Datasets:

PaulLerner

/

evqa_wikipedia

like 1

[ "Facade of the church", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Roy%C3%A8re_de_Vassivi%C3%A8re_%C3%89glise_Saint-Germain.JPG", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Roy%C3%A8re_de_Vassivi%C3%A8re_%C3%89glise_Saint-Germain_2.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Roy%C3%A8re_de_Vassivi%C3%A8re_%C3%89glise_Saint-Germain_3.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Roy%C3%A8re_de_Vassivi%C3%A8re_%C3%89glise_Saint-Germain_4.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Place_de_la_Mayade_%C3%A0_Royere.jpg" ]

[ "The Église Saint-Germain de Royère-de-Vassivière is a Gothic church built in Royère-de-Vassivière in the department of Creuse and region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. The church was included in the inventory of monuments historiques on 9 March 1963.\nThe patron of the church is Saint-Germain who was born in Autun in 496. He founded with Merovingian king Childebert I, son of Clovis, the church of Saint Vincent which became the church of Saint-Germain-des-Prés. He was also the twentieth bishop of Paris. The church has a single nave with flat apse.", "The current building was built in the late 13th century, or rather of the 14th century. Its porch and its tower seem to have been constructed in the 15th century. A community of religious brothers served the church since 1491.\nBefore 1776, Royère-de-Vassivière had several places of burial. From 1776, burials in the church were forbidden, for hygiene reasons, by a Royal Declaration, except for the priests. In Royère, this declaration was immediately respected and the last profane burial was that of Marie Lenoir in 1774. In 1779, it was decided to move the cemetery beside the Église Saint-Germain to the outside of the town. The new cemetery was eventually opened in 1856. The old cemetery was replaced by a square under the Mayor M. Toumieux administration. The War memorial of the city is now on the square.", "", "Base Mérimée: PA00100143, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French) Eglise Saint-Germain\n(in French) Biography of Saint-Germain Dioceserimouski.com Retrieved 25 June 2009\n(in French) Description of the Église Saint-Germain Lac-de-vassiviere.com Retrieved 25 June 2009\n(in French) Royère and Millevaches Wilimousin.com Retrieved 25 June 2009\nRoyère : Jadis et aujourd'hui, Zénon Thoumieux, 1886, reedited by Le livre d'histoire - Lorisse editions in 2004, page 152 (ISBN 978-2-84373-615-5)" ]

[ "Église Saint-Germain, Royère-de-Vassivière", "History", "Gallery", "References" ]

[ 4047 ]

[ 18958, 18959, 18960 ]

[ "Église Saint-Girons", "Heart of oak frame inside the church, representing Medieval architecture. It is now a tourist attraction", "", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 4, 4 ]

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[ "L'église Saint-Girons (English: Saint-Girons Church; Béarnese Occitan: glèisa de Sent Gironç) is a Roman Catholic church located in the commune of Monein in Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Aquitaine. The edifice is in the Gothic architectural style. It was classified as a monument historique of France on 7 August 1913. Its grand size made it the largest Gothic church in Béarn in the 15th century. It is most famous for its heart of oak frame which represents the Medieval architecture style.", "", "In the 16th century, Monein was a growing village with over 5,000 residents, or 850 fires; (hoec vius in official Béarnese documents at the time), whereas in Pau there were only about 700 residents, as shown by the dénombrements (census for taxation purposes) in Béarn. The old Romanesque church Sant-Pée (Occitan: Sent Pèr, equivalent to Saint-Pierre) became too small for the residents, so it was decided to build a larger church next to the Lay Abbey (which no longer exists).\nMonein was also a very rich village as it paid more taxes than Orthez and Oloron together, and it was one of the largest communes in Béarn because it was composed of the villages of Cuqueron and Cardesse.\nFinally, the residents had religious life styles because there were 9 confraternities and 16 priests in Monein at the time.\nThe size of the new church should be proportional to the wealth of the village; the Église Saint-Girons of Monein is over 61 m (200 ft) long, 16 m (52.5 ft) wide and 31 m (102 ft) high. It is larger than the two cathedrals of Béarn, the Lescar Cathedral (Cathédrale Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption de Lescar) in Lescar and the Oloron Cathedral (Cathédrale Sainte-Marie d'Oloron) in Oloron-Sainte-Marie.\nConstruction of the church began in 1464 and was completed in 1530. During the 70 years of construction, residents paid for the work through numerous taxes, with the local Cagots building the church.", "Queen Jeanne d'Albret of Navarre transformed the church into a Protestant church, however the church returned to Catholicism under the Édit d'intégration du Béarn (Edict of Integration of Béarn), promulgated by King Louis XIII of France (who was also Louis I of Navarre at that time). The church was then refurnished and it still retains a large Baroque-style altarpiece and 17th century organs from Toulouse today.\nThe Église Saint-Girons was restored in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Its heart of oak frame is now a tourist attraction.", "", "Saint Girons\nMonein", "", "Base Mérimée: Église Saint-Girons, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)\n\"Monein\". Site officiel de l’Office de tourisme de Lacq, Cœur de Béarn (in French). Retrieved 9 December 2014.\n\"Église Saint-Girons de Monein\" [Church of Saint-Girons of Monein]. Paroisse Saint-Vincent des Baïses - Monein (in French). Retrieved 9 December 2014.", "Duval, Marie-Victoire (1991). Monein, une communauté du Béarn au Moyen Âge et sous l'Ancien Régime [Monein, a community of Béarn in the Middle Ages and under the Ancien Régime] (in French). Monein.\nCouet-Lannes, Lucienne (2006). Visitons l'église de Monein [Let's visit the church of Monein] (in French). Princi Néguer - Monein.\nRaymond, Paul (1873). Le Béarn sous Gaston PhPhœbus, Dénombrement général des maisons de la Vicomté de Béarn en 1385 [Béarn under Gaston PhPhœbus, General enumeration of the houses of the Viscounty of Béarn in 1385] (in French). Pau." ]

[ "Église Saint-Girons", "History", "Construction", "Others", "Gallery", "See also", "Notes and references", "Sources", "Bibliography" ]

[ 4048, 4049, 4050 ]

[ 18961, 18962, 18963, 18964, 18965, 18966, 18967, 18968 ]

[ "Saint-Hilaire-le-Grand", "" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Saint_Hilaire_Poitiers_2.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/NotreDameI.jpg" ]

[ "The Église Saint-Hilaire-le-Grand is a church in Poitiers, France. It was named after Hilary of Poitiers (Hilaire in French).\nThe church dates back to the 11th century, and was consecrated in 1049. It was damaged during the French Revolution and was restored in the second half of the 19th century. The church received a new portal, and the nave was partly reconstructed. The church was listed as Monument historique in 1840. It was also listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1998 as part of the Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France.", "History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes", "Base Mérimée: Eglise Saint-Hilaire, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)\néglise Saint-Hilaire, Poitiers' town hall website" ]

[ "Église Saint-Hilaire-le-Grand", "See also", "Notes" ]

[ 4051, 4052 ]

[ 18969 ]

[ "Church of Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Virargues" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Eglise_Saint-Jean-Baptiste_de_Virargues.jpg" ]

[ "L'église Saint-Jean-Baptiste is a church in Virargues in the Cantal département in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of France. It was built in the 12th century, and modified in the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries.", "Sainte-Reine Church", "Base Mérimée: Eglise Saint-Jean-Baptiste, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)", "Base Mérimée: Eglise Saint-Jean-Baptiste, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)X2=100&MAX3=100&DOM=Tous Église Saint-Jean-Baptiste in the Mérimée database] (in French)\nA picture of Église Saint-Jean-Baptiste (lower part right-hand) (in French)", "" ]

[ "Église Saint-Jean-Baptiste (Virargues)", "See also", "References", "External links", "Note" ]

[ 4053 ]

[ 18970 ]

[ "Église Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Bastia", "" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Bastia-st-jean-baptiste-church.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/NotreDameI.jpg" ]

[ "Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Bastia (Corsican: San Ghjuvanni Battista di Bastìa; English: St. John Baptist of Bastia) is a church in Bastia, Haute-Corse, Corsica. The building was classified as a Historic Monument in 2000.", "Base Mérimée: PA00099160, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French) Eglise Saint-Jean-Baptiste" ]

[ "Église Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Bastia", "References" ]

[ 4054, 4055 ]

[ 18971 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/La_Porta-St-Jean-Baptiste-1.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/NotreDameI.jpg" ]

[ "Église Saint-Jean-Baptiste de La Porta is a Roman Catholic church in La Porta, Haute-Corse, Corsica. The 18th century building was classified as a Historic Monument in 1975.", "Base Mérimée: PA00099234, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French) Eglise Saint-Jean-Baptiste" ]

[ "Église Saint-Jean-Baptiste de La Porta", "References" ]

[ 4056 ]

[ 18972 ]

[ "Facade of the Église Saint-Jean-Baptiste du Faubourg" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Eglise_Saint-Jean-Baptiste_du_Faubourg_Cours_Sextius_Aix-en-Provence.JPG" ]

[ "The Église Saint-Jean-Baptiste du Faubourg is a Roman Catholic church in Aix-en-Provence.", "The church building is located at 36 cours Sextius in Aix-en-Provence.", "The church was built on an old church building. It was designed by architect Laurent Vallon (1652-1724), and built from 1697 to 1702. Its construction was partly funded by a donation from Jean-Baptiste Duchaine, a canon in Aix. The building itself is shaped like a Greek cross. It was expanded in the nineteenth century.\nInside the church, the altar dates back to the eighteenth century. Additionally, the pulpit inside the church was designed by Jean-Baptiste Rambot. A painting by Charles de La Fosse (1636-1716) was donated to the church in 1821. There are also two paintings by Michel Serre (1658–1733).\nPainter Paul Cézanne (1839–1906) married Hortense Fiquet in this church.", "In December 2013, a traditional Mass was said in provençal to celebrate the santons.", "It has been listed as a monument historique since 1983.", "Aix-en-Provence Tourism\nJ.-B.-F. Porte, Aix ancien et moderne, Imprimerie de G. Mouret, 1833, p. 170 \nCulture 13\nAgenda culturel, December 2013, p. 4\nBase Mérimée: PA00081000, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)" ]

[ "Église Saint-Jean-Baptiste du Faubourg", "Location", "History", "At present", "Heritage significance", "References" ]

[ 4057 ]

[ 18973, 18974, 18975 ]

[ "", "Interior of Saint-Jean-de-Malte", "Louis Finson (1610): The Resurrection", "Michel Serre: Apotheosis of St Augustine" ]

[ 0, 2, 3, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Aix-Saint-Jean-de-Malte-bjs180814-01.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Saint-Jean_de_Malte_01.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Finsonius-resurrection.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Michel_Serre_apoth%C3%A9ose_Saint_Augustin1.jpg" ]

[ "The Church of St. John in Aix-en-Provence, situated at the corner of rue d'Italie and rue Cardinale, is a Gothic Roman Catholic church, the first in Provence. It was built in the 13th century, mostly in the 1270s.", "The site was initially occupied in the twelfth century by a hospice and chapel of the Knights Hospitaller of the Order of Malta, under the jurisdiction of the priory of Saint-Gilles in Provence. The thirteenth-century church formed part of a priory of the same order situated in olive groves outside the city walls of Aix. From the thirteenth century it served as a burial place for the Counts of Provence.\nIn the 17th century the parish was incorporated within the city of Aix when the ramparts were extended to the south and the adjoining lands of the priory sold off to help create the quartier Mazarin. In the aftermath of the French revolution most of the internal furnishings, treasures and statuary of the church were removed or plundered and the church itself converted into a military storehouse. In the 19th century it was eventually restored to religious use as a parish church.\nThe church is currently under the ministry of a brotherhood of apostolic monks. The nineteenth century organ in Saint-Jean-de-Malte was replaced in 2006 by a baroque-style organ built by Daniel Kern. The interior of the church may be seen in Michelangelo Antonioni's 1995 film Beyond the Clouds.", "The reopening in 1858 of the large window in the apse, blocked by Jean-Claude Viany for the installation of a large altarpiece in the seventeenth century, revealed traces of polychrome stained glass indicating that in the seventeenth century the church not only had monochrome grisailles but also coloured windows, with at least some of them depicting Saint-Jean-de-Malte himself. The windows in the church today date from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.\nThe new window in the apse was completed in 1858 and was designed by several artists from Aix. In the upper quatrefoils are God the Father, crowned with a globe in his left hand as he delivers a blessing with his right hand. He is flanked by Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence and Beatrice of Provence. In three smaller quatrefoils below are three knights hospitaller of Malta: Berenger Monachi (l.), Gerard Thom (c., founder of the order) and Hélion de Villeneuve (r.). The three pairs of windows below represent scenes from the life of John the Baptist: his meeting with the Virgin Mary; the baptism of Christ; and with Christ in a diptych. In the six panels below are Old Testament figures (from l. to r.): Abraham, Moses, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and Daniel. At the base of the window are six thirteenth century coats of arms connected with the Order, including those of Provence, Malta, Aragon and Aix.\nOther notable windows include the large rose window above the entrance to the church installed in 1896: the original rose window was blocked by Viany in the seventeenth century to make room for an organ. In 1984 an abstract window by Henri Guérin was installed in the southern transept. Its coloured blocks were designed to take advantage of the changing quality of sunlight at different times of day and liturgical season.", "Although in the seventeenth century the prior Jean-Claude Viany commissioned paintings from Gilles Garcin and sculpture from Christophe Veyrier and his nephew Thomas, some of which can be still be seen in the church, the lack of funds when the parish was re-established after the French revolution limited the further acquisition of paintings. A number of paintings, however, have come from disestablished churches or have been donated privately, including most recently the Crucifixion by Delacroix.\nSt Henry pleading with the Virgin for the souls in purgatory (1687), Jean Armelin\nCommissioned for the Chapel of the Souls in Purgatory in Saint-Jean-de-Malte, it was the gift of Henry de Simiane de Lacoste, a knight of Malta, who is depicted as the donor.\nThe Annunciation and Death of the Virgin (1678), André Boisson\nThese are two of a series of six paintings of scenes from the life of the Virgin, commissioned for the chapel of the former Palace of the Counts of Provence. Two other paintings from the series can be seen at the Church of the Madeleine in the place des Prēcheurs.\nTheology (1744-1749), Michel-François Dandré-Bardon\nThis painting was part of a series of allegorical wall panels originally in the historic buildings of the University of Aix, opposite Aix Cathedral.\nThe Resurrection of Christ (1610), Louis Finson\nThis painting by the Flemish painter Finson, a follower of Caravaggio who lived in Aix between 1610 and 1616, was originally in the Chapel of Jesuits in Aix prior to the revolution.\nChrist appearing to Mary Magdalen in the garden, The Miracle of St Blaise and Our Lady of peaceful rest (1690), Gilles Garcin\nThese three paintings, the first of which was damaged and only partially restored, were commissioned by Viany for altarpieces in the side-chapels of Saint-Jean-de-Malte.\nThe Descent from the Cross (1612), André Gaudion\nGaudion was born in Lyon, but settled in Marseille. He was active in Aix between 1612 and 1634. This painting was probably originally in a Franciscan chapel in Aix.\nSt Bruno at the feet of the Virgin (1663), Reynaud Levieux\nLevieux was born in Nimes; he worked in Aix between 1663 and 1670. This painting, sometimes considered his best work, was part of the main altarpiece of a Carthusian chapel in Aix before the revolution.\nThe Descent from the Cross (1611), Martin Guillaume\nA copy of a well-known Descent by Federico Barocci, this painting was originally in the chapel of the Black Friars (Pénitents Noirs) in Aix. It was purchased for the church in 1771 by Joseph-Félix Alphéran, who subsequently became prior of Saint-Jean-de-Malte.\nOur Lady of Mount Carmel, Nicolas Mignard (1606-1668)\nThis painting by the Avignon-based artist Nicolas Mignard, elder brother of the court portraitist Pierre Mignard, was originally in the Carmelite chapel of the fourteenth century Église des Grandes-Carmes, formerly one of the main churches in Aix and burial place of René of Anjou's entrails. Following the destruction of the Grandes-Carmes during the revolution, the painting was moved to the Church of Saint-Esprit on rue Espariat and then to Saint-Jean-de-Malte.\nChrist on the Cross with the Virgin and St John, The Judgement of Solomon and The woman taken in adultery (1673), Nicolas Pinson\nThese three paintings come from the main parliamentary chamber in the former Palace of the Counts of Provence.\nThe Apotheosis of St Augustin, Michel Serre (1658-1733)\nBorn in Catalonia, Serre lived in Marseille from the age of 17. He became a prolific painter as well as a designer for the royal fleet. During the plague of 1720, he showed great devotion to those afflicted and distributed his fortune to the poor, later to die a pauper himself. This painting was originally in the Augustinian chapel off rue Espariat.\nThe risen Christ appearing to St Thomas (1614), Jacques Macadré\nThis painting was originally commissioned for the Église des Grandes-Carmes by Alexandre de Michaelis, a squire in Aix.\nSt Roch, St Antony and St Sebastian, anonymous\nThis fourteenth century Florentine triptych is a recent acquisition.\nThe Apotheosis of St John of God, Jean-Baptiste Jouvenet\nThis early eighteenth-century painting of the Portuguese saint was recently restored by the art historian Marie-Christine Gloton.\nThe Crucifixion (1820), Eugène Delacroix, donated in 1998\nThis early painting by Delacroix is based on a Crucifixion by Anthony van Dyck.", "Base Palissy: PM13001456, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)\nThe restored painting is reproduced as\nthe cover illustration of Schnapper & Gouzi (2010).", "Roux, Jean-Marie (1986), Saint-Jean-de-Malte. Une église de l'ordre de Malte à Aix-en-Provence, Édisud, ISBN 2-85744-267-X\nGuillibert, F. (1896), L'Église Saint-Jean de Malte d'Aix. Son histoire, ses restaurations, J. Nicot\nBourgeois, Fr. Daniel (2006), Grande orgue de l'église Saint-Jean-de-Malte, Association des Amis de Saint-Jean-de-Malte\nBouyala d'Arnaud, André (1964), Évocation du vieil Aix-en-Provence, éditions de Minuit, ISBN 978-2-7073-0271-7\nCastaldo, Inès (2011), Le Quartier Mazarin. Habiter noblement à Aix-en-Provence, Le Temps de l'Histoire, Presses universitaires de Provence, ISBN 978-2-85399-789-8\nSchnapper, Antoine; Gouzi, Christine (2010), Jean Jouvenet 1644-1717 et La Peinture d'Histoire à Paris (Expanded second ed.), Arthéna, ISBN 2903239428", "Parish of Saint Jean de Malte\nDescription of the interior of the church\nBlessing of the Calissons, description of the annual ceremony\nThe Very Hungry Frenchman: Provence. Episode 5 of this BBC culinary series, broadcast in March 2012 and featuring Raymond Blanc, showed the Blessing of the Calissons in Saint-Jean-de-Malte" ]

[ "Église Saint-Jean-de-Malte", "History", "Windows and stained glass", "Paintings", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4058, 4059, 4060, 4061 ]

[ 18976, 18977, 18978, 18979, 18980, 18981, 18982, 18983, 18984, 18985, 18986, 18987, 18988, 18989, 18990, 18991, 18992, 18993, 18994, 18995, 18996, 18997, 18998 ]

[ "Facade of the Église Saint-Joseph", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4 ]

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[ "The Église Saint-Joseph is a Roman Catholic church in Marseille.", "It is located in the 6th arrondissement of Marseille. The exact address is at 124-126 rue Paradis.", "The church, alongside Église Saint-Charles in the 1st arrondissement of Marseille, was constructed as a result of the rapid expansion of Marseille and the creation of new neighbourhoods in the nineteenth century. On August 14, 1831, it was authorized by Fortuné de Mazenod (1749-1840), who served as the Bishop of Marseille from 1823 to 1837. During the construction, church-goers worshipped in the nearby Église Saint-Nicolas-de-Myre. Land was purchased from landowner Maxime Martin to build this new church.\nThe church building was designed by architect Pascal Coste (1787-1879) in 1833, in a similar manner as the nearby Église Saint-Lazare, also designed by Coste. Drawing upon his designs, architect Joseph Ferrié oversaw the construction of the facade. In 1868, Henri-Jacques Espérandieu (1829-1874) designed the casing of the pipe organ and the ceiling of the nave. The high altar and the baldachin were designed by Louis Sainte-Marie-Perrin (1835-1917). The pipe organ was made by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll (1811-1899). The entire church was only finalized as late as 1925. However, it was dedicated on April 25, 1855.\nIt has been listed as a Monument historique since February 9, 1999.", "It is open every day except Sunday, from Monday to Saturday from 10AM to 12PM, and from 4PM to 6PM. The current vicar is Fr Michel Roux.", "", "T. Brieugne, Monographie de la Paroisse Saint Joseph de Marseille (Imprimerie Marseillaise, 1933).", "Official website: Where are we?\nÉglise Catholique à Marseille\nBase Mérimée: PA13000015, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)\nJean Leflon, Eugène de Mazenod, évêque de Marseille, fondateur des Missionnaires oblats de Marie immaculée, vol. 2, Paris: Plon, 1960, p. 594-596\nAndré Bouyala d'Arnaud, Evocation du vieux Marseille, Paris: Les éditions de minuit, 1961, p. 314\nRégis Bertrand, Lucien Tirone, Le guide de Marseille, Besançon: La manufacture, 1991, p. 278\nGoogle Books" ]

[ "Église Saint-Joseph (Marseille)", "Location", "History", "At present", "Gallery", "Secondary source", "References" ]

[ 4062, 4063, 4064, 4065, 4066, 4067, 4068, 4069, 4070, 4071, 4072, 4073, 4074, 4075 ]

[ 18999, 19000, 19001, 19002, 19003 ]

[ "Église Saint-Josse de Parnes", "" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Parnes-eglise.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/NotreDameI.jpg" ]

[ "Église Saint-Josse de Parnes is a Roman Catholic church in Parnes, France. It is a monument historique.", "The church is located in the Oise department, in the commune of Parnes.", "It was declared a monument historique in 1913.", "Base Mérimée: Eglise Saint-Josse, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)" ]

[ "Église Saint-Josse de Parnes", "Location", "History", "References" ]

[ 4076, 4077 ]

[ 19004 ]

[ "T", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/L%27%C3%A9glise_Saint-Leu-Saint-Gilles.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Klokkentoren.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Zij_ingang.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Glas_in_Lood.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Tombe_van_Lodewijk_Napoleon.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Gedenkplaat_Lodewijk_Napoleon.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Crypte_Napoleons.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/DSC01280_Sarcophagus_Louis_Napoleon.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Napol%C3%A9on_Charles_Bonaparte.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Napoleon_Louis_Bonaparte.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Sarcofaag_Charles_Bonaparte.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Detail_tombe_Lodewijk_Napoleon_met_de_gezichten_van_Napol%C3%A9on_Charles_Bonaparte%2C_Napoleon_Louis_Bonaparte_en_Carlo.JPG" ]

[ "The Église Saint-Leu-Saint Gilles (Saint-Leu-la-Forêt) is a Roman Catholic church on the 'rue (street) Général Leclerc' in the French town of Saint-Leu-la-Forêt, about 14 kilometers north of Paris. Commissioned by Emperor Napoleon III, the church houses the tomb of his father, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, King of Holland, as well as those of his two brothers.", "The church was built in 1849 by Prince Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, then President of France and subsequently Emperor. It replaced an earlier church from the seventeenth century, inaugurated on November 7, 1690. The church was in turn a replacement of the original church from the twelfth century, located in the forest near Montmorency and demolished in 1686.\nThe architect Eugène Lacroix was inspired by the Italian basilicas, in particular the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna. A large portal with a semicircular archivolt and a tympanum decorated with a mosaic provides access to the ship. Smaller gates flank the main entrance on both sides. The upper part of the facade of the nave is decorated with five semicircular arches. The strongly distinctive bell tower of the main building is placed in front of the lateral northeast façade. The edges between the first and second floor as well as the walls are decorated with decorative frames in the style of the Italian Renaissance.\nAt the back of the choir, as a tribute to the Bonaparte family and especially Louis Napoleon, the brother of Emperor Napoleon I and Napoleon III's father, there is a tomb for Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland, made by Louis Petitot. On the front of the tomb are the faces of his sons Napoléon Charles Bonaparte and Napoléon Louis Bonaparte and his father Carlo Buonaparte. Behind the monument is a fresco by Sébastien-Melchior Cornu with four angels carrying Saint Louis, St. Charles and St. Napoleon. This wall has recently been restored using the Napoleon Foundation.\nAlso of interest are the graves in the chapel on the right side of the choir to commemorate the Baroness (Madame) de Broc, one of Queen Hortense de Beauharnais matrons (Head Sister) of honor, and Baroness Broc's sister, the wife of Marshal Michel Ney .\nThe church of Saint-Gilles in St-Leu was consecrated on 31 October 1851 by Monsignor Gros, bishop of Versailles, accompanied by members of his family and other important figures in the presence of President Napoleon III. In 1869 the emperor offered a beautiful Cavaillé-Coll organ. Napoleon III initially had plans for enormous murals, but this was postponed by the Franco-German War of 1870 and the fall of the Second French Empire.", "It was intended that the entire Bonaparte family, including Emperor Napoleon I, would be buried in the church. There are four sarcophagi in the crypt. Louis Napoleon was reburied here in 1851 after first buried in Livorno and on 29 September 1847 in the chapel of Saint Leu, of Baroness de Broc (1784-1813), as well as his sons Napoleon Charles Bonaparte, Prince of Holland, and Napoleon Louis Bonaparte, who was King of Holland from 1 July 1810 to 9 July 1810.\nThe fourth crypt is empty. Here from 1851 Carlo Maria Buonaparte (French: Charles-Marie Bonaparte) was buried, whose remains were transferred on 28 April 1951 to the Imperial Chapel in Ajaccio. Charles-Marie (Carlo Maria) Bonaparte Born March 27, 1745, February 24, 1785 died in Montpellier from stomach cancer. He was buried in Montpellier in the vaults of the Convent of the Cordeliers. His body was buried in 1803 in the gardens of Mortefontaine, property of Joseph Bonaparte. When the area was returned to the Prince of Condé, in 1819, his remains were transferred to the Chapel of Saint-Leu and in 1851 to the Église Saint-Leu-Saint Gilles. The sarcophagus of Charles bears the wrong date of death, namely 24 April 1785 instead of 24 February.\nEmperor Napoleon I was reburied in December 1840 in the Dôme des Invalides in Paris, as were his other brothers Jérôme Bonaparte and Joseph Bonaparte. On December 15, 1940, the chest of Napoleon II, was transferred by Adolf Hitler to Paris and buried in the crypt of the Dôme des Invalides. A major restoration of crypts in the Église Saint-Leu-Saint Gilles was carried out in 1995/1996 with the support of the international club Skal.", "The church and the crypt can only be visited through the Saint-Leu-la-Foret Syndicat D'Initiative (local tourist office) 13 Avenue du Général Leclerc 95320 Saint-Leu-La Forêt (diagonally opposite the church) [3]\nWith support from a club for managers in tourism, an amount of NLG 45,000 was raised in 1997 for the restoration of the church.", "", "\"Imperial chapel - Ajaccio\".\n\"Graf Lodewijk Napoleon\".\n\"Le syndicat d'initiative\"." ]

[ "Église Saint-Leu-Saint Gilles (Saint-Leu-la-Forêt)", "History", "Family Bonaparte", "Worth knowing", "Images", "Sources" ]

[ 4078, 4079, 4080, 4081, 4082, 4083, 4084, 4085, 4086, 4087, 4088, 4089 ]

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[ "", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Marseille-%C3%A9glise-Saint-Louis.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/86-Poitiers-portail-sud-cath%C3%A9drale.jpg" ]

[ "The Église Saint-Louis is a historic Roman Catholic church in the 15th arrondissement of Marseille, France. It was designed in the Bauhaus architectural style by Jean-Louis Sourdeau, with additional sculptures designed by Carlo Sarrabezoles. Its construction was completed in 1935. It has been listed as an official historical monument since December 14, 1989.", "\"Eglise Saint Louis\". L'Eglise Catholique a Marseille. Retrieved August 10, 2016. \nBase Mérimée: Eglise Saint-Louis, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)" ]

[ "Église Saint-Louis", "References" ]

[ 4090 ]

[ 19015 ]

[ "Lateral view of the formerly abbey church", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Abteikirche_St-Etienne%2C_Marmoutier.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Marmoutier_Abbaye_03.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Marmoutier_Abbaye_175.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Marmoutier_Abbaye_205.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Marmoutier_Abbaye_168.jpg" ]

[ "Église Saint-Martin is the parish church of the small commune of Marmoutier, in the Bas-Rhin department of France. The church used to belong to Marmoutier Abbey and to be dedicated to Saint Stephen; it is still known as église (church), or abbatiale (abbey church) Saint-Étienne.\nBuilt over a period of over 700 years, Marmoutier's church has a length of 74 metres (243 feet), and grows younger from West to East: the facade with its porch tower is Romanesque, the nave is Gothic, and the choir was rebuilt in the years 1765–1770 in an early Gothic Revival style.\nIt is classified as a Monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture since 1840, making it a part of the very first list of such heritage buildings, and is a stage on the Romanesque Road of Alsace.\nThe western facade of Marmoutier's church is famous for its massive but well balanced architecture, while inside, the 1710 pipe organ by Andreas Silbermann (completed in 1746 by his son, Johann Andreas Silbermann, and restored several times since) and the 18th-century choir stalls are among the most notable items on display.", "", "\"Floor plan 1\". encyclopedie.bseditions.fr. Retrieved 2 November 2019.\n\"Floor plan 2\". crdp-strasbourg.fr. Retrieved 2 November 2019.\n\"Marmoutier\" (PDF). La Route Romane d′Alsace. Retrieved 2 November 2019.\nBase Mérimée: Eglise abbatiale Saint-Etienne, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)\n\"MARMOUTIER, église Saint-Martin\". La Route Romane d′Alsace. Retrieved 2 November 2019.\nKubach, Hans Erich (1986). Romanik. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. ISBN 3421028583.\n\"Marmoutier, Abbatiale St. Etienne\". aeolus-music.com. Retrieved 2 November 2019.\n\"Marmoutier, St-Etienne\". A la découverte de l'Orgue Orgues d'Alsace. Retrieved 2 November 2019.\nBase Palissy: Ensemble des stalles et des lambris du choeur, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)", "L'église abbatiale, un trésor, on the website of the Musée du patrimoine et du judaïsme alsacien de Marmoutier" ]

[ "Église Saint-Martin, Marmoutier", "Gallery", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4091, 4092, 4093, 4094, 4095 ]

[ 19016, 19017 ]

[ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Eglise_saint_Maurice.%2C_de_Soultz%2C_Haut-Rhin.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Soultz_StMaurice49.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Soultz_StMaurice51.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/2014-09-07_15-10-50_eglise-PA00085681.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Soultz_StMaurice17.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/2014-09-07_14-51-37_eglise-PA00085681.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Soultz_StMaurice39.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Soultz_StMaurice33.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Soultz_StMaurice43.JPG" ]

[ "Église Saint-Maurice (Church of Saint Maurice) is the medieval parish church of the small town of Soultz, in the Haut-Rhin department of France.\nThe church is noteworthy for its refined and light (épuré et léger) Gothic design, and for the works of art it contains, including a Renaissance pulpit and a 1750 Silbermann pipe organ. It has been classified as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture since 1920.", "The work on the church was begun in 1270, at the site of a previous Romanesque church from the 11th century, of which some remains have been uncovered by 1990s archaeologists. The transept was finished before 1310 and the nave around 1340, but the overall construction was only completed in 1489 with the addition of a bay at the western end, because the church had been found too small for the town's population at that time. The top of the spire was added in 1611.", "The height of the crossing tower is 66 metres (217 feet), including the sun-shaped weather vane on top of the cross. The tower features a clock face with hands, a painted sundial (1755), and a scratch dial. Inside, the height of the vaults at the transept is 17.30 m (56 ft 9 in). The church's floor plan is in the shape of a Latin cross, with a central nave and two aisles.\nThe church lost much of its original furniture during the French Revolution. Today, it contains 14th- and 15th-century frescos (heavily restored in the 1970s and 1980s); an elaborate wooden pulpit from around 1616; a well preserved 1750 pipe organ by Johann Andreas Silbermann in a lavish case; and many ledger stones, altars, statues, bosses, and other sculptures. Most noteworthy among these are a wooden relief from around 1480–1490, depicting Saint George and the Dragon, a wooden statue from around 1500 of the Madonna and Child, and an 1855 oil on canvas painting of the Entombment of Christ that was presented to the church by Napoleon III in 1864.\nOn the outside, the southern portal has retained its tympanum from around 1320, representing Saint Maurice on horseback and the Adoration of the Magi. This sculpture may be a work of Thann masters from nearby.", "", "\"Soultz – église Saint-Maurice\". Église Catholique en Alsace. Retrieved 4 May 2019.\nBase Mérimée: Église Saint-Maurice, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)\nKoch, Jacky. \"Soultz (Haut-Rhin). Église Saint-Maurice [compte-rendu]\". Archéologie médiévale. Retrieved 4 May 2019.\n\"L'église Saint Maurice de Soultz\". Communauté de paroisses de Saint Georges au pied du Vieil Armand. Retrieved 4 May 2019.\nGasser, Auguste (1905). \"L'église et la paroisse de Soultz (Haut-Rhin)\". gallica.bnf.fr. Retrieved 4 May 2019.\n\"Soultz\". Cadrans solaires de Touraine et d'ailleurs. Retrieved 9 May 2019.\nBase Palissy: peintures murales : Crucifixion, Calvaire, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)\nBase Palissy: peinture murale : saint Christophe, Vierge à l'Enfant, sainte Véronique, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)\nBase Palissy: chaire à prêcher, style Renaissance alsacienne, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)\n\"Orgue de Soultz-Haut-Rhin, St Maurice\". A la découverte de l'Orgue Orgues d'Alsace. Retrieved 4 May 2019.\nHB Kunstführer Straßburg - Colmar - Elsaß. Hamburg: HB Verlags- und Vertriebs-Ges.mbH. 1986. pp. 74–75.\nBase Palissy: groupe sculpté : Vierge à l'Enfant, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)\nBase Palissy: tableau : Mise au tombeau, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)" ]

[ "Église Saint-Maurice, Soultz-Haut-Rhin", "History", "Description", "Gallery", "References" ]

[ 4096, 4097, 4098, 4099, 4100, 4101, 4102, 4103, 4104 ]

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[ "", "", "", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/SoultzBains_STMaurice_01.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Eglise_Saint-Maurice_de_Soultz-les-Bains_%283%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/SoultzBains_StMaurice_52.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/SoultzBains_StMaurice_39.JPG" ]

[ "Église Saint-Maurice (Church of Saint Maurice) is the parish church of the village of Soultz-les-Bains, in the Bas-Rhin department of France. It should not be confused with Église Saint-Maurice of Soultz-Haut-Rhin, in the neighbouring Haut-Rhin department.\nThe church is notable for its medieval tower and for being one of the earliest examples of Gothic Revival architecture in Alsace. It is classified as a Monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture since 1996.\nThe church was first mentioned in 1165. The basis of the tower is Romanesque (late 12th-century). It is decorated with reliefs on the outside and with frescos on the inside. The upper part of the tower is Gothic and dates from the end of the 15th century. The rest of the church was rebuilt according to plans (1843, 1844) by the architect Charles Morin (1810–1897), and inaugurated in 1848. In 1888, the nave was covered with a wooden barrel vault.\nThe pipe organ is a 1762 work by Johann Andreas Silbermann. It was moved into this church from Old Saint Peter's Church, Strasbourg, in 1865.", "", "\"église paroissiale Saint-Maurice\". Plateforme ouverte du patrimoine. Retrieved 5 May 2019.\n\"Fresques clocher Soultz-les-Bains\". Fondation du patrimoine. Retrieved 5 May 2019.\n\"L'Église Saint Maurice\". Commune de Soultz-les-Bains. Retrieved 5 May 2019.\n\"Orgue de Soultz-les-Bains, St-Maurice\". A la découverte de l'Orgue Orgues d'Alsace. Retrieved 5 May 2019." ]

[ "Église Saint-Maurice, Soultz-les-Bains", "Gallery", "References" ]

[ 4105, 4106, 4107, 4108 ]

[ 19026 ]

[ "Église Saint-Michel de Reichshoffen", "", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 1 ]

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[ "Église Saint-Michel de Reichshoffen is a church in Reichshoffen, Bas-Rhin, Alsace, France. Built in 1772, it became a registered Monument historique in 1921.", "Base Mérimée: Église Saint-Michel de Reichshoffen, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)" ]

[ "Église Saint-Michel de Reichshoffen", "References" ]

[ 4109, 4110, 4111 ]

[ 19027 ]

[ "Tower and tower porch of the Église Saint-Patern de Vannes", "The church's tower", "The apse or chevet" ]

[ 0, 1, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Vannes_-_%C3%A9glise_Saint-Patern_%2804%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Clocher_Saint_Paterne.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Vannes_-_%C3%A9glise_Saint-Patern_%2802%29.jpg" ]

[ "Église Saint-Patern de Vannes (Saint Patern of Vannes Church) is a Roman Catholic church in Vannes, France.", "The church stands in Vannes's rue de la Fontaine and rue Saint-Patern. The church was built on the existing foundations of a much older church which held the relics of Saint Patern (the first bishop at Vannes). The original church had been built in the 11th-century and had replaced the another church which had suffered damage at the hands of Norman invaders at the turn of the 9th and 10th-centuries. \nIt was in 1721 when a furious storm badly damaged the tower of the church. On 9 May 1726 another storm hit the town and sent the rest of the tower tumbling, crushing half of the nave and part of the choir. The building, therefore, required a major reconstruction and this reconstruction was started in 1727 under the direction of the architect Olivier Delourme (or de Lourme) and the mason Guillo. Good progress was made with the first stone being laid on the 18 September 1727 and ten years later inauguration of the major part of the cathedral was possible. By 1769, the nave foundations were completed although the spire of the tower was not completed until 1826 following a successful appeal for funds organised by the rector Guénanten.", "The building comprises a nave with two narrow aisles giving access to three side chapels, these furnished with six altarpieces. On the north side chapels the altarpieces are dedicated to the Immaculate conception, sainte-Thérèse d'Avila and the \"Vraie-Croix\" whilst on the south side the dedications are to saint Roch, saint Fiacre and Notre-Dame de Délivrance.\nThe north transept has an altarpiece dedicated to the Sainte-Parenté and the South transept has an altarpiece dedicated to saint Isidore. The transept also holds a further two altarpieces in white marble each with four columns. The painting which is part of the altarpiece in the south transept depicts \"Christ aux outrages\", whilst that in the north transept depicts the \"Presentation in the temple\".\nThe altarpiece entitled the \"Résurrection du Christ\" in the choir area dates to 1744, the sides of this altarpiece holding statues of saint Patern and the Virgin Mary. The choir area comprises three crossings, a painting, columns of black marble supporting a curvilinear corniche above which is another niche. The main altar shaped like a tomb in white marble and dating to the 19th-century is surmounted on each side by adoring angels. In this area, wooden niches hold statues of saint Peter and saint Paul.", "This dates to 1813 and on it are carved the name of the rector Noël Pasco and several of the church officials involved in its erection.", "In this chapel is a reliquary in the form of a cross and made in cast iron as well as a stone statue dating to the 18th-century of \"Notre-Dame de Délivrance\".", "The church has an oil painting by Lhermitais of saint Roch which dates to 1747.", "The stained glass windows in the choir area date to 1737 and were replaced in 1882 and again in 1918. The window by the church's north door dates to 1923 and depicts \"Le Christ entouré de huit enfants\" (Christ surrounded by eight children). It was a gift to the church from the Mitier family of Léhélec.", "During the church's restoration of 2006/2007 some 17th-century stalls were brought into the church as well as the statue \"l'Enfant Jésus de Prague\".", "Given the presence in the church of some bone fragments of Saint Patern, a visit to the church was one of the seven stages of this pilgrimage so popular in the Middle Ages, the task for the pilgrim was to visit the tombs of the seven founding saints of Brittany, the ancient bishops Brieuc, Malo, Samson, Corentin, Pol, Tugwal and Patern in Vannes.\nDiscontinued at the end of the Middle Ages, the \"Tro Breiz\" has recently regained some popularity and pilgrims, hikers and enthusiasts of Breton history are again seeking out the old pilgrim pathways.", "The transept walls are decorated with various paintings including one entitled \"L'Assomption de la Vierge\" by Alexandre Evariste Fragonard, son of the famous Jean-Honoré Fragonard. The painting dates to 1837.", "\"Website run by town hall in Vannes\". Retrieved 14 September 2016. \n\"Parish website\". Retrieved 14 September 2016. \nBase Palissy: Painting of Saint Roch, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)\n\"Newspaper report on installation of stalls\". Retrieved 15 September 2016. \n\"petit-patrimoine website\". Retrieved 14 September 2016. \n\"The informative infobretagne website\". Retrieved 14 September 2016." ]

[ "Église Saint-Patern de Vannes", "Saint Patern", "The building", "The pulpit", "The chapel of Notre-Dame de Délivrance", "Painting of saint Roch", "Stained glass windows", "Stalls", "Tro Breizh", "The transept", "References" ]

[ 4112, 4113, 4114 ]

[ 19028, 19029, 19030, 19031, 19032, 19033, 19034, 19035, 19036, 19037 ]

[ "The chevet and the cupola of the church", "The tower-lantern of the church" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Lyon_st_Paul_071.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Eglise_Saint_Paul_Lyon.JPG" ]

[ "The Église Saint-Paul is a Roman Catholic church located in Lyon, France. It is situated in the Vieux Lyon, in the Saint-Paul quarter, in the 5th arrondissement of Lyon. The cathedral is in the Romanesque and Gothic architectural styles. The tower-lantern was classified as monument historique in 1920, and the whole church was classified in 1996. In 2002, the church was completely renovated. It is around 45 m long and 16.5 m high under the arch.", "Built around 549 by the Lyon bishop Saint Sacerdos, the church was damaged in 732, then restored in the early 9th century by archbishop Leidrade. In the 10th century, it became a necropolis with three cemeteries. Archbishop Hugh of Die requested its reconstruction, which was accomplished during the 11th and 12th centuries (the bell tower in 1440).\nThe church was damaged during the siege of the city by the Baron of Adrets, then during the revolution in 1793, after which it was transformed into a saltpetre store and became a parish church in 1801. Many changes were made to the church during the 19th century, including the removal of saltpetre soil and the paving, along with numerous additions: the lantern of the top of the octagonal tower in 1835, the Gothic portal in 1877, paintings by Paul Borel added to the choir in 1899, the eleven bells of the bell tower, and so forth.", "The Gothic style appeared in the bell tower-porch and in the side chapels. The nave is composed of four bays with four carved capitals pillars. The current 24-meter stone spire which tops the tower disappeared in 1818, was replaced by another one in wood in 1875, and was finally rebuilt in 1982. A gallery in quatrefoils, a rose window and shields compose 19th century western facade.\nThe smallest bell, called Eleanor and was made in 1626. The lower bell weighs over four tons was cast in Lyon by Gédéon Morel and is the most decorated one in the world.\nThere are 16 small chapels along the aisles of the church. The first one of them appeared after 1470. The most notorious is that of the baptismal fronts, from the 16th century, by Jean Palmier.", "\"Monuments Historiques et Immeubles protégés sur Lyon\" (in French). Annuaire Mairie. Retrieved 19 May 2010.\nBase Mérimée: Église Saint-Paul, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)\nGambier, Gérald (2003). Vieux-Lyon, un patrimoine vivant (in French). Châtillon-sur-Chalaronne: La Taillanderie. pp. 58–62. ISBN 2-87629-138-X.\n\"L'église Saint Paul\" (in French). Vieux Lyon. Retrieved 19 May 2010.\n\"Au fil du temps > Architecture > Église Saint-Paul\" (in French). Vieux Lyon. Retrieved 19 May 2010." ]

[ "Église Saint-Paul", "History", "Architecture", "References" ]

[ 4115, 4116 ]

[ 19038, 19039, 19040, 19041, 19042, 19043 ]

[ "Church of Saint Pierre (1660)", "The church of Saint-Pierre-de-Gallègue abandoned in 1660 ; the Roman bridge is on the left of the village at the point of Trinquetaille.", "", "" ]

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[ "L'église Saint-Pierre-de-Gallègue was an old church which has since disappeared. It was situated in Trinquetaille on the right bank of the River Rhône across from Arles. The second church was built in the eleventh or twelfth century, near the remains of an older Roman church, and was destroyed at the end of the eighteenth century.", "The first monastery of Arles was established on the Isle of Gallègue in the time of the Dominate. It was likely founded by Hilary of Arles at the beginning of the 5th century, \"in insula suburbana civitatis\" defining the Isle of Gallègue as the location. Some historians now believe it to have been the Island of Cappe, which has since disappeared and was about two kilometres to the south-west of Arles. At the site of the monastery two churches are mentioned: the priory \"Notre-Dame-la-Capella\", or chapel \"Notre-Dame-en-Gallègue\", which was perhaps the old chapel for the Château des Baux, of which there remains no trace, and the church \"Saint-Pierre-de-Gallègue\".\nThis church was probably ruined by the conflict around the years 470-508, and was transferred a century later, in 546 or 547, to the left bank of the Rhône, in the Vieux-Bourg, in the reign of Childebert I and the archbishop Aurelianus of Arles.\nDuring the Middle Ages, except possibly at the beginning of the ninth century, this area was totally abandoned and there is no evidence of a church.\nA second church was built in the quarter of \"la Pointe\" (to the north of Trinquetaille, where the Rhône separates into two streams), probably during the twelfth century. The House of Baux possessed a strong castle at Trinquetaille at the beginning of the twelfth century and this may have included the church. The church was pillaged during the siege of Arles in 1240.\nThe church was abandoned around 1618 because the local inhabitants thought it was too far from the village because it had been moved upstream when the boat bridge was moved. The church was still known under the name of \"Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux\". It was then demolished in 1786 and razed entirely in 1872; its stones were used to build an enclosure around the cemetery which marks its site.", "Paul Masson, Fernand Benoît - Bouches-du-Rhône (Les) : T.14 : encyclopédie départementale : Monographies communales, Marseille- Aix- Arles – p. 566\nJean et Maurice Molinier - Les Amis du Vieil Arles, No. 35 – p. 7\nFernand Benoit - La basilique St-Pierre et St-Paul à Arles - p. 9-10, here\nMartin Aurell – Une famille de la noblesse provençale au Moyen Âge : les Porcelet – Aubanel, Archives du sud, 1986 – p. 109 :\nNotably the troops of Barral sacked Saint-Pierre en Gallègue and burned Malmissane.\nL. Bonnemant – Paroisses – Bibliothèque d'Arles, ms.151, p. 108\nJean et Maurice Molinier - Les Amis du Vieil Arles, No. 35 – p. 8\nAnnie Tuloup-Smith - Rues d'Arles qui êtes-vous ?, page 264\nSite du patrimoine here" ]

[ "Église Saint-Pierre-de-Gallègue", "History", "References" ]

[ 4117, 4118, 4119, 4120 ]

[ 19044, 19045, 19046, 19047, 19048, 19049, 19050, 19051 ]

[ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3 ]

