculpteur Édouard Houssin (1847-1919). Paris: Mare et Martin. p. 223. ISBN 2849340103. Catalogue raisonné in which nearly 150 sculptures are recorded, richly illustrated with photographs from the family of the artist", "Édouard Houssin in American public collections, on the French Sculpture Census website" ]

[ "Édouard Houssin", "Life", "Works", "Exhibitions", "Public collections", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3738, 3739 ]

[ 18029, 18030, 18031, 18032, 18033, 18034, 18035, 18036, 18037, 18038, 18039, 18040, 18041 ]

[ "Spirit photography hoaxer Édouard Isidore Buguet[1] (1840–1901) of France fakes telekinesis in this 1875 cabinet card photograph titled Fluidic Effect." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Edouard-Isidore-Buguet-PK-spirit-photographer.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Isidore Buguet (1840–1901) was a French medium and spirit photographer.\nBuguet became a \"sensation\" among spiritualists during the early 1870s. He was even loaned money to set up his own studio. In June 1875, a police sting operation in Paris discovered that Buguet's photographic plates had pre-exposed images on them. After the exposure, Buguet admitted in court that his photographs were fraudulent. He was convicted and served a year jail time. According to the magician Harry Houdini, the police discovered figures and doll heads at Buguet's studio. He had used these as his \"spirit\" extras. Houdini noted that although Buguet was exposed as a fraud and he had confessed, some spiritualists still insisted his spirit photographs were genuine.\nThe English medium Stainton Moses had supported Buguet in an article for Human Nature in May 1875. After Buguet was exposed later in the same year, Moses insisted that Buguet was still a genuine medium and he had been bribed to make a false confession. The case has been cited by researchers as an example of spiritualists willing to believe and refusing to accept evidence of fraud.", "\"New exhibit looks at occult photography - East Valley Tribune: Get Out\". East Valley Tribune. Retrieved 2014-04-18.\nHarry Houdini. (2011 edition). Originally published in 1924. A Magician Among the Spirits. Cambridge University Press. pp. 120-124. ISBN 978-1-108-02748-9\nMartyn Jolly. (2006). Faces of the Living Dead: The Belief in Spirit Photography. Miegunyah Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0977282739 \"In June 1875, Buguet was tried for fraud. He quickly confessed to surreptitiously double-exposing his plates with images of dummies, or his studio assistants, dressed up in drapery. Police raided his studio and seized two dummies, shrouds, false beards, and almost 300 pictures of various heads glued onto card.\"\nEugene V. Gallagher, W. Michael Ashcraft. (2006). Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. Greenwood Press. p. 40. ISBN 0-275-98713-2\nLynn L. Sharp. (2006). Secular Spirituality: Reincarnation and Spiritism in Nineteenth-century France. Lexington Books. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-7391-1339-4\nJohn Hannavy. (2008). Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography. Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. p. 552. ISBN 978-0-415-97235-2\nJohn Mulholland. (1938). Beware Familiar Spirits. C. Scribner's Sons. p. 150. ISBN 978-1111354879 \"Stainton Moses warmly endorsed Buguet in an article printed in May, 1875. In June, 1875, the French government arrested Buguet for fraud. At his trial he made a complete confession, and the police seized and produced his \"spirit\" doll and the collection of heads that fitted on it.\"\nFrank Podmore. (1902). Modern Spiritualism: A History and Criticism. Volume 2. London: Methuen & Co. pp. 120-123.\nSimeon Edmunds. (1966). Spiritualism: A Critical Survey. Aquarian Press. p. 115. \"Stainton Moses even insisted that the prosecution was instigated by the Church, and that Buguet had been forced or bribed into making a false confession.\"\nRonald Pearsall. (1972). The Table-Rappers. Book Club Associates. p. 124. ISBN 978-0750936842\nMilbourne Christopher. (1975). Mediums, Mystics & the Occult. Thomas Y. Crowell. p. 114. ISBN 0-690-00476-1" ]

[ "Édouard Isidore Buguet", "References" ]

[ 3740 ]

[ 18042, 18043, 18044, 18045, 18046, 18047 ]

[ "Edouard Jacobs", "" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Edouard_Jacobs.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Cello_study.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Jacobs (born 1851 in Halle, Belgium; died 1925) was a Belgian cellist. He was a pupil of Joseph Servais (a son of Adrien-François Servais), at the Brussels Conservatory. He played in the Weimar court orchestra for some years. In 1885 he succeeded his teacher as cello professor at the Brussels Conservatory. He also played viol da gamba in concerts of early music. Among his pupils was Fernand Quinet.", "Baker, Theodore; Remy, Alfred (1919). Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians. G. Schirmer. p. 431. OCLC 19940414. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.\nEdouard Jacobs (1851-1925 ; violoncelliste) at gallica.bnf.fr\nNicolas Slonimsky (1988). The Concise Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians. Schirmer Books. p. 1008. ISBN 978-0-02-872411-9." ]

[ "Édouard Jacobs", "References" ]

[ 3741, 3742 ]

[ 18048 ]

[ "Comte Milhaud, Général de Division", "Édouard Jean Baptiste Milhaud, deputy of the Convention, in his uniform of representative of the People to the Armies, by Jean-François Garneray or another follower of Jacques-Louis David." ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Jean_Baptiste_Milhaud.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Jean-Baptiste_Milhaud_IMG_2318.JPG" ]

