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[ "Official portrait, c. 2019", "Zulkifli as forestry minister, in 2013", "Zulkifli in parliament, December 2016" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Wakil_Ketua_MPR_Zulkifli_Hasan_%282019%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Zulkifli_Hasan.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Ali_Larijani_meeting_with_Indonesian_parliament_chairman_Zulkifli_Hasan_02.jpg" ]

[ "Zulkifli Hasan (born 17 May 1962) is an Indonesian politician and businessman who is currently serving as Minister of Trade since 15 June 2022. Previously, he served as deputy speaker of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) from 2019 until 2022. A member of the Islam-based National Mandate Party, he is also currently serving as the party's chairman since 2015. Additionally, he served as speaker of the MPR from 2014 to 2019 and was Minister of Environment and Forestry from 2009 until 2014.", "Zulkifli Hasan was born to Hasan and Siti Zaenab, who were farmers in Pisang village in Penengahan, South Lampung. In later life, he would claim to have experienced economic hardship as a child, saying he learnt to work hard by selling eggs produced on the farm. He attended a local elementary school from 1969 to 1975. At age 13, his father took him to Tanjungkarang (now called Bandar Lampung) to enroll him in junior high school level at the State Islamic Teachers Training School (PGAN), against the boy's wishes. While attending PGAN, Zulkifli lived in a rented room in lodgings for boarders. He left PGAN in his fourth year at the school. He took an entrance exam for Madrasah Tsanawiah and passed. Without parental consent, he enrolled at Tandjungkarang State Senior High School. After four months, his father discovered he had switched schools and forced him to leave the high school.\nArmed with a little money from his mother, Zul moved to Jakarta. There, he attended State Senior High School 53 and graduated in 1982. In 1986, he enrolled at the Faculty of Economics at Krisnadwipayana University (Unkris) in Jakarta and financed his studies independently. In 2003, he graduated from PPM School of Management.", "Having been raised in a farming family, Zulkifli was motivated to seek success beyond a rural environs. In a 2015 interview, he said his parents had wanted him to become like Buya Hamka, an Islam-oriented journalist and author from Sumatra. \"But I refused. I wanted to migrate to Jakarta.\"\nArriving in Jakarta as a teenager without prior acquaintances or relatives, Zulkifli supported himself with jobs from washing taxis to selling drinks. He graduated from high school with the highest achievement in his class. He then tried his luck as a door-to-door salesman of pots and later attended college while doing business. After exploring various areas of business, he began working for an ethnic Chinese businessman who sold home furnishings.\nIn his later years, Zulkifli once visited Lembaga Pendidikan Insani (LPI), an educational institution whose operational costs came from Islamic donations. He told students there: \"If I ate eggs and could become a minister, then you who eat chicken should be able to become president.\"\nBang (Brother) Zul, as he was known, remained close to the people of his hometown in Lampung and would present assistance in times of disaster.", "Prior to becoming a politician, Zulkifli worked as a civil servant and then started his own businesses. His father had advised him not to be a follower but to be a leader, even if that meant starting from something small, so he quit the civil service. His older brother, Herli Hasan, says Zulkifli left the civil service because the salary was low.\nZulkifli's subsequent corporate positions included:\nPresident Director of PT Batin Eka Perkasa (1988-2004), then Commissioner (2004-2005). A Jakarta-based company producing kitchen appliances under the Haneda brand-name; now run by Zulkifli's oldest daughter, Futri Zulya Savitri.\nPresident Director of PT Panamas Mitra Inti Lestari (1997-2004). A Bogor-based company selling home appliances and non-stick cookware.\nPresident Director of PT Sarana Bina Insani, Jakarta (2000-2004). A travel bureau.\nCommissioner of PT Hudaya Safari Utama, Jakarta (2000-2006). A haj and umroh travel bureau.\nCommissioner of PT Gudang Garam, Jakarta (2006-2007).", "After starting his political career, he did not abandon his entrepreneurial interests. He became a motivator for young people and the wider community, particularly in Sumatra, to develop entrepreneurship and create new jobs. He encouraged rural youths to help advance Indonesia's future economic growth. In 2012, he supported a program of the National Mandate Party (PAN) that provided venture capital and training for young entrepreneurs in North Sumatra.", "Zulkifli was active in the Muhammadiyah mass Muslim organization, whose members were among the founders of the National Mandate Party (PAN) in 1998. His first political forays included chairing the Regional Board of Farmers and Fishermen of Lampung Province, serving as deputy chairman of Lampung Sai Community Society, and initiating the Lampung Youth Union in Jakarta. He chaired Muhammadiyah's Institute of Agricultural Laborers and Fishermen for Jakarta from 2000 to 2005. He chaired the Logistics Department of PAN's Central Board from 2000 to 2005.\nHe later became deputy chairman of PAN's faction in the House of Representatives, serving as a member of parliament from 2004 to 2009. He was a member of House Commission VI overseeing transportation and infrastructure. In July 2008, he was elected chairman of a special committee that questioned the government's policy to raise fuel prices.\nZulkifli was secretary general of PAN's Central Board for 2005 to 2010. On 8 October 2011, Zulkifli's oldest daughter Futri Zulya Savitri married PAN founder Amien Rais's third son, Ahmad Mumtaz Rais.", "After President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was re-elected for a second term in 2009, Zulkifli was appointed forestry minister on 21 October 2009. He said his priorities would be the development of production forests (HTI and HTR), reducing forest fires by 20% annually, combating illegal logging, streamlining of overlapping regulations of the central government and regencies for forest sites, and improving forest industry institutions. He also said he would resist temptations and pressure from businessmen and politicians putting themselves before the public interest. “But temptations are always there everywhere. It’ll pose no problem to us if we just don’t pay attention to them,” he said. Indonesia's Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) in 2012 declared the Forestry Ministry to be considered the country's most corrupt institution. To support efforts to eradicate corruption, Zulkifli issued circular No.SE.2 / Menhut-II / 2012 on Gratification Reporting at the Ministry of Forestry. The circular encouraged staff at the ministry to report the gratuities they receive to their superiors to report to first echelon officials and the KPK. Zulkifli served as forestry minister until 1 October 2014.", "In 2010, the Forestry Ministry promised to crack down on plantation companies operating without permits in Indonesia. In 2011, the ministry admitted hundreds of mining and plantation companies were operating in Central Kalimantan province without correct permits. Zulkifli said the problem was due to misinterpretations of regional autonomy legislation introduced in 2001. Elfian Effendi of Greenomics Indonesia said it was difficult for the minister to stop the offending companies because they have political links. The Forestry Ministry promised to stop issuing new plantation and mine permits in the province and to cooperate with the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) to enforce the law.", "In January 2011, Zulkifli announced the Forestry Ministry would implement a 2-year moratorium on the issuance of permits for the conversion of primary and peat forests. Conservationists noted that on the eve of the logging moratorium, the ministry issued 2.9 million hectares of new plantation concessions to 44 firms. On 20 May 2011, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono signed a presidential decree putting the two-year moratorium into effect. The decree covered from 64 million to 72 million hectares of primary forest and peatland.", "In May 2013, the Indonesian Forum for Budget Transparency (Fitra) claimed data from the State Audit Agency (BPK) showed the Forestry Ministry had lost or misappropriated Rp 7.1 trillion ($731 million) in 2012. Zulkifli responded by saying the data and description of “losses” were inaccurate. He said the actual figure was Rp 6.2 trillion in non-tax revenue the ministry has been unable to collect since 2002. “We’re continuing to collect on those payments, both at the regional level and at the central level, and to date we’ve whittled down the outstanding amount to just Rp 2.1 trillion,” he said.", "On 9 September 2013, Zulkifli was interviewed by Harrison Ford for part of a documentary series on climate change and the environment. Presidential adviser Andi Arief complained Ford had attacked the minister with rude questions. He accused Ford and his crew of “harassing state institutions” and threatened to deport him.\nZulkifli said Ford was emotional because he wanted illegal loggers swiftly arrested at Tesso Nilo National Park in Sumatra. The minister said Ford did not give him sufficient time to explain the difficulties of catching those who violate forestry laws. He lamented they had not rehearsed the interview before filming commenced. Ford was making part of a series on climate change called Years of Living Dangerously for US television network Showtime.", "During Zulkifli's tenure as forestry minister, forests in Sumatra and Kalimantan were burned to clear land for plantations, causing hazardous haze that reached neighboring Singapore and Malaysia. In 2013, Kuntoro Mangkusubroto, the head of Indonesia's presidential working unit for development supervision and control, said many fires were on land owned by Asia Pulp and Paper (APP) and Asia Pacific Resources International Limited. Zulkifli said there was no strong evidence against the two companies.\nIn June 2013, Zulkifli blamed the severity of the haze on a five-year weather cycle. \"Every five years, the weather becomes extremely dry. The wind is also much stronger and moves in a circular motion. So, when there is burning, fire spreads very quickly... Due to the dry season, it takes time for firefighters to locate the water sources. By the time water is irrigated to the hot spots, the fire would have spread.\" Responding to allegations that plantation and forestry companies were responsible for the fires, Zulkifli was quoted by Tempo magazine as saying the companies must be defended because they pay taxes. He said 14 people had been arrested on suspicion of starting fires, 11 of them linked to companies and three of them smallholders. \"If proven guilty they could be jailed for five years and have their permits revoked,\" he said.\nIn March 2014, Zulkifli supported calls by the National Police and Indonesian Military for the shooting of people found burning forests if they resist arrest. He acknowledged the people responsible for forest fires were seeking to open up new land for palm oil plantations.\nIn 2015, anti-haze activist Syahrul Fitra accused Zulkifli of allowing corporations to burn forests and causing the haze crisis. He claimed Zulkifli had allegedly given permission for the burning of over 1.3 million hectares of forests be used for plantations. He said law enforcers should arrest any officials responsible for the haze and called for an investigation into possible corruption in the issuance of permits. Zulkifli denied any wrongdoing.", "In August 2014, Zulkifli visited Riau province and encouraged proposals to change the status of forest land owned by locals so it could become part of 1,638,249 hectares allowed by the Forestry Ministry for conversion into non-forest land.\nRiau governor Annas Ma'mun's administration responded by sending a proposal to Zulkifli, who gave his approval to some of the areas. Annas later revised the proposal, adding some land owned by palm-oil businessman Gulat Manurung, who paid a bribe of S$156,000 and Rp 500 million. Annas later stated Zulkifli had approved and issued the conversion permit.\nOn 12 November 2014, Zulkifli was questioned as a witness by the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) in the case against Annas. Zulkifli denied approving the permit. Annas said he had been on his way to meet with Zulkifli when he was arrested by the KPK in a sting operation in September 2014.\nTestifying at Annas's corruption trial in April 2015, Zulkifli admitted he had met with the director of PT Duta Palma, Surya Darmadi, to discuss a forest clearing permit. Surya was linked to the case by Gulat, who said he helped PT Duta Palma to meet with Annas to enable the company to convert 18,000 hectares of land. Gulat was in February 2015 sentenced to three years in jail. Annas was in June 2015 sentenced to six years in jail.", "Zulkifli was questioned by the KPK on 11 November 2014 over the illegal issuance of a land conversion permit for a luxury housing project in Bogor, West Java. The project was developed by property firm PT Sentul City. Former Bogor regent Rachmat Yasin received Rp 4.5 billion in bribes from Sentul City president director Kwee Cahyadi Kumala, who is president commissioner of property company PT Bukit Jonggol Asri (BJA), the main shareholder of Sentul City. KPK in December 2014 raided the Forestry Ministry to seize evidence. Zulkifli denied any wrongdoing. The Forestry Ministry's director general for planning, Bambang Supijanto, said Zulkifli had rejected BJA's proposal to convert nearly 3,000 acres of forest area for housing projects in Bogor because it lacked some requirements.", "Zulkifli sought to improve the performance and image of the Forestry Ministry through two programs: one targeting the growth of agriculture through smallholdings in forest areas, and the other promoting environmental education. The first was the simplification of the application procedure for the development of smallholdings under the Community Nursery (Kebun Bibit Rakyat, KBR) scheme, introduced in 2010 and simplified in 2011. The second is the Forest Education program, which involves students visiting selected forest areas and planting trees.", "Conservation groups have alleged that after Joko Widodo had won Indonesia’s presidential election in July 2014, Zulkifli realized he would not retain his cabinet position because PAN was not part of the incoming ruling coalition, so he therefore started issuing more ministerial decrees, right up to his final week in office, when 100 decrees were signed. Many of the decrees granted new concessions for timber and logging companies, or allowed forest land to be used by oil palm plantation companies. Much of the land in question is in Papua province. Greenomics Indonesia said Zulkfli, during his tenure as minister, granted permits for 1.64 million acres of forest land to be used for farming, including for oil palm plantations. Zulkifli in March 2018 defended his action, saying Papua needed more land for sugar cultivation.", "On 8 October 2014, Zulkifli was sworn in as speaker of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) for the 2014-2019 period. His appointment was supported by Prabowo Subianto's Red-and-White Coalition following Prabowo's loss of the 2014 presidential election to Joko \"Jokowi\" Widodo. Although PAN was then a member of the opposition coalition, Zulkifli promised to uphold the interests of all Indonesians and not just those of his political supporters. Jokowi's coalition had wanted Oesman Sapta Odang as MPR speaker, but Zulkifli defeated Oesman by 347 to 330 votes.\nOne of Zulkifli's first tasks as MPR speaker was to lead the inauguration ceremony of Indonesia's seventh president, Joko Widodo, on 20 October 2014. He was credited for ensuring the event was attended by the losing presidential candidate Prabowo Subianto, who had vigorously rejected the election result.\nOn 22 December 2014, Zulkifli said protests against then-Jakarta governor Basuki Tjahaja Purnama, better known as Ahok, on the basis of his religion and race were unacceptable. Ahok, a Christian of Chinese ethnicity, faced opposition from conservative Muslim groups. \"I strongly protest those who protest against Ahok because he's ethnic Chinese or because of his religion. If you want to criticize, go ahead, but do not make it about ethnicity, religion or race, as we are united in diversity,\" he said.", "In May 2016, Zulkifli called for tighter regulations on the sale of alcohol, saying it has negative social consequences, including death and crimes of obscenity. Indonesia already bans the sale of alcohol to minors. In January 2018, Zulkifli claimed eight parties in the national parliament were in favor of open alcohol sales at small shops. He said alcoholic drinks should be rejected firmly.\nIn February 2016, Zulkifli called for smoking to be banned as it contributes to \"ignorance and poverty\".\nIn March 2018, Zulkifli said drug traffickers should be shot dead, while drug users should be rehabilitated rather than imprisoned, as most of Indonesia's prison inmates are drug offenders.", "In March 2016, Zulkifli said the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) movement should have no place in Indonesia, but he warned against violence and discrimination. \"As a movement, the existence of LGBT must be opposed. We must limit its room to move. However, as individual people, they must be protected like any other citizen,\" he said.\nIn January 2018, Zulkifli falsely claimed five parties in the House of Representatives were supporting a bill to legalize same-sex marriage. His statement was refuted by House speaker Bambang Soesatyo, and prompted other major parties to affirm their opposition to gay rights.", "PAN held a congress in Bali over 28 February to 2 March 2015 to choose a chairman for the 2015-2020 period. Among those considered contenders were Zulkifli, then-incumbent chairman Hatta Rajasa and deputy chairman Dradjad Wibowo.\nZulkifli announced his candidacy on 19 January 2015 in Surabaya. The Chairman of PAN's Youth Front Advisory Council, Hanafi Rais, said Zulkfli wanted the party to focus on defending the interests of the people, as well as giving local party officials full authority in determining regional leadership boards, and improving the performances of regional heads.\nOn 1 March 2015, Zulkifli was narrowly elected PAN chairman, receiving 292 votes, while Hatta Rajasa received 286 votes. After his election, Zulkifli insisted PAN would remain part of Prabowo Subianto's opposition coalition. On 2 September 2015, Zulkifli announced PAN was switching its allegiance to Jokowi's ruling coalition in order to help the government's programs succeed. On 9 August 2018, Zulkifli shifted PAN's allegiance back to Prabowo amid allegations that Prabowo's running mate for the 2019 presidential election, Sandiaga Uno, had paid Rp 500 billion to PAN in order to secure his nomination. PAN denied the allegation.", "In February 2017, Zulkifli urged Indonesians to avoid all forms of money politics in regional elections. “The sovereignty and power are fully in the hands of the people. Do not trade it for money or staple foods,” he said. On 6 March 2018, Zulkifli was filmed giving money to women in a public transport vehicle at a market in Muara Enim in South Sumatra province, ahead of the election for the regent of Muara Enim. He was accompanied at the market by regency head candidate Syamsul Bahri, who is supported by PAN. The Election Supervisory Agency (Panwaslu) of Muara Enim conducted an investigation and attempted to summon Zulkifli for questioning but he was too busy to attend. PAN officials denied the handing out of money in the presence of the candidate constituted money politics, arguing Syamsul Bahri's presence was his own initiative. Panwaslu later concluded Zulkifli had not been trying to influence voters to choose a particular candidate.", "In February 2018, Zulkifli said he would be ready to contest Indonesia's 2019 presidential election if he is nominated. He later acknowledged any presidential nominee would likely require the backing of a coalition of parties. In April 2018, he said he would be PAN's presidential candidate, despite speculation the party might choose former military commander Gatot Nurmantyo. PAN ended up supporting Prabowo Subianto for the 2019 presidential election.", "On 11 February 2020, Zulkifli was re-elected as PAN leader for another five-year period at a congress marred by violence. At least 10 people were injured when supporters of Zulkifli and his challenger Mulfachri Harahap threw chairs at each other.", "Zulkifli is married to Soraya and they have four children: Futri Zulya Savitri, Zita Anjani, Farras Nugraha and Rafi Haikal.\nOldest daughter Futri Zulya Savitri studied in Australia, married a son of Amien Rais and runs a family business making household and kitchen appliances.\nOldest son, Farras Nugraha, studied in the UK and is now a businessman. In September 2017, Farras married Milka Anisya Norosiya. Among their wedding guests were military commander General Gatot Nurmantyo and senior politicians Oesman Sapta Odang, Amien Rais, Hidayat Nur Wahid, Aburizal Bakrie and Akbar Tandjung.\nZulkifli's second daughter, Zita Anjani, studied in London and in 2015 opened an early learning school called Kids Republic. His youngest child, Rafi Haikal, chose to study architecture in New York.", "Zulkifli has four brothers, including three who also became politicians: Zainudin Hasan (born 1965), Hazizi (1976) and Helmi Hasan (1979). The oldest brother in the family is Herli Hasan.\nHelmi Hasan, who became mayor of Bengkulu in 2013, viewed Zulkifli not only as an older brother but also as a parent to be obeyed and respected. Zulkifli, Helmi and Zainudin founded Insan Cendikia Kalianda Lampung Indonesia Foundation, which built a free school for children from poor families in Lampung.\nIn March 2015, Helmi Hasan was declared a suspect by Bengkulu Attorney General's Office for allegedly embezzling Rp 11.4 billion ($870,000) of social aid from the city's 2012-2013 budget. Helmi filed a pre-trial motion, which was accepted on 9 September 2015 by Bengkulu City State Court, so he did not stand trial. The former head of Bengkulu City's Office for Management of Regional Revenue, Finance and Assets, M. Sofyan, in September 2017 testified Bengkulu Regional Secretary, Marjon, had ordered him to release Rp 500 million in state funds to pay for the success of Helmi's pre-trial motion.\nIn December 2015, Zainudin Hasan was elected regent of South Lampung Regency for the 2016-2021 period.\nIn February 2017, police in Bandar Lampung city named a Hazizi a fraud suspect for allegedly asking a contractor to pay a bribe of Rp 515 million in order to obtain a contract for infrastructure projects worth Rp 3.5 billion in South Lampung regency, where his brother Zainudin is regent. The contractor, Syahruddin, died in May 2016 without ever receiving the allegedly promised contract. His eldest son later reported Hazizi to police. In May 2017, Hazizi resigned from his seat in Lampung legislative assembly \"for no specific reason\" apart from \"wanting to concentrate on worship\", according to one of his colleagues in PAN.", "Zulkifli is a practitioner of kyokushin, a type of full contact karate. He served as chairman of the Board of Supervisors of Kyokushinkan International Indonesia. In June 2010, he received an honorary black belt from the supreme leader of Kyokushin International. Zulkifli is also a practitioner of Tarung Derajat, a full body contact Indonesian mixed martial art. He was chairman of the Tarung Derajat Sports Family from 2010-2014.", "On 26 July 2007, Jakarta's PPM School of Management presented Zulkifli with the Kadarman Award, which is given to successful alumni.\nOn 8 July 2010, Zulkifli received a nobility title from Solo Palace in Central Java. He was bestowed the title of Kanjeng Pangeran (Prince) Noto Wononagoro for his efforts to preserve Javanese culture.\nIn August 2014, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono presented Zulkifli with the Bintang Jasa Mahaputra Adipradana medal for his services to the country.\nOn 15 November 2017, Zulkifli was awarded the title of Pangeran Kerta Jaya Alam Nata from an organization of residents of Lubuklinggau in South Sumatra. The title, which means the leader of the people who carries out the mandate, was presented to him for \"consistently defending the people\". Organizers said Zulkifli is the only person to receive the title.", "Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia", "\"Zulkifli Hasan: Man Jadda Wajada!\". RILISID. 13 February 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2018.\n\"Profil Zulkifli Hasan\". PT. Viva Media Baru. Retrieved 3 April 2018.\nKuwado, Fabian Januarius (22 January 2015). \"Zulkifli Hasan Bicara Kesuksesannya sebagai \"Sales\" Panci dan Reformasi PAN\". Kompas.com. Retrieved 3 April 2018.\n\"Kisah Dua Menteri yang Sama-Sama Putra Lampung\". JPNN.com. 24 October 2009. Retrieved 9 April 2018.\nWidjaya, M. Akbar (21 October 2011). \"Masa Kecil Menhut Zulkifli Hasan, Makan Sebutir Telur Dibagi Delapan\". Republika.co.id. Retrieved 1 April 2018.\n\"Zulkifli Hasan, Keluar dari PNS Jadi Pengusaha Sukses\". detikFinance. 17 June 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2018.\n\"Kisah Dua Menteri yang Sama-Sama Putra Lampung\". JPNN.com. 24 October 2009. Retrieved 9 April 2018.\n\"Mengenal Futri Zulya Savitri, CEO PT Batin Eka Perkasa\". indopos.co.id. 1 July 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2018.\n\"Panamas Mitra Inti Lestari PT\". Daftarperusahaan.com. Daftarperusahaan.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018.\n\"Zul Sudah Diajak Bicara oleh SBY\". Tribun Lampung. 12 September 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2018.\nSuryana, Dede (6 May 2012). \"Jadi KEK, Sumut Harus Tingkatkan Wirausaha\". Okezone.com. Retrieved 3 April 2018.\n\"Keberuntungan Zulkifli Hasan menjadi ketua MPR\". Antara. 9 October 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2018.\n\"Zulkifli Hasan Terpilih Jadi Ketua Pansus Hak Angket BBM\". Kompas.com. 9 July 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2018.\n\"Zulkifli Hasan Jadi Sekjen PAN 2005-2010\". Tempo.co. 11 April 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2018.\n\"Ketika Amien Rais dan Zulkifli Hasan Besanan\". PT. JPG Multimedia. 9 October 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2018.\n\"Zulkifli Hasan vows to live up to his political contract\". The Jakarta Post. 2 November 2009. Retrieved 3 April 2018.\n\"Indonesia Struggles to Clean Up Corrupt Forestry Sector\". Jakarta Globe. 1 January 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2018.\nSnowdon, Karon. \"Forestry Ministry Signs an MoU With KPK\".\n\"Activists urge crackdown on 'forest mafia' networks\". Jakarta Globe. 3 February 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2018.\nSnowdon, Karon (2 February 2011). \"Indonesia admits hundreds of companies without forestry permits\". ABC Radio Australia. Retrieved 3 April 2018.\n\"Govt to implement forest conversion moratorium in January\". Antara. 13 January 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2018.\nLang, Chris. \"On the eve of the logging moratorium, Indonesia's Ministry of Forestry issued almost three million hectares of concessions\". REDD-Monitor. Wordpress. Retrieved 4 April 2018.\nStolle, Fred. \"Indonesia's Ambitious Forest Moratorium Moves Forward\". World Resources Institute. World Resources Institute. Retrieved 4 April 2018.\n\"Indonesian Ministers Deny Claims They Have Lost 8.3t Rupiah\". Jakarta Globe. 3 May 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2018.\n\"FM bemoans Harrison Ford's attitude\". The Jakarta Post. 9 September 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2018.\n\"Harrison Ford shocks Indonesian minister with heated climate interview\". ABC News. AFP. 11 September 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2018.\nLim, Leonard (25 June 2013). \"MFA seeks answers from Jakarta to conflicting views on whether Singapore firms caused haze\". The Straits Times. Retrieved 8 April 2018.\nLim, Joyce (28 June 2013). \"Severity of haze 'due to 5-year cycle' of dry weather\". The Straits Times. Retrieved 8 April 2018.\nCahyadi, Firdaus (7 July 2013). \"When People's Safety are Sacrificed to Defend Companies\". Tempo.co. Retrieved 8 April 2018.\n\"Indonesia allocates Rp100 billion to overcome forest fires\". Antara. 28 June 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2018.\n\"Forestry Minister Echoes Calls for Strict Action on Haze Issue\". Jakarta Globe. 18 March 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2018.\n\"Former Indonesian Forestry Minister blamed by activist for haze crisis\". Mediacorp Press Ltd. 1 November 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2018.\nBudiari, Indra (13 November 2014). \"MPR speaker faces more questions from KPK\". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 3 April 2018.\nBudiari, Indra (19 November 2014). \"Governor piles more allegations on Zulkifli\". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 3 April 2018.\nS., Iqbal T. Lazuardi (8 April 2015). \"Zulkifli Hasan Admits Meeting Company CEO\". Tempo.co.\nMovanita, Ambaranie Nadia Kemala (23 February 2015). \"Suap Gubernur Riau Rp 2 Miliar, Gulat Manurung Divonis Tiga Tahun Penjara\". Kompas.com. Retrieved 3 April 2018.\nDipa, Arya (25 June 2015). \"Court sentences Riau governor to 6 years in prison for corrupt\". The Jajkarta Post. Retrieved 3 April 2018.\nHalim, Haeril (17 December 2014). \"KPK raids ministry's office in land-conversion case\". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 3 April 2018.\n\"Prosedur Kebun Bibit Rakyat Dipermudah\". Kompas Cyber Media. 16 March 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2018.\n\"September 29th 2014, a terrible day for Papua's forests\". awasMIFEE!. awasMIFEE!. Retrieved 4 April 2018.\nHendartyo, Muhammad (22 March 2018). \"Greenomics says PAN Cadre Granted More Land Permits Than Jokowi\". Tempo.co. Retrieved 4 April 2018.\nNovaria, Astri (23 March 2018). \"Respon Zulkifli Hasan Jawab Tudingan Greenomics\". Media Indonesia. Retrieved 4 April 2018.\n\"Zulkifli Hasan inaugurated as new speaker of People's Consultative Assembly\". The Jakarta Post. 8 October 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2018.\nHariyadi, Yoseph (20 October 2014). \"Jokowi inaugurated as Indonesia's new president\". The Jakarta Post.\n\"Ketua MPR: Tak Boleh Ada yang Protes Ahok Karena Etnis dan Agamanya\". detikcom. 22 December 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2018.\nZulfikar, Muhammad (27 May 2016). \"Zulkifli Hasan: Peredaran Miras di Indonesia Harus Diatur\". Tribunnews.com. Retrieved 8 April 2018.\nWahyuningsih, Merry (31 October 2014). \"Tak Boleh Minum Bir Sebelum Umur 21 Tahun\". CNN Indonesia. Retrieved 8 April 2018.\n\"Delapan Fraksi Setujui Penjualan Miras Secara Bebas\". PT Jawa Pos Grup Multimedia. 20 January 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.\nAco, Hasanudin (February 2016). \"Zulkifli Hasan: Stop Merokok!\". TRIBUNnews.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018.\n\"Tegas!! Zulkifli Hasan Sebut Bandar Narkoba Ditembak Mati\". PT. Indo Network Intermedia. 12 March 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.\nNurbinato, Bambang (21 March 2016). \"More political leaders speak out against LGBT\". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 3 April 2018.\nLa Batu, Safrin (23 January 2018). \"MPR speaker's remarks on LGBT spark controversy\". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 3 April 2018.\nKnight, Kyle (14 February 2018). \"Why criminalizing LGBT relationships is misguided\". Asia Times. Retrieved 3 April 2018.\n\"Protecting LGBTs\". Tempo.co. 6 February 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.\n\"Tiga Nama Calon Ketua Umum PAN\". Komps.com. 18 December 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2018.\nStefanie, Christie (21 January 2015). \"Deklarasi Ketua Umum PAN, Zulkifli Hasan Bawa 4 Gagasan\". CNN Indonesia. Retrieved 3 April 2018.\nAritonang, Margareth S. (2 March 2015). \"MPR speaker elected new PAN chief\". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 3 April 2018.\nSihaloho, Markus Junianto (2 March 2015). \"PAN Will Remain in Opposition, New Chairman Zulkifli Says\". Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 3 April 2018.\n\"PAN Officially Switches Sides, Joins Jokowi's Coalition\". Jakarta Globe. 2 September 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2018.\nSaputro, Febrianto Adi (24 August 2018). \"PAN actually wants Anies Baswedan to run with Prabowo\". Republika.co.id. Retrieved 25 August 2018.\n\"PAN, PKS deny getting Rp 500b to let Sandiaga become VP candidate\". The Jakarta Post. 9 August 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2018.\nSihaloho, Markus Junianto (14 February 2017). \"MPR Speaker Zulkifli Hasan Calls on Public to Avoid Money Politics in Regional Elections\". Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 4 April 2018.\n\"Adriansyah Laporkan Balik Cabub Syamsul Bahri Ke Polres Muara Enim\". Palugadanews.com. 5 March 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2018.\nInge, Nefri (14 March 2018). \"PAN Bantah Zulkifli Hasan Lakukan Politik Uang di Pilkada Muara Enim\". Liputan6.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018.\nInge, Nefri (14 March 2018). \"Terekam Bagi-Bagi Duit, Zulkifli Hasan Akan Diperiksa Panwas Muara Enim\". Liputan6.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018.\nInge, Nefri (14 March 2018). \"PAN Bantah Zulkifli Hasan Lakukan Politik Uang di Pilkada Muara Enim\". Liputan6.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018.\nInge, Nefri (18 March 2018). \"Alasan Panwas Muara Enim Bebaskan Zulkifli Hasan\". Liputan6.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018.\nTriansyah, Isra (20 February 2018). \"Zulkifli Hasan Siap Maju Capres jika Diusung PAN\". SINDOnews.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018.\nPurbaya, Angling Adhitya (29 March 2018). \"Zulkifli Perhitungkan Syarat Kursi 20% Untuk Ikut Pilpres\". detikcom. Retrieved 4 April 2018.\nBayhaqi, Ahda (4 April 2018). \"Zulkifli Hasan sebut PAN tak akan usung Gatot di Pilpres 2019\". Merdeka.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018.\n\"Zulkifli Hasan Reveals Prabowo-Sandiaga Campaign Team\". Tempo.co. 18 August 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2018.\n\"Zulkifli Reelected PAN Chairman in Chaotic Congress\". Jakarta Globe. 12 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.\n\"At least 10 injured in violent dispute during second day of PAN congress\". The Jakarta Post. 12 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.\nSuryadi, Dede (11 February 2017). \"Liku-liku Futri Membenahi Haneda\". SWA Online Magazine. Retrieved 4 April 2018.\nLaksana, Bisma Alief (24 September 2017). \"Panglima TNI Hingga Ketua DPD Jadi Saksi Nikah Putra Zulkifli Hasan\". detikcom. Retrieved 4 April 2018.\nSeptianto, Bayu (20 January 2018). \"Dari Kursi Bisnis ke MPR, Zulkifli Hasan Ingin Bangun Sekolah di Masa Tua\". Okezone News. Retrieved 4 April 2018.\n\"Dibalik \"Insya Allah\" Helmi Hasan\". Bengkuluekspress.com. 21 January 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2018.\nSupriyadi, Eko (17 March 2016). \"Zulkifli Hasan Tinjau SMA Kebangsaan di Lampung\". republika.co.id. Retrieved 8 April 2018.\n\"Bengkulu Mayor Named Corruption Suspect\". Jakarta Globe. 18 March 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2018.\nSupriatin (10 September 2015). \"Pengadilan batalkan status tersangka wali kota Bengkulu Helmi Hasan\". Merdeka.com. Retrieved 8 April 2018.\nRahmadani, Yetti (6 September 2017). \"Terkuak, Rp 500 Juta Selamatkan Helmi Hasan Dari Praperadilan Bansos\". Rakyat Merdeka Online. Retrieved 8 April 2018.\nMualifah, Siti (16 December 2015). \"Zainuddin-Nanang Menangi Pilkada Lampung Selatan Versi KPU\". jejamo.com. Retrieved 8 April 2018.\n\"Pernah Tersangka Penipuan Proyek Hazizi mundur dari dewan\". PT Besatu Lampung Media. 14 May 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2018.\nRinando, Romi (10 February 2017). \"Hazizi, Adik Ketua MPR Zulkifli Hasan Ditetapkan Tersangka Kasus Dugaan Penipuan Proyek\". Tribun Lampung. Retrieved 8 April 2018.\nYulianto, Beni (9 May 2017). \"Adik Kandung Ketua MPR Mengundurkan Diri dari DPRD Lampung\". Tribun Lampung. Retrieved 8 April 2018.\n\"Honorary Black-Belt submission to H. Zulkifli Hasan SE. MM\". Kyokushinkan Indonesia. Kyokushinkan Indonesia. Retrieved 9 April 2018.\n\"Tarung Derajat Tampil di SEA Games 2011\". Tempo.co. 2 June 2010. Retrieved 9 April 2018.\n\"Sekjen DPP PAN Zulkifli Hasan Terima Kadarman Award\". detikcom. 26 July 2007. Retrieved 3 April 2018.\nAmri, Arfi Bambani (8 July 2010). \"Jupe dan Zulkifli Hasan Dapat Gelar Bangsawan\". PT Viva Media Baru. Retrieved 6 August 2018.\n\"Menhut Menerima Bintang Jasa Mahaputra Adipradana\". Ministry of Environment and Forestry Republic of Indonesia. Badan litbang & Inovasi Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup & Kehutanan. Retrieved 8 April 2018.\nTambak, Ruslan (15 November 2017). \"Zulkifli Hasan Satu-satunya Yang Diberi Gelar Pangeran Kerta Jaya Alam Nata\". Rakyat Merdeka Online. Retrieved 6 August 2018.", "Official website" ]

[ "Zulkifli Hasan", "Childhood and education", "A self-made man", "Business career", "Youth entrepreneurship", "Early political career", "Forestry Minister", "Illegal forest operations", "Moratorium on new forest concessions", "Allegation of state losses", "Interview by Harrison Ford", "Hazardous smoke haze", "Riau forestry corruption case", "Bogor land conversion case", "Forest smallholdings and education", "Flurry of decrees", "MPR Speaker", "Stance on alcohol and drugs", "Opposition to LGBT", "Chairman of PAN", "Money politics", "Presidential ambition", "2020 chair fight", "Personal life and family", "Brothers", "Martial arts", "Honors", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359700, 5359701 ]

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[ "Zulkifli Mohamad Al-Bakri (Jawi: ذوالكفل محمد البكري; born 16 January 1969) is a Malaysian Islamic scholar. He served as Minister in the Prime Minister's Department in charge of Religious Affairs in the Perikatan Nasional (PN) administration under former Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin from March 2020 to August 2021. He has served as Senator since March 2020. Prior to his appointments as minister and senator, he served as the 7th Mufti of the Federal Territories from June 2014 to his appointments in March 2020.\nZulkifli is also the founder of Federal Territories Islamic Religious Council's Pondok Moden Al-'Abaqirah, a religious educational institute. On 5 October 2020, he tested positive for COVID-19 after he returned from campaigning in the Sabah state election. He was discharged from Tuanku Ja'afar Hospital in Seremban after his full recovery nine days later.", "", " Malaysia :\n Commander of the Order of Meritorious Service (PJN) – Datuk (2019)\n Federal Territory (Malaysia) :\n Knight Commander of the Order of the Territorial Crown (PMW) – Datuk (2015)\n Penang :\n Commander of the Order of the Defender of State (DGPN) – Dato' Seri (2018)", "Danial Dzulkifly (12 March 2020). \"From mufti to minister: Who is Zulkifli Mohamad, the Islamic scholar now in Putrajaya?\". Malay Mail. Retrieved 13 January 2021.\n\"KL mufti meets archbishop in 'historic' event\". The Star. 8 January 2016.\n\"History of Pondok Moden Al-'Abaqirah\". Pondok Moden Al-A\\'baqirah. Retrieved 13 January 2021.\n\"Zulkifli positive for Covid-19\". The Star. 6 October 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2020.\nEsther Landau (14 October 2020). \"Zulkifli discharged today after full recovery from Covid-19\". New Straits Times. Retrieved 13 January 2021.\n\"SEMAKAN PENERIMA DARJAH KEBESARAN, BINTANG DAN PINGAT\". Prime Minister's Department (Malaysia). Retrieved 9 March 2020.\n\"CJ, AG Tommy Thomas, IGP among those awarded 'Tan Sri' in conjunction with Agong's birthday\". Bernama. Malay Mail. 9 September 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2020.\n\"Peguam Negara dahului senarai penerima darjah kebesaran Hari Wilayah Persekutuan\". Bernama (in Malay). Berita Harian. 1 February 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2021.\n\"Panglima ATM dahului senarai penerima darjah kebesaran Pulau Pinang\". Bernama (in Malay). Astro Awani. 14 July 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2021.", "Zulkifli Mohamad Al-Bakri on Facebook" ]

[ "Zulkifli Mohamad Al-Bakri", "Honours", "Honours of Malaysia", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359702 ]

[ 27236587, 27236588, 27236589, 27236590 ]

[ "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Zulkifli_Nordin.jpg" ]

[ "Dato' Zulkifli Noordin (born 19 February 1962) is a Malaysian politician and a former Member of the Parliament of Malaysia for the Kulim–Bandar Baharu constituency in Kedah. He held the seat as an Independent, although having been elected on the ticket and as a member of the People's Justice Party (PKR) but was sacked in 2010. Zulkifli was also the deputy president of right-wing Malay organisation, Perkasa.\nZulkifli was elected to the Parliament in the 2008 election. His election had been contested by the defeated UMNO candidate; however the court petition to overturn the result was eventually withdrawn. In the 2013 election, he contested the Shah Alam parliamentary seat under the Barisan Nasional ticket and was defeated.\nZulkifli is also a Sharia lawyer.", "", "Datuk Zulkifli Nordin was a public figure in the controversy over the use of the word 'Allah' in a Catholic publication. In response to the decision of the High Court allowing the publication Herald, Zulkifli stated \"I can't understand how any Muslim can support this judgment\". Zulkifli also called for the resignation of a Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party MP, Khalid Samad for supporting the right of Christians to use the word 'Allah'.", "On 6 March 2010, Zulkifli was dismissed from PKR following the unanimous decision of a party disciplinary panel arising from Zulkifli's lodging of a police report against Khalid Samad and his public criticisms of the Chief Minister of Penang, Lim Guan Eng. Zulkifli's request to have his case heard by an all-Muslim disciplinary panel had been dismissed by the party. He immediately indicated he would remain in Parliament as an Independent. He has been vocal in criticising the federal opposition, especially the PKR, since his dismissal.", "In March 2013, Zulkifli Noordin has been heavily criticised by several Hindu politicians after giving a religious sermon belittling Hinduism. A YouTube video of the speech has been circulating on social media. In his speech, he explained how he laughed at the Indian traders on why the Hindu gods could not prevent the trader's shop from being flooded. He also questioned the purity and holiness of the Ganges River, India, which is considered sacred by the Hindus, claiming that the Ganges River is filled with chicken carcasses and twigs floating. Besides that, Zulkifli also mocked the Hindu god Lord Ganesha, by questioning why the Hindus are fighting over buying the deity's statue with the trunk broken. He also questioned the holiness of the Hindu gods when he said when the broken parts of the statue can just be mended by plaster.\nThe video clip has sparked outrage among many people from the Malaysian Hindu community. PKR vice-president and lawyer N. Surendran wants Zulkifli to be charged with Section 298A of the Penal Code for uttering words which causes disharmony, feelings of enmity, hatred or ill-will on grounds of religion. He added that Zulkifli is a close ally with Malaysian Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Razak, in which he described that UMNO and Barisan Nasional must take responsibility for the sacrilegious remarks and mockery of Hinduism.\nMIC central working committee member Datuk T. Rajagopalu told Zulkifli to 'shut up' and apologise for his insensitive remarks against the Hindus. He added that Zulkifli is unfit to be an MP, describing the lawyer as a half-baked lawyer and not a true Muslim man. MIC vice-president Datuk S.K. Devamany also demanded that Zulkifli apologise and withdraw his remarks. Aside from them, MIC central working committee member P. Kamalanathan condemned Zulkifli's remarks \"in the harshest manner possible.\" Human rights group SUARAM also rebuked Zulkifli and urged voters to reject him in the upcoming Malaysian 13th general elections. Hindu Sangam chief said that no legal action were taken against Zulkifli because he is a Muslim and vice-president of Perkasa.\nZulkifli later apologised on 1 April 2013 for hurting the feelings of the Indian community. This change of sentiment was most probably due to the upcoming 13th general election.\nZulkifli Nordin also states that his statement was made during his days in PAS and he was remorseful for his actions. He also added he had made a lot of mistakes during his tenure as a PAS member and also as a lawyer for Anwar Ibrahim. One of those mistake is the remarks he made to the Hindu community in Malaysia. The video resurfaced only recently after he was ousted by the Pakatan Rakyat and now he is facing attacks from his former colleague even though no PAS members made any statements during Zulkifli Nordin's tenure as a representative from PAS.", "On 17 April 2014, Zulkifli Noordin commented that Allah had killed off Karpal had received swift criticisms from Barisan Nasional and Opposition MPs.", "", "Zul Noordin lost PAS membership in 2008, says sec-gen Archived 29 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Adib Zalkapli, 7 July 2010, The Malaysian Insider\n\"Malaysia Decides 2008\". The Star (Malaysia). Archived from the original on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2009.\n\"Aziz Sheikh Fadzir Withdraws Petition Against Zulkifli Noordin\". mysinchew.com. 13 October 2008. Retrieved 21 December 2009.\n\"Biodata\". Retrieved 23 May 2010.\nKuppusamy, Baradan (8 January 2010). \"Can Christians say 'Allah'? In Malaysia, Muslims say No\". TIME Magazine. Archived from the original on 11 January 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2010.\n\"MPs lock horns over Allah issue\". The Star. 4 January 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2010.\n\"PKR sacks Zul\". Malaysian Mirror. 6 March 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2010.\n\"PKR sacks Zulkifli Noordin\". TheStar Online. 7 March 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2010.\nSamy, Florence M (5 March 2010). \"PKR sacks Zul Noordin (Update)\". The Star. Star Publications (Malaysia). Retrieved 6 March 2010.\nChooi, Clara (7 March 2010). \"Zulkifli won't appeal, will stay as MP\". The Malaysian Insider. Retrieved 6 March 2010.\n\"Zul Noordin asks why Hindu gods did not stop flood\".\n\"Charge insolent Zul Noordin\".\n\"MIC leaders tell Zul Noordin to 'shut up' and apologise\".\n\"No action so far against Zul Noordin 'because he is Muslim', says Hindu Sangam chief\".\n\"Zulkifli Noordin apologises to Indian community over remarks in video clip\".\nNews.\"I am sorry, Zulkifli tells Hindus\", The Star, Kuala Lumpur, 2 April 2013. Retrieved on 18 April 2013.\n\"Opposition MPs censure Karpal's critics for insensitive remarks\". The Malaysian Insider. 17 April 2014.\n\"Keputusan Pilihan Raya Umum Parlimen/Dewan Undangan Negeri\" (in Malay). Election Commission of Malaysia. Retrieved 4 February 2017. Percentage figures based on total turnout.\n\"Malaysia General Election\". undiinfo Malaysian Election Data. Malaysiakini. Retrieved 4 February 2017. Results only available from the 2004 election.\n\"KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM 13\". Sistem Pengurusan Maklumat Pilihan Raya Umum (in Malay). Election Commission of Malaysia. Retrieved 24 March 2017." ]

[ "Zulkifli Noordin", "Controversies", "Allah issue", "Dismissal from PKR", "Insulting remarks against Hindus", "Insensitive remarks on the passing of Karpal Singh", "Election results", "References" ]

[ 5359703 ]

[ 27236591, 27236592, 27236593, 27236594, 27236595, 27236596, 27236597, 27236598, 27236599, 27236600, 27236601, 27236602, 27236603, 27236604 ]

[ "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Zulkifli_nurdin.jpg" ]

[ "Zulkifli Nurdin (March 28, 1948 – November 28, 2018) was an Indonesian politician and military officer. He served as the Governor of Jambi for two terms from 1999 until 2004 and again from 2005 until 2010. Nurdin is the father of Zumi Zola, the former Governor of Jambi from 2016 until 2018, when Zola was convicted of corruption.\nNurdin was born on March 28, 1948, in Muara Sabak, East Tanjung Jabung Regency, in what is now the present-day Indonesian province of Jambi.\nHe served as Governor of Jambi from 1999 until 2004, when he resigned from office to seek re-election to a second term. He won re-election to a second gubernatorial term, which he served from 2005 until 2010.\nNurdin died on at 8 a.m. on November 28, 2018, at Pondok Indah Hospital in the Pondok Indah neighborhood of South Jakarta at the age of 70 due to complications of diabetes. His son, suspended Jambi Governor Zumi Zola, who was on trial for corruption at the time of his father's death, was granted temporary permission to leave prison to attend Nurdin's funeral. Nurdin was buried at a family cemetery in Jambi City on Thursday, November 29, 2018.", "Gabrillan, Abba (2018-11-28). \"Zulkifli Nurdin, Ayah Zumi Zola Meninggal\". Kompas.com. Archived from the original on 2018-11-29. Retrieved 2018-11-27.\n\"Island focus: Zumi Zola attends father's funeral\". Jakarta Post. 2018-11-30. Archived from the original on 2018-12-27. Retrieved 2018-11-27.\n\"Graft suspect Zumi Zola to attend father's funeral in Jambi\". Jakarta Post. 2018-11-29. Archived from the original on 2018-12-27. Retrieved 2018-11-27." ]

[ "Zulkifli Nurdin", "References" ]

[ 5359704 ]

[ 27236605, 27236606 ]

[ "Gen. Zulkifli Zainal Abidin in 2018.", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Zulkifli_Zainal_Abidin_%2843887386484%29_%28cropped%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Kesatria_Mangku_Negara.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Darjah_Panglima_Gagah_Angkatan_Tentera.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Pingat_Jasa_Malaysia_ribbon.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Malaysia_General_Service_Medal_1971.png" ]

[ "Tan Sri Dato’ Seri Panglima Hj Zulkifli bin Hj Zainal Abidin is a Malaysian general who served as the 20th Chief of Defence Forces. He served as the Chief of Army from June 14, 2011 to June 13, 2013.", "He was born in Kuala Sepetang, Perak, Malaysia on November 30, 1958.\nHe was commissioned in the Royal Malay Regiment as a Second Lieutenant in 1978, and ever since, held various commands in the Army and Armed Forces, including as the Senior Staff Officer to the Chief of Defence Force in 2001, and Vice Chancellor of the National Defence University of Malaysia from September 2008 to May 2010.\nHe also attended various courses such as the Senior Development Programme at the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, holds a Master in Management from the Asian Institute of Management at Makati, Philippines, obtained an Advanced Diploma in Business and Management (Distinction) from Swansea University, University of Wales, and a diploma from the Royal College of Defence Studies (Imperial Defence College) in London. He is also an Adjunct Professor to the Centre of Business Innovation and Technopreneurship, in the Universiti Malaysia Perlis since 2010, and appointed as Professor (Profesor Ikhtisas) by the National Defence University of Malaysia in 2017.\nHe was involved in the Communist insurgency, and served as a senior instructor at the Army Training Group and Senior Instructor at the New Zealand Army Infantry school of the New Zealand Army from 1986 to 1988, training the New Zealand Army and other Commonwealth armies in training weapons, tactics and counter insurgency warfare. He was also the Commandant of the Army Recruit Training Centre from 2002 to 2004, and was appointed as the Chief of the Malaysian Army from June 2011 to June 2013.\nHis interests include reading about Management (Defence, Training and Human Resources Management), Defence and Security Studies (Total Defence, Counter Insurgency and Terrorism), Leadership and Development subjects, as well as taking care of orchards, fishing and hunting.\nHe is married to Puan Sri Datin Seri Hajjah Rusnah binti Haji A. Rahman, and have four children, two sons and two daughters.", " Malaysia :\n Officer of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (KMN) (1996)\n Companion of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (JSM) (2007)\n Commander of the Order of Meritorious Service (PJN) — Datuk (2011)\n Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) — Tan Sri (2012)\n Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (PMN) — Tan Sri (2019)\n Perak :\n Knight Commander of the Order of Taming Sari (DPTS) – Dato' Pahlawan (2007)\n Knight Grand Commander of the Order of Taming Sari (SPTS) – Dato' Seri Panglima (2012)\n Pahang :\n Grand Knight of the Order of the Crown of Pahang (SIMP) – Dato' Indera (2010)\n Knight Companion of the Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang (DSAP) – Dato' (2011)\n Grand Knight of the Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang (SSAP) – Dato' Sri (2012)\n Kedah :\n Knight Commander of the Glorious Order of the Crown of Kedah (DGMK) – Dato' Wira (2011)\n Knight Commander of the Order of Loyalty to Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah (DHMS) – Dato' Paduka (2012)\n Penang :\n Commander of the Order of the Defender of State (DGPN) – Dato’ Seri (2012)\n Knight Commander of the Order of the Defender of State (DPPN) – Dato’ Seri (2018)\n Kelantan :\n Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Noble Crown of Kelantan (SPKK) – Dato' (2012)\n Selangor :\n Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown of Selangor (DPMS) – Dato’ (2012)\n Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Selangor (SPMS) – Dato’ Seri (2018)\n Negeri Sembilan :\n Grand Knight of the Order of Loyalty to Tuanku Muhriz (SSTM) – Dato' Seri (2013)\n Terengganu :\n Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Terengganu (SPMT) (2013)\n Malaysian Armed Forces :\n The Most Gallant Order of Military Service with the ranks of Courageous Commander (Darjah Panglima Gagah Angkatan Tentera/PGAT) and Warrior (Pahlawan Angkatan Tentera/PAT)\n Malaysian Service Medal\n General Service Medal", " Thailand :\nHonorary Airborne Wings - From The Royal Thai Army", "\"Zulkifli Zainal Abidin new Chief of Defence Forces\". Borneo Post Online. 20 June 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2019.\n\"CDF Profile\".\n\"DPTS 2007\". pingat.perak.gov.my.\n\"SPTS 2012\". pingat.perak.gov.my." ]

[ "Zulkifli Zainal Abidin", "Background", "Honours", "Foreign honours", "References" ]

[ 5359705 ]

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[ "Zullwil village", "", "", "View of Gilgenberg Castle and Zullwil" ]

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[ "Zullwil is a municipality in the district of Thierstein in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.", "Zullwil has an area, as of 2009, of 3.64 square kilometers (1.41 sq mi). Of this area, 1.6 km² (0.62 sq mi) or 44.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while 1.67 km² (0.64 sq mi) or 45.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.35 km² (0.14 sq mi) or 9.6% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.01 km² (2.5 acres) or 0.3% is either rivers or lakes.\nOf the built up area, housing and buildings made up 6.6% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.6%. Out of the forested land, 43.4% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.5% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 3.3% is used for growing crops and 31.3% is pastures, while 4.9% is used for orchards or vine crops and 4.4% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.", "The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Quarterly Sable and Argent two Staffs fleury counterchanged in saltire.", "Zullwil has a population (as of December 2020) of 657. As of 2008, 4.0% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of -4.9%. It has changed at a rate of -5.4% due to migration and at a rate of -1.1% due to births and deaths.\nMost of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (570 or 94.1%), with Albanian being second most common (15 or 2.5%) and French being third (4 or 0.7%). There are 2 people who speak Romansh.\nAs of 2008, the gender distribution of the population was 51.6% male and 48.4% female. The population was made up of 292 Swiss men (47.8% of the population) and 23 (3.8%) non-Swiss men. There were 279 Swiss women (45.7%) and 17 (2.8%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality 265 or about 43.7% were born in Zullwil and lived there in 2000. There were 137 or 22.6% who were born in the same canton, while 139 or 22.9% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 54 or 8.9% were born outside of Switzerland.\nIn 2008 there were 5 live births to Swiss citizens and were 10 deaths of Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 5 while the foreign population remained the same. There was 1 Swiss man who immigrated back to Switzerland. At the same time, there was 1 non-Swiss man who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was a decrease of 19 and the non-Swiss population decreased by 5 people. This represents a population growth rate of -4.0%.\nThe age distribution, as of 2000, in Zullwil is; 50 children or 8.3% of the population are between 0 and 6 years old and 106 teenagers or 17.5% are between 7 and 19. Of the adult population, 32 people or 5.3% of the population are between 20 and 24 years old. 163 people or 26.9% are between 25 and 44, and 161 people or 26.6% are between 45 and 64. The senior population distribution is 67 people or 11.1% of the population are between 65 and 79 years old and there are 27 people or 4.5% who are over 80.\nAs of 2000, there were 252 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 300 married individuals, 37 widows or widowers and 17 individuals who are divorced.\nAs of 2000, there were 237 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.5 persons per household. There were 60 households that consist of only one person and 27 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 240 households that answered this question, 25.0% were households made up of just one person and there were 3 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 72 married couples without children, 88 married couples with children There were 11 single parents with a child or children. There were 3 households that were made up of unrelated people and 3 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.\nIn 2000 there were 140 single family homes (or 71.4% of the total) out of a total of 196 inhabited buildings. There were 29 multi-family buildings (14.8%), along with 23 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (11.7%) and 4 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (2.0%). Of the single family homes 11 were built before 1919, while 15 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (30) were built between 1946 and 1960.\nIn 2000 there were 261 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 79. There were 4 single room apartments and 113 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 234 apartments (89.7% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 12 apartments (4.6%) were seasonally occupied and 15 apartments (5.7%) were empty. As of 2009, the construction rate of new housing units was 6.7 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010, was 2.79%.\nThe historical population is given in the following chart:", "In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the FDP which received 31.07% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (28.79%), the CVP (23.18%) and the SP (10.87%). In the federal election, a total of 209 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 46.0%.", "As of  2010, Zullwil had an unemployment rate of 2.9%. As of 2008, there were 17 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 9 businesses involved in this sector. 84 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 8 businesses in this sector. 16 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 4 businesses in this sector. There were 295 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 39.3% of the workforce.\nIn 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 100. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 11, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 78 of which 51 or (65.4%) were in manufacturing and 28 (35.9%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 11. In the tertiary sector; 3 or 27.3% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 2 or 18.2% were in a hotel or restaurant, 5 or 45.5% were in education.\nIn 2000, there were 91 workers who commuted into the municipality and 243 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.7 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 8.8% of the workforce coming into Zullwil are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 21.7% used public transportation to get to work, and 59.7% used a private car.", "From the 2000 census, 438 or 72.3% were Roman Catholic, while 61 or 10.1% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 3 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.50% of the population), and there were 9 individuals (or about 1.49% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 28 (or about 4.62% of the population) who were Islamic. 56 (or about 9.24% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 11 individuals (or about 1.82% of the population) did not answer the question.", "In Zullwil about 227 or (37.5%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 40 or (6.6%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 40 who completed tertiary schooling, 77.5% were Swiss men, 17.5% were Swiss women.\nDuring the 2010-2011 school year there were a total of 10 students in the Zullwil school system. The education system in the Canton of Solothurn allows young children to attend two years of non-obligatory Kindergarten. During that school year, there were 10 children in kindergarten. The canton's school system requires students to attend six years of primary school, with some of the children attending smaller, specialized classes. In the municipality there were students in primary school. The secondary school program consists of three lower, obligatory years of schooling, followed by three to five years of optional, advanced schools. All the lower secondary students from Zullwil attend their school in a neighboring municipality.\nAs of 2000, there was one student in Zullwil who came from another municipality, while 76 residents attended schools outside the municipality.", "\"Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen\". Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 13 January 2019.\n\"Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeitskategorie Geschlecht und Gemeinde; Provisorische Jahresergebnisse; 2018\". Federal Statistical Office. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office-Land Use Statistics 2009 data (in German) accessed 25 March 2010\nFlags of the World.com accessed 13-April-2011\n\"Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit\". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office - Superweb database - Gemeinde Statistics 1981-2008 Archived June 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 19 June 2010\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office Archived January 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine accessed 13-April-2011\nSTAT-TAB Datenwürfel für Thema 40.3 - 2000 Archived April 9, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 2 February 2011\nCanton of Solothurn Statistics - Wohnbevölkerung der Gemeinden nach Nationalität und Geschlecht Archived March 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 11 March 2011\nCanton of Solothurn Statistics - Wohnbevölkerung nach Gemeinden, Nationalität, Altersgruppen und Zivilstand, Total (Männer + Frauen) Archived July 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 11 March 2011\nFederal Statistical Office STAT-TAB - Datenwürfel für Thema 09.2 - Gebäude und Wohnungen Archived January 21, 2015, at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 28 January 2011\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Bevölkerungsentwicklung nach Region, 1850-2000 Archived September 30, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 29 January 2011\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office, Nationalratswahlen 2007: Stärke der Parteien und Wahlbeteiligung, nach Gemeinden/Bezirk/Canton Archived May 14, 2015, at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 28 May 2010\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Betriebszählung: Arbeitsstätten nach Gemeinde und NOGA 2008 (Abschnitte), Sektoren 1-3 Archived December 25, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 28 January 2011\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office - Statweb (in German) accessed 24 June 2010\nCanton of Solothurn - Education information Archived May 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 11 March 2011\nCanton of Solothurn - School statistics Archived July 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 13 March 2011", "" ]

[ "Zullwil", "Geography", "Coat of arms", "Demographics", "Politics", "Economy", "Religion", "Education", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359706, 5359707, 5359708 ]

[ 27236614, 27236615, 27236616, 27236617, 27236618, 27236619, 27236620, 27236621, 27236622, 27236623, 27236624, 27236625, 27236626, 27236627, 27236628, 27236629, 27236630, 27236631, 27236632, 27236633, 27236634, 27236635, 27236636, 27236637 ]

[ "Hand-colored portrait of Zully Moreno, ca. 1954", "Zully Moreno ca. 1950", "Zully Moreno at the theater ca. 1958" ]

[ 0, 1, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Zully_Moreno_retrato_colorizado.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Zully_moreno.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Zully_Moreno_entre_el_publico_de_un_teatro.jpg" ]