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[ "Église Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul is the Catholic parish church of the village of Neuwiller-lès-Saverne, in the Bas-Rhin department of France.\nFormerly the church of a rich Benedictine abbey founded in 726, it is surrounded by buildings and ruins that had once belonged to the same order. Thanks to its Romanesque parts, the church is a stage on the Romanesque Road of Alsace. It is classified as a Monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture since 1840, making it a part of the very first list of such heritage buildings.", "The church's exterior architecture is strikingly clear-cut, insofar as its visible parts are growing younger from East to West, or older from West to East. The purely Romanesque superposed chapels behind the choir date from the 11th century; the choir itself, the transept and the easternmost bay of the nave date from the late 12th and early 13th century and reflect a transitional style between Romanesque and Gothic architecture; the rest of the nave was rebuilt later in the 13th century, in a sober but well defined Gothic style; while the facade with its porch tower was rebuilt between 1768 and 1773 in the Louis Quinze style. The crossing tower was modified by architect Émile Boeswillwald during a restoration campaign in the years 1852–1858. Interestingly, the former church of the nearby Marmoutier Abbey has an identical architectural history, but in reverse: the western part is Romanesque, the nave is Gothic and the choir was rebuilt in the 18th century. Each church also has a crypt that is even older than the surfacing parts (in Neuwiller's case, it dates from the 9th century).\nInside, the choir is separated from the rear chapels by a wall that appears to shorten the visible space: while the whole building's length is 66 metres (217 feet), the total combined length of nave, transept and choir is only 43 metres (141 feet).", "The church holds the relics of Saint Adelphus since the first half of the 9th century. In the Middle Ages, these relics had become so popular with pilgrims that the Benedictines built a second church nearby (1190–1225, now the village's Protestant church) specially to serve as a shrine, so as to remain undisturbed in their own sanctuary. The reliquary of Saint Adelphus was later moved back into Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul in the 19th century, after the dissolution of the abbey following the French Revolution.\nAmong the many works of art inside the former abbey church, the four, early 16th-century tapestries depicting the life and the miracles of Adelphus, on display in the upper of the superposed Romanesque chapels (dedicated to Saint Sebastian), are perhaps the most notable. A strikingly gory scene depicts a knight being forced by divine wrath to devour his own hand after having tried to break the saint's sarcophagus. The 12th-century baptismal fonts, the 14th-century statue of the Virgin and Child, the 1478 Entombment of Christ, and the 18th-century carved choir stalls are also especially noteworthy. All these objects are classified as Monuments historiques.", "", "\"NEUWILLER-LÈS-SAVERNE, Église Saints-Pierre-et-Paul\". La Route romane d′Alsace. Retrieved 29 October 2019.\nBase Mérimée: Ancienne abbaye bénédictine, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)\nBase Mérimée: Eglise abbatiale Saint-Pierre et Saint-Paul, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)\n\"Neuwiller les Saverne : saints Pierre et Paul\". B&S Editions. Retrieved 29 October 2019.\nde Chalendar, Hervé. \"Les reliques lorraines de Neuwiller\". L'Alsace. Retrieved 29 October 2019.\n\"NEUWILLER-LÈS-SAVERNE, ancienne collégiale Saint-Adelphe\". La Route romane d′Alsace. Retrieved 30 October 2019.\nHeitz, Henri; Levy-Welp, Ingrid (translation) (1989). Die Wandteppiche des heiligen Adelphus von Neuwiller-lès-Saverne. Saverne: Société d'histoire et d'archéologie de Saverne et environs (SHASE).\n\"Abbatiale Saints Pierre et Paul\". tourisme.hanau-lapetitepierre.alsace. Retrieved 6 November 2019.", "Restoration of the church (ongoing), L'ami hebdo, 24 June 2016\nRestoration of the church (ongoing), Les Dernières Nouvelles d'Alsace, 16 July 2016\nRestoration of the church (finished), Les Dernières Nouvelles d'Alsace, 22 June 2019" ]

[ "Église Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul, Neuwiller-lès-Saverne", "Architecture", "Description", "Gallery", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4121, 4122, 4123, 4124, 4125, 4126, 4127, 4128, 4129 ]

[ 19052, 19053, 19054, 19055, 19056, 19057, 19058, 19059, 19060, 19061 ]

[ "Facade of the church", "", "" ]

[ 0, 3, 3 ]

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[ "The Église Saint-Polycarpe (Church of St. Polycarp) is a Roman Catholic church located in the 1st arrondissement of Lyon, on the slopes of La Croix-Rousse, between rue René Leynaud, rue Burdeau and passages Mermet and Thiaffait. It is the oldest church of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri.", "The church, built by the Oratorians installed on the slopes, was completed in 1670, with the exception of the façade that was built in 1756 by architect Toussaint Loyer who also lengthened the nave.\nOn 19 June 1791, the Oratory Church became a parish church and took the name of St. Polycarp, as a tribute to Polycarp of Smyrna, master of Saint Pothinus and Irenaeus, who were the first two bishops of Lyon.\nThe heart of Pauline-Marie Jaricot, founder of the Society for the Propagation of the Faith, currently remains in a chapel of the church.\nThe church has a famous organ, built by Augustine Zeiger in 1841. Adrien Rougier was the titular organist of the church from 1932 to 1945.\nIn 1982, the church was classified as monument historique.", "The church has a facade decorated with four Corinthian pilasters topped by a triangular pediment. Louis Janmot made the painting depicting the Last Supper which is placed in the apse.", "", "\"Objectif Lyon : Saint Polycarpe\" (in French). DBOC. Retrieved 14 October 2009. \nJacquemin, Louis (1985). Histoire des églises de Lyon, Villeurbanne, Vaulx-en-Velin, Bron, Vénissieux, Saint-Fons (in French) (2nd ed.). Lyon: Élie Bellier. p. 276. ISBN 2-904547-07-X.\n\"Histoire de l'église et du quartier des pentes de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon 1er\" (in French). Église des pentes. Retrieved 14 October 2009. \n\"Église Saint-Polycarpe\" (in French). Rhône Tourisme. Retrieved 14 October 2009. \nBase Mérimée: Église Saint-Polycarpe, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)" ]

[ "Église Saint-Polycarpe", "History", "Architecture", "Photos", "References" ]

[ 4130, 4131, 4132 ]

[ 19062, 19063, 19064, 19065 ]

[ "Facade of the church", "Interior of the church", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3 ]

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[ "The Église Saint-Pothin (English: Church of Saint Pothinus) is a Roman Catholic church located in Lyon, France. The parish church sits on the left bank of the Rhône, in the 6th arrondissement of Lyon, at the Place Edgar Quinet. By order of 2 May 2007, the whole church was included in the supplementary inventory of monuments historiques.", "The creation of the parish of St. Pothin and the construction of the church became part of the urban development of Les Brotteaux district from the late 18th century. The progressive urbanization of the area followed a plan made by Jean-Antoine Morand (1727-1794), an architect in Lyon, and Saint-Pothin was one of the structural elements of the new plan. A chapel was opened in 1818, but Les Brotteaux district decided to create a branch of La Guillotière district placed under the patronage of St. Pothin, due to pressure from the notables and responding to the special concern of the Archbishop of Lyon. The royal ordinance of 21 June 1826 allowed this project to be materialized, thus facilitating the project of church construction and financing. The parish boundaries were established in 1827, however. Canuts smashed the doors of the old church in 1831.\nIn 1835, the Hospices Civils de Lyon made a gift of land and a contest was organized by the city fathers of La Guillotière. Christophe Crépet (1807-1856), Lyon architect of La Guillotière and former student of the École des Beaux-Arts de Paris, was the winner. He proposed a neoclassical style, that was partially carried out from June 1841 to 1843 as the budget, largely undervalued, was tripled. For economic reasons, this led to an adjournment of the church decoration (many statues of saints were planned, but the project was finally abandoned) and the use of inferior materials, which begat architectural disorder.\nThe church was opened on Christmas Day of 1843.\nArchitect of Lyon city Tony Desjardins in 1867, then architect Claudius Porte in 1874 and 1876-1877, directed restoration campaigns.", "This church has a neoclassical style and looks like a Greek temple. It has a Latin cross form, and its facade has a Doric portico, topped by a triangular pediment, and many Doric columns. Above the six columns of the facade, there are a frieze and a triangular pediment with a cross.\nIn the interior, the fresco of the dome was done in 1893-1894 by Étienne Couvert (1856-1933) and depicts the Virgin and the twelve apostles, and there is a glass made by Lucien Bégule, representing the Holy Spirit as a dove. The stained glass windows were made by Lucien Bégule's son, Émile (1880-1972), showing the founders of the Church of Lyon (St Irenaeus, St Polycarp, St Blandina and St Pothinus) and that of France (St Genevieve, St Clotilde).There is also a 1656 painting depicting St. Paul in front of the Areopagus, which was previously kept at Notre-Dame de Paris.\nThe organ is placed in the apse and the nave is lined aisles. Adrien Rougier was the titular organist from 1945 to 1984.", "", "Base Mérimée: Eglise Saint-Pothin, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)\nSaunier, Pierre-Yves. \"L'église et l'espace de la grande ville au XIX° siècle: Lyon et ses paroisses\" (pdf). Revue Historique (in French). Archives ouvertes. 288: 13. Retrieved 21 September 2010.\nJacquemin, Louis (1985). Histoire des églises de Lyon, Villeurbanne, Vaulx-en-Velin, Bron, Vénissieux, Saint-Fons (in French) (2nd ed.). Lyon: Élie Bellier. pp. 271–74. ISBN 2-904547-07-X.\nPelletier, André; Rossiaud, Jacques; Bayard, Françoise; Cayez, Pierre (November 2007). Histoire de Lyon des origines à nos jours (in French). Éditions Lyonnaises d'Art et d'Histoire. p. 742. ISBN 978-2-84147-190-4.\n\"Église Saint-Pothin\" (in French). Rhône Tourisme. Retrieved 21 September 2010.\nEberhard, Pierrick (2010). Lyon et ses parcs et jardins — Grand Lyon, département du Rhône (in French). Lyon: Éditions Lyonnaises d'Art et d'Histoire. p. 70. ISBN 978-2-84147-218-5.", "Official website\nOfficial site of the organ of St. Pothin\n Media related to Category:Église Saint-Pothin (Lyon) at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Église Saint-Pothin", "History", "Architecture", "Stained glass windows made by Bégule", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4133, 4134, 4135, 4136, 4137, 4138 ]

[ 19066, 19067, 19068, 19069, 19070, 19071, 19072, 19073, 19074, 19075 ]

[ "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

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[ "The Church of St. Similien, Nantes is an ancient church, in the Hauts-Pavés district of Nantes, France.\nIt is dedicated to Similien of Nantes and is located on the northwest side of the Place Saint-Similien.", "", "After the death of Bishop Similien 17 June 310, his successor, Eumilius, erected over his grave a votive chapel.\nOne hundred years later, the bishop Leo, a Greek (444-458) built a real church 20 meters long and 9 meters wide which is also called \"Holy Sambin\". It ends east exedra by a narrow apse of 4 meters in diameter. The building, which then dominates the \"Bourgneuf\", built in square stones interspersed with brick chaining, will be dedicated on 24 June 419, day of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist. It also has the oldest baptismal fonts of Nantes (fifth century).\nAt the end of the fifth century, Gregory of Tours designated the church as the Basilica antistis Similini, in his De gloria Martyrum saying was dedicated to Saint-Donatien.\nIn 848, Nantes is vandalized during the Norman invasions. If the church is not destroyed, it is nevertheless looted, and the saint's relics deposited at the well (which still exists) disappear at that time. In 958, a procession allows to Gauthier bishop and his canons, to launch a public subscription to undertake the restoration of the building, which will be completed towards 1172, by the Duke Geoffroy II.\nFollowing the siege of Nantes by Louis XI in 1487, Bishop Peter of Chaffault, repaired and enlarged the basilica\nBuilding it in the form of a Latin cross. The apse is Merovingian but the nave was extended towards the west, and flanked by two crosses. The bell tower to the west, raised 1.20 meters above street level measured 32.43 m high and consisted of: a square tower with a height of 17.30 m and an area of 30 m2, supported by buttresses and decorated with narrow basket-handle windows to illuminate the staircase; a wooden belfry in the form of 3,50 m high needle; a pavilion with a height of 6.05 m; a slate arrow of 3.48 meters high topped by a ball and a cross with a height of 2 meters [1].\nDuring the French revolution, the church was closed to worship in 1793 and reopened after the Concordat of 1802. In 1824, the Millennium old building was destroyed and a church with three naves replaced it. The façade and portico were completed in 1835.\nFifteen years later, in 1850, the parish priest and the Church Council were considering the construction of a new church. In 1869, an architect, Eugene Boismen was appointed. The plans he offers were a Gothic building, inspired by those of the first half of the thirteenth century. The north-west facing building will include three naves, two ambulatory, bedside with a chapel which will be placed Our Lady of Mercy. The nave of five bays and end with a facade with two arrows. Permission to build the new church in 1872 is given. The Bishop Félix Fournier blessed the first stone of the new sanctuary on 5 October 1873. The work was completed in 1894 but as early as 1880, the vaults of the apse, the choir and transept were completed.\nBOUGOUIN François, who took over from Boismen in 1891. The sanctuary is accessed by a wide staircase of eight steps overlooking Piazza San Similien.\nIn 1902, a new priest begins façade work that will never be completed. While the church tower was not completed, the twin bells of the old sanctuary, fell down from their tower on 8 July 1894, however since 1820 awaiting a new assignment (the fondue and blessed in 1819 under the invocation of St. Anne, weighs 1 200 kg. The other, Similien weighs 800 kg).", "Martial Monteil, « Les édifices des premiers temps chrétiens (IVe ‑ VIIe siècle de notre ère) à Nantes », dans Hélène Rousteau-Chambon (dir.) et al., Nantes religieuse, de l'Antiquité chrétienne à nos jours, Département d'histoire et d'archéologie de l'université de Nantes, coll. « Bulletin de la Société archéologique et historique de Nantes et de la Loire-Atlantique » (no hors série), 2008, 268 p. (ISSN 1283-8454), p. 49-56.\nL'église Saint-Similien sur le site de la ville de Nantes.\nL. Clermont, Souvenirs et notes historiques. Paroisse Saint Similien, Nantes, Vincent Forest et Émile Grimaud, 1894, 24 p" ]

[ "Église Saint-Similien", "Gallery", "History", "References" ]

[ 4139, 4140, 4141, 4142, 4143, 4144, 4145 ]

[ 19076, 19077, 19078, 19079, 19080, 19081, 19082, 19083, 19084, 19085, 19086 ]

[ "Facade of the Église Saint-Théodore", "", "", "" ]

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[ "The Église Saint-Théodore is a Roman Catholic church in Marseille, France.", "It is located in the 1st arrondissement of Marseille. The exact address is 3 rue des Dominicaines, with its rear at 1 rue de l'Etoile.", "The church building was constructed in the Baroque style in the 17th century. It was dedicated by Étienne de Puget, who served as the bishop of Marseille from 1644 to his death in 1668, on October 21, 1648 in honour of Saint Louis, who served as the king of France from 1226 to 1270. It served as the chapel of a convent of Recollects, a Reform branch of the Franciscans. The facade was destroyed during the French Revolution of 1789-1799. \nAfter the Concordat of 1801, it became a parish church in 1802 and was named in honour of Saint Theodore of Marseille, who served as the Bishop of Marseille from 582 to 591. The statues on the new facade were designed in 1857: they represent the Virgin Mary, Saint Louis and Saint Theodore.\nInside, the decor is entirely baroque. The vault was painted by Antoine Sublet (1821-1897) from 1860 to 1863. Jean-Baptiste Gault (1595-1643), who served as the Bishop of Marseille from 1640 to 1643, was buried in the church, where his tomb can be found in a side altar. The Holy water fonts are sculpted with cherubs and the insignia of the Recollets. \nThe casing of the pipe organ depicts Christophe Andrault de Langeron (1680-1768), an aristocrat who was the supervisor of galleys during the Great Plague of Marseille, in charge of taking diseased bodies out of boats and hampering the spread of the disease. As the Recollets forbid pipe organs in their churches, Pope Benedict XIV issued a papal bull to allow it. In 1890, François Mader made a new pipe organ for the church (though the casing was preserved), and it was restored by Ets Michel-Merklin & Kuhn in 1934. In 1997, thanks for the patronage of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre, it was restored again by Thierry Lestrez.\nBehind the high altar is displayed a large painting entitled L'embarquement de saint Louis pour la croisade by Jacques-Antoine Beaufort (1721–1784). Additional paintings displayed inside the church are Saint Jérôme au désert Francisco de Zurbarán (1598–1664), Le Jugement and Le martyre de sainte Barbe by François Puget (1651-1707), L'Annonciation by Louis Finson (1575–1617), and more paintings by Michel Serre (1658-1733).\nThe church building is listed as a monument historique. Recently, it has been the host of concerts to raise funds for its restoration.", "", "Dominique Auzias, Jean-Paul Labourdette, Marseille 2013, Le Petit Futé, 2013, p. 388 \nGoogle Maps\nÉglise Catholique à Marseille\nDominique Auzias, Jean-Paul Labourdette, Marseille, Le Petit Futé, 2010, p. 251 \nJean-Robert Caïn, Emmanuel Laugier, Trésors des églises de Marseille: patrimoine culturel communal, Ville de Marseille, 2010, p. 104 \nAugustin Fabre, Les rues de Marseille, Marseille: Edition Camoin, 1869, 5 volumes, tome V, p. 78\nRevue de Marseille et de Provence, 1866, p. 277 \nMonument historique: 'église Saint-Théodore, ancien couvent des Récollets'" ]

[ "Église Saint-Théodore", "Location", "History", "Gallery", "References" ]

[ 4146 ]

[ 19087, 19088, 19089, 19090, 19091, 19092, 19093 ]

[ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 6 ]

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[ "The Église Saint-Vincent-de-Paul (Les Réformés) is a Roman Catholic church in Marseille, France.", "It is located off the top of the Canebière, in the Thiers district The exact address is 2-3 Cours Franklin Roosevelt, an avenue named for American President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945).>", "It was built on a demolished convent and chapel of Reformed Augustinians, which explains why it is commonly known as \"Les Réformés\" despite being a Roman Catholic church. The church building itself was designed by the architect François Reybaud and the abbey Joseph-Guillaume Pougnet, and built from 1855 to 1886. It is neogothic, with ogival curbs in the ceiling. The architects took inspiration from the Reims Cathedral and the Amiens Cathedral. The two arrows are 70 metre high.\nThe bronze gates were designed by Caras-Latour, the high altar was designed by Jules Cantini (1826-1916), and the stained windows were designed by Édouard Didron (1836-1902). Additionally, sculptor Louis Botinelly (1883-1962) designed the statues of Joan of Arc and of Jesus. As for the organ pipes, they were made by Joseph Merklin (1819–1905).\nIn the 1980s, due to low attendance, it came under the threat of being demolished. However, in recent years, it has achieved record levels of mass attendance.", "The church building is open every day from 09.00 to 12.00 and from 13.00 to 16.30, except on Sundays. Mass is every weekday at 18.30. On Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday it is also celebrated at 12:10. On Sunday mass is said at 10:30. On the last Sunday of November, Mass is said in Provençal dialect to celebrate the santon traditionally used in Christmas cribs in houses in Provence. \nThe current priest is Fr. Philippe Rochas", "", "Antoine Ricard, Église Saint-Vincent-de-Paul à Marseille (impr. Vve P. Chauffard, 1867, 21 pages).\nFélix Vérany, Les Augustins réformés et l'église Saint-Vincent-de-Paul de Marseille (J. Chauffard, 1885, 288 pages).", "Dominique Auzias, Marseille 2013 Petit Futé, Le Petit Futé, 4 Apr 2013, p. 388 \nJean Sévillia, Une foi à soulever la Canebière, Le Figaro, 18/04/2012 \nÉglise Catholique à Marseille\nGoogle Maps\nAndré Segond, Marseille ville impériale, Editions Autres Temps, 2010, p. 81 \nGoogle Books\nGoogle Books" ]

[ "Église Saint-Vincent-de-Paul", "Location", "History", "At present", "Gallery", "Secondary sources", "References" ]

[ 4147, 4148, 4149, 4150, 4151, 4152, 4153, 4154 ]

[ 19094, 19095, 19096, 19097, 19098 ]

[ "Église Saint Roch" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Marseille-Mazargues53.JPG" ]

[ "The Église Saint Roch, better known as Église de Mazargues is a Roman Catholic parish church in Mazargues, 9th arrondissement, Marseille, France.", "\"Monuments - Eglise de Mazargues\". Télérama. Le Monde S.A. Retrieved 18 August 2014.\n\"Mazargues\". Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Marseille. Retrieved 18 August 2014." ]

[ "Église Saint Roch, Marseille", "References" ]

[ 4155 ]

[ 19099 ]

[ "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Holy_Cross_church_in_Kaysersberg_%282%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Holy_Cross_church_in_Kaysersberg_%289%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Kaysersberg_SteCroix16.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Kaysersberg_SteCroix29.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Kaysersberg_SteCroix28.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Kaysersberg_SteCroix25.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Holy_Cross_church_in_Kaysersberg_%288%29.jpg" ]

[ "The Église de l′Invention de la Sainte-Croix (″Church of the Discovery of the Holy Cross″) or, colloquially, Église Sainte-Croix (″Holy Cross Church″) is the mostly medieval parish church of the small commune of Kaysersberg-Vignoble, in the Haut-Rhin department of France. The church is situated on the Romanesque Road of Alsace thanks to its ornate sandstone portal from ca. 1230–1235; it is classified as a Monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture since 1932.\nThe Holy Cross Church was built in the first half of the 13th century, then expanded and modified in the 15th century, and finally partially modified again in the first half of the 19th century, when the steeple was crowned with its characteristic dome.\nThe church is filled with notable artworks, all of which are classified as Monuments historiques. Chief among them are the large wooden polychrome altarpiece of the Passion of Jesus, a 1518 work by the Colmar master Hans Bongart, with painted 1621 wings by an otherwise unknown Mathias Wuest; a large triumphal cross — height 425 cm (167 in) — from the late 15th century; a 1521 limewood relief of the Lamentation of Christ; a 1514 sandstone Entombment of Christ; a 1720 pipe organ; besides a substantial number of statues, altars, crucifixes, liturgical objects, and other items ranging from the 15th to the 19th century.", "", "\"KAYSERSBERG: Église Sainte-Croix\". La Route Romane d'Alsace. Retrieved 23 September 2019.\nBase Mérimée: Eglise catholique de l'Invention de la Sainte-Croix, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)\n\"L'église Sainte-Croix Trésor pour les yeux et pour l'esprit\". location-kaysersberg.fr. Retrieved 25 September 2019.\nBase Mérimée: Église paroissiale Sainte-Marie puis de l'Invention-de-la-Sainte-Croix, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)\nBaxandall, Michael (1980). The Limewood Sculptors of Renaissance Germany. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300028296.\nBase Palissy: Retable de la Passion, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)\nBase Palissy: Peintures : Invention de la Vraie Croix et Annonciation, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)\nBase Palissy: Poutre de gloire, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)\nBase Palissy: relief : la lamentation, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)\nBase Palissy: Saint-sépulcre, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)\n\"Kaysersberg, Ste Croix Joseph WALTRIN, 1720\". À la découverte de l'Orgue Orgues d'Alsace. Retrieved 26 September 2019.", "" ]

[ "Église Sainte-Croix, Kaysersberg", "Gallery", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4156, 4157, 4158, 4159, 4160, 4161, 4162 ]

[ 19100, 19101, 19102 ]

[ "The southern portal", "" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/%C3%89glise_Sainte-Croix_de_Bastia_from_the_south.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/NotreDameI.jpg" ]

[ "Église Sainte-Croix de Bastia (Oratoire de la Confrerie de Sainte Croix) is a Catholic church in Bastia, Haute-Corse, Corsica. The building was classified as a Historic Monument in 1931. The church is located in the citadel of Bastia (Terra-Nova), in the historic center of the city, next to the Church of the Assumption of St. Mary. \nThe church was founded in 1542 to host the statue of the Black Christ, found in the sea by fishermen. Most of the current building originates in the 18th century. Only the interior of the church is protected.", "Ministry of Culture, Mérimée PA00099161 Church of Saint-Croix (in French)\n\"Edifices religieux\" (in French). Bastia Tourist Office. Retrieved 15 January 2016." ]

[ "Église Sainte-Croix de Bastia", "References" ]

[ 4163, 4164 ]

[ 19103 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 5 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Eglise_Sainte-Genevieve.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Paroisse_Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve.jpg" ]

[ "The Église Sainte-Geneviève (Church of St. Genevieve) is a parish church located in the former village of Sainte-Geneviève, Québec (now part of Montreal) on the north-west shore of the Island of Montreal overlooking the Rivière des Prairies. Its affiliation is Roman Catholic and it is administered under the Diocese of Montreal by La Paroisse Sainte-Geneviève de Pierrefonds, founded by Antoine Faucon in 1741. Construction of the church, headed by Louis-Marie Lefèvre, was completed in 1844 and was designed by architect Thomas Baillargé.", "In 1731 the Société de Saint-Sulpice (Sulpician Order of priests), a Catholic mission in Quebec, granted the first concession of territory to be apportioned to the Paroisse Sainte-Geneviève, one of eighteen parishes that occupied, by 1834, the Island of Montreal. Situated along the north-west shore of the Rivière des Prairies, between Saraguay to the east and Senneville to the west, it was divided in 1731 into 85 smaller parcels of land, and a chapel was constructed there, on parcel number 67, completed in 1739. Antoine Faucon, parish founder, began registering with parishioners two years later.\nIn 1751 a larger church was constructed and stood until 1847 when it was razed and re-integrated into current structures on the property. A presbytery was also built in 1830. In 1843, Louis-Marie Lefèvre, the fifth priest of the parish from 1828 to 1872, undertook the promoting of a new church and commissioned Québécois architect Thomas Baillargé (1791–1859) to begin work on a layout.", "Construction began in 1843 and borrowed heavily from Neo-classic, Colonial and Spanish revival, using materials that were quarried locally. The facade was finished in dimension stone and capped off by two silver spires, or flèches, that towered 34 metres (111 feet) above the ground. In 1868, Monseigneur Ignace Bourget, bishop of the diocese of Montreal, ordered that two statues, one of Saint Anne and the other of Saint Joachim, occupy niches over the main doors.\nInterior\nBetween 1844 and 1847, interior work continued, under the creative direction of Victor Bourgeau, by head contractor Felix Barbeau. The main altar was built by Ambroise Fournier and the side altars by Charles Dauphin in 1863. The stained glass windows were created by O'Shea of Montreal in 1926 and three paintings, situated behind the main altar that depict Sainte-Geneviève, were painted by renowned Quebec artist Ozias Leduc. The crypt, which lies on a foundation measuring a thickness of 90 centimetres (3 feet), contains the remains of Louis-Marie Lefèvre, church founder, who was laid to rest there in 1972.", "Parishioner membership today is estimated to be approximately 8,500 families.\nPrincipals of the parish\nAbbot Robert Sirois, parish priest\nZbigniew Skowronek, vicar\nMonseigneur Paul-Emile Charbonneau, Sunday vicar\nAbbot Jean D' Avila Prévost\nJean-Pierre Guertin, deacon\nJean-Paul Laniel, deacon\nAddress\nÉglise Sainte-Geneviève (Sainte-Genevieve Church)\n16037 Boul Gouin Ouest (West)\nMontreal, QC, CANADA H9H 1C7\nTel: 514.696.4489 Téléc: 514.620.7179", "On the church grounds, towards the rear of the property that overlooks the scenic riverbank of Rivière des Prairies is a cemetery (sepulchre), used until 1965, that has the remains of 737 parishioners.", "", "According to L'Église Sainte-Geneviève's official website, Antoine Faucon registered the first baptisms, marriages and burials in January 1741.\nCarte de L'Ile de Montréal, 1834 by A. John, available online at the Quebec National Library and Archives\nMarc Locas, Sainte-Geneviève... SES Quatre Saisons, p.60\nHe also wrote Cote Sainte-Geneviève… Cent Ans Plus Tard 1900-2000. Books available by e-request at the church website.\nA flèche is a lead sheathed spire peculiar to French architecture but used widely on churches throughout Quebec. Flèche or flèches (pl), from the French \"arrow\", appear as the silvery portions atop a church roof or the facade towers.\nMissa.org website", "This page has been translated to English with Google Automatic Translation as the original is in French.\nCatholic Diocese of Montreal\nPhotos of Église Sainte-Geneviève's cemetery\nReligious Heritage in Quebec" ]

[ "Église Sainte-Geneviève (Montreal)", "History", "Architecture", "Parish", "Trivia", "Photos", "Footnotes", "External links" ]

[ 4165, 4166 ]

[ 19104, 19105, 19106, 19107, 19108, 19109, 19110, 19111, 19112 ]

[ "The south porch of the Sainte-Geneviève church", "Map showing the location of Loqueffret", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

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[ "The Église Sainte-Geneviève de Loqueffret is a Roman Catholic parish church located at Loqueffret, situated in the arrondissement of Châteaulin and the department of Finistère in Brittany in north-western France. The parish church of Loqueffret was built in granite in the Gothic style in the 16th century and is dedicated to Saint Geneviève, a 10th-century Breton saint. The calvary dates to the 15th century. The existing bell-tower dates to 1771 and the bell-tower spire was designed by the architect Joseph Bigot and dates to 1850. The church has two large entrances on the west and south side.", "The 6-metre-high calvary has a granite base, with a table, which could be used for offerings, and a stoup. The crosspiece and statuary are all carved from kersantite. At the base there is also a marble plaque with the inscription \"MISSION 1923 40 JOURS D’INDULGENCE PATER AVE\". The crucifixion cross includes a large titulus and on the reverse of the statue of the crucified Christ is a pietà. The good and bad robber's depictions have disappeared but the sculpture of an angel and a demon with tibia and skull have survived. On the lower crosspiece are statues of the Virgin Mary and John the Evangelist and below them and on the shaft of the cross there is a statue depicting Saint Geneviève. All three statues rest on the carving of a human head.", "", "\"Sculpteurs sur pierre en Basse-Bretagne. Les Ateliers du XVe au XVIIe Siècle\" by Emmanuelle LeSeac'h. Published by Presses Universitaires de Rennes. ISBN 978-2-7535-3309-7.", "\"The church of Saint Geneviève at Loqueffret\". Retrieved 9 May 2015.\nBase Mérimée: The church of Saint Geneviève at Loqueffret, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)\n\"The calvary at Loqueffret\". Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2015.\n\"Comprehensive website with details of the Loqueffret Calvary.etc\". Retrieved 8 November 2015." ]

[ "Église Sainte-Geneviève de Loqueffret", "The calvary", "Gallery of images", "Further reading", "References" ]

[ 4167, 4168, 4169, 4170 ]

[ 19113, 19114, 19115 ]

[ "Église Sainte-Marie" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/St_Marys_Church_Church_Point_Nova_Scotia.jpg" ]

[ "Église Sainte-Marie is a Catholic church in Church Point, Nova Scotia, Canada. It is one of the largest and tallest wooden buildings in North America. Built in the form of a cross, the church nave measures 58 metres (190 feet) in length, with transepts that are 41 m (135 ft) across. The church spire rises 56 m (184 ft) from floor to steeple, with its cross adding another 1.67 m (5 ft 6 in). Originally 4.6 m (15 ft) taller, the church steeple was struck by lightning in 1914, requiring part of the spire to be rebuilt.", "The first church built in the Church Point area, part of Nova Scotia's French Shore, was at Grosses Coques. Built in 1774, it was a rough chapel to serve the needs of Acadians returning from Massachusetts, and other areas, following the Great Upheaval, the deportation of the Acadians. A second chapel was built in 1786 on a point of land jutting into St. Mary's Bay, giving rise to the name \"Church Point\".\nA third church was built following the arrival of Jean-Mandé Sigogne, the first resident priest. This church was built along the main road in the community, where the parish cemetery is now located, rather than on the point. It burned down in September 1820. It was rebuilt in a classical Georgian style, and served the community from 1829 to 1905, when the present church was opened.\nConstruction on the present church began in 1903. Father Pierre-Marie Dagnaud, a Eudist Roman Catholic priest, was appointed the head of Collège Sainte-Anne in 1899, thereby becoming the parish priest of St. Mary's. He decided on the construction of a grand church, and hired Arthur Regnault of Rennes, France as his architect. The church was built by master carpenter Léo Melanson, with the assistance of 1500 parishioners.\nDue to dwindling attendance and rising maintenance/repair cost, the church held its last service on Christmas Eve of 2019. With repair cost estimated at $3 million, the Société Édifice Sainte-Marie de la Pointe was set the deadline of September 2021 to raise the required funds.", "The design of the church was influenced by the architecture of the famous chateaux of the Loire Valley and by the design of the church in Father Dagnaud's home town of Bains-sur-Oust, France. The central steeple is flanked by a pair of turrets, with four more turrets surrounding the spire.\nThe church is exposed to the strong winds from St. Mary's Bay, so 40 tonnes (44 short tons) of stone ballast were used to stabilize the steeple, and canvas, rather than plaster, was used for the walls.\nThe steeple holds three bronze bells imported from France, the largest weighing almost 800 kilograms (1,800 pounds).", "The interior of Église Sainte-Marie features a high, vaulted ceiling lit by a row of clerestory windows, below which runs a band of Romanesque arches around the church. The walls are painted white, and nine flower edged tableaux are painted on the central ceiling vaults. White oak pews have replaced the original chairs that were used for seating.\nThe church attracts thousands of tourists annually, and a museum room that is open to the public was established inside the church in 1970. The museum features a reliquary handcrafted by an Acadian artist from the region and a collection of religious and liturgical artifacts.", "see Boudreau, Gérald C., Le père Sigogne et les Acadiens du sud-ouest de la Nouvelle-Écosse, Montréal (Québec), Les Éditions Bellarmin, mai 1992, 230 p.\n\"New future or demolition?\" Tri County Vanguard/Chronicle Herald, Tina Comeau - 06 January 2020", "Pacey, Elizabeth (1983). More Stately Mansions: Churches of Nova Scotia 1830–1910. Lancelot Press Ltd.\nPacey, Elizabeth and Comiter, Alan (1994). Landmarks: Historic Buildings of Nova Scotia. Nimbus Publishing Ltd.", "The Roman Catholic Diocese of Yarmouth\nMusée Église Sainte-Marie Museum" ]

[ "Église Sainte-Marie, Church Point, Nova Scotia", "History", "Construction", "Interior", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4171 ]

[ 19116, 19117, 19118, 19119, 19120, 19121, 19122, 19123 ]

[ "Église Saint-Dominique de Bonifacio", "" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/%C3%89glise_Sainte-Marie-Majeure_de_Bonifacio.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/NotreDameI.jpg" ]

[ "Église Sainte-Marie-Majeure de Bonifacio (Corsican: Ghjesgia Santa Maria Maiò) is a Roman Catholic church in Bonifacio, Corse-du-Sud, southeastern Corsica. \nThe building was classified as a Historic Monument in 1982. It was built in the 12-13th century.", "Base Mérimée: PA00099082, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French) Eglise Sainte-Marie" ]

[ "Église Sainte-Marie-Majeure de Bonifacio", "References" ]

[ 4172, 4173 ]

[ 19124 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/%C3%89glise_Sainte-Marie_de_Calvi.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/NotreDameI.jpg" ]

[ "Église Sainte-Marie de Calvi is a church in Calvi, Haute-Corse, Corsica. The building was classified as a Historic Monument in 1988.", "Base Mérimée: PA00099172, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French) Eglise Sainte-Marie" ]

[ "Église Sainte-Marie de Calvi", "References" ]

[ 4174, 4175 ]

[ 19125 ]

[ "Church of St. Mary of Valle d'Orezza", "" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Eglise-ste_marie_valleorezza.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/NotreDameI.jpg" ]

[ "Église Sainte-Marie de Valle-d'Orezza is a church in Valle-d'Orezza, Haute-Corse, Corsica. Its interior decoration was classified as a Historic Monument in 1976.", "Base Mérimée: PA00099255, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French) Eglise Sainte-Marie" ]

[ "Église Sainte-Marie de Valle-d'Orezza", "References" ]

[ 4176, 4177 ]

[ 19126 ]

[ "Église Sainte-Marthe de Tarascon", "Romanesque southern portal", "Church interior", "Sarcophagus of Saint Martha", "Mary of Egypt by Pierre Parrocel" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

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[ "Église Sainte-Marthe de Tarascon or Collégiale Royale Sainte-Marthe is a collegiate church in Tarascon, France, dedicated to Saint Martha. It is where, according to a local tradition, the biblical figure Martha is buried.", "Collegiate Sainte-Marthe was dedicated in 1197 and enlarged in the 14th and 15th centuries. It was built half-Romanesque in the 12th century and half-Gothic in the 14th century.\nThe tympanum and lintel of the Romanesque southern portal were severely damaged during the French Revolution.\nThe tip of the church tower was destroyed during Allied bombings on August 16, 1944. It was later rebuilt.", "The crypt dates from the 3rd century. It houses the relics of Martha in a sarcophagus of the 4th century.\nChurch paintings include:\nPainting by Charles-André van Loo:\nMort de Saint François or Saint François d'Assise recevant les stigmates (1730)\nSainte Marthe domptant la Tarasque (1730). Originally in the convent of the Capuchins and later in Eglise Saint-Jacques.\nPaintings by Joseph-Marie Vien. Based on the narrative of the Golden Legend, they were initially part of a series painted for the convent of the Capuchins in Tarascon.\nSainte Marthe recevant le Christ à Bethanie (1747)\nLa résurrection de Lazare (1747)\nL'embarquement de sainte Marthe (1751)\nL'arrivée de sainte Marthe en Provence (1748)\nLa prédication de sainte Marthe (1748)\nL'agonie de sainte Marthe (1748)\nLes funérailles de sainte Marthe (1748)\nPaintings by Nicolas Mignard:\nL'Assomption (1643)\nArrivée du Christ à Béthanie (1640)\nPaintings by Pierre Parrocel:\nSainte Cunégonde et sainte Cécile\nSainte Marie l'égyptienne\nLe Christ sur la croix\nSainte Catherine de Sienne\nSaint Thomas d'Aquin\nAdoration des Mages\nAdoration des Bergers\nL'Annonciation\nNotre Dame du peuple\nPainting by Philippe Sauvan:\nSaint Dominique (1789)", "Chaussard, Pierre Jean-Baptiste (1806). Le Pausanias français: état des arts du dessin en France, à l'ouverture du XIXe siecle: Salon de 1806. Paris: F. Buisson. p. 47.\nGaehtgens, Thomas W.; Lugand, Jacques (1988). Joseph-Marie Vien, peintre du roi, 1716-1809. Arthena. pp. 17, 61, 136. ISBN 9782903239091.\nBase Palissy: Tableau: Sainte Marthe recevant le Christ à Bethanie\nBase Palissy: Tableau: La résurrection de Lazare\nBase Palissy: Tableau: L'embarquement de sainte Marthe\nBase Palissy: Tableau: L'arrivée de sainte Marthe en Provence\nBase Palissy: Tableau: La prédication de sainte Marthe\nBase Palissy: Tableau: L'agonie de sainte Marthe\nBase Palissy: Tableau: Les funérailles de sainte Marthe\nBase Palissy: Tableau: L'Assomption\nBase Palissy: Tableau: Arrivée du Christ en Béthanie\nBase Palissy: Tableau: Sainte Cunégonde et sainte Cécile\nBase Palissy: Tableau: Sainte Marie l'Égyptienne\nBase Palissy: Tableau: Le Christ en croix\nBase Palissy: 2 tableaux : Saint Thomas d'Aquin, Sainte Catherine de Sienne\nBase Palissy: Tableau: Adoration des mages\nBase Palissy: Tableau: Adoration des bergers\nBase Palissy: Tableau: L'Annonciation\nBase Palissy: Tableau: Notre Dame du peuple\nBase Palissy: Tableau: Saint Dominique", "Faillon, Étienne-Michel (1835). Monumens de l'église de Sainte-Marthe à Tarascon, département des Bouches-du-Rhône (in French). Tarascon: Élisée Aubanel, Imprimeur-libraire.", "Church of Saint Martha Archived 2009-05-29 at the Wayback Machine, Tarascon Monuments and Museums, Official website of Tarascon's tourist office.\nCollégiale Sainte-Marthe / Tarascon\nCollégiale Sainte Marthe\nEntry at pays-arles.org (in French)" ]

[ "Église Sainte-Marthe de Tarascon", "History", "Features", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 4178, 4179, 4180, 4181 ]

[ 19127, 19128, 19129, 19130, 19131, 19132 ]

[ "Église Unie St-Marc (St. Mark United Church)" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Eglise_Unis_St-Marc.JPG" ]

[ "Église Unie St-Marc (St. Mark United Church) is a small but historic church in Ottawa, Canada. It is the main church for francophone Protestants in the Ottawa Gatineau region. French speaking Protestants are a very small minority in Canada, but one with a history dating back to early Huguenot settlers.", "The Ottawa church was founded by Canadian Unitarian Council as a Presbyterian congregation in 1874, and its first building was located in the Lebreton Flats. It joined the United Church of Canada upon its creation in 1925. In the 1960s its original home was expropriated by the federal government, along with the other buildings on the flats. The church then moved to its current building in Centretown at the corner of Elgin and 142 Lewis streets, next to Minto Park. \n This small building had been built in 1900 to house the First Unitarian Congregation of Ottawa, but seeking larger premises they moved to the western part of the city and sold the building to St-Marc in 1965.\nJacques de Réland has served as minister since 1982.", "Official site", "Heritage Trust\nExploring Ottawa: an architectural guide to the nation's capital. Harold Kalman and John Roaf. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1983." ]

[ "Église Unie St-Marc", "History", "External links", "References" ]

[ 4182 ]

[ 19133, 19134 ]

[ "", "The Eglise de Pantin was the terminus of tram lines, such as this one for the Aubervilliers Town Hall.", "Platform for the Place d'Italie" ]

[ 0, 2, 6 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Rame_Station_M%C3%A9tro_%C3%89glise_Pantin_Ligne_5_-_Pantin_%28FR93%29_-_2022-04-28_-_3.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Tramway_TPDS_ligne_32_Aubervilliers_-_Eglise_de_Pantin.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/%C3%89glise_de_Pantin_quai_Italie_par_Cramos.JPG" ]

[ "Église de Pantin ([eɡliz də pɑ̃tɛ̃]) is a station of the Paris Métro, serving Line 5.", "The station is located in Pantin under Avenue Jean-Lolive, at the Eglise Pantin and at the intersection with Rue Charles-Auray.", "The station was opened in 1942. It served as the terminus for Line 5 until 25 April 1985, when the extension to the Bobigny–Pablo Picasso metro station came into service. As a result, there are four tracks and a scissors crossover just east of the station; two are used to reverse the direction of trains.\nIts name comes from its proximity to the Eglise de Pantin. The station was an important connecting point with the bus lines running on the N3 road to the eastern suburbs. The role decreased with the extension of the line towards Bobigny.\nOn the morning of 7 June 1982, after a violent storm the day before, rainwater rushed through the construction site of the extension towards Bobigny and invaded the terminus at Eglise de Pantin. Eighteen trains were rendered unusable and Line 5 operations were precarious for a few days. Rescue equipment had to be transferred from the other lines and Sprague-Thomson Line 9 equipment were hastily put back into service to mitigate the consequences of this accident.\nIt saw 4,056,872 travelers use the station in 2018, which places it at the 132nd position of the metro stations for its attendance.", "", "The underground station is accessed by two entrances across from the Eglise de Pantin on Avenue Jean Lolive via staircases.", "", "The station is of a standard configuration: the platforms are separated by the subway tracks in the center and the arch is elliptical. They are built in the Andreu-Motte style: they have a luminous ramp, flat tiled benches and orange Motte seats. Flat white ceramic tiles cover the walls, vault and outlets. The advertising frames are metallic and the name of the station is written on an enameled plate with a Parisine font.", "The station is served by Lines 61, 145, 147 and 249 of the RATP Bus Network and, at night, by the N45 line of the Noctilien network.", "\"Wikiwix's cache\". archive.wikiwix.com. Retrieved 2019-09-05. \n\"Trafic annuel entrant par station du réseau ferré 2018\". data.ratp.fr (in French). Retrieved 2019-09-05.\nRoland, Gérard (2003). Stations de métro. D'Abbesses à Wagram. Éditions Bonneton." ]

[ "Église de Pantin (Paris Métro)", "Location", "History", "Passenger Services", "Access", "Station layout", "Platforms", "Bus connections", "References" ]

[ 4183, 4184 ]

[ 19135, 19136, 19137, 19138, 19139 ]

[ "Facade of the Église de la Madeleine", "Close-up of the lunette sculpted by Henri Révoil above the main door" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Aix-en-Provence_Eglise_de_la_Madeleine_20061227.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Eglise_de_la_Madeleine_20100508_Aix-en-Provence_1.jpg" ]

[ "The Église de la Madeleine is a Roman Catholic church in Aix-en-Provence.", "It is located on the town square of Place des Prêcheurs in Aix-en-Provence. It is next door to the Couvent des Prêcheurs, now a secondary school, also listed.", "A convent of the Dominican Order and a Gothic church was built in the 13th century on the Place des Prêcheurs. However, it was burned down in 1383. It was rebuilt, but came down in 1465. The current church building was constructed in its place in the seventeenth century. It was designed by architect Laurent Vallon (1652-1724), and it was built from 1691 to 1703. The facade was designed by architect Henri Révoil (1822-1900) from 1855 to 1860, and it serves as an example of Second Empire architecture. It was renamed in honour of Mary Magdalene in 1822.\nOver the centuries, a number of renowned figures have been baptised in this church. On July 21, 1535, the son of François de Malherbe (1555–1628), also named François de Malherbe, was baptised in the church. A century later, André Campra (1660–1744) was baptised here on December 3, 1660. Eighteen years later, Gaspard de Gueidan (1688-1767) was also baptised in the church. Additionally, a century later, Louis-Charles-Jean-Baptiste Michel, who served as Bishop of Fréjus and Toulon from 1829 to 1845, was baptised in the church on July 12, 1761. More recently, the painter Paul Cézanne (1839-1906) was also baptised in this church.\nEmmanuel de Fonscolombe (1810-1875) served as a chapel master.\nThe church has a fair amount of art pieces. For example, paintings inside the church include: La mort de St.Joseph by Jean-Baptiste van Loo (1684–1745), Madeleine chez Simon by Michel Serre (1658-1733), La nativité de Jésus by Pierre Mignard (1612-1695), Annunciation Tryptych by Barthélemy d'Eyck (c. 1420–after 1470), and Le Martyre de Saint-Paul by Théodore Beyermann. There are also paintings by Joseph-Marie Vien (1716-1809) and Jean Daret (1613–1668).\nThe pipe organ, designed by Jean-Esprit Isnard (1707-1781), dates back to 1743. Additionally, it is listed.\nThe church building was damaged by the 1909 Provence earthquake on June 11, 1909.", "It has been closed for refurbishment since 2006. It will reopen in 2014. The paintings inside are temporarily housed in an air-conditioned warehouse in Marseille for the duration of the refurbishment of the church.", "It has been listed as a Monument historique since October 24, 1988.", "Base Mérimée: PA00080997, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)\nDominique Auzias, Le Petit Futé, 2008 p. 142 \nDominique Auzias, Jean-Paul Labourdette, Aix-en-Provence 2012, Le Petit Futé, 2012, p. 299 \nAix-en-Provence: Place Prêcheurs\nAix-en-Provence: Monuments à Aix en Provence\nÉtienne Antoine Benoît Rouard, Notice sur la bibliothèque d'Aix, dite de Méjanes, Aix, Aubin: Firmin Didot frères, 1831, p. 111 \nGilles Henry, François de Malherbe : gentilhomme et poète, 1555-1628, Paris: Cheminements, 2005, p. 45\nMaurice Barthélémy, André Campra – 1660-1744, Arles: Actes Sud, 1995\nBertrand Jestaz, Art et artistes en France de la Renaissance à la Révolution, Paris: Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes, 2003, p. 259\nL'Ami de la religion, vol. 125, Paris, 1845, p. 421\nOlivier-René Veillon, Seul comme Cézanne, Maisonneuve et Larose, 1995, p. 24.\nOfficial website: Emmanuel de Fonscolombe\nAssociation des Amis des Orgues de la Madeleine\nIsabelle Loriant, 'L’Église de la Madeleine sauvée mais sous surveillance durant 6 mois', Aix-en-Provence, 2006\nLe béton au secours de l’église de La Madeleine, Aix-en-Provence, May 10, 2013\nSébastien Cyffers, 'L’église de la Madeleine soumise à un titanesque inventaire', La Provence, Aix-en-Provence, October 10, 2010, p. 6." ]

[ "Église de la Madeleine (Aix-en-Provence)", "Location", "History", "At present", "Heritage significance", "References" ]

[ 4185, 4186 ]

[ 19140, 19141, 19142, 19143, 19144, 19145, 19146, 19147, 19148, 19149 ]