[ "Édouard Jean-Baptiste, comte Milhaud (10 July 1766 – 10 December 1833) was a French politician and Général de Division. He is considered one of the best generals of cavalry of Napoleon's army.", "Born in Arpajon-sur-Cère (Cantal) as the son of Louis Amilhaud and Marguerite Daudé, Milhaud was commissioned as an officer in 1789. During the French Revolution, Milhaud was elected to the National Convention (which aimed at giving France a new political constitution) and in the proces of Louis XVI he voted for the death of the king. He defended Jean-Paul Marat against the attacks of the Girondins. In 1793 he was sent as a commissary to the armies of the Rhine and the Ardennes where he distinguished himself in his severity and his zeal in applying revolutionary ideological principles. Sent to the army of the Pyrenees, he was successful in aiding Dugommier in restoring order. He was recalled the next year and made a member of the military committee.\nAfter the fall of Robespierre, Milhaud was threatened with arrest but saved from this fate by his colleagues on the military committee. His political role effectively over, he was recalled to the army and he became commandant of the 5th dragoons and was sent to the Army of Italy. Milhaud distinguished himself at Brenta and in the battle of Bassano. The following year he was again accused because of his role during the Terror but the Council of Elders decided not to act on the accusation.\nMilhaud took an active part in the conspiracy leading up to 18 brumaire which was the day of the coup d'état by which General Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the French Directory . Promoted to general de brigade in January 1800 he was employed in the army of England and was made commander of the 8th military division in the Vaucluse.", "During the War of the Third Coalition Milhaud served under Joachim Murat in the 1805 campaign leading up to the great Battle of Austerlitz in which he took part. On the outbreak of the War of the Fourth Coalition in 1806, Milhaud distinguished himself at the Battle of Jena against the Prussian army. On 28 October 1806, he forced 6,000 Prussian troops of the corps of Prince Hohenlohe to capitulate. At the end of 1806 he was promoted to general of division and in 1807 he distinguished himself at the Battle of Eylau against the Russians.\nHis performance brought him to the attention of Napoleon Bonaparte, and having already been awarded the Légion d'honneur, on 10 March he was made a Count of the Empire. From 1808 until 1811 he fought in the Peninsular War. In November 1811 he was put on disability but in June 1812 he was recalled to active service and made commandant of the 25th military division. During the invasion of Russia, he became for a short time the military commandant of Moscow.\nIn 1813 he commanded a cavalry corps at the Battle of Leipzig. He fought, October 10, 1813, in the plain of Zeitz, one of the best fights of cavalry mentioned in French military annals, and in which he completely destroyed regiments of Austrian Latour and Hohenzollern Dragoons, as well as the Kaiser Chevau-légers. Based on his experience with these commands in 1814 Milhaud became Inspector General of the cavalry. During the first Restoration he was given command of the 15th military division by Louis XVIII.\nDuring Napoleon's Hundred Days, he immediately supported Napoleon, and in the Waterloo campaign he commanded the IV Cavalry Corps. At the Battle of Ligny on 16 June 1815 with his cuirassier divisions he broke the centre of the Prussian army and helped to win Napoleon's last victory. Two days later at the Battle of Waterloo 18 June his divisions took part in the great general cavalry assault on the allied centre, a plan he had opposed but had to execute. The attacks ultimately proved a failure.\nAfter the second restoration Milhaud was banished by King Louis XVIII as a regicide. After the July Revolution in 1830, he was called back to France, but died on 10 December 1833 in Aurillac.", "August Niemann (Hrsg.): Militär-Handlexikon. Adolf Bonz & Comp., Stuttgart 1881.", "Senior Terry J., The Top Twenty French Cavalry Commanders: #20 General Edouard-Jean-Baptiste Milhaud, Napoleon Series, August 2002\nDavid, Jacques Louis. Portrait of Jean-Baptiste Milhaud (1766-1833), Deputy of the Convention,My Art Prints" ]

[ "Édouard Jean Baptiste Milhaud", "French Revolutionary wars", "Napoleonic Wars", "References", "Further reading" ]

[ 3743, 3744 ]

[ 18049, 18050, 18051, 18052, 18053, 18054, 18055, 18056, 18057, 18058 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/%C3%89douard_Jeanselme_-_Album_Mariani_-_portrait.jpg" ]

[ "Antoine Édouard Jeanselme (14 June 1858, Paris – 9 April 1935, Paris) was a French dermatologist, known for his research of syphilis and leprosy. He was the author of numerous works with history of medicine themes (medicine of the Byzantine Empire, leprosy in medieval France, et al).\nIn 1883 he began work as a hospital intern, receiving his medical doctorate in 1888. In 1898–1900 he conducted research of leprosy in French Indo-China, during which time, he also conducted studies of beriberi, framboesia, syphilis and variola. In 1901 he became an associate professor, and in 1919 attained the chair of chair of dermatology and syphilology at the faculty of medicine in Paris.\nHe was instrumental in the founding of the Pavillon de Malte at the Hôpital Saint-Louis (1918). In 1919 he became a member of the Académie de médecine (section on medical pathology), and in 1919–21, he served as president of the Société française d'histoire de la médecine. In 1923 he served as the first president of the Ligue nationale française contre le péril vénérien.\nHe is credited with performing the first clinical and histological studies of juxta-articular nodes; structures associated with syphilis and yaws that are sometimes referred to as \"Jeanselme's nodules\". or as \"Lutz-Jeanselme nodules\", named in conjunction with Brazilian physician Adolfo Lutz. As a treatment for leprosy, he advocated a mixture of chaulmoogra oil, camphor and guaiacol.", "Étude sur la lèpre dans la péninsule indo-chinoise et dans le Yunnan, 1900.\nCours de dermatologie exotique (with A Trémolières), 1904.\nNodosités juxtaarticulaires. Cong Colonial Paris, Sect Med Hyg Colon, 1904. p 15.\nLe béribéri, 1906.\nPrécis de pathologie exotique (with Édouard Rist), 1909.\nLa question de l'opium en Extrême-Orient à l'époque contemporaine, 1910.\nLa lèpre, 1911.\nLes oeuvres d'assistance et les hôpitaux byzantins au siècle des Comnènes, 1921.\nLe règime alimentaire des anachorétes et des moines byzantins, 1922.\nLa syphilis : son aspect pathologique et social, 1925.\nLa lèpre en France au Moyen Age et à l'époque contemporaine, 1925.\nHistoire pathologique de la dynastie d'Héraclius, 1927.\nTraité de la syphilis (multi-volume, with other authors, 1931–).", "Biography of Antoine Edouard Jeanselme at Who Named It\nJeanselme, Antoine Edouard Sociétés savantes de France\nEdouard Jeanselme BIU Santé, Paris\nJeanselme's nodules Mondofacto\nInfektionskrankheiten der Haut I edited by Alfred Marchionini, Hans Götz; (Jeanselme was the first to describe these nodules in tertiary syphilis).\nThe Cornell Chemist, Volumes 12-15\nMost widely held works about Édouard Jeanselme WorldCat Identities\nIDREF.fr bibliography" ]

[ "Édouard Jeanselme", "Selected works", "References" ]

[ 3745 ]

[ 18059, 18060, 18061 ]