[ "Zulema Esther González Borbón, better known as Zully Moreno (October 17, 1920 in Villa Ballester, Buenos Aires – December 25, 1999 in Buenos Aires), was an Argentine film actress of the Golden Age of Argentine Cinema (1940–1960). She appeared in more than 70 movies, earning best actress awards from the Argentine Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and the Spanish Cinema Writers Circle.", "Zulema Esther González Borbón was born on 17 October 1920 in the town of Villa Ballester, part of the General San Martín Partido in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. She dreamed of becoming an actress, but went to work as a seamstress at a young age due to financial hardship, after her father's death when she was ten years old, followed when she was fourteen by her elder brother's death.\nShe made many visits to the theaters in search of parts, and in 1938, answering a notice for extras, she was hired for a minor role in Cándida, under the direction of Luis Bayon Herrera and starring Niní Marshall. She then had a string of films, including Bartolo tenía una flauta (1939), Azahares rojos (1940), De México llegó el amor (1940) and Orquesta de señoritas (1941), in which she played minor roles. During the filming of Orquesta de señoritas she met Luis Cesar Amadori, who would become her husband, several years later.\nHer first starring role was in the film En el último piso (1942), which led to a role opposite Mirtha Legrand in Su hermana menor. She was launched to stardom with Stella (1943), directed by Benito Perojo. The Hollywood-style, big budget production, with haute couture costumes gave her a glamor like few other actresses had at the time and led to a style that became known as \"cine de los teléfonos blancos\" (cinema of the white telephone). Stella was followed with roles alongside some of Argentina's biggest stars, including: Pedro López Lagar in both Apasionadamente (1944) and Celos (1946); Angel Magaña in Nunca te diré adiós (1947); and Arturo de Córdova in Dios se lo pague (1948). Dios se lo pague was directed by Luis Cesar Amadori, who Moreno had married in 1947 and was one of the first foreign films ever nominated for an Academy Award. The film debuted on 16 March 1948 in Mar del Plata, at the inaugural Argentine Film Festival, and Moreno won best actress from the Argentine Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.\nMoreno's marriage marked a change in the type roles that she played and her movement into diva status. Prior to that time, from 1939 to 1945, her roles were primarily melodramatic comedies and portrayed modern, urban women. These films reflect the changing role of women after the Second World War, where women are not confined solely to home and children, but part of the world, making decisions. Innocent, but not naïve, worldly, but not too worldly and introducing the first inklings that romance could be an emotional and sexual attraction for women rather than love simply being a spiritual passive feminine duty. In the contrary, after her marriage, Moreno became the embodiment of elegance, luxury, and glamor. Most of her films were pure melodrama and almost always there was a scene of an evening-dress clad woman entering a casino, or theater in which a long-camera watched as her coat was removed and unveiled the beautiful woman beneath.\nThough she often worked with her husband, Moreno also worked with some of Argentina's biggest directors. She was directed by Mario Soffici in La gata (1947) and by Carlos Hugo Christensen in La trampa (1949). Her husband directed her in Nacha Regules (1950) and María Montecristo (1951) and in Cosas de mujer (1951), she was directed by Carlos Schlieper. In La mujer de las camelias (1952) she was directed by Ernesto Arancibia but also met Horace Lannes, who going-forward would be her preferred designer. \"Camelias\" won Moreno her second Best Actress award from the Argentine Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 1953 and the inaugural Best Foreign Film award at the 1955 Golden Globes from the Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Her last film in Argentina was Amor prohibido, made under the direction of her husband, filmed in 1955, but it was not released until 1958.\nIn 1955, when Juan Perón's government was overthrown by the Revolución Libertadora, a coup d'état, Amadori was arrested and tortured. Upon his release from prison, he and Moreno fled to Spain. She continued working in Spain, filming Madrugada (1957) with director Antonio Roman, for which she won the Círculo de Escritores Cinematográficos (CEC) (Cinema Writers Circle) award for Best Actress. That same year, at the Film Festival San Sebastian, Moreno received the award which typified her screen persona, with a certificate honoring her as most elegant actress. Her next film was La noche y el alba (1959) directed by José María Forqué, followed by Una gran señora (1959) and Un trono para Cristy (1960), both directed by her husband, Amadori.\nAfter the death of Amadori in 1977, she returned permanently to Argentina and led the Teatro Maipo and chaired the production of Argentina Sono Film briefly, but then turned away from the media and became reclusive as her Alzheimer's advanced.", "Moreno married Luis Cesar Amadori in 1947 and they had one son, Luis. During their years of exile in Spain, the family shared living spaces with Alberto Closas, his wife Marisa, and their family, moving back and forth between properties in Madrid and Alicante. In 1966, she began returning to Argentina incognito, wanting her son to know his heritage. After years of visiting, in 1970, she purchased an apartment Buenos Aires, on Avenida Del Libertador.\nShe died on 25 December 1999 in Buenos Aires, a victim of Alzheimer's disease. She was buried in the Pantheon of Actors at Chacarita Cemetery.", "1946 Premios Sur Award for Best Actress for Celos\n1953 Premios Sur Award for Best Actress for La mujer de las camelias", "Cándida (1939)\nBartolo tenía una flauta (1939)\nAzahares rojos (1940)\nDe México llegó el amor (1940)\nBy the Light of a Star (1941)\nGirls Orchestra (1941)\nLos martes, orquídeas (1941)\nPapá tiene novia (1941)\nEl Profesor Cero (1942)\nEn el último piso (1942)\nEl Pijama de Adán (1942)\nFantasmas en Buenos Aires (1942)\nBajó un ángel del Cielo (1942)\nHistoria de Crímenes (1942)\nSu hermana menor (1943)\nStella (1943)\nApasionadamente (1944)\nTwo Angels and a Sinner (1945)\nCristina (1946)\nCelos (1946)\nNunca te diré adiós (1947)\nLa Gata (1947)\nDios se lo pague (1948)\nLa Trampa (1949)\nNacha Regules (1950)\nPecado (1950)\nMaría Montecristo (1951)\nTierra baja (1951)\nThe Unwanted (1951)\nCosas de Mujer (1951)\nMe casé con una estrella (1951)\nLa Dama de las Camelias (1953)\nLa Dama del Mar (1954)\nLa Calle del Pecado (1954)\nEl barro humano (1955)\nEl amor nunca muere (1955)\nAmor prohibido (1955)\nMadrugada (1957)\nNight and Dawn (1958)\nLa Noche y el Alba (1959)\nUna Gran Señora (1959)\nUn Trono para Cristy (1960)", "\"Informatizan archivos en Recoleta\" [Files in Recoleta are computerised]. La Nación (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. 14 May 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2011. Como se recordará, allí se alojan los restos de Eva Duarte de Perón; de los escritores José Hernández, Victoria y Silvina Ocampo, Adolfo Bioy Casares, Miguel Cané, Oliverio Girondo y Paul Groussac; los premios Nobel Luis Federico Leloir y Carlos Saavedra Lamas; los médicos Cosme Argerich y Francisco Muñiz; los artistas Blanca Podestá, Armando Bo y Zully Moreno, y los deportistas Luis Angel Firpo y Martín Karadagian.\n\"Murió Zully Moreno\" (in Spanish). Buenos Aires, Argentina: La Nacion. 27 December 1999. Retrieved 10 June 2015.\nCosentino, Olga (27 December 1999). \"El largo adiós\" (in Spanish). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Clarín. Retrieved 10 June 2015.\n\"Zully Moreno, una diva entre divas\" (in Spanish). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Página 12. 27 December 1999. Retrieved 10 June 2015.\nRist, Peter H. (2014). Historical dictionary of South American cinema. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 393. ISBN 978-0-8108-6082-7. Retrieved 10 June 2015.\n\"Zully Moreno (1920-1999)\". Actores Organizacion (in Spanish). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Cultural Gremial Mutual Fundada. 17 June 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2015.\n\"Excepcional Ciclo de Cine Argentino todos los domingos de mayo\" (in Spanish). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Salta21. 28 April 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2015.\n\"Los orígenes de una estrella: las comedias iniciales de Zully Moreno\" (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Estudos de Cinema e Audiovisual (in Spanish). Year 3, Ed 6. July–December 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2015.\nAcademia nacional de bellas artes (1982). Historia general del arte en la Argentina (in Spanish). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Academia Nacional de Bellas Artes. pp. 32, 44. ISBN 950-612-000-5. Retrieved 10 June 2015.\nFerreira, Fernando (1995). Luz, cámara... memoria: una historia social del cine argentino (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Ed. Corregidor. p. 377. ISBN 950-05-0859-1. Retrieved 10 June 2015.\n\"La Academia de Artes y Ciencias Cinematográficas de la Argentina\". Boletín de música y artes visuales (in Spanish). Departamento de Asuntos Culturales, Unión Panamericana (47–58): 31. 1954. Retrieved 10 June 2015.\n\"Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film\". Memim. Memim. Retrieved 10 June 2015.\nPlazaola, Luis Trelles (1989). South American cinema: dictionary of film makers (1st ed.). Río Piedras, P.R.: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. pp. 5–6. ISBN 0-8477-2011-X.\nCoira, Pepe (2004). Antonio Román: un cineasta de la posguerra (in Spanish). Madrid: Editorial Complutense. p. 199. ISBN 84-7491-775-1. Retrieved 10 June 2015.\n\"1946 Premios Anuales\". Academia de las Artes y Ciencias Cinematográficas de la Argentina (in Spanish). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Academia de las Artes y Ciencias Cinematográficas de la Argentina. Retrieved 28 June 2015.\n\"1953 Premios Anuales\". Academia de las Artes y Ciencias Cinematográficas de la Argentina (in Spanish). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Academia de las Artes y Ciencias Cinematográficas de la Argentina. Retrieved 28 June 2015.", "Zully Moreno at IMDb" ]

[ "Zully Moreno", "Biography", "Family life", "Awards", "Filmography", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359709, 5359710 ]

[ 27236638, 27236639, 27236640, 27236641, 27236642, 27236643, 27236644, 27236645, 27236646, 27236647, 27236648, 27236649, 27236650, 27236651, 27236652, 27236653, 27236654, 27236655, 27236656, 27236657, 27236658, 27236659, 27236660 ]

[ "Zulma Bouffar" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Zulma_Bouffar.jpg" ]

[ "Zulma Madeleine Boufflar, known as Zulma Bouffar, (24 May 1841 – 20 January 1909), was a French actress and soprano singer, associated with the opéra-bouffe of Paris in the second half of the 19th century who enjoyed a successful career around Europe.", "At the age of six, Bouffar appeared in La fille bien gardée in Marseille, and followed this with successful performances in Lyon. Her father then toured with her around western Europe and Scandinavia. After her father’s death in 1854 she continued travelling, bringing into her repertoire some of the contemporary songs of Offenbach, who heard her sing in Hamburg in 1864. The same year Bouffar appeared at Bad Ems in Offenbach's Lischen et Fritzchen, and repeated her success in Paris.\nFrom this time for about 12 years Bouffar was probably Offenbach's mistress – his longest extra-marital liaison. She created Nani in Les géorgiennes, Éros, L'Intendant and Jeannet in Les bergers, Gabrielle in La Vie parisienne, Drogan in Geneviève de Brabant, Toto in Le château à Toto, Fragoletto in Les Brigands, Robin Luron in Le Roi Carotte, Ginetta in Les braconniers, Moschetta in Il signor Fagotto and Prince Caprice in Le voyage dans la lune – a range of men's and women's roles.\nIn 1873 Bouffar was reported in the Parisian press to have been considered for the title role of Bizet's new opera, Carmen. Although the composer refuted the story, the singer did attend the premiere of the piece in 1875.\nFrom 1891 to 1893 Bouffar became the manager of the Théâtre de l'Ambigu-Comique. In the latter part of her stage career, Bouffar appeared in operettas by Lecocq and Strauss, and sang around Europe. She announced her retirement from the stage in 1902.", "Gänzl K. Zulma Bouffar. In: The New Grove Dictionary of Opera. Macmillan, London and New York, 1997.\nGänzl K. The Encyclopaedia of the Musical Theatre. Blackwell, Oxford, 1994.\nHarding J. Jacques Offenbach, a biography. John Calder, London, 1980.\nCurtiss M. Bizet and his world. New York, Vienna House, 1958." ]

[ "Zulma Bouffar", "Life and career", "References" ]

[ 5359711 ]

[ 27236661, 27236662, 27236663, 27236664 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Zulma_Gasparini_1.jpg" ]

[ "Zulma Nélida Brandoni de Gasparini (born 15 May 1944) is an Argentinian paleontologist and zoologist. She is known for discovering the fossils of the dinosaur Gasparinisaura, which was named after her.", "Born in the city of La Plata, Argentina on 15 May 1944, Brandoni de Gasparini graduated in zoology from the National University of La Plata in 1966 and obtained her PhD in Natural Sciences in 1973.\nZulma Brandoni de Gasparini was internationally recognized in the nineties for leading the team that discovered the Gasparinisaura. She is a recognized expert in Mesozoic reptilians of South America.\nIn 1972, she started her scientific career at the CONICET, in which was promoted in 2003 to the grade of Superior Researcher. She is today professor in Paleontology of Vertebrates in the National University of La Plata.", "Brandoni de Gasparini has been awarded, among others recognitions, the Prize \"Bernardo Houssay\" of the CONICET (1987), the Prize to the Merit of the Argentinian Paleontological Association (2001) and the Prize Florentino Ameghino of the National Academy of Exact and Natural Sciences (2002). She received the Prize Pellegrino Strobel in 2013.", "\"Dra. Brandoni de Gasparini, Zulma\" (PDF). www.ancefn.org.ar. ANCEFN – Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales. Retrieved 4 November 2015.\n\"Museo de La Plata – FCNyM – UNLP – Importante reconocimiento a la trayectoria de la Dra. Zulma Brandoni de Gasparini\". www.museo.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 November 2015.\n\"Científica argentina investiga una arcaica especie inexplorada\". Diario Epoca. Retrieved 4 November 2015.\n\"Distinción a la Dra. Zulma Brandoni de Gasparini\". apaleontologica.blogspot.be. Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. Retrieved 4 November 2015.\n\"Se entregó el Premio Strobel 2013\". www.uba.ar. Retrieved 4 November 2015." ]

[ "Zulma Brandoni de Gasparini", "Work", "Honours", "References" ]

[ 5359712 ]

[ 27236665, 27236666, 27236667, 27236668 ]

[ "Portrait of Zulma Carraud and her son Ivan", "" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Zulma_Carraud.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg" ]

[ "Zulma Carraud (24 March 1796 – 24 April 1889) was a French author. She is best known for her children's books and textbooks particularly La Petite Jeanne ou le devoir and Maurice ou le travail.", "Carraud was born on 24 March 1796 in Issoudun. She attended boarding school where she met Laure de Balzac and through her, Honoré de Balzac, both of whom she remained lifelong friends with. She married her second cousin François Michel Carraud, who was 15 years her senior, in 1816. They had two children, Ivan and Yorick. They moved to Nohant to live with her brother due to financial troubles in the 1850s. Carraud died in Paris on 24 April 1889 at the age of 93.", "After moving to Nohant, Carraud volunteered as a country doctor and as a teacher at a rural school from 1852 until 1868. She began writing books and textbooks for children in rural areas after struggling to get proper books while she was a teacher. She wrote books aimed specifically at children from peasant families and their parents and was one of the first children's authors to focus on main characters that were not from noble, bourgeois or working-class families.\nHer first book, La Petite Jeanne ou le devoir was published in 1852 and was aimed at girls. Her second book, aimed at boys, was called Maurice ou le travail and was published in 1853. Both were sold across France and were endorsed by the Minister of Public Instruction and Beaux-Arts and by the Archbishop of Paris. Between 1864 and 1920, both books sold over 400,000 copies and were used in many schools to teach children from rural backgrounds both reading and middle-class values with clearly defined gender roles.", "\"Zulma Carraud\". Les Bibliothèques de Châteauroux (in French). Retrieved 30 October 2017.\nBrian Joseph Martin (2011). Napoleonic Friendship: Military Fraternity, Intimacy, and Sexuality in Nineteenth-century France. UPNE. pp. 201, 310. ISBN 978-1-58465-944-0.\nStrumingher, Laura S. What Were Little Girls and Boys Made Of?: Primary Education in Rural France, 1830-1880. SUNY Press. pp. 48–58. ISBN 9781438421520.\nBrown, Penelope E. (2011). A Critical History of French Children's Literature: Volume Two: 1830-Present. Routledge. pp. 64–67. ISBN 9781135871949." ]

[ "Zulma Carraud", "Early and family life", "Career", "References" ]

[ 5359713, 5359714 ]

[ 27236669, 27236670, 27236671, 27236672, 27236673 ]

[ "", "Faiad in Buenos Aires, 1972." ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Zulma_Faiad.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Zulma_Faiad_Foto_Estudio_Luisita.jpg" ]

[ "Zulma Aurora Faiad (born February 21, 1944 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) is an Argentine vedette and actress.", "Zulma Faiad grew up with her sister Virginia Faiad in the bosom of an Argentine middle-class family. Her father was Jacinto Faiad. Her parents separated when she was still very young. Her father was an accountant, and worked several hours a day, so her mother, Aurora de Faiad was in charge of giving her artistic training. At age seven, she entered the school of the Teatro Colón, where she studied choreography and perfected her acting vocation with the theater.\nAt the beginning of the decade of the 1960, she began as an advertising model and her protagonist participation in a television advertisement of an oil brand gave birth to the affectionate popular nickname of \"La Lechuguita\" alluding to the characterization that she made. From the Teatro Maipo where she worked, she moved to the Teatro Nacional Cervantes.\nShe worked with comedians Juan Carlos Mesa and Adolfo Stray. She was one of the three famous \"Singles\" of Channel 13.\nIn cinema she had a prolific career, acting in 17 films.\nIn Mexico she participated in several films, of which the most remembered are those in which she acted next to Mauricio Garcés. She had traveled to Mexico for forty days and ended up staying seven years. She also worked as an exclusive figure on commercials for PEMEX.\nDuring the 70's and early 80's she ventured with great success as a vedette in theater shows, alongside stars such as Nélida Lobato, Dario Vittori, Silvia Legrand, Osvaldo Martínez, Carmen Barbieri and Moria Casán.\nIn Mexico, she made her debut on the theatrical stages in 1969, in a play along with Maria Victoria and Marco Antonio Muñiz.\nIn 1990, she participated as an actress in some television shows. Already withdrawn from the theater and from the television screen, since 2000 she hosted her own radio program at dawn, where she stood out for her Christian spiritual messages. She was also called by Marcelo Tinelli to be a juror at Bailando por un Sueño.\nSince 2015, she performs in the Aldo Funes play, Mujeres de ceniza.\nShe entered without success in politics. She was a candidate for first national deputy by the City of Buenos Aires, as a member the Partido de la Esperanza Porteña political party, in the legislative elections of October 23, 2005.", "She had two well-known relations: The first one was with Melchor Arana, with whom she lived the 7 years abroad. The second was with Daniel Guerrero, with whom she married in Mexico, and with whom he had her two daughters, Daniela and Eleonora, the latter a talented singer. Her sister, Virginia Faiad, a few years younger than herself, has also, but less assiduously, ventured into acting and magazine.", "", "1963: Rata de puerto\n1964: Las mujeres los prefieren tontos o Placeres conyugales\n1965: El perseguidor\n1965: Nacidos para cantar\n1965: Ritmo nuevo y vieja ola\n1965: Psique y sexo\n1965: Villa Delicia, playa de estacionamiento, música ambiental\n1965: Los ratones\n1966: La buena vida\n1966: Necesito una madre\n1967: La cigarra está que arde\n1968: La cama\n1969: Al rojo vivo\n1969: Amor libre\n1969: Espérame en Siberia vida mía\n1969: Modisto de señoras\n1970: Un amante anda suelto\n1970: Préstame a tu mujer\n1971: Los corrompidos\n1971: Siete Evas para un Adán\n1971: El ídolo\n1972: Rosario\n1972: Disputas en la cama\n1972: En esta cama nadie duerme\n1972: La noche de los mil gatos\n1973: Cumbia\n1973: El castillo de las momias de Guanajuato\n1973: La casa del amor\n1974: La flor de la mafia\n1974: El amor infiel\n1974: Las viboras cambian de piel\n1979: Las golfas del talón\n1983: La pulga en la oreja\n1988: Matrimonios... y algo más '88\n1991: La risa está servida", "Solamente vos (2013) ... Miriam\nBailando por un Sueño (2006)\nFloricienta (2004) ... Titina\nResistiré (2003)\nCostumbres argentinas (2003)\n¿Quién es Alejandro Chomski? (2002)\nSeñoras sin señores (1998)\nCiudad prohibida (1997)\nCada día una mujer (1996) ... Lunes\nPor siempre mujercitas (1995)\nFiesta y bronca de ser joven (1992)\nMatrimonios y algo más (1987) ... various characters\nSola (1983)\nEl superejecutivo Don Jacobo (1968), with Adolfo Stray", "", "Zulma Faiad at IMDb" ]

[ "Zulma Faiad", "Biography", "Personal life", "Filmography", "Films", "Television", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359715 ]

[ 27236674, 27236675, 27236676, 27236677, 27236678, 27236679, 27236680, 27236681, 27236682 ]

[ "Becevic in 2015" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Zulmir_Becevic.jpg" ]

[ "Zulmir Bečević, (born 31 January 1982) is a Swedish-Bosnian author and academic. In 1992 he and his family fled from the civil war in the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina to Sweden, an event that laid the foundation for his semi-biographical debut novel Resan som började med ett slut. The novel was published in 2006, and received positive reviews.\nHis second novel, Svenhammeds journaler, was published in 2009; it was nominated for the August Prize in the Children and Young Adults category. A stage version of the book was produced at Folkteatern in Gävleborg in 2011.\nBečević's third novel, Avblattefieringsprocessen, is a satire on the growing xenophobia in Swedish society. It was published in 2014.\nWhen Bečević came to Sweden as a 10-year-old with his family, they moved to Falkenberg where Bečević grew up and went to school. He has a Master's degree in political science from Växjö University, and a PhD in child studies from Linköping University. He is a senior lecturer at the Department of Social Work at Gothenburg University.", "\"Augustprisnominerad författare\". Studio Ett. Radio Sweden. 5 November 2009. Retrieved 7 April 2021.\nBergstedt, Eva (21 October 2009). \"LiU-doktorand nominerad till Augustpriset\". Linköping University. Retrieved 7 April 2021.\n\"de Vylderfonden\". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.\n\"Svenhammeds Journaler\". Folkteatern Gävleborg. Retrieved 7 April 2021.\nLindgren, Petter (28 August 2014). \"Träffsäker satir över SD:s Sverige\". Retrieved 7 April 2021.\n\"Zulmir Becevic\". Gothenburg University. Retrieved 7 April 2021." ]

[ "Zulmir Bečević", "References" ]

[ 5359716 ]

[ 27236683, 27236684 ]

[ "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 3 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Centrum_Machelen_-_Zulte_-_Belgi%C3%AB_1.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/GemZulteLocation.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Belgieovl.png" ]

[ "Zulte ([ˈzɵltə]) is a Belgian municipality located in Flanders and in the Flemish province of East Flanders. The municipality comprises the towns of Machelen, Olsene and Zulte proper. In 2021, Zulte had a total population of 15,843. The total area is 32.52 km².\nThe town used to have its own beer since 1891 (simply called Zulte) but today they are part of Alken-Maes breweries. The main football club from Zulte merged with KSV Waregem to form a team called SV Zulte Waregem that plays in the Belgian Pro League as of 2006.", "Roger Raveel, painter\nGerard Reve, Dutch writer", "\"Wettelijke Bevolking per gemeente op 1 januari 2018\". Statbel. Retrieved 9 March 2019.\n\"Bevolking per statistische sector - Sector 44081\". Statistics Belgium. Retrieved 8 May 2022.", "Media related to Zulte at Wikimedia Commons\n(in Dutch) Official website" ]

[ "Zulte", "Famous inhabitants", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359717, 5359718 ]

[ 27236685 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Soviet_submarine_Amsterdam.jpg" ]

[ "The Soviet Navy's Project 611 (NATO reporting name: Zulu class) were one of the first Soviet post-war attack submarines. They were roughly as capable as the American GUPPY fleet-boat conversions. They were a contemporary of the Whiskey-class submarines and shared a similar sonar arrangement. Like most conventional submarines designed 1946-1960, their design was influenced by the German Type XXI U-boat of the World War II era.\nThe first few boats of the class were equipped with twin 57mm and twin 25mm anti-aircraft guns and no snorkels, although the guns were removed and snorkels added soon after the boats entered service. Six were converted in 1956 to become the world's first ballistic missile submarines, one armed with a single R-11FM Scud missile and five others with two Scuds each. They were designated as Project AV 611 and received the NATO reporting name of Zulu V. The missiles were too long to be contained in the boat's hull, and extended into the enlarged sail. To be fired, the submarine had to surface and raise the missile out of the sail. Soviet submarine B-67 successfully launched a missile on 16 September 1955.\nThe Zulus were the basis for the very successful Foxtrot-class submarine, which lent their hull to the Golf class of ballistic missile submarine.\nTwenty-six boats were built overall, entering service from 1952 to 1957, 8 of them in Leningrad and 18 in Severodvinsk. Their names were initially B-61 through B-82 and B-88 through B-91, with most renamed in the 1970s or 1980s. The class received the NATO reporting names Zulu I through Zulu V, the last referring to the five converted missile-firing submarines (excluding the prototype). It is unclear from references how many of each subclass were built. Most were converted to non-combat uses and eventually scrapped.", "Norman Polamr and K. J. Moore, 'Cold War Submarines,'\nSean Maloney, 'To Secure Command of the Sea,' University of New Brunswick thesis 1991, p.315\nPolmar, Norman; Moore, Kenneth J. (2003). Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines, 1945-2001. Dulles, VA: Potomac Books. p. 30. ISBN 978-1574885941.\nGardiner, p. 398\nPolmar, Norman; White, Michael (2010-11-29). Project Azorian: The CIA and the Raising of the K-129. Naval Institute Press. p. 20. ISBN 9781591146902. Retrieved 14 July 2012.\n\"Large submarines - Project 611\". Retrieved 19 December 2014.\n\"611\". Retrieved 19 December 2014.\n\"611\". Retrieved 19 December 2014.\nGardiner, Robert and Chumbley, Stephen, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995, Naval Institute Press, 1996. ISBN 1-55750-132-7.", "Globalsecurity.org article\nDeep storm article (Russian)\nZulu Class submarines - Complete Ship List (English)" ]

[ "Zulu-class submarine", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359719 ]

[ 27236686, 27236687, 27236688 ]

[ "UK cinema release poster", "A break in shooting on location with stars Michael Caine and Stanley Baker present.", "Historical picture of Zulu warriors from about the same time as the events depicted in Zulu" ]

[ 0, 3, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/97/Zulu_film_poster.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Behind-the-scenes-zulu-1964.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/ZuluWarriors_adj.jpg" ]

[ "Zulu is a 1964 British epic war film depicting the Battle of Rorke's Drift between the British Army and the Zulus in January 1879, during the Anglo-Zulu War. It shows how 150 British soldiers, 30 of whom were sick and wounded patients in a field hospital, successfully held off a force of 4,000 Zulu warriors.\nThe film was directed by American screenwriter Cy Endfield and produced by Stanley Baker and Endfield, with Joseph E. Levine as executive producer. The screenplay was by Endfield and historical writer John Prebble, based on Prebble's 1958 Lilliput article \"Slaughter in the Sun\". The film stars Baker and introduces Michael Caine, in his first major role, with a supporting cast that includes Jack Hawkins, Ulla Jacobsson, James Booth, Nigel Green, Paul Daneman, Glynn Edwards, Ivor Emmanuel, and Patrick Magee. Zulu chief and future South African political leader Mangosuthu Buthelezi played Zulu King Cetshwayo kaMpande, his great-grandfather. The opening and closing narration is spoken by Richard Burton.\nThe film was first shown on the 85th anniversary of the actual battle, 22 January 1964, at the Plaza Theatre in the West End of London. In 2017 a poll of 150 actors, directors, writers, producers, and critics for Time Out magazine ranked it the 93rd best British film ever.", "In 1879, a communiqué from Lord Chelmsford (narrated by Richard Burton) to the Secretary of State for War in London details the crushing defeat of a 1,300-man British column by the Zulu armies at Isandlwana. In the aftermath of the battle, Zulu tribesmen are shown scavenging the battlefield and collecting rifles and ammunition from the dead soldiers. At a mass Zulu marriage ceremony witnessed by missionary Otto Witt and his daughter Margareta, Zulu King Cetshwayo is informed of the great victory; Witt and Margareta flee when they realize what has happened.\nA company of the British Army's 24th Regiment of Foot is using Witt's missionary station at Rorke's Drift in Natal as a supply depot and hospital for British forces in Zululand. Receiving news of Isandlwana from Natal Native Contingent Commander Adendorff and warnings that 4,000 Zulu warriors are advancing on their position, Lieutenant John Chard of the Royal Engineers assumes command of a force consisting of less than 200 men as he is slightly senior to their nominal commander, Lieutenant Gonville Bromhead. With not enough time to order a full evacuation, Chard decides to stay and fight. He has wagons, sacks of mealie (maize), and crates of hardtack stacked to form a defensive perimeter, gunholes knocked in the hospital walls, and a medical ward set up in Witt's chapel.\nA contingent of South African cavalrymen who had fought at Isandlwana arrive, refuse Chard's pleas to help reinforce the station on the grounds that it is hopeless, and swiftly depart on their horses. Witt, enraged by Chard arming the hospital's patients and ordering them to fight instead of allowing them to be evacuated, persuades the Zulus serving in the Natal Native Contingent to desert. Chard then angrily orders Witt to be locked up in the chapel's supply room as he starts drinking heavily and proclaims that none of the soldiers will survive the coming battle.\nThe Zulu impis approach and then charge before quickly retreating under British fire; Adendorff explains that they are trying to find weak points in the station's defenses. Chard permits Margareta to take her father away; the Zulus, recognizing Witt, allow them to pass unharmed. Chard is concerned that the northern perimeter wall is under-defended and realises that the Zulus, aware of this, are preparing to attack the station from all sides. Zulu warriors armed with British rifles also start taking potshots at the soldiers. Throughout the day and night, wave after wave of Zulu attackers are repelled, but the defenders are slowly killed off one-by-one. The Zulus succeed in setting fire to the hospital, and Private Henry Hook rallies the patients to fight them and escape.\nThe next morning, the Zulus approach to within several hundred yards and sing a lament before launching again into their war chant; the British respond by singing the Welsh song \"Men of Harlech\". In the final assault, just as it seems the Zulus will finally overwhelm the tired defenders, the British soldiers fall back to a small redoubt in front of the chapel. With a reserve of men hidden within the redoubt, they form into three ranks and fire volley after volley, inflicting heavy casualties; the Zulus retreat. After a pause of three hours, the Zulus re-form on the Oscarberg. Resigned to another assault, the British are astonished when the Zulus instead sing a song to honour the bravery of the defenders before departing.\nThe film ends with another narration by Richard Burton, listing the eleven defenders who received the Victoria Cross for the defence of Rorke's Drift, the most ever awarded for a single action.", "Stanley Baker as Lieutenant John Chard, a veteran commander serving with the Royal Engineers. He takes charge of the defence of Rorke's Drift by virtue of seniority, despite his distaste for the slaughter of war\nMichael Caine as Lieutenant Gonville Bromhead, an officer who places himself under Chard's command. He is portrayed as inexperienced, arrogant, and dismissive of the Zulu army's capabilities, but slowly comes into his own by following Chard's example\nJack Hawkins as Reverend Otto Witt, an alcoholic Swedish missionary based at Rorke's Drift\nUlla Jacobsson as Margareta Witt\nChief Mangosuthu Buthelezi as King Cetshwayo, his real-life maternal great-grandfather\nJames Booth as Private Henry Hook, described as \"a thief, a coward, and an insubordinate barrack-room lawyer\" who has been confined to the hospital after falsely claiming sickness to get excused from his duties\nNigel Green as Colour sergeant Frank Bourne, a seasoned officer who plays a key role in organizing and leading the British defence\nPaul Daneman as Sergeant Robert Maxfield, Private Hook's bedridden and mentally broken commanding officer. He sacrifices himself to save Hook from an enemy warrior as the hospital burns down.\nJoe Powell as Sergeant Joseph Windridge\nIvor Emmanuel as Private Owen, a Welsh baritone and head of the company choir. At the end, Owen leads the men in singing \"Men of Harlech\"\nGlynn Edwards as Corporal William Allen\nNeil McCarthy as Private Thomas, Owen's best friend who longs to return to his farm in Wales\nDavid Kernan as Private Frederick Hitch\nGary Bond as Private Cole\nPeter Gill as Private 612 John Williams, a member of the company choir assigned to the squad defending the hospital.\nRichard Davies as Private 593 William Jones\nDenys Graham as Private 716 Robert Jones\nPatrick Magee as Surgeon-Major James Henry Reynolds\nDickie Owen as Corporal Frederick Schiess, a hospitalised Swiss corporal in the Natal Native Contingent who volunteers for Chard's defenders\nGert van den Bergh as Lieutenant Gert Adendorff, an Afrikaner officer serving with the Natal Native Contingent and a survivor of the battle at Isandlwana who advises Chard and fights alongside him\nDennis Folbigge as Acting Assistant Commissary James Langley Dalton\nLarry Taylor as Hughes\nKerry Jordan as Louis Byrne, the company cook who is forced to join the defenders despite his pleas of cowardice. He gets killed by a Zulu spear while carrying ammunition.\nHarvey Hall as Sick Man", "Cy Endfield was inspired to make the film after reading an article on the Battle of Rorke's Drift by John Prebble. He took it to actor Stanley Baker with whom he had made several films and who was interested in moving into production. Endfield and Prebble drafted a script, which Baker then showed to Joseph E. Levine while making Sodom and Gomorrah (1962) in Italy. Levine agreed to fund the movie, which was produced by Baker's company, Diamond Films. It was shot using the Super Technirama 70 cinematographic process, and distributed by Paramount Pictures in all countries excluding the United States, where it was distributed by Embassy Pictures.\nMost of Zulu was shot on location in South Africa. The mission depot at Rorke's Drift was recreated beneath the natural Amphitheatre in the Drakensberg Mountains (considerably more precipitous than the real Rorke's Drift, which is little more than two small hills). The set for the British field hospital and supply depot at Rorke's Drift was created near the Tugela River with the Amphitheatre in the background. The real location of the battle was 100 kilometres (60 mi) to the northwest, on the Buffalo River near the isolated hill at Isandlwana.\nOther scenes were filmed within the national parks of KwaZulu-Natal. Interiors and all the scenes starring James Booth were completed at Twickenham Film Studios in Middlesex, England. The majority of the Zulus were real Zulus. 240 Zulu extras were employed for the battle scenes, bused in from their tribal homes over 100 miles away. Around 1,000 additional tribesmen were filmed by the second unit in Zululand. Eighty South African military servicemen were cast as soldiers.\nThe film was compared by Baker to a Western movie, with the traditional roles of the United States Cavalry and Native Americans taken by the British and the Zulus respectively. Director Endfield showed a Western to Zulu extras to demonstrate the concept of film acting and how he wanted the warriors to conduct themselves. It has been rumoured that due to the apartheid laws in South Africa, none of the Zulu extras could be paid for their performance and that, consequently, Endfield circumvented this restriction by leaving them all the animals, primarily cattle, used in the film. This allegation is incorrect; no such law existed and all of the Zulu extras were paid in full – the main body of extras were paid the equivalent of nine shillings per day each, additional extras eight shillings, and the female dancers slightly less.\nMichael Caine, who at this early stage in his career was primarily playing bit parts, was originally up for the role of Private Henry Hook, which went to James Booth. According to Caine, he was extremely nervous during his screen test for the part of Bromhead, and director Cy Endfield told him that it was the worst screen test he had ever seen, but they were casting Caine in the part anyway because the production was leaving for South Africa shortly and they had not found anyone else for the role. Caine also believed that he was fortunate that the film was directed by an American (Endfield), because \"no English director would've cast me as an officer, I promise you, not one,\" due to his Cockney roots. Caine later said \"My entire movie career is based on the length of the bar at the Prince of Wales theatre, because I was on my way out [after failing to get the part auditioned for] and it was a very long walk to the door. And I had just got there, when he called out: 'Come back!'\nCaine's performance in Zulu won him praise from reviewers, and his next film role would be as the star of The Ipcress File in which he was reunited with Nigel Green.\nThe company was unable to obtain enough historically authentic Martini-Henry rifles for all of the extras, and had to use additional later Lee Enfields, with a very noticeable moving bolt on the right side, absent on the Martini-Henry. The sidearms used were also visibly later types, World War I-vintage Webley Mk VI revolvers.\nThe budget of the film has been the subject of some speculation. Press related figures of $3 million and even $3.5 million were mentioned upon the picture's American release. Joe Levine later revealed that Stanley Baker had approached him with a script and budget in 1962, just after the filming of Sodom and Gomorrah. Levine agreed to finance the picture up to $2 million. According to the records of the British completion bond company, Film Finance, Ltd., the production eventually finalized its budget at £666,554 (approximately, $1,720,000). This included a contingency amount of £82,241, of which only £34,563 had been used by the time the picture had all but wrapped post-production (Cost Report #15, 18 October 1963). This would have placed the near-final negative cost at £618,876 (approximately $1,600,000).", "The basic premises of the film are true and largely accurate, but is not a historical re-enactment of real events. The heavily outnumbered British successfully defended Rorke's Drift more or less as portrayed in the film. Writer Cy Endfield even consulted a Zulu tribal historian for information from Zulu oral tradition about the attack. There are, however, a number of historical inaccuracies in the film.", "The 24th Regiment of Foot is described as a Welsh regiment: however, although it was based in Brecon in South Wales, its designation was the '24th (The 2nd Warwickshire) Regiment of Foot'. It did not become the South Wales Borderers until 1881. Of the soldiers present, 49 were English, 32 Welsh, 16 Irish and 22 others of indeterminate ethnicity.\nThe song \"Men of Harlech\" features prominently as the regimental song; it did not become so until later. At the time of the battle, the regimental song was \"The Warwickshire Lad\". There was no \"battlefield singing contest\" between the British and the Zulus.", "There are several inconsistencies with the historical record concerning the Swedish missionaries, the Witts. In the film, Witt is depicted as a middle-aged widower, a pacifist and drunkard, who has an adult daughter called Margareta. In reality, Otto Witt was aged 30 and had a wife, Elin, and two infant children. Witt's family were 30 kilometres (19 mi) away at the time of the battle. On the morning of the battle, Otto Witt, with the chaplain, George Smith and Surgeon-Major James Henry Reynolds had ascended Shiyane (Oscarberg), the large hill near the station, and noticed the approach of the Zulu force across the Buffalo River. Far from being a pacifist, Witt had co-operated closely with the army and negotiated a lease to put Rorke's Drift at Lord Chelmsford's disposal. Witt made it clear that he did not oppose British intervention against Cetshwayo. He had stayed at Rorke's Drift because he wished \"to take part in the defence of my own house and at the same time in the defence of an important place for the whole colony, yet my thoughts went to my wife and to my children, who were at a short distance from there, and did not know anything of what was going on\". He therefore left on horseback to join his family shortly before the battle.", "Lieutenants John Chard and Gonville Bromhead: Chard had received his commission in February 1868, making Bromhead the junior officer and second-in-command at the Drift even though he was an infantryman and Chard was an engineer. In the film, it is stated that Bromhead received his commission only three months after Chard when, in fact, it was a full three years after Chard.\nSurgeon Reynolds: During the Battle of Rorke's Drift, Reynolds went around the barricades, distributing ammunition and tending to the wounded there, something that is not shown in the film. During the closing voiceover, he is also incorrectly referred to as \"Surgeon-Major, Army Hospital Corps\"; Reynolds was of the Army Medical Department, and was not promoted to the rank of Surgeon-Major until after the action at Rorke's Drift. The pacifism apparent in Magee's portrayal is also somewhat anachronistic and not based on the historical Surgeon Reynolds.\nPrivate Henry Hook VC is depicted as a rogue with a penchant for alcohol; in fact he was a model soldier who later became a sergeant; he was also a teetotaller. While the film has him in the hospital \"malingering, under arrest\", he had actually been assigned there specifically to guard the building.\nCorporal William Allen is depicted as a model soldier; in real life he had recently been demoted from sergeant for drunkenness.\nColour Sergeant Frank Bourne (1854–1945) is depicted as a big, hardened, middle-aged veteran; in fact, he was of modest stature and, aged 24, the youngest colour sergeant in the British Army. He was called \"The Kid\" by his men. Colour Sergeant Bourne would not have worn medals on his duty uniform. Moreover, Green's costume has the chevrons on the wrong arm. After the battle Bourne was offered a commission but turned it down because he lacked the money necessary to serve as a commissioned officer; he did accept a commission in 1890. He was the last British survivor of the Battle and died as a full colonel.\nThe role of Padre George Smith (\"Ammunition\" Smith) is completely ignored.\nCorporal Christian Ferdinand Schiess was only 22, significantly younger than the actor who portrayed him.\nThe detachment of cavalry from \"Durnford's Horse\" who ride up to the mission station were members of the Natal Native Contingent, mainly composed of black riders rather than the local white farmers depicted in the film, who had survived the Battle of Isandlwana and had ridden to Rorke's Drift to warn and aid the garrison there. They were present during the opening action with the Zulus, but then rode off as they had very little ammunition for their cavalry carbines. Captain Stephenson is depicted at their head; in reality he was leading the NNC infantry, who had already deserted.\nThe uniforms of the Natal Native Contingent are inaccurate: NNC troops were not issued with European-style clothes. Only their European officers wore makeshift uniforms. The rank and file wore traditional tribal garb topped by a red rag worn around the forehead (as correctly depicted in the prequel Zulu Dawn). The story of their desertion is true. However, as Witt had already left, he was not responsible for their departure. They left of their own accord, with Captain Stephenson and his European NCOs. These deserters were fired at as they left and one of their NCOs, Corporal Anderson, was killed. Stephenson was later convicted of desertion at a court-martial and dismissed from the army.", "The attack on the mission station was not ordered by King Cetshwayo, as the audience is led to believe in the film. Cetshwayo had specifically told his warriors not to invade Natal, the British Colony. The attack was led by Prince Dabulamanzi kaMpande, the King's half-brother, who pursued fleeing survivors at Isandlwana across the river and then moved on to attack Rorke's Drift. Although almost 20,000 rounds of ammunition were fired by the defenders, just under 400 Zulus were killed at Rorke's Drift. A similar number were left behind when the Zulus retreated, being too badly wounded to move. Comments from veterans many years after the event suggest the British killed many of these wounded men in the battle's aftermath, raising the total number of Zulu deaths to over 700.", "At roughly 7:00 a.m., an Impi appeared prompting the British to man their positions again. No attack materialised, as the Zulus had been on the move for six days prior to the battle. In their ranks were hundreds of wounded, and moreover they were several days' march from any supplies.\nAround 8:00am, another force appeared, the defenders abandoned their breakfast and took up their positions again. The approaching troops were the vanguard of Lord Chelmsford's relief column.\nThe Zulus did not sing a song saluting fellow warriors, and departed at the approach of the British relief column. This inaccuracy has been praised for showing the Zulus in a positive light and for treating them and the British as equals, but it has also been criticised as undermining any anti-imperial message of the film.", "On its initial release in 1964, it was one of the biggest box-office hits of all time in the British market. For the next 12 years it remained in constant cinema circulation before making its first appearance on television. It then went on to become a television perennial, and remains beloved by the British public.\nZulu received highly positive reviews from critics. Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote that \"if you're not too squeamish at the sight of slaughter and blood and can keep your mind fixed on the notion that there was something heroic and strong about British colonial expansion in the 19th century, you may find a great deal of excitement in this robustly Kiplingesque film. For certainly the fellows who made it, Cy Endfield and Stanley Baker, have done about as nifty a job of realizing on the formula as one could do.\" Variety praised the \"intelligent screenplay\" and \"high allround standard of acting,\" concluding, \"High grade technical qualities round off a classy production.\" Richard L. Coe of The Washington Post wrote that the film was \"in the much-missed tradition of 'Beau Geste' and 'Four Feathers.' It has a restrained, leisurely tension, the heroics are splendidly stiff-upper-lip and such granite worthies as Stanley Baker and Jack Hawkins head the cast.\" Whitney Balliett of The New Yorker wrote that the film had \"not only refurbished all the clichés of the genre but given them the sheen of high style ... It has already been pointed out that 'Zulu' is in poor taste. But so are such invaluable relics as G. A. Henty and Rider Haggard and Kipling.\" The Monthly Film Bulletin called Zulu \"a typically fashionable war film, paying dutiful lip service to the futility of the slaughter while milking it for thrills. And the battle, which occupies the whole second half of the film, is unquestionably thrilling ... But whenever there is a pause in the action the script plunges relentlessly into bathos, with feuding officers, comic other ranks, and all the other trappings of British War Film Mark I, which one had hoped were safely obsolete.\"\nRotten Tomatoes gives a score of 96% based on reviews from 23 critics.\nAmong more modern assessments, Robin Clifford of Reeling Reviews gave the film four out of five stars, while Brazilian reviewer Pablo Villaça of Cinema em Cena (Cinema Scene) gave the film three stars out of five. Dennis Schwartz of Ozus Movie Reviews praised Caine's performance, calling it \"one of his most splendid hours on film\" and graded the film 'A'.\nAlthough actual participants of the battle are named characters in the film, they bear little resemblance to historical accuracy. The most controversial portrayal is the one of Private Hook who is depicted as a thief and malingerer (the real Hook was a model soldier and teetotaller). His elderly daughters were so disgusted with the Zulu character, they walked out of the London premiere in 1964. The fictional depiction has led to an ongoing campaign to have the historical reputation restored to the real Private Hook. The film's producers admitted they chose Hook simply because \"they wanted an anti-hero who would come good under pressure\".\nWhen released in Apartheid South Africa in 1964 the film was banned for black audiences (as the government feared that its scenes of blacks killing whites might incite them to violence), apart from a few special screenings for its Zulu extras in Durban and some smaller Kwazulu towns.\nBy 2007 critics were divided over whether the movie should be seen as deeply anti-imperialist or as racist.\nIn 2018 Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi defended the film's cultural and historical merits, stating that there's a \"...deep respect that develops between the warring armies, and the nobility of King Cetshwayo's warriors as they salute the enemy, demanded a different way of thinking from the average viewer at the time of the film's release. Indeed, it remains a film that demands a thoughtful response.'", "Zulu was filmed in Technirama and intended for presentation in Super Technirama 70, as shown on the prints. In the UK however, the only 70mm screening was a press show prior to release. While the vast majority of cinemas would have played the film in 35mm anyway, the Plaza's West End screenings were of the 35mm anamorphic version as well rather than, as might have been expected, a 70mm print. This was due to the UK's film quota regulations, which demanded that cinemas showed 30% British films during the calendar year, but the regulations only applied to 35mm presentations. By 1964, the number of British films available to a cinema like the Plaza could be limited and Zulu gave them several weeks of British quota qualification if played in 35mm. In other countries the public did get to see the film in 70mm.", "Ernest Archer was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Colour Art Direction on the film. The magazine Total Film (2004) ranked Zulu the 37th greatest British movie of all time, and it was ranked eighth in the British television programme The 100 Greatest War Films. Empire magazine ranked Zulu 351st on their list of the 500 greatest films.", "In the US, a LaserDisc release by The Criterion Collection retains the original stereophonic soundtrack taken from a 70mm print.\nAn official DVD release (with a mono soundtrack as the original stereo tracks were not available) was later issued by StudioCanal through Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The film was released on Blu-ray in the UK in 2008; this version is region-free. On 22 January 2014, Twilight Time issued a limited-edition Blu-ray of Zulu in the US with John Barry's score as an isolated track; the release date was the 50th anniversary of the film and the 135th anniversary of the actual battle.", "A soundtrack album by John Barry featuring one side of the film score music and one side of \"Zulu Stamp\" was released on Ember Records in the UK and United Artists Records outside the Commonwealth.\nThe choreographer Lionel Blair arranged a dance called the \"Zulu Stamp\" for Barry's instrumentals.\nA comic book by Dell Comics was released to coincide with the film that features scenes and stills not in the completed film.\nConte toy soldiers and playsets decorated with artwork and stills from the film were produced.", "The Battle of Helm's Deep sequence in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers was filmed in a manner deliberately reminiscent of Zulu, according to Jackson's comments in supplemental material included in the special extended DVD edition of The Two Towers.\nBlood Bath at Orc's Drift is a 1985 campaign supplement for the Games Workshop Warhammer Fantasy Battle (2nd edition) game, which pitted a small force of High Elves, Dwarfs, and Humans against an attacking army of Orcs. In 1997, Games Workshop again drew inspiration from Zulu for the Massacre at Big Toof River. In this event Praetorian Guards, a faction based directly on late-19th century colonial English forces, faced off against Orc attackers, filling the role of the Zulus.\nStanley Baker purchased John Chard's Victoria Cross in 1972 believing it to be a replica. After Baker's death, it was sold to a collector at a low price but then found to be the genuine medal.\nIn many interviews, Afrika Bambaataa has said that he chose the name \"Zulu\" based on inspiration from the 1964 film of the same name. What Afrika Bambaataa \"saw in Zulu, were powerful images of Black solidarity.\" This would later inspire the name for his organisation, Universal Zulu Nation, in the 1970s.\nSwedish power metal band Sabaton released a song about the battle titled \"Rorke's Drift\".", "BFI Top 100 British films (1999)\nCape Colonial Forces\nColony of Natal\nSir Henry Bartle Edward Frere, 1st Baronet\nHenry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon\nHistory of Cape Colony from 1870 to 1899\nKaffir (Historical usage in southern Africa)\nBritish Kaffraria\nKingdom of Zulu\nKaffraria\nList of conflicts in Africa\nMartini-Henry\nMilitary history of South Africa\nScramble for Africa\nShaka Zulu (TV series)\nXhosa Wars (also known as the Cape Frontier Wars or \"Africa's 100 Years War\")\nZulu War", "\"Zulu (1963)\". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2014.\nFilm Finance, Ltd. (Production Bond Company) Statement of Production Costs #15, week ending, 18 October 1963\n\"Film giants step into finance\". The Observer. London, UK. 19 April 1964. p. 8.\nStafford, Jeff. \"Zulu\". Turner Classic Movies.\n\"The 100 best British films\". Time Out. Retrieved 26 October 2017\n\"Michael Caine\". Front Row. 29 September 2010. BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 18 January 2014.\nHall, Sheldon (2005). Zulu: With Some Guts Behind It: The Making of the Epic Movie. Sheffield, England: Tomahawk. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-95319-2-663.\nThompson, Howard (1 September 1963). \"Stanley Baker: Peripatetic Actor-Producer; Genesis Provincial Debut\". The New York Times. New York City. p. X5.\nHall, Sheldon (19 January 2014). \"The untold story of the film Zulu starring Michael Caine, 50 years on\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2014.\nHawksley, Rupert (22 January 2014). \"Zulu: 10 things you didn't know about the film\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 10 June 2014.\nStahl, Lesley (20 December 2015). \"Michael Caine\". 60 Minutes (television interview). Retrieved 29 April 2016.\nCaine, Michael (18 October 2021). \"Michael Caine on Brexit, Boris Johnson and big breaks: 'I've done 150 movies. I think that's enough'\". The Guardian (Interview). Interviewed by Xan Brooks.\nJames, Garry (6 July 2016). \"The British Martini-Henry Rifle\". Guns and Ammo.\nFilm Finance, Ltd. (Production Bond Company) Statement of Production Costs #15, week ending, 18 October 1963\nNewsinger, John (July 2006). The Blood Never Dried: A People's History of the British Empire. Bookmarks Publications Ltd.\n\"Fact Sheet No. B3: The 24th Regiment and its local links\". Museums of the Royal Regiment of Wales. Archived from the original on 23 November 2008.\n\"Zulu\". Rorkes Drift VC. Retrieved 12 May 2016.\nChadwick, G. A. (January 1979). \"The Anglo-Zulu War of 1879: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift\". Military History Journal. The South African Military History Society/Die Suid-Afrikaanse Krygshistoriese Vereniging. 4 (4). Retrieved 12 May 2016.\n\"Popular Myths\". Rorkes Drift VC. Retrieved 12 May 2016.\nHale, Frederick (December 1996). \"The Defeat of History in the film Zulu\". Military History Journal. The South African Military History Society/Die Suid-Afrikaanse Krygshistoriese Vereniging. 10 (4). Retrieved 12 May 2016.\n\"James Henry Reynolds\". Rorkes Drift VC. Retrieved 12 May 2016.\n\"Rorke's Drift 125-year anniversary\". BBC News. 24 January 2004. Retrieved 12 May 2016.\n\"Colour Sergeant Bourne DCM\". Rorkes Drift VC. Retrieved 12 May 2016.\n\"An account by Lieutenant-Colonel Frank Bourne, OBE, DCM\". The Listener. 30 December 1936. Retrieved 12 May 2016 – via Rorkes Drift VC.\n\"George Smith\". Rorkes Drift VC. Retrieved 12 May 2016.\n\"Cpl. Ferdnand Christian Schiess\". Rorkes Drift VC. Retrieved 12 May 2016.\nSmythe, Graeme. \"The Battle of Rorke's Drift, 22/23 January 1879\". Isibindi Africa. Archived from the original on 20 September 2010.\nDovey, Lindiwe (2009). African Film and Literature: Adapting Violence to the Screen. Columbia University Press. pp. 37–38. ISBN 9780231519380. Retrieved 5 January 2018. While interpretations of the film have been polarized between critics who claim that it is deeply anti-imperial and those who believe that it is racist (Hamilton and Modizane 2007), I want to briefly analyse the final sequence of the film to show that in treating the Zulus \"equally\" the filmmakers compromise an anti-imperial message of the film. ... the Zulu warriors have come back \"to salute fellow braves\". ... This final scene, however, is not historically accurate. ... The war was not fought on equal terms, due to the superior firearms of the British, and the filmmakers therefore require the Zulus to pay tribute to the British since it is only the Zulus who can authenticate the fairness of the war.\nCrowther, Bosley (8 July 1964). \"It's British vs. Natives in Action-Filled 'Zulu'\". The New York Times: 38.\n\"Zulu\". Variety: 6. 29 January 1964.\nCoe, Richard L. (24 July 1964). \"10,000 Zulus Bite the Dust\". The Washington Post: B9.\nBalliett, Whitney (18 July 1964). \"The Current Cinema\". The New Yorker: 93.\n\"Zulu\". The Monthly Film Bulletin. 31 (361): 23. February 1964.\n\"Zulu\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 16 September 2018.\n\"Zulu Reviews\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 16 September 2018.\nSchwartz, Dennis (20 May 1999). \"Zulu\". Ozus' Movie Reviews. Retrieved 16 September 2018.\nSwaine, Jon (15 August 2008). \"Battle to restore 'Zulu' hero Henry Hook's reputation\". The Daily Telegraph.\n\"Busting the myths of Rorke's Drift\". readinggivesmewings.com. 2 December 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2016.\nKimon de Greef (2 June 2014). \"The film Zulu, 50 years on: classic or racist?\". This Is Africa. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2018. TIA (This is Africa): And did you get to watch it when it was finished?\nMB (Mangosuthu Buthelezi): Censorship was terrible in South Africa, and the film, which showed white and black people fighting and killing each other, was banned for black audiences. The government had this silly attitude that the scenes of blacks killing whites would incite people to violence. But we requested permission for the Zulu extras who participated to see the film, and so a few special screenings were organised in Durban and some smaller KwaZulu towns.\nFlanagan, Jane. \"Tribal chief defends Michael Caine film Zulu in racism battle\". The Times. Retrieved 8 February 2021.\n\"100 Greatest War Films : 10 to 6\". Film4. Archived from the original on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 12 May 2016.\nLipp, Chaz (5 February 2014). \"Blu-ray Review: Zulu – Twilight Time Limited Edition\". The Morton Report. Retrieved 29 July 2014.\nHall, Sheldon (2005). Zulu: With Some Guts Behind It: The Making of the Epic Movie. Sheffield, England: Tomahawk. ISBN 978-0-95319-2-663.\nZulu at the Grand Comics Database\nMovie Classic: \"Zulu\" at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original)\n\"Magazine cover\". Jamesbooth.org. Retrieved 6 June 2014.\n\"Conte Collectibles – The Worlds Finest Toy Soldiers\". Contecostore.com. Retrieved 6 June 2014.\nLeotta, Alfio (2015). Peter Jackson. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 164. ISBN 978-1501338557.\n\"Massacre at Ork's Drift Mega Display\". The Stuff of Legends. 1 July 2000. Retrieved 9 March 2020.\n\"UK Games Day '97 Display\". White Dwarf. Vol. 218. pp. 99–71.\n\"The mystery of Sir Stanley and a 'fake' VC medal\". Wales Online. 5 April 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2016.\nChang, Jeff (2005). Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation (Reprint ed.). New York: Picador. pp. 89–108. ISBN 978-0312425791.\nBibliography\nDutton, Roy (2010). Forgotten Heroes: Zulu & Basuto Wars including Complete Medal Roll. Infodial. ISBN 978-0-95565-544-9.\nHall, Sheldon (2005). Zulu: With Some Guts Behind It: The Making of the Epic Movie. Sheffield, England: Tomahawk. ISBN 978-0-95319-2-663.\nMorris, Donald R. (1998). The Washing of the Spears: The Rise and Fall of the Zulu Nation (2nd ed.). Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-30680-8-661.", "Zulu at IMDb\nZulu at the TCM Movie Database\nZulu at AllMovie\nLong review with appendices at James Booth fansite" ]

[ "Zulu (1964 film)", "Plot", "Cast", "Production", "Historical accuracy", "The regiment", "The Witts", "The men of the regiment", "The Zulus", "Ending", "Reception", "Presentation format", "Awards and honours", "Home video releases", "Merchandising", "In popular culture", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359720, 5359721 ]

[ 27236689, 27236690, 27236691, 27236692, 27236693, 27236694, 27236695, 27236696, 27236697, 27236698, 27236699, 27236700, 27236701, 27236702, 27236703, 27236704, 27236705, 27236706, 27236707, 27236708, 27236709, 27236710, 27236711, 27236712, 27236713, 27236714, 27236715, 27236716, 27236717, 27236718, 27236719, 27236720, 27236721, 27236722, 27236723, 27236724, 27236725, 27236726, 27236727, 27236728, 27236729, 27236730, 27236731, 27236732, 27236733, 27236734, 27236735, 27236736, 27236737, 27236738, 27236739, 27236740, 27236741, 27236742, 27236743, 27236744, 27236745, 27236746, 27236747, 27236748, 27236749, 27236750, 27236751, 27236752, 27236753, 27236754, 27236755, 27236756, 27236757, 27236758, 27236759, 27236760, 27236761, 27236762, 27236763, 27236764, 27236765, 27236766 ]

[ "Zulu Clements" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Zulu_Clements.jpg" ]

[ "Zulu Clements (1 August 1876 – 14 December 1943) was the president of the California Federation of Business & Professional Women's Clubs. She was the traffic manager for the Leslie Salt Co, and touted as \"Woman Salt Baron\".", "Zulu Clements born in Chicago, Illinois, on August 1, 1876, the daughter of Charles R. Clements and Anna M. Cadow.", "Clements was the Traffic Manager for the Leslie-California Salt Co, the largest salt company in the United States of the time. She was known among the San Francisco women as the dollar sign: no matter how much money was needed or for what purpose, Clements produced it from some source.\nShe was the editor of the Western Women's Club News, the monthly bulletin of the Western Women's Club. She was active in club affairs. She was the president of the California Federation of the national Business & Professional Women's Clubs organization. She was Director, Treasurer and First-Vice President of the San Francisco Business & Professional Women's Club. She was the editor of \"The Business Woman and Business Women's News\".\nShe was a member of the Women's Traffic Club and the East Bay Country Club.", "A former resident of Chicago, Zulu Clements moved to California in 1910 and lived at 609 Sutter Street, San Francisco, California. \nShe died on December 14, 1943, and is buried at Cypress Lawn Memorial Park, Colma.", "\"Wednesday, September 28, 1921\". Palladium-Item. 1921. Retrieved 22 August 2017.\nBinheim, Max; Elvin, Charles A (1928). Women of the West; a series of biographical sketches of living eminent women in the eleven western states of the United States of America. p. 32. Retrieved 8 August 2017. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.\n\"Thursday, December 16, 1943\". Oakland Tribune. 1943. Retrieved 22 August 2017." ]

[ "Zulu Clements", "Early life", "Career", "Personal life", "References" ]

[ 5359722 ]

[ 27236767, 27236768, 27236769, 27236770 ]

[ "Drawing of King Shaka (c. 1824)", "King Dingane\n(Artist: Allen Francis Gardiner)", "Military innovations such as the assegai, the age-grade regimental system and encirclement tactics helped make the Zulu one of the most powerful clans in southern and south-eastern Africa.", "King Cetshwayo (c. 1875)", "The Battle of Isandlwana, 1879", "King Dinuzulu (c. 1883)", "" ]

[ 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 13 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/KingShaka.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Dingane.png", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Zuluchargegutt.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Cetshwayo-c1875.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Isandlwana.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Dinizulu.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/South_Africa_topo_continent.png" ]