[ "Église du Bon-Pasteur", "An inaccessible church" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Eglise_Bon_Pasteur.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Eglise_innacessible.JPG" ]

[ "The Église du Bon-Pasteur is a Roman Catholic church located at rue Neyret on the slopes of La Croix-Rousse, near the montée de la Grande Côte, in the 1st arrondissement of Lyon. Cardinal Barbarin described the church as \"highly symbolic for Lyon Christians\".", "The parish was founded by Cardinal de Bonald in 1855. Then the priest Callot opened a little church on this place on 16 March 1856 as Napoleon III and his wife had said they will adopt as godparents all children born that day. Thus, Callot wrote them a letter asking them to adopt his church. On 29 March 1856, an imperial decree legally recognized the Parish of the Bon Pasteur.\nIn 1869, Emperor Napoleon III came to Lyon to start to build the church. The work, performed by Clair Tisseur, began on 25 August 1869, but the war interrupted his work.\nThe current church was built between 1875-1883 by Lyon architect Clair Tisseur. The City Council provided 400,000 francs for the construction. However, his plans were not fully respected, because the Father Durant, who presided over the church then, wanted a higher tower. The church was open to the faithful on 15 June 1879 and was completed and consecrated by Archbishop Caverot on 11 June 1883.\nWhen the church was constructed, Roman tiles laid flat over a pile of animal bones were discovered.", "The architecture of the church is an imitation of Poitevin Romanesque style.\nThe church is characterized by its inaccessibility : there is not parvise, the door leading to the rue Neyret, more than three meters above the ground. The staircase scheduled was never built because it would have required the demolition of the barracks on the other side of the street, what anticlericalism of the 3rd Republic could not tolerate.\nThe stained glasses were made by Bégule and the paintings by Tony Trollet.", "In 1984, the church was no longer assigned to the Catholic church. It was used as a showroom by the École nationale des beaux-arts de Lyon established in the vicinity until 2008, and students did not clean the church when they moved. Then the building has been regularly squatted, much degraded and desecrated. Priest Michel Durand, who served in the church, said it needs a deep renovation and wanted the Lyon mayor participated in the works.\nIn 2010, the church was the subject of a dispute between residents and the mayor about the installation of antennas unwanted by local residents, who decided to protest.", "L., D. (3 August 2010). \"L'église du Bon-Pasteur toujours en quête d'un avenir... et d'un nettoyage\". Le Progrès (in French). Retrieved 16 September 2010.\nJacquemin, Louis (1985). Histoire des églises de Lyon, Villeurbanne, Vaulx-en-Velin, Bron, Vénissieux, Saint-Fons (in French) (2nd ed.). Lyon: Élie Bellier. p. 47. ISBN 2-904547-07-X.\nRey, Dominique (December 2009 – January 2010). \"Église du Bon Pasteur — L'église sans perron\" (PDF) (in French). 16: 6–11. Retrieved 16 September 2010. \n\"Découvertes anciennes sur les pentes de la Croix-Rousse. Second volet\" (in French). Service archéologique de la ville de Lyon. Retrieved 25 September 2010.\n\"Eglise du Bon-Pasteur: squattée, dégradée, profanée\". Le Progrès (in French). 3 August 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2010.\nFrisullo, Elisa (30 June 2010). \"Querelle de clocher autour d'une antenne\" (in French). 20 Minutes. Retrieved 16 September 2010. \nBadoux, Marine (29 June 2010). \"Querelle de clocher à l'église Bon Pasteur\". Lyon Capitale (in French). Retrieved 16 September 2010." ]

[ "Église du Bon-Pasteur", "History", "Architecture", "Today", "References" ]

[ 4187, 4188 ]

[ 19150, 19151, 19152, 19153, 19154, 19155, 19156, 19157 ]

[ "Église du Saint-Esprit", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6 ]

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[ "The Église du Saint-Esprit is a Roman Catholic church in Aix-en-Provence.", "It is located at 40 rue Espariat in Aix-en-Provence.", "In the 18th century, the Hôpital du Saint-Esprit, a hospital of the Order of the Holy Ghost, and several houses were torn down to make way for the construction of a new church. It was designed by architects Laurent Vallon (1652-1724) and Georges Vallon (1688-1767), and built from 1706 to 1728. It was then known as Église Saint-Jérôme, in honour of Jérôme de Grimaldi (1597–1685), who served as Archbishop of Aix from 1655 to 1683. It was dedicated by Forbin-La Barben in 1716. It was fully sculpted and painted from 1726 to 1728.\nInside, there is a retable dating back to 1505.", "It is the main parish church for university students in Aix. The current priests are Fr Gilles-Marie Lecomte and Fr Benoît Coppeaux\nIt is open every day from 7:30am to 11pm. The Chaplet of Divine Mercy is said every day from 5:30pm to 6pm, Confession and Adoration are from 6pm to 7pm. Additionally, the Eucharist is every day (except Saturdays), at 7pm. There is also a Mass on Saturdays at 6pm and on Sundays.", "It has been listed as a monument historique since December 31, 1985.", "", "Base Mérimée: PA00080999, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)\nLe Figaro\nJacques Balesta, L'Église du Saint-Esprit à Aix-en-Provence, Aix-en-Provence: Édisud, 1989, p. 9\nAix-en-Provence Official website: Église du Saint-Esprit\nParish official website\nCulture 13\nOfficial website: Liturgy" ]

[ "Église du Saint-Esprit (Aix-en-Provence)", "Location", "History", "At present", "Heritage significance", "Gallery", "References" ]

[ 4189, 4190, 4191, 4192, 4193 ]

[ 19158, 19159, 19160, 19161 ]

[ "Église fortifiée de Domfessel", "", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Domfessel_EgliseProt_01.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Saverne_ChatRohan_44.JPG", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/NotreDameI.jpg" ]

[ "Église fortifiée de Domfessel is a Lutheran church in Domfessel, Bas-Rhin, Alsace, France. Originally built in 1340, it became a registered Monument historique in 1877.", "Base Mérimée: Église fortifiée de Domfessel, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)" ]

[ "Église fortifiée de Domfessel", "References" ]

[ 4194, 4195, 4196 ]

[ 19162 ]

[ "Église protestante de Balbronn", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Balbronn_Temple11.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Balbronn_Temple09.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Balbronn_Temple02.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Balbronn_Temple19.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Balbronn_Temple21.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Balbronn_Temple04.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Balbronn_Temple25.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Balbronn_Temple28.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Balbronner_Hand_7.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Balbronner_Hand_3.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Saverne_ChatRohan_44.JPG", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/NotreDameI.jpg" ]

[ "Église protestante de Balbronn is a Lutheran church (EPCAAL) in Balbronn, Bas-Rhin, Alsace, France. Originally dated to the 12th century, it became a registered Monument historique in 1990.\nIt contains the prosthetic hand and arm of Knight Hans von Mittelhausen.", "The church contains many items that are registered as historical objects:\nA Bronze Bell (1552)\nA Bronze Bell (2) (1846)\nA Prosthetic Hand and Arm (copy) (1552)\nThe Furniture in the Church\nAn Organ (1747)\nA Chalice with Paten and Protestant Host Box (1895)\nA Protestant Chalice with Paten (19th century)\n2 Communion Ewers (18th century)\nA Baptismal Basin and Ewer (1887)\nA Protestant Begging Trunk (15th century)\nA Pastoral Chair (20th century)\nA Stained glass window: Frédéric Barberousse (1908)\nA Stained glass window: Christ in Glory (1908)\nA Funeral Monument for Euphrosine von Schauwenburg (1605)\nA Funeral Monument for Catharina Muller (1828)\nA Funeral Monument for Anna Maria Fasco (1773)\nA Funeral Monument for Pastor Johannes Haüss (17th century)\nA Pilaster (12th century)\nCulots (Ornamental Strips) (12th century)", "", "Base Mérimée: Église protestante de Balbronn, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)\nMinistry of Culture, Palissy PM67000573IM67010324 Bronze Bell (in French)\nMinistry of Culture, Palissy IM67010325 Bronze Bell (2) (in French)\nMinistry of Culture, Palissy IM67011498 Prosthtic Hand and Arm (in French)\nMinistry of Culture, Palissy IM67010327 Furniture in the Church (in French)\nMinistry of Culture, Palissy IM67010326 Organ PM67000984 Cabinet PM67000983 Cabinet (in French)\nMinistry of Culture, Palissy IM67010323 Chalice with Paten and Protestant Host Box (in French)\nMinistry of Culture, Palissy IM67010322 Protestant Chalice with Paten (in French)\nMinistry of Culture, Palissy IM67010321 2 Communion Ewers (in French)\nMinistry of Culture, Palissy IM67010320 Baptismal Basin and Ewer (in French)\nMinistry of Culture, Palissy IM67010319 TrunkPM67000816 Begging Trunk (in French)\nMinistry of Culture, Palissy IM67010318 Pastoral Chair (in French)\nMinistry of Culture, Palissy IM67010317 Stained glass window: Frédéric Barberousse (in French)\nMinistry of Culture, Palissy IM67010316 Stained glass window: Christ in Glory (in French)\nMinistry of Culture, Palissy IM67010315 Funeral Monument for Euphrosine von Schauwenburg (in French)\nMinistry of Culture, Palissy IM67010314 Funeral Monument for Catharina Muller (in French)\nMinistry of Culture, Palissy IM67010313 Funeral Monument for Anna Maria Fasco (in French)\nMinistry of Culture, Palissy IM67010312 Funeral Monument for Pastor Johannes Haüss (in French)\nMinistry of Culture, Palissy IM67010311 Pilaster (in French)\nMinistry of Culture, Palissy IM67010310 Culots (in French)" ]

[ "Église protestante de Balbronn", "Registered objects", "Gallery", "References" ]

[ 4197, 4198, 4199, 4200, 4201, 4202, 4203, 4204, 4205, 4206, 4207, 4208 ]

[ 19163, 19164 ]

[ "The town hall in Égliseneuve-près-Billom" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Mairie_d%27%C3%89gliseneuve-pr%C3%A8s-Billom_2017-06-21.JPG" ]

[ "Égliseneuve-près-Billom ([eɡliznœv pʁɛ bijɔ̃], literally Égliseneuve near Billom; Occitan: Gleianèva de Bilhom) is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France.", "Communes of the Puy-de-Dôme department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.\n\"Populations légales 2018\". INSEE. 28 December 2020." ]

[ "Égliseneuve-près-Billom", "See also", "References" ]

[ 4209 ]

[ 19165 ]

[ "Church of Églisolles in 2017." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/%C3%89glise_Saint-Hippolyte_d%27%C3%89glisolles.jpg" ]

[ "Églisolles ([eɡlizɔl]; Occitan: Egleisòla) is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France.", "Communes of the Puy-de-Dôme department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.\n\"Populations légales 2018\". INSEE. 28 December 2020." ]

[ "Églisolles", "See also", "References" ]

[ 4210 ]

[ 19166 ]

[ "The town hall of Égly" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Mairie_egly_91.JPG" ]

[ "Égly ([eɡli] (listen)) is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France around 30 km (20 miles) south of Paris.\nInhabitants of Égly are known as Aglatiens.", "Communes of the Essonne department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.\n\"Populations légales 2018\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2020.", "Official website (in French)\nBase Mérimée: Search for heritage in the commune, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)\nMayors of Essonne Association (in French)" ]

[ "Égly", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4211 ]

[ 19167 ]

[ "View in November 2015", "View in June 2010", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 6 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Viaduc_des_Egratz_-_img_40763.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/RN_205_-_Viaduc_des_Egratz2.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/25th_April_Bridge_and_boat.JPG" ]

[ "The Égratz Viaduct is a curved concrete box girder bridge in south-east France, in the French Alps, near Switzerland and Italy. The bridge is almost one mile long.", "", "It is a curved box girder bridge.", "It opened on 22 December 1981.", "It is in the Haute-Savoie department. It carries road traffic on the N205, the eastern continuation of the A40 autoroute.\nThe viaduct featured in aerial photography in the 2016 film Our Kind of Traitor.", "Telegraph Travel May 2016", "Structurae" ]

[ "Égratz Viaduct", "History", "Design", "Construction", "Structure", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4212, 4213, 4214 ]

[ 19168 ]

[ "The town hall in Égreville" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/%C3%89greville-FR-77-mairie-08.JPG" ]

[ "Égreville ([eɡʁəvil] (listen)) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.", "Inhabitants of Égreville are called Égrevillois.", "Communes of the Seine-et-Marne department", "\"Populations légales 2018\". INSEE. 28 December 2020.", "Base Mérimée: Search for heritage in the commune, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)" ]

[ "Égreville", "Demographics", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4215 ]

[ 19169 ]

[ "The town hall in Égriselles-le-Bocage" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/%C3%89griselles-le-Bocage-FR-89-mairie-2.jpg" ]

[ "Égriselles-le-Bocage ([eɡʁizɛl lə bɔkaʒ]) is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.\nIts inhabitants are called Égrisellois.", "The Lunain river has its source in the commune.", "Communes of the Yonne department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.\n\"Populations légales 2019\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2021." ]

[ "Égriselles-le-Bocage", "Geography", "See also", "References" ]

[ 4216 ]

[ 19170 ]

[ "Town hall of Éguilles" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Chateau_Eguilles.jpg" ]

[ "Éguilles ([eɡɥij]; Occitan: Agulha [aˈɣyʎɔ, aˈɡyjɔ]) is a commune in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in southern France. It is halfway between Saint-Cannat and Aix-en-Provence.", "Tracks of an early settlement dating back to the 3rd century BC have been found. However, it appears that in 124BC those tracks were destroyed.\nIn the 16th century, there were attacks from Aix-en-Provence and Les Baux-de-Provence, and the Castle was destroyed. In 1790 there were 180 inhabitants, mostly shepherds.\nIn the 19th century many inhabitants left owing to the Industrial Revolution. By 1936 there were only 730 inhabitants.", "", "The table below shows temperature and precipitation levels for 1971-2000 :", "Jean Joseph Marius Diouloufet, Provençal writer, was born in Eguilles on 19 September 1771.", "Communes of the Bouches-du-Rhône department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.\n\"Populations légales 2017\". INSEE. Retrieved 6 January 2020.\nThe most probable Occitan name is Agulha but, according to other sources, it may be Aguilha.\nEguilles Village France Provence Bouches du Rhone 13", "Official website" ]

[ "Éguilles", "History", "Population", "Climate", "Personalities", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4217 ]

[ 19171, 19172, 19173 ]

[ "The church in Éguilly-sous-Bois" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Eguilly_%C3%A9glise1.JPG" ]

[ "Éguilly-sous-Bois ([eɡiji su bwa]) is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.", "", "Communes of the Aube department", "\"Populations légales 2018\". INSEE. 28 December 2020." ]

[ "Éguilly-sous-Bois", "Population", "See also", "References" ]

[ 4218 ]

[ 19174 ]

[ "The town hall in Éguzon-Chantôme" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Eguzon-Chant%C3%B4me_%28Indre%29.jpg" ]

[ "Éguzon-Chantôme ([eɡyzɔ̃ ʃɑ̃tom]; Limousin: Aguson e Chantòsma) is a commune in the Indre department in central France.\nIt is situated on the river Creuse. A nearby hydroelectric dam (the Éguzon Dam), opened in 1923, provides electricity and also creates a lake (Lac de Chambon) that is used for leisure and watersports.", "The river Abloux forms all of the commune's western border and the Creuse, with the Chambon Lake, forms all of its eastern border.", "", "Communes of the Indre department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 9 August 2021.\n\"Populations légales 2019\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2021." ]

[ "Éguzon-Chantôme", "Geography", "Population", "See also", "References" ]

[ 4219 ]

[ 19175 ]

[ "Éguzon Dam", "", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Barrage_d%27%C3%89guzon_%2836%29_-_Cr%C3%AAte_-_rive_droite_-_2.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Arc_de_triomphe_frontsimple.jpg" ]

[ "The Éguzon dam is a hydroelectric dam on the river Creuse in central France. Construction took place from 1922 to 1926 and, at the time, was the largest dam in Europe. \nThe dam is 61 metres high and 300 metres across, with the thickness varying from 54 metres at the base to 5 metres at the top. The water behind the dam creates the Chambon Lake which, at 312 hectares, is the largest body of water in the region, and is popular with watersports enthusiasts.\nElectricity generation is via six valves, with a power of 12 MW each, giving an annual electricity production of 101 million kWh.", "Renewable energy in France", "\"Éguzon - Creuse's river valley\". Retrieved 2008-10-12.", "\"Images of the dam\". Retrieved 2008-10-12." ]

[ "Éguzon Dam", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4220, 4221, 4222 ]

[ 19176 ]

[ "The bell tower and surroundings in Éhuns" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/2016-07_-_%C3%89huns_-_12.jpg" ]

[ "Éhuns is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.", "Communes of the Haute-Saône department", "\"Populations légales 2017\". INSEE. Retrieved 6 January 2020." ]

[ "Éhuns", "See also", "References" ]

[ 4223 ]

[ 19177 ]

[ "Éider Arévalo in 2010" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/CAMPEON_COLMBIANO_10k_JUVENIL.jpg" ]

[ "Éider Orlando Arévalo Truque (born 9 March 1993) is a Colombian racewalker.\nHe competed in the 20 km walk at the 2012 Summer Olympics, where he placed 20th.\nHe represented Colombia at the 2020 Summer Olympics.", "10,000 m track walk: 39:56.01 min A – Medellín, 24 September 2011\n20,000 m track walk: 1:22:11.1 hrs (ht) – Santiago, 15 March 2014\n10 km road walk: 40:11 min – Valley Cottage, NY, 14 September 2014\n20 km road walk: 1:18:53 hrs NR – London, 13 August 2017", "", "\"Eider Arevalo\". London 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-08-16. Retrieved 2012-09-13.\n\"Men's 20km Race Walk Results\". London 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-12-04. Retrieved 2012-09-13.\n\"A un mes de Tokio 2021, Colombia completa 55 clasificados\" (in Spanish). 2021-06-22. Retrieved 2021-06-27.", "Éider Arévalo at World Athletics\nÉider Arévalo at the International Olympic Committee\nÉider Arévalo at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived)\nTilastopaja biography" ]

[ "Éider Arévalo", "Personal bests", "International competitions", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4224 ]

[ 19178, 19179 ]

[ "True-colour satellite image of Ireland, known in Irish as Éire.", "", "Irish Oak torpedoed mid-Atlantic, oil by Kenneth King, showing \"EIRE\" prominently. (National Maritime Museum of Ireland)" ]

[ 0, 3, 3 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Ireland_from_space_edit.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/25/Ireland48cstamp.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/SS_Irish_Oak.jpg" ]

[ "Éire (Irish: [ˈeːɾʲə] (listen)) is Irish for \"Ireland\", the name of both an island in the North Atlantic and the sovereign state of Ireland which governs 84% of the island's landmass. The latter is distinct from Northern Ireland, which covers the remainder of the northeast of the island. The same name is also sometimes used in English (English: /ˈɛərə/ AIR-ə).", "The modern Irish Éire evolved from the Old Irish word Ériu, which was the name of Ireland and of a Gaelic goddess. Ériu is generally believed to have been the matron goddess of Ireland, a goddess of sovereignty, or simply a goddess of the land. Ériu has been derived from reconstructed Archaic Irish *Īweriū, and further from the Proto-Celtic *Φīwerjon- (nominative singular Φīwerjū). This suggests descent from the Proto-Indo-European *piHwerjon- (\"fertile land\" or \"abundant land\"), from the adjective *piHwer- (\"fat\") – cognate with Ancient Greek píeira and Sanskrit pīvarī, (\"fat, full, abounding\"). The Archaic Irish form was borrowed into Ancient Greek. During his exploration of northwest Europe (circa 320 BCE), Pytheas of Massilia called the island Ierne (written Ἰέρνη). In his book Geographia (circa 150 CE), Claudius Ptolemaeus called the island Iouernia (written Ἰουερνία; ou represented /w/) and named a tribal group called the (Ἰούερνοι, Iouernoi or Iverni who lived in the southwest. This was borrowed into Latin as Hibernia.\nThe evolution of the word would follow as such:\nProto-Celtic *Φīwerjon- (nominative singular *Φīwerjū)\nArchaic Irish *Īweriū\nOld Irish Ériu\nModern Irish Éire\nAn Old Irish by-form of this placename was íriu, meaning \"land, earth\". In Irish mythology, Íth is the first of the Milesians (Irish) to see Ireland from Iberia. Later, he is the first to step ashore and praises the island's abundance, saying to the Tuatha Dé Danann: \"You dwell in a good land. Abundant are its mast and honey and wheat and fish\".\nA 19th-century proposal, which does not follow modern standards of etymology, derives the name from Scottish Gaelic: ì (island) + thiar (west) + fónn (land), which together give ì-iar-fhónn, or \"westland isle\". The etymology fails in that tiar (the historical form) has no *téir forms which would allow the development of the *é of Éire; moreover, Old Irish í (\"island\") was a late loanword from Old Norse ey (\"island\"), and so did not exist in prehistoric Ireland.", "While Éire is simply the name for the island of Ireland in the Irish language, and sometimes used in English, Erin is a common poetic name for Ireland, as in Erin go bragh. The distinction between the two is one of the difference between cases of nouns in Irish. Éire is the nominative case, the case that is used for nouns that are the subject of a sentence, i.e., the noun that is doing something as well as the direct object of a sentence. Erin derives from Éirinn, the Irish dative case of Éire, which has replaced the nominative case in Déise Irish and some non-standard sub-dialects elsewhere, in Scottish Gaelic (where the usual word for Ireland is Èirinn) and Manx (like Irish and Scottish Gaelic, a Goidelic Celtic language), where the word is spelled \"Nerin,\" with the initial n- probably representing a fossilisation of the preposition in/an \"in\" (cf. Irish in Éirinn, Scottish an Èirinn/ann an Èirinn \"in Ireland\"). The genitive case, Éireann (e.g. stair na hÉireann \"the history of Ireland, Ireland's history\"), is found in the Gaelic forms of the titles of companies and institutions in Ireland e.g. Iarnród Éireann (Irish Rail), Dáil Éireann (Irish Parliament), Poblacht na hÉireann (The Republic of Ireland) or Tuaisceart Éireann (Northern Ireland).", "Article 4 of the Irish constitution adopted in 1937 by the government under Éamon de Valera states \"Éire is the name of the state, or in the English language, Ireland\". The Constitution's English-language preamble also describes the population as \"We, the people of Éire\". Despite the fact that Article 8 designated Irish as the \"national\" and \"first official\" language, Éire has to some extent passed out of everyday conversation and literature, and the state is referred to as Ireland or its equivalent in all other languages.\nThe name \"Éire\" has been used on Irish postage stamps since 1922; on all Irish coinage (including Irish euro coins); and together with \"Ireland\" on passports and other official state documents issued since 1937. \"Éire\" is used on the Seal of the President of Ireland.\nInitially, after 1937 the United Kingdom insisted on using only the name \"Eire\" and refused to accept the name \"Ireland\". It adopted the Eire (Confirmation of Agreements) Act 1938 putting in law that position. At the 1948 Summer Olympics in London the organisers insisted that the Irish team march under the banner \"Eire\" notwithstanding that every other team was marching according to what their name was in English. The UK Government generally avoided all reference to \"Ireland\" in connection with the state and used what Senator Thomas O'Connell described as \"sneering titles such as Eirish\". However, the term \"Eirish\" was also used by some writers in the US, who referred to \"the Eirish people\". Using the genitive form Éireann as an adjective, the UK media would refer to \"Eireann Ministers\" and the \"Eireann Army\". The Ireland Act 1949 changed this to \"Republic of Ireland\". It was not until after the 1998 Good Friday Agreement that the UK government accepted the preferred name of simply \"Ireland\", at the same time as the Republic of Ireland dropped its territorial claim over Northern Ireland.\nBefore the 1937 Constitution, \"Saorstát Éireann\" (the Irish name of the Irish Free State) was generally used.\nDuring the Emergency (as the Second World War was known), Irish ships had \"EIRE\" (and the Irish tricolour) painted large on their sides and deck, to identify them as neutrals.\nIn the 1947 Sinn Féin Funds case, a co-defendant was cited as \"the Attorney General of Eire\" in the High and Supreme Court cases, and there were similar cases where \"Eire\" was used in the late 1940s as a descriptor of the state in English.\nIn 1922–1938 the international plate on Irish cars was \"SE\". From 1938 to 1962 it was marked \"EIR\", short for Éire. In 1961 statutory instrument no. 269 allowed \"IRL\", and by 1962 \"IRL\" had been adopted. Irish politician Bernard Commons TD suggested to the Dáil in 1950 that the Government examine \"the tourist identification plate bearing the letters EIR ... with a view to the adoption of identification letters more readily associated with this country by foreigners\". \"EIR\" is also shown in other legislation such as the car insurance statutory instrument no. 383 of 1952 and no. 82 of 1958.\nUnder the 1947 Convention Irish-registered aircraft have carried a registration mark starting \"EI\" for Éire.\n\nFrom January 2007, the Irish Government nameplates at meetings of the European Union have borne both Éire and Ireland, following the adoption of Irish as a working language of the European Union.", "When Irish language texts were printed in Gaelic type, both capital and lower-case letters were printed with diacritics (written accents). From the later 1940s, in conjunction with other reforms, printing switched to the same \"Roman type\" used for most other Latin alphabet languages. There was some uncertainty about whether the síneadh fada (acute accent) should be written on upper-case letters. While it was preserved in all-Irish texts, it was often omitted when short fragments of Irish appeared alone or in English texts. Noel Davern asked in the Dáil in 1974 why Irish stamps had EIRE rather than ÉIRE. The reply from the Minister for Posts and Telegraphs was:\nThe accent has been omitted on most Irish stamps issued over the past ten years in the interests of artistic balance and in accordance with a common practice in the printing of Irish in Roman script for display purposes. This is a prevailing typographical convention and is common to several European languages, including French.\nDavern considered EIRE to be worse than a misspelling, because eire is a word in its own right, meaning \"a burden, load or encumbrance\". The minister stated, \"The word on the stamp ... does not mean 'eire' and it is not understood to mean 'eire' by anybody except Davern.\" Stamps later used a Gaelic type with the accent preserved.\nIn 1938 the British government provided in the Eire (Confirmation of Agreements) Act 1938 that British legislation would henceforth refer to the Irish Free State as \"Eire\" (but not as \"Ireland\"). This was altered by the Ireland Act 1949, where the English-law name of the state was changed to \"Republic of Ireland\". The 1938 Act was repealed in 1981, and in 1996 a British journalist described Eire as \"now an oddity rarely used, an out-of-date reference\".\nEnglish rarely uses diacritics for English words, and often omits them from written loanwords from any source language; the acute accent is often omitted when ÉIRE is written in English—in that context, the omission or expression is regarded by English speakers who do not speak Irish as a negligible variation, reflecting two accepted spellings without further implication, in the same way as Mexico and México are seen as being the same. But for an Irish-speaker the diacritic changes the pronunciation.", "Éire has been incorporated into the names of Irish commercial and social entities, such as Eir (formerly Eircom and Telecom Éireann) and its former mobile phone network, Eircell. Ireland's postal code system is known as Eircode. In 2006 the Irish electricity network was devolved to EirGrid. The company \"BetEire Flow\" (eFlow), named as a pun on \"better\", is a French consortium running the electronic tolling system at the West-Link bridge west of Dublin. According to the Dublin Companies Registration Office in 2008, over 500 company names incorporate the word Éire in some form.", "Koch, John T. (2005), Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, pp.709-710\nMallory, J.P. and D.Q. Adams, ed. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Pub., 1997, p. 194\n\"Celtic Lexicon - University of Wales\". www.wales.ac.uk.\nForbes, John (1848), The Principles of Gaelic Grammar (2nd ed.), Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, p. 160, The Celtic words ì, inns, an island, will forma key to the etymology of the names of many insular and peninsular places in the world; as, Ile, Islay. Jura or Iura, Jura. Uist, Uist, Inchkeith, isle of Keith. Eireinn, or Eirionn, ì-iar-fhónn, wetland isle; Ireland.\n\"Constitution of Ireland Archived 30 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine\". Office of the Houses of the Oireachtas. Retrieved on 14 March 2007\nRoy Hamilton-Bowen, ed. (2009). Hibernian Handbook and Catalogue of the Postage Stamps of Ireland (12 ed.). Rodgau, Germany: Rodgau Philatelic Service GmbH.\nO'Leary, Jennifer (9 March 2012). \"Celebrating champions\". BBC News. Archived from the original on 6 May 2015.\nThe Republic of Ireland Bill, 1948, Seanad Éireann debate, Vol. 36 No. 2, Friday, 10 December 1948\nThe Literary Digest, Volume 124, Funk and Wagnalls, 1938, pages 8-9\nChronology of International Events and Documents, Volume 4, Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1947, page 690\nThe Motor, Volume 78, page 213\n(eISB), electronic Irish Statute Book. \"electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB)\". www.irishstatutebook.ie. Archived from the original on 19 May 2015.\nBuckley and others v. the Attorney General of Eire and Charles Stewart Power, 1 Irish Reports [1950], 57.\nSI 269 of 1961:\"...the letters EIR are used to indicate the name of the State but the letters IRL may be substituted therefor.\"\n\"Dáil Éireann – Volume 119 - 22 March, 1950 – Ceisteanna—Questions. Oral Answers. – Motor Identification Letters\". Historical-debates.oireachtas.ie. 22 March 1950. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2010.\n\"SI 82 of 1958 text\". Irishstatutebook.ie. 31 December 1959. Archived from the original on 20 February 2009. Retrieved 26 March 2010.\n\"SI 383 of 1952\". Irishstatutebook.ie. Archived from the original on 20 February 2009. Retrieved 26 March 2010.\n\"Ceisteanna —Questions. Oral Answers. - Irish Postage Stamps\". Dáil debates. 271 (8): 38 cc.1140–1. 28 March 1974. Archived from the original on 11 May 2018.\n\"Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla (Ó Dónaill, 1977)\".\n\"Ireland Act 1949\". 41, Act No. 1 (3) of 1949. UK Parliament.\nWilson, John (1996). Understanding journalism: a guide to issues. Routledge. p. 269. ISBN 9780415115995.\n\"eir homepage\". Eir.ie. 29 November 2006. Archived from the original on 21 September 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2010.\n\"National Roads Authority statement 2007\". Nra.ie. Archived from the original on 23 August 2010. Retrieved 26 March 2010.\n\"CRO search page\". Cro.ie. Archived from the original on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 26 March 2010.", "Noel Browne, Against the Tide\nConstitution of Ireland (1937)\nStephen Collins, The Cosgrave Legacy\nTim Pat Coogan, De Valera (Hutchinson, 1993)\nBrian Farrell, De Valera's Constitution and Ours\nF.S.L. Lyons, Ireland since the Famine\nDavid Gwynn Morgan, Constitutional Law of Ireland\nTim Murphy and Patrick Twomey (eds.) Ireland's Evolving Constitution: 1937–1997 Collected Essays (Hart, 1998) ISBN 1-901362-17-5\nAlan J. Ward, The Irish Constitutional Tradition: Responsible Government and Modern Ireland 1782–1992 (Irish Academic Press, 1994) ISBN 0-7165-2528-3" ]

[ "Éire", "Etymology", "Difference between Éire and Erin", "As a state name", "Spelling Eire rather than Éire", "Other uses", "Footnotes", "Bibliography" ]

[ 4225, 4226 ]

[ 19180, 19181, 19182, 19183, 19184, 19185, 19186, 19187, 19188, 19189, 19190, 19191, 19192, 19193, 19194, 19195, 19196, 19197, 19198, 19199, 19200, 19201, 19202, 19203, 19204, 19205, 19206, 19207, 19208, 19209, 19210, 19211, 19212, 19213 ]

[ "", "Clare Hurling Champions 1990", "Clare Football Champions 2021", "Clare Football Champions 2006", "Clare Football Champions 2000" ]

[ 0, 3, 3, 3, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/45/Eire_Og%2C_Inis_GAA_Crest.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a8/Senior_Hurling_Champions_1990.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/52/Senior_Football_Champions_2021.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2e/Senior_Football_Champions_2006.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/64/Senior_Football_Champions_2000.jpg" ]

[ "Éire Óg, Inis GAA Club is a Gaelic Athletic Association club in Ennis, Clare, Ireland. The club plays both Hurling and Gaelic Football at all age levels.\nTheir most recent major achievement came on 7 November 2021 when they won the Clare Senior Football Championship for the nineteenth time, defeating Kilmurry-Ibrickane by 1–11 to 0–09 in Cusack Park.\nPrior to the official club formation in 1952, the Ennis Dalcassians represented the county capital.\nThe Ennis Faughs were an amalgamation of the club with local rivals St. Joseph's, Doora-Barefield. They competed together from 1944 to 1956 and 1994-1995 when both clubs were not actually competing at senior level themselves. The Ennis Faughs competed in thirteen county football finals, winning five Senior Football titles in 1947, 1948, 1952, 1954 and again in 1994. They also won an Intermediate Hurling title in 1945, and an Intermediate Football title in 1946.\nWhen combined with their predecessors the Ennis Dalcassians, Éire Óg are the most successful club in Clare at senior level. A combined total of 34 county senior titles have been won by the capital town, 15 Senior Hurling titles (1990) and 19 Senior Football titles (2021).", "The club was formed at the end of February 1952, initially to cater for junior hurlers. The historic first meeting took place in a house in Steele's Terrace, Ennis. The club's first colours were all-white with a green shamrock and these jerseys were bought by the residents of Steele's Terrace and the Boreen. In 1954 the club colours were changed to red with white collar and cuffs.\nIn 1953 the club decided to enter the senior ranks but were defeated by Clooney that year. In 1954 the club had its first senior victory when it beat Tulla in the semi-final of the Clare Cup. In 1955, with victories over Ruan, Clarecastle, Doora-Barefield and Tulla, Éire Óg reached its first senior final but were beaten by Newmarket-on-Fergus. The club's first major trophy was the Clare Cup when they defeated Feakle in the final by nine points.\nIn 1956 Éire Óg won its first Clare Senior Hurling Championship, defeating Clarecastle in the final by 4–05 to 2-08. In 1957 it won back-to-back senior titles, defeating Whitegate in the county final by 5–09 to 2-03. The club reached the county final again in 1959 but were defeated by Ruan. Éire Óg reached the county final in 1965 only to be defeated this time by Newmarket-on-Fergus. But in 1966 the club defeated Whitegate in the final by 2–08 to 1–04 to win their third title.\nÉire Óg took complete control over the organisation of underage Gaelic Games in Ennis from the underage clubs Ennis Rovers and St. John's, Ennis forming one combined underage club in 1974. A number of the 1966 senior team had been successful at underage with these clubs, which had won five Minor A titles in 1961, 1962, 1963, 1965 and 1966 and a three-in-a-row of Under-21 A titles from 1964 to 1966. The Éire Óg underage club has been very successful since this take over, winning titles at every grade in hurling and football, the highlight being the Féile na nGael All-Ireland U-14 Championship which was captured by the club's Under-14s in Wexford in 1999.\nThe club qualified once again for the county final in 1975 only to be defeated by the East Clare amalgamation, Brian Boru's. Their next success was to come in 1980 when the club were victorious over Newmarket-on-Fergus. In 1982 Éire Óg defeated Sixmilebridge in the final on a score of 3–08 to 2-09. The following year Sixmilebridge reversed the result after a replay. In 1985, having reached the final, Éire Óg were defeated by Kilmaley. In 1990 Éire Óg won their fifteenth overall county title, this time defeating O'Callaghan's Mills 1–05 to 1-03. The club reached the final again in 1992 only to go down to Sixmilebridge.\nIn 1971 Éire Óg fielded its first football team and won the Clare Junior A Football Championship 1975 and 1976. The Clare Intermediate Football Championship was won in 1985 and so Éire Óg moved up to senior level. Immediately after promotion in 1986, the club reached the Clare Senior Football Championship final but were beaten by Cooraclare.\nIn 1975 Éire Óg purchased land from St. Flannan's College at Clonroadmore, where the club is now based. Since then a lot of money and hard work has gone into pitch development, building the clubhouse and dressing rooms, and the addition of a floodlit all-weather pitch. In 2003 a second playing pitch was developed under a lease arrangement with St. Flannan's.\nThe Clare Intermediate Football Championship was won again in 1995 and Éire Óg returned to the senior ranks. In 2000 Éire Óg football came of age when the club won the Clare Senior Football Championship for the first time. 2000 was the first year that a club has qualified for both senior finals since the Ennis Dalcassions won 'The Double' in 1929. The footballers beat Doonbeg, however the hurlers lost out to Sixmilebridge. A second football title followed in 2006.\nIn 2018, the club achieved a historic 'Double' when their second teams in both codes won the Clare Junior A Hurling Championship and Clare Junior A Football Championship.\nÉire Óg Inis Academy was set up in 2012 following the break-up of the Ennis Urban Board. The academy coaches girls and boys from U-6 to U-16 in the skills of both hurling and football. Our most successful year to date was 2017 when we won 5 County titles including representing Clare in the Féile na nGael All-Ireland U-14 Championship. However, the success of the academy is not measured on county titles alone, as or even more important is that the children enjoy coming to Éire Óg and enjoy the friendly, fun and safe environment.", "", "Munster Senior Club Hurling Championship Runners-Up:\n1990\nClare Senior Hurling Championship: 15\n1956, 1957, 1966, 1980, 1982, 1990\nAs Ennis Dalcassians: 1890, 1911, 1914, 1915, 1924, 1928 (with Clarecastle), 1929, 1934, 1941\nClare Senior B Hurling Championship: 2\n2007, 2014\nClare Intermediate Hurling Championship: 4\n2011\nAs Ennis Faughs (with Doora-Barefield): 1945\nAs Ennis Rovers: 1927\nAs St. John's, Ennis: 1958\nClare Junior A Hurling Championship: 4\n1990, 2002, 2018\nAs Ennis Dalcassians: 1927\nClare Hurling League Div. 1 (Clare Cup): 2\n1955, 1959\nClare Hurling League Div.4: 5\n1989, 1990, 1995, 2002, 2008\nClare Under-21 A Hurling Championship: 6\n1964, 1965, 1966, 1974, 1977, 2010\nClare Minor A Hurling Championship: 24\n1967, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1974, 1978, 1989, 1991, 1993\nAs Ennis Dalcassians: 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1951\nAs Ennis Rovers: 1957, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966\nAs St. John's, Ennis: 1955, 1956\nFéile na nGael All-Ireland U-14 Championship (Christy Ring Trophy): 1\n1999", "Clare Senior Football Championship: 19\n2000, 2006, 2021\nAs Ennis Dalcassians: 1890, 1897, 1899, 1904, 1907, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1913, 1914, 1929\nAs Ennis Faughs (with Doora-Barefield): 1947, 1948, 1952, 1954, 1994\nClare Senior B Football Championship: 1\n2019\nClare Intermediate Football Championship: 3\n1985, 1995\nAs Ennis Faughs (with Doora-Barefield): 1946\nMunster Junior Club Football Championship Runners-Up:\n2001\nClare Junior A Football Championship: 7\n1968, 1975, 2001, 2013, 2018\nAs Ennis Dalcassians: 1927, 1943\nClare Football League Div. 1 (Cusack Cup): 3\n2003\nAs Ennis Dalcassians: 1929, 1932\nClare Football League Div.2 (Garry Cup): 1\n2018\nClare Football League Div.4: ?\n2018\nClare Under-21 A Football Championship: 5\n2000, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2018\nClare Minor A Football Championship: 8\n1979, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1998, 1999, 2012, 2017", "Éire Óg Camogie Club was established by Michael Brennan in 1967; his senior team enjoyed immediate success, dethroning 9 in a row champions, Killanena, in 1968. The team went from strength to strength, winning 8 senior titles in a row. There followed a two-year gap before Éire Óg captured four more senior titles in 1978, 1979, 1980 and 1981. In the more recent past, the club won the Féile na nGael Division 2 in 2010. Having competed for many years at Junior level, they finally made the breakthrough from junior to intermediate in 2012. Since 2012, the club has enjoyed much success at underage, but, the big prize of senior status continued to prove elusive until 2017, when they claimed the league championship double, defeating Broadford, Clarecastle/Ballyea, respectively. Minor B U21B championships were also won in 2017.\nLadies Football arrived in 2002, with an Under 12 and Junior teams. Barry Donnelly was first chairman, succeeded by Alan Malone, who steered the club until 2014. Others involved were Sharon Malone and Claire Nihill. Shauna Keane and Orla McMahon have been playing members since the beginning, Shauna scoring the very first score for the new club in 2002.", "Clare Senior Camogie Championship: 12\n1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981\nClare Intermediate Camogie Championship: ...\n2017\nClare Junior 'A' Camogie Championship: ...\n2010\nClare Under-21 'B' Camogie Championship: ...\n2017\nClare Minor 'B' Camogie Championship: ...\n2017\nFéile na nGael Div.2 (Caithlín Ní Thoimín Shield): 1\n2010\nFéile na nGael Div.3: 1\n1986", "Clare Junior Ladies Football Championship: ...\n2014, 2015\nClare Under-21 Ladies Football Championship: ...\n2017\nClare Ladies Football League Div. 3: ...\n2014", "This is a list of club players who have won major medals with Clare:", "* Transferred to Kilmaley in 1998.", "", "\"Éire Óg End 15-Year Wait For Clare SFC Crown\". Irish Examiner.", "Official Éire Óg, Inis GAA Club website" ]

[ "Éire Óg, Inis GAA", "History", "Major honours", "Hurling", "Gaelic Football", "Ladies", "Camogie", "Ladies Football", "Notable players", "Hurling", "Gaelic Football", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4227, 4228, 4229 ]

[ 19214, 19215, 19216, 19217, 19218, 19219, 19220, 19221, 19222, 19223, 19224, 19225, 19226, 19227, 19228, 19229, 19230, 19231, 19232, 19233 ]

[ "Fauré in early middle age", "", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 1 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/eb/Faure-middle-years.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Jules-loeb.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/55/Pablo-Casals-1910.jpg" ]

[ "The Élégie (Elegy), Op. 24, was written by the French composer Gabriel Fauré in 1880, and first published and performed in public in 1883. Originally for cello and piano, the piece was later orchestrated by Fauré. The work features a sad and somber opening and climaxes with an intense, tempestuous central section before returning to the elegiac opening theme in C minor.", "In 1880, having completed his First Piano Quartet, Fauré began work on a cello sonata. His frequent practice was to compose the slow movement of a work first, and he did so for the new sonata. The completed movement was probably premiered at the salon of Camille Saint-Saëns in June 1880. The movement, like the quartet, is in the key of C minor. Whether the rest of the sonata would have been in that key is unknown: Fauré never completed it, and in January 1883, the slow movement was published as a stand-alone piece under the title Élégie.\nThe first performance of the work under its new title was given at the Société Nationale de Musique in December 1883 by the composer and the cellist Jules Loeb to whom the piece is dedicated. The Élégie was a great success from the outset,. The conductor Édouard Colonne asked Fauré for a version for cello and orchestra. Fauré agreed, and that version was premiered at the Société Nationale in April 1901, with Pablo Casals as a soloist and the composer as conductor.", "The piece is in the AABA CC Trans-D AC'C'coda form, in which the musical material of the beginning returns to close the piece after a contrasting middle section. The opening is a somber, long-breathed melody. The cello carries the main thematic material, with the piano providing a harmonically varied accompaniment. In the major-key middle section, the piano bears the melodic theme before it passes to the cello. The middle section ends with a forceful passage in which the piano and cello exchange vehement themes. The dynamics remain loud as the first section returns, but the quiet sombreness of the opening soon takes over. The repeated opening theme is matched with some of the rhythmic features carried over from the middle section. The work ends in an atmosphere of calm.\nThe orchestral version of the work requires two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, four horns and strings to accompany the cellist.\nThe Fauré specialist Jean-Michel Nectoux writes that the Élégie was one of the last works in which the composer allowed himself \"such a direct expression of pathos.\" Nectoux regards the piece as \"one of the last manifestations of French musical Romanticism. From now on, Fauré's music was to be more introverted and discreet.\"", "Notes\n Jules-Léopold Loeb (13 May 1852 – 4 November 1933) later became cello professor at the Paris Conservatoire, where his pupils included André Navarra in the 1920s.\nReferences\nNectoux, p. 89\nNectoux, p. 535\nCrichton, Ronald. \"Navarra, André\", Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press, accessed 18 November 2013 (subscription required)\nNectoux, pp. 88–89\nSources\nNectoux, Jean-Michel (1991). Gabriel Fauré: A Musical Life. Translated by Roger Nichols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23524-3.", "Elegie: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project" ]

[ "Élégie (Fauré)", "Composition", "Musical structure", "Notes and references", "External links" ]

[ 4230 ]

[ 19234, 19235, 19236, 19237, 19238, 19239, 19240 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/LogoRevueElements.jpg" ]

[ "Éléments is a French bi-monthly magazine launched in September 1973 and associated with the Nouvelle Droite. It is published by the white nationalist thinktank GRECE.", "Initially serving as the internal bulletin of GRECE, an ethno-nationalist think tank led by Alain de Benoist, the magazine began its public circulation in September 1973 as the general public showcase of the organization. Michel Marmin became its first president, followed by Pierre Vial in 1983, then by Jean-Claude Bardet. In 1991, Charles Champetier, then aged 24, became the magazine's president.\nSince 2017, the web television TV Libertés has been broadcasting Le Plus d'Élements, a talk show hosted by Olivier François in collaboration with Éléments.", "In the early 1990s, Éléments had around 5,000 subscribers, mainly from the well-educated elites, along with an audience of university students. A 1993 poll revealed that 35 per cent of the magazine's subscribers were politically close to the Front National.\nAccording to scholar Tamir Bar-On, \"Éléments generally appeals to GRECE's younger, more militant audience. Éléments might also be more populist and nationalist than the more aristocratic Nouvelle École\", another magazine launched by GRECE in 1968.", "Taguieff, Pierre André (1994). Sur la Nouvelle Droite: jalons d'une analyse critique (in French). Descartes et Cie. pp. 180–181. ISBN 978-2-910301-02-6.\nMilza, Pierre (2002). L'Europe en chemise noire: Les extrêmes droites européennes de 1945 à aujourd'hui. Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-65106-4.\nTaguieff, Pierre-André (1994). Sur la Nouvelle Droite: jalons d'une analyse critique. Descartes & Cie. ISBN 978-2-910301-02-6.\nd'Appollonia, Ariane Chebel (1998). L'extrême-droite en France: De Maurras à Le Pen. Editions Complexe. p. 324. ISBN 978-2-87027-764-5.\nde Vitry, Alexandre (2018). Sous les pavés, la droite. Desclée De Brouwer. ISBN 978-2-220-09564-6.\nFrançois, Olivier (22 May 2017). \"Revue Éléments - Le plus d'Éléments n°1 : La nouvelle émission de TV Libertés\". Revue Éléments.\nBar-On, Tamir (2007). Where Have All the Fascists Gone?. Ashgate Publishing. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-7546-7154-1.", "Official website\n Media related to Éléments at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Éléments", "History", "Audience", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4231 ]

[ 19241, 19242, 19243, 19244, 19245, 19246 ]

[ "1970 edition of Théorie des ensembles (Theory of Sets), first volume of the series" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Bourbaki%2C_Theorie_des_ensembles_maitrier.jpg" ]