[ "", "Portrait of a Man with a Dog by anonymous German artist: one of the looted paintings acquired by Hermann Göring" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/%C3%89douard_Jonas.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5b/Anonymous%2C_Portrait_of_a_Man_with_a_Dog.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Jonas (9 May 1883 – 3 December 1961) was an antique dealer of Jewish origin, who became a member of the French parliament. When France surrendered to the Germans in 1940 he left the country. He was stripped of his citizenship and his property seized. After the war he was made a member of the Legion of Honor. In 2011 it was agreed to return two of the seized paintings to his heirs.", "Édouard Jonas was born in Paris on 9 May 1883, son of an antique dealer. He followed his father in this profession.\nHe was of Jewish origin. Jonas specialized in 18th century works. Until mid-1932 he owned a large antique shop in New York, but it was closed due to lack of sales in the depression. He kept open his gallery at Place Vendome & Rue Castiglione in Paris, a fashionable location. His wife had been married to David Schulte, owner of a chain of cigar stores.\nHe became curator of the Musée Cognacq-Jay while acting as a consultant to the customs department and a foreign trade adviser.\nBetween 1924 and 1932 Jonas was one of the supporters of Jean Ossola, a member of parliament. In the April–May 1936 national election, Édouard Jonas won a seat in parliament representing Grasse, Alpes-Maritimes, on the Socialist and Republican Union platform. He was elected on the second round. He was a member of the committee on education and fine arts, and then president of the committee on public works. Jonas was a target of anti-Semitic attacks in France before World War II (1939-1945). Thus on 7 January 1939 Le Progrès provençal ran a hostile article titled \"Jonasseries\" that referred to his \"Ashkenazi\" Jewish origins.", "When the Nazis invaded France in 1940, Jonas managed to ship the contents of his antique store from Paris to Bordeaux for safe keeping.\nAt Vichy, Jonas did not take part in the 10 July 1940 vote on the draft constitutional law delegating powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain. On 27 July 1940, Le Progrès provençal published a violent attack on Jonas, who had fled. Jonas expressed hostility to the Vichy regime, and as a result on 6 September 1940 he was stripped of his French nationality by decree. On 27 September 1940 his property in Grasse and Antibes was sequestered.\nOn 27 December 1940 another decree removed him from office. The Direction des musées sequestered art work from his collection, and those of other Jews.\nIn November 1940 Jonas was in Canada. In an interview, he said that the French government had been wrong to capitulate to the Germans, and should have escaped to North Africa. A supporter of General Charles de Gaulle, he said that the French people supported the British in their struggle against Adolf Hitler, but their leadership was lacking. Jonas was in the United States in September 1942, when he signed a letter sent to General Charles de Gaulle by five members of the French parliament. The other signatories were Henri de Kérillis, Hervé de Lyrot, Pierre Mendès France and Pierre Cot.", "After the war, Jonas was made a Knight of the Legion of Honor. He died in Paris on 3 December 1961 at the age of 78.\nTwo of Jonas's paintings were seized in Bordeaux in 1940 in the name of Hermann Göring. In 1944 Göring gave them to Alois Miedl, an art dealer, in exchange for a Vermeer painting (which turned out to be a Han van Meegeren forgery). After the war, the Netherlands Art Property collection ended up in possession of the paintings. In December 2011 a committee recommended returning the works to Jonas's heirs. \nThe two paintings were Anonymous Portrait of a Man with a Dog and Théobald Michau's Landscape with cattle in a shallow river.\nThe Germans were not the only ones to seize Jewish property. In October 1940 four crates containing artwork that had been taken from France were seized in Bermuda and sent to the National Gallery of Canada. In 1949 the crates were opened and the contents divided between Martin Fabiani and Edouard Jonas, who was acting for the sisters Jeanne and Léontine Vollard. Jonas noticed that a small watercolor by Paul Cézanne was missing. Jonas and then his widow, Assunta Jonas, made numerous inquiries but were refused information by the National Gallery. It was only in April 2013 that the gallery acknowledged that it had possession of the watercolor.", "Citations\nEdouard JONAS: Nat Ass.\nKarlsgodt 2011, p. 217.\nArt: It Always Comes Back.\nPanicacci 1983, p. 7.\nHickley 2012.\nWieviorka 2009, p. 349.\nPanicacci 1983, p. 10.\nL'Immigration Juive...\nKarlsgodt 2011, p. 213.\nFrench Surrender Called a Mistake.\nBoulic & Lavaure 1997, p. 212.\n\"Two Paintings in the Netherlands Art Property Collection Back to Heirs of Jewish Owner\".\nCampfens 2012.\nhttp://www.restitutiecommissie.nl/en/recommendations/recommendation_1117.html.\nMacLeod 2013.\nSources\n\"Art: It Always Comes Back\". Time Magazine. 2 January 1933. Archived from the original on November 22, 2010. Retrieved 2013-06-22.\nBoulic, Jean-Yves; Lavaure, Annik (1997-01-01). Henri de Kerillis, 1889-1957: L'absolu patriote. Presses universitaires de Rennes. ISBN 978-2-86847-227-4. Retrieved 2013-06-22.\nCampfens, Evelien (2 February 2012). \"RESTITUTIONS COMMITTEE ISSUES RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING FOUR CLAIMS TO LOOTED ART\" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-06-22.\n\"Edouard JONAS\". National Assembly of France. Retrieved 2013-06-22.\n\"French Surrender Called a Mistake\". The Montreal Gazette. 27 November 1940. Retrieved 2013-06-22.\nHickley, Catherine (2 February 2012). \"Netherlands Returns Paintings Looted by Goering to Jewish Heir\". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2013-06-22.\nKarlsgodt, Elizabeth (2011-04-07). Defending National Treasures: French Art and Heritage Under Vichy. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-7018-7. Retrieved 2013-06-22.\n\"L'IMMIGRATION JUIVE DANS LES ALPES-MARITIMES\". La Vie des Juifs à Nice dans la deuxième guerre Mondiale et leur déportation. Retrieved 2013-06-22.\nMacLeod, Ian (20 April 2013). \"Cezanne's orphan\". Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved 2013-06-22.\n\"Jonas: Recommendation regarding Jonas\". Restitutiecommissie, The Netherlands. Retrieved 2016-10-24.\nPanicacci, Jean-Louis (1983). \"Les juifs et la question juive dans les Alpes Maritimes de 1939 à 1945\" (PDF). RECHERCHES REGIONALES: Alpes-Maritimes et Contrées limitrophes (4). Retrieved 2013-06-22.\nWieviorka, Olivier (2009). Orphans of the Republic: The Nation's Legislators in Vichy France. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03261-3. Retrieved 2013-06-22." ]

[ "Édouard Jonas", "Early career", "World War II", "Later years", "References" ]

[ 3746 ]

[ 18062, 18063, 18064, 18065, 18066, 18067, 18068, 18069, 18070, 18071, 18072, 18073, 18074, 18075 ]

[ "Self-portrait (1875)", "Coin d'atelier (1880)", "Fête Foraine de Saint-Cloud (1879)", "Un Coin du Salon en 1880", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4 ]