[ "The Zulu Kingdom (/ˈzuːluː/, Zulu: KwaZulu), sometimes referred to as the Zulu Empire or the Kingdom of Zululand, was a monarchy in Southern Africa that extended along the coast of the Indian Ocean from the Tugela River in the south to Pongola River in the north.\nThe kingdom grew to dominate much of what is today KwaZulu-Natal and Southern Africa. In 1879, the British Empire invaded, beginning the Anglo-Zulu War. After an initial Zulu victory at the Battle of Isandlwana in January, the British Army regrouped and defeated the Zulus in July during the Battle of Ulundi. The area was absorbed into the Colony of Natal and later became part of the Union of South Africa.", "", "Shaka was the illegitimate son of Senzangakhona, Chief of the Zulus. He was born c. 1787. He and his mother, Nandi, were exiled by Senzangakhona, and found refuge with the Mthethwa. Shaka fought as a warrior under Jobe, and then under Jobe's successor, Dingiswayo, leader of the Mthethwa Paramountcy. When Senzangakona died, Dingiswayo helped Shaka become king of the Zulu. After Dingiswayo's death at the hands of Zwide, king of the Ndwandwe, around 1818, Shaka assumed leadership of the entire Mthethwa alliance.\nShaka initiated many military, social, cultural and political reforms, forming a well-organized and centralised Zulu state. The most important reforms involved the transformation of the army, through the innovative tactics and weapons, and a showdown with the spiritual leadership, witchdoctors, effectively ensuring the subservience of the \"Zulu church\" to the state.\nAnother important reform integrated defeated clans into the Zulu, on a basis of full equality, with promotions in the army and civil service becoming a matter of merit rather than due to circumstances of birth.\nThe alliance under his leadership survived Zwide's first assault at the Battle of Gqokli Hill (1818). Within two years, Shaka had defeated Zwide at the Battle of Mhlatuze River (1820) and broken up the Ndwandwe alliance, some of whom in turn began a murderous campaign against other Nguni tribes and clans, setting in motion what became known as Difaqane or Mfecane, a mass-migration of tribes fleeing the remnants of the Ndwandwe fleeing the Zulu. The Ngoni people fled as far north as Tanzania and Malawi. The death toll has never been satisfactorily determined, but the whole region became nearly depopulated. By 1822, Shaka had conquered an empire covering an area of around 80,000 square miles (210,000 km²).\nAn offshoot of the Zulu, the amaNdebele, better known to history as the Matabele created an even larger empire under their king Mzilikazi, including large parts of the highveld and modern-day Zimbabwe.", "Shaka was succeeded by Dingane, his half-brother, who conspired with Mhlangana, another half-brother, and Mbopa, an induna, to murder him in 1828. Following this assassination, Dingane murdered Mhlangana, and took over the throne. One of his first royal acts was to execute all of his royal kin. In the years that followed, he also executed many past supporters of Shaka in order to secure his position. One exception to these purges was Mpande, another half-brother, who was considered too weak to be a threat at the time.", "Before encountering the British, the Zulus were first confronted with the Boers. In an attempt to form their own state as a protection against the British, the Boers began moving across the Orange River northwards. While travelling they first collided with the Ndebele kingdom, and then with Dingane's Zulu kingdom.\nIn October 1837, the Voortrekker leader Piet Retief visited Dingane at his royal kraal to negotiate a land deal for the voortrekkers. In November, about 1,000 Voortrekker wagons began descending the Drakensberg mountains from the Orange Free State into what is now KwaZulu-Natal.\nDingane asked that Retief and his party retrieve some cattle stolen from him by a local chief as part of the treaty for land for the Boers. This Retief and his men did, returning on 3 February 1838. The next day, a treaty was signed, wherein Dingane ceded all the land south of the Tugela River to the Mzimvubu River to the Voortrekkers. Celebrations followed. On 6 February, at the end of the celebrations, Retief's party were invited to a dance, and asked to leave their weapons behind. At the peak of the dance, Dingane leapt to his feet and yelled \"Bambani abathakathi!\" (isiZulu for \"Seize the wizards\"). Retief and his men were overpowered, taken to the nearby hill kwaMatiwane, and executed. Some allege that they were killed for withholding some of the cattle they recovered, but it is likely that the deal was a plot to overpower the Voortrekkers. Dingane's army then attacked and massacred a group of 250 Voortrekker men, women and children camped nearby. The site of this massacre is today called Weenen, (Dutch for \"to weep\").\nThe remaining Voortrekkers elected a new leader, Andries Pretorius, who led a crushing attack on the Zulu forces and Dingane at the Battle of Blood River on 16 December 1838, when 15,000 Zulu impis (warriors) attacked a group of 470 Voortrekker settlers led by Pretorius.", "Following his defeat, Dingane burned his royal household and fled north. Mpande, the half-brother who had been spared from Dingane's purges, defected with 17,000 followers, and, together with Pretorius and the Voortrekkers, went to war with Dingane. Dingane was assassinated near the modern Swaziland border. Mpande then took over rulership of the Zulu nation.\nFollowing the campaign against Dingane, in 1839 the Voortrekkers, under Pretorius, formed the Boer republic of Natalia, south of the Tugela, and west of the British settlement of Port Natal (now Durban). Mpande and Pretorius maintained peaceful relations. However, in 1842, war broke out between the British and the Boers, resulting in the British annexation of Natalia. Mpande shifted his allegiance to the British, and remained on good terms with them.\nIn 1843, Mpande ordered a purge of perceived dissidents within his kingdom. This resulted in numerous deaths, and the fleeing of thousands of refugees into neighbouring areas (including the British-controlled Natal). Many of these refugees fled with cattle. Mpande began raiding the surrounding areas, culminating in the invasion of Swaziland in 1852. However, the British pressured him into withdrawing, which he did shortly.", "At this time, a battle for the succession broke out between two of Mpande's sons, Cetshwayo and Mbuyazi. This culminated in 1856 with the Battle of Ndondakusuka, which left Mbuyazi dead. Cetshwayo then set about usurping his father's authority. When Mpande died of old age in 1872, Cetshwayo took over as ruler.", "On 11 December 1878, with the intent of instigating a war with the Zulu, Sir Henry Bartle Frere, on his own initiative and without the approval of the British government, presented an ultimatum to the Zulu king Cetshwayo in terms with which he could not possibly comply: that the Zulu army be disbanded and the Zulus accept a British resident. British forces crossed the Tugela river at the end of December 1878. Initially, the British suffered a heavy defeat at the Battle of Isandlwana on 22 January 1879 where the Zulu army killed more than 1,000 British soldiers in a single day. The Zulu deployment at Isandhlwana showed the well-organized tactical system that had made the Zulu kingdom successful for many decades. This constituted the worst defeat the British army had ever suffered at the hands of a native African fighting force. The defeat prompted a redirection of the war effort, and the British, though outnumbered, began winning victories, culminating in the Siege of Ulundi, the Zulus' capital city, and the subsequent defeat of the Zulu Kingdom.", "Cetshwayo was captured a month after his defeat, and then exiled to Cape Town. The British passed rule of the Zulu kingdom onto 13 \"kinglets\", each with his own subkingdom. Conflict soon erupted between these subkingdoms, and in 1882, Cetshwayo was allowed to visit England. He had audiences with Queen Victoria and other famous personages before being allowed to return to Zululand to be reinstated as king.\nIn 1883, Cetshwayo was put in place as king over a buffer reserve territory, much reduced from his original kingdom. Later that year, however, Cetshwayo was attacked at Ulundi by Zibhebhu, one of the 13 kinglets. Cetshwayo was wounded and fled. Cetshwayo died in February 1884, possibly poisoned. His son, Dinuzulu, then 15, inherited the throne.\nThe academic Roberto Breschi notes that Zululand had a flag from 1884 to 1897 but this is pure conjecture as A.P. Burgers notes in his book. It consisted of three horizontal bands in equal width of gold, green and red.", "Dinuzulu made a pact with the Boers of his own, promising them land in return for their aid. The Boers were led by Louis Botha. Dinuzulu and the Boers defeated Zibhebhu in 1884. They were granted about half of Zululand individually as farms, and formed the independent Republic of Vryheid. This alarmed the British who wanted to prevent the Boers access to a harbour. The British then annexed Zululand in 1887. Dinuzulu became involved in later conflicts with rivals. In 1906 Dinuzulu was accused of being behind the Bambatha Rebellion. He was arrested and put on trial by the British for \"high treason and public violence\". In 1909, he was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment on St Helena island. When the Union of South Africa was formed, Louis Botha became its first prime minister, and he arranged for his old ally Dinuzulu to return to South Africa and live in exile on a farm in the Transvaal, where he died in 1913.\nDinuzulu's son Solomon kaDinuzulu was never recognised by South African authorities as the Zulu king, only as a local chief, but he was increasingly regarded as king by chiefs, by political intellectuals such as John Langalibalele Dube and by ordinary Zulu people. In 1923, Solomon founded the organisation Inkatha YaKwaZulu to promote his royal claims, which became moribund and then was revived in the 1970s by Mangosuthu Buthelezi, chief minister of the KwaZulu bantustan. In December 1951, Solomon's son Cyprian Bhekuzulu kaSolomon was officially recognised as the Paramount Chief of the Zulu people, but real power over ordinary Zulu people lay with South African government officials working through local chiefs who could be removed from office for failure to cooperate.", "", "KwaZulu was a bantustan in South Africa, intended by the apartheid government as a semi-independent homeland for the Zulu people. The capital was moved from Nongoma to Ulundi in 1980.\nIt was led until its abolition in 1994 by Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi of the Zulu royal family and head of the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP). It was merged with the surrounding South African province of Natal to form the new province of KwaZulu-Natal.\nThe name kwaZulu translates roughly as Place of Zulus, or more formally Zululand.", "The area that was once the Zulu Kingdom is currently part of South Africa's KwaZulu-Natal, one of the country's nine provinces, and a large portion of the territory is made up of wildlife reserves and a major contributing source of income is derived from tourism – the area is known for its savanna covered hills. It is home to a WWF Black Rhinoceros reintroduction project known as \"The Black Rhino Range Expansion Project\" within the Zululand Rhino Reserve (ZRR). The ZRR is a 20,000 hectare reserve consisting of 15 individually owned farms that have lowered their fences in order to further conservation. The Zulu royal family still fulfils many important ceremonial duties.", "African military innovation and change\nAnglo-Zulu War\nList of Zulu kings\nPostage stamps and postal history of Zululand\nShaka\nZulu people\nNguni stick fighting", "Gluckman, Max (1960). \"The Rise of a Zulu Empire\". Scientific American. 202 (4): 162. Bibcode:1960SciAm.202d.157G. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0460-157. ISSN 0036-8733. JSTOR 24940454. Retrieved 7 July 2020. By 1822 he had made himself master over 80,000 square miles\n\"Zululand | historical region, South Africa\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 27 May 2020.\n\"South African History Online\".\n\"New History of South Africa\". Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2012.\nWilkinson, Stephan (14 March 2017). \"Shaka Zulu: Africa's Napoleon?\". HistoryNet. Retrieved 27 May 2020.\n\"Mfecane\". Encyclopaedia Britannica.\nWalter, Eugene Victor (1969). Terror and Resistance: A Study of Political Violence, with Case Studies of Some Primitive African Communities. ISBN 9780195015621.\nCharters, R. A. (Major, Royal Artillery) (1839). \"Notices of the Cape And Southern Africa, Since The Appointment, As Governor, Of Major-Gen. Sir Geo. Napier\". United Service Journal and Naval and Military Magazine. London: Henry Colburn. 1839, Part III (September, October, November): 19–25, 171–179, 352–359.\nHanson, Victor Davis (2001). Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 313. ISBN 978-0-307-42518-8.\n\"Zulu Kingdom\". 17 October 2016.\nMartin Meredith, Diamonds Gold and War, (New York: Public Affairs, 2007):5\nKnight, Ian (2004). Zulu War. Osprey. p. 11.\nConjectural flag of Zululand (1884–1897) by Roberto Breschi taken from The South African Flag Book by A.P.Burgers", "Bryant, Alfred T. (1964). A History of the Zulu and Neighbouring Tribes. Cape Town: C. Struik. p. 157.\nMorris, Donald R. (1965). The Washing of the Spears: the Rise of the Zulu Nation. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 655.\nDeflem, Mathieu. (1999). Warfare, Political Leadership, and State Formation: The Case of the Zulu Kingdom, 1808–1879. Ethnology 38(4):371–391.", "Afropop Worldwide's public radio program on Zulu Music, \"The Zulu Factor\"\nPeople of Africa, Zulu marriage explained\nAn article on Piet Retief, including his interactions with Dingane\nHistory section of the official page for the Zululand region\nHuman Rights Watch report on KwaZulu, just before the 1994 elections – This includes detailed, well-referenced, sections on recent Zulu history." ]

[ "Zulu Kingdom", "History", "Rise under Shaka", "Dingane's reign", "Clashes with Voortrekkers", "Mpande's reign", "Cetshwayo's reign", "British Conquest", "Division and the death of Cetshwayo", "Dinuzulu's reign and exile", "Recent history", "KwaZulu Bantustan", "Contemporary Zululand", "See also", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 5359723, 5359724, 5359725, 5359726, 5359727, 5359728, 5359729 ]

[ 27236771, 27236772, 27236773, 27236774, 27236775, 27236776, 27236777, 27236778, 27236779, 27236780, 27236781, 27236782, 27236783, 27236784, 27236785, 27236786, 27236787, 27236788, 27236789, 27236790, 27236791, 27236792, 27236793, 27236794, 27236795, 27236796, 27236797, 27236798, 27236799, 27236800, 27236801 ]

[ "Zulu paraders at the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival, 2003" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Zulus_-_Black_And_Beaded_Jazzfest.jpg" ]

[ "The Zulu Social Aid & Pleasure Club (founded 1916) is a fraternal organization in New Orleans, Louisiana which puts on the Zulu parade each year on Mardi Gras Day. Zulu is New Orleans' largest predominantly African American carnival organization known for its blackfaced krewe members wearing grass skirts and its unique throw of hand-painted coconuts. The club is a regular feature of the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival.", "In 1908, John L. Metoyer and members of a New York mutual aid society called \"The Tramps\" attended a vaudevillian comedy show called There Never Was and Never Will Be a King Like Me. The musical comedy performed by the \"Smart Set\" at the Pythian Temple Theater on the corner of Gravier and Saratoga in New Orleans included a skit where the characters wore grass skirts and dressed in black makeup. Metoyer became inspired by the skit and reorganized his marching troupe from baggy-pant-wearing tramps to a new group called the \"Zulus\". In 1909, Metoyer and the first Zulu king, William Story, wore a lard-can crown and carried a banana stalk as a scepter. Six years later in 1915, the first decorated platform was constructed with dry goods boxes on a spring wagon. The King's float was decorated with tree moss and palmetto leaves.\nIn 1916, Zulu Social Aid and Pleasure Club became incorporated where the organization's bylaws were established as well as its social mission and dedication to benevolence and goodwill.\nIn 1933, the Lady Zulu Auxiliary was formed by the wives of Zulu members, and in 1948 Edwina Robertson became the first Queen of Zulu, making the club the first to feature a queen in a parade.\nIn the 1960s, membership dwindled as a result of social pressures from civil rights activists. The protesters advertised in the local black community's newspaper The Louisiana Weekly stating:\nWe, the Negroes of New Orleans, are in the midst of a fight for our rights and for a recognition of our human dignity which underlies those rights. Therefore, we resent and repudiate the Zulu Parade, in which Negroes are paid by white merchants to wander through the city drinking to excess, dressed as uncivilized savages and throwing cocoanuts like monkeys. This caricature does not represent Us. Rather, it represents a warped picture against us. Therefore, we petition all citizens of New Orleans to boycott the Zulu Parade. If we want respect from others, we must first demand it from ourselves.\nAccording to the club, Zulu's use of black makeup was never a form of \"blackface\". Throughout the south, black Americans were prohibited from wearing masks, but black makeup was permitted. The Zulu Social Aid & Pleasure Club, Inc. says that it has not and never will participate in the act of \"blackface,\" as \"blackface\" is the derogatory, hateful representation of black people as buffoons and idiots. During the 1960s, the organization, with the support of the Mayor and chief-of-police, gave up black make up but continued the tradition of the parade, wearing grass skirts and keeping the identity of the king secret. Due to continued pressure, by 1965 there were only 15 Zulu members remaining. The induction of local civil rights leaders Ernest J. Wright and Morris F.X. Jeff Sr. as Zulu members eventually lifted tensions and membership started to increase. The krewe soon resumed their old traditions, including the black makeup.\nUnlike the other \"old-line\" Carnival Krewes, Zulu never had a policy of racial discrimination. From its inception, any man, regardless of race, ethnicity or religion, had the opportunity to join the membership. In 1973, Roy E. \"Glap\" Glapion Jr., Zulu President from 1973 to 1988, started actively recruiting professionals, educators, and prominent businessmen and men from all racial and ethnic backgrounds to join Zulu's membership, making Zulu the first parading organization to actually parade racially integrated.", "The Zulu Social Aid and Pleasure Club is well known to parade-goers for throwing coconuts to the crowd. In the early 20th century, other parading organizations threw glass necklaces, often hand-made and expensive. The working men of Zulu could not afford similar throws, and decided to purchase coconuts from the French Market since they were unusual and relatively cheap. Painted and adorned coconuts became popular with the club starting in the late 1940s. In 1987, the organization was unable to renew its insurance coverage, and lawsuits stemming from coconut-related injuries forced a halt to the tradition. In 1988 Governor Edwin W. Edwards signed Louisiana State Bill #SB188, the \"Coconut Bill\", into law, removing liability from injuries resulting from coconuts and enabling the tradition to resume.", "Zulu is the only New Orleans Mardi Gras krewe that selects their king through an election voting process. Potential kings must campaign for the job, including throwing parties for other krewe members to solicit votes.", "1909 – William Story\n1910 – William J. Crawford\n1911 – Alex Washington\n1912 – Peter Williams\n1913 – James Bolton\n1914 – Henry Harris\n1915 – John White\n1916 – John White\n1917 – James Robertson\n1918–1919 – WAR\n1920 – Freddie Brown\n1921 – James Robertson\n1922 – Herbert Permillion\n1923 – Joseph Kahoe\n1924 – Adrian Hippolite\n1925 – Baley Robertson\n1926 – Joseph L. Smith\n1927 – Arnold L. Moss\n1928 – Henry Hicks\n1929 – Wurry Watson\n1930 – Paul Johnson\n1931 – Allen Leon\n1932 – Alonzo Butler\n1933 – Allen Leon\n1934 – Leopold LeBlanc\n1935 – Baptiste Giles\n1936 – Edmond Hewlett\n1937 – Arthur Royal\n1938 – Leopold LeBlanc\n1939 – Allen James\n1940 – Emmanuel Bernard\n1941 – Alonzo Butler\n1942–1945 – WAR\n1946 – Clen Vandage\n1947 – Joseph Warrington\n1948 – James Smith\n1949 – Louis \"Satchmo\" Armstrong\n1950 – William Poole\n1951 – Roland Brown\n1959 – Melvin Green\n1960 – Baptiste Giles\n1961 – Henry Johnson\n1962 – Melvin Green\n1963 – William Poole\n1964 – Edward Johnson\n1965 – Milton Bienamee\n1966 – Alfred \"Al\" Barnes\n1967 – Milton Bienamee\n1968 – William \"Honey\" Boykins\n1969 – Elizah J. Peters\n1970 – Milton Bienamee\n1971 – Henry \"Bo\" Berry\n1972 – Arthur \"Sonny Boy\" Carter\n1973 – Steve \"Bulldog Buddy\" Johnson\n1974 – Morris FX Jeff\n1975 – Harold Doley\n1976 – Dr. Lawler P. Daniels Jr.\n1977 – A.J. \"Chuck\" Mercadel\n1978 – Willie L. Papin\n1979 – Joseph O. Misshore, Jr.\n1980 – Elliot Boisdore\n1981 – John Elliot Adams\n1982 – Charles L. Givens\n1983 – Jesse J. Balancier\n1984 – Alfred H. Gordon\n1985 – Eddie R. Carter\n1986 – Louis Augustin\n1987 – Fred Thomas\n1988 – Arthur Vigne\n1989 – Owens \"OJ\" Haynes\n1990 – Keith E. Weatherspoon\n1991 – Charles E. Hamilton, Jr.\n1992 – James \"Jim\" Russell\n1993 – Oscar Piper\n1994 – David Belfield\n1995 – Straughter Prophet\n1996 – Louis R. Rainey, Jr.\n1998 – Wallace Broussard\n1999 – Dr. Myron Moorehead\n2000 – Roy E. Glapion, Jr.\n2001 – Melvin A. Armour\n2002 – Louis \"Tony\" Williams\n2003 – Gary A. Thornton\n2004 – Gerard M. Johnson\n2005 – Isaac \"Ike\" Wheeler\n2006 – no elections due to Hurricane Katrina\n2007 – Larry A. Hammond\n2008 – Frank Boutte'\n2009 – Tyrone Anthony Mathieu, Sr.\n2010 – Jimmie L. Felder\n2011 – Anthony \"Tony\" Barker, Sr.\n2012 – Elroy Anthony James\n2013 – Cedric George Givens\n2014 – Garren Mims\n2015 – Andrew \"Pete\" Sanchez, Jr.\n2016 – Jay H. Banks\n2017 – Adonis Expose\n2018 – Brent D. Washington, Sr.\n2019 – George V. Rainey\n2020 – Brian M. Sims", "In 1948 Edwina Robertson became the first Queen of Zulu, making the club the first to feature a queen in a parade. It is a tradition for the club to make a show of meeting the Zulu queen at the airport, but most years' Zulu queens live in New Orleans and therefore have to travel elsewhere so that they can make the flight into the airport for the ceremony.", "Carnival\nNew Orleans Mardi Gras", "\"Zulu's storied history symbolizes Mardi Gras for African Americans worldwide\". WGNO. February 12, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2018.\nPoint Park College; Pennsylvania Folklore Society; Lycoming College (1964). \"Keystone Folklore Quarterly\". Keystone Folklore Quarterly. 9 (Winter): 159–160. Retrieved October 2, 2011.\nKrupa, Michelle (February 16, 2019). \"The black leaders of an iconic Mardi Gras parade want you to know their 'black makeup is NOT blackface'\". CNN.\nDeja Krewe. The Times-Picayune. Retrieved October 31, 2011.\nHahne, Elsa (January 28, 2015). \"The Zulu Mardi Gras Parade's Coconut Lady Is Hard At Work\". Offbeat Magazine. Retrieved April 13, 2015.\n\"Zulu Social Aid & Pleasure Club elects its 2015 king\". The New Orleans Advocate. New Orleans, LA. June 10, 2014. Retrieved March 31, 2018.\n\"Zulu Kings\". www.kreweofzulu.com. Zulu Social Aid & Pleasure Club. 2010. Retrieved March 31, 2018.\nMonteverde, Danny (February 20, 2012). \"Mardi Gras 2012's Zulu is Elroy A. James\". www.mardigras.com. NOLA Media Group. Retrieved March 31, 2018.\nStrachan, Sue (February 2013). \"Cedric George Givens, King Zulu 2013\". New Orleans Magazine. New Orleans, LA: myneworleans.com. Retrieved March 31, 2018.\nMcClendon, Robert (February 27, 2014). \"'Sleeping giant' Garren Mims to be crowned King Zulu 2014\". www.mardigras.com. NOLA Media Group. Retrieved March 31, 2018.\nMacCash, Doug (May 31, 2015). \"Zulu crowns Jay H. Banks as its king for Mardi Gras 2016 in Sunday elections\". www.mardigras.com. NOLA Media Group. Retrieved March 31, 2018.\nLarino, Jennifer (February 24, 2017). \"Not one for average, King Zulu Adonis Expose earns 'ultimate' honor with 2017 reign\". www.mardigras.com. nola.com. Retrieved March 31, 2018.\nLarino, Jennifer (February 9, 2018). \"From 9th Ward kid to Carnival royalty, 2018 King Zulu Brent D. Washington Sr. is 'one of the strong'\". www.nola.com. Retrieved March 31, 2018.\nScott, Liz (February 2000). \"Queen Gee: She Brought a Touch of Hollywood to the Zulu Throne\". New Orleans Magazine. Vol. 34, no. 5. New Orleans, LA. pp. 14–15.", "Linda Villarosa, \"'A Terrible Price': The Deadly Racial Disparities of Covid-19 in America,\" New York Times, April 29, 2020.", "Official website" ]

[ "Zulu Social Aid & Pleasure Club", "History", "Zulu coconut", "King of Zulu", "Kings of Zulu", "Queen of Zulu", "See also", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 5359730 ]

[ 27236802, 27236803, 27236804, 27236805, 27236806, 27236807, 27236808, 27236809, 27236810, 27236811, 27236812, 27236813, 27236814, 27236815, 27236816, 27236817, 27236818, 27236819 ]

[ "A reminder outside the main entrance of uMgungundlovu, a short distance from his grave", "" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Nkosinkulu-aanwyser_buite_Dingaanstat-hoofingang.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c2/Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager_2.png" ]

[ "Zulu kaMalandela (1542–1608), son of Malandela, was the founder of the zulu royal lineage and King of the Zulu clan.\nThe Zulu and the Qwabe were originally independent Bantu clans. When the King of these clans, Malandela died, he divided the kingdom into two clans, the Qwabes and the Zulus. In the Nguni language, Zulu means Heaven.", "Media related to Nkosinkulu at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Zulu kaMalandela", "External links" ]

[ 5359731 ]

[ 27236820 ]

[ "2012 map showing the location of Zulu people.", "Utimuni, nephew of King Shaka, strikes a warrior pose", "King Shaka", "Zulu warriors in the late nineteenth century, with Europeans in the background", "Zulu man performing traditional warrior dance", "Zulu people gather at Reed Dance ceremony.", "Married Zulu women wearing headdresses at annual Reed Dance ceremony.", "Zulu beadwork necklace", "Zulu beadwork necklace.", "Zulu village women in traditional clothing.", "Interior space of a traditional beehive hut, or iQhugwane", "Zulu worshippers at a United African Apostolic Church, near Oribi Gorge", "Zulu sangomas (diviners)", "Traditional Zulu dance" ]

[ 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 11, 12, 16, 16, 18, 18, 23, 23, 24 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Map-South_Africa-KwaZulu_Natal01.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Utimuni.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/KingShaka.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/ZuluWarriors_adj.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Zulud%C3%A4nzer.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/South_africa_-_zulu_reed_dance_ceremony_%286478982761%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/South_Africa_-_Zulu_reed_dance_ceremony_%286482557081%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/National_Museum_of_Ethnology%2C_Osaka_-_Love_letter_made_of_beads_-_Zulu_people_in_South_Africa_-_Collected_in_1996.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kralen_halssieraad_voor_jonge_Zulu_vrouwen_%27Liefdesbrief%27_TMnr_3279-45.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Zulu_village_4.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/IQhugwane-binneruimte_in_die_Mtonjaneni-museum.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/AAC_Worshippers.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Sangomas-greeting.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Traditional_Zulu_dance.png" ]

[ "Zulu people (/ˈzuːluː/; Zulu: amaZulu) are a Nguni ethnic group in Southern Africa. The Zulu people are the largest ethnic group and nation in South Africa, with an estimated 10–12 million people, living mainly in the province of KwaZulu-Natal.\nThey originated from Nguni communities who took part in the Bantu migrations over millennia. As the clans integrated together, the rulership of Shaka brought success to the Zulu nation due to his improved military tactics and organization.\nZulus take pride in their ceremonies such as the Umhlanga, or Reed Dance, and their various forms of beadwork.\nThe art and skill of beadwork takes part in the identification of Zulu people and acts as a form of communication. The men and women both serve different purposes in society in order to function as a whole. Today the Zulu people predominantly believe in Christianity, but have created a syncretic religion that is combined with the Zulu's prior belief systems.", "", "The Zulu were originally a major clan in what is today Northern KwaZulu-Natal, founded ca. 1574 by Zulu kaMalandela. In the Nguni languages, iZulu means heaven, or weather. At that time, the area was occupied by many large Nguni communities and clans (also called the isizwe people or nation, or were called isibongo, referring to their clan or family name). Nguni communities had migrated down Africa's east coast over millennia, as part of the Bantu migrations. As the nation began to develop, the rulership of Shaka brought the clans together to build a cohesive identity for the Zulu.", "The Zulu nation's growth and strength was based on its military organization and skills during Shaka's reign and that of his successors. The military was organized around the ukubuthwa ('to be enrolled') system, which did away with initiation ceremonies for the most part. Each age-set, or group of young men of the same age, was assigned to the same regiment - ibutho singular, amabutho plural - according to the system. Girls were also subject to Ukubuthwa, but they were usually assigned to an age group rather than a regiment. The amabutho were housed in military barracks - ikhanda singular, amakhanda plural - located throughout the kingdom and under the command of a close relative or someone appointed by the king.\nThe barracks were designed and laid out similarly to an umuzi, but on a much larger scale. Aside from military duties, the izinsizwa 'young men' were also responsible for the repair and maintenance of their barracks.", "The Zulu formed a powerful state in 1816 under the leader Shaka. Shaka, as the Zulu commander of the Mthethwa Empire and successor to Dingiswayo, united what was once a confederation of tribes into an imposing empire under Zulu hegemony. Shaka built a militarised system known as Impi featuring conscription, a standing army, new weaponry, regimentation, and encirclement battle tactics. Zulu expansion was a major factor of the Mfecane (\"Crushing\") that depopulated large areas of southern Africa. It is during this period when Shaka deployed an army regiment for raiding tribes on the North. The regiment which was under Mzilikazi disobeyed Shaka and crafted a plan to continue raiding up-North forming another dialect of Zulu language referred to as Northern Ndebele (Now in Zimbabwe).", "In mid-December 1878, envoys of the British crown delivered an ultimatum to 11 chiefs representing the then-current king of the Zulu empire, Cetshwayo. Under the British terms delivered to the Zulu, Cetshwayo would have been required to disband his army and accept British sovereignty. Cetshwayo refused, and war between the Zulus and African contingents of the British crown began on January 12, 1879. Despite an early victory for the Zulus at the Battle of Isandlwana on the 22nd of January, the British fought back and won the Battle at Rorke's Drift, and decisively defeated the Zulu army by July at the Battle of Ulundi.", "After Cetshwayo's capture a month following his defeat, the British divided the Zulu Empire into 13 \"kinglets\". The sub-kingdoms fought amongst each other until 1883 when Cetshwayo was reinstated as king over Zululand. This still did not stop the fighting and the Zulu monarch was forced to flee his realm by Zibhebhu, one of the 13 kinglets, supported by Boer mercenaries. Cetshwayo died in February 1884, killed by Zibhebhu's regime, leaving his son, the 15-year-old Dinuzulu, to inherit the throne. In-fighting between the Zulu continued for years, until in 1897 Zululand was absorbed fully into the British colony of Natal.", "", "Under apartheid, the homeland of KwaZulu (Kwa meaning place of) was created for Zulu people. In 1970, the Bantu Homeland Citizenship Act provided that all Zulus would become citizens of KwaZulu, losing their South African citizenship. KwaZulu consisted of many disconnected pieces of land, in what is now KwaZulu-Natal. Hundreds of thousands of Zulu people living on privately owned \"black spots\" outside of KwaZulu were dispossessed and forcibly moved to bantustans – worse land previously reserved for whites contiguous to existing areas of KwaZulu. By 1993, approximately 5.2 million Zulu people lived in KwaZulu, and approximately 2 million lived in the rest of South Africa. The Chief Minister of KwaZulu, from its creation in 1970 (as Zululand) was Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi. In 1994, KwaZulu was joined with the province of Natal, to form modern KwaZulu-Natal.", "Inkatha YeSizwe means \"the crown of the nation\". In 1975, Buthelezi revived the Inkatha YaKwaZulu, predecessor of the Inkatha Freedom Party. This organization was nominally a protest movement against apartheid, but held more conservative views than the ANC. For example, Inkatha was opposed to the armed struggle, and to sanctions against South Africa. Inkatha was initially on good terms with the ANC, but the two organizations came into increasing conflict beginning in 1976 in the aftermath of the Soweto Uprising.", "The language of the Zulu people is \"isiZulu\", a Bantu language; more specifically, part of the Nguni subgroup. Zulu is the most widely spoken language in South Africa, where it is an official language. More than half of the South African population are able to understand it, with over 9 million first-language and over 15 million second-language speakers. Many Zulu people also speak Xitsonga, Sesotho and others from among South Africa's 11 official languages.", "", "The Zulu people celebrate an annual event that was established in 1984 called the Umhlanga or Reed Dance. This event takes place at the royal capital near Nongoma. This traditional ceremony is performed by young women from all parts of the kingdom to perform in front of the monarch and his guests. The purpose of this event is to promote pride in virginity and to restrain sexual relationships. Beadwork is a prominent attire that is worn at the Umhlanga. The beadwork is not only worn by the dancers, but by the guests as well. The Umhlanga is not purely for a time of dance. The King also uses this time to speak to the young men and women of the nation. The King discusses current political issues.", "", "The creation of beadwork dates back to the times of war for the Zulu people. This particular form of beadwork were known as iziqu, medallions of war. Often worn as a necklace, the beads were displayed in a criss-cross formation across the shoulders. This assemblage of beads by the warriors represented a symbol of bravery. Before the use of glass was apparent to the Zulu, beadwork derived from wood, seeds and berries. It was not until the arrival of Europeans that glass became a trade material with the Portuguese, which soon became abundantly available to the Zulu.", "Beadwork is a form of communication for the Zulu people. Typically when one is wearing multiple beads, it is a sign of wealth. The more beads one is wearing, the wealthier they are perceived. The beads have the potential to convey information about a person's age, gender and marital status. The design of the beads often conveys a particular message. However, one must know the context of their use in order to read the message correctly. Depending on the area in which the beadwork was made, some designs can depict different messages compared to other areas. A message could be embedded into the colors and structure of the beads or could be strictly for decorative purposes. Beadwork can be worn in everyday use, but is often worn during important occasions such as weddings, or ceremonies. For example, beadwork is featured during the coming of age for a young girl or worn during dances. The beaded elements complement the costumes worn by the Zulu people to bring out a sense of finery or prestige.", "Beadwork is worn by all men, women, and children at any age. Depending on which stage of life an individual is in, the beadwork indicates different meanings. Beadwork is dominantly worn when young Zulu people are courting or in search for love affairs. The wearing of decorative beadwork can act as an attempt to grab the attention of someone of the opposite sex. Also, the gifting of beadwork is a way of communicating interest with lovers. During the transition from single to married women, beadwork is shown through a beaded cloth apron worn over a pleated leather skirt. As for older or mature women, beadwork is displayed in detailed headdresses and cowhide skirts that extend past the knee. These long skirts are also seen on unmarried women and young marriageable-age girls. Men are more conservative when wearing beadwork. However, when a young boy is seen wearing multiple necklaces, it is a sign that he is highly interested by these gifts from various girls. The more gifts he is wearing, the higher prestige he obtains.", "Various forms of beadwork are found in different color schemes. Typically, there are four different types of color schemes:\nIsisshunka – white, light blue, dark green, pale yellow, pink, red, black. This color scheme is believed to have no specific meaning.\nIsithembu – light blue, grass green, bright yellow, red, black. This color scheme derives from clans or clan areas.\nUmzansi – white, dark blue, grass green, red. This color scheme also derives from clans or clan areas.\nIsinyolovane – combination of any colors not consistent with other color schemes. This color scheme is often related to connotations of perfection and charm.\nThe colors of beads might hold different meanings based on the area that they originated from. It is often at times that this can lead to misrepresentation or confusion when attempting to understand what the beadwork is communicating. One cannot assume that the color system is standard across South Africa. In some areas, the color green symbolizes jealousy in a certain area, but in another area it symbolizes grass. One must know the origin of the beadwork in order to interpret the message correctly.", "Zulus wear a variety of attire, both traditional for ceremonial or culturally celebratory occasions, and modern westernized clothing for everyday use. The women dress differently depending on whether they are single, engaged, or married.\nThe men wore a leather belt with two strips of hide hanging down front and back.\nIn South Africa, the miniskirt has existed since pre-colonial times. In the African cultures, such as the Basotho, the Batswana, the Bapedi, the Amaswati and the AmaZulu, women wore traditional miniskirts as cultural attire. These skirts are not seen as shameless but used to cover the women's genitals. The skirts are called isigcebhezana and are essential in Zulu ceremonies. For example, Umemulo is a ceremony for women who turn 21 years of age. It represents a huge transition in the woman's life because it is a symbol of her being ready to accept a boyfriend and even get married. Additionally, each stage of a Zulu's life is determined by a specific type of clothing. For an unmarried woman, she wears the skirt and nothing on the top, but as she grows up, the woman starts to cover up her body because a time will come in which she will be a married woman and an old woman. Nonetheless, a special type of clothing is reserved to pregnant women. When a woman is pregnant she wears an ‘isibamba', a thick belt made from dried grass, covered with glass or plastic beadwork, to support her swelling stomach and its additional weight.", "", "The Zulu people govern under a patriarchal society. Men are perceived as the head of the household and seen as authoritative figures. Zulu men identify themselves with great pride and dignity. They also compare themselves to qualities of powerful wild animals such as bulls, lions and elephants. The men contribute to society by acting as defenders, hunters, and lovers. The Zulu men are also in charge of herding the cattle, educating themselves on the lives of disciplined warriors, creating weapons, and learning the art of stick fighting.", "The art of stick fighting is a celebration of manhood for Zulu men. These men can begin to learn this fighting art form as young as the age of five years old. There are multiple reasons why men learn how to stick fight. For example, men may want to learn so that they can set right any wrongs or insults made towards them. Other reasons some men choose to learn are for sporting purposes, proving skills or manliness, and self-defense. The goal of stick fighting is to injure the opponent and sometimes even kill. There are rules of etiquette that must be abided by when stick fighting. The men can only fight a man the same age as them. One cannot hit the opponent when they lose their stick. Only sticks are allowed when fighting.", "The women in Zulu society often perform domestic chores such as cleaning, raising children, collecting water and firewood, laundry, tending to crops, cooking, and making clothes. Women can be considered as the sole income-earner of the household. A woman's stages of life lead up to the goal of marriage. As a woman approaches puberty, she is known as a tshitshi. A tshitshi reveals her singleness by wearing less clothing. Single women typically do not wear clothing to cover their head, breasts, legs and shoulders. Engaged women wear hairnets to show their marital status to society and married women cover themselves in clothing and headdresses. Also, women are taught to defer to men and treat them with great respect. The women are always bound by a male figure.", "Most Zulu people state their beliefs to be Christian. Some of the most common churches to which they belong are African Initiated Churches, especially the Zion Christian Church, Nazareth Baptist Church and United African Apostolic Church, although membership of major European Churches, such as the Dutch Reformed, Anglican and Catholic Churches are also common. Nevertheless, many Zulus retain their traditional pre-Christian belief system of ancestor worship in parallel with their Christianity.\nTraditional Zulu religion includes belief in a creator God (uNkulunkulu) who is above interacting in day-to-day human life, although this belief appears to have originated from efforts by early Christian missionaries to frame the idea of the Christian God in Zulu terms. Traditionally, the more strongly held Zulu belief was in ancestor spirits (amaThongo or amaDlozi), who had the power to intervene in people's lives, for good or ill. This belief continues to be widespread among the modern Zulu population.\nTraditionally, the Zulu recognize several elements to be present in a human being: the physical body (inyama yomzimba or umzimba); the breath or life force (umoya womphefumulo or umoya); and the \"shadow,\" prestige, or personality (isithunzi). Once the umoya leaves the body, the isithunzi may live on as an ancestral spirit (idlozi) only if certain conditions were met in life. Behaving with ubuntu, or showing respect and generosity towards others, enhances one's moral standing or prestige in the community, one's isithunzi. By contrast, acting in a negative way towards others can reduce the isithunzi, and it is possible for the isithunzi to fade away completely.\nIn order to appeal to the spirit world, a diviner (sangoma) must invoke the ancestors through divination processes to determine the problem. Then, a herbalist (inyanga) prepares a mixture (muthi) to be consumed in order to influence the ancestors. As such, diviners and herbalists play an important part in the daily lives of the Zulu people. However, a distinction is made between white muthi (umuthi omhlope), which has positive effects, such as healing or the prevention or reversal of misfortune, and black muthi (umuthi omnyama), which can bring illness or death to others, or ill-gotten wealth to the user. Users of black muthi are considered witches, and shunned by the society.\nChristianity had difficulty gaining a foothold among the Zulu people, and when it did it was in a syncretic fashion. Isaiah Shembe, considered the Zulu Messiah, presented a form of Christianity (the Nazareth Baptist Church) which incorporated traditional customs.\nFurthermore, Zulu people also practice a ceremony called Ukweshwama. The killing of the bull is part of Ukweshwama, an annual ceremony that celebrates a new harvest. It is a day of prayer when Zulus thank their creator and their ancestors. By tradition, a new regiment of young warriors is asked to confront a bull to prove its courage, inheriting the beast's strength as it expires. It is believed this power then transfers to the Zulu king.", "Zulu people have a system called ilobolo. This term is particularly used by Zulu people when it comes to bride wealth. Every African ethnic group has different requirements when it comes to bride wealth. In pre-capitalist Zulu society, ilobolo was inextricably linked to the ownership of cattle. During that time, there was not a fixed number of cattle required for the wedding to happen; it could be paid before the marriage or during the marriage. The groom takes the cattle from his father's herd in order to perpetuate the family heritage. Nonetheless, this ritual has changed during colonization because in 1869, Theophilus Shepstone, then Natal Secretary for Native Affairs, formalized the ilobolo payment to 10 cattle for commoners (plus the ingquthu cow for the mother), 15 for hereditary chief siblings and 20-plus for the daughters of a chief. They found it too lenient to let the groom give whatever amount he wants, so they decided to establish a specific number of cattle that would be needed before or at the start of the marriage. This has been accepted by Zulu men who were educated in mission schools, but according to more ritual people this became “untraditional”. Additionally, with the instauration of the Natal Code, some Zulu men decided to settle another way in which they could decrease the ilobo: offer a token payment or bring a present for the father of the prospective bride in order to decrease the ilobolo amount to be paid. The payment of ilobolo can be difficult for some families, but as it is often considered a symbol of pride and respect, many are willing to maintain this tradition as long as possible.", "", "Films\nZulu, Cy Endfield (1964)\nZulu Dawn, Douglas Hickox (1979)\nUbuhle Bembali, Emmanuelle Bidou, Centre national de la cinématographie, Paris, 2002\nAmours zoulous, Emmanuelle Bidou, 2004\nShaka Zulu, Joshua Sinclair, South African Broadcasting Corporation, SABC, 1986\nA Zulu Christmas, (2020)\nNovels\nWhen the Lion Feeds, Wilbur Smith, 1964\nThe Covenant, James A. Michener, 1980\nZulu, Caryl Férey, Gallimard, 2008\nVideo games\nSid Meier's Civilization", "Battle of Blood River\nGumboot dance\nInkatha Freedom Party\nList of Zulu kings\nNguni\nShaka Zulu\nUkusoma\nZulu language", "\"The Zulu people group are reported in 7 countries\". Retrieved 29 November 2016.\nInternational Marketing Council of South Africa (9 July 2003). \"South Africa grows to 44.8 million\". www.southafrica.info. Archived from the original on 22 May 2005. Retrieved 4 March 2005.\nGroenewald, H. C. (2003). \"Zulu Oral Art\". Oral Tradition. 18 (1): 87–90. doi:10.1353/ort.2004.0017. ISSN 1542-4308.\nBulliet (2008). The Earth and Its Peoples. US: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 708. ISBN 978-0-618-77148-6.\n\"Shaka (Zulu chief)\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 30 October 2011.\nW. D. Rubinstein (2004). Genocide: A History. Pearson Longman. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-582-50601-5. Retrieved 26 June 2013.\n\"Ethnologue report for language code ZUL\". www.ethnologue.com.\n{{Preston-Whyte, Eleanor (1994). Speaking with Beads. New York, New York: Thames and Hudson. pp. 1–96. ISBN 0-500-27757-5.}}\nDerwent, Sue (1998). Zulu. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik Publishers. pp. 103–109. ISBN 1-86872-082-9.\nBoram-Hayes, Carol (Summer 2005). \"African Arts\". Borders of Beads: Questions of Identity in the Beadwork of the Zulu-Speaking People. 38 (2): 38–49+92–93. JSTOR 3338083.\n{{Preston-Whyte, Eleanor (1994). Speaking with Beads. New York, New York: Thames and Hudson. pp. 1–96. ISBN 0-500-27757-5.}}\n{{Preston-Whyte, Eleanor (1994). Speaking with Beads. New York, New York: Thames and Hudson. pp. 1–96. ISBN 0-500-27757-5.}}\nPreston-Whyte, Eleanor (1994). Speaking with Beads. New York, New York: Thames and Hudson. pp. 1–96. ISBN 0-500-27757-5\nSanders, Mark (22 March 2016). Learning Zulu. Princeton University Press. doi:10.23943/princeton/9780691167565.001.0001. ISBN 9780691167565.\n\"Traditional Zulu Clothing\". Eshowe. Retrieved 26 October 2019.\nIrving Hexham (1979). \"Lord of the Sky-King of the Earth: Zulu traditional religion and belief in the sky god\". Studies in Religion. University of Waterloo. Retrieved 26 October 2008.\nHenry Callaway (1870). \"Part I:uNkulunkulu\". The Religious System of the Amazulu. Springvale.\nAdam Ashforth (2005). \"Muthi, Medicine and Witchcraft: Regulating 'African Science' in Post-Apartheid South Africa?\". 31:2. \nMolefi K. Asante, Ama Mazama (2009). Encyclopedia of African religion, Volume 1. Sage. ISBN 9781412936361.\nAxel-Ivar Berglund (1976). Zulu thought-patterns and symbolism. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 85. ISBN 9780903983488. isithunzi.\nAbraham Modisa Mkhondo Mzondi (2009). Two Souls Leadership: Dynamic Interplay of Ubuntu, Western and New Testament Leadership Values (PDF) (Thesis). submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctorate in Theology, University of Johannesburg.\nNwamilorho Joseph Tshawane (2009). The Rainbow Nation: A Critical Analysis of the Notions of Community in the Thinking of Desmond Tutu (PDF) (Thesis). submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctorate in Theology, University of South Africa.\n\"Art & Life in Africa Online - Zulu\". University of Iowa. Archived from the original on 31 May 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2007.\nBearak, Barry (8 December 2009). \"Spilling the Blood of Bulls to Preserve Zulu Tradition\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 9 December 2019.\nRudwick, Stephanie; Posel, Dorrit (2 January 2014). \"Contemporary functions of ilobolo (bridewealth) in urban South African Zulu society\". Journal of Contemporary African Studies. 32 (1): 118–136. doi:10.1080/02589001.2014.900310. ISSN 0258-9001. S2CID 145116947.\nPosel, Dorrit; Rudwick, Stephanie (18 August 2014). \"Marriage and Bridewealth (Ilobolo) in Contemporary Zulu Society\". African Studies Review. 57 (2): 51–72. doi:10.1017/asr.2014.47. ISSN 0002-0206. S2CID 146749403.", "Nathaniel Isaacs, Travels and adventures in eastern Africa, descriptive of the Zoolus, their manners, customs, etc. etc. : with a sketch of Natal, Edward Churton, Londres, 1836, 2 vol.\n(in French) Adulphe Delegorgue, Voyage dans l'Afrique Australe : notamment dans le territoire de Natal dans celui des Cafres Amazoulous et Makatisses et jusqu'au tropique du Capricorne, exécuté durant les années 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, 1843 & 1844, A. René, 1847, 2 vol.\nHenry Callaway (R. P.), The religious system of the Amazulu : izinyanga zokubula, or, divination, as existing among the Amazulu, in their own words, J.A. Blair, Springvale (Natal), 1870, 448 p. (rééd. ultérieures)\nCanonici, Noverino Noemio. Tricksters and trickery in Zulu folktales. Kwazulu-Natal University: PhD diss., 1995.\nCanonici, Noverino. \"The trickster in Zulu folktales.\" Alternation 1, no. 1 (1994): 43–56.\nDavid Leslie, Among the Zulus and Amatongas : with sketches of the natives, their language and customs; and the country, products, climate, wild animals, &c. being principally contributions to magazines and newspapers, Wm. Gilchrist, Glasgow, 1875, 436 p.\nJames Anson Farrer, Zululand and the Zulus : their history, beliefs, customs, military system, home life, legends, etc., etc., and missions to them, Kerby & Endean, Londres, 1879, 151 p.\n(in French) Paul Deléage, Trois mois chez les Zoulous et les derniers jours du Prince impérial, E. Dentu, 1879, 370 p.\n(in French) Bénédict Henry Révoil, Les zoulous et les cafres : mœurs, coutumes, guerre avec les Anglais, etc., Librairie de J. Lefort, Lille, 1880, 196 p.\nWalter Robert Ludlow, Zululand and Cetewayo : containing an account of Zulu customs, manners, and habits, after a short residence in their kraals, with portrait of Cetewayo, and 28 illustrations from original drawings, Simpkin, Marshall, and Co, Londres, 1882, 219 p.\n(in French) Émile de La Bédollière, Au pays des Zoulous et des cafres, Barbou, Limoges, 1882, 88 p.\nJosiah Tyler (Rev.), Forty years among the Zulus, Congregational Sunday-school and publishing society, Boston, Chicago, 1891, 300 p.\nDonald R. Morris, The washing of the spears : a history of the rise of the Zulu nation under Shaka and its fall in the Zulu War of 1879, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1971, 1965, 655 p.\nVusamazulu Credo Mutwa, Zulu shaman : dreams, prophecies, and mysteries, Destiny Books, Rochester (Vt), 2003 (éd. 1996 : Song of the Stars), 224 p.ISBN 978-0-89281-129-8\nJonathan Sutherland et Diane Canwell, The Zulu kings and their armies, Pen & Sword Military, Barnsley (South Yorkshire, England), 2004, 198 p. ISBN 978-1-84415-060-1\nAlex Zaloumis, Zulu tribal art, AmaZulu Publishers, Le Cap, 2000, 301 p.\n(in French) Véronique Faure, Ethnicité et stratégies nationalistes : les Zoulous et l'Inkatha, Université de Bordeaux 4, 1996, 2 vol., 712 p.\n(in French) Philippe Gervais-Lambony, L'Afrique du Sud et les États voisins, Paris, Masson & Armand Colin Éditeurs, 1997, 253 p.\n(in French) François Lafargue, Les Zoulous en Afrique du Sud : Éveil d'un pays, réveil d'une ethnie, Centre de recherches et d'analyses géopolitiques, 1996, 708 p.\n(in French) Tidiane N'Diaye, L'Empire de Chaka Zoulou, L'Harmattan, Paris (Collection Études africaines) 2002, 250 p.\n(in French) Tidiane N'Diaye, L'Éclipse des Dieux, Éditions du Rocher, Paris 2004, 317 p.\n(in French) Sylvain Guyot, Rivages zoulous : l'environnement au service du politique en Afrique du Sud, Karthala, 2006, 250 p. ISBN 978-2-84586-767-3\n(in French) John Mack, Les Zoulous, Granger frères, 1981, 48 p. ISBN 978-0-88551-503-5\n(in French) Jean Sévry, Chaka, empereur des Zoulous : histoire, mythes et légendes, L'Harmattan, 1991, 251 p. ISBN 978-2-7384-0836-5\nIan Knight, Zulu Rising: The Epic Story of Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, Macmillan Edition, 2010 ISBN 978-1405091855", "Walton Golightly, The People of the Sky, Quercus, 2013\n(in French) Philippe Morvan, Les fils du ciel (The sons of the sky), Calmann-Lévy, 2021", "Media related to Zulu at Wikimedia Commons\nHistory section of the official page for the Zululand region, Zululand.kzn.org\nIzithakazelo, wakahina.co.za" ]

[ "Zulu people", "History", "Origins", "Strength of the Zulu Nation", "Kingdom", "Conflict with the British", "Absorption into Natal", "Apartheid years", "KwaZulu homeland", "Inkatha YeSizwe", "Language", "Ceremony", "Umhlanga", "Beadwork", "History", "Purpose", "Apparel", "Colors of beads", "Clothing", "Societal roles", "Men", "Stick fighting", "Women", "Religion and beliefs", "Bride wealth", "Notable Zulus", "In popular culture", "See also", "References", "Further reading", "Novels", "External links" ]

[ 5359732, 5359733, 5359734, 5359735, 5359736, 5359737, 5359738, 5359739, 5359740, 5359741, 5359742, 5359743, 5359744, 5359745 ]

[ 27236821, 27236822, 27236823, 27236824, 27236825, 27236826, 27236827, 27236828, 27236829, 27236830, 27236831, 27236832, 27236833, 27236834, 27236835, 27236836, 27236837, 27236838, 27236839, 27236840, 27236841, 27236842, 27236843, 27236844, 27236845, 27236846, 27236847, 27236848, 27236849, 27236850, 27236851, 27236852, 27236853, 27236854, 27236855, 27236856, 27236857, 27236858, 27236859, 27236860, 27236861, 27236862, 27236863, 27236864, 27236865, 27236866, 27236867, 27236868, 27236869, 27236870, 27236871, 27236872, 27236873, 27236874, 27236875, 27236876, 27236877, 27236878 ]

[ "OSM map showing Zulueta and its surrounding area. Zulueta station (located at Tahón)\nis highlighted with a blue dot" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Zulueta_%28Cuba%2C_OpenStreetMap%29.png" ]

[ "Zulueta is a Cuban village and consejo popular (\"people's council\", i.e. hamlet) of the municipality of Remedios, in Villa Clara Province. It is considered the Cuban birthplace of football and, with a population of ca. 10,000 is the most populated village in the municipality after Remedios.", "The village was founded in 1869 and in 1876 was connected to the railway network. Until the administrative reform of 1977, it was an autonomous municipality of 117 km², that included the villages of Floridanos and Guadalupe.", "Zulueta is located on a valley between Remedios (15 km north) and Placetas (13 km south), and is crossed in the middle by a road named \"Carretera a Zulueta\". It is 22 km far from Camajuaní, 23 from Caibarién, the nearest seaside town, 42 from Cabaiguán, 48 from Santa Clara, and 61 from Sancti Spíritus. \nThe railway station is located 3.8 km south, in a small settlement named Tahón (22.3415°N 79.5787°W). It is part of the Santa Clara-Camajuaní-Morón-Nuevitas line, and has a minor branch to Placetas; part of the old line (1876) Caibarién-Placetas via Camajuaní.", "Zulueta is considered the Cuban birthplace of football because it was one of the first villages in which this sport was brought by Spanish traders, in early 20th century. A testimony of this relationship is, for example, the Monumento al Balón, a stone sculpture of a football ball (balón) located in town's centre, with the inscription Zulueta - Cuna del Fútbol (Zulueta - Birthplace of Football). Another example is the presence of a football ball in the coat of arms.\nThe football club Villa Clara, playing in Santa Clara at the Sandino Stadium, and representing the city and the whole province; is de jure based in Zulueta and plays some matches at the Camilo Cienfuegos Stadium. It also exists a documentary, named Gol de Cuba, that speaks about Zulueta and its passion for the association football.", "Parrandas\nMunicipalities of Cuba\nList of cities in Cuba", "i.e.: Birthplace of Football\n(in Spanish) Zulueta on EcuRed\n(in Spanish) Football in Zulueta on EcuRed\n\"Gol de Cuba\" article\nSource: Mapa de Carreteras de Cuba (Road map of Cuba). Ediciones GEO, Havana 2011 - ISBN 959-7049-21-X\n(in Spanish) History of Zulueta at guije.com\n(in Spanish) Infos about the municipal coat of arms of Zulueta (EcuRed)\n(in Spanish) \"The Island of Football\" (La Vanguardia)\nMonumento al Balón on Panoramio\n\"Estadio Camilo Cienfuegos\", Zulueta (soccerway)\nGol de Cuba", "Zulueta on AccuWeather\nGoogle. \"Zulueta\" (Map). Google Maps. Google." ]

[ "Zulueta (Remedios)", "History", "Geography", "Sport", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359746 ]

[ 27236879, 27236880, 27236881, 27236882, 27236883, 27236884 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 12 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f5/Zululand_CoA.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/South_Africa_Provinces_showing_KZ.png" ]

[ "Zululand is one of the 11 district municipalities (\"districts\") of KwaZulu-Natal province. The seat of Zululand is Ulundi. The majority of its 803,575 people speak IsiZulu (2011 Census). The district code is DC26. It is part of a larger historical area also known as Zululand.", "", "Zululand is surrounded by:\nAmajuba to the north-west (DC25)\nGert Sibande in Mpumalanga to the north (DC30)\nThe kingdom of Eswatini to the north\nUmkhanyakude to the east (DC27)\nUmzinyathi to the south-west (DC24)\nuThungulu to the south (DC28)", "The district contains the following local municipalities:", "The following statistics are from the 2001 census.", "", "", "", "", "Election results for Zululand in the South African general election, 2004. \nPopulation 18 and over: 394 233 [49.01% of total population]\nTotal votes: 218 270 [27.13% of total population]\nVoting % estimate: 55.37% votes as a % of population 18 and over", "Municipal Demarcation Board", "\"Contact list: Executive Mayors\". Government Communication & Information System. Retrieved 26 January 2016.\n\"Statistics by place\". Statistics South Africa. Retrieved 27 September 2015.", "Zululand DM official website" ]

[ "Zululand District Municipality", "Geography", "Neighbours", "Local municipalities", "Demographics", "Gender", "Ethnic group", "Age", "Politics", "Election results", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359747 ]

[ 27236885, 27236886 ]

[ "Zulya performing live with Children of the Underground in 2008.", "" ]

[ 0, 9 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Zulya_cotu.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/10/Exquisite-microphone.png" ]

[ "Zulya Nazipovna Kamalova (Russian: Зуля (Зульфия) Назиповна Камалова; Tatar: Зөлфия Нәсип кызы Камалова; born in Sarapul, Udmurt ASSR) is an Australian singer. She currently resides in Australia though tours both countries frequently.", "Zulya grew up in Tatarstan and began performing and writing music at age 9. She is of Volga Tatar background. In 1991, she moved to Australia, settling in Hobart, Tasmania. After extensive performing solo and with accompanists and releasing several limited-run cassettes and a full-length album Journey of Voice, she moved to Melbourne. She later formed the band Children of the Underground and signed to Melbourne-based independent record label Unstable Ape Records in 2004.", "Zulya is known for her interpretations of Tatar and Russian music, often playing with a backing band Children of the Underground. Instrumentation typically includes accordion, double bass, percussion, guitar, brass and string arrangements and occasionally jaw harp.", "", "", "", "The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987.", "The Music Victoria Awards are an annual awards night celebrating Victorian music. They commenced in 2006.", "\"Biography\". Zulya.com. December 2007. Archived from the original on 21 May 2009. Retrieved 28 June 2009.\nhttp://zulya.com/biography/ Zulya's official site bio\n\"Zulya Kamalova\". Answers.com. Retrieved 28 June 2009.\n\"Zulya : Biography\". www.zulya.com. Retrieved 17 May 2020.\nARIA Award previous winners. \"ARIA Awards – Winners by Award – Best World Music Album\". Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). Retrieved 12 November 2018.\n\"Music Victoria | 2016 Genre Awards\". www.musicvictoria.com.au. Retrieved 21 August 2020.\n\"Previous Nominess\". Music Victoria. Retrieved 13 August 2020.\n\"Previous Winners\". Music Victoria. Retrieved 13 August 2020.", "Official website" ]

[ "Zulya Kamalova", "Life", "Musical style", "Discography", "Albums", "Awards and nominations", "ARIA Music Awards", "Music Victoria Awards", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359748 ]

[ 27236887, 27236888, 27236889, 27236890 ]

[ "Rundkirche zum Friedefürsten", "" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Rundkirche_zum_Friedef%C3%BCrsten.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/ZwingerCrown.jpg" ]

[ "The Zum Friedefürsten Church (German: Rundkirche zum Friedefürsten) is a baroque Lutheran round church in Klingenthal, Saxony, south-eastern Germany. It has an octagonal floorplan and is the largest of its kind in Saxony. The church is the most important historical monument in Klingenthal and dominates the town centre. The church was officially finished in 1737.", "Wurlitzer, B. (2013). Sachsen (in German). Trescher Verlag. p. 165. ISBN 978-3-89794-230-1. Retrieved 5 June 2019." ]

[ "Zum Friedefürsten Church", "References" ]

[ 5359749, 5359750 ]

[ 27236891 ]

[ "Zum Nußbaum 2010", "Zum Nußbaum in 1903", "The inn in a painting by Heinrich Zille" ]

[ 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Gastst%C3%A4tte_Zum_Nu%C3%9Fbaum.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Zum_Nussbaum%2C_Nikolaiviertel%2C_Berlin%2C_1903.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Heinrich_Zille_Fischerstra%C3%9Fe_Berlin.jpg" ]

[ "Zum Nußbaum is a historic inn in Berlin, Germany. Formerly located in Fischerinsel, after its destruction in World War II it was recreated in the nearby Nikolaiviertel.\nThe inn, originally located at Fischerstraße 21, was built either in 1505 or in 1705, according to different interpretations of the inscription over the cellar entrance. It was named for the nut tree which formerly stood outside it and was one of the oldest drinking establishments in the city. It was popular with tourists and had been frequented and depicted by artists such as Heinrich Zille and Otto Nagel.\nThe inn was destroyed in an Allied air-raid in 1943, along with most of the surrounding area. It was recreated in 1987 in the nearby Nikolaiviertel as part of the East German creation of a tourist old town there. It is adjacent to the Nikolaikirche (St. Nicholas' Church).", "G. Stahn, \"Geschichte der historischen Gaststätte 'Zum Nußbaum' auf der (Ost-) Berliner Fischerinsel\", Deutsche Bauzeitung 1987, online at Kurztexte zur Denkmalpflege, Fraunhofer IRB (in German)\nGünter Stahn, Das Nikolaiviertel, Berlin: Verlag für Bauwesen, 1991, ISBN 9783345004179, p. 49 (in German)\nMaria Berning et al., ed. Michael Braum, Berliner Wohnquartiere: ein Führer durch 70 Siedlungen, 3rd ed. Berlin: Reimer, 2003, ISBN 9783496012603, p. 352 (in German)\nWieland Giebel, Berlin, tr. Jane Michael-Rushmer and Wendy Reed, Insight Guides, Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1994, ISBN 9780395662762, p. 147 .", "" ]

[ "Zum Nußbaum", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359751, 5359752, 5359753 ]

[ 27236892, 27236893 ]

[ "Zum Riesen hotel, 2014" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Zum_Riesen_2014%2C_front.jpg" ]

[ "Zum Riesen (The Giant) is a hotel in Miltenberg, Germany and is one of the oldest hotels in the country, dating back to at least 1411.", "Records show that a building existed on the site for some time previous, though the earliest known mention of the hotel is the registration of Trestam zum Riesen as landlord in 1411, making it one of the oldest continuously operating hotels in the world. The hotel was rebuilt in the half-timbered, Renaissance style in 1590 by architect Jacob Stoer, using 100 logs donated by the city council. The building has been renovated a number of times since; first in 1948 for DM 250,000; and again in 1970 after being purchased for DM 194,000. In 2001 it was purchased by local chain Faust Brauhaus.\nA number of famous guests have stayed at Zum Riesen; including two Holy Roman Emperors, Frederick Barbarossa and Charles IV; the leaders from both sides of the Thirty Years' War, Johann Tserclaes and Gustavus Adolphus; and Elvis Presley.", "List of oldest companies", "\"Von Tilly bis Presley: Deutschlands ältestes Gasthaus unter dem Hammer\" [From Tilly to Presley: Germany's oldest guesthouse under the hammer]. Die Zeit (in German). 13 March 1970. Retrieved 2014-12-18.\n\"German Inn\". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. Google News. 1970-05-14. p. 18. Retrieved 2014-12-18.\nPorter, Darwin; Prince, Danforth (4 November 2010). Frommer's Germany. Frommer's (2011 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 266. ISBN 978-0-470-93362-6. Retrieved 18 December 2014.\nDettelbacher, Werner; Fröhling, Stefan; Reuss, Andreas (1999). Franken (in German). DuMont Reiseverlag. p. 77. ISBN 978-3-7701-4186-9. Retrieved 18 December 2014.\nDiemar, Claudia (2010-09-11). \"Miltenberg: Darum ist es am Main so schön\" [Miltenberg: That' why it's so beautiful at the Main]. echoonline.de (in German). Retrieved 2014-12-18.\nBaedeker, Karl (1980). Baedeker's Germany. Prentice Hall. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-1305-5830-5. OCLC 7387536. Retrieved 18 December 2014.", "Official website" ]

[ "Zum Riesen", "History", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359754 ]

[ 27236894, 27236895, 27236896, 27236897, 27236898 ]

[ "The hotel Zum Roten Bären", "Partial history on the wall on the front of the building", "Restaurant sign" ]

[ 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Hotel_B%C3%A4ren_Freiburg.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Hotel_B%C3%A4ren_Geschichte_Freiburg.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Hotel_B%C3%A4ren_Schild_Freiburg.jpg" ]

[ "Zum roten Bären (translation: to the red bear) is the oldest hotel in Germany and Europe. The foundations of the hotel predate the founding of the town of Freiburg by the dukes of the House of Zähringen in 1120.\nThe first written documentation was in the land register document of the nearby monastery from the year 1311 listing the landlord as Hanmann Bienger the elder. Many of the landlords were also court and councilmen of the city of Freiburg and often also guild masters. For some time, the guild hall of the shoemakers was located at Zum Roten Bären, as can be seen in one of the windows of Freiburg Cathedral. The current manager, Wolf Eschger, is the 51st landlord.", "List of oldest companies", "\"Eine Gastlichkeit seit nun mehr als 622 Jahren (Our hospitality is now older than 622 years)\". DTN. 2009-04-27. Retrieved 2009-09-29.\nThis article is largely based upon the German Wikipedia article. Accessed August 29, 2009.", "Official website" ]

[ "Zum Roten Bären", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359755, 5359756, 5359757 ]

[ 27236899 ]

[ "Zum Schwan" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Oschatz%2C_Zum_Schwan-002.JPG" ]

[ "Zum Schwan is one of the oldest inns in Saxony founded in 1458 and located in the historic city center of Oschatz, Germany.", "Historical events:\nThe guest house forms the corner from Neumarkt to Sporerstraße. In 1458, a Peter Dorbach owned \"Die Stuben\", in which Elector Ernst von Sachsen was already a guest in 1477. The house was first mentioned as an inn in 1547, which received a 1602 electoral privilege.\nSince 1630 it is attested as an inn \"Zum Weissen Schwan\" and existed since 1656 out of two houses, which both city fires have lasted. During the time of the Poststrasse, the rulers often rose here. Frequent conversions changed and supplemented the property.\nSince 1872, the inn was owned by the Krug family and after 1980 owned by the consumer cooperative. From 1990, this venerable property was closed.\nOn October 23 1999, it was reopened after 10 months of reconstruction. Well-kept gastronomy and modern hotel industry await the guests.\nIn September 2005, the capacity of the hotel expanded by two bed houses at the Altmarkt, which are connected to the guest house by a covered corridor.", "List of oldest companies\nList of hotels in Germany", "\"Hotel- und Restaurant Gasthaus Zum Schwan, Oschatz\" (in German). Retrieved 25 February 2017.\n\"Gasthaus zum Schwan\" (in German). Retrieved 25 February 2017.", "Homepage\nLocation on Google Maps" ]

[ "Zum Schwan", "History", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359758 ]

[ 27236900, 27236901, 27236902 ]

[ "Looking north" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/31.07-14.8.2010_Zermatt_022.jpg" ]

[ "Zum See is a hamlet in the canton of Valais. It is located above Zermatt at a height of 1,766 metres (5,794 ft), between the rivers Zmuttbach and Gornera, at the foot the Matterhorn. The hamlet includes a chapel and a gastronomic restaurant.\nZum See can be reached by foot only, from Zermatt or from the Furi cable car station, located just above the hamlet.", "Swisstopo topographic maps" ]

[ "Zum See", "References" ]

[ 5359759 ]

[ 27236903 ]