[ "Éléments de mathématique (English: Elements of Mathematics) is a series of mathematics books written by the pseudonymous French collective Nicolas Bourbaki. Begun in 1939, the series has been published in several volumes, and remains in progress. The series is noted as a large-scale, self-contained, formal treatment of mathematics.\nThe members of the Bourbaki group originally intended the work as a textbook on analysis, with the working title Traité d'analyse (Treatise on Analysis). While planning the structure of the work they became more ambitious, expanding its scope to cover several branches of modern mathematics. Once the plan of the work was expanded to treat other fields in depth, the title Éléments de mathématique was adopted. Topics treated in the series include set theory, abstract algebra, topology, analysis, Lie groups and Lie algebras. \nThe unusual singular \"mathématique\" (mathematic) of the title is deliberate, meant to convey the authors' belief in the unity of mathematics. A companion volume, Éléments d'histoire des mathématiques (Elements of the History of Mathematics), collects and reproduces several of the historical notes which previously appeared in the work.", "In late 1934, a group of mathematicians including André Weil resolved to collectively write a textbook on analysis. They intended their work as a modern replacement for outdated texts—including one by Édouard Goursat—and also to fill a void in instructional material caused by the death of a generation of mathematics students in World War I. The group adopted the collective pseudonym Nicolas Bourbaki, after the French general Charles-Denis Bourbaki. During the late 1930s and early 1940s, the Bourbaki group expanded the plan of their work beyond analysis, and began publishing texts under the title Éléments de mathématique.\nVolumes of the Éléments have appeared periodically since the publication of the first Fascicule (\"Installment\") in 1939 by Éditions Hermann, with several being published during the 1950s and 1960s, Bourbaki's most productive period and time of greatest influence. Several years have sometimes passed before the publication of a new volume, and various factors have contributed to a slow pace of publication. The group's working style is slow and rigorous, and a final product is not deemed acceptable unless it is unanimously approved by the group. Further, World War II interrupted Bourbaki's activities during its early years. In the 1970s a legal dispute arose with Hermann, the group's original publisher, concerning copyright and royalty payments. The Bourbaki group won the involved lawsuit, retaining copyright over the work authored under the pseudonym, but at a price: the legal battle had dominated the group's attention during the 1970s, preventing them from doing productive mathematical work under the Bourbaki name. Following the lawsuit and during the 1980s, publication of new volumes was resumed via Éditions Masson. From the 1980s through the 2000s Bourbaki published very infrequently, with the result that in 1998 Le Monde pronounced the collective \"dead\". However, in the 2010s Bourbaki resumed publication of the Éléments with a revised and expanded edition of the eighth chapter of Algebra and a new book on algebraic topology, which had originally been planned as the eleventh chapter of the group's book on general topology. Springer Verlag became Bourbaki's current publisher during the 21st century, reprinting the Éléments while also publishing new volumes. Some early versions of the Éléments can be viewed at an online archive, and the mathematical historian Liliane Beaulieu has documented the sequence of publication.\nThe Éléments have had a complex publication history. From the 1940s through the 1960s, Bourbaki published the Éléments in booklet form as small installments of individual chapters, known in the French as fascicules. Despite having settled on a logical sequence for the work (see below), Bourbaki did not publish the Éléments in the order of its logical structure. Rather, the group planned the arc of the work in broad strokes and published disparate chapters wherever they could agree on a final product, with the understanding that (logically) later chapters published (chronologically) first would ultimately have to be grounded in the later publication of logically earlier chapters. The first installment of the Éléments to be published was the Summary of Results for the Theory of Sets in 1939; the first proper chapter of content on set theory—with proofs and theorems—did not appear until 1954. Independently of the work's logical structure, The early fascicules were assigned chronological numberings by the publisher Hermann for historical reference. Gradually, the small fascicules were collected and reprinted in larger volumes, forming the basis of the modern edition of the work.\nThe large majority of the Éléments has been translated into an English edition, although this translation is incomplete. Currently the complete French edition of the work consists of 12 books printed in 28 volumes, with 70 chapters. The English edition completely reproduces seven books and partially reproduces two, with three unavailable; it comprises 14 volumes, reproducing 58 of the original's 70 chapters.", "Éléments de mathématique is divided into books, volumes, and chapters. A book refers to a broad area of investigation or branch of mathematics (Algebra, Integration); a given book is sometimes published in multiple volumes (physical books) or else in a single volume. The work is further subdivided into chapters with some volumes consisting of a single chapter.\nTypically of mathematics textbooks, the Éléments' chapters present definitions, mathematical notation, proofs of theorems and exercises, forming the core mathematical content of the work. The chapters are supplemented by historical notes and summaries of results. The former usually appear after a given chapter to contextualize the development of its topics, and the latter are occasionally used sections in which a book's major results are collected and stated without proof. Eléments d'histoire des mathématiques is a compilation volume of several of the historical note sections previously published in the Éléments proper, through the book on Lie groups and Lie algebras.\nWhen Bourbaki's founders originally planned the Treatise on Analysis, they conceived of an introductory and foundational section of the text which would describe all prerequisite concepts from scratch. This proposed area of the text was referred to as the \"Abstract Packet\" (Paquet Abstrait). During the early planning stages the founders greatly expanded the scope of the abstract packet, with the result that it would require several volumes for its expression rather than a section or chapter in a single volume. This portion of the Éléments was gradually realized as its first three books, dealing with set theory, abstract algebra, and general topology.\nToday, the Éléments divide into two parts. Bourbaki structured the first part of the work into six sequentially numbered books: I. Theory of Sets, II. Algebra, III. General Topology, IV. Functions of a Real Variable, V. Topological Vector Spaces, and VI. Integration. The first six books are given the unifying subtitle Les structures fondamentales de l’analyse (Fundamental Structures of Analysis), fulfilling Bourbaki's original intent to write a rigorous treatise on analysis, together with a thorough presentation of set theory, algebra and general topology. \nThroughout the Fundamental Structures of Analysis, any statements or proofs presented within a given chapter assume as given the results established in previous chapters, or previously in the same chapter. In detail, the logical structure within the first six books is as follows, with each section taking as given all preceding material:\nI: Theory of Sets\nII (1): Algebra, chapters 1-3\nIII (1): General Topology, chapters 1-3\nII (2): Algebra, from chapter 4 onwards\nIII (2): General topology, from chapter 4 onwards\nIV: Functions of a Real Variable\nV: Topological Vector Spaces\nVI: Integration\nThus the six books are also \"logically ordered\", with the caveat that some material presented in the later chapters of Algebra, the second book, invokes results from the early chapters of General Topology, the third book.\nFollowing the Fundamental Structures of Analysis, the second part of the Éléments consists of books treating more modern research topics: Lie Groups and Lie Algebras, Commutative Algebra, Spectral Theory, Differential and Analytic Manifolds, and Algebraic Topology. Whereas the Éléments' first six books followed a strict, sequential logical structure, each book in the second part is dependent on the results established in the first six books, but not on those of the second part's other books. The second part of the work also lacks a unifying subtitle comparable to the Fundamental Structures of Analysis.", "The Éléments are published in French and English volumes, detailed below.", "Euclid's Elements\nPrincipia Mathematica", "In both cases, the counts of each edition's books and volumes include the historical compilation Elements of the History of Mathematics. However, the chapter count refers to the chapters of mathematical content in the Éléments proper, excluding sections (or chapters) of historical notes reproduced in Elements of the History of Mathematics.\nThis precise logical structure is indicated in the \"To the Reader\" front matter in a minority of the English volumes. See pp. v-vi in any of the five following volumes: Algebra II, Functions of a Real Variable, Topological Vector Spaces, Integration I, and Integration II. See the below table for detailed bibliographical information for each volume.\nOne example of this \"reverse order\" among the early, foundational chapters of the Éléments is the following. In the fourth chapter of Algebra, an object denoted {\\displaystyle A[[I]]} is described in terms of its algebraic properties, and a definition given in the third chapter of (the later book) General Topology is cited to establish that the object {\\displaystyle A[[I]]} is also a topological ring.\nThe Summary of Results was a section which collected the Theory of Sets' main results, stating them without proof. Although it was the first item to be published in the Éléments, it does not count towards its chapters.\nDifferential and Analytic Manifolds first appeared as two volumes of summaries of results, later compiled into a single volume. No proper proof-based chapters associated with the book's subject have been published.\nElements of the History of Mathematics is a compilation volume of several of the historical note sections previously published in the Éléments proper. Although the volume is internally organized with 26 chapters, its reproduced historical content does not count toward the chapters of mathematical content within the Éléments.", "Mashaal, Maurice (2006). Bourbaki: a Secret Society of Mathematicians. American Mathematical Society. ISBN 978-0821839676.\nAczel, Amir D. (2006). The Artist and the Mathematician: the Story of Nicolas Bourbaki, the Genius Mathematician Who Never Existed. Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 978-1560259312.\nMashaal, p. 55.\nAczel, pp. 99–100.\nMashaal, p. 11.\nAczel, p. 117.\nAczel, p. 92.\nAczel, pp. 205–206.\nMashaal, pp. 53–54.\nMashaal, p. 146.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (2016). Topologie Algébrique: Chapitres 1 à 4. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. p. xiv. ISBN 9783662493601. French paperback edition.\n\"Archives de l'Association des Collaborateurs de Nicolas Bourbaki\".\n\"Éléments de Mathématique\". Archives Bourbaki.\nOuvrages de N. Bourbaki at the Bourbaki site\nEléments de Mathématique series in Springer\nElements of Mathematics series in Springer\nAczel, p. 86.\nAsimov, Isaac (20 March 1991). foreword. A History of Mathematics. By Boyer, Carl B.; Merzbach, Uta C. (Second ed.). Wiley. p. 629. ISBN 9780471543978.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1990). Algebra II: Chapters 4-7. Elements of Mathematics. Translated by Cohn, P.M.; Howie, J. Chapter 4, p. 26.: Springer. ISBN 9783540007067. English paperback edition.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1970). Théorie des ensembles. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540340348. French paperback edition.\nThéorie des ensembles. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (2004). Theory of Sets. Elements of Mathematics. Springer. ISBN 9783540225256. English paperback edition.\nTheory of Sets. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1970). Algèbre: Chapitres 1 à 3. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540338499. French paperback edition.\nAlgèbre: Chapitres 1 à 3. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1989). Algebra I: Chapters 1-3. Elements of Mathematics. Springer. ISBN 9783540642435. English paperback edition.\nAlgebra I: Chapters 1-3. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1981). Algèbre: Chapitres 4 à 7. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540343981. French paperback edition.\nAlgèbre: Chapitres 4 à 7. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1990). Algebra II: Chapters 4-7. Elements of Mathematics. Translated by Cohn, P.M.; Howie, J. Springer. ISBN 9783540007067. English paperback edition.\nAlgebra II: Chapters 4-7. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (2012). Algèbre: Chapitre 8. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540353157. French paperback edition. Original 1958 edition revised in a 2012 edition.\nAlgèbre: Chapitre 8. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1959). Algèbre: Chapitre 9. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540353386. French paperback edition. Original 1959 edition revised in a 1973 edition.\nAlgèbre: Chapitre 9. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1980). Algèbre: Chapitre 10. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540344926. French paperback edition.\nAlgèbre: Chapitre 10. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1971). Topologie générale: Chapitres 1 à 4. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540339366. French paperback edition.\nTopologie générale: Chapitres 1 à 4. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1989). General Topology: Chapters 1-4. Elements of Mathematics. Springer. ISBN 9783540642411. English paperback edition.\nGeneral Topology: Chapters 1-4. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1974). Topologie générale: Chapitres 5 à 10. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540343998. French paperback edition.\nTopologie générale: Chapitres 5 à 10. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1989). General Topology: Chapters 5-10. Elements of Mathematics. Springer. ISBN 9783540645634. English paperback edition.\nGeneral Topology: Chapters 5-10. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1976). Fonctions d'une variable réelle. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540340362. French paperback edition.\nFonctions d'une variable réelle. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (2004). Functions of a Real Variable: Elementary Theory. Elements of Mathematics. Translated by Spain, Philip. Springer. ISBN 9783642639326. English paperback edition.\nFunctions of a Real Variable: Elementary Theory. springer.com. Springer. (URL number refers to English hardback edition.)\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1981). Espaces vectoriels topologiques: Chapitres 1 à 5. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540344971. French paperback edition.\nEspaces vectoriels topologiques: Chapitres 1 à 5. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1987). Topological Vector Spaces: Chapters 1-5. Elements of Mathematics. Translated by Eggleston, H.G.; Madan, S. Springer. ISBN 9783540423386. English paperback edition.\nTopological Vector Spaces: Chapters 1-5. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1965). Intégration: Chapitres 1 à 4. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540353287. French paperback edition. Original 1965 edition revised in a 1973 edition.\nIntégration: Chapitres 1 à 4. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (2004). Integration I: Chapters 1-6. Elements of Mathematics. Translated by Berberian, Sterling K. Springer. ISBN 9783642639302. English paperback edition.\nIntegration I: Chapters 1-6. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1967). Intégration: Chapitre 5. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540353331. French paperback edition.\nIntégration: Chapitre 5. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1959). Intégration: Chapitre 6. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540353195. French paperback edition.\nIntégration: Chapitre 6. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1963). Intégration: Chapitres 7 et 8. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540353249. French paperback edition.\nIntégration: Chapitres 7 et 8. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (2004). Integration II: Chapters 7-9. Elements of Mathematics. Translated by Berberian, Sterling K. Springer. ISBN 9783642058219. English paperback edition.\nIntegration II: Chapters 7-9. springer.com. Springer. (URL number refers to English hardback edition.)\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1969). Intégration: Chapitre 9. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540343905. French paperback edition.\nIntégration: Chapitre 9. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1971). Groupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitre 1. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540353355. French paperback edition.\nGroupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitre 1. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1989). Lie Groups and Lie Algebras: Chapters 1-3. Elements of Mathematics. Springer. ISBN 9783540642428. English paperback edition.\nLie Groups and Lie Algebras: Chapters 1-3. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1972). Groupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitres 2 et 3. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540339403. French paperback edition.\nGroupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitres 2 et 3. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1968). Groupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitres 4 à 6. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540344902. French paperback edition.\nGroupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitres 4 à 6. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (2002). Lie Groups and Lie Algebras: Chapters 4-6. Elements of Mathematics. Translated by Pressley, Andrew. Springer. ISBN 9783540691716. English paperback edition.\nLie Groups and Lie Algebras: Chapters 4-6. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1975). Groupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitres 7 et 8. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540339397. French paperback edition.\nGroupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitres 7 et 8. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (2005). Lie Groups and Lie Algebras: Chapters 7-9. Elements of Mathematics. Translated by Pressley, Andrew. Springer. ISBN 9783540688518. English paperback edition.\nLie Groups and Lie Algebras: Chapters 7-9. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1982). Groupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitre 9. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540343929. French paperback edition.\nGroupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitre 9. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1968). Algèbre commutative: Chapitres 1 à 4. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540339373. French paperback edition.\nAlgèbre commutative: Chapitres 1 à 4. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1989). Commutative Algebra: Chapters 1-7. Elements of Mathematics. Springer. ISBN 9783540642398. English paperback edition.\nCommutative Algebra: Chapters 1-7. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1964). Algèbre commutative: Chapitres 5 à 7. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540339410. French paperback edition.\nAlgèbre commutative: Chapitres 5 à 7. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1983). Algèbre commutative: Chapitres 8 et 9. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540339427. French paperback edition.\nAlgèbre commutative: Chapitres 8 et 9. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1998). Algèbre commutative: Chapitre 10. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540343943. French paperback edition.\nAlgèbre commutative: Chapitre 10. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1967). Théories spectrales: Chapitres 1 et 2. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540353300. French paperback edition.\nThéories spectrales: Chapitres 1 et 2. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1971). Variétés différentielles et analytiques. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540343967. French paperback edition.\nVariétés différentielles et analytiques. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (2016). Topologie Algébrique: Chapitres 1 à 4. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783662493601. French paperback edition.\nTopologie Algébrique: Chapitres 1 à 4. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1974). Eléments d'histoire des mathématiques. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540339380. French paperback edition.\nEléments d'histoire des mathématiques. springer.com. Springer.\nBourbaki, Nicolas (1994). Elements of the History of Mathematics. Elements of Mathematics. Translated by Meldrum, John. Springer. ISBN 9783540647676. English paperback edition.\nElements of the History of Mathematics. springer.com. Springer." ]

[ "Éléments de mathématique", "History", "Structure", "Volumes", "See also", "Notes", "References" ]

[ 4232 ]

[ 19247, 19248, 19249, 19250, 19251, 19252, 19253, 19254, 19255, 19256, 19257, 19258, 19259, 19260, 19261, 19262, 19263, 19264, 19265, 19266, 19267, 19268, 19269, 19270, 19271, 19272, 19273, 19274, 19275, 19276, 19277, 19278, 19279, 19280, 19281, 19282, 19283, 19284, 19285, 19286, 19287, 19288, 19289 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/%C3%89l%C3%A9mir_Bourges.jpg" ]

[ "Élémir Bourges (26 March 1852, Manosque, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence – 13 November 1925) was a French novelist. A winner of the Goncourt Prize, he was also a member of the Académie Goncourt. Bourges, who accused the Naturalists of having \"belittled and deformed man\", was closely linked with the Decadent and Symbolist modes in literature. His works, which include the 1884 novel Le Crépuscule des dieux (\"the Twilight of the Gods\"), were informed by both Richard Wagner and the Elizabethan dramatists.", "Sous la hache (1883)\nLe Crépuscule des dieux (1884)\nLes oiseaux s’envolent et les fleurs tombent (1893)\nL'Enfant qui revient (1905)\nLa Nef (1904–1922)", "Fitzgerald, Michael C. Making Modernism: Picasso and the Creation of the Market for Twentieth-Century Art. Page 170. University of California Press, 1996.\nLalou, René. Contemporary French Literature. Page 303. A. Knopf, 1924.", "Works by Élémir Bourges at the Bibliotheque Nationale\nWorks by Élémir Bourges at Project Gutenberg\nWorks by or about Élémir Bourges at Internet Archive" ]

[ "Élémir Bourges", "Bibliography", "Notes", "External links" ]

[ 4233 ]

[ 19290, 19291 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Portrait_des_Marie_El%C3%A9onore_du_Maine%2C_comte_du_Bourg%2C_mar%C3%A9chal_de_France_et_gouverneur_d%27Alsace.jpg" ]

[ "Eléonor Marie du Maine (14 September 1655, Changy - 15 January 1739, Strasbourg), count of Le Bourg, baron of Espinasse was a French nobleman and general.", "He was made a page in the grande Écurie du roi in 1671, before joining the musketeers in 1673. He then moved to the Gardes Françaises. He fought his first campaigns in Franche-Comté, distinguishing himself in the 1674 attack on Besançon. He also took part in the sieges of Condé, Bouchain (Nord), Valenciennes, Saint-Omer, Ypres, Kehl, and Strasbourg.\nHe became mestre de camp of the Régiment Royal Cavalerie in December 1701 and was made governor of the province of Alsace in 1713. In 1724 he was made a Marshal of France. His first wife's name is unknown — he married his second in Strasbourg on 14 January 1729, namely Marie Anne de Klinglin, elder sister of François-Joseph de Klinglin, \"préteur royal\" of Strasbourg, and of Christophe de Klinglin, first president of the Conseil souverain d'Alsace.", "", "Viton, Nicolas (1834). De l'ancienne France de Saint-Allais. p. Page 499.\nRevue d'Alsace n° 132 (2006). L'Alsace : un très riche patrimoine archéologique. Diplomatie et religion en Alsace au temps du cardinal de Fleury (1726-1743) pp. 129–173." ]

[ "Éléonor Marie du Maine du Bourg", "Life", "References", "Sources" ]

[ 4234 ]

[ 19292, 19293, 19294 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/BonaparteJustine_gebRufflin.png" ]

[ "Princess Éléonore-Justine Bonaparte (née Éléonore-Justine Ruflin; 1 July 1832 – 13 October 1905) was the wife of Prince Pierre-Napoléon Bonaparte. Under the pseudonym Nina Bonaparte she published a memoir titled History of My Life. As she was from a peasant background, her morganatic marriage to Prince Pierre-Napoléon, although recognized by the Catholic Church, was not accepted by Napoleon III and the House of Bonaparte and did not receive civil legitimacy until the fall of the Second French Empire.", "Éléonore-Justine Ruflin was born on 1 July 1832 in Paris. She was the daughter of Julien Ruflin and Justine Bucard, both peasants. She had a sister named Elisa.", "In 1852 Ruflin married Prince Pierre-Napoléon Bonaparte in a Catholic ceremony at Calvi, Haute-Corse. Her husband was the son of Lucien Bonaparte, 1st Prince of Canino and Musignano and Alexandrine de Bleschamp and a nephew of Napoleon I of France. The House of Bonaparte did not approve of the marriage due to Ruflin's social class, and prevented a civil union from occurring until the fall of the Second French Empire.\nShe had five children, only two of whom survived:\nPrince Roland Bonaparte (1858-1924) married Marie-Félix Blanc\nPrincess Jeanne Bonaparte (1861-1910), married Christian, Marquise de Villeneuve-Escaplon\nRuflin was the grandmother of Princess Marie Bonaparte and helped raise her after her mother, Marie-Félix Blanc, died in 1882.", "Ruflin and her husband moved from Corsica to Paris. After her husband killed Victor Noir in a duel, the family took refuge at the Abbaye Notre-Dame d'Orval in Belgium. After her husband had a string of affairs, Ruflin moved to the United Kingdom and opened a fashion boutique in London. Her business was unsuccessful, and she returned to Paris with her children. Back in France, she orchestrated the marriages of her son to Marie-Félix Blanc, an heiress, and her daughter to Christian de Villeneuve-Esclapon, a nobleman.\nShe published a memoir titled History of My Life under the pseudonym Nina Bonaparte. She was interested in politics and was a critic of Alfred Dreyfus.", "In the summer of 1905, Ruflin suffered from angina pectoris. She died on 13 October 1905 at her grandson's mansion in Paris and was buried in the Cimetière des Gonards.", "\"Annuaire de la noblesse de France et des maisons souveraines de l'Europe\". Bureau de la publication. 4 June 1897 – via Google Books.\n\"Prince Bonaparte's Herbarium\". napoleon.org.\n\"Press kit\" (PDF). www.shangri-la.com. Retrieved 2019-06-04." ]

[ "Éléonore-Justine Ruflin", "Early life and family", "Marriage and issue", "Later life", "Death", "References" ]

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[ "Portrait, c. 1658. Attributed to German School, Brunswick. Royal Collection, Great Britain." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Eleonore%2C_Duchess_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.jpg" ]

[ "Éléonore Desmier (3 January or 7 January or 9 January 1639 – 5 February 1722), was a French noblewoman, who became firstly the mistress and later wife of George William of Brunswick, Duke of Lauenburg and Prince of Celle. She was the mother of Sophia Dorothea of Celle, who was the wife of George I of Great Britain. Thus she is the maternal grandmother of George II.", "Éléonore Desmier was probably born at the Castle of Olbreuse in what is now Deux-Sèvres near Niort, France, into a Huguenot family of lower nobility. Her parents were Alexandre Desmier, seigneur d'Olbreuse, and Jacquette Poussard. \nIn 1661 she went to the royal court in Paris as a lady-in-waiting in the service of Marie de La Tour d'Auvergne, Duchess of Thouars, whose son Henri Charles de La Trémoille had married Emilie, daughter of William V, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel in 1648. In winter 1664 Emilie visited her relatives in Kassel, where she was accompanied by Éléonore, whose remarkable beauty attracted many suitors. Was in the court of Kassel where Éléonore met George William of Brunswick, Prince of Calenberg, who immediately fell in love with her, and they began a love affair. \nAt first, Éléonore could only aspire to being a mere mistress, but George William was determined to marry her, despite the previous arrangement made by him and his other brothers that none of them could marry (except Ernest Augustus) in order to avoid further divisions on their domains. Finally, in 1665 George William abdicated to all his rights over the Principality of Calenberg (gave to his brother John Frederick) and to his recently inherited Principality of Lüneburg (gave to his brother Ernest Augustus) and entered into a secret morganatic marriage with Éléonore, who received the title of \"Lady of Harburg\" (Frau von Harburg); however, George William managed to kept the Principality of Celle as his personal domain during his lifetime; in addition a ducal order dated 15 November 1665 guaranteed a dower for Éléonore in case George William died. One year later, on 15 September 1666, Éléonore gave birth a daughter, Sophia Dorothea.\nÉléonore and George William enjoyed an almost bourgeois and very happy marriage. Since she had no official status in the first years of her marriage, she was able to personally raise her daughter, who was very similar to her, more than other upper-class women of her time. Being raised in the Huguenot faith, Éléonore founded a reformed church (Reformierte Kirche) in Celle and maintained it with her own resources. She also managed to arrange good marriages to her sisters: the older, Angélique (died 5 October 1688) married Henry V Reuss of Plauen, Lord of Untergreiz in 1678, while the younger, Marie, became the wife of Olivier de Beaulieu-Marconnay (1660-1751), also from a Huguenot noble family, who held high-ranking court office in Hanover.\nDespite the fact that George William not only secured a dower for Éléonore but also bequeathed all of his private fortune to her and undertook to take care of her impoverished relatives, she wanted to be recognized as a Duchess of Brunswick with full rights. By Imperial order dated 22 July 1674 and in recognition to the military assistance given to Emperor Leopold I, her husband obtained for Éléonore and their daughter the higher title of \"Countess of Harburg and Wilhelmsburg\" (Gräfin von Harburg und Wilhelmsburg) with the allodial rights over the domains. \nBy that time, it had become quite clear that among the four brothers (George William and three others), only the youngest, Ernest Augustus, had produced any heirs male, and that the entire duchy of Lüneburg was likely to be united under Ernest Augustus's eldest son George Louis. George William therefore wanted George Louis to marry his daughter Sophia Dorothea, whose marriage prospects were otherwise not bright, given the circumstances of her birth. To George William's annoyance, George Louis and his parents refused the proposal on the grounds of precisely the birth status of the intended bride. \nAfter the rejection of his daughter, George William decided to improve definitively the status of Éléonore and Sophia Dorothea: by contract signed on 22 August 1675 and in open violation of his previous promise, George William declared that his marriage to Éléonore was not morganatic but valid to both church and state, with a second wedding ceremony being held at Celle on 2 April 1676. George William's younger brother Ernst August and specially his wife Sophia of the Palatinate demonstratively stayed away from this second wedding. Twenty-two days later, on 24 April, the second marriage was made public and Éléonore officially addressed as Duchess of Brunswick and their daughter declared legitimate. \nThis development greatly alarmed his relatives, as it threatened to hinder the contemplated union of the Lüneburg territories. Indeed, if George William had had a son, a serious succession crisis could have arisen. No son however was born, because Éléonore next two pregnancies, in 1671 and August 1676 produced only short-lived daughters. Once it became clear that George William wouldn't have male heirs, his brothers relented: by family agreement signed on 13 July 1680, Éléonore was finally recognized by her husband's family as Duchess of Brunswick and, most importantly, Sophia Dorothea was declared Princess of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Celle with all appertaining rights of birth. Also, George Louis' parents finally agreed to the proposed marriage with Sophia Dorothea as a way of avoiding uncertainty and inheritance disputes. The wedding took place on 21 November 1682 but since the beginning the union was a complete failure: the feelings of hatred and contempt that Sophia of the Palatinate had over her daughter-in-law were soon shared by her son George Louis, who was oddly formal to his wife. Sophia Dorothea was frequently scolded for her lack of etiquette, and the two had loud and bitter arguments. Nevertheless, they managed to have two children in quick succession: George Augustus (born 30 October 1683 and future King George II of Great Britain) and Sophia Dorothea (born 16 March 1687 and by marriage Queen consort in Prussia and Electress consort of Brandenburg).\nÉléonore still experienced first-hand the catastrophic course of her daughter's marriage. When Sophia Dorothea began a relationship with Count Philip Christoph von Königsmarck and threatened with the scandal of an elopement, the Hanoverian court, including not only George Louis's brothers and mother but also Éléonore, urged the lovers to desist, but to no avail. On the morning of 2 July 1694, after a meeting with Sophia Dorothea at the Leineschloss castle, von Königsmark was seized and disappeared, being presumed murdered at the instigation of George Louis, and his body thrown into the Leine river. Sophia Dorothea was placed under house arrest, and her marriage was dissolved on 28 December 1694 under the grounds of desertion. At the request of her former husband and with the consent of her own father, she was forbidden to see her children again and imprisoned for life in the Castle of Ahlden. Devastated by the fate of her daughter, Éléonore tried by all means to obtain her release, without success. \nWhen George William was on his deathbed in 1705, he wanted to see his daughter one last time to reconcile with her, but his Prime Minister Count Bernstorff raised objections and claimed that a meeting would lead to diplomatic complications with Hanover; the ailing duke no longer had the strength to prevail against him.\nAfter the death of her husband, Éléonore received Lüneburg Castle as her widow's seat. Sophia Dorothea unsuccessfully asked her former husband one last time that he should let her leave Ahlden to live with her mother in complete seclusion, but her request was denied.\nÉléonore spent the last years of her life caring for her daughter and trying to obtain her release. She even turned to King Louis XIV of France, who had once driven her and her Huguenot family out of France. The French monarch was not averse to accepting her and her daughter, but Eléonore did not want to meet the condition of converting to Catholicism.\nÉléonore died on 5 February 1722, nearly blind, in Celle Castle, Celle. She mentioned 342 persons in her will. She was buried in the Fürstengruft at the Stadtkirche St. Marien (town church of St. Mary) in Celle.", "", "Horric de Beaucaire 1884, p. 38.\nNeigebaur 1859, p. 68.\nDictionnaire historique et généalogique des familles du Poitou. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Poitiers. 1905. pp. 105–109.\nM. Lewis: Our Royal, Titled, Noble, and Commoner Ancestors & Cousins (over 192,000 names) [retrieved 4 August 2020].\nHorric de Beaucaire 1884, p. 32.\ndu Vinage 2010, p. 41,43.\nHorric de Beaucaire 1884, pp. 42–46.\nLeitner 2000, p. 13.\nHorric de Beaucaire 1884, p. 62.\nHorric de Beaucaire 1884, pp. 63–64.\nLeitner 2000, p. 66.\nThe royal crypt and the grave slabs of the dukes of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in the town church of St. Marien Celle, with a leaflet illustrated with photos by Dietrich Klatt, Friedrich Kremzow and Ralf Pfeiffer, in DIN A5 format (4 pages) designed by Heide Kremzow, after: Dietrich Klatt: Little Art Guide Schnell & Steiner N° 1986, 2008.", "Andreas Flick: „Der Celler Hof ist ganz verfranzt“. Hugenotten und französische Katholiken am Hof und beim Militär Herzog Georg Wilhelms von Braunschweig-Lüneburg (in German). In: Hugenotten. 72nd year, N° 3, 2008, ISSN 0340-3718, S. 87–120 (PDF; 2,2 MB).\nCharles Prosper Maurice Horric de Beaucaire: Une mésalliance dans la maison de Brunswick, 1665-1725, Éléonore Desmier d’Olbreuze, duchesse de Zell. H. Oudin, Paris 1884 (online (in French)).\nElisabeth E. Kwan und Anna E. Röhrig: Frauen vom Hof der Welfen. (in German) MatrixMedia, Göttingen 2006, pp. 53–63 and 115–126, ISBN 3-932313-17-8\nThea Leitner: Skandal bei Hof. Frauenschicksale an europäischen Königshöfen (in German). 7th edition. Piper, Munich 2000, pp. 13–15, 48, 66–68. ISBN 3-492-22009-6\nLuise Marelle: Eleonore d’Olbreuse, Herzogin von Braunschweig-Lüneburg-Celle. Die Großmutter Europas (in German). Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg 1936.\nPierre-Henri Mitard: Éléonore Desmier d’Olbreuse. ‘La Grand’Mère de l’Europe‘ (1639–1722) In: Bulletin de la Société Historique et Scientifique des Deux-Sèvres. Deuxième série (in French). vol. 23, N° 1. Niort, 1990, pp. 35–38. ISSN 0751-5294\nJohann Ferdinand Neigebaur: Eleonore d’Olbreuse, die Stammmutter der Königshäuser von England, Hannover und Preußen (in German). 1859, (PDF; 12,8 MB)\nDorothea Nolde: Eléonore Desmier d’Olbreuse (1639–1722) am Celler Hof als diplomatische, religiöse und kulturelle Mittlerin (in German). In: Dorothea Nolde, Claudia Opitz (ed.): Grenzüberschreitende Familienbeziehungen. Akteure und Medien des Kulturtransfers in der frühen Neuzeit. 1st edition, Böhlau, Köln [u. a.] 2008, ISBN 978-3-412-20100-5, pp. 107–120 (excerpt)\nMichael Sikora: Dynastie und Eigensinn. Herzog Georg Wilhelm von Celle, Eleonore d’Olbreuse und die Spielregeln des Fürstenstandes. In: Heiko Laß (ed.): Hof und Medien im Spannungsfeld von dynastischer Tradition und politischer Innovation zwischen 1648 und 1714 (= Rudolstädter Forschungen zur Residenzkultur, vol. 4). Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich 2008, pp. 19–30. ISBN 978-3-422-06862-9\nRenate du Vinage: Ein vortreffliches Frauenzimmer. Das Schicksal von Eleonore d’Olbreuse, der letzten Herzogin von Braunschweig-Lüneburg-Celle (in German). 2nd Edition, Otto Meissners, Berlin 2010, ISBN 3-87527-107-6.", "Media related to Éléonore d'Olbreuse at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Éléonore Desmier d'Olbreuse", "Life", "Ancestry", "References", "Bibliography", "External links" ]

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[ 19301, 19302, 19303, 19304, 19305, 19306, 19307, 19308, 19309, 19310, 19311, 19312, 19313, 19314, 19315, 19316, 19317, 19318, 19319, 19320, 19321, 19322, 19323, 19324, 19325, 19326, 19327 ]

[ "Pastel of Éléonore Duplay, attributed to Éléonore herself,[1] from the Musée Carnavalet" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Eleonoreduplay.jpg" ]

[ "Éléonore Duplay (1768, Paris – 26 July 1832, Paris), called Cornélie, after Cornelia Africana of Ancient Rome, was the daughter of Maurice Duplay, a master carpenter, and Françoise-Éléonore Vaugeois. She was the eldest of five children (four girls and a boy) and was born in 1768, two years after her parents' marriage, in Paris, where she would live all her life. During the Revolution, she studied painting under Jean-Baptiste Regnault.\nAccording to her sister, Élisabeth, who married Philippe Le Bas of the Committee of General Security, she was \"promised\" to Maximilien Robespierre, whose political opinions she shared. He said of her, \"âme virile, elle saurait mourir comme elle sait aimer\" (\"noble soul, she would know how to die as well as she knows how to love\"). They often walked together in the Champs-Élysées or the woods of Versailles or Issy. Many contemporaries and historians have suggested that she may have been his mistress, including Vilate, a juror on the Revolutionary Tribunal, who said, that Robespierre \"lived maritally with the eldest daughter of his hosts\", in reference to Éléonore. After his death she wore black for the rest of her life, never marrying, and was known as la Veuve Robespierre (the Widow Robespierre).\nThough guilty of no crime, she was imprisoned with her sister Élisabeth and her six-week-old nephew, Philippe Le Bas fils after 9 Thermidor. Élisabeth would later write in her memoir, \"Oh! Je ne t'oublierai pas de ma vie! Car sans toi j'aurais succombé; mais par ton courage, tu as ranimé mes forces et tu m'a appris que j'avais une grande tâche à remplir que j'avais un fils, qu'il fallait vivre pour lui\" and elsewhere, \"non, bonne chère soeur Éléonore, je n'oublierai de ma vie tout ton dévouement pour moi et pour ton pauvre petit neveu; ma reconnaissance sera éternelle!\" (Roughly translated: \"Oh! I will not forget you in my lifetime! For without you I would have succumbed; but by your courage, you reanimated my force and taught me that I had a great task to fulfill in that I had a son and it was necessary to live for him\" and \"no, good, dear sister Éléonore, I will not forget in my lifetime all your devotion for me and for your poor little nephew; my gratitude will be eternal!\") They would not be released until 18 Frimaire Year III.\nÉléonore Duplay died on 26 July 1832, at the age of 64, and was buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery, where her grave may still be seen in the 34th division.", "Hippolyte Buffenoir, Les Portraits de Robespierre, Ernest Leroux, 1910, p. 121\nStéfane-Pol, Autour de Robespierre: Le Conventionnel Le Bas, Ernest Flammarion, 1900, p. 77\nStéfane-Pol, Autour de Robespierre: Le Conventionnel Le Bas, Ernest Flammarion, 1900, p. 78-79\nStéfane-Pol, Autour de Robespierre: Le Conventionnel Le Bas, Ernest Flammarion, 1900, p. 77, 150\nAlphonse de Lamartine, Histoire des Girondins, Jouvet et cie., 1884, p. 316 Histoire des Girondins\nL. Noiset, Robespierre et les Femmes, Editions Nilsson, 1932, p. 69\nStéfane-Pol, Autour de Robespierre: Le Conventionnel Le Bas, Ernest Flammarion, 1900, p. 140, 296\nPERE LACHAISE - PARIS" ]

[ "Éléonore Duplay", "References" ]

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[ "", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Blason_Tenaille-de-Vaulabelle_WTQuest.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/ArbreTDV_WTQuest_v2.png" ]

[ "Éléonore Tenaille de Vaulabelle (Châtel-Censoir (Yonne) 20 vendémiaire an X – Paris 12 October 1859 ) was a French writer and playwright. He published his novels under the pseudonym Ernest Desprez and all his plays under the name Jules Cordier.", "After he spent his youth in Bourgogne, Éléonore de Vaulabelle moved to Paris at the end of the Bourbon restauration. There he authored articles in several satirical newspapers as well as a daily pamphlet for Le Figaro, where he met Alphonse Karr and George Sand.\nHe wrote two novels under the pseudonym Ernest Desprez and a fictionalized autobiography: Un enfant. In Les Femmes vengées, he developed a theory inspired from Molière: \"Women are what we make of them\". Vaulabelle adds, \"If women lie it is because we teach them to lie\". But he devoted most of his work to theatre under the pseudonym Jules Cordier, most of the time in collaboration with Clairville. Only the collection of short stories Les Jours heureux appeared under his real name.\nIf he privately adhered to Republican ideas - probably under the influence of his older brother, Achille Tenaille de Vaulabelle, author of Histoire des deux Restaurations and Minister of Education under general Louis-Eugène Cavaignac's presidency in 1848 – in theatre, he expressed his opposition to the regime according to the forms of the time", "", "1831: La Tireuse de cartes, melodrama in 3 acts by Ernest Desprez and Jules-Édouard Alboize, music by Obell, Théâtre Molière (9 June) then Théâtre de la Gaîté (13 April 1832) - J.-N. Barba, Paris, 1832\n1834: Un enfant, drama in 4 acts by Charles Desnoyer and *** [Vaulabelle], imitated from the novel by Ernest Desprez, Théâtre de la Gaîté (21 June) - Marchant, Paris\n1836: Clémentine, comédie-vaudeville in 1 act by Jacques-François Ancelot and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Palais-Royal (7 March) - Marchant, Paris\n1838: Les Trois Dimanches, comédie-vaudeville in 3 acts by the Cogniard brothers and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Palais-Royal (19 August) - Marchant, Paris\n1838: Contre fortune, bon cœur, comédie-vaudeville in 1 act by J. Cordier, Théâtre du Vaudeville (21 February) - Marchant, Paris, 1839\n1840: Le Mari de ma fille, comédie-vaudeville in 1 act by Jacques-François Ancelot and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Vaudeville (25 August) - Marchant, Paris\n1841: Les Willis,vaudeville in 1 act by Vaulabelle and Auguste Pittaud de Forges, Théâtre du Palais-Royal (19 October)\n1842: Le Mari à l'essai, comédie-vaudeville in 1 act by Jean-François Bayard and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Palais-Royal (4 May) - Beck, Paris\n1844: La Polka en province, folie-vaudeville in 1 act by Alexis Decomberousse and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Vaudeville (6 April) - Giroux and Vialat, Saint-Denis-du-Port\n1845: La Polka en province, folie-vaudeville in 1 act by A. Decomberousse and J. Cordier - Beck, Paris\n1846: Colombe et Perdreau, idylle in 3 acts by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre des Variétés (15 August) - Maistrasse and Wiart, Paris\n1846: Les Dieux de l'Olympe à Paris, vaudeville in 6 tableaux by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Vaudeville (26 February) - Beck, Paris\n1846: La Femme électrique, folie-vaudeville in 1 act by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Palais-Royal (9 May) - Marchant, Paris\n1847: Éther, magnétisme et hatchis, à-propos-vaudeville in 1 act by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre des Variétés (4 April) - Tresse, Paris, 1846\n1848: Ah ! enfin ! pièce d'ouverture in 3 acts and 2 intermission by Clairville, J. Cordier and Léon Dumoustier, Théâtre du Vaudeville (29 April) - Beck, Paris\n1848: L'Avenir dans le passé ou les Succès au paradis, à-propos-vaudeville in 1 act by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Vaudeville (30 September) - Beck, Paris\n1848: Le Club des maris et le Club des femmes, vaudeville in 1 act by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Vaudeville (4 June) - Beck, Paris\n1848: Les Filles de la liberté, à-propos-vaudeville in 1 act, by Clairville and J. Cordier, thTâtre du Gymnase-Dramatique (14 March) - Beck, Paris\n1848: Les Parades de nos pères, folie in 3 tableaux from ancient parades by Dumanoir, Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre Montansier (6 October) - G. Olivier, Paris\n1848: La Tireuse de cartes, vaudeville in 1 act by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre des Variétés (9 January) - Beck, Paris\n1848: Un petit de la mobile, comédie-vaudeville in 2 acts by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre des Variétés (7 August) - Beck, Paris\n1849: Daphnis et Chloé, vaudeville in 1 act by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Vaudeville (23 November) - Beck, Paris\n1849: Les Grenouilles qui demandent un roi, vaudeville in 1 act by Clairville, Arthur de Beauplan and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Gymnase (26 February) - Beck, Paris\n1849: Les Partageux, vaudeville in 1 act by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Gymnase-Dramatique (17 November) - Beck, Paris\n1848: La Propriété, c'est le vol, folie-socialiste in 3 acts and 7 tableaux by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Vaudeville (28 November) - Beck, Paris, 1849\n1849: Les Représentants en vacances, comédie vaudeville in 3 acts by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Gymnase-Dramatique (15 September) - Beck, Paris\n1849: Une semaine à Londres ou les Trains de plaisirs, folie-vaudeville extravaganza in 3 acts and 11 tableaux by Clairville and J. Cordier, music by Victor Chéri, Théâtre du Vaudeville (9 August) - Beck, Paris ; new version, Théâtre des Variétés, 23 June 1862 - Dentu, Paris\n1850: L'Alchimiste ou le Train de plaisir pour la Californie, vaudeville in 3 acts by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre des Variétés (8 August) - Beck, Paris\n1850: Le Bourgeois de Paris ou les Leçons au Pouvoir, comédie-vaudeville in 3 acts and 6 tableaux, Théâtre du Gymnase-Dramatique (15 June) - Dondey-Dupré, Paris\n1850: C'en était un ! pochade in 1 act, mingled with couplets by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre Montansier (31 May) - Beck, Paris\n1849: Paris sans impôts, vaudeville in 3 acts and 6 tableaux by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Vaudeville (28 December) - Beck, Paris, 1850\n1850: Les Tentations d'Antoinette, vaudeville in 5 acts by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Gymnase (29 November) - Beck, Paris\n1850: Les Secrets du diable, féerie-vaudeville in 2 acts, extravaganza by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Vaudeville (23 February) - Beck, Paris\n1851: Le Duel au baiser, comedy mingled with couplets in 1 act by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre Montansier (17 June) - Beck, Paris\n1851: La Dot de Marie, comédie-vaudeville in 1 act by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Gymnase (18 January) - D. Giraud and J. Dagneau, Paris\n1850: Le Journal pour rire, revue in 1 act and 3 tableaux by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin (25 December) - Beck, Paris, 1851\n1851: Le Palais de cristal ou les Parisiens à Londres, grande revue on the occasion of The Great Exhibition, Théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin (26 May) - Beck, Paris\n1852: Les Compagnons d'Ulysse, vaudeville in 1 act and 2 tableaux by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Vaudeville (5 July) - Beck, Paris\n1852: La Maîtresse d'été et la Maîtresse d'hiver, comédie-vaudeville in 3 acts by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Vaudeville (29 May) - Beck, Paris\n1852: La Mère Moreau, « débit de chinois, mêlé de prunes et de couplets », pochade in 1 act by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Palais-Royal (1 August) - Beck, Paris\n1852: La Queue du diable, vaudeville fantastique in 3 acts by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin (29 July) - Beck, Paris\n1851: La Vénus à la fraise, folie in 1 act mingled with couplets by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Palais-Royal (31 December) - Beck, Paris, 1852\n1852: Les Abeilles et les Violettes, revue extravaganza in 6 tableaux by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Vaudeville (28 December) - Beck, Paris, 1853 (read Online)\n1853: Le Baromètre des amours, comédie-vaudeville in 5 acts, by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Vaudeville (11 January) - Beck, Paris\n1853: Cadet-Roussel, Dumollet, Gribouille et Cie, bambochade in 3 acts, preceded with a prologue in verses, Théâtre des Folies-Dramatiques (15 June) - Beck, Paris ; rééd. Tresse, Paris, 1860\n1853: L'Esprit frappeur ou les Sept Merveilles du jour, comédie-vaudeville in 1 act by Clairville and J. Cordier, music by Sylvain Mangeant, Théâtre du Palais-Royal (17 December) - Beck, Paris\n1853: Fraichement décorée, à-propos-vaudeville in 1 act by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Palais-Royal (25 June) - Beck, Paris\n1853: La Vie à bon marché, vaudeville in 1 act by Clairville, J. Cordier and Louis Couailhac, Théâtre du Vaudeville (5 April) - Beck, Paris\n1854: Les Contes de la Mère l'oie, grande féerie in 5 acts and 22 tableaux by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre de l'Ambigu-Comique (20 May) - Beck, Paris\n1854: Mesdames les pirates, vaudeville extravaganza by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Vaudeville (25 February) - Beck, Paris\n1854: La Mort de Pompée, comédie-vaudeville in 3 acts by J. Cordier, Théâtre du Palais-Royal (18 July) - J. Dagneau, Paris\n1855: Les Binettes contemporaines, revue in 3 acts and 7 tableaux by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Palais-Royal (23 December) - Beck, Paris\n1858: Un dîner et des égards, comédie-vaudeville in 1 act by J. Cordier and Léon Dumoustier, Théâtre du Palais-Royal (13 June) - Michel-Lévy frères, Paris\n1858: Une dame pour voyager, vaudeville in 1 act by J. Cordier, Théâtre des Variétés (31 May) - Michel-Lévy frères, Paris\n1859: Le Banquet des Barbettes, comédie-vaudeville in 2 acts by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Palais-Royal (17 June) - Beck, Paris\n1866 (posthumous): Daphnis et Chloé, opéra-bouffe in 1 act by Clairville and J. Cordier, music by Jacques Offenbach, Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens (6 October) - Beck, Paris", "Épître à Sidi Mahmoud... after Quérard, with Jules Méry, Ladvocat, Paris, 1825\nL'Étang de Varzy (short story) in Journal des enfans, Everat, Paris, 1832-1833 (Read Online)\nLe Troc des âges (tale) in Journal des enfans, Everat, Paris, 1832-1833 (Read Online)\nLes Grisettes à Paris, Ladvocat, Paris, 1832 (Read Online) ; rééd. la Première Heure, Marseille, 2007\nLe dimanche à Paris, Nouveau tableau de Paris au XIX me siècle, tome deuxième, Librairie de Madame Charles-Béchet, Paris, 1834 (Read Online)\nLes Jours heureux, contes et morale à l'usage des enfans des deux sexes, Dumont, Paris, 1836 (Read Online)\nunder the pseudonym Ernest Desprez\nUne seconde famille (nouvelle) in Journal des enfans, Everat, Paris, 1832-1833\nUn enfant (roman), 3 vol., C. Gosselin, Paris, 1833 (Read Online)\nLes Femmes vengées (roman), 2 vol., A. Ledoux, Paris, 1834\nLe Fils de Claire d'Albe (nouvelle) dans Le Sachet, Poulton, Paris, 1835\nunder the pseudonyme de C. de Saint-Estève\nM. de Similor en Californie, A. Courcier, Paris, 1856 (2e éd.)", "", "Frédéric de Berthier de Grandry, La Famille d’Achille Tenaille de Vaulabelle (1799-1879), un ministre pionnier de l’Education nationale, préface de Jean-Pierre Soisson, Paris, 1998-2004, (ISBN 978-2-9513699-2-4)\nPhilibert Audebrand, « Le Journal au théâtre », Petits mémoires d'une stalle d'orchestre : acteurs, actrices, auteurs, journalistes, Paris, Jules Lévy libraire-éditeur, 1885, p. 167-179.\n« Éléonore Tenaille de Vaulabelle », Biographie universelle ancienne et moderne, t.|95, Beck, 1862, p. 209-211.", "12 October 1801\nNotice d'autorité BNF\nNot to be confused with Ernest Depré, novelist and dramatist (1854–1932)\nPhilibert Audebrand, Petits mémoires d'une stalle d'orchestre, (p. 167-179)." ]