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[ "Édouard Joseph Dantan (26 August 1848 – 7 July 1897) was a French painter in the classical tradition. He was widely recognized in his day, although he was subsequently eclipsed by painters with more modern styles.", "Édouard Joseph Dantan was born on 26 August 1848 in Paris. His grandfather, who had fought in the Napoleonic Wars, was a wood sculptor. His father, Antoine Laurent Dantan, and uncle, Jean-Pierre Dantan, were both well-known sculptors. Dantan was a pupil of Isidore Pils and Henri Lehmann at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris. At the age of nineteen he won a commission for a large mural painting of The Holy Trinity for the Hospice Brezin at Marne (Seine-et-Oise). Dantan's first exhibit at the Paris Salon was An Episode in the Destruction of Pompeii in 1869.\nIn 1870 the Franco-Prussian War interrupted his work, and he enlisted in the defence force. He was given the rank of a sergeant, and was later promoted to lieutenant. During the war the family home was burned down.\nIn the years after the war Dantan exhibited a number of other paintings at the Salon including Hercules at the Feet of Omphale (1874), Death of Tusaphane (1875), The Nymph Salmacis (1876), Priam Demanding of Achillees the Body of Hector (1877), Calling of the Apostles Peter and Andrew (1878), Corner of a Studio (1880) and The Breakfast of the Model (1881). He continued to exhibit at the Salon until 1895. In 1890, 1894 and 1895 he served on the jury of the Salon.\nFor twelve years Dantan's companion was the model Agostina Segatori, who had also posed for artists such as Jean-Baptiste Corot, Jean-Léon Gérôme, Eugène Delacroix and Édouard Manet. She bore a child to Dantan, Jean-Pierre, in 1873. On their separation, Agostina opened Café du Tambourin on the Boulevard de Clichy that became a meeting place for artists.\nDantan spent his summers in Villerville, where he died on 9 July 1897 when the carriage in which he was riding crashed violently into the village church.", "At the 1870 exposition of the Ecole Nationale des Beaux-Arts Dantan received an honorable mention for his submission for the prix de Rome. In 1874 he won a third class medal for his painting of a monk carving a Christ in wood. In 1880 he won a second class medal for his painting Un coin d'atelier (a corner of the workshop). He received a gold medal at the Paris Exposition of 1889, and a number of his paintings were bought by the French state.\nDantan's works followed the academic tradition of painting, and were praised by his contemporaries. His technical mastery is illustrated by such paintings as Un coin d'atelier (1880), where he depicts his father working on a bas-relief in his studio, seen from behind. The studio is cluttered with paintings and sculptures. In the foreground, a nude woman is taking a break from modelling. A critic praised the painting for following all the rules of trompe-l'oeil and stereoscopic photography.\nDescribing a painting of a group of sailors following a clergyman going to bless the sea, another critic said in 1881 \"he has written a page before which believers and skeptics must raise their hats\".\nHis Le déjeuner du modèle exhibited in the Salon in 1881 shows a model eating a plate of eggs in a break from the posing session. The scene is illuminated by a clear white light, with a delicate sense of reflected light. One reviewer said that Dantan had treated the subject with taste and grace, when it could easily have fallen into vulgarity. He was by no means limited to one genre. Other paintings at this time included one of his mother outdoors in her invalid chair, her face sad, a pastoral portrait of a young blonde woman in a blue dress, full of life, and of a poor fisherman dining in his miserable cabin on a piece of bread and an onion.\nLater, Dantan's classical style fell out of fashion. Writing of the first exhibition of the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts in the Champ de Mars in 1890, Walter Sickert was scathingly critical of most of the paintings, making exceptions for a series of far-eastern landscapes by Louis-Jules Dumoulin, a painting by Édouard Manet, some portraits by Jules-Élie Delaunay and some studies by Dantan. He praised Dumoulin as a master, described Manet's work as brilliant and powerful, Delaunay's as respectable and Dantan's as conscientious.", "At first, Dantan's subjects were mainly drawn from classical mythology or religious subjects, as was common in his day. Later he made a number of paintings of scenes from sculpture workshops, familiar from his childhood. He also painted portraits and views of Villerville.\n1869 Episode of the destruction of Pompeii\n1872 The Trinity, chapel of the Hospital in Brezen-on-the-Marne\n1872 Portrait His father, working on a marble bust\n1874 Hercules at the feet of Omphale\n1874 A monk as a wood sculptor, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nantes\n1875 The Quoit-Thrower, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen, Rouen\n1876 The Nymph Salmacis\n1878 Phrosine et Mélidore after Pierre Paul Prud'hon, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux\n1879 Fête Foraine de Saint-Cloud\n1880 Christ on the Cross, Church of Dombrowa, Poland\n1880 Un Coin d'atelier, Paris, Palais du Luxembourg (filed in 1925, not found in 1977)\n1880 Un Coin du Salon de 1880 (sale Sotheby's New York, 24 May 1995)\n1881 Le déjeuner du modèle\n1882 Corpus Christi Day\n1884 Burial of a child, Villerville, Musée Malraux, Le Havre\n1885 Shooting their nets\n1886 Entracte Un à la Comedie-Francaise de première un soir, en 1885, Comédie-Française, Paris\n1887 Un moulage sur Nature, Konstmuseum Gothenburg, Gothenburg\n1887 L'Atelier du sculptor", "", "\"Édouard Dantan, de l'atelier à la lumière\" Manoir de Villers, Saint-Pierre-de-Manneville, Normandy Impressionist Festival 2010", "Notes\nAgostina was painted in 1887 in her café by Vincent van Gogh in the painting Agostina Segatori Sitting in the Café du Tambourin.\nCitations\nMontrosier & Fraipont 1881, p. 33.\nPerkins 1886, p. 370.\nViardot 1883, p. 34.\nMontrosier & Fraipont 1881, p. 34.\nEnault 1881, p. 94.\nVazzana 2007, p. 44.\nIn the café.\nLe Figaro (189). July 8, 1897 (in French)\nSargent 1874, p. 132.\nCatalogue des objets..., p. 161.\nHenriet 1884, p. 175.\nFine Arts in 1889, p. 319.\ndu Seigneur 1880, p. 35.\nMontrosier & Fraipont 1881, p. 35.\nHenriet 1884, p. 176.\nSickert & Robins 2002, pp. 67–68.\nSources\nCatalogue des objets composant le musée municipal des Beaux-Arts (de la Ville de Nantes) (in French). impr. Mme Vue C. Mellinet. 1876.\nEnault, Louis (1881). \"Edouard Dantan\". Paris-Salon. E. Bernard & cie. p. 56.\n\"Fine Arts in 1889 (Paris)\". Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events. Vol. 14. D. Appleton and company. 1890.\nHenriet, Frédéric (1884). \"L'Auberge de la Girafe\". Annales, Société historique et archéologique de Château-Thierry (in French). G. Cagniard.\n\"In the café: Agostina Segatori in Le tambourin, 1887\". Van Gogh Museum. Retrieved 5 February 2012.\nde Juvigny, Sophie (2002). Édouard Dantan 1848–1897: Des ateliers parisiens aux marines normandes (in French). Paris: Somogy. p. 167. ISBN 2-85056-607-1.\nMontrosier, Eugène; Fraipont, Gustave (1881). \"E. Dantan\". Les artistes modernes: Peintres divers (in French). Vol. 4. H. Launette.\nPerkins, Charles Callahan (1886). \"Dantan, Joseph Édouard\". Cyclopedia of painters and paintings. Vol. 1. C. Scribner's Sons.\nSargent, René (1874). Le Moniteur des architectes (in French). Vol. 8. A. Levy.\ndu Seigneur, Maurice (1880). L'art et les artistes au Salon de 1880 (in French). P. Ollenforff. p. 35.\nSickert, Walter; Robins, Anna Gruetzner (2002). Walter Sickert: The Complete Writings on Art. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-926169-5.\nSilvestre, Paul Armand; Bouguereau, William; Maignan, Albert; Merson, Luc-Olivier (1898). Discours prononcés sur la tombe de M. et de Mme Édouard Dantan (in French). Paris: Napoléon Chaix.\nVazzana, Nicholas S. (2007). Van Gogh in Paris. iUniverse. ISBN 978-0-595-44160-0.\nViardot, Louis (1883). \"Dantan, Édouard Joseph\". The masterpieces of French art illustrated: being a biographical history of art in France, from the earliest period to and including the Salon of 1882. Vol. 2. Gebbie.", "Reeman Dansie auctioneers catalogue entry for 21 June 2017 sale of Hercules at the feet of Omphale\n Media related to Edouard Dantan at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Édouard Joseph Dantan", "Biography", "Style and reception", "Major works", "Gallery", "Recent exhibitions", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3747, 3748, 3749, 3750, 3751, 3752, 3753, 3754, 3755, 3756, 3757, 3758, 3759 ]