[ "Gasthaus Zum Stachel" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Zum_Stachel_Gasthaus_W%C3%BCrzburg.JPG" ]

[ "Zum Stachel is one of the oldest German inns located in Würzburg, Franconia, Bavaria. In 1413 the butcher Hanns Rehlein and his wife and landlady Margarete bought the \"Gressenhof\" for 200 guldens and founded a gastronomic tradition.\nIn the summer visitors can use a vine-draped outdoor courtyard, where are served wines from the restaurant's own vineyards.", "List of oldest companies", "\"Boulevard Würzburg: 600 Jahre Gasthaus Stachel\" (in German). 7 January 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2017.\n\"Weinhaus Zum Stachel\". Retrieved 23 February 2017.", "Homepage in German\nProfile in German with many photos" ]

[ "Zum Stachel", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359760 ]

[ 27236904 ]

[ "The original building with the tavern.", "" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Zum_schwarzen_Ferkel_%28Berlin%29_2.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/ZLB-Berliner_Ansichten-Mai.jpg" ]

[ "Zum schwarzen Ferkel (\"The Black Piglet\") was a tavern located at the corner of Unter den Linden and Neue Wilhelmstraße in Berlin. Said once to have been frequented by Heinrich Heine, Robert Schumann and E. T. A. Hoffmann, it was in the 1890s the meeting place for a circle of mainly Nordic writers and artists, including August Strindberg, Holger Drachmann and Edvard Munch but also the Pole Stanisław Przybyszewski and several Germans.\nThe real name of the Weinstube, which was owned by a Gustav Türke, was Gustav Türkes Weinhandlung und Probierstube, but it was also known as \"The Cloister\". The name Zum schwarzen Ferkel was given to it by Strindberg as he thought the Armenian (or Bessarabian) wine-sack hanging over the entrance resembled a black piglet; the name was enthusiastically accepted by the owner.\nStrindberg had come to Berlin from Sweden in 1892, after his divorce the previous year from his first wife Siri von Essen, on the invitation of the Swedish writer Ola Hansson and his wife, the critic Laura Marholm, and for the first period in Berlin he stayed with the couple in their home in Friedrichshagen. After a while he started to refer to the place in letters as \"Friedrichshölle\" (\"Friedrichs-Hell\") and eventually moved into central Berlin, falling out with this former hosts in the process, and settling at a pension on Neue Wilhelmstrasse, close to Türke's tavern. \nThe story of Strindberg's discovery and naming of the tavern comes from the Finnish writer Adolf Paul, and the circle at the Ferkel originally consisted of Strindberg, Paul, the German writer Richard Dehmel, the physician Carl Ludwig Schleich, the Polish journalist Stanisław Przybyszewski and a few others, all of whom had previously belonged to the group frequenting Ola Hansson's home in Friedrichshagen. Other Scandinavians arriving in Berlin would join the group. Edvard Munch became a regular after he had arrived in Berlin in October 1892 in connection with an exhibition that was scandalously closed after only seven days. The Norwegian writer Gunnar Heiberg became a member of the circle in November; other Norwegians included the painter couple Christian and Oda Krohg, the writer Axel Maurer and the poet Gabriel Finne. A quarrel between Munch and the Danish poet Holger Drachmann caused Strindberg temporarily to leave the group. He started seeing the Austrian journalist Frida Uhl, soon to be his second wife. After the couple had become secretly engaged and Frida Uhl had left Berlin temporarily for Munich, Strindberg returned to the Ferkel. Meanwhile Munch had introduced another female member of the group, the Norwegian music student Dagny Juel. Several of the men were attracted by Dagny Juel, who entered into a number of brief sexual liaisons within the circle, including a three-week relationship in March 1893 with the newly engaged Strindberg while Frida Uhl was still away. Juel married Przybyszewski on 18 August 1893; she later wrote some literary pieces and was murdered by a lover in Tbilisi in 1901. Munch, who was in love with her, felt betrayed, and he depicted her on several paintings; she is likely to be the model for his Jealousy. \nThe main written testimonies to come out of the Ferkel circle was Adolf Paul's Strindberg-Erinnerungen und -Briefe (1914) and Strindberg's novel Klostret (\"The Cloister\") which was published only posthumously in 1966.", "Neue Wilhelmstraße was at the time the name of the extension of Wilhelmstraße to the north of Unter den Linden, as seen on the \"Droschken-Wegemesser\" for Berlin (1886), at the Zentral- und Landesbibliothek Berlin.\nAarseth, p. 347\n(in Polish) Aleksandra Sawicka, Dagny Juel Przybyszewska: Fakty i legendy, wydawnictwo słowo/obraz terytoria, Gdańsk, 2006, See 'Chronology' on page 412", "Skandinavien och Tyskland 1800–1914: Möten och vänskapsband, ed. B. Henningsen et al., Berlin: Deutsches Historisches Museum, 1997.\nAarseth, Asbjørn, \"Berlin som kulturmetropol og vinstuen 'Schwarzes Ferkel' — nordmenn i Berlin\", Skandinavien och Tyskland, pp. 347–349.\nSöderström, Göran, \"Zum schwarzen Ferkel\", Skandinavien och Tyskland, pp. 353–356." ]

[ "Zum schwarzen Ferkel", "Notes", "References" ]

[ 5359761, 5359762 ]

[ 27236905, 27236906 ]

[ "A statue of the Mesoamerican serpent deity Kukulkan at El Castillo, Chichen Itza. Kukulkan is depicted as the father of Zuma in the comics story line.", "" ]

[ 2, 6 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Serpent_head_at_the_base_of_El_Castillo.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png" ]

[ "Zuma is a Filipino comic book character created by Jim Fernandez in 1974. The character first appeared in a serial written by Fernandez entitled Aztec. From 1976 to 1985, Zuma got his own series named Anak ni Zuma that was serialized in Aliwan Komiks published by Graphics Arts Service Inc. with illustration by Ben Maniclang. The comics series was the biggest best seller for Aliwan. Following this publication success, spin-offs and a 1990s reboot about the character were published and it was further expanded in other media including film and television.", "In 1974, Filipino comics book artist Jim Fernandez created Zuma, which first appeared in the comics serial Aztec. After two years, in 1976, Fernandez wrote a new series for the character entitled Anak ni Zuma that was serialized in Aliwan Komiks published by Graphics Arts Service Inc. (GASI) with illustration by Ben Maniclang. The series ran in syndication until 1985 that became Aliwan's biggest bestseller.\nDue to its publication success, the comics serial branched out to a prequel spin-off entitled Angkan ni Zuma, which tells the story of Zuma during the ancient period. This prequel was written again by Fernandez and illustrated by Mar T. Santana; and ran from 1978 to 1983. A science fiction comics entitled Zuma-Maria was another spin-off that divulges on the future descendant of Zuma. Dugong Aztec was also a spin-off that was simultaneously published with the main comics serial. It was published in Rex Komiks by Rex Publications Inc. from 1978 to 1979 and it was still written by Fernandez with illustration by Elmer Esquivas.\nThere was also a comics reboot in the 1990s published under the short-lived magazine entitled Zuma Komiks by GASI. The stories in this comics magazine that was also known by other two names (Zuma and Other Amazing Stories and Zuma and Other Horror Stories) were written by various writers with illustration by Clem V. Rivera in its early run and then by Vic Catan Jr in later issues. The comics magazine is an anthology of horror.", "The most noticeable physical characteristic of Zuma is the two-headed snake that protrude from his shoulders resting like a lei and he uses them to defeat his enemies as they have a powerful bite that has an ability to decapitate. In addition, he has green skin and bald hair similar to Martian Manhunter, another comics character. Although, his face is human-like with a demonic appearance. He is often depicted as a villain or an anti-hero instead of a superhero.\nAccording to Zuma's story in the comics and other media, he is the son of the Aztec serpent god Kukulkan, making him a demigod. He had been in hibernation for a long time until his tomb in an Aztec pyramid was unearthed by an archaeological expedition team that awakened him. After his revival, he goes to the modern world in a killing rage, slaughtering particularly virgin women, whose hearts are ripped out and consumed that give Zuma his strength and vigor.\nAside from using his two-headed snake as a weapon, Zuma's power includes invulnerability (specifically bullet-proof) and controlling snakes. In later versions, Zuma has the ability to heal people. His weakness is the venom from his daughter Galema who is also his archenemy. Galema's mother is a human that Zuma has taken as his bride. Although, Galema grew with foster parents that made her to be a good person. Zuma also beget another child named Dino who has a head of a dinosaur and a body of a human. Dino initially allied with his father but he later abandoned him because Dino fell in love with a human.", "", "Zuma have been adapted into two films. The first one was from a 1985 film by Cine Suerte Inc. entitled Zuma, with Max Laurel portraying the title role and Snooky Serna playing Zuma's daughter, Galema. This film that was directed by Jun Raquiza is also known as Jim Fernandez's Zuma.\nThe second Zuma film is a sequel entitled Anak ni Zuma, which also known alternatively as Zuma II: Hell Serpent. Max Laurel reprised his role as Zuma while the role of Galema got a recast and was played by Jenny Lyn. It was released again by Cine Suerte Inc. in 1987 and was directed by Ben Yalung.", "Zuma appeared in the 2013 television series Galema: Anak ni Zuma. Derick Hubalde, son of Filipino basketball player Freddie Hubalde, played Zuma while Andi Eigenmann portrayed Galema. The television series is broadcast in ABS-CBN and the story focuses more on the hardship of Galema as she lives her cursed life that was passed down from her father, Zuma.", "Panday (comics)\nList of fictional demons\nKukulkan", "\"Creating Comic Books 101\". Manila Workshops. 2016-04-21. Retrieved 2019-10-09.\n\"Zuma\". www.internationalhero.co.uk. Retrieved 2019-10-09.\nVideo 48 (2009-04-27). \"Video 48: JIM FERNANDEZ' \"KAMBAL SA UMA,\" \"ZUMA,\" AT IBA PA\". Video 48. Retrieved 2020-02-18.\nPanganiban, Aris B. (2010-12-24). \"Pinoy Superheroes Universe: How ZUMA Saved Christmas\". Pinoy Superheroes Universe. Retrieved 2019-10-09.\nRoxas, Cynthia; Arevalo, Joaquin; Marcelino, Ramon R (1985). A history of komiks of the Philippines and other countries. Quezon City: Islas Filipinas Pub. Co. OCLC 559852094.\nLent, John A. (2014-01-17). Southeast Asian Cartoon Art: History, Trends and Problems. McFarland. p. 52. ISBN 9780786475575.\n\"'Zuma' actor Max Laurel dies at 71\". ABS-CBN News. 2016-06-16. Retrieved 2020-02-13.\nGeronia Jr |, Ed (2017-10-26). \"8 Classic Movie Monsters of Philippine Cinema\". Esquiremag.ph. Retrieved 2020-02-18.\nPanganiban, Aris B. (2011-06-19). \"Pinoy Superheroes Universe: Happy Father's Day, ZUMA - Love, GALEMA\". Pinoy Superheroes Universe. Retrieved 2020-02-13.\nPhilippine Daily Inquirer (2016-06-16). \"'Zuma' actor Max Laurel passes away at 71\". entertainment.inquirer.net. Retrieved 2020-02-13.\n\"Top 10 Pinoy Komiks Characters\". Retrieved 2020-02-13.\nDr, James (2010-07-10). \"PELIKULA, ATBP.: ZUMA (1985)\". PELIKULA, ATBP. Retrieved 2020-02-18.\nCoconutsManila (2016-06-17). \"Character actor Max Laurel, famous for playing Zuma, dead at 71 | Coconuts Manila\". Coconuts. Retrieved 2020-02-18.\n\"Janice still refuses to work with ex-husband; Max Laurel of \"Zuma\" passes away\". DZRH News. 2016-06-15. Retrieved 2020-02-18.\n\"Who will be the next 'Galema?'\". ABS-CBN News. 2009-04-03. Retrieved 2020-02-18.\nTortora, Matteo (2014-11-18). 80's The Gold Decade Of The Horror Movie. Self-Publish.\nWillis, Donald C. (1997-01-01). Horror and Science Fiction Films IV. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-3055-4.\nSantiago, Erwin (2016-06-15). \"Zuma star Max Laurel passes away at 71\". PEP.ph (in English and Tagalog). Retrieved 2020-02-18.\n\"Coming-soon | HOOQ\". www.hooq.tv. Retrieved 2020-02-18.\n\"ANAK NI ZUMA (1987) by Ben Yalung, Cinefania\". www.cinefania.com. Retrieved 2020-02-18.\nRadovan, Jill Tan (2019-03-02). \"10 Crazy Teleseryes We All Loved to Watch\". SPOT.PH. Retrieved 2020-02-18.\n\"From basketball to acting: Derick Hubalde to play 'Zuma'\". ABS-CBN News. 2013-09-20. Retrieved 2020-02-18.\n\"Andi Eigenmann a snake woman in new 'serye'\". Rappler. 2013-09-11. Retrieved 2020-02-18.\n\"'Galema' starts strong, beats 'Pyra' in ratings\". ABS-CBN News. 2013-10-04. Retrieved 2020-02-18." ]

[ "Zuma (comics)", "Publication history", "Character background", "In other media", "Film", "Television", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5359763 ]

[ 27236907, 27236908, 27236909, 27236910, 27236911, 27236912, 27236913, 27236914, 27236915, 27236916, 27236917, 27236918, 27236919, 27236920, 27236921, 27236922, 27236923, 27236924 ]

[ "Launch by SpaceX of the Zuma satellite", "SpaceX Zuma mission patch", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 4, 4, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Zuma_Mission_%2839556548902%29_%282%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/SpaceX_Zuma_Mission_Patch.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Zuma_Mission_%2839585580001%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Zuma_Mission_%2839556549372%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Zuma_Mission_%2839585578201%29.jpg" ]

[ "USA-280 (codenamed \"Zuma\") was a classified United States government satellite that was launched by SpaceX on 8 January 2018, on the 47th flight of the Falcon 9 rocket. The National Reconnaissance Office was in charge of the Zuma project, though its purpose has not been disclosed. In November 2017, Northrop Grumman stated that the launch \"is a monumental responsibility and has taken great care to ensure the most affordable and lowest risk scenario for Zuma.\" The Wall Street Journal reported that the design was very sensitive to vibration and sudden shocks, and had a development cost approaching US$3.5 billion.\nFollowing the launch, unnamed sources stated that the satellite was lost during deployment and re-entered the atmosphere, and independent investigations concluded that the spacecraft likely failed to separate from its payload adapter.", "In September 2017, SpaceX sent applications to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for special temporary authority to transmit signals at 2.2 GHz during launch of \"Mission 1390\", for the time period between November 2017 and April 2018.\nThe satellite, manufactured by Northrop Grumman, was initially scheduled to launch on a Falcon 9 from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A (LC-39A) in mid-November 2017, and launch-license LLS 17-104 for the rocket was issued by the Office of Commercial Space Transportation on 9 November 2017. Northrop Grumman purchased a payload adapter to customize the release mechanism, which was then tested three times on the ground prior to payload fairing encapsulation.\nThe Falcon rocket performed a static fire test as part of its pre-flight preparation, but results from a payload fairing test for another customer led to a delay of nearly two months. On 22 December 2017, the launch license was re-issued with a change of the launchpad from Launch Complex 39A to Launch Complex 40. The launch was subsequently rescheduled for 4 January 2018, and was further delayed because of weather concerns related to the January 2018 North American blizzard.\nThe satellite was launched on 8 January 2018 at 01:00 UTC from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 40 (SLC-40) in Florida. The Falcon 9 first stage touched down at Landing Zone 1, and SpaceX later announced that all data indicated the launch vehicle had performed properly. At approximately 03:15 UTC, the pilot of an aircraft traveling over Khartoum, as well as another person in Sudan, observed a spiral-shaped fuel dump attributed to the re-entering upper stage.", "The fate of the spacecraft is not publicly known. According to unsourced media claims, U.S. lawmakers were reportedly briefed about the loss of the spacecraft and an unnamed government official said that it had re-entered the atmosphere over the Indian Ocean, possibly due to a failure in the payload adapter provided by Northrop Grumman in detaching from the second stage. According to The Wall Street Journal, sensors had not reported the initial failure to detach. Later on, Zuma did ultimately detach from the upper stage payload adapter, but only after it was too late and with the orbit too low to attempt a rescue of the satellite.\nPresident and COO of SpaceX Gwynne Shotwell stated, \"For clarity: after review of all data to date, Falcon 9 did everything correctly on Sunday night. If we or others find otherwise based on further review, we will report it immediately. Information published that is contrary to this statement is categorically false. Due to the classified nature of the payload, no further comment is possible.\" Lon Rains, Communications Director of Northrop Grumman, stated that the company could not comment on the status of classified missions. Three days later, the Zuma mission patch had been removed from sale in the souvenir shop at the Air Force Space and Missile Museum and from online sales.\nOn 8 April 2018, The Wall Street Journal reported that two independent investigations \"tentatively concluded\" that the spacecraft failed to separate from the payload adapter after launch due to errors introduced by Northrop Grumman. The adapter had been bought by Northrop Grumman from a subcontractor and heavily modified for use on the mission. Due to the classified nature of the mission, detailed information on the satellite and its fate may not be publicly released. Officially, North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) still lists the satellite but with no orbital parameters and the orbital status code \"no elements available\", which is standard procedure for classified missions.", "The U.S. government has not publicly stated if there was a failure of Zuma, and this secrecy has generated speculations on its purpose and its fate. A number of articles published by the amateur satellite tracking community stated that if the satellite was still in orbit or operating covertly, then it would likely be located visually. In the process of searching for Zuma, amateur astronomers instead found radio transmissions from IMAGE, a NASA satellite that was lost in 2005.", "", "Harwood, William (9 January 2018). \"Fate of mystery Zuma satellite in question\". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2018.\nGrush, Loren (7 January 2018). \"SpaceX launched the mysterious Zuma satellite — and successfully landed its rocket afterward\". The Verge. Archived from the original on 8 January 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2018.\nGebhardt, Chris (7 January 2018). \"SpaceX launches of clandestine Zuma satellite – questions over spacecraft's health\". NASASpaceFlight.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2018.\nGrush, Loren (9 January 2018). \"Did SpaceX's secret Zuma mission actually fail?\". The Verge. Archived from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2018.\n\"NRO launch: A pictoral history 1996 - 2021\" (PDF). p. 107. Retrieved 9 April 2022.\nKelly, Emre (15 November 2017). \"Elon Musk's SpaceX launch is a secret government mission\". USA Today. Florida Today. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2018.\nSeemangal, Robin (16 November 2017). \"SpaceX's Top Secret Zuma Mission Set to Launch\". Wired. Archived from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2018.\nPasztor, Andy (9 April 2018). \"Probes Point to Northrop Grumman Errors in January Spy-Satellite Failure\". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.\nSheetz, Michael (9 April 2018). \"Northrop Grumman, not SpaceX, reported to be at fault for loss of top-secret Zuma satellite\". Yahoo! Finance. CNBC. Archived from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2018.\nMartinez, Luis; Dooley, Erin; Sunseri, Gina (9 January 2018). \"Classified satellite fell into ocean after SpaceX launch, official confirms\". ABC News. Archived from the original on 10 January 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2018.\nMasunaga, Samantha (9 April 2018). \"Zuma satellite plunged after SpaceX launch because of Northrop Grumman errors, report says\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.\nWilkins, Christopher (9 September 2017). Application for Special Temporary Authority (Report). Federal Communications Commission. SpaceX. Archived from the original on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2018. Operation Start Date: 11/10/2017 ... Operation End Date: 04/10/2018 ... communications for SpaceX Mission 1390 ... 2255.5- MHz ... 2272.5- MHz\nWong, Kenneth (22 December 2017). License Number: LLS 17-104 (Rev 1) (PDF) (Report). Commercial Space Transportation License. Office of Commercial Space Transportation. SpaceX. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018. Zuma mission ... Original Issued: November 9, 2017 ... Rev 1 Issued: December 22, 2017 ... Changed \"Launch Complex 39A at Kennedy Space Center (KSC)\" to \"Launch Complex 40 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station(CCAFS)\"\nClark, Stephen (6 December 2017). \"Test-firing at repaired launch pad clears way for SpaceX cargo flight next week\". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2018.\nMalik, Tariq (5 January 2018). \"SpaceX Delays Mysterious Zuma Spacecraft Launch to Sunday\". Space.com. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2018.\n\"Launch Schedule\". Spaceflight Now. 5 January 2018. Archived from the original on 8 January 2018.\nClark, Stephen (8 January 2018). \"SpaceX kicks off ambitious 2018 schedule with launch for U.S. government\". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2018.\nRosenfeld, Everett; Kharpal, Arjun (8 January 2018). \"Highly classified US spy satellite appears to be a total loss after SpaceX launch\". CNBC. Archived from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2018.\nMalik, Tariq (9 January 2018). \"Strange Sky Spiral May Come from Secretive SpaceX Zuma Launch\". Space.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.\nSeemangal, Robin (9 January 2018). \"Is SpaceX's Covert Zuma Payload Missing in Action?\". Wired. Archived from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.\nMcKinnon, Mika (10 January 2018). \"What Went Wrong With the Launch of the Secretive Zuma Satellite?\". Smithsonian. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.\nStarr, Barbara; Herb, Jeremy; Isidore, Chris; Wattles, Jackie (9 January 2018). \"Zuma spacecraft launched by SpaceX is lost after failing to enter stable orbit\". CNN. Archived from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2018.\nHignett, Katherine (11 January 2018). \"Elon Musk's SpaceX Not the Cause of Zuma Secret Satellite Mission Failure, Experts Suggest\". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 11 January 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2018.\nShotwell, Gwynne (9 January 2018). \"Statement From Gwynne Shotwell, President and COO of SpaceX on Zuma Launch\" (Press release). SpaceX. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2018 – via SpaceRef.com.\nPearlman, Robert (12 January 2018). \"SpaceX pulls Zuma mission patches from sale amid reports of secret satellite's loss\". collectSPACE. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018.\nBerger, Eric (8 January 2018). \"It's not official, but sources say the secretive Zuma satellite was lost\". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 8 January 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2018.\nKelso, T. S. (9 January 2018). \"Raw SATCAT Data\". Celestrak. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2018.\nKelso, T. S. (9 January 2018). \"SATCAT Format Documentation\". Celestrak. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2018.\nBerger, Eric (19 January 2018). \"The Zuma failure has emboldened critics of SpaceX\". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2018.\nPaez, Danny (9 January 2018). \"Theories are Swirling About SpaceX-Zuma's \"Failed\" Mission\". Inverse. Archived from the original on 18 July 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2018.\nGriggs, Mary Beth (11 January 2018). \"Meet the amateur astronomers who track secretive spy satellites for fun\". Popular Science. Archived from the original on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2018.\nClark, Colin (11 January 2018). \"Zuma: A New Twist On Space Radar?\". Breaking Defense. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2018.\nLangbroek, Marco (11 January 2018). \"[Updated] A potential use for satellites in Zuma-like 50-degree inclined orbits\". SatTrackCam Leiden (b)log. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2018.\nChirgwin, Richard (29 January 2018). \"Zombie ... in SPAAACE: Amateur gets chatty with 'dead' satellite\". The Register. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.", "Zuma mission launch footage on YouTube by SpaceX" ]

[ "Zuma (satellite)", "Launch", "Fate", "In the media", "Gallery", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359764, 5359765, 5359766 ]

[ 27236925, 27236926, 27236927, 27236928, 27236929, 27236930, 27236931, 27236932, 27236933, 27236934, 27236935, 27236936, 27236937, 27236938, 27236939, 27236940, 27236941, 27236942, 27236943, 27236944, 27236945, 27236946, 27236947, 27236948, 27236949, 27236950 ]

[ "Zuma Beach, looking northwest, near the county park", "Lifeguard tower 12" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/ZumaBeachCountyPark.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Lifeguard_tower_12_at_Zuma_Beach_side_elevation_2014.jpg" ]

[ "Zuma Beach is a county beach at 30000 Pacific Coast Highway (PCH) in Malibu, California. One of the largest and most popular beaches in Los Angeles County, California, it is known for its long, wide sands and excellent surf. It consistently ranks among the healthiest beaches for clean water conditions in Los Angeles County.", "The beach's name may be related to the origin of the name of the nearby promontory, Point Dume, named by George Vancouver in 1793 in honor of Padre Francisco Dumetz of Mission San Buenaventura. The name was misspelled on Vancouver's map as \"Dume\" and was never corrected. On a plat map of the Rancho Topanga Malibu Sequit finally confirmed to new owner Matthew Keller in August 1870, the point is marked on the map as \"Point Zuma or Duma\".", "Zuma is protected by the Lifeguard unit of the Los Angeles County Fire Department, with 14 lifeguard towers on the sands proper and one of four L.A. County Section Headquarters located at the center of the beach.\nLike all beaches with good surf, Zuma has its share of rip currents. Visitors are encouraged not to swim or surf in front of the Lifeguard Headquarters between Towers 8 and 9, an area particularly prone to rip currents. In fact, rip currents are so prevalent that as of 2007 the Los Angeles County Fire Department Lifeguard Unit uses Zuma Beach to illustrate a rip current.\nZuma Beach hosts several premier surfing events each year. With optimum wind conditions nearly daily in the late afternoon, Zuma draws many to kitesurfing on the northern end of Zuma Beach.\nZuma Beach can be accessed directly from PCH, and lies between the major access corridors Las Virgenes/Malibu Canyon Road and Kanan-Dume Road to the southeast, and Las Posas Road to the northwest. Parking is available in a large fee parking lot. Additional parking is available on the adjacent PCH.\nOn its southeast side, Zuma is bordered by Westward Beach. Westward is geographically situated on Malibu's westernmost promontory known as Point Dume. Westward includes a stretch of 2-way road right at the sand's edge. Parking is available on the road as well as a fee parking lot. Westward Beach is marked by a shorter sand shelf than Zuma, a veritable pipeline, making the waves of less duration and higher impact. Westward Beach is recommended only for strong swimmers, as the wave action compared to Zuma Beach is stronger, can push down on swimmers, and delivers more of a \"crunch.\" Westward Beach is where former lifeguard Jesse Billauer suffered the accident that left him paralyzed.", "Beach Volleyball courts (Pepperdine Waves beach volleyball)\nBodyboarding\nBodysurfing\nDiving (shallow)\nFishing\nFood stands, seasonal\nKiteboarding\nOutdoor showers (cold)\nParking lot\nRestrooms\nSurfing\nSwimming; lifeguard on duty during daylight hours\nWalkway (wheelchair accessible)\nWindsurfing\nParking: 2025 spaces (43 disabled)\nElectric Vehicle - 3 inductive, 1 conductive", "During emergency conditions such as fires, mudslides or earthquakes, Zuma Beach is a designated emergency evacuation center. With its flat terrain, open parking, miles of pristine sand, and xeriscape landscaping, it is an optimal first-response open-air shelter. It has a dedicated helicopter landing area for medical emergency airlifts to trauma centers.", "With its proximity to the film and television industry in Los Angeles, Zuma Beach has been a popular filming location.\nFilms\nPlanet of the Apes (1968)—the final scenes were filmed on Zuma Beach near Point Dume and at Pirate's Cove Beach to the southwest.\nZuma Beach (1978)—a television film directed by Lee H. Katzin\nThe final beach scene and the transitional image of a wave crashing against a rock in Barton Fink (1991) by the Coen brothers was shot at Zuma Beach.\nIndecent Proposal (1993)—directed by Adrian Lyne\nTelevision\nI Dream of Jeannie (1965–1970)—as \"a deserted island in the South Pacific\" when Capt. Tony Nelson discovers Jeannie in the first episode\nBaywatch (1989–2001)—a frequently used site for the television series\nAmerica's Next Top Model (2003–2015)—the location for a challenge commercial (cycle 22, 2015)\nScorpion (2014–2018)—a location in Season 1, episode 12", "The Malibu Nautica Triathlon is an annual benefit for Children's Hospital of Los Angeles. The swim portion begins at Zuma Beach, followed by a bicycle segment along the length of the beach north to Deer Creek Canyon, capped by a run along the sidewalk fronting Zuma Beach. In its 34th year as of 2008, the event draws competitors from around the world, but is best known in popular culture for the Hollywood celebrities and retired Olympic medalists who compete. Stars in recent Nauticas have been David Duchovny, Felicity Huffman, Carl Lewis, Jennifer Lopez, William H. Macy, and Matthew McConaughey. Many television stars also have competed. In 2008, the event raised nearly $980,000.", "County of Los Angeles Public Health. \"Beach Water Quality Advisories\". Retrieved 2018-01-10.\nPoint Dume Brochure California State Parks.\nBright, William; Erwin G. Gudde (1998). 1500 California Place Names: Their Origin and Meaning. University of California Press. p. 51. ISBN 0-520-21271-1.\n\"Plat of the Rancho Topanga Malibu Sequit finally confirmed to Matthew Keller.\" Huntington Digital Library. 314058. Retrieved 2022-07-20.\nLA County Lifeguards Archived October 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine\nLA County Fire Department\nRip Currents Archived October 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine\nLACFD: What is a rip current Archived October 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine\n\"Powerful Waves Wash Out Road In Malibu As High Tides Batter SoCal Beaches\". CBSLA. 2021-08-20. Retrieved 2021-08-21.\nJesse Billauer\n\"Zuma Beach\". pepperdinewaves.com. Retrieved November 28, 2019.\n\"Official Website\". Malibu Nautica Triathlon.", "Official website\nZuma Beach at Citysearch" ]

[ "Zuma Beach", "History", "Features", "Facilities", "Emergency use", "Film location", "Events", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359767 ]

[ 27236951, 27236952, 27236953, 27236954, 27236955, 27236956, 27236957, 27236958, 27236959, 27236960, 27236961, 27236962, 27236963, 27236964 ]

[ "", "The rock in 1960" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Zuma_Rock.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Nigerian_Public_Domain_717.jpg" ]

[ "Zuma Rock is a large natural monolith, or inselberg, an igneous intrusion composed of gabbro and granodiorite, in Niger State, Nigeria. It is located immediately west of Nigeria's capital Abuja, along the main road from Abuja to Kaduna off Madala, and is sometimes referred to as the \"Gateway to Abuja from Suleja\". Zuma Rock rises approx. 300 metres (980 ft) above its surroundings.\nZuma Rock is depicted on the 100 naira note. It was used for a defensive retreat by the Gbagyi people against invading neighbouring tribes during intertribal warring.\nZuma Rock is very tall by the standards of Nigerian geography. It is over four times taller than NECOM house (Lagos' tallest skyscraper, as of 1979) and it is taller than Aso rock and Olumo rock combined.", "Abah, Adah; Chikelo, Chinelo (2016-04-08). \"Zuma Rock Losing Its Face\". Leadership. Archived from the original on 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2016-11-19.\nAlofetekun, Akin (2008-05-28). \"All Eyes on Zuma Rock\". Daily Sun. Archived from the original on 2010-03-23. Retrieved 2009-01-07.\nAccording to numerous on-line sources describing Nigeria as a tourist destination, such as \"The Power State\". National Youth Services Corps. Archived from the original on April 16, 2014..\n\"Zuma Rock - Environment Go 2021 - Environment Go!\". Retrieved 2021-08-03.", "World 66\nAbuja.net" ]

[ "Zuma Rock", "Notes", "External links" ]

[ 5359768 ]

[ 27236965, 27236966 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Zuma_acuta_%2810.3897-zookeys.760.24937%29_Figure_1_%28cropped%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Pantopsalis_listeri_-_ZooKeys-263-059-g003-B.jpeg" ]

[ "Zuma acuta is a species of armoured harvestman in the family Paranonychidae. It is found in North America.", "\"Zuma acuta Report\". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2018-04-23.\n\"Zuma acuta species details\". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 2018-04-23.\n\"Zuma acuta\". GBIF. Retrieved 2018-04-23.\n\"Zuma acuta Species Information\". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2018-04-23.\nKury, A.B. (2014). \"Classification of Opiliones\". National Museum of Brazil. Retrieved 2018-04-23.", "Kury, Adriano B.; Mendes, Amanda Cruz; Souza, Daniele R. (2014). \"World Checklist of Opiliones species (Arachnida). Part 1: Laniatores - Travunioidea and Triaenonychoidea\". Biodiversity Data Journal (2): e4094. doi:10.3897/BDJ.2.e4094. PMC 4238074. PMID 25425936." ]

[ "Zuma acuta", "References", "Further reading" ]

[ 5359769, 5359770 ]

[ 27236967, 27236968 ]

[ "Zuma tioga Briggs, 1971 (SDSU OP1048)", "" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Zuma_tioga_Briggs%2C_1971_%28SDSU_OP1048%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Pantopsalis_listeri_-_ZooKeys-263-059-g003-B.jpeg" ]

[ "Zuma tioga is a species of armoured harvestman in the family Paranonychidae. It is found in North America.", "\"Zuma tioga Report\". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2018-05-07.\n\"Zuma tioga species details\". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 2018-05-07.\n\"Zuma tioga\". GBIF. Retrieved 2018-05-07.\n\"Zuma tioga Species Information\". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2018-05-07.\nKury, A.B. (2014). \"Classification of Opiliones\". National Museum of Brazil. Retrieved 2018-05-07.", "Kury, Adriano B.; Mendes, Amanda Cruz; Souza, Daniele R. (2014). \"World Checklist of Opiliones species (Arachnida). Part 1: Laniatores - Travunioidea and Triaenonychoidea\". Biodiversity Data Journal (2): e4094. doi:10.3897/BDJ.2.e4094. PMC 4238074. PMID 25425936." ]

[ "Zuma tioga", "References", "Further reading" ]

[ 5359771, 5359772 ]

[ 27236969, 27236970 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Zumaglia_dalla_colma_di_biella.jpg" ]

[ "Zumaglia is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Biella in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of Turin and about 3 kilometres (2 mi) southeast of Biella. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,114 and an area of 2.6 square kilometres (1.0 sq mi).\nZumaglia borders the following municipalities: Biella, Pettinengo, Ronco Biellese.", "", "Zumaglia Castle", "\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\". Istat. Retrieved 16 March 2019.\n\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\". Istat. Retrieved 16 March 2019.\nAll demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute Istat." ]

[ "Zumaglia", "Demographic evolution", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5359773 ]

[ 27236971 ]

[ "Zumaglia Castle, view from the north", "Brich di Zumaglia", "Park entrance" ]

[ 0, 2, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Castello_zumaglia.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Brich_di_Zumaglia.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Zumaglia_ingresso_parco_brich.jpg" ]

[ "Zumaglia Castle (Italian: Castello di Zumaglia) is a medieval castle located at the top of Brich di Zumaglia on the borders of the communes of Zumaglia and Ronco Biellese in the Province of Biella.", "The castle was built in 1291 on the site of a previous construction. It was reinforced around 1329 by order of the bishop of Vercelli Lombardo della Torre. It was destroyed in an attack by Henry II of France in 1556, and rebuilt in 1937 by count Vittorio Buratti. The surrounding areas of Brich di Zumaglia and Mont Prève were established in 1995.", "The building is accessible on foot from 2 cobbled paths and a dirt road that go up either side from the Ronco Biellese sports center, or from the area separating Brich di Zumaglia from Mont Prevè. The Grande Traversata del Biellese, a 234 km hiking trail, also passes through the area.\nThe castle, which has been managed since June 2013 by a.r.s. Teatrando (a theater company), is used for events, exhibitions, receptions, music and cultural activities, including a touring theater festival by the company itself each summer.", "List of castles in Italy\n architecture portal\n History portal", "Biondo, Andrea (13 August 2020). \"Ronco e Zumaglia, lavori delle squadre forestali al Brich\". NewsBIELLA (in Italian). Retrieved 19 August 2020.\nCarta Tecnica Regionale raster 1:10.000 (vers.3.0) della Regione Piemonte - 2007\n\"Parco Naturale del Brich di Zumaglia e del Mont Prève\". Comune di Ronco Biellese (in Italian). Retrieved 20 August 2020.\n\"I 234 chilometri della Grande traversatanel catasto del patrimonio escursionistico\". La Stampa (in Italian). 8 September 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2020.\n\"Letteratura, musica e teatro per i bambini con Ars Teatrando\". NewsBIELLA (in Italian). 23 May 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2020." ]

[ "Zumaglia Castle", "History", "Area", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5359774, 5359775 ]

[ 27236972, 27236973, 27236974, 27236975, 27236976 ]

[ "", "View from Zumaia.", "Lighthouse of Zumaia.", "Itzurun Beach.", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 4, 4, 4, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 10, 10 ]

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[ "Zumaia ([s̻umaja], Spanish: Zumaya) is a small town in the north of Spain in the Basque Country.\nThe town has two beaches (Itzurun and Santiago), which are of interest to geologists because they are situated among the longest set of continuous rock strata in the world. Known locally as the \"flysch\" they date from the mid-cretaceous period to the present, a time period of over 100 million years. The K-T boundary is present at the Itzurun beach, and fossils can be found, notably of ammonites. The strata stretches along a distance of about 8 km, between the towns/beaches of Deba and Getaria, with Zumaia lying in the middle.\nThe town is also the home/museum of the painter Ignacio Zuloaga. Exhibits include works by El Greco, Rivera, Zurbarán and Goya. Across the street there is a museum of craft and hand-crafted products of Laia. Within the city centre, the Basque-style Gothic church of San Pedro can be found. It has a temple with a magnificent reredos by Juan de Antxieta, the only work by this Basque sculptor found in Gipuzkoa.\nZumaia is located at the point where the Urola and Narrondo rivers come together. The origins of the town can be traced by its ancient monastery. In the Middle Ages, the people who lived in the Sehatz valley having to endure the continuous attacks of pirates and pillagers, fortified the city. The church today retains the relic of its defensive appearance.\nAlso, Zumaia is known because it is the place where you can find the Flysch natural phenomenon. This phenomenon consists on a rock formation which is created thanks the combination of different sediments. These sediments are formed by hard and soft elements. So, we can view the passing of time linked to the sea erosion on these rocks.", "According to the toponym of Zumaia, the theory that the name comes from \"zuma\" or \"zume\", a Basque word used to designate to the wicker, plant that apparently was plentiful in the zone, is highly defended. And with regards to Villagrana, there is a theory that states the possibility to be related with \"grana\", meaning \"seeding\", that were produced by the abundant groves of evergreen oaks in that period.", "", "Despite the disagreements in certain aspects with regards to the origins of Zumaia, all historians agree that the villa emerged surrounding the Monastery of Santa Maria. According to the first preserved parchment in which is mentioned the place \"Zumaya\", the Monastery of Santa Maria had been a donation by a privilege of Sancho VI of Navarre to the Roncesvalles's convent in 1292.\nDespite the different conclusions about the emplacement of the monastery, the monks of the Monastery of Santa Maria the direct witnesses of the birth of this villa, after the inhabitants dispersed by the valley of Sehatz decided to put an end to the continuous assaults of piracy and plunder and raise a villa walled and strengthened from where they could defend in group against the enemy. Due to its extent, its strategic location and its direct contact with the sea, the chosen place was Zumaia. Nevertheless, the villa was not constituted juridically until 1347, when Alfonso XI of Castile provided the municipal charter to its citizens of \"Villagrana de Zumaya's Villa\", to which was granted the Jurisdiction of San Sebastián.\nIn the 16th century, Zumaia relied on 136 houses, 70 of them distributed among six streets that existed inside the wall, and the remaining ones dispersed by three neighborhoods that were staying out of the wall. In total there were 108 neighborhood surnames, 53 of them with the qualification of nobility. Nowadays there is no evidence of the fortification that only was interrupted at a height of solar houses and towers that could play the same function of defending as the wall. The entrance halls included the Principal Entrance Hall of the villa and the great cross that presided over them. They were destroyed in the middle of the 18th century to clear the surroundings of the town. The only natural door was the one of the bar of the sea, which was apparently the most dangerous for being the most accessible.\nFrom the 16th century, the metal of the bells of the parish have been fused countless times. In 1578 the mayor ordered to ring them three times consecutively so that citizens were well-informed and came more assiduously to the meetings of the regiment, which was retired long time ago. Moreover, on the eve of the General Meetings – that were celebrated in the villa every 18 years, to offer fuel-wood and coal to the secretary of the province – two oaks were cut. In one of these sessions, on 27 December 1620, the same day in which Ignatius of Loyola, Patron Saint of Gipuzkoa was chosen, the patron saint of the town was named as the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary.", "With the pass of centuries, has brought logically many changes not only in the former ordinances municipal written in 1584, but also in the urban development as well as in the customs and way of living of citizens. However, the best keys to notice the development of the villa from its foundation to the present day, is the economic predominant activity of every epoch. The majority of the first inhabitants of the villa were devoted to agriculture, though grouping in the same place accelerated the appearance of some professional and industrial activities. By the end of the 14th century, ships were constructed in the river. A high percentage of the population was devoted to fishing and navigation. The river was then very rich and many species could be fished, among them salmon, trout, shellfish and eels. Many were reconciling the coastal fishing with agriculture. By then, the manufacturing of cement had also become a relevant activity, for which they were taking advantage of the matters of tertiary areas of the surroundings. From the port they were departing goods towards the Netherlands as well as manufactured products were imported. Some historians even claim that the passenger liner that was joining the villa with the hermitage of Santiago – habitual accommodation of the pilgrims who were going towards Santiago de Compostela, were also among the most prominent sources of Zumaia's revenue in the 16th century.\nThe following centuries, 17th century and the 18th century, were not brilliant periods at all. The land continued being the principal economic activity of the neighbors, in spite of the fact that Zumaia continued having many deficits in agriculture, especially in the production of wheat, corn and beans; until that in 1766 all the houses were recognized to verify if any neighbor possessed more grain than the necessary for their maintenance. There were also citizens dedicated to both maritime and terrestrial transport of goods, mainly iron, and the fishing activity was maintained and even increased, since in 1610 was created the Cofradía de Mareantes de San Telmo, meaning the Confraternity of the Seagoing of San Telmo.\nIt was in this period when there was emphasized the emigration begun at the end of the 16th century (in 1616 Zumaia embraced 935 inhabitants) and it did not stop until two centuries later with the economic reappearance.\nThe situation began to improve very quickly in the 17th century, among other reasons because the desiccation of the marshes enabled the cultivation of the former reed-beds and, consequently, the increase of the agricultural production, especially if corn. But there were some other factors that lead this reappearance, since in the 19th century the factories of cement turned into the engine of the economy of the villa, promoting the commercial activity of the port. The terrestrial transport also improved in this period of time, since between the year 1882 and 1885 a road that joined Zumaia with Getaria was created, which was already communicated with San Sebastián, in 1900 appeared a train that would join Zumaia with Zarautz, and in 1926 the railroad of the Urola was inaugurated, which nowadays is already removed. The improvement of the communications, nevertheless, harmed to the port of Bedua, whose commercial activity started to expire due to the fact that the bridge of Urola river was blocking the way to the ships upstream.\nThe industry of the cement began to decline at the beginning of the 20th century, at the same time as the naval industry started to arise again strongly, and soon later also the industry of the engine. An interesting fact that took place in Zumaia is that the first diesel engine of the whole Spanish State was set here, precisely in the enterprise Yeregui Hermanos. This industrial rise brought about logically a considerable increase of the population, mainly due to the immigration.\nThe percentages of the different activities that were stimulating the economy of Zumaia had considerably changed by the beginning of the 20th century. In 1950, the 56.1% of the population worked in the industrial sector, while only the 17% dedicated to agriculture. Some years later, the economic crisis also came to Zumaia, sharpened by moments with readjustment of personnel and even with the closing of some big workshops that had been emblematic until then. Today, fifty years later, several more modest companies have been created, which are also more chords with the new economic trends of the market.", "The Octopus and Zumaia have been together since the early days of the creation of the town. There has been a special relation between this animal and the town in which other towns, in Getaria, Zarautz or Deba (which they are 5, 10 and 16 km from Zumaia), has never occurred. The tradition of catching octopuses on the coastline of Zumaia has been very typical, and the octopus has become the essence of the culture and tradition of the town.", "There are 3 main places in Zumaia where people catch octopuses: The rocks of Itzurun beach, Inpernupe, and the coastline between Zumaia and Deba. The ideal moment is when the tide is not high. There have to be visible rocks to catch them, since the octopuses are hidden in the holes which the rocks usually have. So, the more rocks are visible, the more chances are to catch them. The hunt requires a fish hook to grab the octopus. But, there are different techniques, and they change according to the place:\n1-Looking the remains of crabs and other small sea animals in the entrance of the holes (so, there is a signal that the octopus is inside that hole) and catching them with a hook.\n2-Using a stick covered with bait to attract octopuses and, when they are visible, which they do not leave the hole if there is no bait, grab them with the hook.\nFishing octopuses has been a tradition in Zumaia. But, not all the people can catch them easily. There are some families where the tradition is strong. Some individuals had caught 100 in a day. But, they were other times, when there were many more octopuses than nowadays. The pollution, the fishing vessels and the non-limit octopus fishing years have been very prejudicial to the coastline. Because of this, the government has regulated the amount that one individual can catch (one octopus and heavier than 750 g).\nEvery year when there are big tides a lot of people usually go the coastline to fish for octopus, and as some of them are experienced, they fish more than 20 octopuses on a day. Nowadays, it is illegal to fish more than one per day, but some people (specially the old people who have been fishing all their lives) still fish a lot of them. The octopus cannot be eaten after it is fished. It has to be treated, but there are different ways to treat it. And, the way it is cooked depends on who it is treated after fishing it.\nThe octopus is a strong animal, and if it is eaten immediately after it is fished it is very hard to eat as it is not tender enough to eat. So, it has to tenderized in the freezer for one week or more. But, Zumaia and the octopus have been related by many years, and the freezer is a relatively new item. So, how it was preserved or treated after it was fished?\nIf the octopus is fresh, and it is tenderized after a lot of hits, it is cooked with tomatoes, a la gallega or with peppers and onion. But, those cooking recipes are very common in other places like Asturias or Galicia, where there are traditions of fishing and cooking octopuses. It was and still is common to cook in those ways. But, there is a recipe, which it needs dry octopus, that it is exclusively from Zumaia. In other towns near Zumaia there is not this tradition.", "Drying octopuses is not very common in the places where there is a tradition to fish octopuses, but in Zumaia has been very typical to dry the octopuses. The process of drying is as follows:\n1- After the octopus is dead, the octopus has to be cleaned and only the meat of the octopus is preserved.\n2- The octopus is put in a plastic bucket and it is kept there for 3–5 days.\n3- The octopus has to be put up in a stick, and leave it for other 7–8 days.\n4- When the octopus is dry, without any water inside it, the process is finished.\nWhen the octopus is dry, the size of the octopus is reduced up to five times. So, if the octopus is 1 kg, after the drying, the octopus will be 200 g. The drying process is unique and exotic, but the dry octopus smells very strongly. Some people, mostly foreigners, cannot smell it. But for the people of Zumaia, this process of drying is part of the tradition of older generations.", "", "Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.\n\"La ruta del Flysch, un viaje distinto al País Vasco\". Vipealo. Retrieved 11 December 2020.\n\"Guía monumental (historia y arte) de Zumaia Guipúzcoa\". Arte Guías.\nRomatet, J.L (October 2014). \"Dena ez da Olagarro Zopa\". Baleike. 236: 13–17.\nZabaleta, Gorka (September 2012). \"Zumaia eta Olagarroa\". Baleike. 213: 6–17.\nRomatet, J.L (15 October 2012). \"Zumaia eta Olagarroa: Maitasun istorio bat\". Diario Vasco.", "Touristic information about Zumaia\nZUMAIA in the Bernardo Estornés Lasa – Auñamendi Encyclopedia (Euskomedia Fundazioa) (in Spanish)" ]

[ "Zumaia", "Toponym", "History of Zumaia", "Creation of the town", "Economic changes and development", "Zumaia and the octopus", "Fishing the octopus", "Drying the octopus", "Image gallery", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359776, 5359777, 5359778, 5359779, 5359780, 5359781, 5359782, 5359783, 5359784, 5359785, 5359786 ]

[ 27236977, 27236978, 27236979, 27236980, 27236981, 27236982, 27236983, 27236984, 27236985, 27236986, 27236987, 27236988, 27236989, 27236990, 27236991, 27236992, 27236993, 27236994, 27236995, 27236996, 27236997, 27236998, 27236999, 27237000, 27237001, 27237002, 27237003, 27237004, 27237005 ]

[ "Subdistrict of Zumalai", "Location of Zumalai city in the east of Cova-Lima district." ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Zumalai_posto_administrativo.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Cova_Lima_cities_rivers.png" ]

[ "Zumalai is a city and subdistrict (former Mape-Zumalai) in East Timor. The subdistrict has been part of Cova Lima District since 2003. Before that, it was part of Ainaro District. The Zumalai subdistrict has six main villages: Fatuleto, Raimea, Zulo, Mape, Lour, and Taisilin.", "There are three main local languages in Zumalai subdistrict, Bunak, Kemak, and Tetun-Terik.", "Zumalai (Approved) at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency\nAtambua, Indonesia, Sheet SC 51-08 (topographic map, scale 1:250,000), Series U-502, United States Army Map Service, 1963" ]

[ "Zumalai", "Language", "References" ]

[ 5359787, 5359788 ]

[ 27237006 ]

[ "Logo for Cirque du Soleil's Zumanity", "Zumanity float at the 2012 San Francisco Pride parade." ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/29/Zumanity_logo.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Pride_Zumanity_%287448644410%29.jpg" ]

[ "Zumanity (zoo-manity) was a resident cabaret-style show by Cirque du Soleil at the New York-New York Hotel & Casino on the Las Vegas Strip. The production was unveiled on September 20, 2003 (previews started on August 14, 2003) and had its last performance on March 14, 2020. It was announced on November 16, 2020 that the show would be closing permanently. It is the first \"adult-themed\" Cirque du Soleil show, billed as \"the sensual side of Cirque du Soleil\" or \"another side of Cirque du Soleil\". Created by René Richard Cyr and Dominic Champagne, Zumanity is a departure from the standard Cirque format. Intended to be for mature adult audiences only, this show is centered on erotic song, dance, acrobatics and comedy.\nThe inspiration to create Zumanity (zoo-manity) came from multiple sources. Cirque du Soleil founder Guy Laliberté had been offered the chance to create two new shows in Las Vegas, and wanted something completely new and original rather than multiple similar shows that would cannibalize off of each other's sales and audiences. Another reason was that the New York-New York Hotel and Casino wanted to make their entertainment appear more \"trendy\". The hotel liked the concept of a more adult Cirque du Soleil performance.\nLaliberté admits that the biggest reason to produce this show was the chance to create something with riskier subject matter. He was interested in the idea of creating a show that explored human sexuality, something that was at complete odds with the other, more family-oriented Cirque du Soleil shows. \"Our previous shows have all been family-oriented and politically correct, which is great,\" Laliberté said, \"but we're human beings, we won't hide it. We're a bunch of happy campers. We like to live new experiences. Zumanity deals with some of those experiences.\"\nOn February 22, 2022, Cirque du Soleil announced a new show, \"Mad Apple,\" will replace the Zumanity show at New York-New York Hotel and Casino which is scheduled to open on May 26.", "On January 20, 2015, a refresh of the show was introduced to the public in which roughly 30% of the show was changed from its original concept. Certain acts, including hoops, dance on TV, pompoms and aerial silks (in its original, 2 artist form) were retired. Entirely new acts included aerial chains, Aerial Dream, and Perfect Jam. Aerial silks was changed into a solo act and the Rose Boy evolved into Magnum, mostly the same routine but the dancer became a secret agent. Yanis Marshall choreographed new dance segments throughout the show, and there are multiple acts in which men dance in high heels (including Wind, Perfect Jam and for a short amount of time, the 2Men act). The show also features new and updated music, costumes, comedic acts, characters and artists.", "Listed below are the characters currently in the show with known names. Further artists are listed in the Acts section. Additional hosts listed in the Vocalists section.\nMistress of Sensuality: hostess (played by Christopher Kenney as Edie)\nSpirits of the Wind: dancers (played by Ashley Galvan, Angelique Janowski, Monteece Taylor)\nDick and Izzy/The Sexperts: clowns (played by Nicky Dewhurst and Shannan Calcutt)\nAfrique: dancer (played by Makeda Crayton)\nMagnum: dancer (played by William Hulett)\nBiker: aerial chains (played by Brandon Pereyda)\nFauna: character (played by Tonio Moore)\nAthon and Arno Extravaganza: acrobatic dancers (played by Chaun Williams and Arnaud Boursain)\nMolinier: character (played by Kaitlyn Reese Davin and Leah Sykes-Hodgeson)\nBotero Sisters: actors/clowns (played by Licemar and Luciene Medeiros)\nCasanova: actor/clown (played by Araz Hamzayev)\nMiss Salsa: dancer (played by Monteece Taylor)\nMec Branché: character/performer (played by Chaun Williams and William Hulett)\nMademoiselle Loup: aerial straps (played by Jill Crook)\nDominatrix: dancer (played by Leah Sykes-Hodgeson)\nBallerine: body2body 2.0 (played by Tsvetelina Tabakova)\nRomantique: dancer (played by Kaitlyn Reese Davin)\nScottish Fantasy: hand2hand (played by Wayne Skivington)\nTissu Star: aerial dream (played by Marina Tomanova)\nBlue Blade: dancer (played by Brianna McKee)\nCarol la Catin: dancer (played by Marie-Anouck Margueritte)", "The acts in Zumanity are a mélange of dance, sensuality, and acrobatic prowess. Included below are brief summaries of the acts:\nAnimation (performed by Araz Hamzayev, Shannan Calcutt, Nicky Dewhurst and Licemar and Luciene Medeiros)\nPre-show comedy in which Dick teases the audience with sex toys, Izzy hits on other men, Casanova (Jonas) hits on women and the Botero Sisters (Li and Lu) feed the audience strawberries\nWarnings (performed by Corinne Zarzour, Paris Red and Cassiopée)\nA song about what not to do during the show\nWelcome (performed by Christopher Kenney)\nThe audience is greeted and questioned/teased by Zumanity's hostess, Edie\nWind (performed by Monteece Taylor, Ashley Galvan, Angelique Janowski and Arnaud Boursain)\nThe Spirits of the Wind dance passionately in falling rose petals\nOriginal performer: Marcela de la Vega Luna\nAfrican Dance/Afrique (performed by Makeda Crayton)\nAn African queen offers a more fast-paced and tribal dance\nOriginal performer: Wassa Coulibaly\nWater Bowl (performed by Ulziibayar Chimed-Sahagun and Estefania Laurino)\nTwo women experience their love for one another for the first time while performing contortion in a large bowl of water\nOriginal performers: Gyulnara Karaeva and Bolormaa Zorigtkhuyag\nChains (performed by Brandon Pereyda)\nThe Biker swings through the air on a chain, quite often holding onto the chain only by his feet\nMagnum (performed by William Hulett)\nA 007-esque special agent strip teases and dances erotically for the audience\nOriginal name: Castroses, then The Rose Boy (dancer was not a secret agent)\nOriginal performer: Alex Castro\nScotch Baggies (performed by Shannan Calcutt)\nA comedic act in which Izzy shows the audience how to make fake breast implants using sandwich baggies filled with scotch, and gets a man from the audience to help her put them on\nHoops [rotation] (performed by Elena Lev)\nAn erotic school girl performs a dance and contortion act with hula hoops\nHand to Hand (performed by Wayne Skivington and Ekaterina Bazarova)\nAn intimate and acrobatic hand-balancing duet\nOriginal performers: Nicolas Alain Michel Besnard and Joanie Leroux-Côté\nBody2Body 2.0 [on-call] (performed by Stéphan Choinière and Tsvetelina Tabakova)\nOnly if Hand to Hand is out; different from Hand to Hand in that this act uses many maneuvers that require holding the bodies together in different shapes, whereas hand to hand involves many maneuvers in which the partner is lifted up using the hands and feet\nDislocation (performed by Araz Hamzayev)\nA playful exhibitionist teases the ladies on stage by dislocating different parts of his body and doing contortion\nOriginal performer: Moukhtar Gusengadzhiev\nPerfect Jam (performed by Monteece Taylor, Leah Sykes-Hodgson, Kaitlyn Reese Davin, Brianna McKee, * Angelique Janowski, Ashley Galvan, Marie-Anouck Margueritte, Arnaud Boursain and the band\nThe band moves down to center-stage while many of the cast members performed a fast-paced and erotic dance\nAerial Dream/M&M (performed by Marina Tomanova and João \"Paolo\" Souza)\nTwo artists perform an aerial acrobatic dance on a giant hoop\nOriginal performers: Marina Tomanova and Michael James McNamara\nExpressions (performed by Antonio \"Tonio\" Moore)\nThe Fauna breakdances\nOriginal performer: Jesus \"Jesse\" Villa\n2Men [Ninjas version] (performed by Wes Scarpias and Sebastian Castellanos)\nNinjas perform a wushu act; follows much the same story as 2Men (see Retired Acts)\nOriginal performers: Philip Sahagun and Wes Scarpias\nMarket (interlude)\nA brief interlude involving sadomasochism and juggling\nStraps (performed by Jill Crook)\nThis act combines aerial straps with implied asphyxiation and self-pleasure\nOriginal performer: Laurence Jardin\nExpress Dating/Vegas Hookup (performed by Shannan Calcutt and Nicky Dewhurst)\nIzzy and Dick teach audience members how to skip the course of a typical date and get straight to the action\nTissu (performed by Alan Jones Silva)\nAn aerial silks act\nMidnight Bath (performed by Marie-Anouck Margueritte, Chaun Williams, Monteece Taylor and William Hulett)\nA man and a woman play with water and champagne in a bathtub\nOriginal performers: Vanessa Convery and Ugo Mazin\nLazy Susan of Sex/Gentle Orgy (performed by Christopher Kenney and the cast)\nThe entire cast goes on stage for an implied orgy, and guests are invited on-stage to join in on the fun\nExtravaganza (finale)\nThe cast walks out in catwalk fashion in their best costumes", "Aerial Hoop (2005-2006): (performed by Hugo Desmarais)\nA performer swings from a single hoop\nAerial Hoops (2003-2015): (originally performed by Julia Kolosova, later Ginger Aña Dayla)\nMuch like Hoops, however the school girl also hulas mid-air\nBody2Body (2003-2005): (performed by Stéphan Choinière and Sara Joel)\nSee Body2Body 2.0 act above for description; Body2Body 2.0 is a new version\nCyr Wheel/Roue [rotation] (2010-2018): (performed by Jonas Woolverton)\nCasanova spins quickly around the stage on a wheel\nTissu (2003-2015): (originally performed by Alan Jones Silva and Olga Vershinina)\nMuch like the current Tissu act, however it had two performers\nDance on TV (2003-2015): (originally performed by Elena Gatilova)\nA woman performs contortion on a TV set while her lovers watch a football game, trying to get their attention again; Felix Cane performed this act pole dancing, as well\nFire (2003): (performed by Jila Alaghamandan and Heidi Good)\nA sadomasochistic, fire knife manipulation act that also used live snakes, Adam and Eve, some of the only animals ever featured in Cirque du Soleil\nHandbalancing on Pole/Dima (2010-2018): (performed by Dima Shine)\nA performer uses great strength to balance on top of a pole; the act also combines pole dancing\nKnife [rotational] (2015): (performed by Philip Sahagun)\nA ninja sword demonstration\nKnife Throwing (2005-2006): (performed by Shannan Calcutt and Nicky Dewhurst)\nComedic act in which audience members are brought on stage and tricked into thinking knives are being thrown at them\nPacemakers (2003~2006): (originally performed by Birgit and Flemming Thomsen)\nTwo elderly audience members (though really part of the show) performed an acrobatic dance\nSpymonkey (2003-2005): (performed by Aitor Basauri Barruetabena, Stephan Kreiss, Petra Massey and Toby Park)\nThe original comedic acts, including Puritans (puritans try to keep the audience from seeing the show while joking about sex), Revenge of the Doll (a sex doll gets revenge on its users), S&M Hoedown (exactly as it sounds), Pompoms (the clowns go on stage only covered by pompoms and then tease)\nTrapeze (2017): (performed by Arthur Morel van Hyfte)\nA dance in the sky as a man remembers and lusts after his partner who is abroad\n2Men (2003-2015): (originally performed by Patrick King and Johan King Silverhult)\nTwo men fight (acrobatic dance) over a woman in a cage, only to realize that they actually lust over each other\nMarket (2003-2005): (performed by Antonio Drija, Laetitia Dewhurst, Vanessa Convery, Jonel Earl, Agnès Roux and Sophie Elisa Ayache)\nThe Gigolo is captured by the Vixens in a quest for revenge of love scorned\nMusical Backup [rotation] (2017-2018): (performed by Eliot Douglass and Mariko Muranaka)\nPiano and cello duet\nInferno (2003-2005): (performed by \"Almukatab\" Jacobo Espina, Licemar Medeiros and Luciene Medeiros)\nBotero sisters juggled dildos, there were whips and the snakes, Adam and Eve, with Jacobo; now the Market interlude\nSavage Love (2003-2003): (performed by Ugo Mazin and Vanessa Convery)\nA rough, erotic dance in a big cage\nSheets (2003-2015)\nSegue into Tissu\nLite (2015-2018): (performed by Shannan Calcutt, Nicky Dewhurst and Christopher Kenney)\nA comedic act in which Dick and Izzy bring an audience member up to rave with them on stage", "Thierry Mugler designed the costumes for Zumanity; he created the costumes to enhance the sensual atmosphere and heightened sexuality of the production. Many of the costumes are highly colorful, yet some are minimal to an exaggerated extreme. Fur, feathers, leather, lace, fishnet stockings, velvet dresses, tiny corsets, cone bras, and plastic accessories were primary materials utilized to create the costumes' provocative appeal. Jonel's costume, for example, is made of stretch vinyl and is airbrushed to create a semi-nude effect; her bright red wig is made of expanded foam. Faun has fur on his pants which is made from toothbrush bristles, human hair, and yak fur. Molinier's long velvet dress was created by using a stencil and net onto which black silicone was applied. Though some characters are made to look entirely nude, the sex organs are fake pieces.\nFor a great selection of character costumes and concept art, see Le Grand Chapiteau - Zumanity - Personages", "The studio album for Zumanity was released on March 22, 2005, under Cirque du Soleil's music label. The album contains mostly songs inspired by the show's music, and these songs were never actually used in the show. There are a few exceptions (see track list below).\nA promotional album entitled \"Foreplay\" was included with the original program. It was released on July 31, 2003, and contains select work-in-progress songs from the show's creation period. The program was last sold around 2005, and this album is now considered a collector's item.\nBoth albums feature Joey Arias. Acts are listed alongside the songs. Both albums composed by Simon Carpentier\n2003 Foreplay album\nThe Opener (creation version of original opening song on piano used before the show, 2003-unknown)\nMajor-Minor (creation version of original \"Welcome\" music, 2003-2007)\nThe Rose Boy (creation version of The Rose Boy/Magnum, 2003-present)\nMy Erotic Lounge (creation song now used for Scotch Baggies, 2005-present)\n2005 studio album\nMio Bello, Bello Amore (Pacemakers 2003-2006; Last Dance 2007-2011; Pole 2012-Present)\nEntrée (not in the show)\nEn Zum (inspired by Tissu, 2003-2015)\nWind (Wind)\nAnother Man (inspired by Dance on TV, 2003-2015)\nFirst Taste (Water Bowl)\nDo It Again (inspired by Water Bowl)\nWater Bowl (inspired by Water Bowl)\nThe Good Thing (inspired by The Rose Boy)\nTickle Tango (inspired by Dislocation)\nInto Me (inspired by Aerial Hoops, 2003-2015; now the music for Chains)\nFugare (inspired by Body2Body)\nMeditation (inspired by Body2Body)\nPiece of Heaven (inspired by Body2Body)\nZum Astra (inspired by Market)\nMangora En Zum (inspired by Tissu, 2003-2015)\nPer Sempre (inspired by Pacemakers 2003-2006)\nBello Amore (inspired by Pacemakers 2003-2006)\n \nSongs not appearing on either album:\nLibera me (Aerial Hoops, 2003-2015)\nZumanity Tango (2Men, 2003-present)\nSex Is Beautiful (Body2Body/Body2Body 2.0/Hand to Hand, 2003-present)\nSpinning Eden (Cyr Wheel, 2011-2018)\nLibera me (Aerial Dream, 2015-present; Trapeze 2017)\nSavage Love (Duo Dance, 2003)\nHoops (Aerial Hoops, 2003)\nFire (Fire Act, 2003)\nI Like It (Rotational act sung by Joey Arias and possibly Raven O, 2005-2007)\nWhat a Feelin’ (Act sung by Joey Arias during his final performance, Dec.31.2007)\nDoll (Clown act, 2003-2005)\nS&M Hoedown (Clown act, 2003-2005)\nPom-Poms (Clown act, 2003-2015)\nLite (Clown act, 2015-2018)\nKnives (Clown act, 2005-2006)\nVegas Hookup (Clown act, 2005-present)", "The show features a number of vocalists:", "Mistress of Sensuality - Edie, Christopher Kenney\nOriginal performer: Mistress of Seduction - Joey Arias\nAXLE Beaurouge, Brandon Pereyda [backup]\nPulga, Alan Jones Silva [backup]", "Rock Singer, Corinne Zarzour\nR&B Singer, Paris Red\nOriginal performer: Lonnie Gordon\nCassiopée Véronique Lapierre [backup for both parts]", "Larry Aberman (Drums/percussion/programming)\nJean-François Blais (Clarinet/flute/soprano and tenor saxophone)\nEliot Douglass (Piano)\nGeneviève Dubé (Vibraphone/violin/vocals)\nSébastien Jean (Flügelhorn/trumpet)\nNate Kimball (Bass/percussion/trombone)\nOriginal performer: Jean-François Thibeault (Trombone/percussion)\nOriginal performer: Jean-François Djeff Houle (Bass/programming/laptop fx)\nJ.K. Kleutgens (Bandleader/bass/ableton)\nOriginal performer: Anne Charbonneau (Bandleader/accordion/keyboards/keyboard programming/vocals)\nMelle Vasquez (Guitar/vocals/singer backup for both parts)", "Babinski, Tony (2004). Cirque du Soleil: 20 Years under the Sun. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. pp. 324–341. ISBN 0-8109-4636-X.\n\"Can Cirque du Soleil's 'Zumanity' get sexier? A revamped production tries just that\". Susan Stapleton (Los Angeles Times). Retrieved 2018-02-24.\n\"Zumanity: Acts and Characters\" (PDF). Cirque du Soleil (press release). Retrieved 2018-02-14.\nClément, Ronald (2009). Cirque du Soleil: 25 Years of Costumes (in Chinese, English, French, and Japanese). Canada: Dépôt légal, Bibliothèque et Archives Canada. pp. 74–79. ISBN 978-2-9803493-4-8.\n\"Cirque du Soleil: Zumanity\". Kathleen Price. Retrieved 2018-02-14.\nZumanity: Behind the Scenes with \"Scottish Fantasy\" (YouTube). Cirque du Soleil. Jan 11, 2013. Archived from the original on 2021-12-20.\n\"Zumanity: Expérience\". Ricky Russo. Retrieved 2018-02-24.\n\"Other Promotional Releases (Zumanity \"Foreplay\" soundtrack)\". Richard Russo. Retrieved 2018-02-14.\n\"Zumanity (Soundtrack)\". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2011-02-17.\nSimon Carpentier Composer - Zumanity Tango - Show - Spectacle (YouTube). Simon Carpentier. May 16, 2013. Archived from the original on 2021-12-20.\n\"Zumanity: Vocalists and Songs\". Ricky Russo. Retrieved 2018-02-24." ]