[ "Éléonore Tenaille de Vaulabelle", "Biography", "Works", "Theatre", "Novels and other texts", "Arbre généalogique", "Bibliography", "References" ]

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[ 19330, 19331, 19332, 19333, 19334, 19335, 19336, 19337, 19338, 19339, 19340 ]

[ "The band in Vicente López (Argentina), 2011" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/EMAUPM.jpg" ]

[ "Él Mató a un Policía Motorizado, also known as EMAUPM or Él Mato, is an Argentinian indie rock band from La Plata established in 2003. It is formed by Santiago \"Motorizado\" (bass and vocals), Willy \"Doctora Muerte\" (drums), Manuel \"Pantro Puto\" (guitar), Gustavo \"Niño Elefante\" (guitar) and Chatrán Chatrán (keyboards). The band's musical influences include Pixies, Ramones, Weezer, Sonic Youth and The Velvet Underground.", "Él Mató was formed when Willy and Santiago were in high school. \"Manuel had a band and invited me to play... we composed our own songs, after that we called Willy and then Gustavo. We passed from band to band until we formed this\", said Motorizado. After releasing their debut album in 2004, the band did a trilogy of EPs dedicated, respectively, to birth, life, and death : Navidad de Reserva (2005), Un Millón de Euros (2006), and Día de los Muertos (2008). In 28 November 2012 Él Mató releases their second studio album, La Dinastía Scorpio.", "The band's name comes from a line in Spanish from the 1987 film R.O.T.O.R. Santiago Motorizado told in an interview: \"We picked a strange name that made fun of the typical band or artists' names. One day we were watching a bad movie, with a subtitle \"Él mató a un policia motorizado\" (\"That boy just killed a motorcycle cop\"), and we said: that's it\"", "", "Él Mató a un Policía Motorizado (2004)\nLa dinastía Scorpio (2012)\nLa Síntesis O'Konor (2017)\nLa Otra Dimensión (2019)", "Navidad de Reserva (2005)\nUn Millón de Euros (2006)\nDia de los Muertos (2008)\nViolencia (2015)", "Tormenta Roja (2004)\nMujeres Bellas y Fuertes (2012)\nChica de oro (2012)\nEl Tesoro (2017)\nAhora Imagino Cosas (2017)", "El Nuevo Magnetismo (2003-2011) (2012)\nLa Otra Dimensión (2019)", "Rock.com.ar. \"Poncharello (Que en Paz Descanse)\". rock.com.ar (in Spanish). Retrieved 2018-04-06.\n\"El Mató A Un Policía Motorizado - La Dinastía Scorpio | Sounds and Colours\". Sounds and Colours. 2013-06-20. Retrieved 2018-04-06.\nRock.com.ar. \"Poncharello (Que en Paz Descanse)\". rock.com.ar (in Spanish). Retrieved 2018-04-06.", "page (in Spanish)" ]

[ "Él Mató a un Policía Motorizado", "History", "Name origin", "Discography", "Albums", "EP's", "Singles", "Compilations", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4240 ]

[ 19341, 19342, 19343, 19344, 19345 ]

[ "", "Rubio looks like a Golden Medusa in the video." ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/%C3%89l_Me_Enga%C3%B1%C3%B3_single.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Vincenzo_gemito%2C_medusa%2C_1911_02.JPG" ]

[ "\"Él Me Engañó\" (English: \"He Cheated On Me\") is a song performed by Mexican singer Paulina Rubio, recorded for her second studio album 24 Kilates (1993). The song was written by César Valle and Don Matamoros, and was released on February 3, 1994 as the second single off the album by EMI Latin. The song has been sporadically mentioned by the media as one of the singer's most acclaimed female anthems.\nMusically, \"Él Me Engañó\" is like Rubio's previous single, which is pop-rock related, with instruments including guitars, drum machine and tambourine effects. The song peaked at number four on the Mexico singles chart of the El Siglo de Torreón.", "\"Él Me Engañó\" featured a sepia tone music video that was directed by Daniel Gruener and filmed at Rubio's hometown in Mexico in January 1994. The video features Rubio in a church in her wedding day. The filming locations were in the Church of San Pedro Apostol in Tláhuac, Mexico City and the forum of the América Studios. \nIn the video, she appears wearing a wedding dress with a big heart on her back as neckline, Rubio wait outside the church to her boyfriend, who never arrives and disconsolate, runs around looking for him. In alternative scenes, there appears an alter ego of Rubio similar to Medusa in gold body paint interprets the song, this symbolizes the power and feminine wisdom that she acquires, after the break with her boyfriend. It also represents their spiritual light, as in Egyptian culture. \nThe video cost was 25,000 dollars and according to the director, it is a mixture of game images of the old and the modern. A concept that Rubio had already used in his first videos, especially in \"Nieva, Nieva\".\nIn 2011, Rubio reminds the body paint era in the music video \"Me Gustas Tanto\". A similar concept adopted for the music video \"Suave y Sutil\" in 2018, belonging to her eleventh studio album \"Deseo\".", "Paulina Rubio - lead vocals\nC. Valle - Composer, Songwriter, Producer\nDon Matamoros - Composer, Songwriter\nMiguel Blasco - Music director, Executive producer\nWalter Tesorierie - Arrangement", "", "\"Él Me Engañó - Paulina Rubio\". allmusic.com. Allmusic. Retrieved 8 October 2019.\nColl, Jorge (16 June 2015). \"10 canciones de Paulina Rubio para cada ocasión\". quien.com.mx. Revista Quien. Retrieved 2 September 2019.\n\"El Elepé de Vilo\". El Siglo de Torreón. Retrieved 3 March 2019.\n\"IMVDb Rubio, Paulina\". IMVDb. Retrieved March 10, 2019.\n\"Paulina Rubio - Mi competencia es comigo misma\". El Siglo de Torreón (in Spanish). Editora de la Laguna. January 21, 1994.\n\"Los discos más populares\". Notitas Musicales (in Spanish). Retrieved September 8, 2017." ]

[ "Él Me Engañó", "Music video", "Credits and personnel", "Charts", "References" ]

[ 4241 ]

[ 19346, 19347, 19348, 19349, 19350 ]

[ "Photograph taken by Nadar in 1900", "Portrait by Philip de László, 1905" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Elaine_Greffulhe_par_Paul_Nadar.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Elaine%2C_Duchesse_de_Gramont.jpg" ]

[ "Countess Élaine Marie Joseph Charlotte de Greffulhe (19 March 1882 – 11 February 1958), who became the Duchess of Gramont by marriage, was a French aristocrat.", "Élaine was born on 19 March 1882 in Paris. She was the daughter, and heiress, of Count Henry Greffulhe and his wife, Élisabeth de Riquet de Caraman-Chimay (said to be a model for the Duchess of Guermantes in Marcel Proust’s novel, À la recherche du temps perdu).", "In 1904, she married Armand de Gramont, who later became the 12th Duke of Gramont. His parents were Agénor de Gramont, 11th Duke of Gramont and the former Marguerite de Rothschild. A rare film clip may show Proust (in bowler hat and gray coat) at her wedding in 1904. Proust’s wedding gift to the groom was apparently a revolver in a leather case inscribed with verses from her childhood poems. Czar Nicholas II of Russia sent her a gift in honor of their 1904 marriage. Together, Élaine and Armand were the parents of:\nAntoine Agénor Henri Armand de Gramont, 13th Duke of Gramont (1907–1995), who married Odile Marguerite Marie Marthe Madeleine Sublet d'Heudicourt de Lenoncourt.\nComte Jean Armand Antoine de Gramont (1909–1994), who married Ghislaine Meunier du Houssoy.\nComte Charles Louis Antoine Armand de Gramont (b. 1911), who married Shermine Baras\nCorisande Marguerite Elisabeth de Gramont (b. 1920), who married Comte Jean-Louis de Maigret.\nÉlaine died in Paris on 11 February 1958.", "Raineval, Melville Henry Massue marquis de Ruvigny et (1914). The Titled Nobility of Europe: An International Peerage, Or \"Who's Who,\" of the Sovereigns, Princes, and Nobles of Europe. Burke's Peerage. p. 725. ISBN 9780850110289. Retrieved 6 March 2020.\nWeber, William; Press, Indiana University (2004). The Musician as Entrepreneur, 1700-1914: Managers, Charlatans, and Idealists. Indiana University Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-253-34456-4. Retrieved 6 March 2020.\nProust, Marcel; Kilmartin, Terence (1983). Selected Letters: 1904-1909. Collins. pp. 62, 112. ISBN 9780002170789. Retrieved 6 March 2020.\nnationales (França), Archives; Huart, Suzanne d'; Tourtier-Bonazzi, Chantal de; Sibille, Claire (2004). État sommaire des fonds d'archives privées: séries AP (1 à 629 AP) et AB XIX (in French). Centre historique des Archives nationales. ISBN 978-2-86000-306-3. Retrieved 6 March 2020.\nMension-Rigau, Eric (2011). L'ami du prince: Journal inédit d'Alfred de Gramont (1892-1915) (in French). Fayard. p. 224, 243. ISBN 978-2-213-66502-3. Retrieved 6 March 2020.\nLink to film clip\nHa, Thu-Huong (February 16, 2017). \"Scholars think they've spotted Marcel Proust in film for the first time—in 110-year-old wedding footage\". Quartz. Retrieved 6 March 2020.\nWeber, Caroline (2018). Proust's Duchess: How Three Celebrated Women Captured the Imagination of Fin-de-Siecle Paris. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-96179-2. Retrieved 6 March 2020.", "Media related to Élaine Greffulhe at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Élaine Greffulhe", "Early life", "Personal life", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4242, 4243 ]

[ 19351, 19352, 19353, 19354, 19355, 19356, 19357 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/%C3%89laine_Michaud_2011-03-31.jpg" ]

[ "Élaine Michaud (born October 17, 1985) is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 2011 election. She represented the electoral district of Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier as a member of the New Democratic Party.\nAt the time of her election, she was a communications officer at the Régie de l'assurance maladie du Québec and a masters student at the École nationale d'administration publique.\nMichaud won with 42.7% of the vote, defeating incumbent independent MP André Arthur by a margin of 7,793 votes. After the election, Arthur insulted her, saying he did not know what he could have said to people in his riding to avoid being beaten by a \"fat girl with unclean teeth.\" Michaud responded saying that the comments reflected Arthur's \"well-known pettiness\" and stating she intended to \"do politics differently.\"\nAmong Michaud's issues in the 41st Parliament were the issue of contaminated water in Shannon, Quebec, near the Valcartier military base in her riding and public opposition to the construction of Neuville Airport.\nDuring the 41st Parliament, Michaud served as a member of the House Committees on Environment and Sustainable Development and Official Languages, and an associate member of the Committees on Finance, National Defence, and Veterans Affairs.\nIn the 2012 NDP leadership race following the death of Jack Layton, Michaud supported Peggy Nash.\nMichaud was defeated in the 2015 election by Conservative Joël Godin.\nFollowing her defeat, Michaud stood for the presidency of the NDP after criticizing the leadership of Thomas Mulcair. Michaud was defeated by Toronto District School Board trustee Marit Stiles.", "Election 2011: Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier. The Globe and Mail, May 2, 2011.\nTamsin McMahon (May 4, 2011). \"The REALLY New Democrats\". National Post. Retrieved May 4, 2011.\nMatthieu Boivin (July 7, 2011). \"André Arthur ridiculise son successeur, Élaine Michaud\". Le Soleil (in French). Retrieved February 21, 2012. «Je sais pas ce que j'aurais pu faire pour empêcher les gens de voter pour une grosse fille qui a les dents pas propres.»\nMatthieu Boivin. \"André Arthur ridiculise son successeur, Élaine Michaud\". Le Soleil (in French). «Si je me suis lancée en politique, c'était pour faire de la politique autrement.[...] Ces commentaires de M. Arthur reflètent la mesquinerie qu'on lui connaît.»\nDenise Paquin (June 22, 2012). \"Eau à Shannon: Michaud déçue du jugement\". Courrier de Portneuf (in French). Retrieved June 26, 2012.\nRaymond Giroux (June 23, 2012). \"Un cas pointu pour Élaine Michaud\". Le Soleil (in French). Retrieved June 26, 2012.\n\"Member of Parliament Profile (Current): Élaine Michaud.\" Parliament of Canada. Accessed 26 June 2012.\n\"Two more Quebec MPs step out to endorse Peggy Nash for NDP leadership\". Peggynash.ca. Retrieved February 10, 2012.\n[In French] St. Pierre, Guillaume. \"Élaine Michaud brigue la présidence du NPD,\" Journal de Montreal, March 24, 2016.", "Élaine Michaud – Parliament of Canada biography" ]

[ "Élaine Michaud", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4244 ]

[ 19358, 19359, 19360, 19361 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/%C3%89laine_Zaka%C3%AFb_%281978%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Photographie_officielle_de_Pauline_Marois.png" ]

[ "Élaine Zakaïb (July 9, 1959 – October 1, 2018) was a Canadian politician. She was member of the National Assembly of Quebec for the riding of Richelieu, first elected in the 2012 election and re-elected in 2014.\nZakaïb was Minister Delegate for Industrial Policy and the Quebec Economic Development Bank in the government of Pauline Marois.\nBorn in Sorel-Tracy, Quebec on July 9, 1959, Zakaïb was an associate at Feldman & Associés from 1984 to 1992, and a lawyer for the Jacob clothing retailer in 1987.\nOn September 29, 2014, she resigned her seat to return to the Jacob women's clothing retailer as chief of restructuring and vice-president of strategy.\nZakaïb died on October 1, 2018 of brain cancer.", "\"Élaine Zakaïb nommée ministre déléguée à la politique industrielle\". Hebdos Régionaux Montérégie (in French). 19 September 2012.\n\"Décès de l'ex-ministre péquiste Élaine Zakaïb\". Radio-Canada.ca (in Canadian French). Retrieved 2018-10-03.\nOuellet, Martin (September 29, 2014). \"Elaine Zakaïb, PQ Member, Quits Politics To Run Jacob\". The Canadian Press. Retrieved September 29, 2014." ]

[ "Élaine Zakaïb", "References" ]

[ 4245, 4246 ]

[ 19362 ]

[ "Abbot's palace" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Logis_abbatial_Elan_Ardennes_France.JPG" ]

[ "Élan ([elɑ̃] (listen)) is a former commune in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region in northern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune Flize.\nThe commune was the home of Élan Abbey, founded in the 12th century by Roger of Ellant.", "", "Arboretum d'Élan", "Communes of the Ardennes department", "Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2019, INSEE\nArrêté préfectoral 23 November 2018 (in French)\nMonks of Ramsgate (1921), \"Roger\", Book of Saints, retrieved 2021-05-24 – via CatholicSaints.Info" ]

[ "Élan, Ardennes", "Population", "Sights", "See also", "References" ]

[ 4247 ]

[ 19363 ]

[ "La Capricieuse" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/The_Free_French_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A13153.jpg" ]

[ "The Élan class was a class of French minesweeping sloops (Avisos dragueur de mines). Originally designed as minesweepers, they were never used in that role, instead being used mostly as escort vessels. Built between 1936 and 1940, the first came into service just before the outbreak of World War II.", "The Élan class had a standard displacement of 630 tonnes (620 long tons) and full load displacement of 890 tonnes (876 long tons). The vessels were 78.30 m (256 ft 11 in) long overall and 73.81 m (242 ft 2 in) between perpendiculars with a beam of 8.70 m (28 ft 7 in) and a draught of 3.28 m (10 ft 9 in). The class was powered by two Sulzer diesel engines rated at 4,600 brake horsepower (3,430 kW) driving two shafts. The vessels had storage for 95 tonnes (93 long tons) of fuel oil. Ships of the class had a maximum speed of 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) and maximum range of 10,000 nmi (18,520 km; 11,508 mi) at 9 knots (17 km/h; 10 mph), 5,200 nmi (9,600 km; 6,000 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph) and 3,000 nmi (5,600 km; 3,500 mi) at 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph).\nAs designed the Élan class were intended to be armed with twin-mounted 100-millimetre (3.9 in)/45 calibre guns, one quad 13.2 mm (0.52 in) anti-aircraft (AA) gun mount and two twin-mounted 13.2 mm/76 AA mounts. However, no twin 100 mm mounts were available when the sloops were completed and the Élan class were armed with either a single 100 mm Mle 1892 gun or a twin 90-millimetre (3.54 in) mount. The vessels were designed for minesweeping, though never saw service in that capacity. The class later received two depth charge throwers and one depth charge rack. The vessels had a complement of 88 in peacetime and maximum 106 during war.", "Between 1941 and 1942 three of the ships — La Moquese, Commandant Duboc and Commandant Dominé — were rearmed by the British. Their main armament was replaced by twin quick-firing gun (QF) 4-inch (102 mm) guns, while La Moqueuse was also fitted with a single QF 3-inch (76 mm)/40 Mk I high-angle gun. All three also received a single QF 2-pounder pom-pom gun. They retained their original twin 13.2 mm/76 AA guns, while two ships received additional guns of various calibres. Commandant Duboc gained a single 25 mm (0.98 in)/60 M1938 and two 20 mm (0.79 in)/70 Oerlikon cannon, while Commandant Dominé had an additional four twin and two single 12.7 mm (0.50 in)/62 machine guns. In 1947 Commandant Dominé was rearmed again with a single German 105 mm (4 in)/45 calibre SK C/32 gun as main armament, a single Bofors 40 mm (1.57 in)/60 Mk.3 and four single 20 mm/70 Mk.2 Oerlikons guns.", "", "After the fall of France in June 1940, four of the class were in British ports after taking part in the Dunkirk evacuation, and were seized by the British. Three — Commandant Duboc, Commandant Dominé, and La Moqueuse — subsequently served in the Free French Naval Forces (FNFL), while La Capricieuse remained in British service until the end of the war.\nThe remaining ships remained under the control of Vichy France. Four — Élan, Commandant Delage, La Boudeuse and La Gracieuse — were based in French Morocco. Élan was interned in Turkey from June 1941 until released in December 1944 to serve with the FNFL. The others were captured by the Allies after the invasion of North Africa in November 1942, and were turned over to the FNFL.\nFive of the class were based at Toulon. After the German occupation of southern France in November 1942, one ship — Commandant Bory — joined the FNFL. Commandant Rivière and La Batailleuse were captured by the Germans at Bizerte and transferred to Italy, while two — L'Impétueuse and La Curieuse — were scuttled by their crews, along with the rest of the French Fleet, but later salvaged and also transferred to Italy. One was sunk in Italian service, and after the Italian armistice, the remaining three were taken over by the Germans, and later scuttled.\nThe nine ships of the class that survived the war remained in French Navy service until scrapped between 1953 and 1963.", "Elan (A19/F748)\nBuilt at the Arsenal de Lorient, the ship was laid down in August 1936, launched on 27 July 1938 and commissioned in 1939. From mid-1940 she was under the control of Vichy France and based in French Morocco. She was sent to reinforce the Naval Division of the Levant at Beirut, going to internment in Turkey from June 1941 until she was released in December 1944 to serve with Free French Naval Forces (FNFL). She remained in service with the French Navy until decommissioned on 26 March 1958, and was then sold and scrapped.\nLa Batailleuse\nBuilt at the Ateliers et Chantiers de Provence, Port-de-Bouc, the ship was laid down in December 1937, launched on 22 August 1939 and commissioned in March 1940. From June 1940 she was under the control of Vichy France. On 8 December 1942 she was captured by the Germans, transferred to Italy, reclassified as a corvette and renamed FR51. After the Italian armistice she was scuttled by the Germans on 9 September 1943 at La Spezia. She was raised by the Germans and returned to service as SG23, and then renamed Uj2231. On 15 April 1945 she was scuttled at Genoa.\nLa Boudeuse (A18/F744)\nBuilt at the Ateliers et Chantiers de France, Dunkirk, the ship was laid down in March 1938, launched on 10 February 1940 and commissioned in May 1940. In May 1940 she took part in the Dunkirk evacuation. From 25 June 1940 she was under the control of Vichy France, based in French Morocco. Captured by the Allies during invasion of North Africa in November 1942, she joined the FNFL on 1 December 1942. She remained in service with the French Navy until decommissioned on 15 April 1958, sold and scrapped.\nLa Capricieuse (A16/F745)\nBuilt at the Ateliers et Chantiers Dubigeon, Nantes, the ship was laid down in January 1938, launched on 19 April 1939 and commissioned in February 1940. She was seized by the British on 3 July 1940 and returned to France on 6 June 1945. She was scrapped in September 1964.\nCommandant Bory (A11/F740)\nBuilt at the Ateliers et Chantiers de France, Dunkirk, the ship was laid down in November 1936, launched on 26 January 1939 and commissioned in September 1939. From 25 June 1940 she was under the control of Vichy France. In November 1942 she joined the FNFL. She remained in service with the French Navy until decommissioned on 17 February 1953, and then sold and scrapped.\nCommandant Delage (A12/F741)\nBuilt at the Ateliers et Chantiers de France, Dunkirk, the ship was laid down in November 1936, launched on 25 February 1939 and commissioned in December 1939. In May 1940 she took part in the Dunkirk evacuation. From 25 June 1940 she was under the control of Vichy France, based in French Morocco. Captured by the Allies during the invasion of North Africa in November 1942, she joined the FNFL. She remained in service with the French Navy until decommissioned on 18 October 1960, sold and scrapped.\nCommandant Dominé (U70/A15/F742)\nBuilt at the Ateliers et Chantiers Dubigeon, Nantes, the ship was laid down in February 1938, launched on 2 May 1939 and commissioned in April 1940. She was seized by the British on 3 July 1940 and transferred to the FNFL. She remained in service with the French Navy until decommissioned on 18 August 1960. She was scrapped in October 1960.\nCommandant Duboc (U41/A17/F743)\nBuilt at the Ateliers et Chantiers Dubigeon, Nantes, the ship was laid down in December 1936, launched on 16 January 1939 and commissioned in August 1939. In May 1940 she took part in the Dunkirk evacuation, and in July was seized by the British and transferred to the FNFL. In March 1941 she took part in operations in the Red Sea. She remained in service with the French Navy until July 1963, when she was sold and scrapped.\nCommandant Rivière\nBuilt at the Ateliers et Chantiers de Provence, Port-de-Bouc, the ship was laid down in November 1936, launched on 16 February 1939 and commissioned in September 1939. In May 1940 she took part in the Dunkirk evacuation. From June 1940 she was under the control of Vichy France. On 8 December 1942 she was captured by the Germans, transferred to Italy, reclassified as a corvette and renamed FR52. On 28 May 1943 Allied aircraft bombed and sank her at Livorno. She was scrapped starting on 9 September 1946.\nLa Curieuse\nBuilt at the Arsenal de Lorient, the ship was laid down in August 1938, launched on 11 November 1939 and commissioned in 1940. On 16 June 1940, during the Italian invasion of France, she sank the Italian Marcello-class submarine Provana off Oran. Under the control of Vichy France and based at Toulon, she was scuttled on 27 November 1942. She was refloated on 6 April 1943, transferred to Italy, reclassified as a corvette, and renamed FR55. After the Italian armistice she came under German control, was renamed SG25 and returned to Toulon, where she was scuttled again in August 1944 during the Allied invasion of southern France.\nLa Gracieuse (A14/F746)\nBuilt at the Ateliers et Chantiers de Provence, Port-de-Bouc, the ship was laid down in February 1938, launched on 30 November 1939 and commissioned in May 1940. From 30 June 1940 she was under the control of Vichy France, based in French Morocco. Captured by the Allies during the invasion of North Africa in November 1942, she joined the FNFL on 1 December 1942. She remained in service with the French Navy until decommissioned on 11 September 1958, sold and scrapped.\nL'Impétueuse\nBuilt at the Ateliers et Chantiers de France, Dunkirk, the ship was laid down in April 1938, launched on 15 January 1940 and commissioned in May 1940. In May 1940 she took part in the Dunkirk evacuation. From June 1940 she was under the control of Vichy France, based at Toulon, where she was scuttled on 27 November 1942. She was refloated in 1943, transferred to Italy, reclassified as a corvette, and renamed FR54. After the Italian armistice was declared on 8 September 1943 she came under German control, returned to Toulon, and was scuttled at Marseilles on 7 August 1944 just before the Allied invasion of southern France.\nLa Moqueuse (U17/A13/F747)\nBuilt at the Arsenal de Lorient, the ship was laid down in September 1938, launched on 25 January 1940 and commissioned in April 1940. She was seized by the British on 3 July 1940, and transferred to the FNFL. She was scrapped in October 1965.", "The 45 calibre denotes the length of the gun. This means that the length of the gun barrel is 45 times the bore diameter.", "Le Masson 1969, pp. 16–17.\nChesneau 1980, p. 277.\nLe Masson 1969, p. 16.\nLe Masson 1969, p. 17.\nLe Masson 1969, pp. 17–21.\nLe Masson 1969, p. 18.\n\"Élan class avisos-minesweepers (1939–1940)\". navypedia.org. Retrieved 19 September 2010.\n\"Classe: Élan\". users.swing.be (in French). Retrieved 19 September 2010.\nLe Masson 1969, p. 7.\n\"R.Smg Provana (+1940) Wreck\". wrecksite.eu. Retrieved 19 September 2010.\nLe Masson 1969, p. 20.", "Campbell, John (1985). Naval Weapons of World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-459-4.\nChesneau, Roger, ed. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.\nLe Masson, Henri (1969). The French Navy. Navies of the Second World War. Vol. 2. London: MacDonald & Co. ISBN 0-356-02385-0." ]

[ "Élan-class sloop", "Description", "Modifications", "Ships in class", "Service history", "Ships", "Notes", "Citations", "Bibliography" ]

[ 4248 ]

[ 19364, 19365, 19366, 19367, 19368, 19369, 19370, 19371, 19372, 19373, 19374, 19375, 19376, 19377, 19378, 19379, 19380, 19381, 19382, 19383, 19384, 19385, 19386, 19387, 19388, 19389, 19390, 19391 ]

[ "", "Élan playing Rasta Vechta in October 2019", "The Palais des Sports, the home arena of the team" ]

[ 0, 1, 2 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3a/%C3%89lan_B%C3%A9arnais_Pau-Orthez_logo_2013.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/%C3%89lan_b%C3%A9arnais-Rasta_Vechta_2019-10-22.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/PalaisdesSportsPau.jpg" ]

[ "Élan Béarnais Pau-Lacq-Orthez, also known as simply Élan Béarnais [e.lɑ̃ be.aʁ.nɛ], and formerly known as Élan Béarnais Pau-Orthez, is a French professional basketball club that is based in Pau. They compete in the top-tier French league, the LNB Pro A. They are one of the most successful clubs in French basketball history, as they have won nine French League championships and have had European-wide successes as well.", "The Élan Béarnais was founded in 1931 in the town of Orthez in Pyrénées-Atlantiques in the southwest of France. The club first reached the top level of French professional basketball in 1973. They were immediately relegated back to the second division, but returned to the top flight in 1976. The club then made their European debut one year later, in 1977, by qualifying for the FIBA Korać Cup. Their ascent continued by winning the FIBA Korać Cup in 1984, defeating Crvena zvezda in the final in Paris (Palais des sports Pierre-de-Coubertin). This was the first of many pieces of silverware that would be added to the club's trophy cabinet over the next two decades.\nMore success followed as the Élan Béarnais were finally crowned champions of France for the first time, winning back-to-back titles in 1986 and 1987. This earned them entry into the FIBA European Champions' Cup (present-day Euroleague). Despite their status as newcomers, they were anything but intimidated, completing their maiden campaign of 1986-87 with a shock 3rd-place finish and a perfect record at home. It was a magical run, as they defeated European giants or traditional clubs of European basketball like Žalgiris, Maccabi Tel Aviv, Real Madrid, Zadar and that season's champions, Tracer Milano, on their home court, La Moutète. The Élan Béarnais would remain a fixture in European competition every season thereafter, until 2008, setting a European longevity record of 31 years in the process (1977–2008).\nAs this humble club from a village of 12,000 people at the foot of the Pyrénées blossomed into a power of European basketball, a move to a bigger city became necessary. The club changed its name in 1989, becoming the Élan Béarnais Pau-Orthez, and moved to the city of Pau, after the inauguration of the Palais des Sports in 1991. This move was made possible by the visionary efforts of two men: Pierre Seillant, the beloved longtime president of the club, and André Labarrère, then-mayor of Pau. Thanks to them, the Palais (still today the largest basketball-centric arena in France) was built, and the Élan were able to remain in their home region of Béarn.\nWith the relocation complete, the club carried on cementing their status as the dominant force of French basketball, winning seven more league championships over the next thirteen years. The club's total of nine championships ranks them third behind ASVEL and Limoges for the most of any team in the history of French professional basketball. The last one came in 2004, the second of back-to-back titles, and was the culmination of a golden-age for the club. The previous season, 2003, was arguably the most spectacular in the history of Pau-Orthez, when the breathtaking abilities of two homegrown, young talents named Boris Diaw and Mickaël Piétrus spearheaded the Élan Béarnais to a sweep of all three French trophies (Le Championnat, Coupe de France and Semaine des As). Diaw's campaign won him the League MVP award for French players, and following the season both he and Pietrus were drafted in the first round of the 2003 NBA Draft.\nUnfortunately, due to exodus of talent, a lack of coaching stability, and financial problems, the success of the club steadily waned from 2004 on, until rock-bottom was reached and the previously unthinkable happened: in 2009, the Élan Béarnais were relegated to the LNB Pro B after finishing in last place. It was their first stint in the second division since 1976. This disappointment was used as an opportunity to re-structure and re-strengthen the club, but although they earned immediate promotion back to the Pro A in 2010, their struggles continued, and they were relegated for a second time in 2012. However, the Élan once again wasted no time in climbing directly back to the top-flight, and in the 2013-14 season they narrowly missed out on qualifying for the playoffs for the first time since 2006. With club-legend Didier Gadou entrenched as the General Manager, and former title-winning head-coach Claude Bergeaud back at the helm on the sideline, the future is bright once-again for this proud club. They remain in a tussle for a playoff berth halfway through the 2014-15 season.\nIn 2008, the club underwent a minor name-change for the second time in their history, becoming the Élan Béarnais Pau-Lacq-Orthez. The city of Lacq's inclusion in the name and entrance onto the director's board strengthened the club's Béarn identity. For their part, Lacq, located just north-west of Pau, now provides funding to the club.", "Pau-Orthez play their home games at the Palais des Sports de Pau, which has a seating capacity of 7,707 people.", "The Élan Béarnais' biggest rival is Limoges CSP, another legendary French club, and they have been trading blows with one another for national supremacy on the hardwood, both figuratively and literally, since the early 1980s. In the 22 seasons between 1983 and 2004, the two clubs combined for 18 championships, and multiple games between the two teams resulted in fights amongst the players, including one that ended in a brawl between Élan supporters and Limoges players at their old Orthez venue, La Moutète. ASVEL is also a fierce rival of the Élan Béarnais, and games against both of these teams are referred to as the \"Clasicos\" of French basketball, receiving tremendous hype from the media and fans.", "", "", "Note: Flags indicate national team eligibility at FIBA-sanctioned events. Players may hold other non-FIBA nationality not displayed.", "Note: Flags indicate national team eligibility at FIBA-sanctioned events. Players may hold other non-FIBA nationality not displayed.\n Yannick Bokolo\n Howard Carter\n Léopold Cavalière\n Boris Diaw\n Alain Digbeu\n Frederic Fauthoux\n Laurent Foirest\n Didier Gadou\n Thierry Gadou\n Thomas Heurtel\n Freddy Hufnagel\n Cyril Julian\n Alpha Kaba\n Alain Koffi\n Rémi Lesca\n Ian Mahinmi\n Élie Okobo\n Johan Petro\n Mickaël Piétrus\n Florent Piétrus\n Antoine Rigaudeau\n Stéphane Risacher\n Thierry Rupert\n Laurent Sciarra\n Moustapha Sonko\n Ludovic Vaty\n Khalid Boukichou\n D.J. Cooper\n Hristo Nikolov\n DJ Strawberry\n Ricardo Greer\n Roger Esteller\n Akos Keller\n Samad Nikkhah Bahrami\n Sek Henry\n Vojdan Stojanovski\n Chinemelu Elonu\n Gheorghe Mureșan\n Constantin Popa\n Dragan Lukovski\n Marko Simonović\n Artur Drozdov\n Marcus Brown\n Emanual Davis\n Justin Dentmon\n Andre Emmett\n Lawrence Funderburke\n Teddy Gipson\n Josh Grant\n Antonio Graves\n C.J. Harris\n Paul Henderson\n Mickey McConnell\n Conrad McRae\n Aaron Miles\n Ahmad Nivins\n Moochie Norris\n Orlando Phillips\n Taqwa Pinero\n Allan Ray\n Antywane Robinson\n Marc Salyers\n Tom Scheffler\n Rod Sellers\n Mustafa Shakur\n Michael Thompson\n Michael Wright\n John Cox\n Donta Smith\n Vitalis Chikoko", "", "Total titles: 19", "French League\nWinners (9): 1985–86, 1986–87, 1991–92, 1995–96, 1997–98, 1998–99, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2003–04\nRunners-up (4): 1988–89, 1992–93, 1994–95, 2001–02\nFrench Cup\nWinners (4): 2001–02, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2021-22\nRunners-up (2): 2000–01, 2003–04\nLeaders Cup\nWinners (4): 1990–91, 1991–92, 1992–93, 2002-03\nFrench Super Cup\nWinners (1): 2007", "EuroLeague\n3rd place (1): 1986–87\nFIBA Korać Cup (defunct)\nWinners (1): 1983–84\nSemifinalists (1): 1994–95\nEuropean Super Cup (semi-official, defunct)\nRunners-up (1): 1984", "", "", "", "2017: PEAK", "\"Élan Béarnais Twitter\". Twitter.com. Retrieved 2 March 2018.\nOfficial website\n\"Elan Bearnais Pau-Lacq-Orthez basketball, News, Roster, Rumors, Stats, Awards, Transactions, Details-eurobasket\".\n\"FIBA.basketball\". Retrieved 20 August 2019.\nPau-Lacq-Orthez FIBA Europe Cup 2017, FIBA.com, 18 January 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.", "Official website" ]

[ "Élan Béarnais", "History", "Arena", "Rivalries", "Players", "Retired numbers", "Current roster", "Notable players", "FIBA Hall of Famers", "Honours", "Domestic competitions", "European competitions", "Season by season", "In European and worldwide competitions", "The road to the 1983–84 FIBA Korać Cup victory", "Kit manufacturer", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4249 ]

[ 19392, 19393, 19394, 19395, 19396, 19397, 19398, 19399, 19400, 19401, 19402, 19403, 19404, 19405, 19406, 19407 ]

[ "", "Chalon playing Limoges in March 1996", "Le Colisée during the 2017 FIBA Europe Cup Final", "", "", "Celebration of the club's national championship in 2017" ]

[ 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 6 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ed/%C3%89lan_Chalon_logo_%282018%29.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Elan_Chalon_-_Limoges_1.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Elan_Chalon_-_Nanterre_%28finale_Coupe_d%27Europe_FIBA%29_16.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7a/Elan_Chalon_Official_Logo.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/58/Elan_Chalon_2014_Logo.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Titre_de_Champion_de_France_de_basket-ball_2017_Elan_Chalon.jpg" ]

[ "Élan Sportif Chalonnais, commonly known as Élan Chalon, is a French professional basketball club that is based in Chalon-sur-Saône, France. The team's main colors are red and white, and their mascot is a moose. The team's home arena is called Le Colisée, which seats 4,540 spectators.\nFounded in 1955, the club has traditionally been playing in the Pro A. In 2012, the club captured its first domestic championship by winning the Pro A Final over Le Mans. In 2017, Élan won its second domestic title. The club has also been a regular in European competitions, as the team has been runners-up in three different FIBA competitions.", "The club was founded in 1955, after the merger of Association Sportive Chalonnaise and Élan de Saint-Jean des Vignes. The club then merged with the football club Bourgneuf Val d'Or Mercurey of Bourgneuf Mercurey in 1970. The club reached full professional status in 1994.\nIn the 2011–12 season, Chalon won the LNB Pro A title which meant they had won their first ever French championship. Élan Chalon won the Final of the league 95–76 over Le Mans Sarthe Basket. Billy Ouattara and Clint Capela, respectively 24 points and 22 points, led the team to the win in the Final.\nIn the 2012–13 season, Élan played its first Euroleague season in history: the club was eliminated after the regular seasons in which the club recorded 3 wins and 7 losses.\nIn the 2016, Chalon reached the Final Four of the FIBA Europe Cup. The club hosted the Final Four at Le Colisée and ended on the third place after beating Russian side Enisey in the third-place game.\nThe following 2016–17 season was another successful one for the club. Élan reached one further stage of the FIBA Europe Cup Final this time, by reaching the Final. In the double-legged Final, Chalon lost to other French side Nanterre 92. In the Pro, A the club captured its second national title after defeating SIG Strasbourg 3–2 in the Finals.", "", "", "Note: Flags indicate national team eligibility at FIBA-sanctioned events. Players may hold other non-FIBA nationality not displayed.", "Note: Flags indicate national team eligibility at FIBA-sanctioned events. Players may hold other non-FIBA nationality not displayed.\n David Michineau\n Mamoutou Diarra\n Stéphane Ostrowski\n Steed Tchicamboud\n Ilian Evtimov\n Moustapha Fall\n Jérémy Nzeulie\n Frédéric Bourdillon\n Uri Cohen-Mintz\n Rafael \"Rafi\" Menco\n Clint Capela\n Thabo Sefolosha\n Rimas Kurtinaitis\n Slobodan Šljivančanin\n A.J. Slaughter\n Alade Aminu\n Jérémy Nzeulie\n Garth Joseph\n Trevor Harvey\n Rowan Barrett\n John Best\n Keith Gatlin\n Udonis Haslem\n Will McDonald\n Tracy Murray\n Charles Pittman\n Malcolm Delaney\n Blake Schilb\n Marcus Denmon\n Shelden Williams\n Shawnta Rogers\n Devin Booker\n John Roberson\n Cameron Clark", "Total titles: 6", "French League\nWinners (2): 2011–12, 2016–17\nFrench Cup\nWinners (2): 2011, 2012\nLeaders Cup\nWinners (1): 2012\nRunners-up (2): 2011, 2016\nFrench Super Cup\nRunners-up (3): 2011, 2012, 2017", "FIBA Saporta Cup\nRunners-up (1): 2000–01\nFIBA EuroChallenge\nRunners-up (1): 2011–12\nFIBA Europe Cup\nRunners-up (1): 2016–17\n3rd place (1): 2015–16", "Bourg, France Basketball Tournament\nWinners (1): 2008", "", "Philippe Hervé\n Gregor Beugnot\n Jean-Denys Choulet", "\"LES ESPOIRS CHAMPIONS\".\n\"Elan Chalon-Sur-Saone\". euroleague.net. Retrieved 25 June 2013.\n\"FIBA Europe Cup 2021-22\". FIBA.basketball.\n\"Elan Chalon are French League champions\". Eurohoops. June 23, 2017.", "Official website (in French)\nEurobasket.com Team Page" ]

[ "Élan Chalon", "History", "Logos", "Players", "Current roster", "Notable players", "Honours", "Domestic competitions", "European competitions", "Other competitions", "Season by season", "Head coaches", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4250, 4251, 4252 ]

[ 19408, 19409, 19410, 19411, 19412, 19413 ]

[ "", "Panoz LMP-1 Roadster S", "Panoz Esperante GTLM", "A GF09 driven at Indianapolis by Jaques Lazier in 2007" ]

[ 0, 1, 1, 4 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1d/ElanMT_logo.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Panoz_LMP1.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Multimatic_Esperante.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/JLazierIndy07.jpg" ]

[ "Élan Motorsport Technologies is an American enterprise that serves as an umbrella company containing the race car engineering, development and manufacturing companies owned by American racing and automotive company conglomerate Panoz Motor Sports Group. Élan engineers, designs and builds Panoz-branded race cars and components, since its founding it has also acquired several manufacturers, including famous Formula Ford builders Van Diemen and IndyCar Series constructor G-Force. Élan-built cars have successfully competed in the American Le Mans Series, Le Mans Series, IMSA Prototype Lites (formerly IMSA Lites) and various other championships, racing series and types of professional racing throughout the world. It designs, develops and manufactures full line race cars, i.e. chassis, bodies, components and engines for professional racing competition for a variety of segments and classes.", "Panoz' first foray into racing cars came with the Panoz Esperante GTR-1 in 1997. The car was built for the GT1 category of highly modified supercars, bearing little resemblance to normal production cars. The GTR-1 was unique for its front-engine design, whereas all of its competitors were rear-engined designs.\nIn 1999, changes in regulations led to the development of an open-top spyder for the LMP900 class, the Panoz LMP-1 Roadster-S. Like the GTR-1, the LMP-1 was a front-engine car. Its unique design, along with its 6.0L Ford-derived V8, made it a fan favorite. In 2001, Panoz designed a successor to the LMP-1, the LMP07. Although the Andy Thorby-designed car had high expectations, it turned out to be a failure. The car used a Zytek V8, tuned by Élan Power Products (the first use of the Élan name in Panoz' motorsports ventures). The car was replaced mid-season by the LMP-1, which carried on until the end of the 2003 season.\nIn 2003, Élan debuted the a new race car based on the production Panoz Esperante, called the Esperante GTLM. The GTLM was designed for the \"LM\"GT2 class for slightly modified production sports cars. The 2003 car was raced by Hyper Sport Competition, and was used mainly as a development year. A revised version first raced in 2004. The car is powered by an EPP 5.0L V8. In 2006, the GTLM won both the GT2 class at the 12 Hours of Sebring (in the hands of Multimatic Motorsports) and the 24 Hours of Le Mans (run by Team LNT).\nIn addition to the Esperante GTLM, Élan builds the Esperante GTS, a simplified version of the car with a pushrod V8, tube frame and fiberglass construction, and eligibility for one-make and SCCA racing. This car is used in the Panoz Racing Series, and a less powerful version is utilized by the Panoz Racing School.\nÉlan also builds the Élan Van Diemen DP02, DP04 and DP06 for the three classes of IMSA Prototype Lites (formerly IMSA Lites) series. The cars are small, center-seat prototypes. A version of the DP04 is also eligible for SCCA Sports Racer categories. All three were adapted from open wheel designs. The DP02 was originally designed for the abandoned Formula X series before being modified for Star Mazda. The DP04 was adapted from Formula 1000 open wheeler.", "", "", "Following the 2002 purchase of G-Force, Élan Motorsport Technologies took over production of the third generation IRL chassis. The chassis, now branded as a \"Panoz G-Force,\" was designed by former Lola designer Simon Marshall and began use during the 2003 season The car was built in Braselton at the Élan facilities, with design/engineering done at G-Force's remaining operations in England.\nThe car saw early success winning the 2003 Indy 500 with Team Penske's Gil de Ferran and the 2004 Indy 500 with Rahal Letterman Racing's Buddy Rice. Beginning in 2005, the \"G-Force\" name was dropped in order to focus on the Panoz brand. All design and engineering operations were moved to Elan's facility in Braselton.\nDuring the 2005 season, teams started to abandon the chassis (in favor of the Dallara) as it became increasingly unstable in traffic at Indy. By 2006, Rahal Letterman Racing was the only team fielding the chassis full-time. The lack of use in turn caused Élan/Panoz to cease development and support. Focus shifted to their DP01 program in Champ Car, further rendering the GF09 uncompetitive. A Panoz G-Force last competed in an IndyCar race in 2007 with Playa Del Racing's two entries and Chastain Motorsports' single car. American Dream Motorsports entered a Panoz in the 2008 Indy 500 for Phil Giebler, but he crashed in practice. In December 2008, Panoz announced the discontinuation of their IndyCar Series program due to Panoz's concentration on sports car racing in 2008 beyond and also several IndyCar Series teams opting for Dallara IR5 chassis.", "Chassis: Carbon-fiber monocoque\nRoll hoop shape: Triangle\nLength: 192 in (4,877 mm)\nHeight: 37.5 in (952 mm) excluding roll hoop or camera mount\nWidth: 77.5 to 78.5 in (1,968 to 1,994 mm) measured outside rim to rim\nGearbox: Xtrac #295 (gears forward of rear axle) manual sequential 6-speed gearbox operated via gear lever in the right hand of cockpit\nSuspension: Pushrod with multilink\nEngine: Honda Indy V8, 3498 cc, normally aspirated\nFuel: Ethanol\nTires: Firestone Firehawk\nÉlan NP01\nÉlan's latest race car is a prototype-style, tube-frame car designed for the 2016 National Auto Sport Association (NASA) Prototype series. It features a four-cylinder Mazda MZR engine mated to a six-speed sequential gearbox.", "The Panoz DP01 was Élan's most recent foray into major open wheel racing and the first designed and built by Élan\nThe DP01 was the sole chassis used for the Champ Car World Series in the 2007 season and the 2008 Long Beach Grand Prix.", "The Panoz DP09 was constructed for the inaugural season of the Superleague Formula. Panoz, under the Élan Motorsports banner, produced all the cars for this racing series. The car weighed 675 kg and used a 750 bhp (560 kW) engine built by Menard Competition Technologies.", "Élan acquired the Van Diemen company in 1999. Van Diemen produced cars for Formula Ford championships around the globe. British race team Fluid Motorsport have taken over the former Snetterton Circuit in Norfolk, United Kingdom where they offer a parts and certification service for historic Van Diemen designs as well as compete in the British Formula Ford Championship.\nVan Diemen's Formula Ford designs were optimized for American Formula 1000, Formula Continental and F2000 racing, with the Élan Van Diemen DP04, DP06 and DP08 designs. Van Diemen, once the largest manufacturer of bespoke racing cars in the world through its dominance of Formula Ford, now no longer produces cars for the market.\nAn Élan/Van Diemen chassis with a spec wing package has been the specified chassis for the U.S. F2000 National Championship since its revival in 2010. It was replaced by a new chassis produced by Tatuus in 2017.", "\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-13. Retrieved 2010-01-15.\nPanoz G Force Aims For Sweep Of Series, Indy Crowns, IndyCar.com\nhttp://www.auto123.com/en/racing-news/other/irl-new-panoz-g-force-breaks-cover?artid=6094\nhttp://www.auto123.com/en/racing-news/other/no-more-g-force-in-indycar?artid=34951\n\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2005-11-27. Retrieved 2010-02-28.", "Official site" ]

[ "Élan Motorsport Technologies", "Sports cars", "Open wheel", "Panoz", "IndyCar Panoz G-Force GF09/PZ09C", "Specifications", "Champcar DP01", "Superleague DP09", "Van Diemen", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Neighbourhood of Clef de Saint-Pierre and Colline d'Élancourt", "Location (in red) within Paris inner and outer suburbs", "St. Medardus' Church", "Commandry of the Villedieu", "", "" ]