[ 18076, 18077, 18078, 18079, 18080, 18081, 18082, 18083, 18084, 18085, 18086, 18087, 18088, 18089, 18090, 18091, 18092, 18093, 18094 ]

[ "Édouard Kirmisson", "Kirmisson's sign." ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Kirmisson.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Kirmisson%27s_sign.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Francis Kirmisson (July 18, 1848 – September 22, 1927) was a French surgeon who was a native of Nantes. He specialized in pediatric and orthopedic surgery.\nKirmisson studied medicine at the École de Médecine in Paris, and later worked as an externe under Noël Guéneau de Mussy (1813–1885) at the Hôtel-Dieu. In 1879 he earned his medical doctorate, obtaining his agrégation in 1883. He spent the following years as a surgeon of Parisian hospitals, becoming a professor of pediatric surgery and orthopedics at Hôpital des Enfants-Malades in 1901.\nIn 1890 Kirmisson founded the journal \"Revue d’orthopédie\". In 1903 he became a member of the Académie de Médecine.", "\"Kirmisson's operation\": A surgical process that involves transplantation of the Achilles tendon to the peroneus longus muscle.\n\"Kirmisson's sign\": Transverse striated ecchymoses at the elbow seen in fractures of the humerus with displacement of the higher fragment.", "Alain-Charles Masquelet -Chirurgie orthopédique: Principes et généralités2004 - Page 8 \"Une autre grande figure de l'orthopédie parisienne au tournant du siècle fut Édouard Kirmisson (1848-1927). Chef de service de chirurgie pédiatrique et orthopédique à l'hôpital des Enfants-Malades, Kirmisson était connu pour sa méthode ...\"\nEdouard Francis Kirmisson @ Who Named It\nSebastian, Anton (1999). A Dictionary of the History of Medicine. Parthenon Pub. Group. ISBN 1-85070-021-4." ]

[ "Édouard Kirmisson", "Associated eponyms", "References" ]

[ 3760 ]

[ 18095, 18096 ]

[ "Édouard Laferrière", "Laferrière at the opening of the Saida railway in Algeria, 1900" ]