[ "Zumanity", "Refresh", "Cast", "Acts", "Retired acts", "Costumes", "Music", "Vocalists", "Emcee", "Singers", "Musicians", "References" ]

[ 5359789 ]

[ 27237007, 27237008, 27237009, 27237010, 27237011, 27237012, 27237013, 27237014, 27237015, 27237016, 27237017, 27237018, 27237019 ]

[ "Zumanjaro under construction in 2014", "Zumanjaro: Drop of Doom under construction" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Zoomanjaro_-_Drop_of_Doom_-_Under_Construction_-_April_14th_2014_-_Image_captured_by_Mariano_A_2014-04-15_01-53.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Zoomanjaro-_Drop_of_Doom_%28April_14%2C_2014%29.jpg" ]

[ "Zumanjaro: Drop of Doom (/zuːmɪnˈdʒɑːroʊ/, zoo-man-JARR-OH) is an amusement ride located at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson Township, New Jersey. The 415 ft (126 m) attraction is attached to the Kingda Ka roller coaster and opened as the tallest drop tower ride in the world in 2014.", "On May 21, 2005, Kingda Ka opened to the public and became the tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world at that time, overtaking both world records from Top Thrill Dragster at Cedar Point.\nRumors that Six Flags Great Adventure would be adding a drop tower attached to Kingda Ka, similar to Lex Luthor: Drop of Doom at Six Flags Magic Mountain, emerged in February 2012. In August, theme park enthusiast website Screamscape mentioned that Rolling Thunder may be removed at the end of the 2013 season.\nOn August 29, 2013, Six Flag's chairman, president, and CEO, Jim Reid-Anderson, officially announced Zumanjaro: Drop of Doom for the 2014 season, which would be attached to Kingda Ka, along with the other new rides to be built at other Six Flags parks. In the press release, it was confirmed that Rolling Thunder would close on September 8, 2013, and be demolished. The new ride is inspired by the park's 2013 addition, Safari Off Road Adventure. The area adjacent to the Zumanjaro: Drop of Doom would be a new habitat for African baboons, which will replace the 2011 addition, Safari Discoveries.\nOn April 1, 2014, the final track piece for the drop tower ride was erected into place by park construction crews. The ride opened to the public on July 4, 2014.", "Zumanjaro: Drop of Doom was first slated to open originally during the Memorial Day Weekend of 2014. Two weeks before opening the new attraction along with the reopening of Kingda Ka, Six Flags Great Adventure delayed its opening due to the weather during the construction of the ride with its extreme heights. Despite the delayed opening in late May, Kingda Ka reopened only during the weekends of the summer until the opening of the drop tower. On June 26, 2014, Six Flags Great Adventure announced the opening of the new attraction for the Fourth of July holiday weekend. Hours before the soft-opening of Zumanjaro: Drop of Doom on July 2, 2014, the theme park delayed the opening of the drop tower again for the second time. Six Flags Great Adventure stated that the state of New Jersey had not granted the park the operating permit to open the new drop tower. However, two days after the second delayed opening, the park opened the ride to the public on July 4, 2014.", "In 2017, virtual reality headsets were added as an optional feature on the ride, which were Samsung Gear VR headsets powered by Oculus. Riders wearing the headsets would experience a 360-degree, 3D simulation of being in a futuristic helicopter that was fending off an attack by mutant spiders.", "Zumanjaro: Drop of Doom consists of three free-fall drop attractions, each mounted to a lateral flank of the Kingda Ka structure. Each of the three towers features a single floorless gondola seating eight abreast. Before riding, riders queue along a new African baboon habitat. Riders are harnessed in by over-the-shoulder restraints. Catch cars hoist the gondolas up the tower before reaching a dynamic height of 415 feet (126 m). The gondolas are then released into a fast free-fall descent, attaining a terminal velocity of 90 miles per hour (140 km/h) for six seconds. Once at the top of the 415-foot-tall ascent, riders, on a clear day, are able to see Philadelphia, which is 41 miles (66 km) away from the park.", "415 ft (126 m) tall\n90 mph (140 km/h)\nAscends in 30 seconds\nDrops in 10 seconds\nDecelerates at 3.5g\nThree towers built on Kingda Ka\nEight-person gondolas with 24 riders per cycle\nThree gondolas ascend simultaneously but drop independently\n5,551 ft (1,692 m) of wire ropes and cables were used to build Zumanjaro, which is equal to 617 jumping ropes.\n2,490 ft (760 m) of guide rail (track)\n810 ft (250 m) of linear magnetic brakes\n62,544 lb (28,369 kg) of drum/motor to lift riders to the top\n161 different kinds of bolts and a grand total of 26,502 bolts\nThe drum/winch mechanism that operates the lift cable is 17 ft (5.2 m) wide by 9 ft (2.7 m) in diameter\nConstruction crews added 226,226 lb (102,614 kg) of steel structural reinforcing columns to Kingda Ka to support Zumanjaro.", "Zumanjaro: Drop of Doom held the record for the tallest and fastest drop tower ride in the world, taking the record from Lex Luthor: Drop of Doom at Six Flags Magic Mountain on July 4, 2014.", "Lex Luthor: Drop of Doom and The Giant Drop, two other Intamin drop towers that are attached to existing roller coasters", "\"New for 2014\". Six Flags. August 29, 2013. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2013.\nMarden, Duane. \"Kingda Ka  (Six Flags Great Adventure)\". Roller Coaster DataBase.\nMarden, Duane. \"Six Flags Great Adventure will launch the tallest, fastest roller coaster on earth and new jungle domain with tiger exhibit for 2005\". Roller Coaster DataBase.\n\"Six Flags Great Adventure\". Screamscape. Archived from the original on September 14, 2013. Retrieved September 1, 2013.\nOglesby, Amanda (August 29, 2013). \"New Six Flags ride 'Zumanjaro: Drop of Doom' to feature 90-mph drop\". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved September 1, 2013.\n\"Six Flags Great Adventure Announces World Record-Breaking Ride for 2014\". Six Flags Great Adventure. August 29, 2013. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved September 1, 2013.\n\"Rolling Thunder to close for world's tallest drop ride at Six Flags\". The Asbury Park Press. August 29, 2013. Retrieved September 3, 2013.\nMirgoli, Nicholus. \"Final Track Piece of Zumanjaro: Drop of Doom Completed on the World's Tallest Drop Tower at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson, NJ\". ThemeParkOverload.net. Archived from the original on April 15, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014.\n\"Great Adventure's 'Zumanjaro: Drop of Doom' ride opens after numerous delays\". The Star-Ledger. July 4, 2014. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved August 20, 2014.\nDowling, Matt (May 15, 2014). \"New 41-story 'Zumanjaro: Drop of Doom' ride opening at Six Flags Great Adventure is delayed\". The Star-Ledger. Archived from the original on May 18, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2014.\nKuperinsky, Amy (June 27, 2014). \"Back on track: Six Flags' stalled Zumanjaro plunge to open\". The Star-Ledger. Archived from the original on July 1, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2014.\n\"State Officials Reviewing Six Flags Great Adventure's 'Drop Of Doom'\". New York CBS Local. July 2, 2014. Archived from the original on July 6, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2014.\n\"Important Zumanjaro Update: There Will Be No Zumanjaro Today\". philebrity.com. July 2, 2014. Archived from the original on July 29, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2014.\n\"Great Adventure's 'Zumanjaro: Drop of Doom' ride opens after numerous delays\". The Star-Ledger. July 4, 2014. Archived from the original on July 8, 2014. Retrieved July 4, 2014.\n\"Six Flags Great Adventure unveils virtual reality drop ride 'Drop of Doom'\"." ]

[ "Zumanjaro: Drop of Doom", "History", "Opening", "VR", "Ride experience", "Statistics", "Records", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5359790, 5359791 ]

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[ "Downtown area", "Map of Samar with Zumarraga highlighted", "St. Anthony of Padua, Zumarraga's Patron Saint" ]

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[ "Zumarraga, officially the Municipality of Zumarraga (Waray: Bungto han Zumarraga; Tagalog: Bayan ng Zumarraga), is a 5th class island municipality in the province of Samar , Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 16,279 people. \nIt is formerly known as Buad, Rawis, and Kawayan. The town itself, notably its downtown area, is considered by many heritage scholars as a heritage zone due to the many heritage houses within its vicinity. The local government unit is currently conserving the history and traditions of the town.\nThe town is also famous for two beverages which it specializes in. These are the kinutil (tuba wine with egg yolk) and dubado (tuba wine with melted tablea).", "The town of Zumaraga was known for quite a number years before some other towns in Samar were recognized. This was because of a flourishing fishing industry in the town.\nThis started with a small settlement of a few villagers who came with their families from Leyte. They discovered the place while they were on their fishing trips and were overtaken by a storm during which they anchored and took refuge on the place now known as “Rawes”. To their amazement they found the place good for settlement, naturally pleasing due to the presence of bamboo. So when they returned to settle they named the place “Kawayan”.\nThese villagers became prosperous because of the abundance of fish in the waters which surrounded the islands. It as for this reason that many people from neighboring places flocked for some fishing business. The first to come were the Ferreras from Leyte.\nThe news of this rich fishing village reached the ears of the Moro pirates so they extended their piracy to Visayan waters. To keep themselves safe, the natives built strong stone fortifications on the top of the hill overlooking the whole town. Today, these fortifications still remain, a symbol of the unity of our forefathers; without their unity these forts would not have been built.\nNobody can tell the exact date of the coming of the Spaniards to the islands, but in 1848 a Spanish friar was sent to the place. It was said that with their coming, they already found the natives willing to obey and follow the laws of the self-governing body which ruled the village. The name of the place was already “Buad” derived from the local dialect “Binuwaaran” a term for the digging made by wild pigs. Later on the birth peace known the first municipal primary of the birthplace of the first Spanish priest, Rev. Fr. Martin Yepes who was born in Zumaraga, a town in Spain.\nOn March 13, 1863, the town became an independent parish by virtue of a decree of the King of Spain. 1869, issued on Oct. 12, 1865, confirming the town as a parish under a certain diocese. The parish priest then had its jurisdiction over the islands of Buad and Daram including Paranas.\nWith the coming of the Spanish friars, came educational, spiritual and moral upliftment on the part of the natives. As such, these attracted the people from the neighboring towns and provinces. Foremost of the immigrants were the Zetas from Palo, Leyt, the Astorgas from Barugo, Leyte, the Villaflors from Cariga, Leyte, The Dazas, the Magas and Narios from Catbalogan, Samar, the Carcellars, Zosas, Versosas and Castillos.\nA well organized local government was established with the executive known as “Capitan”. The early capitanes in the order of succession were: Tenorio RFerrer (Capitan Toyang), Nepomuceno Zeta (Capitan Sinoy), Nicolas Custodio (Capitan Colas), Salvador Zeta (Captain Badoy), Brigido Heal (Capitan Bido), Tomas Bello, Hilario Villaflor and Agustin Astorga. These town officials were appointed by the Gobernadorcillo upon the recommendation of the parish priest who also served as the local “Inspector”. Much had happened during the Spanish era but no record exists showing any evidence. However, tales and riddles of our great grandfathers are told and retold from generation to generation.\nAmericans came. Changes were made from the national to local levels. Free elections were introduced. The local town executive became known as “Presidente”. The presidents in the order of their tenure of office were: Mario Maga, 1910; Luis Villaflor, 1911; Lucio Mijares, 1913; Leodergario Carcellar, 1914; Enrique Nario, 1916; Benito Astorga, 1920; Enrique Nario, 1926; and Rodrigo Daza, 1931.\nPopulation growth came mainly by immigration from neighboring places. With the increased population came an increase in industry and business particularly in fishing. It was during this rapid development that the wharf and a part of the breakwater “Sea wall” was constructed. The most illustrious son of Zumaraga, the late Pedro R. Arteche, represented his people in the constitutional convention in 1936; he subsequently occupied the gubernatorial seat of the provinces of Samar. During this period the elected town executive were known as “Mayor”. The elected town mayors up to the outbreak of the second World War were: 1936-1938 Mayor: Emilio Zeta; Vice Mayor: Leodegario Carcellar; 1939-Mayor: Francisco Zosa; Vice Mayor: Francisco Castillo.\nNaturally after the war, destructions were evident but the local government tried its very best to reconstruct all that were damaged. Efforts were made by the local town officials to make the better Zumaraga before the war, the best. Significant public works improvements were made. Worthy of mention were the cementing of streets, the establishment of the Puericculture Center, putting up an electric light, a Public market, and the construction of additional pre-fab, Marcos type and the Bagong Lipunan buildings. A private Catholic High School was established by few civic-spirited citizens, duly recognized by the government and is presently solving the needs of the youth of the town and its vicinity, for secondary education. The edifice of the Roman Catholic Church which is the material symbol of undying filial live, faith and devotion towards Christianity and to its most honored Patron St. Anthony of Padua, had been built centuries ago, is now being reconstructed. Such project has been attributed to different priest assigned, the Parish Council and the generosity of the Zumaraganhons now residing in Manila, Cebu City, Iligan City, Tacloban City, Catbalogan City, and Calbayog City who have prospered in their own lines of profession and industry and through the collective efforts of all Zumaraganhons.\nThe present municipal administration under the energetic leadership of Mayor Bibiano Z. Letaba has done tangible progress as regards cleanliness and peace and order. The municipality is also at present the recipient of several National projects in conformity with the goals and objectives of the New Society. Especially to improve and better the life of the common man.", "", "Zumarraga is divided into 25 barangays.\nAlegria\nArado\nArteche\nBioso\nBoblaran\nBotaera\nBuntay\nCamayse\nCanwarak\nIbarra\nLumalantang\nMacalunod\nMaga-an\nMaputi\nMonbon\nMualbual\nPangdan\nPoro\nSan Isidro\nSugod\nTinaugan\nTubigan\nPoblacion 1 (Barangay 1)\nPoblacion 2 (Barangay 2)\nMarapilit\nTalib\nIgpit opol", "", "", "", " Municipality of Zumarraga | (DILG)\n\"2015 Census of Population, Report No. 3 – Population, Land Area, and Population Density\" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. Quezon City, Philippines. August 2016. ISSN 0117-1453. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.\n\nCensus of Population (2020). \"Region VIII (Eastern Visayas)\". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. PSA. Retrieved 8 July 2021.\n\n\"PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates\". Philippine Statistics Authority. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2022.\nKapuso Mo, Jessica Soho: Comfort food ng mga Waray. YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11.\n\"Zumarraga: Average Temperatures and Rainfall\". Meteoblue. Retrieved 29 February 2020.\n\nCensus of Population (2015). \"Region VIII (Eastern Visayas)\". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. PSA. Retrieved 20 June 2016.\n\n\nCensus of Population and Housing (2010). \"Region VIII (Eastern Visayas)\". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. NSO. Retrieved 29 June 2016.\n\n\nCensuses of Population (1903–2007). \"Region VIII (Eastern Visayas)\". Table 1. Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province/Highly Urbanized City: 1903 to 2007. NSO.\n\n\n\"Province of Samar (Western Samar)\". Municipality Population Data. Local Water Utilities Administration Research Division. Retrieved 17 December 2016.\n\"Poverty incidence (PI):\". Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 28 December 2020.\nhttps://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/NSCB_LocalPovertyPhilippines_0.pdf; publication date: 29 November 2005; publisher: Philippine Statistics Authority.\nhttps://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2003%20SAE%20of%20poverty%20%28Full%20Report%29_1.pdf; publication date: 23 March 2009; publisher: Philippine Statistics Authority.\nhttps://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2006%20and%202009%20City%20and%20Municipal%20Level%20Poverty%20Estimates_0_1.pdf; publication date: 3 August 2012; publisher: Philippine Statistics Authority.\nhttps://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2012%20Municipal%20and%20City%20Level%20Poverty%20Estima7tes%20Publication%20%281%29.pdf; publication date: 31 May 2016; publisher: Philippine Statistics Authority.\nhttps://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/City%20and%20Municipal-level%20Small%20Area%20Poverty%20Estimates_%202009%2C%202012%20and%202015_0.xlsx; publication date: 10 July 2019; publisher: Philippine Statistics Authority.\n\"PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates\". Philippine Statistics Authority. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2022.", "Zumarraga Profile at PhilAtlas.com\nPhilippine Standard Geographic Code\nPhilippine Census Information\nLocal Governance Performance Management System" ]

[ "Zumarraga, Samar", "History", "Geography", "Barangays", "Climate", "Demographics", "Economy", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359792, 5359793, 5359794 ]

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[ "", "", "", "Legazpi Tower, birthplace of Miguel López de Legazpi." ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Zumarraga_-_Plaza_de_Euskadi_4.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Escudo_zumarraga.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Gipuzkoa_municipalities_Zumarraga.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Migel_Lopez_Legazpi_jaiotetxea_Zumarraga.jpg" ]

[ "Zumarraga ([s̻umaraɣa]) is a municipality and industrial town in Gipuzkoa province of the Basque Country autonomous community of northern Spain, approximately 35 miles (56 km) by road southwest of San Sebastián and 10 miles (16 km) northwest of Idiazabal. As of 2018 the municipality had a population of 9834 people. The Urola river flows through the vicinity. It is the birthplace of Miguel López de Legazpi, conquistador who explored the Pacific Islands and the East Indies, and of Iñaki Urdangarín, the husband of Infanta Cristina of Spain.", "In 1446 a battle took place there during the War of the Bands. In the 15th-century, the bridge that separates the municipalities of Zumárraga and Urretxu was named after the Zufiaur family.", "Zumárraga is situated in the Gipuzkoan valley of Alto Urola. The valley is narrow with a width of about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi). On the west, the Urola River separates it from the neighboring Urrechu, with which it forms an urban area. In the south, it borders with Legazpi and Gaviria, in the west with Ezkio-Itsaso, and in the north with Azpeitia and Azkoitia. The main mountains of Zumárraga are Samiño (930 metres (3,050 ft)), Izazpi (967 metres (3,173 ft)), and Beloqui (660 metres (2,170 ft)).\nSome of the main neighborhoods and streets include Secundino Esnaola, Etxeberri, Orbegozo, Plaza Leturias, Argixao, Eitza, Avenue Padre Urdaneta, Ipar Haizea, Agiña, San Cristóbal, Eliz-kale, Bidezar, Izazpi, Search Isusi, Oquendo, Plaza Navarra, Piedad, Legazpi, Soraitz, Avenue Euskal Herria, San Isidro, and Txurruka.", "Following the building of the railway in the late 19th century the Justo Artiz factory was built in 1885. It become known for its wicker baskets. After the Spanish Civil War, the iron and steel industry took off with the building of the Estaban Orbegozo factory, which saw an influx of workers from surrounding areas.", "2 July, Santa Isabel\n15 August, Day of the Virgin\n13 December, Santa Lucía/Santa Luzia\n15 May, San Isidro", "Plaza de Euskadi contains a monument dedicated to Miguel López de Legazpi, the Plaza Porticada, and the Casa Uzcanga, built in 1867 by José Antonio de Alberdi. Caserío Aitzabaso, also known as \"Areizaga Dorrea\", is an old building known for its arches in the Barrio of Aranburu. Caserío Gurrutxaga Goikoa and Caserío Aizpuru lie in the Barrio of Soraitz. The municipal cemetery is noted for its underground crypt designed by the architect José Antonio Pizarro, influenced by Ancient Egypt. There are two sculptures, \"El Ángel de la vida\" and \"El Ángel de la muerte\", the work of sculptor Vicente Larrea.\nChurch of Santa María de la Asunción was first built in 1576. The tower was added in the 18th century. Ermita de San Gregorio and Ermita de San Cristóbal are hermitages which both date to 1540. Templo del Convento de las Hermanas Mercedarias de la Caridad was constructed in 1930 while the Templo parroquial El Salvador was opened in October 1971, a modern building designed by the architect Iñigo Guibert de Encío.\n\nThe Argizao Stadium caters for local football matches and athletics events. To the east of the stadium is Zumarraga Hospital. The Instituto De Educacion Secundaria Jose Maria Iparraguirre is situated in the northwestern outskirts of the town.\nThe ultra-modern Lamorous-Argixao old people's home (Centro gerontológico Lamorous Argixao/Lamorous Argixao zaharren egoitza) inaugurated in September 2008 offers accommodation for 115 seniors, including 30 psycho-geriatric units and 30 day care spaces. In July 2019, an outdoor meeting area was added to the centre.", "Miguel López de Legazpi (1502-1572): conquistador of the Philippines\nJosé Ignacio de Aguirrebengoa (1765-1848): merchant who made his fortune in Mexico and France\nNicolás de Soraluce (1820-1884): mayor of Donostia-San Sebastián\nSecundino Esnaola (1878-1929): musician and composer\nAntonio Juantegui (1898-1966): international footballer of the 1920s who competed in the 1924 Olympic Games\nIñaki Linazasoro (1931-2004): writer\nJuan María Mújica (1963-2004): footballer of the 1980s and 1990s who played for Real Sociedad and Deportivo\nÁngel Cruz Jaca (1914-2005): historian and promoter of culture\nJuan María Urdangarin (1932-2012): industrial engineer and businessman, director of Caja Vital\nMaría del Pilar Sanchis (1933): cartoonist\nBegoña García Retegui (1955): politician of the PSOE who has had a career in the Region of Murcia\nPello Lizarralde (1956): professor, translator and writer in the Basque language\nMiguel Bilbao Beraza (1961): painter\nJosu Jon Imaz (1963): chemist and politician who was leader of the Partido Nacionalista Vasco (2004–08).\nAndoni Salamero (1966): writer and poet\nJosé Joaquín Ormazábal Fernández (1967): lawyer, politician and LGBT activist in Castile-La Mancha\nIñaki Urdangarin (1968): the husband of Infanta Cristina of Spain, and former handball player and international handball judge\nIkerne Badiola (1971): politician of the Eusko Alkartasuna.\nAitor González Jiménez (1975): cyclist, winner of the Vuelta a España in 2002\nSusana Fraile (1978): international handball judge, appeared at the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens\nMikel Balenziaga (1988): footballer (Athletic Bilbao)\nNerea Gabirondo (1990): women's footballer who plays for Real Sociedad Femenino\nDani García (1990): footballer 99Eibar, Athletic Bilbao)", "Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.\nHudson, Kenneth; Nicholls, Ann (1975). Directory of Museums. Springer. p. 406. ISBN 9781349014880.\nAlzugaray, Juan José (2004). Vascos relevantes del siglo XX. Encuentro. p. 156. ISBN 9788474907339.\nEnciclopedia general ilustrada del País Vasco: Diccionario enciclopédico vasco. Zubir-Zyts. Cuerpo A. Vol. LVIII. Auñamendi. 2008. p. 444. ISBN 9788470252730.\n\"Economia historia\" (in Spanish). Zumarrag.eus. Retrieved 22 July 2019.\n\"Arquitectura Civil\" (in Spanish). Zumarrag.eus. Retrieved 22 July 2019.\n\"Arquitectura Religiosa\" (in Spanish). Zumarrag.eus. Retrieved 22 July 2019.\nZumarraga, Bing Maps, Retrieved 22 July 2019.\nUrteaga, Iñaki (19 September 2008). \"Un gerontológico a la última\" (in Spanish). El Diario Vasco. Retrieved 10 August 2019.\nZaluda, Asier. \"Zumarraga inaugura el punto de encuentro del gerontológico\" (in Spanish). Diario de Gipuzkoa. Retrieved 10 August 2019." ]

[ "Zumarraga, Spain", "History", "Geography", "Economy", "Celebrations", "Notable landmarks", "Notable people", "References" ]

[ 5359795, 5359796, 5359797, 5359798 ]

[ 27237058, 27237059, 27237060, 27237061, 27237062, 27237063, 27237064, 27237065, 27237066, 27237067, 27237068, 27237069 ]

[ "", "Zumba dancing at a college in the United States", "An instructor coaches a Zumba class in a fitness center" ]

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[ "Zumba is a fitness program that involves cardio and Latin-inspired dance. It was founded by Colombian dancer and choreographer Beto Pérez in 2001, and by 2012, it had 110,000 locations and 12 million people taking classes weekly. Zumba is a trademark owned by Zumba Fitness, LLC.", "Zumba was created in the 1990s by dancer and choreographer Beto Pérez, an aerobics instructor in Cali, Colombia. After forgetting his usual music one day, and using cassette tapes of Latin dance music (salsa and merengue) for class, Pérez began integrating the music and dancing into other classes, calling it \"Rumbacize\". \nIn 2001, Pérez partnered with Alberto Perlman and Alberto Aghion to launch Zumba, and the trio released a series of fitness videos sold via infomercial. Pérez decided on the word \"Zumba\" because of its similarity to the word \"rumba\", the Cuban musical genre. Pérez and his partner began to replace the first letter of \"rumba\" until they landed on \"sumba\", and Pérez ultimately decided to spell it with the letter 'z' because he liked the fictional character Zorro when he was a child.\nIn 2012, Insight Venture Partners and the Raine Group invested in the venture. The company expanded into class instruction, and by 2015, according to Perlman, there were 14 million Zumba students in 186 countries.", "Zumba choreography is composed using all or some of sixteen core steps. There are four basic rhythms: salsa, reggaeton, merengue, and cumbia; each basic rhythm has four core steps.", "Zumba classes are taught by instructors licensed by Zumba Fitness, LLC. In one Zumba class, typically around one hour long, a participant can burn up to 600 kcal, depending on the intensity. The music combines the dance styles of cumbia, salsa, merengue, mambo, flamenco, chachacha, reggaeton, soca, samba, hip hop music, axé music, and tango.\nZumba instructors have the option to become members of the Zumba Instructor Network (ZIN), to receive monthly music and bimonthly training DVDs to assist with the creation of music and choreography for their classes. By 2019, there were more than 100,000 Zumba instructors around the world.\nThere are ten types of classes, for different levels of age and exertion:\nZumba Gold — a low-impact, lower-intensity version of a typical Zumba class.\nZumba Step — a lower-body workout that incorporates Zumba routines and step aerobics with Latin dance rhythms.\nZumba Toning — for people who do their workouts with toning sticks, targeting the abs, thighs, arms, and other muscles. This type of Zumba class provides participants with a cardio workout and strength training.\nAqua Zumba — classes held in a swimming pool. The instructor leads the class poolside while participants follow in shallow water. The moves have been adapted to combine the dance movements used in a Zumba Fitness class with those used in aqua fitness classes.\nZumba in the Circuit — combines dance with circuit training. These classes usually last 30 minutes and feature strength exercises on various stations in timed intervals.\nZumbatomic, Zumba Kids, and Zumba Kids Jr. — classes designed for children aged 7 to 11 and 4 to 6, respectively.\nZumba Gold-Toning — a toning class for older participants with the goal of improving muscle strength, posture, mobility, and coordination.\nZumba Sentao — a chair workout that focuses on using body weight to strengthen and tone the body.\nStrong Nation (formerly Strong by Zumba) — a class launched in 2016 that combines high-intensity interval training with Synced Music Motivation.\nZumbini — a class for babies and children at the ages of 0–3 years old and their caregivers. Their live classes stream on BabyFirstTV.\nA Plate by Zumba — an e-learning program to learn about healthy eating habits.", "Zumba is intended as a total-body cardio and aerobic workout, which provides a large calorie consumption. One 2012 study found that a participant burns 300 to 900 kcal with an hour-long Zumba exercise.\nBecause Zumba offers different options, proponents of the Zumba program claim that it is safe for all ages, meaning anyone can participate. Some of the classes are specifically aimed at elderly people.\nBesides its high calorie burning benefit, Zumba can help lower the risk of heart disease, reduce blood pressure and LDL cholesterol, and increase HDL cholesterol.", "In 2013, the Rabbinical Court of the Ashkenazi Community in the Haredi city of Beitar Illit ruled against Zumba (a type of dance fitness) classes, although they were held with a female instructor and all-female participants. The Court said, in part: \"Both in form and manner, the activity [Zumba] is entirely at odds with both the ways of the Torah and the holiness of Israel, as are the songs associated with it.\"\nIn June 2017, Zumba was banned in Iran for being un-Islamic. In August 2017, six people were arrested after being accused of \"trying to change lifestyles\" by teaching Zumba.", "The annual ZIN-con for Zumba instructors from around the world takes place in the United States, including master classes, specialty training and a Zumba concert. In addition to the Annual Zumba Convention, Zumba also operates a number of one-day Academies where instructors can attend master classes and rhythm sessions. These events are held in cities globally. In January 2016, the first Zumba Cruise took place.", "Zumba began selling DVDs via infomercials in 2002, selling more than 10 million DVDs by 2012.\nIn 2005, the Zumba Academy was launched to license instructors for teaching Zumba classes.\nIn 2007, the company launched a clothing line called Zumba Wear; as of 2012, official apparel sales amounted to $10-million per year.\nIn July 2012, Zumba released the compilation album Zumba Fitness Dance Party.", "In 2010, Zumba released its first fitness video game—Zumba Fitness—on 30 November 2010 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 (on Epic Games' Unreal Engine 3), selling 3 million copies by August 2011. It was followed by Zumba Fitness 2, released in November 2011, with a similar game released on the Xbox 360 as Zumba Fitness Rush in February 2012. In October 2012, Zumba Fitness Core was released for the Wii and Xbox 360, including new features such as nutrition tips and the ability to set personal goals.\nZumba Fitness: World Party was released on 5 November 2013, featuring a new \"World Tour\" mode that unlocks songs from seven global destinations as a player progresses, as well as authentic customs, local rhythms and native dance styles. The game was followed a couple weeks later by Zumba Kids on 19 November 2013. \nOn 19 November 2019, Zumba Burn It Up! was released by 505 Games and Sega in Japan and certain countries (digital only) for the Nintendo Switch, as the first Zumba game in six years.", "Alford, Henry (11 January 2012). \"Zoom In, Zumba Away\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 23 January 2022.\nClark, Cammy (20 February 2012). \"Zumba's Latin rhythms on the move in the fitness world\". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 23 January 2022.\nGarcia, Darlin. \"Zumba Is A Hit, But Is It Latin?\". NPR.org. Retrieved 18 March 2019.\n\"Zumba Workout: Is it Truly an Effective Workout?\". ACE Fitness. Retrieved 18 March 2019.\n\"History of ZUMBA\". 25 April 2016. Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2017.\n¿De dónde viene el nombre \"Zumba\"? - CNN\n\"Zumba Fitness Announces Strategic Partnership with Top Media and Technology Firms\" (PDF). Press release. 7 March 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2017.\n\"Twitter Backer Insight Venture Partners Sees Great Potential in Former Street Performer Behind Zumba Exercise Craze\". Reuters. 25 June 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2017.\nCrumpton, Mark. \"zumba fitness CEO Perlman on Business Model,Growth\". Bloomberg. Retrieved 25 October 2016.\nLadha, Shubham (15 June 2019). \"Shake up your routine with Zumba's intensity\". Retrieved 19 August 2019.\n\"Zumba Beginner net (ズンバ初心者.net)\". Zumba steps and basic movements (in Japanese). Retrieved 19 August 2019.\nhttps://web.archive.org/web/20111231062050/http://fitbie.msn.com/get-fit/why-you-should-give-zumba-craze. Archived from the original on 31 December 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2012. \n\"Who Invented Zumba\". Retrieved 8 January 2017.\n\"Why You Should Give in to the Zumba Craze\". 3 August 2011. Archived from the original on 10 January 2018..\nJane Alexander (30 March 2009). \"Get fit dancing: Dance to a different beat with Zumba\". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 3 April 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2012.\nLuettgen, Mary; Foster, Carl; Doberstein, Scott; Mikat, Rick; Porcari, John (1 June 2012). \"Zumba®: Is the \"Fitness-Party\" a Good Workout?\". Journal of Sports Science & Medicine. 11 (2): 357–358. ISSN 1303-2968. PMC 3737860. PMID 24137072.\n\"Zumba - Ditch the Workout, Join the Party\". www.zumba.com. Retrieved 19 March 2019.\nFerreira, Luana (12 August 2019). \"How a missing tape launched the Zumba craze\". Retrieved 30 November 2019.\n\"About Zumba Fitness\". Retrieved 10 March 2012.\n\"Zumba Classes - Dance fitness classes that are fun and effective\". www.zumba.com. Retrieved 18 March 2019.\n\"Zumba Fitness\". Retrieved 25 April 2012.\n\"Zumba Kids Classes - Kid-friendly dance fitness routines - Zumba Fitness\". www.zumba.com.\n\"Zumba Fitness - About\". Retrieved 18 February 2013.\nZumba. \"STRONG by Zumba™ - Let It Sync In\". Zumba. Retrieved 10 February 2017.\n\"Zumbini - Bonding Starts Here\". www.zumbini.com. Retrieved 18 March 2019.\n\"Zumba launches Plate by Zumba nutrition training\". Well+Good. 1 July 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2019.\nRevolution, Health Fitness (11 April 2015). \"Top 10 Health Benefits of Zumba • Health Fitness Revolution\". Health Fitness Revolution. Retrieved 19 March 2019.\nBarbara Russi Sarnataro. \"Zumba: Fun Is Secret Ingredient of Latin Dance Workout\". WebMD. Retrieved 7 May 2012.\nLindsey Getz. \"Zumba Gold Program Attracts Elders\". AgingWell. Retrieved 7 May 2012.\nHelmer, Jodi. \"Zumba: Benefits and What to Expect\". WebMD. Retrieved 10 July 2019.\nSommer, Allison Kaplan (9 September 2013). \"Haredi Rabbis Ban All-female Zumba Classes\". Haaretz. Retrieved 8 March 2018.\n\"Haredi Rabbis Outlaw Women-Only Zumba Classes\". 9 September 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2018.\n\"Haredi Rabbis Outlaw Women-Only Zumba Classes\". 9 September 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2018.\nErdbrink, Thomas (17 June 2017). \"Iran Bans Zumba, and Its Fans Fume\". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 September 2018.\n\"Iran arrests six for Zumba dancing\". 9 August 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2019.\n\"Zumba Instructor Convention\". Zumba.com. Retrieved 10 August 2019.\n\"ZIN™ Academy Tour\". academies.zumba.com. Retrieved 19 March 2019.\n\"'World's First' Zumba Cruise to Set Sail\". ABC News. 8 June 2015.\n\"The secret to fitness craze Zumba's success?\". The Independent. 7 September 2011. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2012.\nPhilby, Charlotte (8 September 2012). \"Zumba: You get fit, they get rich\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015.\nElaine Blaisdell (24 January 2011). \"'Exercise in disguise,' Zumba really catching on\". Cumberland Times-News. Retrieved 29 March 2012.\nhttp://www.GreedyGirlsGuide.com, \"5 Websites to Get Zumba Gear\" Archived 2 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Zumba Information, 2013-25-11\nCindy Vanegas (11 April 2011). \"Zumba Movement Catches On, Now Comes the Hard Part\". Fox Business. Retrieved 29 March 2012.\nSoham Chatterjee (13 September 2011). \"UPDATE 2-Zumba Fitness, new game launches boost Majesco outlook\". Reuters. Retrieved 5 April 2012.\n\"Zumba Fitness Rush by Majesco\". GameStop. Retrieved 18 February 2013.\n\"Zumba Fitness Core by Majesco\". GameStop. Retrieved 18 February 2013.\n\"Zumba Fitness World Party by Majesco\". Majesco Entertainment Company. Retrieved 2 January 2014.\n\"Zumba Kids by Majesco\". Majesco Entertainment Company. Retrieved 2 January 2014.\n\"Zumba Burn It Up!\". Nintendo. Retrieved 20 November 2019.", "How I Built This - Zumba: Beto Pérez & Alberto Perlman" ]

[ "Zumba", "Origin", "Choreography", "Classes", "Benefits", "Legal issues", "Events", "Products", "Video games", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359799 ]

[ 27237070, 27237071, 27237072, 27237073, 27237074, 27237075, 27237076, 27237077, 27237078, 27237079, 27237080, 27237081, 27237082, 27237083, 27237084, 27237085, 27237086, 27237087, 27237088, 27237089, 27237090, 27237091, 27237092, 27237093, 27237094, 27237095, 27237096 ]

[ "Zumba Crater, as seen here by HiRISE, is a very young crater.", "THEMIS day-time image of Zumba", "Zumba seen by MRO's CTX", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 1, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Zumba_Crater.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Martian_crater_Zumba_based_on_day_THEMIS.png", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Wikizumba.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Solar_system.jpg" ]

[ "Zumba is a very young crater on Mars, located in the Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle at 28.68 South and 133.18 West. It measures approximately 2.93 kilometres (1.82 mi) in diameter and was named after the town of Zumba in Ecuador. The name was adopted by IAU's Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature in 2006.", "Zumba has a depth of about 620 metres (2,030 ft), and its rim rises about 200 metres (660 ft) above the surrounding lava-filled plains of Daedalia Planum. Zumba is approximately 25% deeper than the average Martian crater of this size, this fact suggests it is a very fresh crater.\nSince Zumba is so young, it is a perfect example of a simple crater. On Mars, a simple crater is generally less than 6–9 km (3.7–5.6 mi) in diameter with a conical-bowl shape, little wall collapse, and it lacks a well-developed central feature, like a central peak.\nZumba is of special interest to scientists, because it possesses interesting features that are typically buried or eroded away in other older Martian craters, and even within the freshest terrestrial craters, including Meteor Crater in Arizona. These preserved and newly recognized features observed at the scale of HiRISE may reveal new aspects of the impact process.\nA pitted deposit giving Zumba the appearance that it has a relatively flat floor despite the pits is especially interesting. These crater-fill deposits are typically composed of lightly to highly damaged rock fragments and impact melts that were made by the high temperatures of the impact event. The pits in the crater-fill deposits have not been observed within lunar or terrestrial craters. They are unique to crater-fill deposits in only the freshest and best-preserved Martian craters.\nThese pits may result from the interactions of hot crater-fill deposits with water and water-ice that may have been present in the subsurface prior to impact. It is not well understood whether these pits form explosively (similar to terrestrial volcanic pits/craters formed from the interaction of hot lava with wet sediments/deposits), or by collapse from the drainage of impact melts or volatiles. Since the pitted deposits occur only in the freshest and well-preserved craters suggests that they are likely related to the impact process.", "Impact event\nList of craters on Mars\nOre resources on Mars\nPlanetary nomenclature", "\"Zumba (crater)\". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.\n\"HiRISE | Zumba Crater: Fresh 3-Km Crater with Impressive Ejecta and Ray Pattern (PSP_003608_1510)\".\nBoyce, J. et al. 2012. \"Origin of small pits in martian impact craters\". Icarus. 221: 262-275.\nTornabene, L. et al. 2012. \"Widespread crater-related pitted materials on Mars. Further evidence for the role of target volatiles during the impact process\". Icarus. 220: 348-368." ]

[ "Zumba (crater)", "Description", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5359800, 5359801, 5359802 ]

[ 27237097, 27237098, 27237099, 27237100, 27237101, 27237102 ]

[ "", "Montañas de Zumbahua." ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Zumbahua.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/MONTA%C3%91AS_DE_ZUMBAHUA.JPG" ]

[ "Zumbahua is a town in Pujilí Canton, Cotopaxi Province, Ecuador. At the 2001 census, Zumbahua had a population of 11,895 (5,455 men and 6,440 women) living in 2,352 households.\nZumbahua residents are predominantly Quichua, of the Panzaleo group.\nThe town has a colorful Saturday market. Houses in Zumbahua were traditionally chozas, but in recent years these have been replaced by cement and metal block houses.", "\"Canton Pujili\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 14, 2009. Retrieved November 10, 2009.\nUmajinga, p. 249.", "Baltazar Umajinga. \"Zumbahua\". In Identidades indias en el Ecuador contemporáneo (José Almeida Vinueza, coordinator). Editorial Abya Yala (1995), pp. 247–272. ISBN 978-9978-04-164-2." ]

[ "Zumbahua", "References", "Further reading" ]

[ 5359803 ]

[ 27237103 ]

[ "Zumberge Hall of Science" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Zumberge_Hall_of_Science.jpg" ]

[ "Zumberge Hall of Science, commonly known as ZHS, is one of the original buildings of the University of Southern California's University Park Campus, completed in 1928.", "Originally known as \"Science Hall\" it was renamed in 2003 to honor the passing of former USC president and professor of geology, James Zumberge. Today, ZHS is home to USC's department of Earth Sciences as well as the Southern California Earthquake Center.", "The building was designed in the Romanesque Revival style by the architects John and Donald Parkinson. They are the father-and-son architectural team that also designed the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and Los Angeles City Hall. Romanesque detailing includes cast stone pendants below the roofline and cast-stone gargoyles at the building's corners.\nIn the building's arcade is a mural depicting four youths in scientific contemplation, a Masters in Fine Arts project by Jean Goodwin Ames under the direction of Glen Lukens in 1937. Ames is notable for many murals she created with her husband for the Works Progress Administration (WPA) during the Great Depression.", "John and Donald Parkinson buildings", "\"A Lasting Legacy\". Archived from the original on 2007-11-26. Retrieved 2012-12-31.\n\"IV. Environmental Impact Analysis : C. Cultural Resources\" (PDF). Plaaning.lacity.org. Retrieved 13 July 2018." ]

[ "Zumberge Hall of Science", "Science Hall", "Architecture", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5359804 ]

[ 27237104, 27237105, 27237106 ]

[ "Zumbi (1927) by Antônio Parreiras", "Capoeira or the Dance of War by Johann Moritz Rugendas, 1835", "Bronze head of Zumbi in Brasília, Brazil" ]

[ 0, 3, 6 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Ant%C3%B4nio_Parreiras_-_Zumbi_2.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Rugendasroda.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Zumbidospalmares.jpg" ]

[ "Zumbi (1655 – November 20, 1695), also known as Zumbi dos Palmares (Portuguese pronunciation: [zũˈbi dus pɐwˈmaɾis]), was a Brazilian quilombola leader, being one of the pioneers of resistance to slavery of Africans by the Portuguese in colonial Brazil. He was also the last of the kings of the Quilombo dos Palmares, a settlement of Afro-Brazilian people who had liberated themselves from enslavement in that same settlement, in the present-day state of Alagoas, Brazil. Zumbi today is revered in Afro-Brazilian culture as a powerful symbol of resistance against the enslavement of Africans in the colony of Brazil. He was married to the queen and also great warrior Dandara.", "Quilombos were communities in Brazil founded by individuals of African descent who escaped slavery (these escaped slaves are commonly referred to as maroons). Members of quilombos often returned to plantations or towns to encourage their former fellow Africans to flee and join the quilombos. If necessary, they brought others by force and sabotaged plantations. Anyone who came to quilombos on their own were considered free, but those who were captured and brought by force were considered slaves and continued to be so in the new settlements. They could be considered free if they were to bring another captive to the settlement. Women were also targets of capture, including black, white, Indian and mulatas (women of mixed African and European ancestry), who were forcibly relocated to Palmares. Some women, however, fled voluntarily to Palmares to escape abusive spouses and/or masters. Since small in numbers, men were also recruited to join Palmares and even Portuguese soldiers fleeing forced recruitment were sought out.\nPalmares was established around 1605 by 40 enslaved central Africans who fled to the heavily forested hills that parallel the northern coast of Brazil. Portuguese authorities called this area Palmares, due to its many palm trees, and were locked in deadly clashes with it for much of the 17th century.\nQuilombo dos Palmares was a self-sustaining kingdom of Maroons escaped from the Portuguese settlements in Brazil, \"a region perhaps the size of Portugal in the hinterland of Pernambuco\". At its height, Palmares had a population of more than 30,000. Palmares developed into a confederation of 11 towns, spanning rugged mountainous terrain in frontier zones across the present day states of Alagoas and Pernambuco. Palmares was an autonomous state based on African political and religious customs that supported itself though means of agriculture, fishing, hunting, gathering, trading, and raiding nearby Brazilian plantations and settlements.", "Zumbi's mother Sabina was a sister of Ganga Zumba, who is said to have been the son of princess Aqualtune, daughter of an unknown King of Kongo. It is unknown if Zumbi's mother was also daughter of the princess, but this still makes him related to the Kongo nobility. Zumbi and his relatives are of Central African descent. They were brought to the Americas after the Battle of Mbwila. \nThe Portuguese won the battle eventually, killing 5,000 men, and captured the king, his two sons, his two nephews, four governors, various court officials, 95 title holders and 400 other nobles who were put on ships and sold as slaves in the Americas. It is very probable that Ganga and Sabina were among these nobles. The whereabouts of the rest of the individuals captured after the Battle of Mbwila is unknown. Some are believed to have been sent to Spanish America, but Ganga Zumba, his brother Zona and Sabina were made slaves at the plantation of Santa Rita in the Captaincy of Pernambuco in what is now northeast Brazil. From there, they escaped to Palmares.", "Zumbi was born free in Palmares in 1655, believed to be descended from the Congo. He was captured by the Portuguese and given to a missionary, Father António Melo, when he was approximately six years old. Father António Melo baptized Zumbi and gave him the name of Francisco. Zumbi was taught the sacraments, learned Portuguese and Latin and built a Kongo kingdom in Palmares. \nDespite attempts to subjugate him, Zumbi escaped in 1670 and, at the age of 15, returned to his birthplace. Zumbi became known for his physical prowess and cunning in battle and he was a respected military strategist by the time he was in his early twenties.", "By 1678, the governor of the captaincy of Pernambuco, Pedro Almeida, weary of the longstanding conflict with Palmares, approached its king Ganga Zumba with an olive branch. Almeida offered freedom for all runaway slaves if Palmares would submit to Portuguese authority, a proposal which Ganga Zumba favored. But Zumbi – who became the commander-in-chief of the Kingdom's forces in 1675 - was distrustful of the Portuguese. Further, he refused to accept freedom for the people of Palmares while other Africans remained enslaved. He rejected Almeida's overture and challenged Ganga Zumba's kingship. In 1678 Zumbi killed his uncle Ganga Zumba. Zumbi sought to implement a far more aggressive stance against the Portuguese \nVowing to continue the resistance to Portuguese oppression, Zumbi became the new king of Palmares. Zumbi's determination and heroic efforts to fight for Palmares' independence increased his prestige. Predictably, when Zumbi gained authority, tensions with the Portuguese quickly escalated. Between 1680 and 1686, the Portuguese mounted six expeditions against Palmares at significant cost to the royal treasury, but they all failed to defeat Palmares.\nIn 1694, fifteen years after Zumbi assumed kingship of Palmares, the Portuguese colonists under the military commanders Domingos Jorge Velho and Bernardo Vieira de Melo launched an assault on the Palmares. They made use of artillery as well as a fierce force of Brazilian Indian fighters, which took 42 days to defeat the kingdom. \nOn February 6, 1694, after 67 years of conflict with the cafuzos, or Maroons, of Palmares, the Portuguese succeeded in destroying Cerca do Macaco, the kingdom's central settlement. Some resistance continued, but on November 20, 1695 Zumbi was killed and decapitated, his head displayed on a pike to dispel any legends of his immortality.\nAlthough it was eventually crushed, the success of Palmares through most of the 17th century greatly challenged colonial authority and would stand as a beacon of slave resistance in the times to come.", "His contemporary slaves believed him to be a demigod. it was believed throughout the country by slaves that his strength and courage were due to the fact that he was possessed by Orixas, African spirits, and was therefore half-man, half-god. Others thought that he was the son of Ogum.", "November 20 is celebrated, chiefly in Brazil, as a day of Afro-Brazilian consciousness. The day has special meaning for those Brazilians of African descent who honour Zumbi as a hero, freedom fighter, and symbol of freedom. Zumbi has become a hero of the 20th-century Afro-Brazilian political movement, as well as a national hero in Brazil. Today, Zumbi is considered a hero of great magnitude amongst Afro-Brazilians who celebrate his courage, leadership qualities, and heroic resistance to Portuguese colonial rule.", "Zumbi dos Palmares International Airport is the name of the airport serving Maceió, Brazil.\nSubject of the 1974 Jorge Ben song \"Zumbi\".\nGilberto Gil released a CD called Z300 Anos de Zumbi.\nQuilombo, 1985, film by Carlos Diegues about Palmares, ASIN B0009WIE8E\nThe band name Chico Science & Nação Zumbi (later just Nação Zumbi after the death of frontman Chico Science)\nSoulfly has the song titled \"Zumbi\", and mentioned in various lyrics as well.\nMentioned in the Sepultura song \"Ratamahatta.\"\nHis name is given to a fighter in the Macromedia Flash game Capoeira Fighter 2 & 3.\nOn March 21, 1997, his name and biography were entered into the Book of Steel of the Tancredo Neves Pantheon of the Fatherland and Freedom, a monument dedicated to the honor Brazil's national heroes.\nArena Conta Zumbí, a 1964 play about Zumbí by the 20th-century Brazilian dramatists Gianfrancesco Guarnieri and Augusto Boal, with music by Edu Lobo.", "Atlantic slave trade\nCafuzo\nCapoeira\nGarifuna people\nPalmares (quilombo)\nQuilombo\nSlavery\nTriangular trade\nZambo\nList of slaves", "Araujo, Ana Lucia (2012). \"Zumbi and the Voices of the Emergent Public Memory of Slavery and Resistance in Brazil\". Comparativ: Leipziger Beiträge zur Universalgeschichte und Vergleichenden Gesellschaftsforschung. 22: 95–111.\nPrice, R. ed., 1996. Maroon societies: Rebel slave communities in the Americas. JHU Press.\nThe human tradition in colonial Latin America. Andrien, Kenneth J., 1951- (2nd ed.). Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. 2013. ISBN 9781442212992. OCLC 839678886.\nFAGAN, BRIAN (1993). \"Timelines: Brazil's Little Angola\". Archaeology. 46 (4): 14–19. JSTOR 41771048.\nBraudel (1984), p. 390.\nRodriguez (2006), p. 587.\nRK Kent, Palmares: An African State in Brazil, in \"Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas\", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 186.\nRK Kent, Palmares: An African State in Brazil, in \"Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas\", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 186-7.\nAugusto Boal, Theater of the Oppressed, pp. 143–153 © Pluto Press, http://www.plutobooks.com", "Braudel, Fernand, The Perspective of the World, vol. III of Civilization and Capitalism, 1984 (in French 1979).\nRodriguez, Junius P., ed. Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood, 2006.\nDiggs, Irene, \"Zumbi and the Republic of Os Palmares\", vol. 14 of Phylon (1940–65)\nChapman, Charles E., \"Palmares: The Negro Numantia\", vol. 3 of The Journal of Negro History (January 1918).\nKent, R. K., \"Palmares: An African State in Brazil\", vol. 6 of The Journal of African History (1965).", "The Slave King\n300 Years of Zumbi\nTaiguara performing the song composed in Zumbi's honour" ]

[ "Zumbi", "Quilombos", "Origins", "Early life", "King of the Quilombo dos Palmares", "Part of Afro-Brazilian folklore", "Importance today", "Tributes", "See also", "Footnotes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359805, 5359806, 5359807 ]

[ 27237107, 27237108, 27237109, 27237110, 27237111, 27237112, 27237113, 27237114, 27237115, 27237116, 27237117, 27237118, 27237119, 27237120, 27237121, 27237122, 27237123, 27237124, 27237125, 27237126, 27237127 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Aeroporto_Internacional_de_Macei%C3%B3-Zumbi_dos_Palmares.jpg" ]

[ "Maceió/Zumbi dos Palmares International Airport (IATA: MCZ, ICAO: SBMO), formerly called Campo dos Palmares Airport, is the airport serving Maceió, Brazil. Since 16 December 1999 the airport is named after Zumbi dos Palmares (1645–1695) one of the pioneers of resistance to slavery in Brazil.\nThe airport is operated by AENA.", "The airport complex underwent major renovation in 2005, in which the passenger terminal and apron were renovated and the runway was extended.\nPreviously operated by Infraero, on March 15, 2019 AENA won a 30-year concession to operate the airport.", "", "The airport is located 25 km (16 mi) from downtown Maceió.", "List of airports in Brazil", "\"Informações Estatísticas\". Aena Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 3 May 2022.\n\"Aeroporto Internacional de Maceió-Zumbi dos Palmares\". Aena Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 3 May 2022.\n\"Aeródromos\". ANAC (in Portuguese). 29 June 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2021.\n\"Lei n°9.911, de 15 de dezembro de 1999\". Lei Direto (in Portuguese). 16 December 1999. Retrieved 19 April 2011.\n\"Governo obtém R$ 2,377 bilhões em concessão de aeroportos em blocos\". ANAC (in Portuguese). 15 March 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2019.\n\"Aeroporto de Maceió (AL) retoma voo internacional da Gol para a Buenos Aires\". Aeroin (in Portuguese). 13 June 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.", "Airport information for SBMO at Great Circle Mapper. Source: DAFIF (effective October 2006).\nCurrent weather for SBMO at NOAA/NWS\nAccident history for MCZ at Aviation Safety Network" ]

[ "Zumbi dos Palmares International Airport", "History", "Airlines and destinations", "Access", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359808 ]

[ 27237128, 27237129, 27237130 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Zumbox.jpg" ]

[ "Zumbox was a proposed hybrid mail service for receiving postal mail via the web. The service was intended to work in parallel to traditional postal services, whereby a digital mailbox—a Zumbox— would be created for every street address in the U.S.\nPeople were able to claim their Zumbox via a paper mail confirmation code.\nZumbox provided security in compliance with PCI DSS, BITS and HIPAA security rules and regulations.\nZumbox was founded in 2007 in Los Angeles, and obtained more than $30 million in venture capital. After seven years of development, Zumbox announced in 2014 that it lacked sufficient investor interest to launch as a national brand.", "Clark, Don (10 February 2009). \"Zumbox Tries to Re-imagine the Post Office\". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 8 February 2013.\nNeedeleman, Rafe (12 February 2009). \"Zumbox gives your house an e-mail in-box\". CNET. Retrieved 8 February 2013.\n\"Privacy and Security\". Zumbox. Retrieved 8 February 2013.\n\"Zumbox closes after seven years, 30m plus in funding from Michael Eisner and others\". Wall Street Journal. 10 April 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2014.", "Zumbox\nU.S. News & World Report" ]

[ "Zumbox", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359809 ]

[ 27237131, 27237132 ]

[ "The Zumbro Parkway Bridge from the southwest", "Gothic cutouts on the Zumbro Parkway Bridge" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Zumbrofallsbridge.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Zumbrobridgegothic.jpg" ]

[ "The Zumbro Parkway Bridge is a historic arch bridge with two 25-foot (7.6 m) spans over a tributary of the Zumbro River just outside the city of Zumbro Falls in Hyde Park Township, Minnesota, United States. It was constructed in 1937 by the Works Progress Administration using a modular corrugated iron product known as Multi Plate, and given a masonry veneer with Gothic Revival details. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 for having state-level significance in the theme of engineering. It was nominated for being one of Minnesota's finest examples of a stone-faced Multi Plate arch highway bridge, a style used in many of the state's New Deal bridge projects.", "List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota\nNational Register of Historic Places listings in Wabasha County, Minnesota", "\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.\n\"Zumbro Parkway Bridge\". Minnesota National Register Properties Database. Minnesota Historical Society. 2009. Retrieved 2015-06-19.\nHess, Jeffrey A. (August 1988). \"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Zumbro Parkway Bridge\". National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-02-11.", "Zumbro Parkway Bridge (Bridge 3219)–Minnesota Department of Transportation" ]

[ "Zumbro Parkway Bridge", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359810, 5359811 ]

[ 27237133, 27237134 ]

[ "The North Fork of the Zumbro River in Zumbrota", "Nighttime view of the South Fork Zumbro River as it passes through Rochester's Downtown area from Silver Lake Park in the 2000s", "Ice on the Zumbro in March" ]

[ 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/N_Fk_Zumbro.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Roch_night.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/IceZumbroRiver.JPG" ]

[ "The Zumbro River is a tributary of the Mississippi River in the Driftless Area of southeastern Minnesota in the United States. It is 64.6 miles (104.0 km) long from the confluence of its principal tributaries and drains a watershed of 1,428 square miles (3,700 km²). The river's name in English is a change from its French name Rivière des Embarras (\"Obstruction River\") due to its mouth near Pine Island in the Mississippi River; the pronunciation changed from [dez‿ɑ̃.ba.ʁɑ] to /zʊmbroʊ/. The Dakota name for this river is Wapka Wazi Oju (Pines Planted River), having reference to the grove of great white pines at Pine Island.", "The Zumbro rises as three forks:\nThe South Fork Zumbro River, 57.6 miles (92.7 km) long, rises about 2 miles (3 km) east of Hayfield in southern Dodge County and flows generally eastwardly into Olmsted County, where it turns northward at Rochester and flows into southwestern Wabasha County. The South Fork's course through Rochester has been channelized as part of a flood control project. It is dammed in Wabasha County, by the Lake Zumbro Hydroelectric Generating Plant to form Lake Zumbro.\nAt Rochester, the river measures approximately 153 cubic feet per second.\nThe Middle Fork Zumbro River, 52.9 miles (85.1 km) long, rises in northeastern Steele County, about 8 miles (13 km) west of West Concord and flows generally eastwardly through northern Dodge, southwestern Goodhue and northeastern Olmsted counties, past Pine Island and Oronoco. At Pine Island it collects the North Branch Middle Fork Zumbro River, which rises in southwestern Goodhue County and flows eastwardly through southern Goodhue and northern Dodge counties. At Oronoco it collects the South Branch Middle Fork Zumbro River, which rises in eastern Steele County and flows eastwardly into Dodge County, past Mantorville. The Middle Fork meets the South Fork in north-central Olmsted County as part of Zumbro Lake.\nThe North Fork Zumbro River, 57.5 miles (92.5 km) long, rises 7.5 miles (12.1 km) southeast of Faribault in southeastern Rice County and flows eastwardly through southern Goodhue and southwestern Wabasha counties, past Kenyon, Wanamingo, Zumbrota and Mazeppa.\nThe North and South forks join about 4 miles (6 km) east of Mazeppa in southwestern Wabasha County, and the Zumbro River flows eastwardly through Wabasha County, through the Richard J. Dorer Memorial Hardwood State Forest and past Zumbro Falls, Hammond, Millville and Kellogg. It flows into the Mississippi River about 4 miles (6 km) east of Kellogg. At this town, the river measures approximately 880 cubic feet per second.", "Some species of fish that can be found in the Zumbro River near Rochester include the green sunfish; rock, smallmouth and largemouth bass; the common carp, creek chub, channel catfish, and northern pike.", "List of Minnesota rivers", "\"Zumbro River\" (PDF). Minnesota DNR. Retrieved March 28, 2021.\nU.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map Archived 2012-03-29 at the Wayback Machine, accessed October 4, 2012\nUpham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 559.\nU.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Zumbro River\n\"Water Data\". USGS.\n\"Columbia Gazetteer of North America entry\". Bartleby. Archived from the original on 2007-02-25.\nDeLorme (1994). Minnesota Atlas & Gazetteer. Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. ISBN 0-89933-222-6.\nWaters, Thomas F. (1977). The Streams and Rivers of Minnesota. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-0960-8." ]