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[ "Élancourt ([elɑ̃kuʁ] (listen)) is a commune in the Yvelines department, and the Île-de-France region, north central France. It is located in the western suburbs of Paris, 30.6 km (19.0 mi) from the center of Paris, in the \"new town\" of Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines.", "Élancourt is not linked directly to the Paris Métro, RER, or suburban rail network. The closest station to Élancourt is La Verrière station on the Transilien La Défense and Transilien Paris-Montparnasse suburban rail lines. This station is located in the neighbouring commune of La Verrière, 1.4 km (0.9 mi) from the town center of Élancourt.", "", "France Miniature is a tourist attraction in Élancourt featuring scale models of major French landmarks and monuments in an outdoor park.", "The commune has 13 preschools and 10 elementary schools.\nPublic junior high schools in Élancourt:\nCollège de l’Agiot\nCollège de la Clef de Saint-Pierre\nCollège Louis Pergaud\nIn addition the community is served by Collège Alexandre Dumas and two public senior high schools/sixth form colleges, Lycée Dumont d’Urville and Lycée Polyvalent des 7 Mares, all in nearby Maurepas.\nVersailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University provides tertiary educational services in the area.", "Élancourt is twinned with:\n Laubach, Germany, since 1975\n Cassina de' Pecchi, Italy, since 1997\n Gräfenhainichen, Germany, since 2003\n Attard, Malta", "Communes of the Yvelines department", "\"Populations légales 2019\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2021.\nDes villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Élancourt, EHESS. (in French)\nPopulation en historique depuis 1968, INSEE\n\"Les groupes scolaires.\" Élancourt. Retrieved on September 3, 2016.\n\"Collèges et Lycées.\" Élancourt. Retrieved on September 3, 2016.\n\"L’Université.\" Élancourt. Retrieved on September 3, 2016.\n\"Jumelages\". elancourt.fr (in French). Élancourt. Retrieved 2019-11-21.", "http://www.ville-elancourt.fr/" ]

[ "Élancourt", "Transport", "Population", "Tourism", "Education", "Twin towns – sister cities", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/%C3%89lcio_%C3%81lvares_991112-D-2987S-076.jpg" ]

[ "Élcio Álvares (28 September 1932 – 9 December 2016) was a Brazilian politician.\nHe was a Federal Deputy for the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies for the State of Espírito Santo (1970–1975), Governor of the State of Espírito Santo (1975–1979), Senator (1991–1994; 1995–1999), Minister of Commerce (1994) during the Franco administration, and Minister of Defence (1999–2000) during the Cardoso government.", "Victoria Varejão (2016-12-09). \"Morre ex-governador do ES Elcio Alvares\". G1 Espírito Santo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2016-12-10.", "Senate of Brazil Biography of Sen. Élcio Álvares" ]

[ "Élcio Álvares", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4257 ]

[ 19433 ]

[ "EDF's headquarters in Tour EDF, La Défense, near Paris.", "EDF head office, 22–30 avenue de Wagram, Paris 8th arr.", "EDF produces its electricity primarily from nuclear power plants" ]

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[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/31/Tour_edf.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/55/EDF_HQ.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Nuclear_Power_Plant_Cattenom.jpg" ]

[ "Électricité de France S.A. (literally Electricity of France), commonly known as EDF, is a French multinational electric utility company, largely owned by the French state. Headquartered in Paris, with €71.2 billion in revenues in 2016, EDF operates a diverse portfolio of at least 120 gigawatts of generation capacity in Europe, South America, North America, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa.\nIn 2009, EDF was the world's largest producer of electricity. Its 56 active nuclear reactors (in France) are spread out over 18 sites (nuclear power plants). They comprise 32 reactors of 900 MWₑ, 20 reactors of 1300 MWₑ, and 4 reactors of 1450 MWₑ, all PWRs.\nEDF was created on 8 April 1946 by the 1945 parliament, from the merging of various divided actors. EDF led France's post-war energy growth, with a unique focus on civil nuclear energy, through reconstruction and further industrialization within the Trente Glorieuse, being a fleuron of France's new industrial landscape. In 2004, following integration to the Common European market, EDF was privatized, although the French state retained 84% equity. In 2017 EDF took over the majority of the reactor business crisis loaded Areva, in a French government sponsored restructuration. That same year, following the wish to divest from nuclear energy, 17 of EDF's French nuclear power reactors were announced to be possibly closed by 2025. However, in 2019, the French government asked EDF to develop proposals for three new replacement nuclear power stations. Following privatization, decades of under-investment and the 2021–2022 global energy crisis and the Russo-Ukrainian War threatening Europe's energy security, the Government of France announced the full renationalisation of the company for an estimated cost of €5 billion.", "", "EDF specialises in electricity, from engineering to distribution. The company's operations include the following: electricity generation and distribution; power plant design, construction and dismantling; energy trading; and transport. It is active in such power generation technologies as nuclear power, hydropower, marine energies, wind power, solar energy, biomass, geothermal energy and fossil-fired energy.", "The electricity network in France is composed of the following:\na high and very high voltage distribution system (100,000 km of lines). This part of the system is managed by RTE (electricity transmission system operator) who acts as an independent administrator of infrastructure, although it is a subsidiary of EDF;\na low and medium voltage distribution system (1,300,000 km of lines), maintained by Enedis (ex-ERDF), formerly known as EDF-Gaz de France Distribution. Enedis (ex-ERDF) was spun off from EDF-Gaz de France Distribution in 2008 as part of the process of total separation of the activities of EDF and GDF Suez.", "", "The EDF head office is located along Avenue de Wagram in the 8th arrondissement of Paris. The EDF head office is shared between several EDF sites in Greater Paris.", "Chairman and CEO: Jean-Bernard Lévy", "", "Customers: 37.6 million worldwide in 2015.\n2009 Turnover: €63.34 billion (23% from France) – €41.82 billion in 2002.\nProfit: €3.96 billion in 2010 – €3.96 billion in 2009.\nNet profit: €1 billion in 2010 – €3.92 billion in 2009.\nNet Debt: €34.4 billion in 2010 – €42.5 billion in 2009.\nRevenue: €75 billion in 2015.\nEnergy generation: 619.3 TWh in 2015.\nEmployees: 165,200 worldwide.", "In Europe:\nUnited Kingdom: 100% EDF Energy, acquired British Energy Group PLC, which generates about 20 percent of British electricity, mainly from 8 nuclear plants, 100% EDF Trading\nAustria: 100% Vero\nBelgium: 100% Luminus\nFrance: 100% of EDF Énergies Nouvelles which in turn owns EDF-RE, formerly EnXco in US, 74.86% Électricité de Strasbourg, 67% Dalkia Investments, 51% TIRU, 50% Cerga, 50% Edenkia, 50% Dalkia International, 50% SIIF Énergies, 34% Dalkia Hdg\nGermany: 100% EDF Ostalbkreis, 100% EDF Weinsberg, 50% RKI\nHungary: 95,56% BE Zrt\nIreland: 100% (as EDF Renewables Ireland and subsidiary Wexford Solar Energy)\nItaly: Edison S.p.A. (99.4% of the capital), 100% EDF Energia Italia which sells directly 2.2 TWh to Italy, 100% Edison Next, 40% Finei, 30% ISE\nThe Netherlands: 100% Finelex, 50% Cinergy Holding\nPoland: 76.63% Rybnik, 66.08% ECK, 49.19% ECW, 35.42% Kogeneracja, 24.61% Zielona Gora\nSlovakia: 49% SSE\nSpain: 100% EDF Iberica (EDF Península Ibérica, S.A)\nSweden: 100% Skandrenkraft, 36.32% Groupe Graninge\nSwitzerland: 50% Chatelot, 50% Emosson, 14.25% Groupe ATEL, 26.26% Motor Columbus\nIn America:\nUnited States: 100% EDF Inc., which controls fully or partially Unistar Nuclear Energy (100%), EDF-RE, formerly EnXco (100%), EDF Trading North America (100%) and Constellation Energy Nuclear Group (50% through a joint venture with Exelon)\nArgentina: 25% Edenor, 45% Sodemsa, 22.95% Edemsa\nBrazil: 100% Lidil, 90% Norte Fluminense\nIn Asia:\nChina: 85% Synergie, 60% Figlec, 35% Datang Sanmenxia Power Company, 19.6% Shandong Zhonghua Power Company\nVietnam: 56.25% Meco\nIn Africa:\nCôte d'Ivoire: 50% Azito O&M, 32.85% Azito Energie", "", "EDF was founded on 8 April 1946, as a result of the nationalisation of around 1,700 smaller energy producers, transporters and distributors by the Minister of Industrial Production Marcel Paul. Mostly, a state-owned EPIC, it became the main electricity generation and distribution company in France, enjoying a monopoly in electricity generation, although some small local distributors were retained by the nationalisation. This monopoly ended in 1999, when EDF was forced by a European Directive to open up 20% of its business to competitors.\nUntil 19 November 2004, EDF was a state-owned corporation, but it is now a limited-liability corporation under private law (société anonyme), after its status was changed by statute. The French government partially floated shares of the company on the Paris Stock Exchange in November 2005, although it retained almost 85% ownership as of the end of 2008.\nOn 22 November 2016, French competition regulators raided EDF offices, looking for evidence that EDF was abusing its dominant position to manipulate electricity prices and squeeze rivals.", "Between 2001 and 2003, EDF was forced to reduce its equity capital by €6.4 billion total because of the performance of subsidiaries in South America and Europe. In 2001, it also acquired a number of British energy companies, becoming the UK's biggest electricity supplier.\nThe company remains heavily in debt. Its profitability suffered during the recession which began in 2008. It made €3.9 billion in 2009, which fell to €1.02 billion in 2010, with provisions set aside amounting to €2.9 billion.\nIn January 2013 the company sold its 1.6% stake in U.S. utility Exelon for $470 million.\nIn March 2016 EDF's Chief Financial Officer, Thomas Piquemal, who had argued that the final investment decision on building Hinkley Point C nuclear power station should be delayed for three years, resigned. With EDF's market value halved over the preceding year, the cost of the Hinkley Point C project now exceeded the entire market capitalisation of EDF.\nIn March 2017 EDF offered a €4bn rights issue of new shares to increase capital availability, at a 34.5% discount. The French government committed to purchase €3bn of the rights issue. Shares prices fell to an all-time low due to the heavy discount on new shares.\nEDF's net debt at the end of 2018 was €33 billion, but with future obligations such as pension liabilities and costs for managing nuclear waste allowed for, adjusted net debt was €70 billion. In order to improve EDF's finances, as of 2019 EDF has sold €10 billion of assets, with plans to sell a further €2 to €3 billion of assets by 2021, and shareholders have been allocated new shares rather than a cash dividend. Bonds have been issued in Asian currencies to expand sources of funding. It has financial commitments for new builds at Flamanville and Hinkley Point C. EDF is committed to spending €49.4 billion by 2025 for life extension of its French nuclear reactor fleet, which as of 2019 has an average age of 33 years, to 50 years.\nIn December 2021, EDF had about €43 billion of debt, which investment analysts Morningstar expected to exceed €60bn by the end of 2022. EDF's credit rating was downgraded in February 2022.", "France is the world's largest user of nuclear power for electricity (78% of French production in 2007).\nIn May 2004, the French Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy reasserted, in front of the French Parliament, the primacy of a nuclear power, much to the relief of labour unions of EDF. In this speech the minister re-phrased the famous slogan, \"We do not have oil, but we have ideas\", by declaring: \"We do not have oil, we do not have gas, we do not have coal, but we had ideas\".\nDepleted uranium from reprocessing the spent fuel of the 58 French nuclear power plants was exported from Le Havre to Russia in the last years and stored in Seversk where it was enriched, and the new fuel was exported back to France.\nIn 2013 EDF acknowledged the difficulties it was having building the new EPR nuclear reactor design, with its head of production and engineering, Hervé Machenaud, saying EDF had lost its dominant international position in design and construction of nuclear power stations. In September 2015 EDF's chief executive Jean-Bernard Lévy stated that the design of a \"New Model\" EPR was being worked on, which will be easier to build, to be ready for orders from about 2020.\nIn 2016 EDF's chief executive Jean-Bernard Lévy stated that EDF's 2030 strategy increased the emphasis on renewable energy, with a 2030 goal of doubling renewable energy capacity worldwide. He stated \"I am convinced that we will still have a centralised and secure system in the future but it will be supplemented by a more intermittent and local decentralised system, in which customers will take charge of their consumption. In readiness for this, we must press on with research into electricity storage and smart electricity systems\".", "In 2011, a French court fined EDF €1.5m and jailed two senior employees for spying on Greenpeace, including hacking into Greenpeace's computer systems. Greenpeace was awarded €500,000 in damages. Although EDF claimed that a security firm had only been employed to monitor Greenpeace, the court disagreed, jailing the head and deputy head of EDF's nuclear security operation for three years each. Two employees of the security firm, Kargus, run by a former member of France's secret services, received sentences of three and two years respectively.", "EDF's website was brought down by DDoS attacks three times in 2011, twice in April and once later in June.\nThe attacks were claimed by the hacktivist group Anonymous. Three men were later arrested and interviewed on charges of \"obstructing functionality of a data processing service\", \"fraudulent access of a data processing service\" and \"participation to an association formed with the aim of preparing such infractions\".\nMotivations for the attack were thought to relate to the Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan. Unlike Switzerland and Germany, who plan to close down all nuclear reactors at the end of their lifespan, the government of France had no such plans to move away from nuclear power and three months after the Fukushima meltdown, stated a budget increase for nuclear power.\nThe downtime of the EDF website cost the company an estimated €162,000.", "In February 2013 EDF Energy sought an estimated £5 million in damages from environmental activists from the No Dash for Gas campaign that occupied the EDF-owned West Burton CCGT power station in October 2012.\nIt is unusual in the UK for companies to seek damages from protesters.\nOn 13 March 2013, EDF dropped their lawsuit against the protesters, after agreeing a permanent injunction against protesters entering EDF sites.", "In 2017 EDF took over the majority of the reactor business of Areva, excluding the fuel business, in a French government sponsored restructuring following financial and technical problems at Areva due to the building of new EPR nuclear plants. The reactor business has been named Framatome.\nIn October 2019 French Finance Minister Bruno Le Maire released an audit report on the construction of the heavily delayed and nearly four times over-budget Flamanville 3 EPR development, started by Areva in 2007. The Finance Minister demanded EDF present within a month an action plan for the project, calling it a \"failure for the entire French nuclear industry\".", "In April 2020 EDF estimated the economic slowdown due to the coronavirus pandemic could potentially reduce electricity consumption in France by 20%. EDF estimated annual nuclear output in France would be about 300 TWh in 2020 and 330-360 TWh in 2021 and 2022, down from a pre-coronavirus estimate of 375-390 TWh. Some nuclear reactors will likely be taken offline for the summer 2020. EDF announced it had withdrawn financial targets for 2020 and 2021. A delay of planned 10-year reactor upgrades this year may be necessary.\nTo mitigate the impact EDF is targeting €500 million of cost savings to 2022, and aims to sell €3 billion of assets to 2022.", "As of January 2022, five of its 56 reactors were out of operation due to pipework corrosion and cracks problems, with checks being made across the fleet. Consequently EDF cut the year's output target by 10%, and needs to buy electricity on the open market.\nAlso EDF has to sell a further 20 TWh of power to other domestic suppliers at a reduced price due to the government response to the 2021 global energy crisis. In January 2022, EDF calculated that the increase in reduced price wholesale supply would cost it €8.4 billion (£7 billion), and it withdrew its profit guidance. The EDF share price fell considerably. EDF debt is about €41 billion, and Fitch Ratings lowered EDF's credit rating.\nIn late May 2022, when 12 nuclear reactors were offline, EDF increased the estimated earnings reductions for the inspections and repairs to €18.5 billion.", "On 6 July 2022, French prime minister Elisabeth Borne announced that \"the French government is aiming for a full nationalization of\" EDF. Borne \"vowed\" to limit the impact of the rise in energy prices through the state having \"full control over...electricity production and performance.” Borne told parliament, \"we must ensure our sovereignty in the face of...the colossal challenges to come.\" Earlier in 2022, President Emmanuel Macron had \"suggested\" a renationalization of EDF as well as a \"big expansion of nuclear energy in the coming decades\" however, in 2021, he had to scrap an \"overhaul\" of EDF, codenamed \"Project Hercules,\" that would have placed EDF's profitable renewables sector in a new company, due to opposition by unions and objections raised by the European Commission.", "", "EDF has developed recharging points for the Toyota Plug-in HV in France\nThe French government has contributed $550 million to a partnership by Électricité de France with Renault-Nissan and with PSA Peugeot Citroen.", "In 2018 EDF had plans to invest up to €25 billion in photovoltaics solar power generation, and introduce green electricity tariffs.", "", "As of 2017, EDF still held the business of 85.5% of France's residential customers, though on a slow downward trend.", "Apart from foreign producers and distributors, there are some significant competitors of EDF in France, although their market share is weaker in comparison:\nEngie: the company formed after the merger of Gaz de France and Suez clearly intends to produce its own electricity, has bought stake in the future EPR nuclear reactors and is poised to become the most credible competitor of EDF in the newly liberalised French electricity market;\nSNET (Société nationale d'électricité et de thermique): This company is the successor of depleting coal companies and primarily produce thermal electricity (2.5 TWh). Its capital (81%) belonged predominantly to Collieries of France and with EDF. A portion of the capital (30%) was sold to Endesa, the main Spanish electricity producer, another portion of 35% was sold in 2004. As of 2008 Endesa holds 65% of the equity of the generating company Snet;\nCNR (Compagnie nationale du Rhône): the capital of which is predominantly public, the company exploits 19 hydroelectric plants installed on the banks of the Rhône. Its production of 19 TWh makes it the second largest French producer with 4% of the market. CNR signed a partnership agreement with Electrabel;\nSHEM (Société hydro-électrique du Midi): a subsidiary of SNCF, of which it produces about one third of the electricity used by SNCF. A partnership agreement was signed with Electrabel.", "Among the other rivals of EDF, one can count a number of municipally governed companies, known under the generic term 'entreprises locales de distribution' ('local businesses of distribution'), who are electricity producers exploiting EDF's network.\nThe nationalisation of electricity and gas on 8 April 1946, which profoundly changed the French electrical and gas organization, had however acknowledged the right of villages to keep their role in the public distribution of electricity and gas.\nIn 1946, certain firms, villages or groups of villages, did not accept the proposal of nationalisation and created autonomous state controls (who held the monopoly of distribution, until 2004, in their area). To note, contrary to the initial idea, local controllers of electricity, have had, since 1946, the choice to continue to produce electricity. In fact, their production was rather marginal, except in Rhône-Alpes; having often preferred buying the majority of the electrical power from EDF. With the recent opening of the electricity market, local controllers are considering developing, augmenting and diversifying their own production, (e.g. Ouest Énergie, the subsidiary company of SIEDS) and/or to diversify their sources of supply.\nTo date, the number of local businesses of distribution is approximately 170 and holds 5% of the distribution of French electrical power in 2,500 villages. Created by local authorities, they serve about 3 million people and represent 7,000 jobs. Around thirty of them – 9 during creation in 1962 – are federated in a national entity known as ANROC.\nSeveral departments are not, therefore, served entirely or partly by EDF, for instance:\nDeux-Sèvres, supplied by SIEDS: partnership between local councils of Electricity of Deux-Sèvres;\nVienne, supplied by SIEEDV: partnership between local councils of Electricity and Works of the Department of Vienne;\nCharente-Maritime, supplied by SDEER: partnership of Electricity and Rural Works of the Department of Charente-Maritime;\nGironde, supplied by Gironde Electricity. However, the company was sold to EDF at the beginning of 2000 because it could not financially maintain the damage of the severe weather of December 1999, on its network;\nAlsace;\nRhône-Alpes.", "Dirigisme\nEnergy in France\nGroupe INTRA\nList of French companies\nList of multinational corporations", "\"2021 ANNUAL RESULTS\" (PDF). edf.fr. Retrieved 18 February 2022.\n\"Shareholding structure | EDF France\". Edf.fr. 31 December 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2017.\n\"Les participations publiques\" (in French). Agence des participations de l'État. 30 April 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2016.\n\"2021 At a glance\" (PDF). edf.fr. Retrieved 15 May 2022.\nAFP (August 2010)\n\"Areva outlines restructuring plan\". World Nuclear News. 15 June 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016.\n\"Green light for Areva restructuring\". Nuclear Engineering International. 8 February 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2017.\nJanet Wood, Caroline Peachey (21 March 2017). \"Nuclear cracks are beginning to show\". Nuclear Engineering International. Retrieved 28 March 2017.\n\"France could close a third of its nuclear reactors, says minister\". 10 July 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2017.\nTemple, James. \"Why France is eyeing nuclear power again\". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 8 November 2019.\nRose, Michel; Hummel, Tassilo (6 July 2022). \"France plans full nationalisation of power utility EDF\". Reuters. Retrieved 6 July 2022.\n\"Activités\". EDF website. Retrieved 11 November 2011.\n\"Enedis\". Enedis website. Retrieved 10 August 2016.\n\"De EDF GDF a Engie: tout comprendre\". Engie website. Retrieved 10 August 2016.\n\"EDF: Pierre Gadonneix a son bureau avenue de Wagram.\" Le Journal du Net. Retrieved on 25 November 2010. \"Cependant, le siège social se situe intra-muros, avenue de Wagram, dans le 8e arrondissement.\"\nEDF at a Glance\n\"EDF en Espagne\".\nDocument de Référence (PDF). Paris: EDF. 2009. pp. 33–34. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2011.\nTiersky, Ronald (2004). Europe today: National politics, European integration, and European security. London: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 280. ISBN 9780742528055.\nBennhold, Katrin (21 November 2005). \"EDF shares fail to light up market\". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 11 July 2008.\n\"Shareholding policy\". Électricité de France. 31 December 2007. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2009.\n\"France's nuclear-energy champion is in turmoil\". The Economist. 3 December 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2016.\n\"French become UK's biggest power distributor\". The Independent. 20 November 2001.\n\"Electricite de France profits fall 74% on downturn\". 15 February 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2011.\n\"EDF sells shares in US utility Exelon\". Nuclear Engineering International. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2013.\nStothard, Michael (7 March 2016). \"EDF finance chief quits over decision to push on with Hinkley Point\". Financial Times. Retrieved 7 March 2016.\nMacalister, Terry (7 March 2016). \"Hinkley Point nuclear project in crisis as EDF finance director resigns\". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 March 2016.\nWard, Andrew (8 March 2017). \"EDF shares hit record low after €4bn capital raise\". Financial Times. Retrieved 14 March 2017.\nTrentmann, Nina (14 June 2019). \"French Nuclear Power Producer EDF Plans a Turnaround\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 30 June 2019.\n\"EDF adjusts the cost of its nuclear fleet upgrades\". Nuclear Engineering International. 3 November 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2021.\n\"France to renationalise EDF\". Nuclear Engineering International. 11 July 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.\nFrankfurter Rundschau, 13 October 2009\n\"EDF eyes development of new, smaller reactors - papers\". Reuters. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2013.\nGeert De Clercq (23 September 2015). \"Only China wants to invest in Britain's new £2bn Hinkley Point nuclear station because no one else thinks it will work, EDF admits\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2015.\n\"Interview Jean-Bernard Lévy, CEO EDF: \"Our Future Lies in Combination Nuclear and Renewables\"\". the energycollective. 18 October 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.\nBlack, Richard (10 November 2011). \"EDF fined for spying on Greenpeace nuclear campaign\". BBC. Retrieved 11 November 2011.\nGersmann, Hanna (10 November 2011). \"EDF fined €1.5m for spying on Greenpeace\". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 November 2011.\nSamuel, Henry (10 November 2011). \"EDF found guilty of spying on Greenpeace France\". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 November 2011.\nBalsan-Duverneuil, Nathalie (26 January 2012). \"Un \"Anonymous\" a été arrêté dans le département\". Midi Libre. Retrieved 15 February 2013.\nLevitan, Dave (27 June 2011). \"France Doubles Down on Nuclear Power\". IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved 15 February 2013.\nGueguen, Elodie (26 January 2012). \"Des Anonymous en garde à vue\". France Info. Retrieved 15 February 2013.\nGarvin, Daniel (21 February 2013). \"How to occupy a power station: exclusive footage of No Dash For Gas as they prepare to shut down the West Burton plant – video\". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 March 2013. Environmental activists No Dash For Gas occupied two 300ft chimneys at the EDF-owned gas-fired power station in West Burton, Nottinghamshire, in November 2012. Exclusive footage shows the group's meticulous preparation for the action. They closed the facility for eight days – the longest occupation of a power plant in the UK. Protesters reject government plans to invest heavily in new gas power stations and instead call for massive investment in renewables\n\"Press release: EDF suing climate activists for £5 million - protesters face losing homes\". No Dash for Gas. 20 February 2013. Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2013. Following the week-long shut-down and occupation of EDF's West Burton gas-fired power station last October by campaign group 'No Dash for Gas', EDF has launched a civil claim for damages against the group and associated activists for costs the company claims to have incurred – a figure it puts at £5 million\nBall, James (20 February 2013). \"Activists claim police siding with power company EDF in lawsuit\". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 February 2013. The action includes an injunction barring those named from the site, but – in an unusual move in the UK – also has a provision to recover damages, interest, and court costs from the activists. ... John Sauven, the executive director of Greenpeace ... \"EDF's lawsuit represents the opening of a new front against peaceful protest\"\nBall, James (13 March 2013). \"EDF drops lawsuit against environmental activists after backlash\". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 March 2013.\n\"Minister calls for EDF to revive French nuclear industry\". World Nuclear News. 29 October 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2019.\n\"EDF lowers annual output forecast to 300 TWh\". World Nuclear News. 16 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.\nFelix, Bate (16 April 2020). \"French utility EDF expects steep drop in domestic nuclear output to record low in 2020\". Reuters. Retrieved 22 April 2020.\n\"EDF counts the cost of coronavirus to new build projects\". World Nuclear News. 30 July 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.\nEvans-Pritchard, Ambrose (18 January 2022). \"France's nuclear meltdown has big implications for Britain\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 19 January 2022.\nMallet, Benjamin; Crellin, Forrest (16 December 2021). \"EDF shares plunge after faults found at French nuclear power reactor\". Reuters. Retrieved 19 January 2022.\nYeomans, Jon (23 January 2022). \"Emmanuel Macron hammers EDF as Britain's nuclear energy future hangs in the balance\". The Sunday Times. London. Retrieved 23 January 2022.\n\"French regulator gives update on corrosion issue\". World Nuclear News. 18 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.\n\"EDF revises up cost of nuclear power plant outages\". World Nuclear News. 19 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.\n\"France's EDF to be fully nationalized, prime minister says\". CNBC. 6 July 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2022.\nChrisafis, Angelique (6 July 2022). \"New French PM vows to nationalise EDF and tackle cost of living crisis\". The Guardian. Paris. Retrieved 8 July 2022.\n\"France to nationalise EDF, search under way for new boss\". World Nuclear News. 7 July 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2022.\nMallet, Benjamin (20 June 2022). \"Macron's election setback complicates plans to revamp EDF\". Reuters. Retrieved 8 July 2022.\nEDF et Toyota annoncent un partenariat technologique en Europe relatif aux véhicules hybrides rechargeables\nNastu, Paul (13 October 2008). \"French President Gives EVs, Hybrids Green Light\". Environmental Leader. Retrieved 30 March 2017.\nCat Rutter Pooley (16 February 2018). \"EDF revenues slip as nuclear pressures bite\". Financial Times. Retrieved 16 February 2018.\n\"source\".\n\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 23 October 2005. Retrieved 9 July 2005.", "Official website" ]

[ "Électricité de France", "The EDF group", "Activities", "Distribution network (RTE and Enedis)", "Organization", "Head office", "The directorate", "Business", "Statistics", "Main partners and affiliates", "History", "Status of EDF", "Finances", "Energy policy", "EDF spying conviction", "DDoS attack on EDF site", "Suing No Dash For Gas", "Absorption of Areva reactor business", "Effect of coronavirus pandemic", "2021 global energy crisis", "2022 Re-nationalization", "Renewable energies", "Plug-in hybrids and V2G", "Photovoltaics", "Carbon Intensity", "Competitors", "Main competitors", "Locally controlled or between local councils", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4258, 4259 ]

[ 19434, 19435, 19436, 19437, 19438, 19439, 19440, 19441, 19442, 19443, 19444, 19445, 19446, 19447, 19448, 19449, 19450, 19451, 19452, 19453, 19454, 19455, 19456, 19457, 19458, 19459, 19460, 19461, 19462, 19463, 19464, 19465, 19466, 19467, 19468, 19469, 19470, 19471, 19472, 19473, 19474, 19475, 19476, 19477, 19478, 19479, 19480, 19481, 19482, 19483, 19484, 19485, 19486, 19487, 19488, 19489, 19490, 19491, 19492 ]

[ "", "EDL logo.", "Nam Ngum 1 Dam" ]

[ 0, 1, 1 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/EDL_parent_logo.png", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0c/EDL_Gen_logo.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Nam_Ngum_1_Dam.JPG" ]

[ "Électricité du Laos (EDL) (Lao: ໄຟຟ້າລາວ) is the state corporation of Laos that owns and operates the country's electricity generation, electricity transmission and electricity distribution assets. The company also manages the import and export of electricity from the national electricity grid of the country. EDL was founded in 1959 and is headquartered in Vientiane.\nIn July 2010, the International Finance Corporation loaned $15 million to Electricite du Laos for the expansion of electricity networks and substations in rural areas of Laos. The company has also received debt financing from the Asian Development Bank.\nBy 2020, the government expects to provide electricity to 90 percent of Lao households.\nIn September 2020, Reuters reported that the Électricité du Laos and the China Southern Power Grid Company (CSPGC) established the joint venture Electricite du Laos Transmission Company Ltd (EDLT) that has control of the country's power grid, as well as the rights to purchase and sell power in Laos to stave off a debt default to the Chinese government. The CSPGC owns a majority share of the EDLT, but the Lao and Chinese governments have made a written agreement in which the Lao government will gradually buy Chinese shares back. A Lao official from the Ministry of Energy and Mines reasoned that \"The new company will connect the [EDL and China Southern] power grids together. It’s all about capital. It is necessary to join the two grids\".", "EDL-Generation Company Limited (EDL-Gen) was incorporated in 2010 and operates as a subsidiary of Electricite Du Laos. Laos is the only net exporter of power in the Mekong Region and has been nicknamed the \"Battery of Asia\", selling power to Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, and China. EDL-Gen plans to double its hydropower generation capacity by 2016, and currently operates seven plants totalling 387 MW:\nNam Ngum 1 - Installed capacity of 155 MW. Constructed 1968–1971, Phase 3 commissioned in 1984. A 2010 expansion project was partially funded by Japan International Cooperation Agency.\nNam Song - Installed capacity of 6 MW. Completed in 2011.\nNam Leuk - Installed capacity of 60 MW. Completed in 2000.\nXeset 1 - Installed capacity of 45 MW. Completed in 1991, with funding provided by the Asian Development Bank, United Nations Development Programme, and the Swedish and Norwegian governments.\nXeset 2 - Installed capacity of 76 MW. Completed in 2009. 80% of funding came from Export-Import Bank of China.\nNan Mang 3 - Installed capacity of 40 MW. 80% of funding came from Export-Import Bank of China.\nSelabam - Installed capacity of 5.04 MW. Completed in 1994.\nIn June 2012, EDL-Gen approved the transfer of shares in four Independent Power Producers owned by Electricite du Laos to EDL-Gen: 60% of shares in Theun-Hinbeun (300 MW), 10% of shares in Nam Leuk 1-2 (10 MW), 25% of shares in Nam Ngum 2 (153.75 MW), and 20% of shares in Houay Ho (30 MW). The transfer of 4 IPPs will increase EDL-Gen's total capacity to 881 MW. EDL-Gen also plans to purchase two hydropower plants from Electricite du Laos that are currently under construction: Nam Khan 2 (126 MW) and Huaylamphan Nhai (88 MW).\nOn January 11, 2011, EDL-Generation Company participated in an initial public offering on the Lao Securities Exchange (LSX), becoming the first company to list on the country's stock exchange. Initial investors in the IPO included frontier markets private equity firm Leopard Capital, Thai energy company Ratchaburi Holding, Thai state-owned bank Krung Thai Bank, and Vietnamese investment firm Dragon Capital. Despite the LSX's limited liquidity, at the end of its first week of trading, EDL-Gen was up 30% from the IPO price at 5,600 Lao kip (LAK) ($0.69).", "\"IFC in East Asia and the Pacific\". www.ifc.org.\nZhai, Keith; Johnson, Kay; Wongcha-Um, Panu (September 4, 2020). Tostevin, Matthew; Cameron-Moore, Simon (eds.). \"Exclusive: Taking power - Chinese firm to run Laos electric grid amid default warnings\". Reuters. Archived from the original on September 8, 2020.\n\"Financially Strapped Laos Partners with Chinese Company to Manage Power Grid\". Radio Free Asia.\n\"Laos hydropower a 'battery' for power-hungry region\". BBC. December 10, 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2013.\n\"Asia Times Online :: Southeast Asia news and business from Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia and Vietnam\". January 19, 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-01-19.\n\"Dragon Capital Clean Energy PIPE in Laos\". AVCJ. Retrieved 31 May 2013.", "Electricite du Laos homepage\nPowering Progress, a website of the Government of Laos\n 'Providing electricity to poor rural provinces of Lao PDR', article at World Bank retrieved 14 Jan 2008" ]

[ "Électricité du Laos", "EDL-Generation Company", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4260 ]

[ 19493, 19494, 19495, 19496, 19497, 19498, 19499, 19500, 19501 ]

[ "EDL corporate headquarters, Beirut, before destruction in 2020" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/EDL_siege.jpg" ]

[ "Électricité du Liban (Electricity of Lebanon; EDL) is a public industrial and commercial establishment in Lebanon which controls 90% of the country's electricity production, transmission and distribution activities.", "", "In 1908, the Société Ottomane du Gaz de Beyrouth distributed electricity in the city of Beirut, replaced by the Société d'Électricité de Beyrouth in 1923, a company incorporated under French law. Before 1939, the company operated a 4,500 kW diesel power plant and a 6,400 kW hydraulic plant. In March 1954, the Lebanese State bought the Beirut Electricity Company, which became the Electricity Office. The Zouk power station went into production in 1956.\nAt the end of the Second World War, Lebanon produced 80 MW in 1948, 280 MW in 1957, and 692 MW in 1964. Electricity was produced by private and disparate production units. The Qaraoun dam was commissioned in 1961.", "The Office of Electricity of Lebanon (Électricité du Liban, EDL) was created in July 1964, and was granted a monopoly of the production, transport and distribution of electricity in Lebanon. Until the 1975-1990 Lebanese Civil War, the EDL provided normal distribution, and even distributed electricity to Syria. Until the early 1980s, including the first years of the conflict, the EDL remained profitable and self-financed its development projects.", "In the 1990s the management of the company began to crumble, to the point of getting rid of its accounting department in 2001. When the conflicts emerged, the infrastructure was not upgraded. In 1975 EDL had 5,000 employees, which was reduced to 2,500 by 2009. The 2006 Israeli-Lebanese conflict affected EDL production plants. A daily 3-hour load shedding was implemented. In response to that, small companies have emerged, providing households with expensive privately generated electricity during the daily rationing period.\nIn June 2010, the Minister of Energy Gebran Bassil announced that from 2014-2015 load shedding will cease by increasing production capacity from 1,685 MW in 2011 to 5,000 MW in 2015. In 2020, however, the reforms were still blocked, and the country's production capacity did not exceed 3,000 MW.\nIn July 2020, due to the country's severe economic crisis resulting in Central Bank's failure to pay fuel shipments, EDL was forced to reduce production drastically. A harsh rationing schedule was defined, leaving the country with only a few hours of centrally produced electricity per day. \nOn 4 August 2020, following a huge double explosion at the port of Beirut, EDL's headquarters located near the port was completely destroyed, as well as the control center of the national grid it housed. The explosion caused the death of several people inside the building. Control of the national network was transferred to Bsalim and temporarily carried out manually. Following this disaster, Central Bank committed itself to pay all fuel shipments to ensure almost round-the-clock electricity production, for a few months only. \nIn May 2021, Turkish Karpowership, which provided Lebanon with 370 megawatts (MW) at a cost of $850 million per year, ceased supplying electricity due to payment arrears and legal threats to its two barges, MV Karadeniz Powership Fatmagül Sultan and MV Karadeniz Powership Orhan Bey. \nBeginning June 2021, EDL was again forced to cut off production, averaging electricity supply to less than 4 daily hours. EDL warned several times that total backout was imminent. \nThere was a power blackout throughout Lebanon in October 2021 after Lebanon’s two largest power stations—the Zahrani and the Deir Ammar power stations—were shut down due to fuel shortages, leaving Lebanon with no centrally generated electricity, and not enough fuel for private electricity generators.\nDespite promises that centrally generated electricity supply will reach 12 daily hours \"soon\", households are not getting more than a few hours of it every day (currently four hours a day, in Beirut, as at November 27, 2021).", "Electricity reform continues to be a major political issue in Lebanon. In 2002, international donors at the Paris II conference pledged to provide finance to the electricity sector in Lebanon on condition of structural reforms. A law providing for the privatisation of the electricity sector was adopted in 2002, at the initiative of the Hariri government. However, the reforms were never implemented.\nIn 2010, Minister of Energy Gebran Bassil launched another reform plan focusing on increasing production capacity, and providing for delegating collection and distribution to the private sector, which was done in 2012. The plan provoked daily protests by employees in the sector, 70% of whom (i.e. 2,000 workers) had been made redundant. Controversies over the financing of new investments, the technological options to be favored, the choice of companies, the acceptance of works, the partial privatization of production had considerably delayed the implementation of the plan and power cuts continued.", "Energy in Lebanon", "\"About EDL\". Edl.gov.lb. Archived from the original on 2006-05-19. Retrieved 2017-07-29.\nGhajar : Destruction totale au siège d'EDL, 5 August 2020 (access: 5 January 2021)\n\"Turkey's Karpowership shuts down power to Lebanon\". Reuters. 14 May 2021.\n\"Turkish Firm Just Cut The Electricity Supply To Lebanon\". the961.com. 14 May 2021.\nLebanon power outage will last several days, official says" ]

[ "Électricité du Liban", "History", "Ottoman Gas Company of Beirut (1908)", "Office of Electricity of Lebanon (1964)", "Since 1990s", "Privatisation", "See also", "References" ]

[ 4261 ]

[ 19502, 19503, 19504, 19505, 19506, 19507, 19508, 19509, 19510, 19511, 19512, 19513 ]

[ "St. Martin's Church" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Elesmes%C3%89glise%283%29.JPG" ]

[ "Élesmes is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.", "", "Communes of the Nord department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 9 August 2021.\n\"Populations légales 2019\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2021.\nINSEE commune file" ]

[ "Élesmes", "Heraldry", "See also", "References" ]

[ 4262 ]

[ 19514 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/%C3%89let_%C3%A9s_Irodalom.jpg" ]

[ "Élet és Irodalom (also known as ÉS; meaning Life and Literature in English) is a weekly Hungarian magazine about literature and politics.", "Élet és Irodalom was first published as a literary magazine on 15 March 1957. In the 1960s its content expanded to include issues of public life in addition to literature. The magazine is published on Fridays and is based in Budapest. It is regarded as, \"the premier weekly of the Hungarian liberal literati.\"\nÉlet és Irodalom was one of the independent publications in Hungary in the late 1990s. The magazine is considered a postmodernist and politically left liberal periodical, politically close to the left-wing parties such as Hungarian Socialist Party and Alliance of Free Democrats. The magazine offers investigative reports about the scandals occurred in the country.\nIn the 1980s, the circulation of Élet és Irodalom was nearly 120,000 copies. It was 27,000 copies in 2007.", "\"Élet és Irodalom\". Euro Topics. Retrieved 22 December 2014.\nMolnár, Virág (January 2016). \"Civil society, radicalism and the rediscovery of mythic nationalism\". Nations and Nationalism. 22 (1): 165–185. doi:10.1111/nana.12126.\nRita M. Csapo-Sweet; Ildiko Kaposi (Spring 1999). \"Mass Media in Post-Communist Hungary\". International Communications Bulletin. 34 (1–2). Retrieved 27 December 2014.\nPéter Bajomi-Lazar; Ágnes Lampe (2013). \"Invisible Journalism? The political impact of investigative journalism in Hungary\". Media Transformations. 9. doi:10.7220/2029-865X.09.03. hdl:20.500.12259/31460.", "Élet és Irodalom website" ]

[ "Élet és Irodalom", "History and profile", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4263 ]

[ 19515, 19516, 19517, 19518 ]

[ "Town hall and post office" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Mairie_d%27El%C3%A9tot_%2876%29.jpg" ]

[ "Életot is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France.", "A farming village on the coast of the Pays de Caux, situated some 32 miles (51 km) northeast of Le Havre, on the D79 road. A pebble beach and spectacular limestone cliffs can be reached by way of the steps of the val d’Ausson.", "", "", "The church of St.Pierre, dating from the seventeenth century.", "Communes of the Seine-Maritime department", "\"Populations légales 2019\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2021.\nPopulation en historique depuis 1968, INSEE" ]

[ "Életot", "Geography", "Heraldry", "Population", "Places of interest", "See also", "References" ]

[ 4264 ]

[ 19519 ]

[ "Town hall", "The church of St.Pierre" ]

[ 0, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Eleuditlauwette-mairie.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Eleuditlauwette-eglise.jpg" ]

[ "Éleu-dit-Leauwette is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.", "A suburban township, situated just 1 mile (1.6 km) south of the centre of Lens, at the junction of the D55, D58 and the A211 autoroute.", "Completely destroyed during World War I and awarded the Croix de Guerre in 1920, this town was once home to many coal miners but is now a light industrial area and bedroom community.", "", "The church of St.Pierre, rebuilt after the First World War.\nParts of the walls of an old castle.\nThe war memorial.", "Communes of the Pas-de-Calais department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.\n\"Populations légales 2019\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2021.\nINSEE commune file\nPopulation en historique depuis 1968, INSEE", "Official town website (in French)\nThe community of communes website (in French)" ]

[ "Éleu-dit-Leauwette", "Geography", "History", "Population", "Places of interest", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4265, 4266 ]

[ 19520, 19521 ]

[ "Founder\nE. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company", "", "Eleuthère (right) and mentor Antoine Lavoisier", "Du Pont's wife, Sophie Madeleine Dalmas du Pont" ]

[ 0, 0, 2, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Eleuth%C3%A8re_Ir%C3%A9n%C3%A9e_du_Pont.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Du_Pont_signature.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Lavoisier_und_Nemours.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a0/Sophie_Madeline_Dalmas_DuPont.jpg" ]

[ "Éleuthère Irénée du Pont de Nemours (/djuːˈpɒnt, ˈdjuːpɒnt/; French: [dypɔ̃]; 24 June 1771 – 31 October 1834) was a French-American chemist and industrialist who founded the gunpowder manufacturer E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. His descendants, the du Pont family, have been one of America's richest and most prominent families since the 19th century, with generations of influential businessmen, politicians and philanthropists. In 1807, du Pont was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in his adopted hometown of Philadelphia.", "Du Pont was born 24 June 1771, in Paris, the son of Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours and Nicole-Charlotte Marie-Louise le Dée de Rencourt. His father was a political economist who had been elevated to the nobility in 1784 by letters patent granted by King Louis XVI, allowing him to carry the honorable de Nemours suffix. Growing up on his father's estate, \"Bois des Fossés\", near Égreville, young du Pont was enthusiastic about his studies in most subjects, and showed particular interest in explosives. Du Pont married Sophie Dalmas (1775–1828) in 1791, and they had eight children.\nDu Pont sailed before his family and landed at Newport, Rhode Island on 1 January 1800, along with his father and his brother's family. By 1802, he had established both his business and his family home, Eleutherian Mills, on the Brandywine Creek in Delaware. 1 January is the anniversary of the arrival of the du Pont family in America, and this date is still celebrated by its descendants.\nDu Pont was a Huguenot.", "In the Fall of 1785, du Pont entered the Collège Royal in Paris. Two years later, he was accepted by the friend of his father and noted chemist Antoine Lavoisier as a student in the Régie des poudres, the government agency responsible for the manufacture of gunpowder. It was from Lavoisier that he gained his expertise in nitrate extraction and manufacture. He studied \"advanced explosives production techniques\" \nAfter a brief apprenticeship, he took a position at the government powder works in Essonne but quit after Lavoisier left. In 1791, du Pont began to help his father manage their small publishing house in Paris, where they published a republican newspaper in support of governmental reforms in France. Du Pont was a member of the pro-Revolution national guard and supported the Jacobins. However, on 20 August 1792, both du Pont and his father participated in protecting the escape of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette when the Tuileries Palace was stormed. His father angered fellow revolutionaries by refusing to go along with the guillotine execution of Louis XVI, and the two men's moderate political views proved to be a liability in revolutionary France.\nHis father was arrested in 1794, only avoiding execution because of the end of the Reign of Terror. In September 1797, du Pont and his father spent a night in La Force prison while their home and presses were ransacked. These events led his father to lose hope in the political situation in France, and so he began making plans to move their family to America and aspired to create a model community of French émigrés. On 2 October 1799, the du Pont family sold their publishing house and set sail for the United States. They reached Rhode Island on 1 January 1800 and began to settle in the home the eldest du Pont had secured in Bergen Point, New Jersey.\nThey soon set up an office in New York City to decide what their new line of business would be, but Éleuthère Irénée was not included in much of these plans. However, he saw the possibilities that his earlier apprenticeship with Lavoisier would allow him and his family in America.", "Du Pont had no thought of becoming involved with gunpowder manufacture again upon his arrival in the United States, but he brought with him an expertise in chemistry and gunpowder making, during a time when the quality of American-made gunpowder was very poor. Delaware legend holds that he decided to go into the gunpowder business during a fateful hunting trip with Major Louis de Tousard, a former French artillery officer then employed by the United States Army to procure gunpowder supplies. Du Pont's gun misfired as he attempted to shoot a bird, which caused him to reflect on his powder-making apprenticeship with Lavoisier as a youth in France. Du Pont commented on the inferior quality of the American-made powder they were using for hunting despite its high price.\nAt his request, Tousard arranged a tour of an American powder plant. He quickly deduced that the saltpeter being used was of good enough quality; however, the American refining process was poor and inefficient compared with the techniques he had learned in France. He began to think that he could use his experience from France to manufacture gunpowder of a higher quality in the United States and reform the current industry standard for refinery. With his father's blessing, he began to assemble capital for the construction of the first powder mills, and returned to France in the beginning of 1801 to procure the necessary financing and equipment.\nThe act of association was signed on 21 April 1801, and the company was christened E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company since it was its namesake's ingenuity that had created this venture. His gunpowder company was capitalized at $36,000 with 18 shares at $2,000 each. He purchased a site on Brandywine Creek for $6,740. There were several small buildings and a dam with foundations for a cotton-spinning mill which had been destroyed by fire. The first gunpowder was produced in April 1804.", "Du Pont died on 31 October 1834 in Philadelphia, aged 63. The cause of death was unspecified, due to \"conflicting reports of either cholera or a heart attack.\" He was buried in the Du Pont de Nemours Cemetery on the family property in Wilmington.", "The company du Pont founded would become one of the largest and most successful American corporations. By the mid-19th century it was the largest supplier of gunpowder to the U.S. military, and supplied as much as 40 percent of the powder used by the Union Army forces during the Civil War. His sons, Alfred V. du Pont (1798–1856) and Henry du Pont (1812–1889), managed the plant after his death, following three years of tutelage by his son-in-law, Jacques Antoine Bidermann. His grandson, Lammot du Pont I (1831–1884), was the first president of the United States Gunpowder Trade Association, popularly known as the Powder Trust.", "Du Pont family\nHagley Museum and Library\nEleutharian Mills", "\"DuPont\". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.\n\"APS Member History\". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2 April 2021.\n\"Family tree of Eleuthère Irénée DU PONT\". Geneanet. Retrieved 12 November 2021.\nRobert Barkan, Elliott (2001). Making it in America: A Sourcebook on Eminent Ethnic Americans. ABC-CLIO. p. 103. ISBN 9781576070987. Although he was baptized in the Roman Catholic Church in order to secure a “civil status,”he was later baptized a Huguenot.\nWisniak, J. 2000. The History of Saltpeter Production with a Bit of Pyrotechnics and Lavoisier. Chem. Educator 5:205–209.\nDuPont Heritage Timeline. http://www2.dupont.com/Phoenix_Heritage/en_US/landing_era1.html\nBrown, G.I. (1998), The Big Bang: A history of Explosives, Sutton Publishing, pp. 27–34. ISBN 0-7509-1878-0\nWilliams. American National Biography Online. http://www.anb.org/articles/10/10-02013.html?a=1&n=E.%20I.%20du%20Pont&d=10&ss=0&q=1\n\"Biographical Note\". Hagley Museum and Library. Retrieved 24 January 2015.\nThe Immigrant Learning Center. www.ilctr.org/promoting-immigrants/immigrant-entrepreneur-hof/dupont/", "Auguste Moutié, Honoré Théodoric Paul Joseph d'Albert duc de Luynes, \"Cartulaire de l'Abbaye de Notre-Dame de la Roche\", Levy-Saint-Nom, France. Notre-Dame de la Roche (Augustinian abbey), Paris, 1862\ndu Pont, Pierre S. (1942). Genealogy of the du Pont Family 1739–1942. Wilmington: Hambleton Printing & Publishing. ASIN B0007FG8N6.\nDutton, William S. (1942). Du Pont, One Hundred and Forty Years. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ASIN B0007DVEZ0.", "Éleuthère Irénée du Pont at Find a Grave\nBio at the Du Pont company website\nThe DuPont Company on the Brandywine (A digital exhibit produced by the Hagley Library that includes the influence of Eleuthere Irenee du Pont in the founding of the company]\nEleuthère Irénée du Pont Papers at Hagley Museum and Library" ]