[ 0, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Portrait_d%27%C3%89douard_Laferri%C3%A8re.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Opening_of_the_Saida_railway_in_Algeria.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Louis Julien-Laferrière (26 August 1841 – 2 July 1901) was a French lawyer and authority in administrative law who held various senior administrative positions during the French Third Republic. He wrote a treatise on administrative law that defined the basis for modern French administrative law. He was appointed Governor-General of Algeria during a crisis in 1898, and established an elected advisory assembly with little real power. He encouraged southward expansion into the Sahara.", "", "Édouard Laferrière was born in Angoulême on 26 August 1841.\nHis parents were Louis Firmin Julien-Laferrière (1798–1861) and Jeanne Elisabeth Elise Lajarthe (1811–1875).\nHis father was an advocate in Angoulême, then Bordeaux, professor at Rennes (1838), Inspector General of Faculties of Law (1846), Councilor of State (1849) and Rector of Toulouse (1854).\nHis father was a professor of administrative law at the Faculty of Paris.\nEdouard Laferrière became an advocate at the Paris Bar in 1864.\nHe was a liberal, and opposed the authoritarianism of Napoleon III.\nHe believed in the ideals of the French Revolution of 1789 and in positivism, and wanted a republic that would be a force for change but not for upheaval.\nHe was editor of Rappel in 1869, and founded La Loi in 1870.", "After the fall of the Second French Empire Laferrière was named Master of Requests and Government Commissioner in the provisional commission that replaced the Council of State.\nWhen the Council of State was reconstituted on 24 May 1872 he was confirmed in his position.\nFor some time he was Director General of Religious Administration.\nAfter the reorganization of the Council of State in 1879 he was named President of the Litigation Section.\nAs president of the litigation section he had great influence on administrative jurisprudence.\nIn this position he developed the classification and definitions of types of litigation.\nFrom 1883 to 1884 he gave a course at the Paris Faculty of Law on Administrative Jurisdiction and Litigation.\nThis was the basis for his Treatise of Administrative Jurisdiction and Litigation (1887), which in turn is the basis of modern French administrative law.\nHe defined four bases for litigation: Abuse of power; Full litigation, where the judge may modify or replace the administrative act and impose damages; Legality and Repression.\nOn 9 October 1884 he married Marguerite Elise Joséphine Guy (1860–1929) in Paris.\nTheir daughter Elise was born in 1885.\nIn 1886 he was named Vice President of the Council of State.\nHe held this office until July 1898, when he was appointed Governor General of Algeria.", "Laferrière took office as Governor General of Algeria on 26 July 1898.\nHe was appointed at a time when the colony was experiencing a wave of antisemitism and serious financial difficulties.\nHe took Henri de Peyerimhoff from the litigation section of the Council of State as head of his civil cabinet, but in July 1900 Peyerimhoff was called back to Paris by Georges Coulon, the new Vice-President of the Conseil d’Etat, and attached to the Interior section.\nWhen he arrived in Algeria Laferrière had great difficulty with Max Régis, the antisemitic mayor of Algiers, whom he dismissed.\nThe Délégations financières algériennes was created in August 1898, an elected assembly to advise the government.\nIt had 24 representatives of colons (French agricultural settlers), 24 of non-colons (French merchants, manufacturers and workers), and 21 of indigenous people.\nLaferrière followed the advice of Camille Sabatier in including 6 Kabyles among the indigenous people, the others being Arabs.\nThe measure gave limited political rights to the local people, but did not give them any real power.\nIn August 1899 the French penetrated the Oued Zouzfana.\nIn September the French government authorized extension of the narrow gauge military railway that was being built from Aïn Séfra to Djenien bou Rezg to be extended to Zoubia, only 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the Zousfana.\nLaferrière said \"We will not have to do any more than to cross the pass which separates that region from that of the oued Zousfana in order to insure our Saharan penetration in that direction and an easy access towards the populous oases of the Tuat\".\nIn December 1899 a French scientific mission encountered a large group of armed Saharan people in the Tidikelt.\nThe mission's military escort chose to fight, quickly routed the Saharans, and occupied the In Salah oasis.\nIt has been said that Laferrière deliberately provoked the incident.\nCertainly he wanted an excuse to extend French influence.\nA poorly managed military campaign ensued in 1900, meeting little resistance but suffering greatly from heat and lack of water over the summer, with huge losses of camels.\nPart of the problem was lack of cooperation between Laferrière and General Crisot of the 19th Army Corps.\nLaferrière resigned from his position as Governor General.\nHe was replaced by Charles Célestin Jonnart, Deputy of Pas-de-Calais, as Acting Governor General on 3 October 1900.", "In 1900 Laferrière was appointed Public Prosecutor at the Court of Cassation.\nLaferrière died on 2 July 1901 in Bourbonne-les-Bains, Haute-Marne, at the age of 59.", "Publications by Édouard Laferrière include:\nÉdouard Laferrière (1864), (De Vi et de vi armata (Dig. 43,16). De la possession requise pour prescrire...) (Thèse pour la licence... 24-08-1864), Paris: impr E. Thunot, p. 143\nÉdouard Laferrière (1865), Les Journalistes devant le Conseil d'État, Paris: Vve Joubert, p. 29\nÉdouard Laferrière (1866), Rivalité des Parlements avec les intendants et le Conseil du Roi (discours prononcé à l'ouverture de la Conférence des avocats, le 8 décembre 1866), Paris: A. Lacroix, Verboeckhoven et Cie, p. 47\nÉdouard Laferrière (1867), La Censure et le régime correctionnel (étude sur la presse contemporaine), précédée d'une lettre de M. Pelletan à M. Ernest Picard sur la liberté de la presse, Paris: A. Le Chevalier, p. 322\nÉdouard Laferrière (1869), Les constitutions d'Europe et d'Amérique, Paris: Cotillon / Anselme Batbie, p. 656\nÉdouard Laferrière (1871), La Loi organique départementale du 10 août 1871 : conseils généraux, commissions départementales (texte officiel annoté par M. É. Laferrière), Paris: Cotillon et fils, p. 92\nÉdouard Laferrière (1881), L'Article 8 de la Constitution, interprétation de la clause de révision, Paris: A. Cotillon, p. 43\nÉdouard Laferrière (1896), Traité de la juridiction administrative et des recours contentieux, Paris: Berger-Levrault\nÉdouard Laferrière (1899), Gouvernement général de l'Algérie. (Discours prononcés à l'ouverture des Délégations financières le 6 novembre 1899 et à l'ouverture du Conseil supérieur du gouvernement le 11 décembre 1899), Algiers: impr. de P. Fontana, p. 41\nÉdouard Laferrière (1999), Édouard Laferrière, Paris: Presses universitaires de France / Pascale Gonod, p. 300", "Boulevard Mohamed-Khemisti in Algiers, formerly named after Laferrière", "Édouard Laferrière (1841-1901) – BnF.\nGarric.\nEdouard Laferrière – Conseil d'État.\nGonod 1992.\nNoémie 2013.\nLes quatre types de contentieux administratif.\nDelpard 2012, PT132.\nChatriot.\nRoche 1997, p. 189.\nBelmessous 2013, p. 154.\nTrout 1969, p. 31.\nTrout 1969, p. 32.", "Belmessous, Saliha (2013-03-21), Assimilation and Empire: Uniformity in French and British Colonies, 1541-1954, OUP Oxford, ISBN 978-0-19-957916-7, retrieved 2018-04-22\nChatriot, Alain, \"Henri de Peyerimhoff, figure du syndicalisme patronal de l'industrie houillère\", Annales des Mines (in French), retrieved 2018-02-01\nDelpard, Raphaël (2012-05-09), Ils ont vécu dans l'Algérie en guerre (in French), Archipel, ISBN 978-2-8098-0734-9, retrieved 2018-04-22\nEdouard Laferrière (in French), Conseil d'État, retrieved 2018-04-22\nÉdouard Laferrière (1841-1901) (in French), BnF: Bibliotheque nationale de France, retrieved 2018-04-22\nGarric, Alain, \"Edouard JULIEN-LAFERRIÈRE\", Geneanet (in French), retrieved 2018-04-22\nGonod, Pascale (1992), Edouard laferriere, un juriste au service de la republique (in French), Paris 1, retrieved 2018-04-22\n\"Les quatre types de contentieux administratif\", vie-publique.fr (in French), Direction de l'Information Légale et Administrative, 5 June 2013, retrieved 2018-04-22\nNoémie, G (30 September 2013), \"La classification des recours contentieux selon Edouard Laferrière\", Doc du Juriste (in French), retrieved 2018-04-22\nRoche, Sylviane (1997), Le temps des cerises: roman, TheBookEdition, ISBN 978-2-9535636-0-3, retrieved 2018-04-22\nTrout, Frank E. (1969), Morocco's Saharan Frontiers, Librairie Droz, ISBN 978-2-600-04495-0, retrieved 2018-04-22" ]