[ "Zumbro River", "Course", "Fish species near Rochester", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5359812, 5359813, 5359814 ]

[ 27237135, 27237136, 27237137, 27237138, 27237139, 27237140, 27237141 ]

[ "Zumbrota Covered Bridge", "First Congregational, listed on the National Register of Historic Places", "Crossings at Carnegie, a performance space and art gallery in a 1907 library building", "The bike trail in Zumbrota" ]

[ 0, 7, 8, 9 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/CoveredBridgeZumbrotaMN.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/1stCongregationalZumbrota.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/CrossingsZumbrotaMN.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Zumbrotatrailbridge.jpg" ]

[ "Zumbrota is a city in Goodhue County, Minnesota, United States, along the North Fork of the Zumbro River. The population was 3,252 at the 2010 census. It promotes itself as \"the only Zumbrota in the world.\"", "Zumbrota was claimed as a town in 1856 by Joseph Bailey and D.B. Goddard. The name Zumbrota appears to have resulted from a corruption of the French name for the local Zumbro River, Rivière des Embarras (Obstruction River), coupled with the Dakota toŋ (village).\nZumbrota is home to the Zumbrota Covered Bridge, the last functioning covered bridge in the state of Minnesota. It was originally installed in 1869, one year before the arrival of railroads to the area. The bridge is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.\nThe Zumbrota Public Library was the first tax-supported library in Minnesota.\nThe city of Zumbrota celebrated its sesquicentennial in 2006.", "According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 2.68 square miles (6.94 km²), of which 2.67 square miles (6.92 km²) is land and 0.01 square miles (0.03 km²) is water.\nU.S. Route 52 and Minnesota State Highways 58 and 60 are the three main highways in the city.", "", "", "As of the 2010 Census, there were 3,252 people, 1,349 households, and 882 families living in the city. The population density was 1,218.0 inhabitants per square mile (470.3/km²). There were 1,437 housing units at an average density of 538.2 per square mile (207.8/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 95.8% White, 0.7% African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.6% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.6% of the population.\nThere were 1,349 households, of which 34.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.4% were married couples living together, 9.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.6% were non-families. 30.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.96.\nThe median age in the city was 38.2 years. 26.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.3% were from 25 to 44; 25.7% were from 45 to 64; and 16% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.8% male and 53.2% female.", "At the 2000 Census, there were 2,789 people, 1,141 households, and 741 families living in the city. The population density was 1,412.6 people per square mile (546.6/km²). There were 1,191 housing units at an average density of 603.2 per square mile (233.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 96.38% White, 0.82% African American, 0.14% Native American, 0.65% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 1.18% from other races, and 0.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.47% of the population.\nThere were 1,141 households, out of which 32.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.4% were married couples living together, 7.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.0% were non-families. 31.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.04.\nIn the city, the population was spread out, with 26.6% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 29.4% from 25 to 44, 18.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.8 males.\nThe median income for a household in the city was $41,678, and the median income for a family was $53,750. Males had a median income of $34,821 versus $25,647 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,786. About 6.6% of families and 8.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.7% of those under age 18 and 13.1% of those age 65 or over.", "Christ Lutheran Church is a member of the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (WELS) in Zumbrota. United Redeemer Lutheran Church and Land's Lutheran Church are member churches of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) in Zumbrota.\nSt. Paul's Catholic Church and First Congregational United Church of Christ, a member of the United Church of Christ (UCC), are also in Zumbrota.", "Zumbrota-Mazeppa High School was established when the Zumbrota Public Schools and the Mazeppa Public Schools merged in 1987. The primary, middle, and high schools are all in Zumbrota while the elementary school is in Mazeppa.\nChrist Lutheran School is a Christian elementary school (Pre-K-8) of the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (WELS) in Zumbrota.", "Zumbrota's Covered Bridge Park features ball parks, bike trails, a swimming pool, a large kids play structure, camping, and the only authentic covered bridge in Minnesota.", "The Covered Bridge festival is an annual community wide festival held on the third weekend in June. It includes a grand parade, a fireworks festival, 5K/10K fun run and half marathon, and many more activities.", "Charles Clarence Beck, chief artist of the DC Comics book superhero Captain Marvel\nPaul Casey “Gus” Bradley, football coach for the NFL\nWilliam Bruce Dickey, businessman and Minnesota state legislator\nOliver J. Lee, businessman, educator, and Minnesota state legislator\nGenevieve Stearns, nutrition researcher", "\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2022.\nU.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Zumbrota, Minnesota\n\"2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File\". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 27, 2011.\nUpham, Warren (2001). Minnesota Place Names, A Geographical Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition. Saint Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society. ISBN 0-87351-396-7.\n\"Where Did Minnesota Towns Get Names? Most Colorful in U.S.\" The Winona Republican-Herald. July 12, 1949. p. 15. Retrieved January 24, 2015 – via Newspapers.com. \n\"History of Zumbrota\". Retrieved January 27, 2017.\n\"Zumbrota Minnesota\". City of Zumbrota. Retrieved May 31, 2012.\n\"Library History - Zumbrota Public Library\". www.zumbrota.info. Retrieved April 6, 2018.\n\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2012.\n\"Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Zumbrota, Minnesota\". Weatherbase. 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2011.\n\"2010 Demographic Profile Data\". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved August 22, 2017.\n\"United Redeemer Lutheran Church in Zumbrota, Mn\". United Redeemer Lutheran Church. Retrieved January 27, 2017.\n\"Lands Lutheran Church\". www.landslutheran.org. Retrieved January 27, 2017.\n\"Church of St. Paul – Church of St. Michael\". Church of St. Paul – Church of St. Michael. Retrieved January 27, 2017.\n\"ucc-zumbrota-mn\". ucc-zumbrota-mn. Retrieved January 27, 2017.\n\"Mazeppa Public School\". Mazeppa Area Historical Society. Retrieved January 27, 2017.\n\"Zumbrota-Mazeppa Public Schools\". zmschools.us. Retrieved January 27, 2017.\n\"Annual Covered Bridge Music & Arts Festival\". Retrieved February 3, 2017.", "Thompson, Robert R.; Conway Marvin; Jeff Solberg (2003). Zumbrota Minnesota: Bridging Past and Future: 1856-2006. G. Bradley Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0-943963-98-2.", "City website\nNews Record - Zumbrota Newspaper\nHistoric State Theatre\nZumbrota Area Historical Society" ]

[ "Zumbrota, Minnesota", "History", "Geography", "Climate", "Demographics", "2010", "2000", "Religion", "Education", "Parks and recreation", "Festivals", "Notable people", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 5359815 ]

[ 27237142, 27237143, 27237144, 27237145, 27237146, 27237147, 27237148, 27237149, 27237150, 27237151, 27237152, 27237153, 27237154, 27237155, 27237156, 27237157, 27237158, 27237159 ]

[ "The Zumbrota Covered Bridge from the southeast", "" ]

[ 0, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Zumbrota_Covered_Bridge_2014.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Bellefontaine-bridge.jpg" ]

[ "The Zumbrota Covered Bridge is the last remaining historic covered bridge in the U.S. state of Minnesota. It has been restored and is located in Covered Bridge Park in Zumbrota, Minnesota.", "The bridge was completed in November 1869 as a replacement for Zumbrota's original bridge which was destroyed by the spring flood of that year. The covered portion of the bridge was added in 1871. The bridge served until 1932 when it was moved to the fairgrounds. In 1997 the bridge was moved to its current location in Covered Bridge Park, about 100 yards (90 m) from its original location.\nIn 1905, Zumbrota had a bridge often called \"Zumbrota's second covered bridge\" which spanned the Zumbro River, about 0.5 miles (1 km) mile upstream. It was a railroad bridge for the Duluth, Red Wing, and Southern Railroad.\nThe bridge roof partially collapsed on February 24, 2019, following one of the snowiest months in state history.", "List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Minnesota\nList of Minnesota covered bridges", "Krueger, Andrew (February 24, 2019). \"Historic covered bridge in Zumbrota damaged during winter storm\". Minnesota Public Radio News. Retrieved February 25, 2019. The roof of the historic Zumbrota Covered Bridge was damaged during a winter storm on Sunday, Feb. 24, 2019.\nThompson, Robert R.; Marvin, Conway; Solberg, Jeff (2003). Zumbrota Minnesota: Bridging Past and Future: 1856-2006. G. Bradley Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0-943963-98-2.", "Media related to Zumbrota Covered Bridge at Wikimedia Commons\nZumbrota Covered Bridge & Park\nHistoric American Engineering Record (HAER) No. MN-123, \"Zumbrota Bridge, Spanning North Fork Zumbro River in Covered Bridge Park, Zumbrota, Goodhue County, MN\", 27 photos, 6 measured drawings, 16 data pages, 4 photo caption pages" ]

[ "Zumbrota Covered Bridge", "History", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359816, 5359817 ]

[ 27237160, 27237161, 27237162, 27237163 ]

[ "Zumbrota Public Library" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Zumbrota_Public_Library.jpg" ]

[ "The Zumbrota Public Library is a library in Zumbrota, Minnesota, United States. It is a member of Southeastern Libraries Cooperating, the Southeast Minnesota library region. The Zumbrota Public Library was the first tax-supported library in the state of Minnesota. It is a mid-size public library, located in the city of Zumbrota, 50 miles (80 km) south of Minneapolis–Saint Paul on the Highway 52 corridor. Over 4,000 people are registered borrowers. The collection has approximately 51,000 items on file, with an annual circulation of approximately 120,000 items.", "The Zumbrota Public Library’s origins can be traced back to 1868 when settlers of the new town came together to share their books and provide entertainment. They soon grew tired of the same small collection of books and the Zumbrota Literary Society and Library Association was formed to acquire new books and maintain a library. Lifetime membership for a family could be purchased for the sum of fifteen dollars. In May of 1877, the library became the Free Public Library of Zumbrota after Zumbrota became an incorporated village and agreed to support the library by a one mill tax. It was the first public library in Minnesota. \nIn the early years, the library moved around as it struggled to find a permanent home. It was once located above a general store, in a millinery establishment, and in a bank. The library was able to secure a grant of 6,500 dollars from Andrew Carnegie and in May 1908 the library finally had a place of its own. The Carnegie Library, the smallest one in the state, at the corner of East Avenue and 3rd St. was home to the library for 87 years. The building suffered some minor damage in 1924 when the adjoining village hall was destroyed in a fire. In 1995, the library moved to a new 10,400 sq. ft. building on 100 West Avenue.\nIn 1971, the Zumbrota Public Library became a part of Southeastern Libraries Cooperating (SELCO), which is a regional public library system for Southeastern Minnesota.", "\"Zumbrota Public Library\". www.zumbrota.info. Retrieved 6 April 2018.\n\"Home - SELCO\". SELCO. Retrieved 6 April 2018.\n\"Library History - Zumbrota Public Library\". www.zumbrota.info. Retrieved 6 April 2018.\nCurtiss Wedge, Franklin (1909). History of Goodhue County Minnesota. H.C. Cooper, JR., & CO. p. 256-258.\nOffice of the Legislative Auditor (March 2010). Evaluation Report: Public LIbraries. Office of the Legislative Auditor. p. 3.\nMinnesota Department of Education (1924). Minnesota Library Notes and News, Volume 7. Minnesota Department of Education. p. 230.\n\"Library History\". Zumbrota Public Library. Retrieved 26 November 2020.\n\"Library co-op for region established\". The Winona Daily News. 27 May 1971.", "GoogleMap to library\nOnline Catalog\nSoutheastern Libraries Cooperating" ]

[ "Zumbrota Public Library", "History", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359818 ]

[ 27237164, 27237165, 27237166, 27237167, 27237168, 27237169 ]

[ "The castle seen from north-west." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/CastelloZumelle.jpg" ]

[ "Zumelle Castle is a castle near the village of Tiago in the municipality of Borgo Valbelluna, province of Belluno, northern-eastern Italy.\nNearby the castle is the early medieval church of San Donato, of Lombard origins.", "A first fortification here existed perhaps as early as c. 46-47 AD, when the Romans were consolidating their hold in the Valbelluna, conquered in the 1st century BC. The construction sat on a strategical location, commanding the road coming from the plain through the Praderadego, which has been identified as the Via Claudia Augusta Altinatis or, more likely, one of its side branches.\nDuring and after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the castle was the major stronghold of the area as it guarded the connections between Feltre and Ceneda. According to a legend, the ruined fortifications were refounded by one Gaiseric (or Genseric), a faithful of queen Amalasuntha. After her assassination, he established here and had two twins (Italian: gemelle), whence the name. During the early Middle Ages the castle was the location of a feudal struggle, started in 737 when the Lombard king Liutprand appointed Valentino, bishop of Ceneda, as lord of Zumelle. This caused a controversy with John, count-bishop of Belluno, who already ruled these lands; the war was ended in 750 after the intervention of the new king Aistulf. In 963, Emperor Otto I gave the county of Zumelle to the bishops of Belluno.\nIn 1037 emperor Conrad II assigned it to his baron Abelfred. The latter died with no male heirs, and the castle went to his daughter Adelheit, who married Wilfred of Colfosco. Their daughter Sofia in turn married Guecellone II da Camino, and thenceforth the castle was owned by the Caminesi family.\nThe castle was rebuilt in 1311 by Rizzardo IV da Camino, lord of Treviso, Belluno and Feltre, but after its conquest by the Republic of Venice it lost its importance. In 1501 it was sacked by imperial troops during the War of the League of Cambrai. Restored, it was subsequently owned by the Zorzi and Gritti families and, after the fall of the Venetian Republic, by the Austrian Empire. In 1872 it was acquired by the commune of Mel, which is still the current owner.", "Page at magicoveneto.it (in Italian)\nhttp://www.civitaszumellarum.it/" ]

[ "Zumelle Castle", "History", "External links" ]

[ 5359819 ]

[ 27237170, 27237171, 27237172, 27237173, 27237174 ]

[ "Gasthof Laterne in Zumholz village", "", "Zumholz village" ]

[ 0, 0, 1 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Zumholz_Laterne_2096.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Reliefkarte_Freiburg_blank.png", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Zumholz_FR_1668.jpg" ]

[ "Zumholz is a former municipality in the district of Sense in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It is one of the municipalities with a large majority of German speakers in the mostly French speaking Canton of Fribourg. On 1 January 2017 the former municipalities of Zumholz and Oberschrot merged into the municipality of Plaffeien.", "Zumholz had an area, in 2009, of 1.88 km² (0.73 sq mi). Of this area, 1.36 km² (0.53 sq mi) or 72.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.34 km² (0.13 sq mi) or 18.0% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.15 km² (37 acres) or 7.9% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.06 km² (15 acres) or 3.2% is either rivers or lakes.\nOf the built up area, housing and buildings made up 5.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.6%. Out of the forested land, 12.7% of the total land area is heavily forested and 5.3% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 6.3% is used for growing crops and 65.1% is pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.", "The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Azure, a Fleur-de-lis Argent and in chief a Mullet of the same.", "Zumholz had a population (as of 2015) of 397. As of 2008, 1.8% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of -0.5%. Migration accounted for -9.1%, while births and deaths accounted for 4.3%.\nMost of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (447 or 97.4%) as their first language, French is the second most common (6 or 1.3%) and Italian is the third (3 or 0.7%).\nAs of 2008, the population was 51.7% male and 48.3% female. The population was made up of 217 Swiss men (50.6% of the population) and 5 (1.2%) non-Swiss men. There were 199 Swiss women (46.4%) and 8 (1.9%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 154 or about 33.6% were born in Zumholz and lived there in 2000. There were 203 or 44.2% who were born in the same canton, while 73 or 15.9% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 21 or 4.6% were born outside of Switzerland.\nAs of 2000, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 33.3% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 59% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 7.6%.\nAs of 2000, there were 232 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 195 married individuals, 15 widows or widowers and 17 individuals who are divorced.\nAs of 2000, there were 160 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.8 persons per household. There were 39 households that consist of only one person and 22 households with five or more people. In 2000, a total of 156 apartments (94.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 7 apartments (4.2%) were seasonally occupied and 3 apartments (1.8%) were empty. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010, was 1.16%.\nThe historical population is given in the following chart:", "In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 28.3% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (19.2%), the FDP (13.0%) and the CSP (10.6%).\nThe SVP lost about 9.9% of the vote when compared to the 2007 Federal election (38.2% in 2007 vs 28.3% in 2011). The CVP retained about the same popularity (20.7% in 2007), the FDP retained about the same popularity (14.5% in 2007) and the CSP retained about the same popularity (12.6% in 2007). A total of 149 votes were cast in this election, of which 2 or 1.3% were invalid.", "As of  2010, Zumholz had an unemployment rate of 2%. As of 2008, there were 21 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 9 businesses involved in this sector. 29 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 3 businesses in this sector. 45 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 13 businesses in this sector. There were 227 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 41.0% of the workforce.\nIn 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 73. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 12, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 26 of which 15 or (57.7%) were in manufacturing and 11 (42.3%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 35. In the tertiary sector; 10 or 28.6% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 1 was in the movement and storage of goods, 4 or 11.4% were in a hotel or restaurant, 1 was in the information industry, 10 or 28.6% were technical professionals or scientists, and 5 or 14.3% were in health care.\nIn 2000, there were 34 workers who commuted into the municipality and 186 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 5.5 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 7.9% used public transportation to get to work, and 72.2% used a private car.", "From the 2000 census, 349 or 76.0% were Roman Catholic, while 68 or 14.8% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 10 individuals (or about 2.18% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 9 (or about 1.96% of the population) who were Islamic. 20 (or about 4.36% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 8 individuals (or about 1.74% of the population) did not answer the question.", "In Zumholz about 144 or (31.4%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 30 or (6.5%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 30 who completed tertiary schooling, 80.0% were Swiss men, 16.7% were Swiss women.\nThe Canton of Fribourg school system provides one 2 years mandatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend a three or four year optional upper Secondary school. The upper Secondary school is divided into gymnasium (university preparatory) and vocational programs. After they finish the upper Secondary program, students may choose to attend a Tertiary school or continue their apprenticeship.\nDuring the 2010-11 school year, there were no students attending school in Zumholz, but a total of 82 students attended school in other municipalities. Of these students, 10 were in kindergarten, 28 were in a primary school, 20 were in a mandatory secondary school, 10 were in an upper secondary school and 13 were in a vocational secondary program. There was one tertiary student from the municipality.\nAs of 2000, there were 93 students from Zumholz who attended schools outside the municipality.", "\"Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen\". Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 13 January 2019.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office-Land Use Statistics 2009 data (in German) accessed 25 March 2010\nFlags of the World.com accessed 19-December-2011\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office - Superweb database - Gemeinde Statistics 1981-2008 Archived June 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 19 June 2010\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office Archived January 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine accessed 19-December-2011\nSTAT-TAB Datenwürfel für Thema 40.3 - 2000 Archived April 9, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 2 February 2011\nCanton of Fribourg Statistics (in German) accessed 3 November 2011\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB - Datenwürfel für Thema 09.2 - Gebäude und Wohnungen Archived September 7, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 28 January 2011\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Bevölkerungsentwicklung nach Region, 1850-2000 Archived September 30, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 29 January 2011\nCanton of Fribourg National Council Election of 23 October 2011 Statistics Archived 5 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in German and French) accessed 3 November 2011\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office, Nationalratswahlen 2007: Stärke der Parteien und Wahlbeteiligung, nach Gemeinden/Bezirk/Canton Archived May 14, 2015, at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 28 May 2010\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Betriebszählung: Arbeitsstätten nach Gemeinde und NOGA 2008 (Abschnitte), Sektoren 1-3 Archived December 25, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 28 January 2011\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office - Statweb (in German) accessed 24 June 2010\nChart of the education system in Canton Fribourg (in German)", "Official website (in German)\nZumholz in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland." ]

[ "Zumholz", "Geography", "Coat of arms", "Demographics", "Politics", "Economy", "Religion", "Education", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359820, 5359821, 5359822 ]

[ 27237175, 27237176, 27237177, 27237178, 27237179, 27237180, 27237181, 27237182, 27237183, 27237184, 27237185, 27237186, 27237187, 27237188, 27237189, 27237190, 27237191, 27237192, 27237193 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Platform_1%2C_Zumiao_Station_%2820101114%29.jpg" ]

[ "Zumiao Station (Chinese: 祖庙站; lit. 'Ancestral Temple Station'), is a metro station on Guangfo Line (FMetro Line 1), which will be the future interchange station between Guangfo Line (FMetro Line 1) and FMetro Line 5. It is located under Jianxin Road (建新路) east of its junction with Zumiao Road (祖庙路) in the Chancheng District of Foshan, near the Foshan Ancestral Temple. The station lies in the central business district of Foshan old city and was completed on 3 November 2010.", "", "", "廣佛地鐵共設9座換乘站 44車站自動扶梯招標 (in Simplified Chinese). 2008-10-07.\n城市“地龙”串起现代化蓝图 (in Simplified Chinese). 2009-03-17.Archived February 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine\nFoshan Ancestral Temple\nGuangzhou Metro Corporation to develop a complex scheme in Foshan" ]

[ "Zumiao station", "Station layout", "Exits", "References" ]

[ 5359823 ]

[ 27237194 ]

[ "", "Zumiez at South Shore Plaza in Braintree, Massachusetts", "Zumiez at King of Prussia mall in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania" ]

[ 0, 0, 5 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Logo_zumiez.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Zumiez%2C_South_Shore_Plaza%2C_Braintree_MA.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Zumiez_in_King_of_Prussia_Mall.jpeg" ]

[ "Zumiez Inc. (/ˈzuːmiz/) is an American multinational specialty clothing store founded by Thomas Campion and Gary Haakenson in 1978, and publicly traded since 2005. The company is a specialty retailer of apparel, footwear, accessories and hardgoods for young men and women. Zumiez markets clothing for action sports, particularly skateboarding, snowboarding, and motocross. Zumiez is based in Lynnwood, Washington.\nThe current president and CEO is Richard Brooks.\nOriginally named \"Above the Belt\" when the first store was opened at Northgate Mall (Seattle) in 1978, the company grew quickly through the early 1980s with the addition of stores at Everett Mall (Everett, Washington), Alderwood Mall (Lynnwood, WA), Tacoma Mall (Tacoma, WA) and Bellevue Square (Bellevue, WA). The mid and late eighties brought new stores online outside of the Puget Sound area, and the corporate name changed to Zumiez. The corporate office was moved from Everett to Lynnwood, Washington in 2012.", "As of February 3, 2018, Zumiez operates 726 stores; 608 in the United States, 52 in Canada, 54 in Europe and 12 in Australia. Zumiez is a leading retailer for lifestyle brands, centering on action sports such as skateboarding, snowboarding, BMX, and motocross.", "Zumiez stores are designed with an \"organized chaos\" theme \"that is consistent with many teenagers' lifestyles.\" The stores are stocked with couches to encourage customers \"to shop for longer periods of time and to interact with each other and the store associates.\" To further benefit that thought stores used to have video game stations where customers could chill and spend more time in the store. Each store is approx. 2,900 ft². The stores generally feature a sales floor, couches and action sports oriented video game stations, changing rooms, and a \"skate shop.\" However, this plan may be modified based on space restrictions.", "Zumiez is targeted toward teens, offering clothing items such as footwear, shirts, pants and sporting equipment. The Sporting equipment they offer is for BMX bikes, skateboards, and surfboards. The clothing offered is for both men and women, with brands sold such as Teddy Fresh, Burton, Obey, Vans, and RipNDip, as well as private-label goods. Selling items in stores and online, Zumiez offers clothing for all seasons including jackets and swimsuits. They also sell items such as bracelets, watches, sunglasses, and stickers. A full list of brands that Zumiez sells in-store and online can be found on their featured brands list.", "For 13 years, Zumiez traveled to 12 \"full stops\" as part of its annual Couch Tour. Entertainment included live bands, professional skateboarding demos, and a competition featuring local amateurs. The stops usually took place at the mall where local Zumiez stores are located. Entry to the event was always free.\nAs part of the Couch tour, since Zumiez doesn't sponsor riders themselves, they joined up with major players in the skate industry to offer an opportunity where amateur skaters can enter and compete. 2013 sponsors included Bones Bearings, Paramore, Beyonce, Adidas, Deathwish, DGK, Neff, Oakley, and Loser Machine providing the \"trophies\" for each stop of the contest's winners.", "Zumiez Best Foot Forward Am contest series started in 2007 to give back to the skateboarding community on a local level, providing the country's biggest amateur skateboard contest and exposure on a global level. Differentiating itself from other contests, Zumiez Best Foot Forward travels to 35+ cities across the country, and is free to enter. Its purpose to scout and build young skateboarding talent.\nPrevious Zumiez Best Foot Forward winners have gone on to become some of the top names in skateboarding, including Ishod Wair, Tom Asta, Jack Olson, Chris Wimer, and Alec Majerus.", "Zumiez allows the option of signing up for the \"Zumiez Stash\". Signing up allows customers to gain points for each purchase made, in stores or online. \"The Stash allows you to earn points for exclusive merchandise and experiences for shopping and engaging with us\". With stash points earned from purchases, members can then redeem their points for rewards and items only available for purchase with stash points.", "Zumiez began a charitable foundation in 2002, donating clothing to those in need in over 20 states in the United States. In 2012 over 180,000 items were donated to more than 180 organizations around the nation.", "The company purchased the clothing company Fast Forward in 2006, Blue Tomato in 2012, and Fast Times in 2015.", "On January 25, 2014, a gunman, identified as 19-year-old Darion Marcus Aguilar, opened fire with a 12 gauge shotgun inside of Zumiez at The Mall in Columbia located in Columbia, Maryland, killing two store employees before taking his own life, according to police. Five other people were injured during the incident. Extra ammunition and crude explosives (all of which were later defused) were found in Aguilar's backpack.", "\"Number of Zumiez stores worldwide in 2021, by country\". Retrieved July 28, 2022.\n\"Zumiez Company Profile\". Craft. Retrieved October 23, 2019.\n\"Zumiez Inc, Form S-1/A, Filing Date May 4, 2005\" (PDF). secdatabase.com. Retrieved April 28, 2018.\n\"Zumiez Inc, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Mar 19, 2018\". secdatabase.com. Retrieved April 28, 2018.\nZumiez Investor Relations - Company Profile\n\"Zumiez Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 10, 2012\" (PDF). secdatabase.com. Retrieved April 28, 2018.\n2017 Proxy Statement and 2016 Annual Report\n\"Zumiez Inc, Form 424B4, Filing Date May 6, 2005\". secdatabase.com. Retrieved April 28, 2018.\n\"Zumiez Inc, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Mar 13, 2012\" (PDF). secdatabase.com. Retrieved April 28, 2018.\n\"ZUMIEZ INFORMATION |\". www.zumiez.com. Retrieved February 22, 2020.\n\"Zumiez equipment |\". www.zumiez.com. Retrieved February 22, 2020.\n\"Zumiez web store\". Zumiez.com. Retrieved February 22, 2020.\n\"2017 Proxy Statement and 2016 Annual Report\". Retrieved February 22, 2020.\n\"Zumiez accessories\". Retrieved February 22, 2020.\n\"Featured Brands |\". www.zumiez.com/brands. Retrieved February 22, 2020.\n\"Zumiez Inc, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Mar 19, 2013\". secdatabase.com. Retrieved April 28, 2018.\nZumiez Best Foot Forward 2013 – Zumiez Best Foot Forward 2013\n\"Zumiez Best Foot Forward AM Tour 2010, Presented by BONES - Pages\". www.zumiezbestfootforward.com. Archived from the original on May 4, 2010. \n\"The Zumiez Stash FAQ | Zumiez\". www.zumiez.com. Retrieved May 1, 2018.\n\"Zumiez Foundation Infographic\". Zumiez.com. Retrieved November 5, 2018.\n\"Zumiez Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Jun 26, 2006\". secdatabase.com. Retrieved April 28, 2018.\n\"Zumiez Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Jul 10, 2012\" (PDF). secdatabase.com. Retrieved April 28, 2018.\n\"Zumiez Inc, Form 8-K/A, Filing Date Sep 14, 2012\". secdatabase.com. Retrieved April 28, 2018.\nPuget Sound Business Journal\nBrown and Hermann, Emma and Peter. \"Three are dead in shooting at mall in Columbia, Md\". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 25, 2014.", "Official website\nZumiez Inc EDGAR Filing History\nZumiez investor relations website\nZumiez Couch Tour website\nZumiez Best Foot Forward website\nZumiez Official Facebook page\nZumiez Official Twitter page\nZumiez at the Wayback Machine (archived February 20, 1998)" ]

[ "Zumiez", "Stores", "Store design", "Items for sale", "Couch Tour", "Best Foot Forward", "Zumiez Stash", "Zumiez Foundation", "Acquisitions", "Store shooting", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359824, 5359825 ]

[ 27237195, 27237196, 27237197, 27237198, 27237199, 27237200, 27237201, 27237202, 27237203, 27237204, 27237205, 27237206, 27237207, 27237208, 27237209 ]

[ "", "", "Town hall and central square in Zumikon" ]

[ 0, 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Zumikon_von_Norden.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Reliefkarte_Z%C3%BCrich_blank.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Zumikon.JPG" ]

[ "Zumikon is a municipality in the district of Meilen in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland. It is located in the Pfannenstiel region.", "The source of the name Zumikon originated in the year 946 AD, from a hamlet named Zuminga. At the start of the 17th century, the population was just 100, and most of these were farmers. Until 1707, Zumikon was a separate municipality, and the integral part of Waltikon was independent too, along with Gössikon. This lasted until 1804. In the early 20th century, Zumikon remained a farm village claiming only 587 inhabitants in 1900. The Waltikon area was practically unbuilt territory.\nThe community centre (Gemeinschaftszentrum) was built in 1980, and that was when modern Zumikon took its form. The mayor of Zumikon at that time was Elisabeth Kopp who was to become the first female Swiss federal councillor in 1984. Zumikon is now a small town, consisting of mostly wealthy residents instead of farmers. Important schools—such as the Farlifang School and the Inter-Community School Zürich—are in the area. The town centre is the Dorfplatz (literally \"town square\"), which consists of an upper section inaccessible to motor vehicles.", "Zumikon has an area of 5.5 km² (2.1 sq mi). Of this area, 32% is used for agricultural purposes, while 29.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 38.8% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (0.2%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). In 1996 housing and buildings made up 31.8% of the total area, while transportation infrastructure made up the rest (7.4%). Of the total unproductive area, water (streams and lakes) made up 0% of the area. As of 2007 31.7% of the total municipal area was undergoing some type of construction.", "Zumikon has a population (as of 31 December 2020) of 5,587. As of 2007, 19.4% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. As of 2008 the gender distribution of the population was 47% male and 53% female. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 8.1%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (85.0%), with English being second most common ( 4.0%) and Italian being third ( 3.2%).\nIn the 2007 election the most popular party was the FDP which received 34.2% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (30.1%), the SPS (11.1%) and the CSP (8.9%).\nThe age distribution of the population (as of 2000) is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 19.8% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 61.1% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 19%. In Zumikon about 85.3% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). There are 2050 households in Zumikon.\nZumikon has an unemployment rate of 1.46%. As of 2005, there were 6 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 3 businesses involved in this sector. 246 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 42 businesses in this sector. 1085 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 218 businesses in this sector. As of 2007 33.3% of the working population were employed full-time, and 66.7% were employed part-time.\nAs of 2008 there were 1235 Catholics and 2001 Protestants in Zumikon. In the 2000 census, religion was broken down into several smaller categories. From the census, 50.2% were some type of Protestant, with 48% belonging to the Swiss Reformed Church and 2.2% belonging to other Protestant churches. 26.3% of the population were Catholic. Of the rest of the population, 0% were Muslim, 4.5% belonged to another religion (not listed), 2.8% did not give a religion, and 15.3% were atheist or agnostic.", "The Forchbahn narrow-gauge railway connects to both Waltikon and Zumikon. A tunnel was built in 1974 to spare Zumikon its noise. On top of that there is also the 912 Bus line that connects the town to Küsnacht. Zumikon is also the starting point of the A52 road. Zumikon has a high percentage of expatriates from around the world, drawn by its easy commute to Zurich (15 minutes) and the International School.", "\"Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen\". Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 13 January 2019.\n\"Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeitskategorie Geschlecht und Gemeinde; Provisorische Jahresergebnisse; 2018\". Federal Statistical Office. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019.\nKanton Zürich, Statistisches Amt: Region Pfannenstiel Archived June 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (in German)\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office accessed 10-Aug-2009\nStatistics Zurich (in German) accessed 4 August 2009\n\"Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit\". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.", "(in German) Official Website\n(in German) Forchbahn web site" ]

[ "Zumikon", "History", "Geography", "Demographics", "Transport", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359826, 5359827 ]

[ 27237210, 27237211, 27237212, 27237213, 27237214, 27237215, 27237216, 27237217, 27237218, 27237219, 27237220, 27237221 ]

[ "", "block party 2016" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Zumix-desk.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Zumix_block_party_2016.jpg" ]

[ "ZUMIX is a non-profit cultural organization located in East Boston, Massachusetts. The organization is dedicated to using the arts, particularly music, to build community, foster cultural understanding, and encourage self-expression among urban youth in the neighborhood. ZUMIX works primarily with low-income or at-risk youth, ranging from ages eight to eighteen.", "ZUMIX was founded in 1991 as a small-scale operation run out of the homes of co-founders Madeleine Steczynski and Bob Grove. It was founded as their response to a growing number of homicides among youth in Boston. Addressing the problems of escalating violence, substance abuse, and mortality, the organization sought to provide alternative ways for youth to deal with their issues. Currently, they serve approximately 500 youth per year in after-school and summer programs, plus an additional 500 youth through in-school partnerships with East Boston High School and the Mario Umana Academy.", "ZUMIX offers programs in Instrumental Music, Songwriting & Performance, Music Technology, and Radio. There is also a ZUMIX Sprouts program which encompass the seven through eleven age group. ZUMIX Radio broadcasts on WZMR-LP 94.9 FM.", "\"Civic Media Lunch: \"ZUMIX\"\". Archived from the original on November 11, 2014. Retrieved December 2, 2012.\n\"94.9 FM ZUMIX Radio | ZUMIX\". Retrieved 2020-10-11.", "Official site" ]

[ "Zumix", "History", "Programs", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359828, 5359829 ]

[ 27237222, 27237223, 27237224 ]

[ "A Zumo smoothie bar in Dublin" ]

[ 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Streets_Of_Dublin_-_Zumo_Smoothie_Bar_%285117022367%29.jpg" ]

[ "Zumo is a juice and smoothie bar chain in Europe with over 100 establishments in 13 countries. The company, established in 2001 and based out of Ireland, operates locations in Ireland, the United Kingdom, Spain, France, Austria, Greece, Russia, Hungary, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Turkey, Italy, Germany and South Africa. The word 'zumo' is Spanish for 'juice'.", "Cathal Power established Zumo Smoothie Bars in 2000. The first bar, opened in November 2001, in the Jervis Shopping Centre in central Dublin city in Ireland.\nThere are both franchisees and stores operated directly by the company. Cathal Power did not originally intend to franchise the concept. However, after the first six months, he began to convert the concept to a franchise.", "Zumo offer a range of both smoothies and juices. Most drinks utilise freshly squeezed orange juice, although many use fresh apple or pear juice in its place. Zumo also offer a range of nutritional supplements called Boosts. These include protein and wheatgrass. \nIn some stores they also sell wraps, parfaits, fruit salads, soup and other light options.\nAll of their recipes are designed in Zumo's test kitchen.", "In 2010 Mediterranean Food and Wine Ltd, the company which operates the Zumo Juice and Smoothie bars, sought the protection of the Irish High Court from its creditors.", "\"zumo\".\n\"Emerging Finalist: Cathal Power Zumo Juice Bars\".\nO’Faolain, Aodhan (8 January 2011). \"Survival plan for Zumo juice bars goes before High Court\". Irish Examiner." ]

[ "Zumo", "History", "Menu", "Insolvency", "References" ]

[ 5359830 ]

[ 27237225, 27237226, 27237227 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Zumobi_logo_black.png" ]

[ "Zumobi, Inc. is a mobile technology company that partners with multiple brands to provide native content marketing solutions on smartphones, tablets, and other devices. Zumobi's portfolio of mobile applications comprises The Zumobi Network: a premium mobile app network with properties in categories such as news, sports, lifestyle women's, and entertainment.\nFounded in September 2006, and announced officially at CTIA in the end of March 2007, Zumobi is an independent company spun out of Microsoft Research via the Microsoft IP Ventures group. Its three founders are John SanGiovanni, Dr. Ben Bederson and Jim Cooley. The current CEO is Ken Willner.\nAs a co-publishing partner, Zumobi works with media companies such as nbcnews.com, MSN, Bonnier Corporation, Source Interlink, Sporting News and Hearst Digital Media. Zumobi publishes apps using its proprietary platform that offers customization, social networking interoperability, and adaption across multiple mobile operating systems, including Apple's iOS (iPhone, iPod touch and iPad), Android, BlackBerry, Palm's webOS, Windows Phone and the Amazon Kindle Fire.\nZumobi has a proprietary advertising platform –the Zumobi Brand Integration (ZBi) platform– for monetization opportunities through rich media advertising campaigns and sponsorships with specific, contextual placement in its apps. Past advertisers on The Zumobi Network include Ford, Mercedes-Benz, Unilever, Southwest Airlines, Geico, HP, Cisco, Mini Cooper, Best Buy, Chevrolet, and more.", "Belic, Dusan. \"Zumobi cements its relationship with Sporting News; Launches Pro and NCAA Basketball apps\". IntoMobile. Retrieved 18 April 2011.\nVocus PR-Web. \"Push Notification Usage Surged By More Than 1,500% In Past Year, According To Data From Mobile Services Provider Urban Airship\". The Street. Retrieved 29 March 2011.\nDuryee, Tricia. \"Zumobi Appoints Ken Willner As CEO; Eric Hertz Leaves to Explore New Opportunities\". mocoNews.net. Retrieved 29 March 2011.\nPlesser, Andy. \"Seattle's Mobile App Builder Zumobi Growing Quickly as Publishers Seek Solutions.\" Beet.tv. Retrieved 26 April 2011.\nhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=25475933&privcapId=33403754&previousCapId=33403754&previousTitle=Zumobi,%20Inc. Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Retrieved 18 April 2011.\nWalsh, Mark. \"'Sporting News,’ Zumobi Strike Apps Deal\". MediaPost. Retrieved 29 March 2011.\nTsirulnik, Giselle. \"Basketball Fans Score with New Apps from Sporting News\". Mobile Marketer. Retrieved 29 March 2011.\n\".\" Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Retrieved 18 April 2011.\n\".\" Fast Company. Retrieved 26 April 2011.\nBass, Dina. \".\" Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Retrieved 26 April 2011.\nBelic, Dusan. \".\" IntoMobile. Retrieved 29 March 2011.\nBelic, Dusan. \".\" IntoMobile. Retrieved 18 April 2011.\nBen-Aaron, Diana. \".\" Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Retrieved 26 April 2011.\nCox, Gordon. \".\" Variety. Retrieved 26 April 2011.\nDuryee, Tricia. \".\" MocoNews.net. Retrieved 29 March 2011.\nGraham, Jefferson. \".\" USA Today. Retrieved 26 April 2011.\nKaufman, Wendy. \".\" NPR. Retrieved 26 April 2011.\nMalik, Om. \".\" GigaOm. Retrieved 26 April 2011.\nMccausland, Christianna. \".\" Fast Company. Retrieved 26 April 2011.\nMurray, Rheana. \".\" Mobile Marketer. Retrieved 29 March 2011.\nPlesser, Andy. \".\" Beet.tv. Retrieved 26 April 2011.\nVocus PR-Web. \".\" The Street. Retrieved 29 March 2011.\nWalsh, Mark. \".\" MediaPost. Retrieved 29 March 2011.", "Zumobi Executive Team" ]

[ "Zumobi", "Sources", "External links" ]

[ 5359831 ]

[ 27237228, 27237229, 27237230, 27237231, 27237232 ]

[ "Parish of Purísima Concepción", "", "Lake Zumpango.", "Spanish Republicans, in San Sebastian, Zumpango, 1942.", "Municipality House in Zumpango.", "Residential units in Ciudad Bicentenario Zumpango.", "Fábricas de Francia, luxury department store in Zumpango de Ocampo, Mexico State.", "Zumpango de Ocampo Downtown.", "Balloon at the first Balloon Festival in 2011" ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 5, 8, 10 ]

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[ "Zumpango is a municipality located to northeastern part of the state of Mexico in Zumpango Region. It lies directly north of the Mexico City within the Greater Mexico City urban area. The city of Zumpango lies near Lake Zumpango, the last of the five interconnected lakes which covered much of the Valley of Mexico in the pre Hispanic period. The name Zumpango is derived from the Nahuatl word “Tzompanco” which means string of scalps.\nThe municipality is located in the northeast part of the State of Mexico, part of the state’s panhandle that extends over the north and down on the east side of the Federal District of Mexico City. The municipality has a territory of 244.08km2 and borders the municipalities of Tequixquiac, Hueypoxtla, Teoloyucan, Cuautitán, Nextlapan, Jaltenco, Tecámac, Coyotepec and Huehuetoca as well as Tizayuca in the state of Hidalgo. Zumpango is considered to be part of the metropolitan area of Mexico City as part of the Cuautitlán-Texcoco zone north of the city proper. Zumpango is the location of the Felipe Ángeles International Airport, which was opened in 2022 to be the second commercial airport serving Greater Mexico City.", "About half of the territory is flat, mostly in the south with hills and small mountains in the north. The highest elevation is the Cerro del Zitlaltepec at 1650 meters above sea level. The main surface water is Lake Zumpango, which extends over 2,000 hectares. There are also some seasonal streams, the Gran Canal and other tunnels dug to drain the Valley of Mexico.\nLake Zumpango is the last of the five interconnected lakes that covered much of the Valley of Mexico in the pre Hispanic period. Since the 17th century, efforts to control flooding in Mexico City have worked to drain the lake system. The first effort was in 1607–1608, when a canal was dug to drain Lake Zumpango into the Tula River. It lowered lake levels but did not eliminate flooding. At the end of the 19th century a canal and tunnel brought water from the other lakes in the Valley, now disconnected, into Lake Zumpango. Further drainage efforts and over pumping of groundwater continued to dry Lake Zumpango until it disappeared in 1975. It was then decided to bring the lake back as a regulator, filling it with water from a new drainage canal called the Canal del Desague. This use of the lake was opposed by local people in 1983 and 1986 because of the dumping of wastewater, which led to compromises and infrastructure for irrigation. Today, the lake extends into neighboring Teoloyucan, Huehuetoca, Melchor Ocampo, Hueypoxtla and Tequixquiac municipalities, but there is significant environmental issues because there is no agreement or declaration to protect the lake.\nThe lake is semi artificial as it is created and used as a water regulator, with much of its volume entering through several canals and other drainage, mostly from Mexico City. In the dry, season, the lake’s volume drops by half. About fifty migratory species of birds come to the lake in the winter, with the most commonly found being pelicans, ducks, storks and sea gulls, with an estimated 5,000 birds per year. The lake contains various species of carp, frogs, turtles, snails and freshwater shrimp. Over 600 families, mostly dedicated to farming, fishing and other related activities, depend on the lake. The lake attracts weekend visitors despite the poor water quality because of the good climate and abundant local vegetation. The lake receives wastewater from various municipalities, much of it untreated, as well as tons of trash from Mexico City via the Santo Tomas Canal. Non-native water lilies were a major problem, but they were eradicated by the state in 2003. State authorities have said that it would take at least 20 million pesos to clean the lake sufficiently for ecotourism as well as build facilities for visitors and reforestation efforts. There are currently boating excursions available; however, most of the boats are old and lacking safety equipment. This has led to accidents on the lake including some deaths.\nThe climate is temperate with an average annual temperature of 14C. The coldest months are from November to March when temperatures can reach -2.3C. The warmest months are from April to June when temperatures can reach 31C. The average annual rainfall is between 600 and 800 mm with most rain falling in June. Freezes are not uncommon in the winter and hail can fall in May and June during thunderstorms. Prevailing winds are from the north and are strongest in February.", "Typical plants for the area include nopal cactus, maguey, other types of cactus, palms, cypress, willows and eucalyptus. Wildlife includes rodents, opossums, coyotes, lizards, around the community of Zitlaltepec, there are wooded hills. Various birds inside this place, including herons, hummingbirds and falcons as well as water fowl such as storks and ducks; in winter, the Lake Zumpango has got migratory birds as pelicans.", "This is derived from the practice of displaying the skulls of defeated warriors on a shrine called a tzompantli. The municipality uses the Aztec glyph for a tzompantli for its seal.\nThe area has small settlements as early as 200 BCE along the old shoreline of Lake Zumpango. The quantity and size of settlements grew significantly between 100 and 700 CE, with evidence of ceramic production. The population decreased between 700 and 900 CE, with some recovery between 900 and 1100 CE. Between 1150 and 1520 the area becomes dominated by Nahuatl speaking peoples, eventually dominated by Tenochtitlan and the Aztecs as they took over the Valley of Mexico. The first known noble to rule the area was Tochpanehecatl in 1216.\nAfter their conquest of the Aztec Empire, the Spanish arrived to settle the area in 1525. Most of Zumpango came under the administration of Cuautitlán with about a fourth under the jurisdiction of Zitlaltepec. In 1596, Zumpango became independent as an Alcaldía Mayor, which gave it jurisdiction over Zitlaltepec. In the early colonial era, Zumpango was part of an encomienda under Alonso de Avila. In 1604, many of the indigenous were moved to the main town of Zumpango, depopulating villages. The Spanish took over the lands, creating haciendas such as the Hacienda de Santa Lucía, Hacienda Santa Inés and the Hacienda de Xalpan.\nZumpango became a municipality in 1820 as part of the acceptance of the Cadiz Constitution, before the end of the Mexican War of Independence. In 1861, the villages of Cuautlalpan, Xoloc, Reyes Acosac, and the Haciendas of San Juan de la Labor and of Santa Lucia were added to the municipality. In the same year, the community of Zumpango was officially declared a town with the name of Villa de Zumpango de Victoria. In 1877, it was declared a city and the name changed to the current one, Zumpango de Ocampo, with the appendage honoring Melchor Ocampo .\nIn the 19th century, a drainage tunnel for the Mexico City area was dug, reaching the municipality. This tunnel emptied water into the Colorado River, a tributary of the Tula River. Further drainage projects were undertaken in the 20th century along with a rail line, which worked to develop the area’s economy through construction and maintenance. This rail line would expand in the 1920s and operate until mid century.\nDuring the Mexican Revolution, Pedro Campa was Zumpango’s local revolutionary with a band of about three hundred men allied with the Liberation Army of the South. After the war, local leader Wenceslao Labra García worked to establish commonly owned lands called ejidos in the area.\nThe Spanish Republican community arrived at Zumpango in the 20th century. They were farmers and peasants, Spaniards founded 1 de Mayo colony in San Sebastian, worked in ranches and haciendas and others in Zumpango municipality commerce, they opened furnitures, bakeries, restaurants, stationeries and shoe shops.\nIn 1948, former railroad workshops were converted in a textile factory called La Hortensia, which prompted highway construction to replace the rail line and another drainage canal was built.\nA new international airport was proposed for the municipality in the 1970s. Land was expropriated in 1974 by the federal government in this and neighboring municipalities. However, the project was opposed by locals which set off a decades-long political struggled. This struggled ended in favor of the opponents and the expropriated was revoked in 2001.\nZumpango’s proximity and lake has spurred residential development, to make it one of the fastest growing municipalities in the metropolitan area. The municipality is expected to have 500,000 residents by 2015 as there is demand for about 113,000 new housing units per year in the area north of Mexico City. The main developers in the area are Geo, Homex, Sadasi-Sare and Urbi, with most of the developments located along the major highways and roads of the municipality. While the area is still relatively rural, the rush for construction has limited the amount of developable land and there are now requests to allow for apartment buildings of four floors and higher.\nThe building boom has resulted in tens of thousands of small homes built for working-class families. However, many of the homes are uninhabited or the breadwinners are not there most of the week because local employment and convenient transportation has not kept up with the growth. The homes are popular because of the addition of community gardens, security and private streets. Most of the homes are very small, between 32 and fifty meters2. Although Zumpango is close to a number of employment centers, most transportation, public and private, is on crowded roads which lead to long and expensive commutes. The commute between Zumpago from Indios Verdes, the main commuter station in the north of Mexico City, takes about two hours.", "The municipal government consists of a municipal government, one official called a síndico and ten official called regidores.", "As of 2005, the municipality had 23,427 residences, almost all of which were privately owned, up from 17,437 in 1995. Almost all have running water and electricity, and just under 90% have sewerage but only 35% have street lighting and 55% have garbage service.\nJust over seventy percent of the land in the municipality is used for agriculture with the rest divided among residential areas, industrial zones and other uses. About 25% is irrigated and the rest is farmed only during the rainy season. These fields primarily produce alfalfa, corn and barley. Most livestock is domestic fowl. The raising of pigs and cattle has diminished in the area. Agriculture and livestock production employs 13% of the population. Finca Santo Domingo is an exotic and miniature animal farm which extends over 20,000 m2. Species include llamas, kangaroos, camels, deer, parrots, peacocks and other animals native to China, Arabia, Belgium, Argentina and South Africa with most miniature species such as horses and cattle imported from the United States. It is a breeding facility for many of these animals, with buyers being mostly circuses and collectors.\nMining, manufacturing and construction employ 45% of the population. There are deposits of sand, black and red tezontle and another building stone called tepetate. Industry is limited to small workshops and other concerns producing textiles and food products such as tortillas.\nCommerce and services employs 42% of the population. There are about 2,800 stationary businesses with 1700 located in the municipal seat. The municipal market contains 350 locales, supplemented by about ten tianguis markets in various parts of the municipality during the week. The largest tianguis market occurs on Fridays in the town of Zumpango. There is one hotel, four family owned inns, a motel, various restaurants and a few bars. Developed by GIM, Town Center Zumpango opened in 2010 and includes a Walmart, Sam’s Club and Cinépolis movie theater. Other businesses include Vips, Coppel, Banamex, Steren, USA shoes, Nutrisa, Telcel, Flexi and various eateries.", "Various highways cross through the municipality, linking it with Mexico City, Pachuca, Cuautitlán and smaller communities such as Ojo de Agua, Apaxco, San Miguel Xaltocán, Nextlalpan, San Lucas Xoloc and Tecámac. Three rail lines pass through: one linking Mexico City, Pachuca and Veracruz, another linking Mexico City and Guadalajara and the third linking Mexico City to points north such as Nuevo Laredo. There is no main bus station. Most public transportation terminates at the main municipal market.\nThe city is host to the Santa Lucía Air Force Base Num 1 (IATA: NLU, ICAO: MMSM), is a second airport biggest in Mexico State (after an International airport of Toluca).", "The population has grown from 71,413 in 1990 to 114, 257 in 2000 to 127,988 in 2005 with growth rates varying between under three percent to just under six percent per year. About 97% of the population is Catholic. There are no cohesive indigenous communities and fewer than 700 speak an indigenous languages such as Nahuatl or Otomi .", "The city of Zumpango is 120 km from the state capital of Toluca, located 55 km north of Mexico City as part of this city’s metropolitan area. The Parish of Purísima Concepción was founded in the first half of the 16th century and expanded in 1711. It was part of a monastery complex, with the cloister portion now offices for the church. The primary school in the center of town was the headquarters for the construction of drainage projects for the Valley of Mexico. Other important structures include the municipal palace, the Bonfil-Rivera House and the Guadalupe Meléndez House. The most traditional dish in the municipality is called “taco placero” most often sold on Fridays at the tianguis market. These consist of various ingredients such as barbacoa, nopal cactus, tomatoes, cheese, cilantro, pork rinds, beans and more.\nZumpango had its first Festival Aerostático or Balloon Festival in 2011, which took place over the lake with eight hot air balloons participating.", "The municipality has a total of 107 schools from preschool to vocational technical high schools, adult schools, a teachers’ college and a satellite of the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México called the Centro Universitario UAEM Zumpango. The illiteracy rate is just under eight percent.", "Other important communities include San Juan Zitlaltepec and San Bartolo Cuautlalpan, which are mostly farming traditional communities and San Pedro de la Laguna, known for its production of fireworks. There are over thirty traditional festivals each year in various parts of the municipality, most with a religious basis. The most important is 8 December in honor of the patron saint of Zumpango, the Virgin of the Most Pure Conception. Other important festivals include the feast day of the patron of San Bartolo Cuautlalpan which is noted for their version of the Moors and Christians dance, Corpus Christi and Day of the Dead.", "The first sport practiced in Zumpango has been the charrería, when the Spanish first settled in this town, they were under orders to raise horses, but not to allow indigenous to ride. In Zumpango makes state competitions in charreadas. The bullfighting are other entertainment, in this municipality has got bullring or plaza is named El Andaluz and its Spanish heritage of the Zumpango people.", "Huitzilihuitl, born in Zumpango, tlahtoani of Mexico Tenochtitlan.\nWenceslao Labra Garcia, born in Zumpango, was a State of Mexico governor.", "Lake Zumpango", "\"Zumpango\". Enciclopedia de Los Municipios y Delegaciones de México - Estado de México (in Spanish). Mexico: INAFED. 2010. Retrieved December 4, 2011.\nJosué Huerta (October 23, 2011). \"Las imágenes más bellas del Lago de Zumpango\" [The most beautiful images of Lake Zumpango]. El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. Retrieved December 4, 2011.\nLegorreta, Jorge (May 28, 1996). \"Opinion/ Nuestra ciudad: La utopia de Zumpango\" [Opinion/Our city: The utopia of Zumpango]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City.\nOrtiz, Francisco (February 15, 2004). \"Encuentran aves refugio en Laguna de Zumpango\" [Birds find refuge in Lake Zumpango]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City.\nElia Arredondo (February 16, 2010). \"Proyecto ecoturístico del lago de Zumpango requiere $20 millones\" [Ecotourims Project for Lake Zumpango requires 20 million pesos]. Diario Imagen (in Spanish). Mexico. Retrieved December 4, 2011.\nBarrera, Juan (November 13, 2005). \"Zumpango quiere rescatar laguna\" [Zumpango wants to rescue lake]. El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 1.\nBarrera, Juan (October 5, 2005). \"Lanchas turísticas operan sin control en laguna de Zumpango\" [Tourist boats operate without controls in Lake Zumpango]. El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 1.\nPadgett, Humberto (November 28, 2001). \"Usaran proyecto Zumpango para revocar la expropiacion\" [Will use Zumpango Project to revoke expropriation]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 11.\nJosué Huerta (August 16, 2011). \"La mega ciudad que se costruirá en Zumpango\" [Will construct a mega city in Zumpango]. El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. Retrieved December 4, 2011.\n\"Detonará flujo comercial Town Center Zumpango\" [Town Center will detonate commercial flow]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. November 20, 2009. p. 1.\nGrajeda, Ella (September 27, 2006). \"Piden convertir en ciudades a Zumpango y Huehuetoca\" [Request to convert Zumpango and Huehuetoca into cities]. El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 1.\n\"Alcanza sus objetivos Town Center Zumpango\" [Town Center meets its objectives]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. April 30, 2010. p. 1.\n\"Ciudad Zumpango, en peligro de convertirse en \"ciudad fantasma\"\" [Zumpango city, in danger of becoming a \"ghost city\"]. El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. April 30, 2011. p. 1.\n\"[Gráfico] Zumpango, ciudad del Bicentenario\" [[Graphic) Zumpango, city of the Bicentennial]. El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. April 30, 2011. p. 1.\nTorres, Heidy (December 7, 2003). \"Alberga Zumpango animales miniatura\" [Zumpango houses miniature animals]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 12.\nAyala, Leticia (April 24, 2011). \"Detonan polo 'globoturístico'\" [Detonate \"balloon tourism\"]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 3.\n\"Centro Universitario UAEM ZUMPANGO\" (in Spanish). Mexico: UAEM. Retrieved December 4, 2011.\nEl siglo de oro de Torreon.", "Map of Zumpango" ]

[ "Zumpango", "Geography", "Flora & fauna", "History", "Politics", "Economy", "Transportation", "Demography", "Zumpango de Ocampo", "Education", "Culture", "Sports and entertainment", "Notable people", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359832, 5359833, 5359834, 5359835, 5359836, 5359837, 5359838, 5359839, 5359840 ]

[ 27237233, 27237234, 27237235, 27237236, 27237237, 27237238, 27237239, 27237240, 27237241, 27237242, 27237243, 27237244, 27237245, 27237246, 27237247, 27237248, 27237249, 27237250, 27237251, 27237252, 27237253, 27237254, 27237255, 27237256, 27237257, 27237258, 27237259, 27237260, 27237261, 27237262, 27237263, 27237264, 27237265, 27237266, 27237267, 27237268, 27237269, 27237270 ]

[ "Zumpango Region", "", "", "", "", "", "", "Subdivition by municipality and settlement." ]

[ 0, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 8 ]

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[ "Zumpango is a region, located in the north of the State of Mexico in the country of the same name. It is also known as the Region XVI Zumpango and has seen major population growth. It has a surface area of 8.305 km² and occupies 12.8% of the state's territory. The seat of Zumpango Region is Zumpango de Ocampo city.\nThe region is dominated by a dry and moderate sub-humid climates and the reliefs fence with lomerios that part with the Eje Neovolcánico located at a northern pass leading out of the Valley of Mexico and Mezquital Valley, this territory was located inside old Aztec region named the Teotlalpan.\nAgricultural production is very important to the region, and ranching and craftwork are also part of its development. This region is named by the people as Zumpangolandia.", "", "In May 2020, discovery of remains of at least sixty mammoths (included male, female, young mammoths) and 15 people were uncovered by the National Institute of Anthropology and History headed by archaeologist Sánchez Nava under the Mexico City Santa-Lucia airport, in the former Lake Xaltocan. According to the INAH, mammoth skeletons revealed in what used to be the shallow part of the lake were better anatomically preserved than those found in the deeper parts of the former lake. Mammoths probably got stuck in the lake and died.", "The location of the region is in the north of the state of Mexico, and is located in the low extreme geographical coordinates of Greenwich, north latitude 19º50'23\" minimum, 19º58'28\" maximum, west longitude 99°04'30\" minimum, 99°13'35\" maximum.\nThe town of Zumpango de Ocampo, a municipal seat, has governing jurisdiction over the following municipalities: Apaxco, Hueypoxtla, Jaltenco, Nextlalpan, Tequixquiac,Tonanitla and Zumpango. The total region extends 96.37 and borders the regions of Ecatepec Region, Hueypoxtla, Tultitlán Region and the state of Hidalgo.", "The Gran Canal de Desagüe is an artificial channel that crossing Tequixquiac, was named Xothé river in Otomi language, this channel connect with Tula river and Enthó dam. Other small rivers are Río Salado of Hueypoxtla, Treviño river and La Pila river, which connect with Gran Canal.\nThe municipal seat is in a small, elongated valley but most of the municipality is on a high mesa which transitions from the Valley of Mexico to the Mezquital Valley. The highest mountain in Tequixquiac is the Cerro Mesa Ahumada, it rises 2,600 metres (8,500 ft) above sea level, on the border between the municipalities of Huehuetoca and Apaxco.", "", "", "", "Santa María Apaxco\nApaxco de Ocampo\nPérez de Galeana\nCoyotillos\nCasa Blanca\nHueypoxtla\nGuadalupe Nopala\nSan José Bata (Emiliano Zapata)\nSan Francisco Zacacalco\nSan Pedro la Gloria\nSan Marcos Jilotzingo\nSanta María Ajoloapan\nTezontlalpan de Zapata\nTianguistongo\nRancho el Carmen\nAlborada Jaltenco\nSan Andrés Jaltenco\nSanta Ana Nextlalpan\nSan Miguel Xaltocán\nSan Juan Zitlaltepec\nSanta Inés\nSanta María Tonanitla\nSantiago Tequixquiac\nTlapanaloya\nColonia Wenceslao Labra\nZumpango de Ocampo", "David Williams. \"Archaeologists found the bones of about 60 mammoths at an airport construction site\". CNN. Archived from the original on 2020-09-02. Retrieved 2020-09-08.\nCity, Associated Press in Mexico (2020-05-22). \"'There are too many': bones of 60 mammoths found in Mexico\". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 2020-08-23. Retrieved 2020-09-08.\n\"Bones of about 60 mammoths found near ancient lake in Mexico\". www.cbsnews.com. Archived from the original on 2020-08-06. Retrieved 2020-09-08.\n\"A mammoth discovery: Giant remains found near Mexico City\". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 2020-07-26. Retrieved 2020-09-08.\nTequixquiac municipality Archived 2016-08-08 at the Wayback Machine INEGI, 2009.\nEDOMEX. \"Link to tables of population data from Census of 2010\". Archived from the original on 2013-04-06. Retrieved 2008-10-25.\n\"Tula de Allende\". Enciclopedia de los municipios y delegaciones de México Estado de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Mexico: INFED. Archived from the original on June 2, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2013.\n\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2016-11-29. Retrieved 2021-11-05.\nPiña, Ma. Guadalupe Arzate, Ma. Soledad Martínez. \"Catálogo Localidades\". www.microrregiones.gob.mx. Archived from the original on 2017-10-08. Retrieved 2016-05-09." ]

[ "Zumpango Region", "History", "Archaeology", "Geography", "Hydrography", "Region municipalities", "Government", "Deputation", "Subdivition of Zumpango Region", "References" ]

[ 5359841, 5359842, 5359843, 5359844, 5359845, 5359846, 5359847, 5359848 ]

[ 27237271, 27237272, 27237273, 27237274, 27237275, 27237276, 27237277, 27237278, 27237279 ]

[ "", "The city and the Sierra Madre del Sur mountains" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/IglesiaZumpangodelRio.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Zumpango_del_R%C3%ADo_-_Panoramica.JPG" ]