[ "Éleuthère Irénée du Pont", "Early life and family", "Career in France", "E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company", "Death", "Legacy", "See also", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 4267, 4268, 4269 ]

[ 19522, 19523, 19524, 19525, 19526, 19527, 19528, 19529, 19530, 19531, 19532, 19533, 19534, 19535, 19536, 19537, 19538, 19539, 19540 ]

[ "Éleuthère Mascart", "Bust of Éleuthère Mascart" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Eleuth%C3%A8re-Elie-Nicolas_Mascart%2C_ante_1908_-_Accademia_delle_Scienze_di_Torino_0147_B.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Eleuthere_Mascart_buste.jpg" ]

[ "Éleuthère Élie Nicolas Mascart (20 February 1837 – 24 August 1908) was a noted French physicist, a researcher in optics, electricity, magnetism, and meteorology.", "Mascart was born in Quarouble, Nord. Starting in 1858, he attended the École normale supérieure (rue d'Ulm), earning his agrégé-préparateur three years later. He acquired his doctoral degree in science in 1864. After serving at various posts in secondary education, in 1868 he moved to the Collège de France to become Henri Victor Regnault's assistant.\nMascart was appointed to succeed Régnault as the tenured Régnault chair in 1872, which he held until his death. In 1878 he also became the first director of the Bureau Central Météorologique.\nHe won the Bordin Prize of the Académie française in 1866 and the Grand prix of the Académie des sciences in 1874. He was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1890.\nHe was elected Perpetual Member (1884), Secretary, and in 1904 President, of the Académie des Sciences, and in 1892, Foreign Member of the British Royal Society. Mascart was elected vice president of the British Institution of Electrical Engineers in 1900, the first non-Briton to hold the post. He was also a grand officier of the Légion d'Honneur.\nMascart founded Supélec in 1894.\nMascart's graduate student Henri Bénard carried out groundbreaking experiments in thermal convection, as part of his dissertation research, in Mascart's laboratory. Bénard's doctoral thesis was defended in 1901.\nMascart died in Paris at the age of 71. Obituaries were published in the Journal de Physique théorique et appliquée. and in Nature. Mascart's son-in-law Marcel Brillouin and his grandson Léon Brillouin were also noted scientists.\nCape Mascart is named for him.", "E. Mascart, Recherches sur le spectre solaire ultra-violet et sur la détermination des longueurs d'onde, Thunot, Paris, 1864.\nE. Mascart, Éléments de Mécanique, Paris, 1866, 9th ed. in 1910.\nE. Mascart (1876). Traité d'électricité statique (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Masson.\nTraité d'électricité statique (in French). Vol. 2. Paris: Masson. 1876.\nE. Mascart and J. Joubert, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, Translated by E. Atkinson, 2 volumes, T. De La Rue, London, 1883-1888.\nE. Mascart, Notice sur les travaux scientifiques de M. Éleuthère Mascart, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1884.\nE. Mascart, The Age of Electricity, Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, pp. 153–172, 1894.\nE. Mascart, Traité d'Optique, 3 volumes, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1889-1893.\nE. Mascart (1896). Leçons sur l'éléctricité et le magnetisme (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Masson.\nLeçons sur l'éléctricité et le magnetisme (in French). Vol. 2. Paris: Masson. 1897.\nE. Mascart, Introduction à la physique expérimentale, 1888.\nE. Mascart, Traité de Magnétisme Terrestre, Paris, 1900.", "P. Janet, La vie et les oeuvres d'Eleuthère Mascart, Revue générales des sciences pures et appliquées, vol. 20, pp. 574–593, 1909.\nP. Langevin, Eleuthère Mascart par Paul Langevin, 1909.\nR.H. Stuewer, Mascart, Éleuthère Élie Nicolas, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, vol. 9, pp. 154–156, 1981.\nElectricians International Society, Travaux du Laboratoire central d'électricité, tome I, 1884-1905.\nGirolamo Ramunni and Michel Savio, Cent ans d'histoire de l'École Supérieure d'Electricité, 1894-1994, 1995.", "Fizeau experiment", "\"APS Member History\". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 28 April 2021.\nJ. de Phys., 4th series, vol. 7, pp. 745-746 (1908).\nNature, vol. 78, pp. 446-448 (1908).", "Works written by or about Éleuthère Mascart at Wikisource" ]

[ "Éleuthère Mascart", "Life", "Works", "Bibliography", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4270 ]

[ 19541, 19542, 19543, 19544, 19545, 19546, 19547, 19548, 19549 ]

[ "Éliane Assassi in 2016" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Eliane_ASSASSI_en_2016.jpg" ]

[ "Éliane Assassi (born 2 October 1958) is a French politician and a member of the Senate of France, representing the Seine-Saint-Denis department. She is a member of the Communist, Republican, Citizen and Ecologist group.", "Women in the French Senate", "\"ASSASSI Eliane\". senat.fr. Retrieved 11 October 2013." ]

[ "Éliane Assassi", "See also", "References" ]

[ 4271 ]

[ 19550 ]

[ "Portrait of Éliane Brault" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/19361031_-_Le_Petit_journal_-_%C3%89liane_Brault.jpg" ]

[ "Éliane Brault (18 September 1895, Paris—25 August 1982, Paris) was a French Resistance member, a political personality and a French journalist, also known for her commitment to feminism and her involvement in Freemasonry, especially within the Universal Mixed Grand Lodge, of which she was the first Grand Mistress.", "Éliane Brault was born in the 9th arrondissement of Paris to a rich family. Her father, Élie-Simon Alexandre Brault (1868–1898), was a lawyer at the Court of Appeal of Paris and also a doctor at Hôpital Saint-Louis. He'd just completed his month as an aide-major in the south when he caught typhoid fever by treating soldiers from the 22nd Chasseurs Alpins Battalion; he died a month later, a victime du devoir professionnel (victim of professional duty), at the age of thirty-one. Her mother, Isabelle Moses (1867–1942), was born in Lima to a Jewish Peruvian middle-class family that had converted to Catholicism.\nDuring World War I, she married her childhood friend, Jean Sabourdin (1890–1918), who died in the front. It was in 1917, with Sabourdin, that she gave birth to her first son, Roger Sabourdin. She remarried in 1923; this time, she married a lawyer, Louis Gallié (1883–1974), with whom she had her second son, Alexandre Brault Gallié (1925–1971). In 1933, Éliane Brault and Louis Gallié divorced.\nOn top of her political and Masonic commitments, Éliane Brault showed an interest in the cause of childhood and adolescence throughout her life; she was Deputy Director of the School of Rehabilitation in Clermont, Oise, in 1936, inspector of a number of institutions in 1937, Secretary General of the Higher Council for Children and, a member of the Higher Council of Assistance publique (public assistance). In 1938, she published her recommendations in the Revue d'hygiène et de médecine sociale (the Journal of Hygiene and Social Medicine).", "Her second husband, Louis Gallié, and Émile Borel, a pacifist, introduced her to the Radical Party, which she went on to join in 1925. She was committed to her work with the party, which she did largely with Marcelle Kraemer-Bach, a lawyer and member of the French Union for Women's Suffrage. She worked as a speaker and journalist for the papers Le Radical, La France radical, Le Républicain jacobin and L’Ère nouvelle. She was a member of the journalists' union and, through her articles and speeches, expressed her expectation of a society where the principles of freedom as well as equality of rights and labour are applied indistinctly. She had recognised expertise and she was one of the five women members of the party's bureau before 1940. She was elected in 1933—an election which was considered a feminist success against her opponents within the party. She worked towards a policy of social works and solidarity.\nIn 1934, amidst political crisis and the rise of the extreme right, Éliane Brault started l'Action démocratique des femmes (the Democratic Action of Women) and regularly marched in demonstrations in support of the Republic. In 1935, she founded la Fédération des femmes radicale (the Federation of Radical Women), of which she became president. After a trip to the Soviet Union, she became interested in the Soviet regime's position on women and children. It was because of this interest that she became closer to the Communist Party. The 1936 elections were a success for her and left-wing politics in France as many radical and socialist members of the Popular Front won their elections. She was part of the fight against fascism, and openly supported the Spanish Republicans as well as the victims of fascism throughout Europe. With the fall of Léon Blum's government in April 1938, she joined the left-wing of the Radical Party. In 1939, she used her influence to open the borders and welcome children who had to flee from, or were orphaned by, Franco's regime.", "After France's defeat in 1940 and the establishment of the Vichy regime, which excluded Jews and Freemasons from public office, Éliane Brault was the subject of denunciation in the extreme right-wing newspaper, Je suis partout. Being an anti-fascist, Freemason and of Jewish descent, she was relieved of her duties 1 October 1940. Due to having already made contact with the Resistance, she was arrested January 1941, and imprisoned in Marseille in February of the same year. She managed to escape and fled to Algeria and, afterwards, Casablanca where the British would allow her to go to London.\nUpon arrival in London, she joined the Free French forces. She began organising a body of french doctors and nurses, taking command as a captain. With part of her group, she joined the 1st Free French Division in Beirut, where she remained at the disposal of command. She helped fighting the Nazi invasion of Russia and found the pilots of the Normandie-Niemen. In April 1944, she returned to Algiers and followed the French corps in the Italian Campaign where, from General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, she received authorisation to create a unit of \"liaison-relief\" intended to give first aid and bring essential aid to liberated populations and combat zones.\nAfter taking part in the Provence landings and the Battle of Alsace with her unit, she was summoned to assist in the perilous evacuation of Thann. She crossed the Rhine and stayed in the Black Forest until November 1945.", "At the end of the war, she resumed her duties at the Ministry of Public Health and Population. She received a certificate of higher administrative studies at École nationale d'administration, allowing her to work under the direction of the ministry until her retirement. She left the Radical Party and joined the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO), where she committed herself to social work.\nShe continued her political commitment to the Unified Socialist Party and worked with various left-wing movements, such as the MRAP, Association France-URSS (France-USSR Association) and, the International Women's Democratic Federation. In the forefront of the socialist movement, she gradually moved away from the party; as she approached her retirement, she put an end to her political activities. However, she did continue her republican commitments, joining le Société des amis de l'école laïque (the Society of Friends of the Secular School), and she devoted time to Association France-Israël. As soon as she retired, she invested herself mostly in Freemasonry.", "Éliane Brault began her long Masonic career in the Masonry of Adoption at the Grande Loge de France. She was initiated 28 June 1927—thirty-two years old—at the adoption lounge, Union et Bienfaisance, then quickly became secretary. She also took part in the creation of Le Général Peigné in 1930. She was made a Worshipful Master from 1934 until the start of the Second world war. Furthermore, she attended the lodges La Nouvelle Jérusalem (the New Jerusalem) and Minerve (Minerva).\nIn 1945, she rejoined La Nouvelle Jérusalem within the Women's Grand Lodge of France. Later, she joined the Marie Bonnevial lodge at Le Droit Humain (DH). As the DH does not recognise the Rite of Adoption, she agreed to be initiated with the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite. She was successive secretary-general and vice president of the national council and the grand inspector of the order until 1969.\nFeeling her role in DH was too heavily constraining and looking for a less symbolist approach which, according to her, tends to move away from societal reflection, she founded the Universal Mixed Grand Lodge (GLMU) in 1973, of which she became the first president, splitting from the other Freemasons. The GLMU worked with values close to those of the Grand Orient de France while being mixed. In 1980, she founded the Supreme Conseil Mixte de France (the Supreme Mixed Council of France) which gradually accepted the Scottish Rite. During this period, she wrote several books on Freemasonry and participated in radio programs.", "Éliane Brault died 25 August 1982, in Paris at the age of 86. She was cremated, in accordance with her will, and her ashes were deposited in the Père Lachaise Cemetery.", "For her actions in World War II, she won the Escapees' Medal and the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945. In 1936, she was made Knight of the Legion of Honour and, in 1947, she was promoted to the rank of Officer within the Legion.", "Her son, Roger Sabourdin, married Gratienne Nada, daughter of René Nada (Pathé Studios director), in 1938 at Notre-Dame-de-Lorette. The groom's witnesses were Marc Rucart and Paul Bastid; the bride's witnesses were Gratien Candace and Pierre Calvet, head of the film department of the Army.", "Éliane Brault published a number of books regarding the experiences and battles throughout her life.\nÀ l'ombre de la croix gammée (préf. Hassolt Davis), Le Caire, R. Schindler, 1943\nU.R.S.S., terre inconnue, une Française revient de Russie, 1946\nLa Franc-maçonnerie et l'émancipation des femmes, 1953\nL'Épopée des A.F.A.T., 1954\nMaria Deraismes, 1962\nPsychanalyse de l'initiation maçonnique, 1965\nLe mystère du Chevalier de Ramsay, Prisme, 1973", "Éric Nadaud, \"Éliane Brault, un parcours au féminin, radical, antifasciste, progressiste, maçonnique et féministe (1895–1982 )\", Histoire@Politique. Politique, culture, société, no 9, septembre-décembre 2009, read online (in French).\n\"Un nouveau pavillon à l'hôpital Saint-Louis\", Le Petit journal, 19 December 1899, p. 2 read online (in French).\n\"Une victime du devoir\", L'Intransigeant, 14 November 1898, p. 3 read online (in French).\nNicole Foussat and CNHRM 2015, p. 99–100.\nNicole Foussat and CNHRM 2015, p. 98.\nNicole Foussat and CNHRM 2015, p. 99.\nGaujac 2000, p. 117.\nNicole Foussat and CNHRM 2015, p. 101.\nGaujac 2000, p. 119.\nNicole Foussat and CNHRM 2015, p. 102.\nNicole Foussat and CNHRM 2015, p. 103.\nNicole Foussat and CNHRM 2015, p. 104.\n\"Les franc-maçonnes célèbres\", on glff.org, Grande Logé féminine de France (in French).\nNicole Foussat and CNHRM 2015, p. 105.\n\"échos et propos\", Le Matin, 23 June 1938, p. 2 read online (in French).\n\"Bouts de films\", L'Intransigeant, 24 June 1938, p. 7 read online (in French).\n\"Le carnet du Figaro\", Le Figaro, 1 July 1938, p. 2 read online (in French).\nSee BNF.", "Françoise Moreillon and the CNHRM of the GLFF (Catherine Jeannin-Nallet), \"Pionnières I : fille d'Ève et de Marianne\", Voix d'initiées, Conform Edition, no. 8, 2015 (ISBN 978-2917075296)\nGaujac, Paul. \"DES CORPS FÉMININS AUX AFAT: Afrique Du Nord 1943–1944.” Guerres Mondiales Et Conflits Contemporains, no. 198, 2000, pp. 109–122. [JSTOR]." ]

[ "Éliane Brault", "Biography", "Radical Party", "Free France", "Postwar", "Freemasonry", "End of life", "Awards", "Family", "Publications", "References", "Bibliography" ]

[ 4272 ]

[ 19551, 19552, 19553, 19554, 19555, 19556, 19557, 19558, 19559, 19560, 19561, 19562, 19563, 19564, 19565, 19566, 19567, 19568, 19569, 19570, 19571, 19572, 19573, 19574, 19575, 19576 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Droubly_a_treichville.JPG" ]

[ "Éliane Dohi Droubry (born 24 November 1987 in Doubé, Ouragahio, north of the city of Gagnoa) is an Ivorian international competition swimmer.\nShe used to live in South Africa, and was studying at the University of Pretoria. Through the National Olympic Committee, she was operating at the Attacks NTS (National Swimming Team) club of the University of Pretoria. She is one of the Ivory Coast's greatest hopes in the sport of swimming. She specialises in four particular strokes (butterfly, breaststroke, backstroke, and front crawl) and especially in distances of 50, 100, and 200 meters. She currently lives in Belgium.", "Participated in the team of Ivory Coast at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.\nFourth place in the 2003 African games\nSet a world record in 800m freestyle\nParticipated in orange bowl in the Olympic pool of Treichville.\nParticipated in the 2003 Afro-Asiatic games\nParticipated in the 2007 All-Africa Games", "Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Éliane Droubry\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2014.\nafricanaute.com Éliane Droubry - Nageuse (Côte d'Ivoire)\nWomens Metres Freestyle Round One at Sports Reference at Sports Reference" ]

[ "Éliane Droubry", "Awards", "References" ]

[ 4273 ]

[ 19577, 19578 ]

[ "Éliane Radigue" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/%C3%89liane_Radigue_and_Cat.jpg" ]

[ "Éliane Radigue (born January 24, 1932) is a French electronic music composer. She began working in the 1950s and her first compositions were presented in the late 1960s. Until 2000 her work was almost exclusively created with the ARP 2500 modular synthesizer and tape. Since 2001 she has composed mainly for acoustic instruments.", "Radigue was born in a modest family of merchants and raised in Paris at Les Halles. She later married the French-born American artist Arman with whom she lived in Nice while raising their three children, before returning to Paris in 1967. She had studied piano and was already composing before hearing a broadcast by the founder of musique concrète Pierre Schaeffer. She soon met him, and in the early '50s became his student, working periodically at the Studio d'Essai during visits to Paris. In the early 1960s, she was assistant to Pierre Henry, creating some of the sounds which appeared in his works. As her own work matured, Schaeffer and Henry felt that her use of microphone feedback and long tape loops (as heard in Vice-Versa and Feedback Works 1969-1970) was moving away from their ideals, though her practice was still related to their methods.", "", "Radigue's initial education on electroacoustic music was from composer Pierre Schaeffer, whom she was introduced via radio broadcasts of his music. After meeting him in person through a mutual friend, Radigue started her music education under Schaeffer and Pierre Henry at Studio d'Essai de la Radiodiffusion Nationale in Paris on 1955. At the institution, Radigue was trained on tape music techniques as a part of her education in musique concrète. Radigue described the experience of working in the Groupe de Recherche de Musique Concrète as eye-opening, as it introduced her to the idea that any sounds were able to be considered musical. However, she also described her early music to be paralleled from the practice as both of her educators disfavored electronic music over musique concrète principles.", "Radigue left Studio d'Essai due to the need to support her children's education. As she lost access to studios and equipment, she pursued music education on classical composition, harp, and piano. In 1967, Radigue reconnected with Pierre Henry and started to work as his assistant at Studio Apsome. During this time, she developed particular interest in tape feedback technique, as it fit her sonic vision of minuscule developments over an extended time. After a year, Radigue resigned and started her professional music career, primarily working within the tape editing medium.", "Around 1970, Radigue created her first synthesizer-based music in a studio she shared with Laurie Spiegel on a Buchla synthesizer installed by Morton Subotnick at NYU. (Chry-ptus dates from this time.) Her goal at this point was to create a slow, purposeful \"unfolding\" of sound through the use of analogue synthesizers and magnetic tape, with results she felt to be closer to the minimal composers of New York at the time than to the French musique concrète composers who had been her previous allies. She experimented with Buchla and Moog synthesizers before finding in the ARP 2500 synthesizer the vehicle she would use exclusively for the next 25 years in forging her characteristic sound, beginning with Adnos I (1974). After that work's premiere at Mills College at the invitation of Robert Ashley, a group of visiting French music students spoke to her about Tibetan Buddhism, a subject she found fascinating and began investigating upon her return to Paris.", "After investigating Tibetan Buddhism, she quickly converted and spent the next three years devoted to its practice under her guru Tsuglak Mawe Wangchuk (the tenth incarnation of Pawo Rinpoche), who subsequently sent her back to her musical work. She returned to composition, picking up where she left off, using the same working methods and goals as before, finishing Adnos II in 1979 and Adnos III in 1980. Then came a series of works dedicated to Milarepa, the great Tibetan yogi, known for his Hundred Thousand Songs representing the basis of his teaching. First she composed the Songs of Milarepa, followed by Jetsun Mila, an evocation of the life of this great master; the creation of these works was sponsored by the French government.\nIn the late 1980s and early 1990s, she devoted herself to a singular three-hour work. Considered to be her masterpiece, the Trilogie de la Mort was released in 1998; the first part kyema Intermediate states follows the path of the continuum of the six states of consciousness. The work was influenced as much by the Bardo Thodol (aka Tibetan Book of the Dead) and her meditation practice, as by the deaths of Tsuglak Mawe Wangchuk and of her son Yves Arman. The first third of the Trilogie, \"Kyema\", was her first recording to be released on Phill Niblock's XI label. In his AllMusic review, \"Blue\" Gene Tyranny described Trilogie de la Mort as a \"profound work of electronic music\".", "In 2000, she made her last electronic work in Paris, L'Ile Re-sonante, for which she received the Golden Nica Award at the festival Ars Electronica in 2006.\nIn 2001, on request from electric bassist and composer Kasper T. Toeplitz, she created her first instrumental work, Elemental II, which she took up again with The Lappetites, a laptop improvisation group comprising Antye Greie/AGF, Kaffe Matthews and Ryoko Akama. She participated in their first album Before the Libretto on the Quecksilber label in 2005.\nSince 2004 she has dedicated herself to works for acoustic instruments. First with the American cellist Charles Curtis, the first part of Naldjorlak was premiered in December 2005 in New York and later played in 25 concerts across the U.S. and Europe. The second part of Naldjorlak for the two basset horn players Carol Robinson and Bruno Martinez, was created in September 2007 at the Aarau Festival (Switzerland). The three musicians completed the third part of Naldjorlak with Radigue and premiered the complete work, \"Naldjorlak I,II,III\", in Bordeaux on January 24, 2009. In June 2011 her composition for solo harp Occam I, written for the harpist Rhodri Davies, was premiered in London. Numerous solos and ensemble pieces in the OCCAM cycle have followed.", "Jouet électronique, archival, 1967\nElemental I, archival, 1968\nUsral, Grand Palais, Paris, 1969\nOmnht, Rive Droite Gallery, Paris, 1970\nStress Osaka, Osaka International Fair, Osaka, 1970\nVice-Versa, etc..., Lara Vincy Gallery, Paris, 1970\nOpus 17, Centre Artistique de Verderonne, Verderonne, France, 1970\nChry-ptus, New York Cultural Art Center, 1971\n7th Birth, New York, 1972\nGeelriandre, Théatre de la Musique, Paris, 1972\nΨ 847, The Kitchen, New York, 1973\nArthesis, Theater Vanguard, Los Angeles, 1973\nBiogenesis and Transamorem Transmortem, The Kitchen, New York, 6 March 1974\nAdnos, Festival d'Automne, Paris, 1974\n7 petites pièeces pour un Labyrinthe Sonore, GERM, Paris, 1975\nTriptych, Dancehall/Theatre of Nancy, 1978\nAdnos II, Mills College, Oakland, 1980\nAdnos III, Prélude à Milarepa, Experimental Intermedia Foundation, New York, 1982\n5 Songs of Milarepa, San Francisco Art Institute, 1984\nJetsun Mila, Vie de Milarepa, GERM, Paris, 1986\nKyema, New Langton Arts, San Francisco, 1988\nKailasha, Experimental Intermedia Foundation, New York, 1991\nKoumé, Mamac, Festival MANCA, Nice, 1993\nThe last three works constitute the three parts of the Trilogie de la Mort.\nElemental II, Festival Cités soniques, CCmix, January 2004\nNaldjorlak, Tenri Cultural Institute, New York, December 2005\nNaldjorlak I II III, CACP, Bordeaux, January 2009", "Occam I for harp Premiered by Rhodri Davies in London (Sound and Music Festival, June 14, 2011)\nOccam II for violin Premiered by Silvia Tarozzi in Bologna (Angelica Festival, May 3, 2012)\nOccam III for birbynė Premiered by Carol Robinson in Bologna (Angelica Festival, May 3, 2012) 20’\nOccam IV for viola Premiered by Julia Eckhardt in Bologna (Angelica Festival, May 3, 2012)\nOccam V for cello Premiere by Charles Curtis in New York (Issue Project Room, September 20, 2013)\nOccam VI for EMS synthesizer Premiere by Thomas Lehn in Berlin (faithful!/Berghain Festival, October 12, 2012)\nOccam VII for voice and electronics Antye Greie-Ripatti\nOccam VIII for cello Premiere by Deborah Walker in Metz (FRAC Lorraine, December 5, 2013)\nOccam IX for “digital spring spyre” Premiere by Laetitia Sonami in San Francisco (Brava Theater SFEMF2013, September 13, 2013)\nOccam X for trumpet Premiere by Nate Wooley in New York (Issue Project Room, October 24, 2014)\nOccam XI for tuba Premiere by Robin Hayward in Brussels (Q-O2, December 5, 2014)\nOccam XII for viola Premiered by Catherine Lamb in Frankfurt (Cresc… Biennale für Moderne Musik, November 25, 2017)\nOccam XIII for bassoon Premiere by Dafne Vicente-Sandoval in Glasgow (Tectonics Festival, May 2, 2015)\nOccam XIV for harp Premiered by Hélène Bréchand  in Paris (Collège des Bernardins, April 26, 2017)\nOccam XV for clarinet in C Premiered by Bruno Martinez\nOccam XVI for bass clarinet Premiered by Carol Robinson in Dundalk (Oriel Centre, June 20, 2014) 23’\nOccam XVII for double base Premiered by Dominic Lash in London (South Bank Centre, Harmonic Series, February 3, 2016)\nOccam XVIII for sub-base recorder Premiered by Pia Palme (Huddersfield, Beyond Pythagoras Symposium, March 21, 2014)\nOccam XIX for five string double bass Premiered by Louis-Michel Marion in Clermont-Ferrand (Festival des Musiques Démesurées, November 15, 2014) 30’\nOccam XX for EMS synthesizer Premiered by Ryoko Akama in Huddersfield (Huddersfield Contemporary Music Festival, November 22, 2014)\nOccam XXI for violin Premiered by Angharad Davies in Mexico (El Nicho festival, May 17, 2015)\nOccam XXII for voice Premiered by Yannick Guédon in San Sebastian (Tabakalera, June 29, 2018)\nOccam XXIII for alto saxophone Premiered by Bertrand Gauguet in Paris (Festival d’Automne, Palais de Tokyo, December 14, 2018) 20’\nOccam XXIV for bass and alto flute Premiered by Cat Hope in Eveleigh New South Wales (Carriageworks, June 28, 2018)\nOccam XXV for organ Premiered by Frédéric Blondy in London (Organ Reframed Festival, October 13, 2018) 40’\nOccam XXVI for percussion (cymbal) Premiered by Enrico Malatesta in Berlin (Barggain/CTM festival, November 16, 2018)\nOccam XXVII for bagpipes Premiered by Erwan Keravec in Montreal (Le Gesù, Amphitheatre, September 11, 2019)\nOccam River I for birbynė and viola Premiered by Carol Robinson, Julia Eckhardt in Bolzano (Muserole Festival, May 5, 2012) 25’\nOccam River II for violin and cello Premiered by Silvia Tarozzi, Deborah Walker in Metz (FRAC Lorraine, December 5, 2013)\nOccam River III for birbynė and trumpet Premiered by Carol Robinson, Nate Wooley in New York (Issue Project Room, October 24, 2014) 22’\nOccam River IV for tuba and cello Premiered by Robin Hayward, Charles Curtis in Brussels (Q-O2, December 5, 2014)\nOccam River V for viola and cello Premiered by Catherine Lamb, Deborah Walker in Brussels (Festival Ars Musica, November 14, 2014)\nOccam River VI for sub-bass recorder and harp Premiered by Pia Palme, Rhodri Davies in Huddersfield (Beyond Pythagoras Symposium, March 21, 2014)\nOccam River VII for bassoon and cello Dafne Vicente-Sandoval, Deborah Walker\nOccam River VIII for bass clarinet and five string double base Premiered by Carol Robinson, Louis-Michel Marion in Claremont-Ferrand (Festival des Musiques Démesurées, November 15, 2014) 26’\nOccam River IX for two violas Premiered by Julia Eckhardt, Catherine Lamb in Brussels (Festival Ars Musica, November 14, 2014)\nOccam River X for bassoon and tuba Premiered by Dafne Vicente-Sandoval, Robin Hayward in Glasgow (Techtonics Festival, May 2, 2015)\nOccam River XI for bassoon and cello Premiered by Dafne Vicente-Sandova, Charles Curtis in Glasgow (Techtonics Festival, May 2, 2015)\nOccam River XII for cello and harp Premiered by Charles Curtis, Rhodri Davies in Glasgow (Techtonics Festival, May 2, 2015)\nOccam River XIII for bassoon and harp Premiered by Dafne Vincente Sandoval and Rhodri Davies in Oslo (Ultima oslo contemporary music festival, September 9, 2017)\nOccam River XIV for harp and five string double bass Premiered by Hélène Breschand and Louis-Michel Marion (Collège des Bernardins, April 26, 2017)\nOccam River XV for violin and double bass Premiered by Angharad Davies and Dominic Lash in Matlock Bath, Derbyshire (Great Masson Cavern, September 17, 2017)\nOccam River XVI for birbynė and harp Premiered by Carol Robinson and Rhodri Davies in Brooklyn (Moving Sounds Festival, October 20, 2017) 54’\nOccam River XVII for violin and harp Angharad Davies and Rhodri Davies\nOccam River XVIII for double bass and harp Dominic Lash and Rhodri Davies\nOccam River XIX for viola and baritone Premiered by Julia Eckhardt and Yannick Guédon in San Sebastian (Tabakalera, June 29, 2018)\nOccam River XX for harp duo Helene Breschand and Rhodri Davies\nOccam River XXI for tuba and harp Robin Hayward and Rhodri Davies\nOccam River XXII for bass clarinet and saxophone (co-signed with Carol Robinson) Premiered by Carol Robinson and Bertrand Gauguet in Paris (Palais de Tokyo, December 14, 2018) 28’\nOccam River XXIII\nOccam River XXIV\nOccam River XXV\nOccam River XXVI\nOccam River XXVII for bass clarinet and harp Premiered by Carol Robinson and Helene Breschand in Paris (Centre Georges Pompidou, September 13, 2020) 20’\nOccam River XXVIII for birbynė and viola de gamba (2021) 27’\nOccam Delta I for birbynė, violin, viola and harp Premiere by Carol Robinson, Silvia Tarozzi, Julia Eckhardt, Rhodri Davies in Bologna (Angelica Festival, May 3, 2012)\nOccam Delta II for bass clarinet, viola and harp Premiered by Carol Robinson, Julia Eckhardt, Rhodri Davies in Huddersfield (Huddersfield Contemporary Music Festival, November 19, 2012) 30’\nOccam Delta III for violin, viola and cello premiere - Silvia Tarozzi, Julia Eckhardt, Deborah Walker in Metz (FRAC Lorraine, December 5, 2013)\nOccam Delta IV for tuba, cello and harp Premiered by Robin Hayward, Charles Curtis, Rhodri Davies in Paris (Festival d’Automne, November 22, 2013)\nOccam Delta V for bass clarinet, tuba, cello and harp Premiered by Carol Robinson, Robin Hayward, Charles Curtis, Rhodri Davies in Paris (Festival d’Automne, November 22, 2013) 20’\nOccam Delta VI pour bassoon, two violas and cello Dafne Vicente-Sandoval, Julia Eckhardt, Catherine Lamb, Deborah Walker\nOccam Delta VII for two violas and cello Premiered by Julia Eckhardt, Catherine Lamb, Deborah Walker in Brussels (Festival Ars Musica, November 14, 2014)\nOccam Delta VIII for bassoon, tuba, cello and harp Premiered by Charles Curtis, Rhodri Davies, Robin Hayward, Dafne Vicente-Sandoval in Glasgow (Techtonics Festival, May 2, 2015)\nOccam Delta IX for bassoon, tuba, and cello Premiered by Dafne Vicente-Sandoval, Robin Hayward, Charles Curtis in Mexico (Festival El Nicho, May 17, 2015)\nOccam Delta X for trombone, horn, tuba Premiered by Hillary Jeffrey, Elena Kanakaliagou, Robin Howard in Milan (Pirelli Hangar Bicocca, December 18, 2018)\nOccam Delta XI for violin, viola and bassoon Premiered by Silvia Tarozzi, Julia Eckhardt, Dafne Vicente-Sandoval in Paris (Cartier Foundation, July 4, 2016)\nOccam Delta XII for bass fute, bass clarinet and cello Premiered by Erik Drescher, Volker Hemken, Robert Engelbrecht in Hamburg (Club Katarakt, January 20, 2017)\nOccam Delta XIII for base clarinet, harp and 5-string double bass Premiered by Carol Robinson, Hélène Breschand, Louis-Michel Marion in Metz (Église Saint-Maximin, Fragment, January 18, 2019) 35’\nOccam Delta XIV for harp, violin and double bass Premiered by Angharad Davies, Dominic Lash, Rhodri Davies in London (Café Oto, March 10, 2019)\nOccam Delta XV for string quartet Premiered by Isabelle Bozzini, Alissa Cheung, Stéphanie Bozzini, Clemens Merkel in Montreal (Fonderie Darling, Suoni per il Popolo Festival, June 9, 2018)\nOccam Delta XVI for bassoon, tuba and harp Premiered by Dafne Vicente-Sandoval, Robin Hayward, Rhodri Davies in Darmstadt (Darmstadt Summer Course, July 17, 2018)\nOccam Delta XVII for bassoon, violoncello and harp Premiered by Dafne Vicente-Sandoval, Charles Curtis, Rhodri Davies in Glasgow (Festival Techtonics, May 2, 2015)\nOccam Delta XVIII for saxophone, viola, baritone, bass clarinet Premiered by Bertrand Gauguet, Julia Eckhardt, Yannick Guedon, Carol Robinson in Paris (Palais de Tokyo, December 14, 2018) 30’\nOccam Delta XIX for alto saxophone, birbynė, voice+viola de gamba Premiered by Carol Robinson, Bertrand Gauguet, Yannick Guedon (2019) 25’\nOccam Hexa I for bass clarinet, tuba, viola, cello and harp Premiered by Carol Robinson, Robin Hayward, Julia Eckhardt, Charles Curtis, Rhodri Davies in Paris (Festival d’Automne, November 22, 2013) 24’\nOccam Hexa II for fute, clarinet, viola, cello and percussion (co-signed with Carol Robinson) Premiered by Decibel (Cat Hope, Linsay Vickery, Aaron Wyatt, Tristen Parr, Stuart James) in Perth (PICA, October 30, 2015)\nOccam Hexa III for trumpet, bassoon, bass clarinet, violin, viola and 5-string double bass – Nate Wooley, Dafné Vicente-Sandoval, Carol Robinson, Silvia Tarozzi, Julia Eckhardt, Louis-Michel Marion (Foundation Cartier, July 4, 2016) 27’\nOccam Hexa IV for 2 violins, viola, cello and double bass Premiered by Silvia Tarozzi, Angharad Davies, Julia Eckhardt and Dominic Lash in Huddersfield (Huddersfield Contemporary Music Festival, November 21, 2016)\nOccam Hexa V for 2 saxophone, trombone, electric guitar, piano and percussion\nOccam Hepta I for Ensemble Dedalus (guitar, viola, trombone, trompet, violin, bassoon, and cello) Premiered in Salzburg (University Mozarteum, Festival Crossroads, December 6, 2018)\nOccam Océan I for large ensemble Premiere by ONCEIM, conductor Fréderic Blondy in Paris (Église Saint Merri, CRACK Festival, September 26, 2015) 55’", "Vice - Versa, Etc... (single disc) (Self-released, 1970)\nSongs of Milarepa (single disc) (Lovely Music, 1983)\nJetsun Mila (Lovely Music, 1987)\nMila's Journey Inspired by a Dream (Lovely Music, 1987)\nKyema, Intermediate States (Experimental Intermedia, 1990)\nBiogenesis (Metamkine, 1996)\nTrilogie de la mort (Experimental Intermedia, 1998)\nSongs of Milarepa (two discs) (Lovely Music, 1998)\nΣ = a = b = a + b (2 x 7\" limited edition) (Galerie Yvon Lambert, 1969, taken up by Povertech Industries, 2000)\nAdnos I–III (Table of the Elements, 2002)\nGeelriandre / Arthesis (Fringes Archive, 2003)\nElemental II (Records of Sleaze Art, 2004)\nL'île re-sonante (Shiiin, 2005)\nChry-ptus (Schoolmap, 2007)\nNaldjorlak for Charles Curtis, (Shiiin, 2008)\nTriptych (Important, 2009)\nVice Versa, etc. (Important, 2009)\nJouet electronique / Elemental I (Alma Marghen, 2010)\nTransamorem / Transmortem (Important, 2011)\nFeedback Works 1969–1970 (Alga Marghen, 2012)\n\"Ψ 847\" (Oral, 2013)\nNaldjorlak I II III (shiiin, 2013)\nOccam XXV (Organ Reframed, 2022)\nThe triple-CD recording Trilogie de la mort includes Kyema, Kailasha and Koume.\nThe two-disc recording Songs of Milarepa includes Mila's Journey Inspired by a Dream .", "Before the Libretto (Quecksilber, 2005)", "\"RADIGUE Eliane (1932)\". Centre de documentation de la musique contemporaine. 2012-10-25. Retrieved 2022-01-26.\nÉliane Radigue biography at Lovely Music\nÉliane Radigue biography at Berliner Festspiele\nJoanna Demers Listening through the Noise: The Aesthetics of Experimental ... 2010, p. 94: \"The work of Éliane Radigue quickly puts to rest suspicions that all drones sound like Young's. Radigue is a French electronic-music composer who studied with Schaeffer and Pierre Henry in the 1950s before trading musique concrète for a ...\"\n\"Eliane Radigue: An interview\". Telekom Electronic Beats. 2012-10-11. Retrieved 2020-04-20.\n\"Eliane Radigue\". www.lovely.com. Retrieved 2016-12-11.\nWyse, Pascal (2011-06-16). \"Eliane Radigue's brave new worlds\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-04-20.\n\"éliane radigue - purple MAGAZINE\". Purple (in French). Retrieved 2020-04-20.\n\"Eliane Radigue\". www.lovely.com. Retrieved 2016-12-11.\nWyse, Pascal (2011-06-16). \"Eliane Radigue's brave new worlds\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-04-20.\nGluck, Bob (2009–2010). Merkowitz, Jennifer (ed.). \"An Interview with Eliane Radigue\" (PDF). Array: 45–49.\nNagoski, Ian (n.d.). \"Very Slowly from the Inside: an Interview with Éliane Radigue\". Yeti. 8: 54.\nGayou, Evelyne. \"Interview with Éliane Radigue\". Retrieved 2020-12-11.\n\"His Eminence Nenang Pawo Rinpoche\". 17 June 2017.\n\"Éliane Radigue, Mining Wisdom From 11th-Century Buddhism by Ben Ratliff, The New York Times, 20 August 2015\n\"Eliane Radigue Trilogie De La Mort\". Boomkat. Retrieved 4 August 2022.\nTyranny, \"Blue\" Gene. \"Trilogie de la Mort (Trilogy on Death) Review by \"Blue\" Gene Tyranny\". AllMusic. Retrieved 4 August 2022.\nHolterbach, Emmanuel. \"Eliane Radigue\". Institut für Medienarchäologie. Retrieved 2022-01-31.\nCowley, Julian (February 2022). \"The Primer: Éliane Radigue\". The Wire. No. 456. p. 37. Retrieved 2022-01-31.\nWooley, Nate (2021). \"Fading In...\" Sound American. Anthology of Recorded Music Inc. (26). ISSN 2693-9207. OCLC 1166774289.\nMolleson, Kate (2015-05-04). \"Tectonics review – classical meets abstract sound-art in fruitful festival collision\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2022-01-26.\nEede, Christian (2022-01-14). \"The Quietus | News | Éliane Radigue To Release Her First Organ Work, 'Occam XXV'\". The Quietus. Retrieved 2022-01-26.", "Éliane Radigue biography at www.lovely.com\n\"Éliane Radigue: The Mysterious Power Of The Infinitesimal\" by Julien Bécourt at Red Bull Music Academy\n\"Interview: Eliane Radigue's brave new worlds\" by Pascal Wyse at The Guardian (U.K.)\nA Portrait of Éliane Radigue at Vimeo\n(in French) with English sub Interview Eliane RADIGUE\nÉliane Radigue interviewed on a streaming radio show broadcast 27 July 1996. The interview starts at 38:24 and lasts an hour.\nLappetites home page\nNaldjorlak (2005) for solo cello, 65 minutes\nÉliane Radigue at Arcane Candy: a review of Trilogie de la mort, composed 1985–1993" ]

[ "Éliane Radigue", "Biography", "Career", "1955–1957: Apprenticeship in musique concrète", "1960s: Tape feedback", "1970s–1990s: Experiments with synthesizers", "Buddhist influence", "2000s–present: Acoustic works", "Selected works", "Occam Series", "Discography", "With The Lappetites", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4274 ]

[ 19579, 19580, 19581, 19582, 19583, 19584, 19585, 19586, 19587, 19588, 19589, 19590, 19591, 19592, 19593, 19594, 19595, 19596, 19597, 19598, 19599, 19600, 19601, 19602, 19603 ]

[ "Eliane Richepin after a concert by one of her students at Salle Gaveau in Paris (1989)" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Richepin_Weigel.jpg" ]

[ "Éliane Richepin (1910 – 9 March 1999) was a French classical pianist.", "Richepin studied music at the Conservatoire de Paris where she received several first prizes: piano, harmony, fugue, counterpoint and musical composition. She was a pupil of Georges Falkenberg, Marguerite Long, Alfred Cortot and Yves Nat for the piano, Paul Fauchet and Noël Gallon for harmony, fugue and counterpoint and Henri Büsser for composition. Logiste at the Prix de Rome in 1938, École des Beaux-Arts Prize in 1943 for her work Fantaisie pour piano et orchestre which she premiered with the Pasdeloup Orchestra under the direction of French conductor and composer Albert Wolff, her international career grew considerably.\nA member of the jury at the Conservatoire de Paris, she was invited to major international competitions such as the Long-Thibaud-Crespin Competition, the Busoni, Vercelli, Buenos-Aires, Porto, Rio de Janeiro, Maria Canals (Barcelona) competitions, and the prestigious International Chopin Piano Competition. The Philadelphia Orchestra named her an honorary member at the end of one of the concerts she gave during a tour in the USA. Since the beginning of her career in 1946, Richepin gave more than 1.200 recitals and 700 concerts with orchestra under the direction of the greatest conductors of the moment.\nNot only being an accomplished pianist, she devoted part of her activities to the organization of important cultural and artistic events. She is the founder and president of the Montevideo International Piano Competition, part of the world federation of international competitions and who, back in France in the early 1970s, founded and presided over the Annecy International Music Centre, which offers a choice teaching provided by leading figures in French pedagogy such as Joseph Calvet, Reine Flachot, Roger Bourdin, Daniel Deffayet and Michèle Auclair.\nAt the same time, she founded the Université Musicale Internationale de Paris (UMIP), bringing together a large number of her artistic friends, eminent teachers such as Livia Rev, Miłosz Magin, Julien Falk, Anne-Marie Mangeot, Devy Erlih, Oscar Caceres, Isabelle Nef, Annie Challan. Invited all over the world to give masterclasses in piano pedagogic centers (Tokyo, Moscow, Sofia, Osaka, Berlin, Warsaw, London, Athens), Richepin was particularly attached to the discovery and support of young pianists during her long teaching career. Grand officer of the Légion d'honneur, she rests in the cemetery of Auvers-sur-Oise near the church and the Festival she loved so much.", "Among her pupils were Carlos Cebro, Jacques Delannoy, Pascal Escande, (founder of the Auvers-sur-Oise Festival Pascal Gallet, Matthieu Gonet, Pascal Jourdan, Jean-Pascal Meyer, Florence Millet, Roger Muraro, Julia Tamamdjieva, Demis Visvikis, François Weigel.", "Richepin died in Paris on 9 March 1999.\n\"One of the greatest interpreters of our time\" - Detroit Times.\n\"How did she play? Eliane Richepin was not a wild virtuoso and her playing owed nothing to Marguerite Long's overarticulated piano. Eliane Richepin's deep sonority, imaginative phrasing, sometimes daring rubato owed much to Alfred Cortot and her own conception of Chopin, Ravel and Debussy of which she was a remarkable performer. If Éliane Richepin did not externalize a \"pianism\" that she exclusively put at the service of music, she did not lack means. At the age of seventy-five, she still played Chopin's twenty-four Preludes which, in many respects, remain the pantheon of piano technique\".\n— Alain Lompech, Le Monde 15 March 1999.", "Chopin: 24 Préludes Op. 28 - Disque Variance (33 Tours Mono-Stéréo) (1973) - Référence VR 33531 (D).\nChopin: 4 Ballades et 4 Mazurkas Op. 30 - Disque REM - Référence 10183 XT", "\"Georges Falkenberg (1854-1940)\".\n\"Paul Fauchet (1881-1937)\".\nÉliane Richepin\n\"Nouvelles musicales : Interview d'Eliane RICHEPIN\".\n\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2017-08-12. Retrieved 2018-05-08.\n\"AUVERS-SUR-OISE (95) : Cimetière - Cimetières de France et d'ailleurs\".\n\"Obituaires d'août 1998 à juin 1999\".\nhttp://www.presseocean.fr/actualite/nantes-disparition-du-pianiste-nantais-jacques-delannoy-29-01-2015-147843\nhttps://festival-auvers.com/bioescande.pdf\nhttp://festival-auvers.com\n\"Pascal Jourdan | Opéra Orchestre National Montpellier\".\nRoger Muraro, Éliane Richepin m'a obligé à regarder les étoiles (3/5) on France Musique\n\"Detroit Free Press from Detroit, Michigan on March 1, 1955 · Page 17\".\nhttp://www.bodak.com/Eliane_Richepin_Le_Monde.html\nArchived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: ELIANE RICHEPIN plays CHOPIN 24 Préludes Op.28 COMPLETE (ca 1982). YouTube.", "Éliane Richepin on Discogs\nMusica et Memoria : Le Panthéon des musiciens - D'août 1998 à juin 1999\nPage d'hommage sur le site du pianiste italien Luigi Cordova\nÉliane Richepin plays Chopin 24 Préludes Op.28 complete (ca 1982) (YouTube)" ]

[ "Éliane Richepin", "Biography", "Pupils", "Homage", "Selected discography", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4275 ]

[ 19604, 19605, 19606, 19607, 19608, 19609, 19610, 19611, 19612, 19613, 19614, 19615, 19616 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Eliane_Vogel-Polsky.jpg" ]