[ "Édouard Laferrière", "Life", "Early years (1841–70)", "Council of State (1870–98)", "Algeria (1898–1900)", "Last years (1900–1901)", "Publications", "See also", "Notes", "Sources" ]

[ 3761, 3762 ]

[ 18097, 18098, 18099, 18100, 18101, 18102, 18103, 18104, 18105, 18106, 18107, 18108, 18109, 18110, 18111 ]

[ "Lalo photographed by Pierre Petit, c. 1865", "Lalo in 1891\n(engraving by Richard Paraire)", "Poster for Le Roi d'Ys" ]

[ 0, 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/%C3%89douard_Lalo.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/%C3%89douard_Lalo_by_Richard_Paraire.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Auguste_Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie_Gorguet_-_poster_for_the_premi%C3%A8re_performance_of_%C3%89douard_Lalo%27s_Le_roi_d%27Ys_%281888%29.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard-Victoire-Antoine Lalo (27 January 1823 – 22 April 1892) was a French composer. His most celebrated piece is the Symphonie espagnole, a five-movement concerto for violin and orchestra, which remains a popular work in the standard repertoire.", "Lalo was born in Lille, in the northernmost part of France. He attended that city's conservatoire in his youth. Beginning at age 16, he studied at the Paris Conservatoire under François Antoine Habeneck. Habeneck conducted student concerts at the Conservatoire from 1806 and became the founding conductor of the Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire in 1828.\nFor several years, Lalo worked as a string player and teacher in Paris. In 1848, he joined with friends to found the Armingaud Quartet, in which he played the viola and later, second violin. His earliest surviving compositions are songs and chamber works (two early symphonies were destroyed).\nIn 1865, Lalo married Julie Besnier de Maligny, a contralto from Brittany. She encouraged Lalo's early interest in opera and led him to compose works for the stage, most notably the opera Le Roi d'Ys. These works were never really popular, despite their originality, and incurred criticism for being too progressive and Wagnerian. This led Lalo to dedicate most of his career to the composition of chamber music, which was gradually coming into vogue in France, as well as works for orchestra.\nLalo's distinctive style has earned him a degree of popularity. The Symphonie espagnole for violin and orchestra still enjoys a prominent place in the repertoire of violinists, while the Cello Concerto in D minor is occasionally revived. His Symphony in G minor was a favourite of Sir Thomas Beecham and has occasionally been championed by later conductors. His music is notable for its strong melodies and colourful orchestration, with a Germanic solidity that distinguishes him from other French composers of his era. Such works as the Scherzo in D minor, one of his most colourful pieces, embody his distinctive style and strong expressive bent.\nLe Roi d'Ys, an opera based on the Breton legend of Ys, is Lalo's most complex and ambitious creation. (This same legend inspired Claude Debussy's La cathédrale engloutie.) Lalo became a member of the Legion of Honour in 1873. Le Roi d'Ys was not initially considered performable and was not staged until 1888, when Lalo was 65 years old. He died in Paris in 1892, leaving several unfinished works, including his opera La Jacquerie, completed by Arthur Coquard. He was interred at the Père Lachaise Cemetery.\nLalo's son Pierre (6 September 1866 – 9 June 1943) was a music critic who wrote for Le Temps and other French periodicals from 1898 until his death.", "", "In 1962, composer Maurice Jarre used a theme from Lalo's Piano Concerto for the exotic score to Lawrence of Arabia.\nThe American science fiction television series, Star Trek: The Next Generation, makes reference to a \"U.S.S. Lalo\" in two different episodes, \"We'll Always Have Paris\" and \"The Best of Both Worlds\"; the reference may be to the French composer, to the Argentine-American television and film music composer Lalo Schifrin, or to both.\nPart of Lalo's Cello Concerto in D minor was used in the second season of Mozart in the Jungle.", "Huebner, Steven (2006). French Opera at the Fin de Siècle: Édouard Lalo, Wagnerian. Oxford Univ. Press, US. pp. 231–254. ISBN 978-0-19-518954-4.\nMacdonald, Hugh (1998), \"Lalo, Edouard-Victoire-Antoine\", in Stanley Sadie, (Ed.), The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, Vol. Two. London: Macmillan Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-333-73432-7 ISBN 1-56159-228-5", "Lalo Piano Trio Nos. 1-3 sound-bites and discussion of works\nFree scores by Édouard Lalo at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)\nThe Mutopia Project has compositions by Édouard Lalo\n\"Lalo, Edouard\" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911." ]

[ "Édouard Lalo", "Biography", "Compositions", "References in modern culture", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3763, 3764 ]

[ 18112, 18113, 18114, 18115, 18116, 18117, 18118, 18119, 18120 ]