[ "Zumpango del Río is the capital of Eduardo Neri Municipality, within the state of Guerrero, in central−western Mexico.\nThe Spanish discovered silver lodes here in 1531, and started commercial silver mining in the area. Francisco de Hoyos and Juan Juan Jaramillo made the discovery when returning from a military expedition to Guerrero. Using Indian slave labor until the ban from doing so was enforced in 1550, the mines produced 1000 pounds of silver by 1539. Prominent mine owners included Juan de Burgos and Hernán Cortés. Most of the mines were abandoned by 1582 however.", "The city is located in the Sierra Madre del Sur mountains, at an altitude of 1,092 meters (3,583 feet).\nIt is on Mexican Federal Highway 95 (Mexico City-Acapulco Highway), about 8 miles (13 km) northeast of the Guerrero state capital city of Chilpancingo", "", "Populated places in Guerrero", "Bakewell, Peter John, ed. (1997). Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas. Variorum. pp. 57, 60–61. ISBN 978-0-86078-513-2.\nInstituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. Principales resultados por localidad 2005 (ITER). Retrieved on December 23, 2008\n\"Estado de Guerrero-Estacion: Zumpango del Río\". Normales Climatologicas 1951–2010 (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorologico Nacional. Retrieved 30 April 2015.\n\"Extreme Temperatures and Precipitation for Zumpango del Río 1961–2010\" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Retrieved 30 April 2015." ]

[ "Zumpango del Río", "Geography", "Climate", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5359849, 5359850 ]

[ 27237280, 27237281 ]

[ "Carl Newman of The New Pornographers performing on March 2, 2006 at the Nokia Theatre in Times Square" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/CarlNewman.jpg" ]

[ "Zumpano was a Canadian power pop group in the 1990s.\nThe band, whose music style resembled such contemporaries as Sloan and The Super Friendz, consisted of vocalist/guitarist Carl Newman, keyboardist Michael Ledwidge, bassist Stefan Niemann, and drummer Jason Zumpano.\nThe band formed in 1992 after Zumpano and Ledwidge dissolved their band Glee, which they felt was \"artistically impure\" despite beginning to enjoy some success. Newman joined the band while still a member of Superconductor.\nThe band signed to Sub Pop Records in 1994, along with fellow Canadians Eric's Trip, Jale, and The Hardship Post, as part of the label's shift away from pure grunge rock. They released two albums on the label before breaking up. Newman reemerged in 2000 with The New Pornographers, and Jason Zumpano formed the band Sparrow in 2003 and Attics and Cellars in 2007. Newman and Zumpano have also independently released solo material, and both acted in Blaine Thurier's 2000 microbudget film Low Self-Esteem Girl.", "Look What the Rookie Did (1995)\nGoin' Through Changes (1996)", "Mason, Stewart. \"Zumpano: Biography\", Allmusic. Retrieved December 16, 2010.\n\"Zany Zumpano: Canadian band latest to join Sub Pop\". Montreal Gazette, January 29, 1995.\nKeast, James (September 2003). \"Sparrow Is the Real Zumpano\", Exclaim!. Retrieved December 16, 2010.\nJames Keast, \"The New Pornographers: Mutual Appreciation Pop Society\". Exclaim!, November 1, 2000.", "Overview of Zumpano (with photos)" ]

[ "Zumpano", "Discography", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359851 ]

[ 27237282, 27237283 ]

[ "Zumpy" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Zumpy_panorama_8.jpg" ]

[ "Zumpy [ˈzumpɨ] (German Sumpen) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boronów, within Lubliniec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 2 kilometres (1 mi) west of Boronów, 15 km (9 mi) east of Lubliniec, and 49 km (30 mi) north of the regional capital Katowice.\nThe village has a population of 123.", "\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\" (in Polish). 2008-06-01." ]

[ "Zumpy", "References" ]

[ 5359852 ]

[ 27237284 ]

[ "1924 catalog: Volume 7, 7th edition", "", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/1924_Zumstein_stamp_catalog-DxOVP.jpeg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/PennyRed.jpeg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Crystal_Clear_app_kdict.png" ]

[ "The Zumstein catalog is a postage stamp catalog from Switzerland. It has been issued regularly since 1909 and is considered to be an important reference work of Swiss philately. It is published in German and French languages.\nThe catalog is produced by the Swiss company Zumstein & Cie in Bern. While their main product is a catalog for the stamps of Switzerland and neighboring country Liechtenstein, updated annually, they also publish catalogs for \"Europa West\" (Western Europe) and \"Europa Ost\" (Eastern Europe). In addition, they produce a lengthier specialized catalog for Switzerland, as well as a number of monographs on topics in Swiss philately.\nThe Zumstein catalogs were originated by the philatelist Ernst Zumstein, who founded the stamp shop Zumstein in 1905 and published the journal Philatelistische Börsennachrichten starting in 1907 (this journal is still published today, since 1915 under the name Berner Briefmarken-Zeitung).", "Miller, rick (28 April 2021). \"Catalog options for the whole wide world\". Insights. Linn's Stamp News. Retrieved 17 March 2022.\n\"100 Jahre Zumstein 1905 – 2005: Im Dienste des Kunden\" (in German). Zumstein. January 20, 2009. Archived from the original on 20 January 2009.\n\"Webkatalog\". Wednesday, 3 May 2017", "Publisher's website (in German)" ]

[ "Zumstein catalog", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359853, 5359854 ]

[ 27237285 ]

[ "The Walter Zumstein Memorial", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 5, 5, 5, 5 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Zumsteins_Walter_Zumstein_Memorial_001.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Zumsteins_Picnic_Site.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/The_old_pool_at_Zumsteins_holiday_park_1.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/The_old_pool_at_Zumsteins_holiday_park_2.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Creek_at_Zumsteins_picnic_area.jpg" ]

[ "Zumsteins is a locality in western Victoria, Australia. The locality is in the Shire of Northern Grampians, 262 kilometres (163 mi) west of the state capital, Melbourne—entirely inside the Grampians National Park.\nAt the 2016 census, there were no permanent residents at Zumsteins.", "Zumsteins was one of Australia's first holiday retreats. Walter Zumstein first visited this site in 1906 while working as a young beekeeper for Barnes Honey. In 1910, he established his own apiary, with 60 hives and a small timber cottage. He saw active service in World War I, and when he returned to Australia with his Scottish wife Jean, he decided to supplement their modest income by establishing a small 'tourist retreat.'\nDuring the 1930s the couple built three pisé, or rammed earth cottages, plus a tennis court and a large swimming pool. Water for the pool was taken from the nearby MacKenzie River. Soil excavated to create the swimming pool was used to build the cottages. The cottages are recognised on the Victorian Heritage Register as some of the very few pisé buildings using local materials from the early 20th century.\nThe couple remained at Zumsteins until the late 1950s, when they moved to Horsham. Walter and his wife were perceived as a gentle couple who, through hard work, had created an oasis that they loved and wanted others to enjoy too. Walter Zumstein died in October 1963. His ashes were scattered at Zumsteins.\nIn the 1960s, the campground was extended upstream, with a toilet block and a kiosk near the river. At its peak, up to 200 tents and caravans squeezed in, sometimes only a metre or so from the road. Then, with the declaration of the Grampians National Park in 1984, a new focus on the area's natural and cultural values led to growing concern about pollution to the river, and the eventual closure of the campground in 1994.", "Zumsteins: a century of memories: from a crossing of the Mackenzie River to a popular tourist spot downstream from Lake Wartook. Researched and edited by Rod Jenkinson for Horsham Historical Society, 2015.\nWalter Zumstein: pioneer of Zumstein's recreation area. By O. V. Carter for Horsham and District Historical Society, 1986.", "Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). \"Zumsteins\". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 23 July 2017. \nInterpretive sign at the site.", "Media related to Zumsteins at Wikimedia Commons", "" ]

[ "Zumsteins", "History", "Further reading", "References", "External links", "Gallery" ]

[ 5359855 ]

[ 27237286, 27237287, 27237288, 27237289, 27237290 ]

[ "The Zumsteinspitze (centre) with the Signalkuppe (left)", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/SignalkuppeZumsteinspitzeFromNordend.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Alps_location_map.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Pal%C3%BC_en_Diavolezza.jpg" ]

[ "The Zumsteinspitze (Punta Zumstein in Italian) (4,563 m) is a peak in the Pennine Alps on the border between Italy and Switzerland. It is a subpeak of Monte Rosa.\nThe summit lies between the Dufourspitze (to which it is joined by the Grenzsattel) and the Signalkuppe (to which it is joined by the Colle Gnifetti).", "On 1 August 1820 the mountain was ascended by the brothers Joseph and Johann Niklaus Vincent, Joseph Zumstein, Molinatti, Castel and some unknown porters. During the expedition they thought they had climbed the highest peak of the Monte Rosa massif, but when they reached the summit they found out there was another \"highest peak\": the Dufourspitze. \nThe Vincent brothers and Zumstein agreed to name the successfully climbed mountain \"Cima de la belle Alliance\", but Zumstein, forest inspector and member of the Royal Society of Science in Turin, managed to name the mountain after himself.\nThe first winter ascent was by E. Allegra and guides on 30 March 1902.", "List of Alpine four-thousanders\nList of mountains of Switzerland named after people", "Robin G. Collomb, (ed.), Pennine Alps Central, London: Alpine Club, 1975\nHelmut Dumler and Willi P. Burkhardt, The High Mountains of the Alps, London: Diadem, 1994\nJulius Kugy, Im göttlichen Lächeln des Monte Rosa, Graz: Leykam-Verlag, 1940", "The Zumsteinspitze on SummitPost\n360° panorama from Zumsteinspitze" ]

[ "Zumsteinspitze", "Climbing", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359856, 5359857 ]

[ 27237291, 27237292, 27237293 ]

[ "", "Zumtobel Group headquarters in Dornbirn, Austria", "Tridonic headquarters in Dornbirn, Austria", "Zumtobel Group production site in Niš, Serbia", "Annual Report 2018/19 designed by Dietmar Eberle", "Annual Report 2019/20 designed by Professor Werner Sobek" ]

[ 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/ZG_Logo_1903_blk.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Zumtobel_Group_Headquarter_Dornbirn.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Tridonicgebaeude.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/6_ZG_Plant_Nis_Areal_View.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/GB_2018_2019_Eberle_02.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/GB_2019_2020_Sobek_.jpg" ]

[ "The Zumtobel Group is an Austrian company specialising in lighting headquartered in Dornbirn. Zumtobel engages in the development, production and sales of lighting, luminaires, lighting management and lighting components for indoor and outdoor applications. The company is a European market leader for professional lighting systems and the number two for lighting components in Europe.\nThe Group operates 10 production facilities on three continents as well as sales and/or partner companies in nearly 90 countries.\nSince 2007, the group has presented the Zumtobel Group Award (long name Zumtobel Group Award – Innovations for Sustainability and Humanity in the Built Environment) to architects and engineers every two years. The prize was worth 140,000 euros in 2012, 150,000 euros in 2017 and 120,000 euros in 2021.\nIn the financial year from May 2017 to April 2018, the company recorded a loss of 46.7 million euros due to pricing pressure and currency effects and did not pay out a dividend for this period. Revenue declined by 8 percent and the share of LEDs in revenue increased from 73.6 to 79.6 percent. In 2018/19, the Zumtobel Group significantly reduced the net loss from 46.7 to 15.2 million euros. As a result of uncertainties related to Brexit and price pressure caused by intense competition in the lighting industry, revenue declined by 2.9 percent to 1.162 billion euros. The operating result (EBIT) improved from minus 7.3 million to 2.7 million euros. Profitability also increased compared to the previous year. Group EBIT, adjusted for one-off effects, rose by 8 million euros to 27.6 million euros. Return on sales improved to 2.4 percent. On 25 June 2020 the Zumtobel Group announced the figures for the 2019/20 financial year: net profit for the year rose by 30 million euros to a plus of 14.5 million euros. Adjusted Group EBIT almost doubled to 53.9 million euros despite a slight decline in revenues due to the global COVID-19 pandemic. The EBIT margin increased from 2.4 percent to 4.8 percent. In the 2020/21 financial year, the Zumtobel Group recorded a more than 100% increase in net profit to 45.6 million euros, despite a 7.7 percent decline in revenues due to the ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Adjusted Group EBIT thus rose by 23.4 percent to 43.4 million euros. In the 2021/22 financial year, Group sales increased to 1,148.3 million euros and EBIT to 60.8 million euros. Net profit was 45.8 million euros.", "Walter Zumtobel (1907–1990) was one of roughly 300 so-called sequestrators in allied-occupied Austria who administered previously German-owned property in Vorarlberg, initially on behalf of the French military government, then based on an administrative law of the Federal Government of Austria. These properties included Michel-Werke in Bregenz and Hard as well as Werkzeugbau Arbeitsgemeinschaft Lustenau in Lustenau and Feinmechanische Werkstätte Josef Maurer in Wolfurt. He integrated these three formerly German companies into Elektrogeräte und Kunstharzpresswerk W. Zumtobel KG, which was founded on 1 January 1950 in Dornbirn, thus laying the foundation for today’s Zumtobel Group.\nInitially, the company primarily produced electrical ballasts for fluorescent light fittings. In 1952, the company started to manufacture complete luminaires based on fluorescent light fittings. Profilux, a particularly thin batten luminaire introduced to the market in 1953, became a sales success. In 1963, Zumtobel won the first design price for the FER recessed luminaire. In 1959, Walter Zumtobel travelled to the United States for the first time to visit the luminaire manufacturer Day-Brite Lighting, in St. Louis.\nIn 1959, a light laboratory was established to determine light distribution curves. The German company Staff, still autonomous as Staff & Schwarz Leuchtenwerke (founded in 1945), introduced the first voltage track system Lite-Trac in 1967. From 1956 to 1979, the company was a licensee of Lichttechnischen Spezialfabrik Dr. Ing. Schneider & Co. In 1976, Zumtobel received the National Award, which entitles companies to use of the national coat of arms in business dealings. In the same year the group became a stock corporation (Aktiengesellschaft).\nIn 1976, the company acquired a minority stake in the British company Tridonic Ltd. The remaining shares were acquired in 1983. Based on a purchase agreement of 2 March 1979, the factory of Dr. Ing. Schneider & Co. in Usingen was integrated into the company; on 28 March 1979 a contract was concluded to also transfer the operating business.\nIn 1991, the company was restructured and two divisions were established: Lighting Solutions (then Zumtobel Licht) and Lighting Components (then Tridonic-Bauelemente). In 1993, Zumtobel acquired a majority stake in the German Staff Group in Lemgo; the remaining shares were taken over in 1994. In 2000, the British company Wassall plc was acquired with the assistance of the American equity capital partner Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. (KKR), and the Thorn Lighting Group was merged with Zumtobel’s luminaire business; the components business of Thorn was transferred to the Tridonic Division.\nSince 2005, the LED-activities have been further developed. Lexedis Lighting in Jennersdorf was founded as a joint venture for high-performance LED light sources of Tridonic Optoelectronic (a joint venture of Tridonic and Lumitech, a spin-off of the Graz University of Technology) and Toyoda Gosei. LEDON Lamp GmbH (Dornbirn) is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Zumtobel Group for LED applications.\nIn May 2006, the Zumtobel Group went public on the Vienna Stock Exchange. In September 2006, the Zumtobel share was admitted to the ATX. KKR sold its remaining share of 5.5 percent after the initial public offering to an institutional investor in an off-exchange transaction in December 2006. This investor was apparently Delta Lloyd Asset Management NV. In any case, Zumtobel announced in a mandatory disclosure regarding the shareholder structure on 11 May 2011 that Aviva plc was no longer a shareholder of Zumtobel after its majority investment in “Delta Lloyd” had been terminated. At the time, Delta Lloyd held 6.778 percent of the 43.5 million shares; a few days later, “Fidelity” held 9.99 percent. \nIn 2009, the LED start-ups were combined in a separate division (LEDON brand). In 2013, LEDON was sold to the Austrian entrepreneur Thomas Lorünser with retroactive effect from 1 November 2012. With effect from 24 September 2012, the Zumtobel share was removed from the ATX and has since been traded on the Prime Market.\nIn the past years, the Zumtobel Group executed projects such as the lighting of the BMW-plants in Berlin and Leipzig as well as of the Airbus plant in Bremen and the new headquarters of the pharmaceutical group Boehringer Ingelheim. In addition, the expansion of Beijing International Airport in China as well as parts of the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, the Emirates Palace in Abu Dhabi, the Bolte Bridge in Melbourne, Australia and the Cathedrale la Seu in Mallorca, Spain have been equipped with innovative lighting solutions. Other showcase projects of the Zumtobel Group include the Skylink terminal at Vienna Airport, with a contract volume of 10.0 million euros, the lighting of football stadiums such as the Allianz Arena, Munich and the Tottenham Hotspur Stadium as well as the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao and the James Simon Galery in Berlin, which was designed by David Chipperfield, or the Elbphilharmonie in Hamburg.\nIn November 2017, the long-time Managing Director Jürg Zumtobel was awarded the “Ehrenpreis der Vorarlberger Wirtschaft für das unternehmerische Lebenswerk“ (“Vorarlberg business award for lifetime achievements”). Alfred Felder has been CEO since 6 June 2018; Thomas Tschol took over the function of CFO as of 1 April 2018; Bernard Motzko has been COO since 1 February 2018. On 1 August 2021, Thomas Erath was appointed CFO of the Zumtobel Group. In May 2020, Karin Zumtobel-Chammah was elected Chairwoman of the Supervisory Board. After holding several senior management positions in the finance sector, she joined the Zumtobel Group in 1996. In her most recent role as Head of Art & Culture, she was responsible for the Group’s art and culture activities. Karin Zumtobel-Chammah is appointed until the Annual General Meeting 2022/23 and is the first woman to chair the Supervisory Board.\nIn September 2018, the Zumtobel Group added a new group-wide luminaire and component production facility in Niš, Serbia, to its global production network, investing 30.6 million euros. The production site covering 40,000 square metres enables the Zumtobel Group to react more flexibly to changed market requirements and to strengthen its presence in these emerging markets.\nIn 2019, the Zumtobel Group opened a group-wide software center in Porto, Portugal. The new technology and innovation centre in Porto, headed by João Granjo Lopes, develops software for smart light management and control systems. It also focus on research in areas such as smart buildings and smart cities, aiming to develop integrated lighting solutions for smart energy, mobility and IoT technologies. The group-wide software centre represents an addition to the existing research and development network of the Zumtobel Group. \nIn November 2020, the Zumtobel Group opened the new Light Forum at its main location in Dornbirn. For this purpose, the company's old factory hall in Höchsterstraße was refurbished within a year into a 4,000 square metre presentation area, where lighting innovations can be experienced. To date, 8 million euros were invested in the new Light Forum. The design concept, developed in cooperation with the Innsbruck studio of the renowned Norwegian architecture firm Snøhetta, created space for a world of light that customers can experience with all their senses. At the same time, the Zumtobel Group celebrated its 70th anniversary in 2020. \nThe company is researching more efficient lighting and light management to use lighting systems only when needed. In 2019, the European Investment Bank approved loans to broaden the company’s research into connecting lighting to digital services.", "The Group consists of two divisions: the Zumtobel Lighting Division for the lighting business with the Zumtobel and Thorn brands, and the Tridonic Division for the components business.\nThe Zumtobel family holds approximately 36 percent of the shares in the company. The family has thus been the stable core shareholder of the Zumtobel Group AG since the initial public offering. The remaining shares are largely held by institutional investors.", "Ever since 1991, the Zumtobel Group has invited internationally renowned figures from the fields of architecture, graphic design and art to present their take on the subject of light and the development of the company. In this task, the artists are given freedom in terms of design, unhampered by any corporate design considerations. The outcome, year after year, is a series of unconventional unique printed works. In addition to graphic designers like Italo Lupi, Neville Brody, Per Arnoldi and Stefan Sagmeister, with whom the artistic design began, artists including Gerhard Merz, Siegrun Appelt, Olafur Eliasson, Anish Kapoor and James Turrell as well as architects like Dominique Perrault, Hani Rashid / Asymptote, François Roche / Studio R&Sie(n), Sejima Kazuyo and Ryue Nishizawa / SANAA, David Chipperfield / DCA, Kjetil Thorsen / Snøhetta, Elizabeth Diller / Scofidio and Renfro and Yung Ho Chang / Atelier FCJZ have been commissioned to design the Artistic Annual Report. The edition 2019/20 was designed by architect and consulting engineer Professor Werner Sobek. The 2020/21 edition was created by Dutch architect Iwan Baan in interdisciplinary collaboration with Berlin-based architect Francis Kéré. The report presents the role of natural light in the vernacular architecture of Burkina Faso, Africa, capturing the strong contrasts between the blinding sunlight outside the buildings and the complete darkness inside. The Artistic Annual Report 2021/22 will be designed by Ben van Berkel, UNStudio, and will pick up on transformation as a central theme in architecture and the built environment.", "\"Annual Financial Report 2020/21\" (PDF). \nArchitekturpreise, retrieved 2 October 2012\nGesellschaftliches Engagement der Zumtobel Gruppe, retrieved 2 October 2012\nZumtobel Group Award, retrieved 20 June 2019\nZumtobel Group Award 2021 - Shortlist aus 220 Einreichungen steht fest. Press release of 20 October 2021, retrieved 11 January 2022.\nMassive Verluste für Zumtobel Group orf.at, 28. Juni 2018, retrieved 28 June 2018.\nZumtobel legt wieder zu, retrieved 28 February 2020\nZumtobel schreibt wieder schwarze Zahlen, retrieved 29 June 2020\nZumtobel Group steigert Jahresgewinn deutlich. Press release of 30 June 2021, retrieved 11 January 2022.\n\"News & Insights\". z.lighting. Retrieved 2022-07-29. \nChristian Feurstein: Vom Familienunternehmen zur Unternehmensfamilie. Die Zumtobel-Konzerngruppe von 1950–2000. LIT Verlag Münster, 2009, S. 24 f.\n\"Träger des Ehrenzeichens des Landes Vorarlberg in Gold\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 13, 2013. Retrieved May 3, 2020. (PDF; 60 kB), retrieved 23 September 2012\nGeschichte – Die ersten Jahre nach der Gründung bis 1990 zumtobelgroup.com, retrieved 5 October 2017.\nNote: Founded in 1923 as Day-Brite Reflector Co., introduced industrially manufactured fluorescent tubes for the first time in the USA in 1940; expanded as Day-Brite Lighting in 1946.\nStaff. In: designlexikon.net\n60 Jahre Licht aus Lemgo - Zumtobel Standort feiert historische Meilensteine. In: zumtobelgroup.com of 1 March 2012.\nFeurstein: Vom Familienunternehmen zur Unternehmensfamilie: Die Zumtobel-Konzerngruppe; S. 364 f., retrieved again 23 September 2012\nAktionärsstruktur Zumtobel Group, last updated April 2016.\nLedon Lamp macht sich selbständig Press release of the Zumtobel Group, 15 February 2013\nAmag ersetzt Zumtobel, Bene wechselt in Mid Market, retrieved 19 October 2012\n34. Vorarlberger Wirtschaftsforum will Mut für die Zukunft machen (9. November 2017)\nZumtobel Group: Neuer Vorstand komplett, Thomas Tschol neuer CFO. Press release of 8 March 2018, retrieved 23 March 2018.\nThomas Erath ist neuer CFO der Zumtobel Group - Alexander Stieger übernimmt die Position des CFO von Tridonic. Press release of 2 August 2021, retrieved 11 January 2022\n\"Vorstand\". Zumtobel Group. \nProjekt läuft nach Plan: Zumtobel Group Werk in Niš startet Serienproduktion. Presse release of 30 July 2018, retrieved 28 February 2019.\n\"News & Insights\". z.lighting. Retrieved 2022-02-20. \nLicht und Innovation erleben - Zumtobel Group startet mit hybridem Campus-Konzept und eröffnet Lichtforum. Press release of 19 November 2020, retrieved 11 January 2022\n\"EU/China/US climate survey shows public optimism about reversing climate change\". European Investment Bank. Retrieved 2020-08-24.\n\"Zumtobel Group Aktie\". Zumtobel Group. \n\"Geschäftsbericht\".\n17 Thesen zur Nachhaltigkeit: Prof. Werner Sobek verfasst Kernaussagen für eine verantwortbare Zukunft, retrieved 04 September 2020.\nMomentum of Light - Diesjähriger Geschäftsbericht der Zumtobel Group als fotografisches Meisterwerk von Iwan Baan mit Francis Kéré. Press release of 31 August 2021, retrieved 11 January 2022\n\"News & Insights\". z.lighting. Retrieved 2022-07-29." ]

[ "Zumtobel Group", "History", "Company Structure", "Artistic Annual Report", "References" ]

[ 5359858, 5359859, 5359860, 5359861, 5359862 ]

[ 27237294, 27237295, 27237296, 27237297, 27237298, 27237299, 27237300, 27237301, 27237302, 27237303, 27237304, 27237305, 27237306, 27237307, 27237308, 27237309, 27237310, 27237311, 27237312, 27237313, 27237314, 27237315, 27237316, 27237317, 27237318, 27237319, 27237320, 27237321, 27237322 ]

[ "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 1, 3 ]

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[ "The Zumurrud Khatun Mosque and Mausoleum (Arabic: جامع زمرد خاتون‎, romanized: Masjid al-Haza'ir), also known as the Mosque al Khaffafin, is a historic mosque and shrine located in Baghdad, Iraq. It dates back to the Abbasid era. It is located in Sheikh Maarouf Cemetery in the Karkh side of Baghdad. The site was built by Sitt Zubayda also known as Zumurrud Khatun in 1202, who was mother of the 34th Abbasid Caliph Al-Nasir, and wife of the 33rd Abbasid Caliph Al-Mustadi. She collected the waqf money from madrasas and built her mausoleum before her death, which is located in Karkh.\nThe building is covered by the distinct nine layered muqarnas dome capped by a small cupola. The minaret of the mosque is considered built during the time of Seljuq dynasty in 12th century, and it is considered the oldest surviving minaret in Baghdad. The building has robust construction made of bricks and plaster. There is also an attached library, and an adjoined Shafi'i madrasa. Due to the mosque being dominated by Hanafi maddhab, the extension to the north for Shafi'i maddhab was added, which is called Shafi'i Mosque.\nThe mosque is one of two historic mausoleums in Karkh. The other is the Sheikh Maruf Mosque.", "", "Islam in Iraq\nList of mosques in Iraq\nAl-Sarai Mosque", "Jawad,\nAymen. ZUMURRUD KHATUN. Iraq Heritage. Retrieved January 4, 2018.\nUS Department of Defense. \"023. Baghdad - Zumurrud Khatun Mosque and Tomb\". Cultural Property Training Resource. Colorado State University. Retrieved January 4, 2018." ]

[ "Zumurrud Khatun Mosque and Mausoleum", "Gallery", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5359863, 5359864, 5359865, 5359866, 5359867 ]

[ 27237323 ]

[ "USS Zumwalt undergoing sea trials in December 2015", "Representatives from Naval Sea Systems Command and Bath Iron Works sign a construction contract at the Pentagon, February 2008.", "Deckhouse of USS Zumwalt being installed in December 2012", "Features of the DDG-1000", "Zumwalt's deckhouse in transit in November 2012", "Diagram of AN/SPY-3 vertical electronic pencil beam radar conex projections", "Sea Jet out of the water and showing the unique hull design" ]

[ 0, 3, 3, 5, 6, 12, 22 ]

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[ "The Zumwalt-class destroyer is a class of three United States Navy guided missile destroyers designed as multi-mission stealth ships with a focus on land attack. It is a multi-role class that was designed for secondary roles of surface warfare and anti-aircraft warfare and originally designed with a primary role of naval gunfire support. The class design emerged from the DD-21 \"land attack destroyer\" program as \"DD(X)\" and was intended to take the role of battleships in meeting a congressional mandate for naval fire support. The ship is designed around its two Advanced Gun Systems (AGS), their turrets and 920 round magazines, and unique Long Range Land Attack Projectile (LRLAP) ammunition. LRLAP procurement was cancelled, rendering the guns unusable, so the Navy re-purposed the ships for surface warfare. Starting in 2023 the Navy will remove the AGS from the ships and replace them with hypersonic missiles.\nThese ships are classed as destroyers, but they are much larger than any other active destroyer or cruiser in the US Navy. The vessels' distinctive appearance results from the design requirement for a low radar cross-section (RCS). The Zumwalt class has a wave-piercing tumblehome hull form whose sides slope inward above the waterline, which dramatically reduces RCS by returning much less energy than a conventional flare hull form. The appearance has been compared to that of the historic USS Monitor and her famous antagonist CSS Virginia.\nThe class has an integrated electric propulsion (IEP) system that can send electricity from its turbo-generators to the electric drive motors or weapons, the Total Ship Computing Environment Infrastructure (TSCEI), automated fire-fighting systems, and automated piping rupture isolation. The class is designed to require a smaller crew and to be less expensive to operate than comparable warships.\nThe lead ship is named Zumwalt for Admiral Elmo Zumwalt and carries the hull number DDG-1000. Originally, 32 ships were planned, with $9.6 billion research and development costs spread across the class. As costs overran estimates, the quantity was reduced to 24, then to 7, and finally to 3, significantly increasing the cost per ship to $4.24 billion ($7.5 billion including R&D costs) and well exceeding the per-unit cost of a nuclear-powered Virginia-class submarine ($2.688 billion). In July 2008, the Navy requested that Congress stop procuring Zumwalts and revert to building more Arleigh Burke destroyers. This final cut in procurement led to a dramatic per-unit cost increase that eventually triggered a Nunn–McCurdy Amendment breach. In April 2016, the total program cost was $22.5 billion.", "", "Many of the features were developed under the DD-21 program (\"21st Century Destroyer\"), which was originally designed around the Vertical Gun for Advanced Ships (VGAS). In 2001, Congress cut the DD-21 program by half as part of the SC21 program; to save it, the acquisition program was renamed as DD(X) and heavily reworked.\nOriginally, the Navy had hoped to build 32 destroyers. That number was reduced to 24, then to 7, due to the high cost of new and experimental technologies. On 23 November 2005, the Defense Acquisition Board approved a plan for simultaneous construction of the first two ships at Northrop Grumman's Ingalls yard in Pascagoula, Mississippi and General Dynamics' Bath Iron Works in Bath, Maine. However, at that date, funding had yet to be authorized by Congress.\nIn late December 2005, the House and Senate agreed to continue funding the program. The U.S. House of Representatives allotted the Navy only enough money to begin construction on one destroyer, as a \"technology demonstrator\". The initial funding allocation was included in the National Defense Authorization Act of 2007. However, this was increased to two ships by the 2007 appropriations bill approved in September 2006, which allotted US$2.568 billion to the DDG-1000 program.\nOn 31 July 2008, U.S. Navy acquisition officials told Congress that the service needed to purchase more Arleigh Burke-class destroyers, and no longer needed the next-generation DDG-1000 class, Only the two approved destroyers would be built. The Navy said the world threat picture had changed in such a way that it made more sense to build at least eight more Burkes, rather than DDG-1000s. The Navy concluded from fifteen classified intelligence reports that the DDG-1000s would be vulnerable to forms of missile attacks. Many Congressional subcommittee members questioned that the Navy completed such a sweeping re-evaluation of the world threat picture in just a few weeks, after spending some 13 years and $10 billion on the development of the surface ship program known as DD-21, then DD(X), and finally DDG-1000. Subsequently, Chief of Naval Operations Gary Roughead cited the need to provide area air defense and specific new threats such as ballistic missiles and the possession of anti-ship missiles by groups such as Hezbollah. The mooted structural problems have not been discussed in public. Navy Secretary Donald Winter said on 4 September that \"Making certain that we have – I'll just say, a destroyer – in the '09 budget is more important than whether that’s a DDG 1000 or a DDG 51\".\nOn 19 August 2008, Secretary Winter was reported as saying that a third Zumwalt would be built at Bath Iron Works, citing concerns about maintaining shipbuilding capacity. House Defense Appropriations Subcommittee Chairman John Murtha said on 23 September 2008 that he had agreed to partial funding of the third DDG-1000 in the 2009 Defense authorization bill.\nA 26 January 2009 memo from John Young, the US Department of Defense's (DoD) top acquisition official, stated that the per ship price for the Zumwalt-class destroyers had reached $5.964 billion, 81 percent over the Navy's original estimate used in proposing the program, resulting in a breach of the Nunn–McCurdy Amendment, requiring the Navy to re-certify and re-justify the program to Congress or to cancel its production.\nOn 6 April 2009, Defense Secretary Robert Gates announced that DoD's proposed 2010 budget will end the DDG-1000 program at a maximum of three ships. Also in April, the Pentagon awarded a fixed-price contract with General Dynamics to build the three destroyers, replacing a cost-plus-fee contract that had been awarded to Northrop Grumman. At that time, the first DDG-1000 destroyer was expected to cost $3.5 billion, the second approximately $2.5 billion, and the third even less.\nWhat had once been seen as the backbone of the Navy's future surface fleet with a planned production run of 32, has since been replaced by destroyer production reverting to the Arleigh Burke class after ordering three Zumwalts. In April 2016, the U.S. Naval Institute stated the total cost of the three Zumwalt ships is about $22.5 billion with research and development costs, which is an average of $7.5 billion per ship.", "In late 2005, the program entered the detailed design and integration phase, for which Raytheon was the Mission Systems Integrator. Both Northrop Grumman Ship Systems and General Dynamics Bath Iron Works shared dual-lead for the hull, mechanical, and electrical detailed design. BAE Systems Inc. had the advanced gun system and the MK57 VLS. Almost every major defense contractor (including Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman Sperry Marine, L-3 Communications) and subcontractors from nearly every state in the U.S. were involved to some extent in this project, which was the largest single line item in the Navy's budget. During the previous contract, development and testing of 11 Engineering Development Models (EDMs) took place: Advanced Gun System, Autonomic Fire Suppression System, Dual Band Radar [X-band and L-band], Infrared, Integrated Deckhouse & Apertures, Integrated Power System, Integrated Undersea Warfare, Peripheral Vertical Launch System, Total Ship Computing Environment Infrastructure (TSCEI), Tumblehome Hull Form. The decision in September 2006 to fund two ships meant that one could be built by the Bath Iron Works in Maine and one by Northrop Grumman's Ingalls Shipbuilding in Mississippi.\nNorthrop Grumman was awarded a $90M contract modification for materials and production planning on 13 November 2007. On 14 February 2008, Bath Iron Works was awarded a contract for the construction of Zumwalt (DDG-1000), and Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding was awarded a contract for the construction of Michael Monsoor (DDG-1001), at a cost of $1.4 billion each.\nOn 11 February 2009, full-rate production officially began on the first Zumwalt-class destroyer. Construction on the second ship of the class, Michael Monsoor, began in March 2010. The keel for the first Zumwalt-class destroyer was laid on 17 November 2011. This first vessel was launched from the shipyard at Bath, Maine on 29 October 2013.\nThe construction timetable in July 2008 was:\nOctober 2008: DDG-1000 starts construction at Bath Iron Works\nSeptember 2009: DDG-1001 starts construction at Bath Iron Works.\nApril 2012: DDG-1002 starts construction at Bath Iron Works\nApril 2013: DDG-1000 initial delivery\nMay 2014: DDG-1001 delivery\nMarch 2015: Initial operating capability\nFiscal 2018: DDG-1002 delivery\nThe Navy planned for Zumwalt to reach initial operating capability (IOC) in 2016. The second ship, Michael Monsoor, was commissioned in 2019, and the third ship, Lyndon B. Johnson (DDG-1002), was to have reached IOC in 2021.", "In April 2006, the Navy announced plans to name the first ship of the class Zumwalt after former Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Elmo R. \"Bud\" Zumwalt Jr. The vessel's hull number would be DDG-1000, which abandoned the guided missile destroyer sequence used by the Arleigh Burke-class destroyers (DDG-51–), and continued the previous \"gun destroyer\" sequence from the last of the Spruance class, Hayler (DD-997).\nDDG-1001 would be named for Master-at-Arms 2nd Class Michael A. Monsoor, the second Navy SEAL to receive the Medal of Honor in the Global War on Terror, the navy announced on 29 October 2008.\nOn 16 April 2012, Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus announced that DDG-1002 would be named for former naval officer and U.S. President, Lyndon B. Johnson.\nThe Navy chose to use an unusual two-part commissioning scheme for the ships. The initial commissioning was done prior to weapons systems integration, and the ships were placed in the status of \"in commission, special\", before sailing to San Diego for weapons installation and final acceptance. The first two ships used this approach, while the last one will use the more traditional approach with formal commissioning after final acceptance.", "As of January 2009, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) found that four out of 12 of the critical technologies in the ship's design were fully mature. Six of the critical technologies were \"approaching maturity\", but five of those would not be fully mature until after installation.", "Despite being 40% larger than an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer, the radar cross-section (RCS) is more akin to that of a fishing boat, according to a spokesman for Naval Sea Systems Command. The tumblehome hull and composite deckhouse reduce radar return. Overall, the destroyer's angular build makes it \"50 times harder to spot on radar than an ordinary destroyer.\"\nThe acoustic signature is comparable to that of the Los Angeles-class submarines. Water sleeting along the sides, along with passive cool air induction in the mack, reduces infrared signature.\nThe composite deckhouse encloses much of the sensors and electronics. In 2008, Defense News reported there had been problems sealing the composite construction panels of this area; Northrop Grumman denied this.\nThe U.S. Navy solicited bids for a lower cost steel deckhouse as an option for DDG-1002, the last Zumwalt destroyer, in January 2013. On 2 August 2013, the US Navy announced it was awarding a $212 million contract to General Dynamics Bath Iron Works to build a steel deckhouse for destroyer Lyndon B. Johnson (DDG-1002). The U.S. Naval Institute stated \"the original design of the ship would have had a much smaller RCS, but cost considerations prompted the Navy over the last several years to make the trades in increasing RCS to save money.\"\nTo improve detection in non-combat situations by other vessels, such as traversing busy shipping channels or operating in inclement weather, the Navy is testing adding onboard reflectors to improve the design's radar visibility.\nThe usefulness of the stealth features has been questioned. The class's role was to provide Naval Surface Fire Support, which requires the ship to be in typically crowded near-shore waters, where such large and distinctive ships can be tracked visually, and any surface ship becomes non-stealthy when it begins firing guns or missiles.", "The Zumwalt-class destroyer reintroduces the tumblehome hull form, a hull form not seen to this extent since the Russo-Japanese War in 1905. It was originally put forth in modern steel battleship designs by the French shipyard Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée in La Seyne, Toulon. French naval architects believed that tumblehome, in which the beam of the vessel narrowed from the waterline to the upper deck, would create better freeboard, greater seaworthiness, and, as Russian battleships were to find, would be ideal for navigating through narrow constraints (e.g. canals). On the downside, the tumblehome battleships leaked – partly due to their riveted construction – and could be unstable, especially when turning at high speed. The tumblehome has been reintroduced in the 21st century to reduce the radar return of the hull. The inverted bow is designed to cut through waves rather than ride over them. The stability of this hull form in high sea states has caused debate among naval architects, with some charging that \"with the waves coming at you from behind, when a ship pitches down, it can lose transverse stability as the stern comes out of the water—and basically roll over.\"", "The Advanced Gun System is a 155 mm naval gun, two of which are installed in each ship. This system consists of an advanced 155 mm gun and its Long Range Land Attack Projectile (LRLAP). This projectile is a rocket with a warhead fired from the AGS gun; the warhead has an 11 kg / 24 lb bursting charge and has a circular error probable of 50 meters. This weapon system has a range of 83 nautical miles (154 km). The fully automated storage system has room for up to 750 rounds. The barrel is water-cooled to prevent overheating and allows a rate of fire of 10 rounds per minute per gun. Using a Multiple Rounds Simultaneous Impact (MRSI) firing tactic the combined firepower from a pair of turrets gives each Zumwalt-class destroyer initial strike firepower equivalent to 12 conventional M198 field guns. The Zumwalts use ballast tanks to lower themselves into the water for a reduced profile in combat. In November 2016, the Navy moved to cancel procurement of the LRLAP, citing per-shell cost increases to $800,000–$1 million resulting from trimming of total ship numbers of the class. The Navy is monitoring research on alternative munitions, but since the AGS was tailor-made to use the LRLAP, modifications will be needed to accept different shells, which is unlikely to happen by the time the first Zumwalt vessel enters operational service in 2018, leaving it unable to fulfill the naval gunfire support role it was designed for.\nLyndon B. Johnson, the last Zumwalt, was being considered for the installation of a railgun in place of one of the 155 mm naval guns after the ship is built. This is feasible because the installed Rolls-Royce turbine generators are capable of producing 78 megawatts (105,000 hp), enough for the electrically powered weapon. In 2021, US Navy funding for railgun development ceased with no plans to continue the project. The guns will be removed to make room for the Common Hypersonic Glide Body (C-HGB) weapons on the USS Zumwalt (DDG-1000) first and then sister vessels: USS Michael Monsoor (DDG-1001) and Lyndon B. Johnson (DDG-1002).", "In March 2021, the Navy solicited information from industry on how to reconfigure the Zumwalt-class ships to host hypersonic missiles. Since they would be too large to fit in the VLS tubes, it has been suggested that the two AGS, having no use since the cancellation of its ammunition, could be replaced with three-pack advanced payload modules to fulfill a conventional prompt strike deterrence role. The Navy will request FY 2022 funding to replace the 155 mm AGS turrets with Advanced Payload Modules for the Conventional Prompt Strike (CPS) hypersonic missile. The conversion would be part of the DDG 1000 Dry-Docking Selected Restricted Availability (DSRA) beginning FY 2024. The CPS is a joint program with the Army referred to as Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon (LRHW) which is also slated for Block V Virginia-class attack submarines (SSN). The larger tubes for the vertical launch system (VLS) will be based upon the Virginia Payload Module (VPM) used in the Virginia SSNs. The first Zumwalt-class destroyer is planned to be equipped with the CPS in 2025.", "The Mk 57 Peripheral Vertical Launch System (PVLS) is an attempt to avoid intrusion into the prized center space of the hull while reducing the risk of loss of the entire missile battery or of the ship in a magazine explosion. The system consists of pods of VLS cells distributed around the outer shell of the ship, with a thin steel outer shell and a thick inner shell. The design of the PVLS directs the force of any explosion outward rather than into the ship. Additionally, this design reduces the loss of missile capacity to the affected pod only.", "Two spots are available on a large aviation deck with a hangar capable of housing two full size SH-60 helicopters. Boats are handled within a stern mounted boat hangar with ramp. The boat hangar's stern location meets high sea state requirements for boat operations.", "Originally, the AN/SPY-3 active electronically scanned array primarily X band radar was to be married with Lockheed Martin's AN/SPY-4 S band volume search radar. Raytheon's X-band, active-array SPY-3 Multi-Function Radar (MFR) offers superior medium to high altitude performance over other radar bands, and its pencil beams give it an excellent ability to focus in on targets. SPY-3 will be the primary radar used for missile engagements. A 2005 report by Congress' investigative arm, the Government Accountability Office (GAO), questioned that the technology leap for the Dual Band Radar would be too much.\nOn 2 June 2010, Pentagon acquisition chief Ashton Carter announced that they will be removing the SPY-4 S-band Volume Search Radar from the DDG-1000's dual-band radar to reduce costs as part of the Nunn–McCurdy certification process. Due to the SPY-4 removal, the SPY-3 radar is to have software modifications so as to perform a volume search functionality. Shipboard operators will be able to optimize the SPY-3 for either horizon search or volume search. While optimized for volume search, the horizon search capability is limited. The DDG-1000 is still expected to perform local area air defense. This system is thought to provide high detection and excellent anti-jamming capabilities, particularly when used in conjunction with the Cooperative Engagement Capability (CEC). It is, however, not reported if the CEC system will be installed on the Zumwalt-class destroyers upon commissioning, but it is scheduled for eventual incorporation in the ship type.\nIn that the Zumwalt class has no AN/SPG-62 fire-control radars that are used for terminal guidance for Standard and Evolved Sea-Sparrow Missiles (ESSMs) anti-aircraft engagements, the SPY-3 will generate Interrupted Continuous Wave Illumination (ICWI) rather than the Continuous Wave Illumination of the AN/SPG-62 fire-control radars. Significant software modifications are required to support the ICWI, transmit and receive link messages to the missiles. Standard Missile (SM)-2 IIIA and the ESSM slated for Zumwalt class require modified missile receivers, transmitters, encoders, decoders and a redesigned digital signal processor to work with the ship's system. These modified missiles will not be able to be used on Aegis class ships.\nThe SPY-3 had to be reprogrammed to do the volume search that the SPY-4 was supposed to have performed. With the duties of volume and surface search and terminal illumination there is concern that a large scale missile attack could overwhelm a radar's resource management capacity. In such a case the radar may be unable to properly manage incoming threats or guide offensive missiles.\nThe Dual Band Radar in its entirety (SPY-3 & SPY-4) is to be installed only on the Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier Gerald R. Ford. With the development of the AN/SPY-6 Air and Missile Defense Radar (AMDR), it seems unlikely the DBR is to be installed on any other platforms, as it is on the DDG-1000 class, or in total, as it is on Gerald R. Ford. The Enterprise Air Surveillance Radar (EASR) is a new design surveillance radar that is to be installed in the second Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier, John F. Kennedy, in lieu of the Dual Band radar. The America-class amphibious assault ships starting with LHA-8 and the planned LX(R)-class amphibious warfare ships will also have this radar.\nThe AN/SPY-6 AMDR was originally proposed to be installed in the hull of DDG-1000 type under the CG(X) program. However, due to cost growth, the CG(X) program was canceled. The AMDR has continued in fully funded development for installation on the Arleigh Burke-class destroyer Flight III ships, with plans to be installed on Flight IIA ships as well. However, a smaller than optimally planned aperture of 14 feet (4.3 m), the AMDR for the Flight III ships is to be less sensitive than the 22 feet (6.7 m) variant that had been planned for CG(X).\nA study to place the AN/SPY-6 on a DDG-1000 hull was done with the 22-foot (6.7 m) aperture primarily for Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) purposes. In that the DDG-1000 does not have an Aegis combat system, as does the DDG-51 class ships, but rather the Total Ship Computing Environment Infrastructure (TSCEI), the Radar/Hull Study stated:\n... that developing a BMD capability \"from scratch\" for TSCE was not considered viable enough by the study team to warrant further analysis, particularly because of the investment already made in the Aegis program. The navy concluded that developing IAMD software and hardware specifically for TSCE would be more expensive and present higher risk. Ultimately, the navy determined that Aegis was its preferred combat system option. Navy officials stated that Aegis had proven some BMD capability and was widely used across the fleet, and that the navy wanted to leverage the investments it had made over the years in this combat system, especially in its current development of a version that provides a new, limited IAMD capability.", "The ship's Common Display System is nicknamed \"keds\": Sailors operate keds via trackballs and specialized button panels, with the option to the interface by using touchscreens. The technology array allows sailors to monitor multiple weapons systems or sensors, saving manpower, and allowing it to be steered from the ops center.", "A dual-band sonar controlled by a highly automated computer system will be used to detect mines and submarines. It is claimed that it is superior to the Arleigh Burke class's sonar in littoral ASW, but less effective in blue water/deep sea areas.\nHull-mounted mid-frequency sonar (AN/SQS-60)\nHull-mounted high-frequency sonar (AN/SQS-61)\nMulti-function towed array sonar and handling system (AN/SQR-20)\nAlthough Zumwalt ships have an integrated suite of undersea sensors and a multi-function towed array, they are not equipped with onboard torpedo tubes, so they rely on their helicopters or ASROC missiles to destroy submarines that the sonar picks up.", "The \"Zumwalts\" use an Integrated Power System (IPS), which is a modern version of a turbo-electric drive system. The IPS is a dual system, with each half consisting of a gas turbine prime mover directly coupled to an electrical generator, which in turn provides power for an electric motor that drives a propeller shaft. The system is \"integrated\" because the turbo-generators provide electrical power for all ship systems, not just the drive motors. The system provides much more available electrical power than is available in other types of ship.\nThe DDX proposed to use permanent-magnet motors (PMMs) within the hull, an approach that was abandoned in favor of a more conventional induction motor. An alternate twin pod arrangement was rejected as the ramifications of pod drives would require too much development and validation cost to the vessel. The PMM was considered to be another technology leap and was the cause of some concern (along with the radar system) from Congress. As part of the design phase, Northrop Grumman had the world's largest permanent magnet motor designed and fabricated by DRS Technologies. This proposal was dropped when the PMM motor failed to demonstrate that it was ready to be installed in time.\nZumwalt has Converteam's Advanced Induction Motors (AIM), rather than DRS Technologies' Permanent Magnet-Synchronous Motors (PMM).\nThe exact choice of engine systems remains somewhat controversial at this point. The concept was originally for an integrated power system (IPS) based on in-hull permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMMs), with Advanced Induction Motors (AIM) as a possible backup solution. The design was shifted to the AIM system in February 2005 in order to meet scheduled milestones; PMM technical issues were subsequently fixed, but the program has moved on. The downside is that AIM technology has a heavier motor, requires more space, requires a \"separate controller\" to be developed to meet noise requirements, and produces one-third the amount of voltage. On the other hand, these very differences will force time and cost penalties from design and construction changes if the program wishes to \"design AIM out\" …\nThe system reduces the ship's thermal and sound signature. The IPS has added to weight growth in the Zumwalt-class destroyer as noted by the GAO.\nElectric power is provided by two Rolls-Royce MT30 gas turbines (35.4 MW ea.) driving Curtiss-Wright electric generators.\nThe second ship of the class, Michael Monsoor, will require a new gas turbine after she experienced problems during sea trials resulting in damaged turbine blades.", "Automation reduces crew size on these ships: the Zumwalt-class destroyer's minimum complement is 130, less than half that of similar warships. Smaller crews reduce a major component of operating costs. Ammunition, food, and other stores are all mounted in containers able to be struck below to magazine/storage areas by an automated cargo handling system.\nWater spray or mist systems are proposed for deployment in the Zumwalt-class destroyer, but the electronic spaces remain problematic to the designers. Halon/nitrogen dump systems are preferred but do not work when space has been compromised by a hull breach. The GAO has noted this system as a potential problem yet to be addressed.", "The Total Ship Computing Environment Infrastructure (TSCEI) is based on General Electric Fanuc Embedded Systems' PPC7A and PPC7D single-board computers running LynuxWorks' LynxOS RTOS. These are contained in 16 shock, vibration, and electromagnetic protected Electronic Modular Enclosures. Zumwalt carries 16 pre-assembled IBM blade servers. The network allows a seamless integration of all on-board systems, e.g. sensor fusion, easing operation and mission planning.", "An April 2018 GAO report said the total cost of the three Zumwalt destroyers, including research and development, was $24.5 billion — an average of about $8 billion per ship.\nLawmakers and others questioned whether the Zumwalt-class costs too much and whether it provides the capabilities that the military needs. In 2005, the Congressional Budget Office estimated the acquisition cost of a DD(X) at $3.8 billion to $4 billion in 2007 dollars, $1.1 billion more than the navy's estimate. The National Defense Authorization Act For the Fiscal Year 2007 (Report of the Committee on Armed Services House of Representatives on H.R. 5122 Together With Additional And Dissenting Views) stated:\nThe committee understands there is no prospect of being able to design and build the two lead ships for the $6.6 billion budgeted. The committee is concerned that the navy is attempting to insert too much capability into a single platform. As a result, the DD(X) is now expected to displace more than 14,000 tons and by the navy's estimate, cost almost $3.3 billion each. Originally, the navy proposed building 32 next-generation destroyers, reduced that to 24, then to 7, and finally to 3, in order to make the program affordable. In such small numbers, the committee struggles to see how the original requirements for the next generation destroyer, for example providing naval surface fire support, can be met.\nMike Fredenburg analyzed the program for National Review after Zumwalt broke down in the Panama Canal in November 2016, and he concluded that the ship's problems \"are emblematic of a defense procurement system that is rapidly losing its ability to meet our national security needs.\" Fredenburg went on to detail problems relating to the skyrocketing costs, lack of accountability, unrealistic goals, a flawed concept of operations, the perils of designing a warship around stealth, and the failure of the Advanced Gun System. He concludes:\nThe Zumwalt is an unmitigated disaster. Clearly it is not a good fit as a frontline warship. With its guns neutered, its role as a primary anti-submarine-warfare asset in question, its anti-air-warfare capabilities inferior to those of our current workhorse, the Arleigh Burke-class destroyers, and its stealth not nearly as advantageous as advertised, the Zumwalt seems to be a ship without a mission.", "In January 2005, John Young, Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research, Development, and Acquisition, was so confident of the DD(X)'s improved air defense over the Burke class that between its new radar and ability to fire SM-1, SM-2, and SM-6, \"I don't see as much urgency for [moving to] CG(X)\" – a dedicated air defense cruiser.\nOn 31 July 2008, Vice Admiral Barry McCullough (Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Integration of Resources and Capabilities) and Allison Stiller (Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Ship Programs) stated that \"the DDG 1000 cannot perform area air defense; specifically, it cannot successfully employ the Standard Missile-2 (SM-2), SM-3 or SM-6 and is incapable of conducting Ballistic Missile Defense.\" Dan Smith, president of Raytheon's Integrated Defense Systems division, has countered that the radar and combat system are essentially the same as other SM-2-capable ships, \"I can’t answer the question as to why the Navy is now asserting … that Zumwalt is not equipped with an SM-2 capability\". The lack of anti-ballistic missile capability may represent a lack of compatibility with SM-2/SM-3. The Arleigh Burke-class ships have BMD systems with their Lockheed-Martin AEGIS tracking and targeting software, unlike the DDG-1000's Raytheon TSCE-I targeting and tracking software, which does not, as it is not yet complete, so while the DDG-1000, with its TSCE-I combat system, does have the SM-2/SM-3 missile system installed, it does not yet have the BMD/IAMD upgrade planned for the derived CG(X). The Aegis system, on the other hand was used in the Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System. Since the Aegis system has been the navy's chief combat system for the past 30 years when the navy started a BMD program, the combat system it was tested on was the Aegis combat system. So while the DDG-51 platform and the DDG-1000 platform are both SM-2/SM-3 capable, as a legacy of the Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System only the DDG-51 with the Aegis combat system is BMD capable, although the DDG-1000's TSCE-I combat system had both BMD and IAMD upgrades planned. And in view of recent intelligence that China is developing targetable anti-ship ballistic missiles based on the DF-21, this could be a fatal flaw.\nOn 22 February 2009 James \"Ace\" Lyons, the former commander in chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, stated that the DDG-1000's technology was essential to a future \"boost phase anti-ballistic missile intercept capability\".\nIn 2010, the Congressional Research Service reported that the DDG-1000 cannot currently be used for BMD because the BMD role was deferred to the DDG-1000 derived CG(X) program (the DDG's had the strike role, the CG had the BMD role, but they shared both the SM3 missile, and the TSCE-I), the proposed radar of the CG(X) was much larger (22') and used much more energy and cooling capacity than the DDG-1000's. Since then, the 22-foot (6.7 m) radar system has been canceled with the CG(X) and it has been determined that a 14-foot (4.3 m) radar could be used either on DDG-51 or on DDG-1000, though it would not have the performance the navy predicts would be needed \"to address the most challenging threats\". Were the CG(X)'s BMD requirement adopted by the DDG-1000, the DDG-1000 would have to get the TSCE-I upgrade slated for the CG(X) to support that mission.\nThe study that showed a cost benefit to building Flight III Arleigh Burke-class destroyer with enhanced radars instead of adding BMD to the Zumwalt-class destroyers assumed very limited changes from the Flight II to the Flight III Burkes. However, costs for the Flight III Burkes have increased rapidly \"as the possible requirements and expectations continue to grow.\" While the Flight III design and costs have been studied by the navy, there is very little reliable data available on what the cost would be to modify a DDG-1000–class ship to provide a BMD capability. However, if the Air Missile Defense Radar is adopted in common on both the Flight III Burkes and the Zumwalts and if they were both upgraded to the same combat system then the only limitation of the Zumwalts in this role would be their limited missile magazines.\nWith the awarding of the development contract to the next generation Air and Missile Defense S-Band Radar to Raytheon, deliberation to put in place this radar on the Zumwalt-class destroyer is no longer being actively discussed.\nIt is possible for the Zumwalt-class destroyers to get the more limited BMD hardware and software modifications that would allow them using their existing SPY-3 radar and Cooperative Engagement Capability to utilize the SM-3 missile and have a BMD capability similar to the BMD-capable Ticonderoga-class cruisers and Burke-class Flight IIa destroyers. Procurement of a BMD specific version of the Zumwalt-class destroyer was also proposed.\nZumwalt PLAS cells can launch the SM-2 Standard missile, but the ships have no requirement for ballistic missile defense. The tubes are long and wide enough to incorporate future interceptors, and although the ship was designed primarily for littoral dominance and land attack, Raytheon contended that they could become BMD-capable with few modifications.", "The original DD-21 design would have accommodated between 117 and 128 Vertical launching system cells. However, the final DDG-1000 design provides only 80 cells. Zumwalt uses MK.57 Peripheral Vertical Launching System (PVLS) cells which are larger than the Mk.41 cells found on most American destroyers.\nEach VLS cell can be quad packed with RIM-162 Evolved Sea Sparrow Missiles (ESSM). This gives a maximum theoretical load of 320 ESSM missiles. The ESSM is considered a point defense weapon not generally used for fleet area defense.\nThe Zumwalt-class destroyer is not an Aegis system. It uses instead the class-unique Total Ship Computing Environment Infrastructure (TSCEI) integrated mission system. The Mk 57 PVLS is capable of accommodating all Standard missile types. It has not been publicly stated if the TSCE will be modified to support the Standard missile or the ballistic missile defense mission.", "The design concept for the Zumwalt class developed from the \"Land Attack Destroyer (DD 21)\" development effort. A primary goal for DD 21 was to provide sea-based fire support for on-shore troops, as part of the force mix that would replace the retiring Iowa-class battleships as mandated by Congress. There was considerable skepticism that the Zumwalt class could succeed in this role.\nIn summary, the committee is concerned that the navy has foregone the long range fire support capability of the battleship, has given little cause for optimism with regard to meeting near-term developmental objectives, and appears unrealistic in planning to support expeditionary warfare in the mid-term. The committee views the navy's strategy for providing naval surface fire support as 'high risk', and will continue to monitor progress accordingly.\n— Evaluation of the United States Navy's naval surface fire support program in the National Defense Authorization Act of 2007, \nThe Zumwalt class was intended to provide naval surface fire support (NSFS) using the AGS and additional land attack using Tomahawk missiles from its PVLS launchers. As deployed, the Zumwalt class cannot provide NSFS, since there are only 90 rounds of ammunition available that are compatible with the AGS. The Zumwalt class was re-purposed as surface attack vessels and are no longer intended for use as land attack destroyers.", "The stability of the DDG-1000 hull design in heavy seas has been a matter of controversy. In April 2007, naval architect Ken Brower said, \"As a ship pitches and heaves at sea, if you have tumblehome instead of a flare, you have no righting energy to make the ship come back up. On the DDG 1000, with the waves coming at you from behind, when a ship pitches down, it can lose transverse stability as the stern comes out of the water – and basically, roll over.\" The Navy decided not to use a tumblehome hull in the CG(X) cruiser before the program was canceled, which may suggest that there were concerns regarding Zumwalt's sea-keeping abilities. However, the tumblehome hull proved seaworthy in a 1/4-scale test of the hull design named Sea Jet.\nThe Advanced Electric Ship Demonstrator (AESD) Sea Jet funded by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) is a 133-foot (40-meter) vessel located at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division, Acoustic Research Detachment in Bayview, Idaho. Sea Jet was operated on Lake Pend Oreille, where it was used for test and demonstration of various technologies. Among the first technologies tested was an underwater discharge waterjet from Rolls-Royce Naval Marine, Inc. called AWJ-21.\nWhile underway during the spring of 2019, USS Zumwalt sailed through a storm causing sea state six conditions off the coast of Alaska. The test indicated that the Zumwalt class possesses greater stability compared to typical hull forms. During an interview, Captain Andrew Carlson, the commanding officer of USS Zumwalt at the time, related \"All told I'd rather be on that ship than any other ship I've been on.\" According to Captain Carlson, during the storm, he summoned his executive officer from his cabin to inform him of the sea state six conditions. Based on the rolls he had been experiencing in his cabin, the executive officer thought that at most they were at sea state three, where wave height only reaches a maximum of four feet (1.2 m). A combination of the Zumwalt class's hull form, rudder stop locations and propeller size contribute to its improved seakeeping.", "In 2005, a Critical Design Review (CDR) of the DDG-1000 led to the selection of the Mk 110 57 mm (2.2 in) cannon to defend the destroyer against swarming attacks by small fast boats; the Mk 110 has a rate of fire of 220 rpm and a range of 9 nmi (17 km; 10 mi). From then to 2010, various analysis efforts were conducted to assess potential cost-saving alternatives. Following a 2012 assessment using the latest gun and munition effectiveness information, it was concluded that the Mk 46 30 mm (1.2 in) Gun System was more effective than the Mk 110 with increased capability, reduced weight, and significant cost avoidance. The Mk 46 has a rate of fire of 200 rpm and a range of 2.17 nmi (4.02 km; 2.50 mi).\nNaval experts have questioned the decision to replace the close-in swarm defense guns of the Zumwalt-class destroyers with ones of decreased size and range. The 57 mm can engage targets at two to three miles, while the 30 mm can only start to engage at around one mile. However, the DDG-1000 program manager said that the 57 mm round's lethality was \"significantly over-modeled\" and \"not as effective as modeled\" in live test-firing, and \"nowhere near meeting the requirements\"; he admitted that the results were not what he expected to see. 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[ "Zumwalt-class destroyer", "History", "Background and funding", "Construction", "Ships in class", "Design", "Stealth", "Tumblehome wave piercing hull", "Advanced Gun System", "Advanced Payload Module", "Peripheral Vertical Launch System", "Aircraft and boat features", "Radar", "Common Display System", "Sonar", "Propulsion and power system", "Automation and fire protection", "Computer network", "Criticism", "Ballistic missile/air defense capability", "Missile capacity", "Naval fire support role", "Tumblehome design stability", "Secondary guns", "See also", "References", "Citations", "Sources", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 5359868, 5359869, 5359870, 5359871, 5359872, 5359873 ]

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[ "Zumwalt Prairie landscape", "Zumwalt Prairie area map" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Zumwalt_prairie_2007.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Zumwalt_overviewsmall.jpg" ]