[ "Éliane Vogel-Polsky (5 July 1926 – 13 November 2015) was a Belgian lawyer and feminist.", "Éliane Vogel-Polsky was born in Ghent on 5 July 1926, one of two daughters. Her parents were Russian Jews who had immigrated to Belgium after the end of the First World War. She attended the Lycée Émile Jacqmain but her education was interrupted by the Holocaust. The anti-Jewish regulations introduced by the German forces of occupation obliged Vogel-Polsky to finish school under a false name with the Benedictine sisters in Liège.\nVogel-Polsky enrolled at Saint-Louis University, Brussels for a preparatory law degree in 1944. On 7 July 1950 she graduated with a doctorate in law at the Université libre de Bruxelles; she was called to the bar the same year. During her doctorate she first met Marie-Thérèse Cuvelliez and Odette De Wynter. In 1952 with Cuvelliez she became the first woman to win the Janson Prize. In 1958 Vogel-Polsky obtained three degrees: international social law, comparative social law and community social law.\nVogel-Polsky was a strong feminist and in 1966 she supported the strike at FN Herstal and she began feminist studies in 1968. She taught four courses on Belgian labour, social security, international social law and comparative social law and in European social law in 1975. In 1969 she joined the Faculty of Law at the ULB and became a professor in 1991. Though she was best known for her defense of women's rights Vogel-Polsky was a labour law expert and article 119 of the Treaty of Rome is nicknamed Eliane's article. She was also the lawyer in the Defrenne v Sabena (No 2) case about age discrimination. In 1992 she was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Lleida in Spain for her teaching career.\nVogel-Polsky married lawyer André Albert Vogel and they had 3 children: Jean, Laurent and Alain. They had a company but Vogel-Polsky found it frustrating that she was often sidelined as a woman. Aged 90, she died in Brussels on 13 December 2015.\nIn 2020, Vogel-Polsky was chosen to be the Patron de Promotion of the 2021-2022 class at the College of Europe by the rector Federica Mogherini, the former High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy.", "\"Eliane Vogel Polsky\". Télé-Loisirs (in French). Retrieved 2020-05-30.\nBnF Catalogue général. BnF Catalogue général (in French). 2015-12-09. Retrieved 2020-05-30.\n\"Eliane Vogel-Polsky, juriste et militante féministe, est morte à 90 ans\". Le Monde.fr (in French). 2015-12-09. Retrieved 2020-05-30.\n\"Eliane Vogel-Polsky, une femme de conviction\". Institut pour l'égalité des femmes et des hommes (in French). Retrieved 2020-05-30.\n\"Eliane Vogel-Polsky : a genuine mother of social Europe\". L'Institut d'études européennes. 2018-08-14. Retrieved 2020-05-30.\n\"Event: Cérémonie en hommage à Eliane Vogel-Polsky\". L'Institut d'études européennes. 2020-01-16. Retrieved 2020-05-30.\n\"City of Brussels names street after women's rights lawyer and mother of social Europe Eliane-Vogel Polsky\". Ans Persoons. 2018-09-20. Retrieved 2020-05-30.\n\"Élliane Vogel-Polsky, feminist activist\". focusonbelgium.be.\n\"Elaine Vogel-Polsky : mère de l'Europe sociale by IEE-ULB - Institut d'études européennes ULB\". SoundCloud (in French). Retrieved 2020-05-30.\n\"Éliane Vogel-Polsky, championne de la cause des femmes\". Amnesty International Belgique (in French). 2020-01-08. Retrieved 2020-05-30.\n\"The Woman Engineer\". The IET - Vol 14. Retrieved 2020-05-30.\n\"Une nouvelle rue baptisée Eliane Vogel-Polsky à Bruxelles\". Édition digitale de Bruxelles. 2019-09-08. Retrieved 2020-05-30.\nGubin, E. (2009). Éliane Vogel-Polsky: une femme de conviction (in French). Institut pour l'Égalité des Femmes et des Hommes. Retrieved 2020-05-30.\n\"Éliane VOGEL-POLSKY chosen as \"patronne de promotion\" 2021/2022 | Coleurope\"." ]

[ "Éliane Vogel-Polsky", "Biography", "References and sources" ]

[ 4276 ]

[ 19617, 19618, 19619, 19620, 19621, 19622, 19623, 19624, 19625, 19626 ]

[ "", "Eliane de Meuse in her studio with Mrs Youl Frans, the Belgian Anto Carte painter's wife, 1937." ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Portrait_d%27Eliane_de_Meuse.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Eliane_de_Meuse_et_Madame_Anto_Carte%2C_1937.jpg" ]

[ "Éliane Georgette Diane de Meuse (9 August 1899 – 3 February 1993) was a Belgian painter. She was the wife of Max Van Dyck. They met at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts, Brussels where they attended the courses of the same professors.", "Eliane de Meuse took her first drawing lessons at the age of fourteen with Ketty Hoppe, the wife of the Belgian painter Victor Gilsoul.\nShe also trained in the studio of the genre painter Guillaume Van Strydonck, member of Les XX and James Ensor's friend. At the same time, she received advice from the sculptor Marcel Rau, Prix de Rome 1908.\nIn 1916, Meuse decided to become a painter and joined L'Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts, Brussels. There, she met the young painter Max Van Dyck, (23 December 1902, (Brussels – Schaerbeek) – 26 December 1992, (Brussels – Ixelles) and married him in 1922. The latter had won the great Prix de Rome (Belgium) in 1920 when he was only 17 years old, a sensational event widely commented on in the Belgian press. He later taught the Decorative arts at the Académie des beaux-arts d'Anderlecht of which he eventually became the director.\nAt the Academy (ARBA, Brussels) Meuse was the student of the Symbolist painter Jean Delville and the portraitist Herman Richir.\nFrom all of these influences, her art developed into a style similar to Post-Impressionism, her subject matter including portraits, figures, seascapes, landscapes and still lifes. In some of her latest paintings underlying abstract structure can be observed.\nCritics noted that Eliane de Meuse had inherited much from the Belgian Luminism, movement of the very early 20th century, which combined aspects of Realism (Realist visual arts), Impressionism and Neo-Impressionism. It got its name from the style of Emile Claus and a few other painters, grouped in a circle called Vie et Lumière (Life and light) of which Claus was one of the main founders.\nCharles Bernard, the foremost Belgian critic at that time wrote that he considered the art of Eliane de Meuse as aimed towards a pure, clear artistic ideal, without any selfish motives. He felt that the artist did not belong to the Impressionism of Emile Claus, so close to French Pointillism, but that she was the spiritual daughter of James Ensor.\nIn an article published on 22 October 1936 in the Nation belge, he commented on Meuse's first exhibition in these words: A discovery... an artist that reinvents James Ensor and Rik Wouter's impressionism, that enriches impressionism with new elements, in terms of richness and interpretation indicating the presence of a personality...\nThis exhibition took place in the Palais des Beaux-Arts (Centre for Fine Arts, Brussels), where a collection of paintings representing the outcome of fourteen years of dedication in the pursuit of personal expression was presented.\nThe same year, in Le Courrier d’Anvers, Sander Pierron, another influential critic, wrote that he believed this young artist was called to a great destiny. He described Eliane de Meuse as a born colourist with a prodigious talent: Since Rik Wouters such talent had not been observed... she is a colourist able to seize the tiniest variations of light and uses them with harmony as a musician should do with notes, displaying a personal feeling.\nK. de Bergen also noted the interesting use of colour in her works and added that she demonstrates that: the colour possesses its own truth.\nAnother critic signing his article by L. J. considered that we must place Eliane de Meuse amongst the most sensitive painters such as Édouard Manet or Marcel Jefferys.\nIn his monograph dedicated to Eliane de Meuse Paul Caso wrote that: Every type of art work has been tackled, with a natural inclination for still lifes (frequently with wonderful flowers from her garden), the true nub of her work, often studied as a pile of objects, masks, flowers, draperies, many times assembled around the same chair from her studio, a chair which acquires a real personality, in an apparent disorder of forms and colours.\nIn 1921, she won the Prix Godecharle created in 1881 by Napoleon Godecharle, the son of Gilles-Lambert Godecharle. This prize gave her the opportunity to travel in Italy, the shock of a whole civilization, the ceaseless return to Renaissance sources.", "Palais des Beaux-arts de Bruxelles – 1936 (Belgium)\nCercle artistique d'Anvers – 1936 (Belgium)\nGalerie Rencontre – 94 Louise Avenue, Brussels – 1981 (Belgium)\nKelterhaus-Muffendorf – Bonn (Bad-Godesberg) – 1982 (Germany)\nRétrospective organized by the City of Brussels and by the Crédit Général, a Belgian bank located, Grand Place nr 5 at Brussels – 1991 (Belgium)", "Femmes artistes d'Europe, Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume in Paris with representatives of the Impressionism Berthe Morisot, Mary Cassatt, Marie Laurencin and Marie Bashkirtseff 1937\nl'Art belge, at The Carnegie Institute (Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh in United States) with other Belgian painters: Anto-Carte, Constant Permeke, Gustave De Smet, Isidore Opsomer and René Magritte 1937 and 1938\nExposition du Progrès social, at the Galerie du Palais de la Mairie de Lille (France) – 1939\nLe Fauvisme brabançon organized at the Cercle artistique communal de Waterloo (Les Ecuries) not far from Brussels (Belgium) from September, 14 to 27 October 1996, with Rik Wouters, Jos Albert, Charles Dehoy, Philibert Cockx, Jean Brusselmans, Ramah, Ferdinand Schirren etc.", "Daphnis and Chloé, oil on canvas (225 x 180 cm) – Godecharle Award 1921\nLes Dahlias blancs, oil on canvas, former private collection of the Queen of the Belgians, Elisabeth of Bavaria\nStill life with red shoes, 1944, oil on canvas (71,5 x 80 cm), collection of Museum of Fine Arts, Ghent (MSK), Belgium, in the Eliane de Meuse monograph of Paul Caso edited by Editions Prefilm, Brussels, 1991, page 26\nL'enfant, oil on canvas (60 x 48 cm), collection of Musée des Beaux-Arts Tournai, Belgium, in the museum 's catalogue of paintings and sculptures, page 68 (inventory's number 451) and in the Eliane de Meuse monograph of Paul Caso edited by Editions Prefilm, Brussels, 1991, page 21\nMarianne, oil on canvas (81 x 61 cm), collection of Musée des Beaux-Arts Tournai, Belgium, in the museum 's catalogue of paintings and sculptures, page 68 (inventory's number 453) and in the Eliane de Meuse monograph of Paul Caso edited by Editions Prefilm, Brussels, 1991, page 56\nBouquet, oil on canvas stuck on panel (60 x 50 cm), collection of Musée des Beaux-Arts Tournai, Belgium, in the museum 's catalogue of paintings and sculptures, page 68 (inventory's number 452)\n Nu à contre-jour, circa 1920, oil on canvas (99,5 x 80 cm), private Belgian collection, in Paul Piron's dictionary, volume 3, page 234\n Rêverie, 1932, oil on canvas (80 x 70 cm), private Belgian collection, reproduced in the catalogue of The Concours Godecharle created by Gilles-Lambert Godecharle and in the Eliane de Meuse monograph of Paul Caso edited by Editions Prefilm, Brussels, 1991, page 52\nCentaurées, oil on canvas, (80 x 70  cm), entered in January 1992 into the CBC Banque's collection (formerly Crédit Général). This painting mentioned in the catalogue of the works exhibited in the Brussels Gallery of the Crédit Général under reference nr 23, was offered by the artist to the bank for their free sponsoring.\n... and in the Belgian State collections Interieur, oil on canvas (61,5 x 60,5 cm), in the Eliane de Meuse monograph by Paul Caso edited by Editions Prefilm, Brussels, 1991, page 71.", "Solange de Behr – Musée d’Art moderne et d’Art contemporain\nLiège – 1994 \nTo celebrate its 300th anniversary, the Academy of Fine Arts pays tribute to all the great artists who have passed there, such as Victor Horta (Director 1927–1931), Henry Lacoste (Director 1954–1957), Amédée Lynen, Victor Servranckx, Eliane de Meuse, Robert Schuiten, Albert Mangonès, Claude Strebelle, Max Van Dyck, Paul Delvaux, René Magritte, Vincent van Gogh, James Ensor,...\nCaso Paul in monograph Eliane de Meuse edited by Prefilm, Brussels, p. 9, 1991.\nCaso Paul in monograph Eliane de Meuse edited by Prefilm, Brussels, p. 9, 1991.\nSander Pierron in Le Courrier d’Anvers, 1936\nK. de Bergen in Le Journal des Beaux-Arts, 23 October 1936\nL. J. in La Flandre Libérale (Gand), 1 November 1936.\nCaso Paul in monograph Eliane de Meuse edited by Prefilm, Brussels, 1991.\nGuy Dotremont in Les Concours Godecharle ont cent ans 1881-1981, 1981.\nChristian Desclez in catalog of the exhibition dedicated to Fauvisme brabançon, 1996", "Personnalité à domicile : Éliane de Meuse interviewed by Éric Russon, Télé-Bruxelles, 1991", "(in French) A. Massin, W. Demulder, P. Bijtebier, Chr. Dehennin et Henri Kessels Les Concours Godecharle ont cent ans 1881-1981 Eliane de Meuse p. 36 Dépôt légal D/1981/1758/3 - \n(in French) Caso Paul, Eliane de Meuse monograph, Les Editions Prefilm, Brussels, 1991, 88 pages full translated in English and Dutch by Bellis Translations, Brussels - Coordination and photos by Nicolas Limberopoulos - Dépôt légal D/1991/6068/1 (Bibliothèque royale Albertine, Brussels - Belgium) \n(in French) Mabille. M et Geirlandt Karel. J., Un demi-siècle d'expositions Palais des Beaux-Arts Bruxelles, edited by a.s.b.l. La Société des expositions du Palais des Beaux-Arts, Brussels, 1981 - Dépot légal D/1981/2256/10 (Belgium) \n(in French) Zeebroek-Hollemans, Adriaens-Pannier, A., Le dictionnaire des peintres belges du XIV siècle à nos jours; depuis les premiers maîtres des anciens Pays-Bas méridionaux et de la principauté de Liège, jusqu'aux artistes contemporains, 2 volumes, La Renaissance du Livre, department of De Boeck-Wesmael, Brussels - 1995 (Eliane de Meuse notice, volume 1, p. 325) (Belgium) \n(in French) Benezit, dictionnaire critique et documentaires des peintres, sculpteurs, dessinateurs et graveurs de tous les temps et de tous les pays en 14 volumes Editions Gründ, Paris - 1999 Eliane de Meuse notice, volume 9, p. 554) (France) \nBenezit Dictionary of Artists, Editions Gründ, Paris - 2006 \n(in French) Paul Piron, dictionnaire des artistes plasticiens de Belgique des XIXe et XXe siècles, Editions Art in Belgium, Lasne, - 2006 - ISBN 2-930338-53-9 (Belgium)\nDr. Gustaaf Janssens, Palais royal archives - (Chief archivist) - Ducale Street nr 2 - 1000 Brussels, Belgium", "Winners list of the Concours Godecharle since its creation (in French and Dutch)\nOfficial website of Museum of Fine Arts of Tournai (Belgium) (in French)\nOfficial website of Museum of Fine Arts of Gand (Belgium) (in English, Dutch, German, and French)\nRoyal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium' s library \nStill life with red shoes at the Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage\nMarianne at the Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage\nNotice in Le Dictionnaire des peintres belges du XIVe siècle à nos jours depuis les premiers maîtres des anciens Pays-Bas méridionaux et de la principauté de Liège jusqu'aux artistes contemporains in two volumes, La Renaissance du Livre, département de De Boeck-Wesmael, Bruxelles, 1995 (in French)\nCarnegie Institute Pittsburgh \nArchives du Palais Royal du Royaume de Belgique (in French)\nFrans Hens (1856–1928) (in French) et (in Dutch)\nCharles Bernard (1875–1961) (in French)" ]

[ "Éliane de Meuse", "Biography", "Main individual exhibitions", "International group exhibitions", "Some of her paintings", "Notes", "Documentary broadcast on television", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 4277, 4278 ]

[ 19627, 19628, 19629, 19630, 19631, 19632, 19633, 19634, 19635, 19636, 19637, 19638, 19639, 19640, 19641, 19642, 19643, 19644, 19645 ]

[ "Phryne by Élias Robert, North facade of the Louvre's Cour Carrée" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Phryne_Elias_Robert_Louvre.jpg" ]

[ "There are two Louis-Valentin Robert :\n1) Louis Valentin Robert born 15 September 1819 (Étampes) died 2 October 1819 (Étampes)\nHis younger brother with the same name :\n2) Louis Valentin Robert called Élias Robert born 6 June 1821 (Étampes) died 29 April 1874 (Paris) is a French sculptor. His major works include :\nPhryne, Louvre museum (1855)\nFrance crowning Art and Industry (1855)\nJustice, a bronze crowning one of the columns of Fontaine Saint-Michel (1861)\nAgriculture and Industry displayed on the main facade of Gare d'Austerlitz (1868)\nthe Caryatid of Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers\nA collection of his works was donated to the city museum of Étampes after his death.", "fr:Musée municipal d'Étampes", "Élias Robert in American public collections, on the French Sculpture Census website" ]

[ "Élias Robert", "Footnotes", "External links" ]

[ 4279 ]

[ 19646 ]

[ "", "Sarkis in the early 70s" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Elias_Youssef_Sarkis%2C_President_of_Lebanon%2C_1976-1982.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Elias_Sarkis.png" ]

[ "Élias Sarkis (20 July 1924 – 27 June 1985) (Arabic: إلياس سركيس) was a Lebanese lawyer and President of Lebanon who served from 1976 to 1982.", "Élias Sarkis was born in Chebanieh, a mixed Christian-Druze mountain village, to a shopkeeping family on 20 July 1924. His family was Maronite Christian.\nSarkis attended the Chebanieh School and Frères School in Beirut. He began to work as a railway clerk during his university education, and then, graduated with a law degree from Saint Joseph University in 1948.", "After graduation, Sarkis worked as a lawyer for three years. Next, he became the protege of Lebanese army commander Fuad Chehab who would be the Lebanese president in 1958. Sarkis was then appointed magistrate of the court of accounts and then, director general of the chamber of the presidency of the Republic in 1953. Later, he was appointed governor of the central bank of Lebanon in 1968 and his tenure lasted for 9 years. His appointment was upon the request of then-president Charles Helou, who asked him to reorganize the Lebanese banking systems facing a bank crisis in 1968.", "Sarkis contested the presidential election of 1970 as Chehab's protégé and was expected to win but was defeated by Suleiman Frangieh by a single vote.\nSarkis was, however, elected President for six-year term on 8 May 1976, while the Lebanese Civil War was raging. He was a candidate of Damascus and preferred president of Hafez Assad.\nThe election was held in the Versailles-style Esseily Villa, a private residence in Southeastern Beirut, since The National Assembly building was not safe due to ongoing attacks and battle. Sixty-six members of the Assembly elected him president on 8 May 1976. On the other hand, twenty-nine members of the Assembly boycotted the session. These members were among leftist and Palestinian groups. His sworn ceremony could not also be held at the Assembly, and he had to sworn at a hotel in the eastern city of Shtaura, 25 miles from Beirut. Sarkis could move to office four months after his election on 23 September 1976, since former President Frangieh objected at first to leave office. Sarkis could appoint Salim Hoss as prime minister in December 1976.\nWhen Sarkis effectively began to serve as the President, he could not forge a lasting accommodation between Christian and Muslim factions. Also, the growing independent power of the Palestinian guerrillas in Lebanon prompted two large-scale Israeli attacks, in 1978 and 1982. Several nationalist and leftist political parties and organizations created the Lebanese National Movement (LNM) under the leadership of Kamal Jumblatt in 1976. The conservative forces led by the Christian Kataeib (Phalange) Party was another block called the Lebanese Front. President Sarkis tried various initiatives to find a negotiated settlement to the conflict, but all were unsuccessful. Because these two groups had their own goals. The Lebanese Front was gradually strengthened its position, awaiting favorable regional developments to impose its own will. The LNM, on the other hand, was too dependent on the Palestinians and unable to initiate a political negotiation process in ceasing the civil war. In November 1976, Sarkis wanted to include Druze za'im Kamal Jumblatt in the cabinet. However, Hafez Assad did not permit it due to Jumblatt's clear opposition to Syria's increasing influence in Lebanon.\nOn 5 March 1980, Sarkis developed his policy as part of his attempts to create national accord: unity, independence, parliamentarian democracy, rejecting the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel. In June 1980, Salim Hoss resigned in protest against his inability to create peace in Lebanon. After much difficulties, Sarkis was able to appoint Shafik Wazzan as new prime minister. Sarkis was described as one who was in office but not in power.\nJust before the end of his term in 1982, Israel invaded southern Lebanon in the 1982 Lebanon War and had advanced to the outskirts of Beirut. He organized a peacekeeping force involving U.S., British, French and Italian troops in Beirut after the Israeli invasion of Lebanon to drive out the Palestine Liberation Organization in 1982. In addition, Sarkis formed the rescue committee in 1982 to make arrangements regarding the results of the Israeli invasion. The members of the committee included the Amal movement’s leader, Nabih Berri, and the hardline Christian leader Bashir Gemayel. The body was significant in that it caused tensions in the Amal movement, because Hussein Musawi left the Amal protesting against Berri and founded Islamic Amal after this event.\nSarkis gained the respect of many Lebanese during his term, but critics accused him of indecisiveness. However, he was regarded as the choice of Syria but not the Muslim-Palestinian alliance. For that reason, 29 members of the Assembly boycotted the election session.", "Sarkis was to be succeeded by Bachir Gemayel, who was elected president on 23 August 1982 with 57 votes. However, Gemayel was assassinated 21 days before he was due to take office. Amine Gemayel, Bachir's brother, was subsequently elected in his stead, and Sarkis handed the presidency over to him on 23 September 1982.", "Sarkis died in Paris from cancer on 27 June 1985, at the age of 60. His body was returned to Lebanon. Then-Lebanese President Amine Gemayel led mourners at his funeral in Beirut on 29 June 1985. The requiem mass in East Beirut was attended by a Syrian delegation led by a government minister representing then Syrian president Hafez Assad. His body was buried in his hometown, Chebanieh, on the same day.", "\"Élias Sarkis\". Presidency of the Republic of Lebanon. Archived from the original on 27 April 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2012.\n\"Former Lebanese President Elias Sarkis dies\". Lakeland Ladger. The Associated Press. 28 June 1985. Retrieved 10 June 2012.\n\"Elias Sarkis\". Wars of Lebanon. Retrieved 5 June 2012.\n\"Profiles of Lebanon's presidents since independence\". Lebanon Wire. 25 May 2008. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2012.\n\"Ex-Lebanese Leader Sarkis Dies at 60 in Paris Hospital\". Los Angeles Times. 28 June 1985. Retrieved 10 June 2012.\n\"Elias Sarkis, Former Lebanese President\". Orlando Sentinel. 28 June 1985. Retrieved 10 June 2012.\nDavid S. Sorenson (12 November 2009). Global Security Watch—Lebanon: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-313-36579-9.\n\"Lebanon's presidency – a source of strife since 1976\". Lebanonwire. Beirut. DPA. 22 November 2007. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013.\nDominique Avon; Anaïs-Trissa Khatchadourian; Jane Marie Todd (2012). Hezbollah: A History of the \"Party of God\". Harvard University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-674-06752-3.\nKathy A. Zahler (2009). The Assads' Syria. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-8225-9095-8.\n\"Middle East Issues\". About.com. 2007. Retrieved 10 June 2012.\n\"Elias Sarkis\". Rulers. Retrieved 23 July 2012.\nThe Middle East and North Africa 2003. Europa Publications. 2003. p. 686. ISBN 978-1-85743-132-2.\nHassan Krayem. \"The Lebanese civil war and the Taif agreement\". American University of Beirut. Retrieved 10 June 2012.\nNisan Mordechai. \"The Syrian occupation of Lebanese\" (PDF). ACPR. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2012.\nEdgar O'Ballance (1998). Civil War in Lebanon, 1975–92. Palgrave. p. 7. ISBN 9780312215934.\nMohammad Harfoush (18 February 2013). \"Hezbollah, Part 1: Origins and Challenges\". Al Monitor. Retrieved 24 March 2013.\n\"Sarkis, Ex-Lebanese President, is Buried\". Los Angeles Times. Reuters. 30 June 1985. Retrieved 10 June 2012.", "Media related to Elias Sarkis at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Élias Sarkis", "Early life and education", "Career", "Presidency", "Succession", "Death", "References", "External links" ]

[ 4280 ]

[ 19647, 19648, 19649, 19650, 19651, 19652, 19653, 19654, 19655, 19656, 19657, 19658, 19659, 19660, 19661, 19662, 19663 ]

[ "Portrait by François Gérard engraved by Paolo Toschi", "", "Decazes in 1859, by Disdéri", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 4, 7, 7, 7 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Elie_Decazes.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Signature_comte_Decazes.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Elie_duc_Decazes%2C_BNF_Gallica_%28cropped%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Armand-Emmanuel_du_Plessis%2C_duc_de_Richelieu.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Dessolles.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/%C3%89lie%2C_comte_Decazes.jpg" ]

[ "Élie, 1st Duke of Decazes and Glücksbierg (born Élie Louis Decazes; 28 September 1780 – 24 October 1860) was a French statesman, leader of the liberal Doctrinaires party during the Bourbon Restoration.", "Élie Decazes was born at Saint-Martin-de-Laye, Gironde, son of Michel Decazes (1747–1832) by his wife, whom he married in 1779, Cathérine Trigant de Beaumont. He studied law, became a judge of the Seine Tribunal in 1806, was appointed to the Cabinet of Louis Bonaparte in 1807, and later counsel to the Court of Appeal at Paris in 1811.\nOn 1 August 1805, in Paris, Decazes married Elisabeth-Fortunée, second daughter of Count Honoré Muraire. She died in Paris on 24 January 1806 without issue.\nDecazes married secondly on 11 August 1818 Wilhelmine-Egidia-Octavie de Beaupoil, comtesse de St-Aulaire-Glücksbierg, who died at Versailles on 8 August 1873. By her, he had Louis-Charles-Élie-Amanien (1819–86), the 2nd Duke and later French Foreign Minister, Frédéric-Xavier-Stanislas Decazes (1823 – Paris, 26 February 1887), an author who died unmarried without issue, and Henriette-Guillermine-Eugénie Decazes de Glücksbierg (23 November 1824 – Tournai, November, 1899), who married on 19 April 1845 a Belgian, Léopold-Jacques-Alphonse, Baron Lefebvre.\nHis younger brother Joseph Decazes (1783–1868), created 1st vicomte Decazes, married in 1816 Diane de Bancalis de Maurel d'Aragon, leaving issue: Sophie Decazes (1817–1904), married in 1835 to François de Carbonnel de Canisy; and Élie Decazes (1822–1851), married in 1850 to Elisabeth de Mauvise de Villars, parents of Raymond Decazes (1851–1913), married in 1887 to Marie-Louise Koechlin (having seven children).\nA great-granddaughter, Marguerite-Séverine-Philippine Decazes (widow of Prince Jean-Pierre de Broglie), married as her second husband Captain The Hon. Reginald Fellowes JP (1884-1953), son of Lord de Ramsey.\nThe 6th and present duke, Louis-Frédéric Decazes, born in 1946, is a wine producer and Chevalier du Tastevin.", "Immediately after the fall of the Empire, Decazes declared himself a Royalist, and remained faithful to the Bourbons throughout the Hundred Days. He met King Louis XVIII during that period, through Baron Louis, and Louis XVIII rewarded his loyalty by appointing him as Prefect of Police for Paris on 9 July 1815. His marked success in that difficult position earned him appointment as Minister of Police, succeeding Fouché, on 24 September.\nMeanwhile, he had been elected Deputy for the Seine (August 1815), and both as Deputy and as a Minister he was a key player among moderate Royalists. His plan was \"to royalize France and to nationalize the monarchy.\" The Moderates were a minority in the Chamber of 1815, so Decazes persuaded Louis XVIII to dissolve Parliament, and accordingly the elections of October 1816 returned them with a majority. During the next four years, Decazes was called upon to play a leading role in the French government.\nDecazes was Minister of the Interior from 18 December 1818 to 20 February 1820.\nThe government decided to revive the Exposition des produits de l'industrie française of French industry.\nA royal ordinance of 13 January 1819 decreed a series of expositions at intervals of no more than four years, with the first to be held in 1819 and the second in 1821.\nDecazes sent directives to all the prefects in France giving the general conditions for products that would be acceptable for the exposition.", "As Minister of Police, he was required to suppress the insurrections provoked by the Ultra-royalists (the White Terror); after the resignation of the 5th Duc de Richelieu, he took over the day-to-day running of the ministry, although General Dessolles remained as nominal head. Decazes simultaneously held the Interior Ministry portfolio. The Cabinet, in which Baron Louis was Finance Minister, and Marshal de Gouvion Saint-Cyr remained Minister of War, was entirely Liberal in composition; and its first move was to abolish the Ministry of Police, as Decazes felt it incompatible with a régime espousing liberty. His reforms met with the strong hostility of the Chamber of Peers, where the ultra-Royalists held a majority, and to overcome their numerical advantage, he persuaded the King to create sixty new Liberal peers.\nDecazes then pushed through legislation about the press, repealing censorship laws. By reorganizing the nation's finances, the protection of industry and the carrying out of great public works, France regained economic prosperity, and the government increased in popularity. But the powers of the Grand Alliance had been watching the growth of Liberalism in France with increasing anxiety. In particular, Metternich ascribed this mainly to the \"weakness\" of the Government, and the political election results of 1819 further illustrated this trend, notably by the election of the famous Abbé Henri Grégoire. A debate started over whether the time had not come to put in force the terms of the secret Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle. It was this threat of foreign intervention, rather than the clamour of the \"Ultras,\" which forced Louis XVIII to urge a change in electoral law to prevent such a \"scandal\" as Grégoire's election in the future.", "General Dessolles and Baron Louis, refusing to embark on this policy, then resigned; thus Decazes became the new head of government, as president of the council (November 1819). The exclusion of Grégoire from the chamber and the changes in the franchise embittered the radicals also without reconciling the \"Ultras.\" The news of the revolution in Spain in January 1820 compounded matters, as the royal favourite was accused by his opponents to have begun another revolution; and when, on 13 February, Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, the only member of the royal family expected to ensure royal succession, was assassinated; he was accused of being an accomplice in the crime. Decazes, foreseeing the storm, at once offered his resignation to the King. Louis at first refused. \"They will attack\", he proclaimed, \"not your system, my dear son, but mine\"; but in the end, he was forced to yield to the importunity of his family (17 February). Decazes, raised to the rank of duke, passed into honourable exile, being posted as Ambassador to Britain.\nThis ended Decazes' ministerial career. In December 1821, he returned to sit in the House of Peers, where he continued to voice his Liberal opinions. After 1830, he adhered to the July Monarchy, but after 1848, he remained firmly in retirement.\nIn 1826, Decazes formed an association to represent the coal and iron industries in Aveyron. The name of Decazeville was given to the industry's regional centre in 1829.", "Duke of Decazes (French title), 1820\n Duke of Glücksbierg (Danish title), 1818\n Chevalier, Ordre du Saint-Esprit\n Grand-croix, Légion d'honneur\n Knight, Order of the Elephant", "Duke of Decazes\nList of Ambassadors of France to the United Kingdom", "Famille de Trigant\nChisholm 1911, p. 910.\nwww.burkespeerage.com\nColmont, Achille de (1855), Histoire des Expositions des produits de l'Industrie Française (in French), Guillaumin, p. 43, retrieved 11 October 2017\nChandler, Arthur, Expositions of the Restoration, retrieved 12 October 2017\nChisholm 1911, p. 911.\nAttribution:\nThis article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Decazes, Élie, duc\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 910–911." ]

[ "Élie, duc Decazes", "Early life and family", "Royalist", "Minister of Police", "Prime Minister", "Honours", "See also", "References" ]

[ 4281, 4282, 4283, 4284, 4285 ]

[ 19664, 19665, 19666, 19667, 19668, 19669, 19670, 19671, 19672, 19673, 19674, 19675, 19676, 19677, 19678, 19679, 19680, 19681, 19682 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

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[ "Élie-Abel Carrière (4 June 1818 – 17 August 1896) was a French botanist, based in Paris. He was a leading authority on conifers in the period 1850–1870, describing many new species, and the new genera Tsuga, Keteleeria and Pseudotsuga. His most important work was the Traité Général des Conifères, published in 1855, with a second, extensively revised edition in 1867.\nThere is a brief biography of Carrière, in English, in the journal Brittonia.\nIn addition to his studies of conifers, he published a number of works in the field of horticulture:\nGuide pratique du jardinier multiplicateur: ou art de propager les végétaux par semis, boutures, greffes, etc. (1856)-- book on propagation of plants by seeds, cuttings, grafts.\nFlore des jardins de l'Europe: manuel général des plantes, arbres et arbustes, comprenant leur origine, description, culture : leur application aux jardins d'agrément, à l'agriculture, aux forêts, aux usages domestiques, aux arts et à l'industrie. Et classés selon la méthode de Decandolle par Jacques et Hérincq, (Flora of the gardens of Europe: general handbook of plants, trees and shrubs, including their origin, description, culture: their application to ornamental gardens, to agriculture, forests, domestic, arts and industry. And classified according to the method by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle with Henri Antoine Jacques and François Hérincq) / Paris: Librairie agricole de la Maison rustique, (1857)\nEntretiens familiers sur l'horticulture (1860)\nEncyclopédie horticole (1862) -- Horticulture encyclopedia\nProduction et fixation des variétés dans les végétaux (1865)\nOrigine des plantes domestiques démontrée par la culture du radis sauvage (1869) -- Origin of domesticated plants demonstrated by culture of wild radish.\nSemis et mise à fruit des arbres fruitiers (1881).\nIn 1880, he described Iris orchioides.", "Williams, Roger L. (2004). \"An intellectual biography of Elie-Abel Carrière\". Brittonia. 56 (4): 365–374. doi:10.1663/0007-196x(2004)056[0365:aiboec]2.0.co;2.\nIDREF.fr (publications)\nGallica.bnf\nIPNI.  Carrière.\nAnna PavordThe Naming of Names: The Search for Order in the World of Plants at Google Books" ]

[ "Élie-Abel Carrière", "References" ]

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[ 19683 ]

[ "Elie-Aristide Astruc in the late 19th century." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Elie-Aristide_Astruc.jpg" ]

[ "Élie-Aristide Astruc (December 12, 1831 - February 23, 1905) was a French Rabbi, essayist, and the Grand Rabbi of Belgium from 1866–1879.", "Élie-Aristide Astruc was born on December 12, 1831 in Bordeaux, France, where the Astruc family had lived since the Middle Ages. After studying in Bordeaux, he was the first Sephardic pupil admitted to the rabbinical school in Metz. In 1857 he completed his training in Paris, and got his smecha from the Chief Rabbi of Paris.\nIn August 1857, he married Miriam Esther Egle, with whom he had three children; a daughter, Miriam, a son, Lucien, and another son, Gabriel David. In June 1866, he was appointed as the Chief Rabbi of Belgium, yet he retained his French nationality. In 1871 General Emile Mellinet commissioned Edgar Degas to paint a double portrait of himself and Rabbi Astruc to celebrate their service together in the ambulance corps during the Franco-Prussian War. He held the office of Chief Rabbi for 13 years, resigning in September 1879 and returning to Bordeaux the following year. On June 27, 1879, King Leopold II appointed him as a knight of the order of Leopold, and in 1887, he was elected as the Chief Rabbi of Bayonne. He died on February 23, 1905 in Brussels, Belgium and is buried in the Jewish cemetery in Uccle.", "Throughout his career, Astruc strongly advocated for the Jewish world to open up to the modern world, yet he stressed the need for retaining one's faith in Jewish dogma. He, like many Jews of his time, believed that to combat Antisemitsim, European Jews must, to an extent, assimilate. Astruc also called for a rational explanation of the Bible, questioning it's dogmatic manifestation in the Western world. He advocated for Jewish burial in Jewish squares within secular cemeteries and hoped for an evolution in the status of women in Judaism, particularly the possibility of remarrying even without having to obtain a Ghet (divorce certificate). His approach was violently criticized in France, but received a more favorable reception in Belgium.", "The Jews and Louis Veuillot , Paris 1859;\nTranslation into French of the Ritual Poems of the Portuguese Jews , Paris, La Librairie israite, 1865;\nAbridged history of the Jews and their beliefs , Paris, 1869;\nInterviews on Judaism, its dogma and its morals , (set of sermons of Astruc), Paris, Alphonse Lemerre , 1879;\nHistorical origins and causes of anti-Semitism , 1884;", "\"Astruc, Elie-Aristide\". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2020-03-17.\nKleeblatt, Norman L. (1987). The Dreyfus Affair. University of California Press. p. 270. ISBN 0-520-05939-5.\n\"ASTRUC, ELIE-ARISTIDE\". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2020-03-17.\nWeill, Georges (2002). \"Élie-Aristide Astruc, rabbin, écrivain et publiciste (Bordeaux, 12 décembre 1831 – Bruxelles, 23 février 1905)\". Archives Juives (in French). 35 (1): 137. doi:10.3917/aj.351.0137.\nSchreiber, Jean-Philippe (January 1992). \"A Rabbi in the Century: Elie Aristide Astruc, Chief-Rabbi of Belgium from 1866 to 1879\". Bijdragen. 53 (1): 2–22. doi:10.2143/BIJ.53.1.2015334." ]

[ "Élie-Aristide Astruc", "Biography", "Position on Judaism", "Works", "References" ]

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[ 19684, 19685, 19686, 19687, 19688, 19689, 19690, 19691 ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/%C3%89lie-Hercule_Bisson.png" ]

[ "Élie-Hercule Bisson (July 7, 1833 – May 28, 1907) was a notary and political figure in Quebec. He represented Beauharnois in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1873 to 1878, from 1886 to 1892 and from 1892 to 1889 as a Liberal member.\nHe was born in Saint-Rémi, Lower Canada, the son of Alexis Bisson and Esther Lonctin. Bisson was educated at the Collège de Montréal and, after articling as a notary, was admitted to practice in 1860. He practised at Saint-Louis-de-Gonzague from 1860 to 1876. In 1861, he married Virginie Rapin. He was recorder for the town of Beauharnois, secretary for Beauharnois County and served as mayor of Beauharnois in 1894 and 1895. Bisson was a director for the Beauharnois Junction Railway.\nHe was first elected to the Quebec assembly in an 1873 by-election held following the death of George-Étienne Cartier. Bisson was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1878. He was defeated by Moïse Plante in 1892 but then was elected in a by-election held later that year after Plante's death. In 1898, he resigned his seat to become prothonotary for Beauharnois district. He died in Beauharnois at the age of 73.", "\"Biography\". Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours (in French). National Assembly of Quebec." ]

[ "Élie-Hercule Bisson", "References" ]

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[ 19692 ]

[ "", "", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Statue_lavigerie.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Marseille%2C%C3%A9glise_des_Augustins-St_Ferr%C3%A9ol4%2Cchapelle_droite%2Cn%C2%B02.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Paris_Saint-Antoine-de-Padoue_803.JPG" ]

[ "Élie-Jean Vézien was born in Marseille on 18 July 1890 and died in Marseille on 7 September 1982. He was a French sculptor, engraver and medallist.", "Vézien started work in 1904 as apprentice to a goldsmith in Marseille who taught him engraving. He was introduced to François Carli and was enrolled at the Marseille Ếcole des Beaux-Arts. In 1911 he won a bursary which allowed him to continue his studies in Paris, but he received his call-up for the French army which meant his departure for Paris was delayed. However his term of service was cut short, due it is said to the influence of Auguste Carli, and in May 1914 he sat the entrance examination for the Paris Ẻcole nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts. He passed with flying colours and became a student of Jules Coutan. His stay at the college was however short-lived, and when in August 1914 war broke out, he was mobilized and back in uniform. He fought at Verdun, was wounded on 21 March 1916 and taken prisoner.\nAfter the war he resumed his studies and won the \"Prix de Rome\" in 1921 with the bas-relief in plaster entitled \"Les Fiançailles\" and in the same year he made his debut at the Salon des Artistes Français and continued to exhibit there until 1937. He won several prizes at the Salon. In 1921 his composition \"Le Printemps\", a plaster bas-relief, saw him receive an \"honourable mention\" and in 1924 he won a silver medal with \"L'Eveil\". In 1931 he was awarded the Salon's gold medal.\nHe was appointed professor at the Marseille Beaux-Arts, then became the director there from 1942 to 1961, finally becoming an honorary director. His work was part of the sculpture event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics.", "1. Saint-Michel terrassant le dragon. This marble bas-relief, showing St Michael slaying the dragon, was completed in 1906 when Vézien was just 16 years of age. It can be seen in Marseille between the angle of the Rue des Trois-Frères-Barthélemy and the Rue de Tilsit.\n2. Église Saint-Antoine-de-Padoue (Paris). The façade of this church was the work of the architect Léon Azéma who had won the Prix de Rome for architecture in 1921. The bell-tower is 46 metres high and is surmounted by a cement cross and is surrounded near the top by four 4.55 metre high statues. These are the works of Raymond Delamarre and Jean-Elie Vézien and depict the franciscain saints, St.Francis of Assisi and St Claire and King St.Louis and Queen St Elizabeth of Hungary. Inside the church are three statues by Vézien, these depicting the Virgin Mary with child in the \"chapelle de la Vierge\", a statue of Joseph presenting the child Jesus and a depiction of St Thérèse de Lisieux. Also working with Delamarre, Vézien completed the stations of the Cross in the church (\"Chemin de croix\").\n3. Statue of St.Thérèse and the infant Jesus.  This stone statue dates to around 1947 and is located in the Église Saint-Ferréol les Augustins in Marseille's Quai des Belges.\n4. L'Ossuaire de Douaumont. Vézien completed several statues for the chapel in the Douaumont ossuary; Saint Joseph, Saint Theresa, the Sacré-Coeur, Joan of Arc and a Pietà.\n\nIn Vézien's Pietà, Christ's body is unusually in the vertical position with arms spread. They join the arms of the Virgin Mary, both forming a large cross.\n\nThe Douaumont ossuary and cemetery is arguably one of the most important of France's many memorials to the dead of the Great War and it is a measure of Vézien's standing that he was chosen to execute the sculptures for the chapel.\n5. Monument to Pierre-Antoine Berryer in Marseille. The original monument was inaugurated on 25 April 1875 and the sculpture was the work of Jean-Auguste Barré. However, in 1943, the statue was requisitioned and the bronze melted down for use in the war. Vézien was commissioned to produce a replica which was inaugurated on the 29 February 1948.\n6. Monument to Gustave Ganay.  Ganay was a celebrated French cyclist of the 1920s. He is buried in the Saint-Pierre cemetery and Marseille honoured him by giving his name to a boulevard..  Also one of the four stands in the Marseille  Stade Vélodrome bears his name.\n7. Palais de Chaillot. Vézien created the bas-relief \"La Peinture\" as part of the decoration of the Palais de Chaillot.  In the bas-relief a painter is shown at work surrounded by a man and a woman whose beauty he will attempt to capture in his work.  The inscription in Greek, \"KALLOS\" (beauty, reminds him of his task.\n8. Statue of Cardinal Lavigerie. In 1925 the French governor of Tunisia, Lucien Saint wished to celebrate Lavigerie's centenary and commissioned Vézien to work on a suitable sculpture. Vézien's statue of Lavigerie was erected in Tunis and stood in the place Bab El Bhar. The statue depicted the cardinal brandishing a cross. The statue attracted much hostility from the Moslem majority in Tunis, particularly the students at Zitouna university and this led to violent demonstrations. The statue was withdrawn after Tunisia gained independence. The Tunisian politician Ali Belhouane played a role in the opposition to the statue.\n10. Le Golfeur This small bronze by Vézien was cast by the Barbedienne foundry. \n11. The bronze bust \"Roi de Rome\". In 1936 and on the occasion of the centenary of the death of Maria Letizia Ramolino, Napoléon 1st's mother, Vézien executed this bust which was erected in a small garden opposite the Napoleon residence in Ajaccio.\n12. Statue of Bailli de Suffren in Saint Cannat.  This statue by Vézien was erected in 1951.\n13. Bust of Samuel de Champlain for the Musée du quai Branly\nThis bust in plaster bears the sculptor's name on the left shoulder.\n14. Monument commemorating Alexander 1st of Yugoslavia and Louis Barthou. This Marseille monument, dating to 1938, and carved\nfrom Lens stone, commemorates the assassination in Marseille of the Yugoslavian king and Bathou in 1934 and was given the name \"Paix et Travail\" by the designing architect Gaston Castel who used the services of the sculptors Antonio Sartorio, Elie-Jean Vézien and Louis Botinelly. Two columns support a shield flanked by female allegories of Yugoslavia and France. The columns bear several bas-reliefs. The column on the right hand side has bas-reliefs by Vézien which depict scenes associated with France whilst the left side column has Botinelly bas-reliefs depicting scenes from Yugoslavia. At the front of the monuments medallions depicting the two victims are held by allegories by Sartorio representing \"La Justice\", \"Le Droit\", \"La Liberté\" et \"Le Travail\". The monument stands on the corner of the Rue de Rome and the Avenue Paul Peytral in Marseille's 6th arrondissement. The Musée d'histoire de la Ville de Marseille hold the design drawings and the plaster maquette which was shown at the agricultural section of the Paris Salon and won the gold prize.\n15. The Reconciliation.  This 1935 work by Vézien can be seen in Paris' Square Saint-Laurent.\n16. Bas-reliefs 28-30 Rue de la Loge. Marseille.  Gaston Castel was this building's architect and in 1953 he commissioned Vézien to execute two bas-reliefs for the outside of the building.\n17. Beaux-arts de Paris, l'école nationale supérieure. There are three Vézien works held in the Beaux-arts de Paris. \"Douce rêverie\", \"Les Fiançailles\" and a piece for the competition describing the required sculpture as one depicting war.", "Statue of Joan of Arc-Notre Dame de la Garde. In 1932 the catholic newspaper \"L’Éveil provençal\" announced that a large equestrian statue of Joan of Arc would be erected on the forecourt of the Notre Dame de la Garde church.  Vézien was chosen to execute the sculpture and produced a maquette. The plan was that the bronze sculpture would be 7.50 metres high!  In the event the statue was never produced. It was to be 10 years later that Marseille got her St Joan statue; in the event a modest work by Louis Botinelly.", "Vézien was an accomplished medallist and his works include-\na. A medal honoring St. Thérèse (known as \"The Little Flower\") which is inscribed on the reverse with a quotation from her autobiography: \"Je veux passer mon ciel a faire du bien sur la terre.\" \nb. Commissioned to create a medal to celebrate the foundation of the city of Marseille, Vézien's medal depicted on one side the marriage of Protis and Gyptis and on the reverse side a view of the port in 1943 with the forts of Saint-Jean and Saint-Nicolas.\nDuring the Second World War, Vézien won the French Mint's competition for designs of the new 10 and 20 franc coins. He also completed a variety of medals such as those dedicated to the professors Cornil, Tian, Roger and a medal celebrating the landing of the Allied Armies at Saint-Tropez.", "", "\"Les Fiançailles\". Retrieved 18 September 2014.\n\"Jean-Elie Vézien\". Olympedia. Retrieved 8 August 2020.\n\"Église Saint-Antoine-de-Padoue sculptures\". Retrieved 15 September 2014.\n\"Église Saint-Antoine-de-Padoue\". Retrieved 16 September 2014.\n\"The Douaumont Ossuary Chapel\". Retrieved 14 September 2014.\n\"The Pietà in the Douaumont ossary\". Retrieved 14 September 2014.\n\"Statue of Pierre-Antoine Berryer\". Retrieved 14 September 2014.\n\"Monument to Gustave Ganay\". Retrieved 16 September 2014.\n\"Bas-relief \"La Peinture\"-Palais de Chaillot\". 16 May 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2014.\n\"Le Golfeur\". Retrieved 15 September 2014.\n\"Bust of Napoleon\". Retrieved 17 September 2014.\n\"Statue of Bailli de Suffren\". Retrieved 16 September 2014.\n\"Samuel de Champlain\". CNAP. Retrieved 15 July 2022.\n\"Paix et Travail\". Retrieved 11 May 2014.\n\"Paix et Travail 2\". Retrieved 11 May 2014.\n\"Paix et Travail 3\". Retrieved 11 May 2014.\n\"Rue de la Loge\". 17 July 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2014.\n\"Beaux-arts de Paris, l'école nationale supérieure\". Retrieved 19 September 2014.\n\"Statue of Joan of Arc\". Retrieved 17 September 2014.\n\"Medallion depicting St. Thérèse\". Retrieved 17 September 2014.\n\"Medal celebrating foundation of Marseille\". Retrieved 17 September 2014." ]

[ "Élie-Jean Vézien", "Biography", "Main works", "Miscellaneous", "Vézien as medallist", "Gallery of Vézien's works", "References" ]

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[ 19693, 19694, 19695, 19696, 19697, 19698, 19699, 19700, 19701, 19702, 19703, 19704, 19705, 19706, 19707, 19708, 19709, 19710, 19711, 19712, 19713, 19714, 19715, 19716 ]