[ "Édouard Lantéri by Alphonse Legros", "Bust of Sir Archibald Geikie, by Edward Lanteri 1916, Old College, University of Edinburgh" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Lanteri_by_Legros.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Bust_of_Sir_Archibald_Geikie%2C_by_Edward_Lanteri_1916%2C_Old_College%2C_University_of_Edinburgh.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Lantéri (31 October 1848 – 22 December 1917) was a French-born British sculptor and medallist whose romantic French style of sculpting was seen as influential among exponents of New Sculpture. His name is also frequently spelled without accents as Edouard Lanteri and his first name sometimes given in its English form as Edward.", "Lantéri was born in Auxerre, France but later took British nationality. He studied art in the studios of François-Joseph Duret and Aimé Millet and at the school of fine arts under Jean-Baptiste Claude Eugène Guillaume and Pierre-Jules Cavelier. A period of poverty led him to becoming a cabinetmaker, but in 1872, at the age of 24, on the recommendation of fellow sculptor Jules Dalou, he moved to London to work as a studio assistant to Joseph Edgar Boehm. He stayed at the studio until 1890 and influenced Boehm's pupil Alfred Gilbert.\nLantéri's sculptures were mainly modelled in clay before being cast in bronze, though he would also work in stone. He produced portrait busts, statuettes and life size statues. As of 1880 he taught at the National Art Training School in South Kensington, which became the Royal College of Art in 1896, and in 1900 became the College's first Professor of Modelling (1900–10); in this role he was involved with the architectural and decorative sculpture for Sir Aston Webb's Victoria & Albert Museum, London.", "Towards the end of Lantéri's life he wrote a series of three books, explaining the art of human and animal composition in sculpture. First released as a collection of three books, they are now commonly found as two, with the animal sculpture separate from the human form. These books are still common required texts for many sculpture courses. The foreword to the original book was by friend and fellow sculptor Auguste Rodin who refers to Lantéri as \"Dear Master\"\nModelling; A Guide for Teachers and Students (three volumes), London, Chapman and Hall (1911)\nModelling and Sculpting the Human Figure, Dover Publications Inc., new edition (1986)\nModelling and Sculpting Animals, Dover Publications Inc., new edition (1986)", "William Kellock Brown\nBenjamin Clemens\nAlexander Carrick\nFrancis William Doyle-Jones\nMargaret Giles\nAllen Hutchinson\nCharles Sargeant Jagger\nGilbert Ledward\nRuby Levick\nWalter Marsden\nEsther Moore\nOliver Sheppard\nClare Sheridan\nFrancis Shurrock\nLilian Simpson\nFlorence Steele\nAlbert Toft\nLillian Wade\nReginald Fairfax Wells\nCharles Wheeler\nLucy Gwendolen Williams\nDorothy Stanton Wise\nFrancis Derwent Wood", "Archives départementales de l'Yonne, birth certificate number 364, page 94/462.\nUniversity of Glasgow History of Art / HATII (2011). \"Professor Edouard Lanteri\". Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain & Ireland 1851–1951. Retrieved 27 October 2020.\n\"Decorative sculpture on the exterior of the Victoria and Albert Museum\". vam.ac.uk.\n\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2007-09-23. Retrieved 2007-08-30.\nDunn, Michael (2002). New Zealand Sculpture: A History. Auckland University Press. p. 36. ISBN 9781869402778.\n\"[ARCHIVED CONTENT] UK Government Web Archive – The National Archives\". Yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 2017-02-26.\nBlack, Jonathan (2011). \"The illusion of permanence: archaeology, imperialism and British public sculpture between the World Wars\". In Bonaventura, Paul; Jones, Andrew (eds.). Sculpture and Archaeology. Ashgate Publishing. p. 61. ISBN 9780754658313.\n\"[ARCHIVED CONTENT] UK Government Web Archive – The National Archives\". Yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 2017-02-26.\nDunn, Michael (2002). New Zealand Sculpture: A History. Auckland University Press. p. 55. ISBN 9781869402778.\nUniversity of Glasgow History of Art / HATII (2011). \"Florence Harriet Steele\". Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain & Ireland 1851–1951. Retrieved 27 October 2020.\n\"[ARCHIVED CONTENT] UK Government Web Archive – The National Archives\". Yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 2017-02-26.", "21 artworks by or after Édouard Lantéri at the Art UK site" ]

[ "Édouard Lantéri", "Biography", "Written works", "Notable pupils", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "", "Pierced rod from Magdalenian, former collection of Lartet – Muséum of Toulouse" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Edouard_Lartet.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Baton_Lartet_MHNT_PRE_.2010.0.1.2_Global_noir.jpg" ]

[ "Édouard Lartet (15 April 1801 – 28 January 1871) was a French geologist and paleontologist, and a pioneer of Paleolithic archaeology.", "Lartet was born near Castelnau-Barbarens, département of Gers, France, where his family had lived for more than five hundred years. He was educated for the law at Auch and Toulouse, but having private means elected to devote himself to science. The then recent work of Georges Cuvier on fossil Mammalia encouraged Lartet in excavations which led in 1834 to his first discovery of fossil remains in the neighborhood of Auch. For the next decade and a half, he continued to explore the geography and palaeontology of the Pyrenees, uncovering ancestral apes close to the hominid line at Sansan.\nIn 1860, hearing of the discovery of human bones at a cave at Aurignac, and inspired by the work of William Pengelly, he turned his attention most fruitfully to the cave systems of the Dordogne. His first publication on the subject, The Antiquity of Man in Western Europe (1860), was followed in 1861 by New Researches on the Coexistence of Man and of the Great Fossil Mammifers characteristic of the Last Geological Period. Here he revealed the results of his discoveries in the Aurignac cave, demonstrating the contemporaneous existence of man and extinct mammals. While these first results were met with some incredulity, a fellow geologist helpfully pointed Lartet towards the Vézère valley in the Périgord district, where in 1863 he began to dig backed by the financial and personal help of Henry Christy.\nTheir conjoint work was immediately to open new horizons, and served to establish a basic stratified typology of Paleolithic man which still holds good today. The important discoveries in the Abri de la Madeleine and Le Moustier provided type-sites for archaic stone-age cultures, which (from the associated fauna) Lartet linked to an early 'mammoth' phase and a late 'reindeer' phase. Lartet and Christy were also able to establish and document the presence of mobiliary art in early stratified layers, further transforming the common and professional perception of early man. Such 'home' art, involving bone patternings and carvings, were associated with both the Aurignacian and the Magdalenean cultures.\nThe account of their joint researches appeared in a paper descriptive of the Dordogne caves and contents published in Revue archéologique (1864); and would eventually be published by Lartet and Christy under the title Reliquiae Aquitanicae, the first part appearing in 1865. Christy unfortunately died before the completion of the work, but Lartet continued it until the breakdown of his health in 1870. Many artefacts from their excavations are now kept in the local museum in Toulouse, as well as the British Museum in London. His son Louis Lartet followed in his father's footsteps.\nThe most modest and one of the most illustrious of the founders of modern palaeontology, Lartet's work was publicly recognized by his nomination as an officer of the Légion d'honneur; and in 1848 he had had the offer of a political post. In 1857 he had been elected a foreign member of the Geological Society of London, and a few weeks before his death he had been made professor of palaeontology at the museum of the Jardin des Plantes. He died at Séissan. He was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1869.", "Antiquity of man\nBoucher de Perthes\nCave art\nde Mortillet\nMousterian", "One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Lartet, Edouard\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 224.\nG. Bibby, The Testimony of the Spade (Fontana 1962) p. 47\nW. Bray ed., The Penguin Dictionary of Archeology (Penguin 1972) p. 129\nThe Swimming Reindeer, British Museum Objects in Focus, accessed 3 August 2010, ISBN 978-0-7141-2821-4\nW. Bray ed., The Penguin Dictionary of Archeology (Penguin 1972) p. 129-30\nH. Osborne ed. The Oxford Companion to Art (London 1992) p. 1100\nBritish Museum Collection\n\"APS Member History\". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2021-04-26.", "Works by or about Édouard Lartet at Wikisource" ]

[ "Édouard Lartet", "Biography", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

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