[ "Zumwalt Prairie is a grassland area located in Wallowa County in northeast Oregon, United States. Measuring 330,000 acres (130,000 ha), much of the land is used for agriculture, with some portions protected as the Zumwalt Prairie Preserve owned by The Nature Conservancy. Part of that portion is designated as a National Natural Landmark. The high altitude prairie is along the west edge of Hells Canyon on the Oregon-Idaho border.", "The Zumwalt Prairie grassland is situated on a basalt plateau which varies in elevation from 3,500 to 5,500 feet (1,100 to 1,700 m) and is dominated by several native bunchgrasses, including Idaho Fescue (Festuca idahoensis), Bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata), Sandberg's Bluegrass (Poa secunda) and many species of wildflowers. The Zumwalt Prairie is a piece of a once extensive temperate grassland system west of the Rocky Mountains which extended into Canada. The Zumwalt Prairie grassland system remains largely intact, unlike most other prairies in North America. This fact can be attributed to its high elevation, harsh climate, and poor soils which made agriculture difficult. Because most of the Zumwalt Prairie escaped the plow, much of the important habitat remains for the plants and animals.", "Zumwalt Prairie is home to a diverse array of raptor species and includes the grassland-dependent ferruginous hawk (Buteo regalis), swainson's hawk (Buteo swainsoni), rough-legged hawk (Buteo lagopus), and the red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis). Golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) are a common sight soaring high above the prairie. The Zumwalt also supports important breeding populations of grassland songbirds, including Savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis), western meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta), vesper sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus), horned lark (Eremophila alpestris) and grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum). Grassland birds are highly threatened and many need large areas to maintain viable populations. The Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse, which had been extirpated from the Zumwalt Prairie by 1947 is being reintroduced in an effort spearheaded by Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife.\nOther wildlife includes Belding's ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi), northern pocket gophers (Thomomys talpoides), Rocky mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), mule deer, white tail deer have recently begun migrating to the area as well, black bear (Ursus americanus), cougar (Felis concolor), bobcat (Lynx rufus), badgers and coyotes (Canis latrans) . After an approximately 50-year absence, gray wolves (Canis lupus) have begun to colonize northeastern Oregon and have been seen on the Zumwalt Prairie.\nIn addition to large vertebrate species, Zumwalt Prairie also is home to a diverse invertebrate community, including over 100 species of bees, which help to maintain the health of the grassland through their role as pollinators.", "The climate of the Zumwalt Prairie is continental and semi-arid. On average the Zumwalt Prairie receives 15 to 17 inches (38 to 43 cm) of precipitation yearly with the majority of the precipitation during winter months. The summer months of July and August are dry with a mean monthly rainfall of 1.25 inches (32 mm) and a mean daily maximum temperature of 84 °F (29 °C). Winters are cold with a mean daily minimum temperature of 16 °F (−9 °C).", "The Chief Joseph band of the Nez Perce were the original human inhabitants of the Zumwalt Prairie. These indigenous people used the area for hunting and gathering in the spring and fall. Euro-American settlement of the area began in the 1850s. The Nez Perce were forced out of the area in the late 1870s after President Ulysses S. Grant officially opened Wallowa County to white settlement. As of 2008, the prairie consists mostly of privately owned ranches and is used for summer grazing of cattle. In April 2013, the National Park Service designated approximately 4,400 acres (1,800 ha) of The Nature Conservancy's site as a National Natural Landmark.", "The Nature Conservancy, a non-profit environmental conservation organization, owns and operates a 36,000 acres (15,000 ha) nature preserve on the Zumwalt Prairie, and has undertaken several initiatives to understand and protect the biodiversity of the Zumwalt Prairie's ecosystems. These include biological inventories, ecological monitoring, and scientific research. The Conservancy has a conservation easement on the 12,000-acre (5,000 ha) Lightning Creek Ranch.", "List of protected grasslands of North America\nZumwalt, Oregon", "Richard, Terry. To conserve and protect (and hike). The Oregonian, April 2, 2006.\nTisdale, EW. 1982. Grasslands of Western North America: The Pacific Northwest Bunchgrass. p 232-245 in A.C. Nicholson, A. McLean, and T.E. Baker (eds.) Grassland ecology and classification (Symposium Proceedings). British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Kamloops, BC, Canada\nTaylor, R. V., 2007. Zumwalt Prairie Conservation Action Plan. The Nature Conservancy. Enterprise, Oregon.\nPeterjohn, B. G., and J. R. Sauer. 1999. Population status of North American grassland birds from the North American Breeding Bird Survey, 1966-1996. Studies in Avian Biology 19:27-44.\nHansen, M. et al. 2005. Oregon Management Plan for Columbian sharp-tailed grouse (draft, October 2005). Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Salem, OR.\n\"C. Kimoto, S.J. DeBano, R.W. Thorp, S. Rao, W.P. Stephen. 2012. Investigating temporal patterns of a native bee community in a remnant North American bunchgrass prairie using blue vane traps. Journal of Insect Science, Volume 12, Issue 1.\nRichard, Terry (April 16, 2013). \"Zumwalt Prairie gains National Natural Landmark status in Wallowa County\". The Oregonian. Retrieved April 17, 2013.\nCurry, Lynne (August 19, 2020). \"Is the way cattle are grazed the key to saving America's threatened prairies?\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved August 19, 2020.\nZumwalt Prairie from the Nature Conservancy", "The Nature Conservancy: Zumwalt Prairie\nConserveOnline: Zumwalt Prairie" ]

[ "Zumwalt Prairie", "Geography", "Wildlife", "Climate", "History", "Conservation", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359874, 5359875 ]

[ 27237464, 27237465, 27237466, 27237467, 27237468, 27237469, 27237470, 27237471, 27237472, 27237473, 27237474, 27237475, 27237476 ]

[ "A zun with taotie dating to the Shang dynasty", "A rare Xi zun in the shape of an ox", "Western Zhou goose-shaped bronze zun. National Museum of China", "", "bronze zun-pan set from the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng", "", "A zun in the shape of an ox, dating from the Western Zhou dynasty", "A zun in the shape of a rhinoceros, dating from the Western Han dynasty" ]

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[ "The zun or yi, used until the Northern Song (960–1126) is a type of Chinese ritual bronze or ceramic wine vessel with a round or square vase-like form, sometimes in the shape of an animal, first appearing in the Shang dynasty. Used in religious ceremonies to hold wine, the zun has a wide lip to facilitate pouring. Vessels have been found in the shape of a dragon, an ox, a goose, and more. One notable zun is the He zun (Chinese: 何尊) from the Western Zhou.", "The zun is a vessel used as a ritual container to hold wine in ancient Chinese. It is a tall wine cup, with no handles or legs. The mouth of the vessel is normally seen as broader than the rest of the body. As a ritual container, its function is to provide the offering of wine to the deceased through ceremonial practices. Depending on the type of zun vessel, for example the Xi zun, not only was it used to store wine but also used to keep the wine warm. This is the only bronze piece discovered known to combine the two functions.", "The zun comes in various shapes, notably as a round or square vase-like form. Through these forms they appear in unique shapes varying different animals. Often, these vessels are found with distinctive and defined decor with unique symbolism. The most noticeable symbol through the decor is the taotie, known as the demon-face or the face of a sacrificial animal in early Chinese art. This type of face is a common motif found in Chinese ritual bronzes during the Shang dynasty. It has also been defined as a mask, vividly shown as two symmetrical bodies that are joined together. The most visible feature of the mask on the vessel is the protruding animal eyes projecting from the bronze surface in which stares at the viewer. These protruding eyes has also been defined as the eyes of a predator. These animal designs are also iconographically meaningful as the images of the various animals that served as the helpers of shamans and shamanesses (who were believed to have mythical powers) in the tasks of Heaven-Earth, and with the dead-living communication.", "The zun can be seen in a variety of different vessel forms from a limited amount of decoration to detailed. Some are square, some cylindrical while others are modeled after animals. Some of the animals they are modeled after are an elephant, ox, sheep, horse, rhinoceros and a bird. The basic shape used throughout many is cylindrical and the shape itself is repeated but with modifications. Some Zuns are tall and slender while others may be short and round. The decoration used on the vessels varies not only in content but the relief height. The height of the relief may give off the impression of texture or it may emphasize the form of the vessel by being smooth and round like the vessel. The taller vessel forms may have flanges on the sides that start at the upper lip and follow down to the foot of the vessel.", "Some characteristics of early Shang zuns consisted of a flaring mouth, high neck and a large body. Shang zuns also had wide shoulders and a foot ring. During the early Western Zhou, there was a zun modeled after a gu but was thicker, larger and the body portion is swelled more than that of a gu. Flanges appear on the vessels body and neck while the same decoration is used. The shoulders consist of small animal heads. Late Shang to Early Zhou Zuns are slim. The flanges start from the mouth of the vessel and down the body ending before the foot ring. The flanges are identical showing symmetry. Early Western Zhou zun are shorter, rounder and smoother. The relief of the vessel emphasizes the form removing the flanges. The bird motif is more prominent now than in the previous vessels.", "", "Period: Shang Dynasty\nOverall Height: 58.3 cm\nWeight: 34 kg\nLocation: National Museum of China, Beijing\nThe square zun was excavated in 1938 from Yueshanpu, Ningxiang, Hunan Province. It has a generous mouth with a flared flat lip, a long neck, projecting shoulder, shallow belly and high ring foot. There are flanges on the four corners and in the middle of all four sides. The neck has a design of triangular one-legged dragons and the flanges become the noses of the animal face designs below, with curly horns, round protruding eyes and a scrolled tail. On the shoulder are high-relief designs of dragons with their three-dimensional heads on the centre and their bodies wriggling along the sides. On the four corners of the shoulder are four protruding rams’ heads with curly horns, the belly of the vessel forming their chests and their legs extending down the ring foot. Their heads have engraved thunder patterns while there are scales on their chests and backs. Both sides are decorated with an elegant design of a bird with a high crest. The ring foot also carries a design of one-legged dragons. This vessel combines the techniques of engraving, high relief and three-dimensional relief in a dignified and refined form with intricately worked designs. It is a perfect fusion of moulding and artistic design representing the very best of bronze-making by the traditional clay mould technique.", "Period: Late Shang Dynasty\nOverall Height: 46.3 cm\nMouth Wide: 16.1 cm\nLocation: National Museum of China, Beijing\nIt was excavated in 1976 from the tomb of Fu Hao, Anyang, Henan Province. This bronze wine vessel with the design of owl, a ferocious bird, belongs to those with bird and beast designs. The whole vessel uses thunder pattern as the background, the beak and breast carry cicada pattern, the two sides of the neck carry the Kui pattern (Kui is a legendary dragon with one horn and one foot), the wings carry snake pattern and the tail has the design of a flying owl. The whole piece has rich, delicate and diverse patterns. In appearance, this owl looks solemn and powerful with its two legs and tail form a triangle support the vessel. The shape is firm and lifelike. It is a perfect combination of plane and three-dimensional designs. Inside the vessel's mouth are two inscribed characters “Fuhao”, the name of a woman. The oracle inscriptions during the reign of the King Wuding of the Shang Dynasty have many records about this woman. Being the wife of the king, Fuhao involved herself in major state affairs, participated in wars, and presided over sacrificial ceremonies. She led troops to conquer many parts of the country, thus enjoying an illustrious status and being a legendary figure.", "Period: Late Shang Dynasty\nOverall Height: 50.5 cm\nDiameter at mouth: 44.7cm, Diameter at foot: 24 cm\nIt was excavated in 1957 from Yueyahe, Funan, Anhui Province. This is a tall and large zun, with a trumpet-shaped mouth, girded neck, broad sloping shoulder, belly which narrows at the bottom, and a high ring foot. The neck is decorated with three narrow bands, the shoulder with three protruding wriggling dragons with upright conical horns, open mouths, extended bodies and coiled tail. Behind their tails is another small dragon design. The belly has a design of a tiger, with raised head in high relief and bodies in shallower relief, extending on both sides of the head. Below the tiger's head is a squatting man with arms raised above his shoulders, his head inside the jaw of the tiger. Below both designs is an animal face design with the corner flange of the vessel forming its nose, T-shaped horns and a scrolled tail. The ring foot has three cross-shaped piercings and, on the lower part, animal face designs. The mixture of the techniques of engraving, high relief and three-dimensional relief on the shoulder and belly combined with the delicate and beautiful designs make this a masterpiece of Shang bronze work. In ancient times, non-Chinese peoples lived in Huaiyi Region, where this piece was excavated, and it shows the influence of Shang bronzes combined with local features.", "Period: Late Shang dynasty, Middle Anyang period, ca. 12th century B.C.E.\nOverall Height: 36.6 cm\nWide: 37.4 cm\nWeight: 34 kg\nLocation: Freer Gallery of Art F1951.19\nThis example probably excavated from Anyang, Henan province, China. And it used to belong to C.T. Loo & Co., New York, from at least May 11, 1949. Then Freer Gallery of Art purchased it from C. T. Loo on November 28, 1951.", "Period: Western Zhou Dynasty\nOverall Height: 20.5 cm\nWide: 17.5 cm\nLocation: Freer Gallery of Art F1911.40, purchased from C.T. Loo on December 8, 1943", "Period: Early Warring Period\nHeight of Zun: 33.1cm\nWide of Zun: 62cm\nHeight of Pan: 24cm\nWide of Pan: 57.6cm\nDepth of Pan: 12cm\nWeight: 28.2 kg\nLocation: Hubei Museum, Hubei\nThe bronze zun-pan set from the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng (433 BC) unearthed in Suizhou, Hubei in 1978. This is the most exquisite and complex bronze ever found. The set was probably created for an earlier marquis whose name has been erased and replaced by the Marquis of Yi.\nThe Zun Pan set has various decorations on the plate. The bronze Zun is made of 34 parts, which are cast and welded in 56 places. A total of 56 Panlong and 48 Panchi are decorated on the body of the Pan, and a seven-character inscription is engraved on the bottom of the neck of Zun and the bottom of Pan.", "Period: Western Zhou\nOverall Height: 38.8 cm\nWeight: 14.6 kg\nLocation: Baoji Museum, Shaanxi\nHe Zun, renowned for the written characters meaning \"Middle Kingdom\", that is, \"China\" (中國) in a bronze inscription on the bottom, is one of the most important and well-known Chinese bronze vessels of the Western Zhou. It was discovered by chance and its value hadn't been recognized for a long time after it was unearthed. Now He Zun is one of the precious cultural relics which can never be exhibited overseas as expressly provided by Chinese government.\nThis vessel describes the establishment of a royal residence at the new capital five years after King Cheng assumed the throne. The inscription, which is unclear in parts, was composed by He, who received a speech and gifts from the King. We do not know who his father was nor what role he played in the Zhou conquest, but it is possible that He and his lineage were originally not members of the Zhou tribe. The inscription is particularly interesting in that it demonstrates that the primacy of the deity Tian was already established. “Tian” is a Zhou term for the highest divine force; Shang oracle texts employed the term “Di” in a similar sense.\nIt was when the King first removed his residence to Cheng-Zhou that, carrying on anew the rites of King Wu, he performed fu-sacrifices beginning from the altar of Heaven. In the fourth month on the day bing-xu the King addressed the junior members of [our] lineage in the Great Hall of the Jing Palace saying, “Formerly your late father assisted King Wen and aided King Wen in receiving this [great mandate]. When King Wu had newly conquered the Great City of Shang he made an announcement in the courtyard at the altar of Heaven saying, ‘I shall reside in this central country and from it rule the people.’ Pay attention, inexperienced youths! Attend to the example of your forebear, whose sacrificial vessels stand on the altar of Heaven. Carryon his mandate and sacrifice to him with care. May the great virtue of the former Kings bathe the altar of Heaven and guide us in our ignorance.\nWhen the King had completed his address, he bestowed upon He thirty strings of cowries, wherefore has been cast this precious sacrificial vessel for X Gong.", "Period： Middle Eastern Zhou Dynasty\nOverall height：26.5 cm\nWide: 13.5 cm\nDeep: 20 cm\nLocation: Freer Gallery of Art F1961.30a-b\nThis example was reportedly excavated near Taiyuan, Shanxi province, China. To 1915:Marcel Bing (1875–1920), Paris, to 1915. From 1915 to 1961: Eugene (1875–1959) and Agnes E. (1887–1970) Meyer, Washington, D.C., and Mt. Kisco, New York, purchased jointly with Charles L. Freer (1854–1919) from Marcel Bing through C.T. Loo, Lai Yuan & Co., New York, in December 1915. From 1961: Freer Gallery of Art, gift of Eugene and Agnes E. Meyer, 1961.", "Period: Late Spring and Autumn\nOverall Height: 33.7cm\nLength: 58.7cm\nWeight: 10.76kg\nLocation: Shanghai Museum, Shanghai\nXi (牺) in ancient Chinese means solid coloured animals used as sacrifice. This vessel is shaped like a vivid ox, which is strong and steady. There are three holes on the ox's back. The middle hole can hold a small wine pot so hot water can be poured into the hollow belly from other two holes. On this basis, researcher infer that Xi Zun might be used to warm wine. Xi Zun is extremely unusual because of its distinctive style and design. This example is the most famous one but not the only one.", "Period: Middle Western Zhou Dynasty\nOverall Height: 24 cm\nLength: 38 cm\nDepth of Belly: 10.7 cm\nLocation: Shaanxi History Museum, Xi'an\nThis example was excavated in 1967 from Hejiacun, Qishan County, Shaanxi. It is a wine container shaped like an ox as well, but with\na square hole on its back and a tiger-shaped lid. The tail of the ox is the handle. The exaggerated mould is very magnificent.", "Period: Western Han (206 BC – AD 8)\nOverall Height: 34.4 cm\nLength: 58.1 cm\nLocation: National Museum of China, Beijing\nIt was excavated in 1963 from Doumacun, Xingping, Shaanxi Province. This vessel is in the form of a powerful standing rhinoceros with a raised head with pricked ears and sharp tusks. Its eyes are bright black glass beads, giving it a graceful expression. The lid on its back is hinged at the front allowing it to be opened. Cloud decorations cover the entire body with spirals in between, all inlaid with gold and silver, suggesting the fine hairs of the rhinoceros. This is a realistic piece with flowing and lively decoration, and deserves to be considered a masterpiece of Western Han gold and silver inlay.", "Baijiu\nHuangjiu\nRhyton\nWine in China\nYi", "http://arts.cultural-china.com/en/30Arts2059.html\n\"Wine Vessel (Zun) in the Form of a Goose\". www.brooklynmuseum.org. Brooklyn Museum.\nhttp://arts.cultural-china.com/en/69Arts7435.html\nErdberg (1993), p. 21\nChang (1976), p. 175\nKesner (1991), p. 30\nMa (1986)\nLeohr (1968)\nRawson (1987)\nLeohr (1968)\n\"Square vessel (fang zun) with four rams\". National Museum of China. Su Qiang.\n\"Fu Hao owl-shaped Zun\". National Museum of China. Su Qiang.\n\"Dragon and tiger Zun\". National Museum of China. Su Qiang.\n\"Ritual wine container (zun) with masks, dragons, and birds\". National Museum of Asian Art. Smithsonian.\n\"Ritual wine container (zun) with dragons\". National Museum of Asian Art. Smithsonian.\nPeng, Peng (2020). Metalworking in Bronze Age China: The Lost-Wax Process By Peng Peng. Cambria Press.\nAcademy of Chinese Social Science Archaeology Research Institute, ed. (2001). 殷周金文集成釋文 [Transcribed Texts of Collected Shang and Zhou Bronze Inscriptions]. Vol. 4. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Chinese Culture University Press. p. 275 (no. 6014). ISBN 962-996-039-7.\nIndiana University, Fall 2012，History G380 Early China：reading materials：http://www.indiana.edu/~g380/3.10-WZhou_Bronzes-2010.pdf\n\"Ritual wine container (zun) with dragons\". National Museum of Asian Art. Smithsonian.\n\"Ox-Shaped Zun\". Archived from the original on March 10, 2015. Retrieved May 2, 2014.\n\"Rhinoceros Zun\". National Museum of China. Su Qiang.", "Chang, K.C. (1976). \"Changing Relationship of Man and Animal in Shang and Chou Myths and Art\". Early Chinese Civilization: Anthropological Perspectives. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 175.\nMa, Chengyuan (1986). Ancient Chinese Bronzes. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.\nErdberg, Eleanor Von (1993). Ancient Chinese Bronzes: Terminology and Iconology.\nLeohr, Max (1968). Ritual Vessels of Bronze Age China. New York: Asia Society.\nRawson, Jessica (1987). Chinese Bronzes: Art and Ritual. London: British Museum.\nKesner, Ladislav (1991). \"The Taotie Reconsidered: Meanings and Functions of the Shang Theriomorphic Imagery\". Artibus Asiae. 51 (1/2): 30. doi:10.2307/3249675. JSTOR 3249675.", "Yin Zhou jinwen jicheng 殷周金文集成 (Corpus of Shang and Zhou bronze inscription), 18 vols, Compiled by Zhongguo. Shehuikexueyuan Kaogu Yanjiusuo 中国社会科学院考古研究所. Beijing:Zhonghua, 1984–1994.\nL. Mattons and Jerry Norman (trans.) Ealy China Special Monograph Series, Vol.4, Berkeley:Society for the Study of Early China and Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 2000.\nRong Geng 容庚. 1941. Shang Zhou yiqi tongkao 商周彝器通考 (Comprehensive studies on Shang and Zhou ritual vessels). 2 vols. Beijing: Harvard-Yenching Institute.\nMa Chengyuan. 1986–1990. Shang Zhou qingtongqi mingwen xuan 商周青铜器铭文选 (Selected inscriptions on Shang and Zhou bronzes).4 Vols, Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe.\nQiu Xigui.1988. Wenzixue gaiyao 文字学概要. Beijing: Shangwu yinshuguan. English translation: Chinese writing, Gilbert\nLothar Von Falkenhsausen.2006. Chinese Society in the Age of Confucius (1000–250 BC), Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press.\nWen Fong. The Great Bronze Age of China. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1980.\nSackler, Arthur M. (1983). \"Art From Ritual\". Ancient Chinese Bronze Vessels From Collection. ISBN 0-916724-54-9.\nWilson, J. Keith (1990). \"Powerful Form and Potent Symbol\". Cleveland Museum of Art. 77 (8): 286–323.", "National museum of China\nShanghai Museum\nShaanxi history museum\nFreer Gallery of Art / Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Smithsonian Institution\nCornell University Luna Insight(an image delivery system for many image databases that are owned or licensed for use at Cornell University)\nJ.J. Lally & Co.\nA 13-12th century B.C.E. Zun in the collection of the Brooklyn Museum\nAn earthenware Zun in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art\nA Handbook of Chinese Ceramics from The Metropolitan Museum of Art\nThe great bronze age of China: an exhibition from the People's Republic of China, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on zuns" ]

[ "Zun", "Function and use", "Symbolism", "Ceramic forms", "Historical and cultural references", "Important examples", "Four-goat Square Zun", "Fu Hao owl-shaped Zun", "Dragon and tiger Zun", "Ritual wine container (zun) with masks, dragons, and birds", "Zun with dragons", "Zun Pan Set", "He zun", "Lidded ritual wine container (zun) in the form of a bird", "Xi Zun [One]", "Xi Zun [Two]", "Gold and silver inlay cloud-patterned rhinoceros Zun", "See also", "Citations", "General references", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 5359876, 5359877, 5359878, 5359879, 5359880, 5359881, 5359882 ]

[ 27237477, 27237478, 27237479, 27237480, 27237481, 27237482, 27237483, 27237484, 27237485, 27237486, 27237487, 27237488, 27237489, 27237490, 27237491, 27237492, 27237493, 27237494, 27237495, 27237496, 27237497, 27237498, 27237499, 27237500, 27237501, 27237502, 27237503, 27237504, 27237505, 27237506, 27237507, 27237508, 27237509, 27237510, 27237511, 27237512, 27237513, 27237514, 27237515, 27237516, 27237517, 27237518, 27237519 ]

[ "Zunaid Ahmed Palak", "Palak with Robot Sophia and its creator" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

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[ "Zunaid Ahmed Palak (born 17 May 1980) is a Bangladeshi politician, and the incumbent Member of Parliament from Natore-3.", "Palak was appointed as a Minister of State for Information and Communication Technology Division, Bangladesh on 12 January 2014 at the age of 34 years making him the youngest Minister of Bangladesh, he is also the first minister ever to be born in the independent Bangladesh. He was nominated Young Global Leader in 2016 by the World Economic Forum. At the age of 26, he got the nomination from Bangladesh Awami League, in the National Elections of 2006. In 2008 he was nominated again, and was elected by a big margin, becoming the youngest member of the ninth National Assembly of Bangladesh. In June 2017 he was nominated as Chairman of the Advisory Committee of International Association of Students in Economic and Commercial Sciences (AIESEC), Bangladesh chapter. In his early twenties, he followed his father's footsteps in politics and became a member of the Bangladesh Awami League party.\nAhmed also was a committee member where he planned to incorporate \"Green Technologies\" into its office building principles, to reduce carbon emissions into the environment. He said that the building of offices and residences using green technology would not release any carbon to the environment, while the wastes of houses and offices will be recycled and to produce energy. He also expressed that a delegation from India was on their way to discuss different technological issues including the building of zero carbon emitting buildings. He further added:\nWe asked the ministry concerned to take a pilot project to build its office building using green technology as part of the initiative. Several other lawmakers and I shared our experience of recent visit to the southern state of Karnataka and West Bengal of India where we saw offices and houses were built using green technology.\nPalak has been President of the Bangladesh Carrom Federation since 2009, and Vice President of the International Carrom Federation since 2011.", "\"Those who are new state ministers\". The Daily Star. 6 January 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2020.\n\"Constituency 60_11th_En\". www.parliament.gov.bd. Retrieved 28 March 2020.\nFoyez, Ahammad (7 January 2019). \"Extraordinary polling by ministers\". New Age. Retrieved 10 January 2019.\n\"Zunaid-Ahmed-Palak-MP\". lict.gov.bd.\n\"Protect S Asian water resources\". The Daily Star. 1 September 2009.\n\"Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha\".\n\"Early life of Zunaid Ahmed Palak\".\n\"'Green office' planned in ICT ministry\". The Daily Star. 25 January 2010.\n\"Leveraging ICT\". Leveraging ICT.", "Official Website of Zunaid Ahmed Palak\nList of Bangladesh Parliament Members\nList of Bangladesh Parliament Members (Bengali)\nActivity Report of All Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) on Climate Change and Environment" ]

[ "Zunaid Ahmed Palak", "Career", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359883, 5359884 ]

[ 27237520, 27237521, 27237522, 27237523, 27237524, 27237525 ]

[ "class=notpageimage| Approximate location of the Zunbils", "class=notpageimage| Ghazni, the capital, and other important cities of the Zunbils (red dots).", "The Zunbils were affected by Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent.   Desert areas (Registan Desert and Thar Desert)   Zunbils   Turk Shahis   Kingdom of Kashmir   Kingdom of Sindh (c. 632– 711 CE)\nthen, Caliphal province of Sind (712-854 CE)   Maitraka Kingdom (c.475–c.776 CE)", "A coin of the Rutbils, minted in Zabulistan circa 720 AD, closely imitating the coinage of Sasanian ruler Khosrau II (Coinage of Khosrau II with Anahita in flames. 591-628 CE). Anahita in flames on the reverse.[3]", "", "Type of the coins excavated in Tang-i Safedak (Göbl, Hunnen Em. 243), next to the inscription of Alkhis. Bactrian script legend σηρο \"Sero\" (contemporary of Sahi Tigin). Circa late 7th-early 8th century CE.[32][33]", "Tang-i Safedak inscription", "The city of Ghazni was the capital of the Zunbils.", "Hyecho's description of Zabulistan", "", "Statue of Yaqub bin Laith al-Saffar (r. 861–879 AD), conqueror of the Zunbils (Dezful, Iran)", "The last phase of the Tapa Sardar Buddhist monastery in Ghazni, dates to the time of the Zunbils.[63]", "Head of Buddha from Tapa Sardar, Afghanistan (3rd to 5th century AD)." ]

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[ "Zunbil, also written as Zhunbil, or Rutbils of Zabulistan, was a royal dynasty south of the Hindu Kush in present southern Afghanistan region. They ruled from circa 680 AD until the Saffarid conquest in 870 AD. The Zunbil dynasty was founded by Rutbil (Turkic: Iltäbär), the elder brother of the Turk Shahi ruler (either Barha Tegin or Tegin Shah), who ruled over a Khalaj -Hephthalite kingdom from his capital in Kabul. The Zunbils are described as having Turkish troops in their service by Arabic sources like Tarikh al-Tabari and Tarikh-i Sistan.\nThe faith of this community has not been researched as much. According to the interpretation of Chinese sources by Marquarts and de Groots in 1915, the king of Ts'ao is said to have worn a crown with a golden fish head and was related to the Sogdians. The Temple of the Zun was recognizable by a large fish skeleton on display; this would indicate a related merchantry deity. In addition to that Marquarts states the Zunbils to have worshipped a solar deity which might have been connected to Aditya (Surya). However, according to Shōshin Kuwayama there was a clear dichotomy between worshipers of the Hindu god Surya and followers of Zhun. This is exemplified by the conflict between Surya and Zhun followers, which lead to the followers of Zhun migrating southwards towards Zabulistan from Kapisa. According to André Wink the followers of this god were primarily Hindu, though parallels have also been noted with pre-Buddhist religious and monarchy practices in Tibet and had Zoroastrian influence in its ritual. Other scholars such as H. Schaeder and N. Sims-William have connected it with the Zoroastrian deity of time.\nTheir territory included between what is now the city of Zaranj in southwestern Afghanistan and Kabulistan in the northeast, with Zamindawar and Ghazni serving as their capitals. In the south their territory reached at times the cities of Rakhwad (al-Rukhkhaj) and Bost (near Kandahar).\nThe title Zunbil can be traced back to the Middle-Persian original Zūn-dātbar, 'Zun the Justice-giver'. The geographical name Zamindawar would also reflect this, from Middle Persian 'Zamin-i dātbar' (Land of the Justice-giver).", "During more than two centuries of their rule, the Tokhara Yabghus, followed by the Turk Shahis and the Zunbils were consistently an obstacle to the eastward expansion of Muslims forces.", "", "About 643-644 AD, the Arabs raided Sistan for the first time, and then started to attack the Turkic territory from the southwest.\nIn 653-4 AD, an army of around 6,000 Arabs was led by general Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura of the Rashidun Caliphate, and they arrived to the shrine of Zoon in Zamindawar. It is reported that Samura \"broke off a hand of the idol and plucked out the rubies which were its eyes in order to persuade the marzbān of Sīstān of the god's worthlessness.\" Samura explained to the marzbān: \"my intention was to show you that this idol can do neither any harm nor good.\"", "Circa 665 AD, the Arabs under Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura, a general of the Umayyad Caliphate and caliphal governor of Sijistan, captured Kabul for the first time, critically weakening the Nezak Huns. But the Turkic ruler Barha Tegin was soon able to mount a counter-offensive and repulse the Arabs, taking back the areas of Kabul and Zabulistan (around Ghazni), as well as the region of Arachosia as far as Kandahar, and founding the new dynasty of the Turk Shahis circa 665 AD.\nRutbil is first mentioned to have existed during his time, as his earliest mention in Arab sources dates to 666 CE. Rutbil may have been the brother or nephew of Barha Tegin, and may have been appointed as the governor in Zabulistan by Barha Tegin after he conquered the region from Ghar-ilchi. \nRutbil and the king of Kabul campaigned together against the Arabs after Abdur Rahman ibn Samura was replaced as the governor of Sistan. Rabi ibn Ziyad al-Harithi upon assuming governorship in 671 CE attacked Rutbil at Bost, and drove him to al-Rukhkhaj. Rabi's successor Ubayd Allah ibn Abi Bakra continued the war upon being appointed in 673 CE, leading Rutbil to negotiate a peace treaty for both Kabul and Zabul, in which the governor of Sistan acknowledged control of these territories by Rutbil and the King of Kabul.", "Around the time the first ruler of the Turk Shahis Barha Tegin died, his dynasty split into two kingdoms. From 680 AD, Tegin Shah became the king of the Turk Shahis, and ruled the area from Kabulistan to Gandhara as well as Zabulistan. His title was \"Khorasan Tegin Shah\" (meaning \"Tegin, King of the East\"), and he was known in Chinese sources as Wusan teqin sa. His grand title probably refers to his resistance to the peril of the Umayyad caliph from the west.\nIn 680-683 AD, Rutbil split from his brother the Shahi of Kabul, and established the Zunbil dynasty, paying temporary allegiance to Salm ibn Ziyad, the Arab governor of Sistan. At the time when Salm ibn Ziyad was governor of Sistan (680-683 AD), Rutbil split from his brother, the Shah of Kabul, and established the Zunbil dynasty, paying temporary allegiance to Salm ibn Ziyad. The area of Zabulistan came to be ruled by Rutbil, also spelled Zibil or Jibul (from Turkic: Iltäbär \"Commander\").\nThe relationship between the two relatives was at times antagonistic, but they fought together against Arab incursions. Rubtil issued coins derived from Sassanian prototypes, with a Bactrian script legend on the obverse, a Pahlavi script legend on the reverse, and a short Brahmi script legend in the name of Śrī Vākhudevaḥ (\"His Highness the Majestic Lord\"):\nObverse: yypwlh. wtyp’ / GDH / ’pzwt\nPWN ŠMY yzt’ yypwl bgyh. wtyp’ wh. m’n’n mlt’n MLK’\n\nKing Jibul, [his] glory increased!\nIn the name of god, Jibul, the Majestic Lord [is] King of brave men\n\nReverse: Śrī Vākhudevaḥ / pncdh. z’wlst’n / ’pl plm’n yzd’n\n\nHis Highness the Majestic Lord / [minted in his] 15th [regnal year in] Zavulistan, by the order of the gods.\n— Coin legend of Rutbil\nAccording to Anthony McNicoll, \"the Zunbils ruled in the Kandahar area for nearly 250 years until the late 9th century AD\". Their main capital Zamindawar was located in the present-day Helmand Province of Afghanistan. The shrine of Zoon was located about three miles south of Musa Qala in Helmand, which may still be traced today. Some believe that the Sunagir temple mentioned by the famous Chinese traveler Xuanzang in 640 AD pertains to this exact house of worship.", "In 698 Ubayd Allah ibn Abi Bakra, governor of Sijistan and a military commander of the Umayyad Caliphate, led an 'Army of Destruction' against the Zunbils. He was defeated and was forced to offer a large tribute, give hostages including three of his sons, and take an oath not to invade the territory of the Zunbils again. \nAbout 700, Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf appointed Ibn al-Ash'ath as commander of a huge Iraqi army, the so-called \"Peacock Army\", to subdue the troublesome principality of Zabulistan. During the campaign, al-Hajjaj's overbearing behaviour caused Ibn al-Ash'ath and the army to rebel. After patching up an agreement with the Zunbils, the army started on its march back to Iraq. On the way, a mutiny against al-Hajjaj developed into a full-fledged anti-Umayyad rebellion.\nThe Arabs regularly claimed nominal overlordship over the Zunbils, and in 711 Qutayba ibn Muslim managed to force them to pay tribute. In 725-726, Yazid ibn al-Ghurayf, governor of Sistan failed to do so. The Arab would not be able to again obtain tribute from the Zunbils until 769 CE, when Ma'n b. Za'ida al-Shaybanl defeated them near Ghazni.", "The Bactrian inscription of Tang-i Safedak, dated to around 714/15 CE, mentions the dedication of a stupa by Alkhis, son of Khuras, lord of \"Gazan\", thought to be Ghazni. Alkhis is considered as the patron of the second period of florescence of the Buddhist sanctuary of Tapa Sardar, characterized in this period by the creation of hybrid Sinicized-Indian Buddhist art. \n\"(It was) the year 492, the month Sbol, when I, Alkhis son of Khuras, lord of Gazan, established this stupa (as) a (pious) foundation(?) in Ragzamagan(?). (At that time) when there was a Turkish ruler and an Arab ruler, the deyadharma (meritorious gifts) made by me were kept . . . , and afterwards I made this Zinaiaka-deyadharma in the willing belief which I had towards the huddha-sastra and in great faith (Sraddha) and in ... Whatever merit (punya ) may arise hereby, now and (in) the future, may I, Alkhis, and my parents and wife and brothers (and) sons and (other) relatives too-may each (and) every one (of us) attain (his) own desire. Homage to the buddhas.\"\n— Bactrian inscription of Tang-i Safedak. translation by Nicholas Sims-Williams.", "According to Chinese sources, in particular the chronicles of the Cefu Yuangui, the Turks in Kabul were vassals of the Yabghus of Tokharistan. When a young brother of the Yabghu Pantu Nili, named Puluo (僕羅 Púluó in Chinese sources), visited the court of the Tang Dynasty in Xi'an in 718 AD, he gave an account of the military forces in the Tokharistan region. Puluo described the power of \"the Kings of Tokharistan\", explaining that \"Two hundred and twelve kingdoms, governors and prefects\" recognise the authority of the Yabghus, and that it has been so since the time of his grandfather, that is, probably since the time of the establishment of the Yabghus of Tokharistan. This account also shows that the Yabghu of Tokharistan ruled a vast area circa 718 AD, formed of the territories north and south of the Hindu Kush, including the areas of Kabul and Zabul. Finally, Puluo reaffirmed the loyalty of Yabghu Pantu Nili towards the Tang Dynasty.\nPart of the Chinese entry for this account by Puluo is:\nOn the Dingwei day of the eleventh month in the sixth year of the Kaiyuan era, Ashi Tegin Puluo writes to the emperor: Tokhara Yabghu, his elder brother, is controlling as his subordinates two hundred and twelve persons, such as the local kings of various states, dudu (Governors-General), and cishi (heads of regional governments). The king of Zabul rules two hundred thousand soldiers and horses, the king of Kabul two hundred thousand, each king of Khuttal, Chaghanian, Jiesu, Shughnan, Evdal, Kumedha Wa'khan, Guzganan, Bamiyan, Lteyuedejzan, and Badakhshan fifty thousand.\"\n— Cefu Yuangui 3.5. Fanyan in Vol. 999 (Claims, Foreign Subjects), 718 AD.", "", "A few Zunbil rulers are named in Chinese sources, especially Shiquer or Zigil (Chinese:誓屈爾 Shìqū'ér), ruler of Zabulistan from 720 CE and for a few years until 738. A Chinese account from the Tangshu mentions how Zabulistan (Chinese: 誓䫻 Shìyù) was a vassal to the Kabul Shah around 710-720 CE, and how the Zunbil ruler, named \"Shiquer\", was recognized by the Chinese court in 720 CE. Shiquer received the title of Gedaluozhi Xielifa (Chinese: 葛達羅支頡利發). The word \"Geluodazhi\" in this extract (Chinese: 葛罗达支, pronounced in Early Middle Chinese: kat-la-dat-tcǐe), is thought to be a transliteration of the ethnonym Khalaj. Xielifa is the known Chinese transcription of the Turkish \"Iltäbär\", hence Shiquer was \"Iltäbär of the Khalaj\":\nThe people from Tujue (Turks), Jibin (Kabul), and Tuhuoluo (Tokharistan) live together in this country [Zabulistan]. Jibin recruits from among them young men to defend against Dashi (Arabs). They sent an envoy to the Tang in the first year of Jingyun (710) to present gifts. Later, they subjugated themselves to Jibin. In the eighth year of Kaiyuan (720), the Emperor approved the enthronement of Gedalouzhi (\"Khalaj\") Xielifa (\"Iltäbär\") Shiquer. Their envoys came to the royal court several times until the Tianbao era (742–756).\n— Old Book of Tang, Book 221: account of Zabulistan (谢䫻 Xiėyù).", "In 726 CE, the Korean Buddhist monk Hyecho visited Zabulistan (谢䫻国 Xiėyùguó) and recorded that Kabul and Zabul were ruled by Turkic kings, who followed Buddhism. According to him, the King of Kabul was the uncle of the king of Zabul.\nFrom Kapisa I travelled further west and after seven days arrived at the country of Zabulistan which its people call She-hu-lo-sa-t'a-na. The native are Hu people; the king and cavalry are Turks. The king, a nephew of the king of Kapisa, himself controls his tribe and the cavalry stationed in this country. It is not subject to other countries, not even his own uncle. Though the king and the chiefs are Turks, they highly revere the Three Jewels. There are many monasteries and monks. Mahayana Buddhism is practiced. There is a great Turkish chief called Sha-tuo-kan, who once a year lays out his gold and silver, which is much more than the king possesses. The dress, customs, and products of this land are similar to those of Kapisa, but the languages are different.\n— Hyecho on Zabulistan, \"An account of travel to the five Indian kingdoms\".", "Chinese artistic influences, on top of nomical political influence, are discernable in the artistic creations under the Zunbils around that time, as seen in the Buddhist monastery of Tepe Sardar. During the period from 680 to 720 CE, essentially Indian post-Gupta start to blend with Chinese stylistic influences, \"a Chinese touch\" discernable in Buddhist works of art. \nA full-blown \"Chinese phase\" is attributed to the period from 720-750 CE, corresponding to the last major phase of construction and decorations of Buddhist monuments before the Arab conquests. This construction period was possibly marked by the patronage of Alkhis, a contemporary ruler of the Zabul area who was probably of the same ethnicity as the nearby Turk Shahis of Kabul and a member of the Zunbils, or his successors. The period sees a marked evolution in the facial types of the statues, with the Chinese-Indian traits of the previous period moving markedly towards Tang Dynasty styles, and clearly following Tang prototypes. Such phenomenon is also seen in the site of Adzina Tepe. It is thought that Buddhism was particularly strong in China during the rule of Empress Wu Zhao (624-705 CE), and that, together the several missions of Chinese pilgrims to Afghanistan and India, Chinese monks settled in Ghazni from around 700 CE. This activity mirrored the active development of monasteries in Xinjiang during the 7th-8th centuries, and highlight a broad territorial unity of Buddhist kingdoms in Western Central Asia at that time, based on intense exchanges and a westward influence of Chinese Buddhism and artistic styles.\nThe influence of Chinese artistic styles vanishes after 751 CE, when Tang China withdrew from Central Asia following the Battle of Talas.", "Arabic sources recount that, after the Abbasids came to power in 750, the Zunbils made submissions to the third Abbasid Caliph al-Mahdi (r. 775–785), but these appear to have been nominal acts, and the people of the region continued to resist Muslim rule. The Muslim historian Ya'qubi (died 897/8) in his Ta'rikh (\"History\"), recounts that al-Mahdi asked for, and apparently obtained, the submission of various Central Asian rulers, including that of the Zunbils. The original account by Ya'qubi reads:\nAl-Mahdī sent messengers to the kings, calling on them to submit, and most of them submitted to him. Among them were the king of Kābul Shāh, whose name was Ḥanḥal; the king of Ṭabaristān, the Iṣbahbadh; the king of Soghdia, the Ikhshīd; the king of Tukhāristān, Sharwin; the king of Bamiyan, the Shīr; the king of Farghana, ------ ; the king of Usrūshana, Afshīn; the king of the Kharlukhiyya, Jabghūya; the king of Sijistān, Zunbīl; the king of Turks, Tarkhan; the king of Tibet, Ḥ-h-w-r-n; the king of Sind, al-Rāy; the king of China, Baghbür; the king of India and Atrāḥ, Wahūfūr; and the king of the Tughuz-ghuz, Khāqān.\n— Ya'qubi (died 897/8), Ta'rikh (\"History\")\nIn 769 CE, the Arabs were again able to obtain tribute from the Zunbils after nearly half a century, when Ma'n b. Za'ida al-Shaybanl defeated them near Ghazni.\nArab destructions are documented around 795 CE, as the Muslim writer Kitāb al-buldān records the destruction of a Šāh Bahār (“Temple of the King”), though to be Tepe Sardar, at that time: he recounts that the Arabs attacked the Šāh Bahār, \"in which were idols worshipped by the people. They destroyed and burnt them\".", "In 815 CE, the Abbasids led by caliph Al-Ma'mun defeated the Kabul branch of the Turk Shahis in 815 CE, in what was essentially a political retribution: hoping to take advantage of the Great Abbasid Civil War (811-819 AD), the Turk Shahi ruler, named \"Pati Dumi\" in Arab sources, had invaded parts of Khorasan. The Turk Shahis not only had to convert to Islam but also had to cede key cities and regions. Another campaign against the Gandhara branch seem to have followed soon, with the Caliphate reaching Indus river, and imposing a critical defeat. A new dynasty, the Hindu Shahi dynasty, took over in Gandhara and Kabul in 822 CE. The Zunbils were unaffected by Al-Ma'mun's raids and continued to rule for about two more decades, before getting embroiled in the conflict to eventual extinction.", "The Zunbils were finally defeated in 870 AD by the Muslim conqueror Yaqub bin Laith al-Saffar (r. 861–879 AD, founder of the Saffarid dynasty), who conquered the entire Zunbil territory from his base in Sistan.\nYaqub bin Laith al-Saffar started his eastern conquests in 870/871 CE, when he marched against the Kharijites of Herat, and defeated them. He then marched towards Karukh, and defeated another Khariji leader who was named Abd al-Rahman. His army would then march to Ghazna, conquering the Zunbils, and further to Bamyan and Kabul, pushing the Hindu Shahis to the East, conquering these territories in the name of Islam by appointing Muslim governors. From there they moved to north of the Hindu Kush and by 870 AD the whole of Khorasan was brought under Saffarid control. The Panjshir Valley was now under Ya'qub's control, which made him able to mint silver coins.\nAccording to C.E. Bosworth, the Saffarids achieved, for the first time, Muslim expansion in eastern Afghanistan, after more than two centuries of plundering raids by the Muslim governors of Sistan and fierce resistance from the rulers of the region.\nThe Hindu Shahis, setting up defenses in Gandhara, continued the resistance to the eastern expansion of Islam until circa 1026 CE.", "In his travel diaries, the Chinese monk Xuanzang reported in the early 700s that there were numerous Buddhist stupas in the area of Zabul, which may been built by Ashoka in the 3rd century BC. He also reported hundreds of Buddhist monasteries, and dozens of Hindu temples. In addition the temple of the Hindu god Zun was in the region, drawing many pilgrims.", "In 726 CE, the Korean Buddhist monk Hyecho visited Zabulistan (谢䫻国 Xiėyùguó) and recorded that Kabul and Zabul were ruled by Turkic kings, who followed Buddhism. The last phase of the Tapa Sardar Buddhist monastery in Ghazni, dates to the time of the Zunbils.", "The Zunbils worshiped a deity called Zhūn (or Zūn), from whom they derived their name. He is represented with flames radiating from his head on coins. Statues were adorned with gold and used rubies for eyes. Huen Tsang calls him \"sunagir\".\nThe origin and nature of Zhun is disputed. M. Shenkar in his study comes to the conclusion that Zhun was possibly connected to the deity of the river Oxus, the modern river Amudarya. Furthermore, he holds it most likely that Zhun was the greatest deity worshiped in Zabulistan. F. Grenet believes that Zhun might have been connected with the Iranian solar deity Mithra. Zhun has been linked with the Hindu god Aditya at Multan, pre-Buddhist religious and kingship practices of Tibet as well as Shaivism. Some scholars have considered the cult to be neither Buddhist nor Zoroastrian, but primarily Hindu. Scholars point out the connections between the Iranian god Zhun/Zun and the Hindu god Shiva, suggesting a syncretic mixture of the Iranian and Indian gods in the Indo-Iranian borderlands of ancient Bactria.\nHis shrine lay on a sacred mountain in Zamindawar. Originally he appears to have been brought there by Hepthalites, displacing an earlier god on the same site. Parallels have been noted with the pre-Buddhist monarchy of Tibet, next to Zoroastrian influence on its ritual. Whatever his origins, he was certainly superimposed on a mountain and on a pre-existing mountain god while merging with Shaiva doctrines of worship.", "Other scholars however have connected Zun with the Sassanid Zoroastrian deity Zurvān, the deity of time.\n\"Regarding origin of Žuna, Xuanzang had only mentioned that it was initially brought to Kapisa, later Begram from \"far\" and later moved to Zabul. There is no consensus as to who brought it and when. By identifying Žun with Sassanian Zurvān, the cult of Žun or *Zruvān can be viewed in a much wider context of Iranian history and religious developments. Žun, Like Zurvān, most likely represented the \"god of time\", a heresy in Zoroastrianism, which originated in response to the religious reforms introduced during second half of Achaemenid Empire. The cosmopolitan nature of the god is consistent with the variety of religions practiced in the region prior to the Islamization of Afghanistan.\"\nAccording to Gulman S, its Afghan followers were, most probably, initially Zoroastrians. Mention of Žun and its devotees disappeared with the end of Žunbil dynasty of Zabulistan in 870. Its followers, according to Ibn Athir, accepted Islam.\nAccording to N. Sims-Williams:\n\"It is not unlikely that Zhun derives from the Iranian Zurwan.\"\nUlf Jäger states: We should interpret \"Zhun\" as the name of the ancient Iranian deity of time, \"Zurwan\".", "Islamic conquest of Afghanistan\nPre-Islamic period of Afghanistan\nReligion in Afghanistan", "ALRAM, MICHAEL (2014). \"From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush\" (PDF). The Numismatic Chronicle. 174: 282–285. ISSN 0078-2696. JSTOR 44710198.\n\"16. THE HINDU SHAHIS IN KABULISTAN AND GANDHARA AND THE ARAB CONQUEST\". Pro.geo.univie.ac.at. Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2021.\nAlram, Michael; Filigenzi, Anna; Kinberger, Michaela; Nell, Daniel; Pfisterer, Matthias; Vondrovec, Klaus. \"The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012-2013 exhibit: 15. THE RUTBILS OF ZABULISTAN AND THE \"EMPEROR OF ROME\"\". Pro.geo.univie.ac.at. Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna. Archived from the original on 5 September 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2021.\n\"14. KABULISTAN AND BACTRIA AT THE TIME OF \"KHORASAN TEGIN SHAH\"\". Pro.geo.univie.ac.at. Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna. Archived from the original on 5 September 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2021.\nAndre Wink, Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol.1, (Brill, 1996), 115;\"\"The Zunbils of the early Islamic period and the Kabulshahs were almost certainly epigoni of the southern-Hephthalite rulers of Zabul.\"\nHistory of Civilizations of central Asia, B A Litivinsky Zhang Guang-Da, R Shabani Samghabadi, p.376\nPetrie, Cameron A. (2020-12-28). Resistance at the Edge of Empires: The Archaeology and History of the Bannu basin from 1000 BC to AD 1200. Cambridge University Press. p. 69. ISBN 9781785703065.\nRehman, Abdur (1979). The Last Two Dynasties of the Śahis: An Analysis of Their History, Archaeology, Coinage and Palaeography. Centre for the Study of the Civilizations of Central Asia, Quaid-i-Azam University. pp. 58–67.\nRaphael Israeli, Anthony Hearle Johns (1984). Islam in Asia: South Asia. Magnes Press. p. 15.\nH. Miyakawa und A. Kollautz: Ein Dokument zum Fernhandel zwischen Byzanz und China zur Zeit Theophylakts In: Byzantinische Zeitschrift, S. 14 (Anhang). De Gruyter Januar 1984. ISSN 1868-9027.\nKuwayama, Shoshin (2000). Historical Notes on Kāpiśī and Kābul in the Sixth-Eighth Centuries (PDF).\nAl- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest - Volume I. Brill. 1991. pp. 118, 119. ISBN 9004095098.\nClifford Edmund Bosworth (1977). The Medieval History of Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia. Variorum Reprints. p. 344.\nJäger, Ulf (2019). Sino-Platonic Papers: A Unique Alxon-Hunnic Horse-and-Rider Statuette (Late Fifth Century CE) from Ancient Bactria / Modern Afghanistan in the Pritzker Family Collection, Chicago (PDF). Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 29 September 2021.\nAndré Wink, \"Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World\", Brill 1990, p. 118\nBosworth, Clifford Edmund. 2002. The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Leiden: Brill. Zamindawar. p.439.\nKim, Hyun Jin (19 November 2015). The Huns. Routledge. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-1-317-34090-4.\nAndré Wink, \"Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World\", Brill 1990. p 120\n\"Amir Kror and His Ancestry\". Abdul Hai Habibi. alamahabibi.com. Retrieved August 14, 2012.\nAlram, Michael; Filigenzi, Anna; Kinberger, Michaela; Nell, Daniel; Pfisterer, Matthias; Vondrovec, Klaus. \"The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012-2013 exhibit: 13. The Turk Shahis in Kabulistan\". Pro.geo.univie.ac.at. Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna. Archived from the original on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2021.\nVondrovec, Klaus. Coins, Art and Chronology II - The First Millennium C.E. in the Indo-Iranian Borderlands (Coinage of the Nezak). p. 183.\nRehman 1976, pp. 47.\nRehman 1976, pp. 58–67.\nal-Tabari (16 June 2015). The History of al-Tabari Vol. 14: The Conquest of Iran A.D. 641-643/A.H. 21-23. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-2039-4.\nRehman 1976, pp. 66.\nDani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. (January 1996). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750. UNESCO. pp. 379–380. ISBN 978-92-3-103211-0.\nExcavations at Kandahar 1974 & 1975 (Society for South Asian Studies Monograph) by Anthony McNicoll\n\"The Temple of Zoor or Zoon in Zamindawar\". Abdul Hai Habibi. alamahabibi.com. 1969. Retrieved August 14, 2012.\nKennedy, Hugh (2010). The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In. Hachette UK. p. 128. ISBN 9780297865599.\nHugh Kennedy,The Great Arab Conquests', 2007, pages 194-198\nLee, Jonathan L.; Sims Williams, Nicholas (2003). \"Bactrian Inscription from Yakawlang sheds new light on history of Buddhism in Afghanistan\". Silk Road Art and Archaeology. 9: 167.\nLee, Jonathan L.; Sims Williams, Nicholas (2003). \"Bactrian Inscription from Yakawlang sheds new light on history of Buddhism in Afghanistan\". Silk Road Art and Archaeology. 9: 172.\n\"Late Hunnic, Turkic and Arab-Hephthalite Issues, page 7\". grifterrec.org.\nVerardi, Giovanni; Paparatti, Elio (2005). \"From Early to Late Tapa Sardār: A Tentative Chronology\". East and West. 55 (1/4): 433. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29757657.\nLee, Jonathan L.; Sims Williams, Nicholas (2003). \"Bactrian Inscription from Yakawlang sheds new light on history of Buddhism in Afghanistan\". Silk Road Art and Archaeology. 9.\nKuwayama, S. (2002). Across the Hindukush of the First Millennium: a collection of the papers (PDF). Kyoto University. p. 139.\nSims-Williams, Nicholas (2002). \"Nouveaux document bactriens du Guzgan (note d'information)\". Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. 146 (3): 1057. doi:10.3406/crai.2002.22500.\n\"The account herewith quoted as 3.5. shows that this king of Tokhara had political power to control the principalities belonging to the Governors-General to the north and the south of the Hindukush, not to mention the Yuezhi Governor General.\" in Kuwayama, Shoshin (2005). \"Chinese Records on Bamiyan: Translation and Commentary\". East and West. 55 (1/4): 153, 3–5. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29757642.\nKuwayama, Shoshin (2005). \"Chinese Records on Bamiyan: Translation and Commentary\". East and West. 55 (1/4): 143–144. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29757642.\nLee, Jonathan L.; Sims Williams, Nicholas (2003). \"Bactrian Inscription from Yakawlang sheds new light on history of Buddhism in Afghanistan\". Silk Road Art and Archaeology. 9: 166.\nMichael, Alram (1 February 2021). Sasanian Iran in the Context of Late Antiquity: The Bahari Lecture Series at the University of Oxford. BRILL. p. 18. ISBN 978-90-04-46066-9.\n稲葉穣, Inaba Minoru (2015). \"From Caojuzha to Ghazna/Ghaznīn: Early Medieval Chinese and Muslim Descriptions of Eastern Afghanistan\". Journal of Asian History. 49 (1–2): 99–100. doi:10.13173/jasiahist.49.1-2.0097. ISSN 0021-910X. JSTOR 10.13173/jasiahist.49.1-2.0097.\nBalogh, Dániel (12 March 2020). Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History. Barkhuis. p. 105. ISBN 978-94-93194-01-4.\nOriginal Chinese in Cefu Yuangui, book 0964 冊府元龜 (四庫全書本)/卷0964 \"九月遣使冊葛達羅支頡利發誓屈爾為謝䫻國王葛達羅支特勒為𦋺賔國王\", simplified Chinese \"九月遣使册葛达罗支颉利发誓屈尔为谢䫻国王葛达罗支特勒为𦋺賔国王\", \"In September [720 CE] ambassadors recorded that Gedalouzhi Xielifa Shiquer was enthroned as king of Zabulistan, Gedaluozhi Tele was enthroned as king of Jibin.\" see Inaba, Minoru (2010). From Kesar the Kābulšāh and Cenral Asia, in \"Coins, Art and Chronology II The First Millennium C.E. in the Indo-Iranian Borderland\". Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. p. 452. ISBN 978-3700168850. also \" 開元八年，天子冊葛達羅支頡利發誓屈爾為王。至天寶中數朝獻。\" \"In the eighth year of Kaiyuan (720), the Emperor approved the enthronement of Gedalouzhi Xielifa Shiquer. Their envoys came to the royal court several times until the Tianbao era (742–756).\" in 稲葉穣, Inaba Minoru (2015). \"From Caojuzha to Ghazna/Ghaznīn: Early Medieval Chinese and Muslim Descriptions of Eastern Afghanistan\". Journal of Asian History. 49 (1–2): 100. doi:10.13173/jasiahist.49.1-2.0097. ISSN 0021-910X. JSTOR 10.13173/jasiahist.49.1-2.0097.\nOriginal Chinese: \"谢䫻居吐火罗西南本曰漕矩吒或曰漕矩显庆时谓诃达罗支武后改今号东距罽賔东北帆延皆四百里南婆罗门西波斯北护时健其王居鹤悉那城地七千里亦治阿娑你城多郁金瞿草瀵泉灌田国中有突厥罽賔吐火罗种人𮦀居罽賔取其子弟持兵以御大食景云初遣使朝贡后遂臣罽賔开元八年天子册葛达罗支颉利发誓屈尔为王至天宝中数朝献\" in \"唐书 (四库全书本)/卷221下 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆\". zh.wikisource.org (in Simplified Chinese)., also: 稲葉穣, Inaba Minoru (2015). \"From Caojuzha to Ghazna/Ghaznīn: Early Medieval Chinese and Muslim Descriptions of Eastern Afghanistan\". Journal of Asian History. 49 (1–2): 99–100. doi:10.13173/jasiahist.49.1-2.0097. ISSN 0021-910X. JSTOR 10.13173/jasiahist.49.1-2.0097.\nAlram, Michael (1 February 2021). \"The numismatic legacy of the Sasanians in the East\", in Sasanian Iran in the Context of Late Antiquity: The Bahari Lecture Series at the University of Oxford. BRILL. p. 16. ISBN 978-90-04-46066-9.\nJain, Sandhya (1 January 2011). THE INDIA THEY SAW (VOL-1). Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-8430-106-9.\nOriginal Chinese: 又從此罽賓國西行至七日謝䫻國。彼自呼云社護羅薩他那。土人是胡。王及兵馬。即是突厥。其王即是罽賓王姪兒。自把部落兵馬住此於國。不屬餘國。亦不屬阿叔。此王及首領。雖是突厥。極敬三寶。足寺足僧。行大乘法。有一大突厥首領。名娑鐸幹。每年一迴。設金銀無數。多於彼王。衣著人風。土地所出。與罽賓王相似。言音各別。 in \"遊方記抄 第1卷 CBETA 漢文大藏經\". tripitaka.cbeta.org.\nVerardi, Giovanni; Paparatti, Elio (2005). \"From Early to Late Tapa Sardār: A Tentative Chronology\". East and West. 55 (1/4): 436–437. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29757657.\nVerardi, Giovanni; Paparatti, Elio (2005). \"From Early to Late Tapa Sardār: A Tentative Chronology\". East and West. 55 (1/4): 438–442. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29757657.\nSchwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1 (e). ISBN 0226742210.\nAl-Ya'qubi, Historiae, p. 479; al-Tabari, v. 30: p. 143\nFor example, joining Rafi' ibn Layth's rebellion and reneging on tribute agreements: al-Ya'qubi, Historiae, p. 528; al-Baladhuri, pp. 203-04\nKuwayama, Shoshin (1999). \"Historical Notes on Kapisi and Kabul in the Sixth-Eighth Centuries\" (PDF). ZINBUN. 34: 44.\nGordon, Mathew S. and al. (2018). The Works Of Ibn Wāḍiḥ Al Yaʿqūbī. Brill. pp. 1138–1139, note 2959. ISBN 9789004364165.\nRahman, A. (2002). \"New Light on the Khingal, Turk and the Hindu Sahis\" (PDF). Ancient Pakistan: 41.\n\"The Buddhist site of Tapa Sardar\". ghazni.bradypus.net. Archives of the Italian Archaeological Mission in Afghanistan.\nRehman 1976.\nAlram, Michael (1 February 2021). \"The Numismatic legacy of the Sasanians in the East\" in Sasanian Iran in the Context of Late Antiquity: The Bahari Lecture Series at the University of Oxford. BRILL. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-90-04-46066-9.\nBosworth 1975, p. 110.\nPandjhir, Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. VIII, 258.\n\"One of the most important aspects of early Saffarids policy of significance for the spread of Islam in Afghanistan and on the borders of India long after their empire had collapsed was that of expansion into east Afghanistan. The early Arab governors of Sistan had at times penetrated as far as Ghazna and Kabul, but these had been little more than slave and plunder raids. There was a fierce resistance from the local rulers of these regions, above all from the line of Zunbils who ruled in Zamindavar and Zabulistan and who were probably epigoni of the southern Hepthalite or Chionite kingdom of Zabul; on more than one occasion, these Zunbils inflicted sharp defeats on the Muslims. The Zunbils were linked with the Turk-Shahs of the Turk Shahi dynasty; the whole river valley was at this time culturally and religiously an outpost of the Indian world, as of course it had been in the earlier centuries during the heyday of the Buddhist Gandhara civilization.\" in Bosworth 1975.\nFor panorama images of the site see: \"The Buddhist site of Tapa Sardar\". ghazni.bradypus.net. Italian Archaeological Mission in Afghanistan.\nWink, André (2002). Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries. BRILL. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-391-04173-8.\nAfridi, Gulman sher. \"Etymology of Zhunbil and Identity of the Rulers of Kabul and Zabul in Seventh -Ninth Centuries C.E\". Journal of Asian Civilisation.", "Bosworth, C.E. (1975). \"The Tahirids and Saffarids\". In Frye, Richard Nelson; Fisher, William Bayne; Boyle, John Andrew (eds.). The Cambridge History of Iran: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Vol. IV. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20093-6.\nRehman, Abdur (January 1976). The Last Two Dynasties of the Sahis: An analysis of their history, archaeology, coinage and palaeography (Ph.D. thesis). Australian National University.", "Zunbil in Encyclopædia Britannica", "" ]

[ "Zunbils", "Zabulistan under the Turks", "Early Arab incursions in Zabulistan", "Rashiduns", "Umayyad Caliphate", "Establishment of the Zunbils (680 CE)", "Umayyad Caliphate offensives (698-700 CE)", "Khuras and his son Alkhis, lords of Ghazni (714-715 CE)", "Vassalage to the Yabghus of Tokharistan", "Chinese influence", "Tang Dynasty investiture", "Visit by Hyecho (726 CE)", "Chinese artistic influences (680-750 CE)", "Abbasid Caliphate claim to overlordship (750 CE)", "End of the Turk Shahis (822 CE)", "Saffarids conquest (870 CE)", "Religion", "Buddhism", "Zhun or Hinduism", "Zurvan hypothesis", "See also", "References", "Sources", "External links", "Notes" ]

[ 5359885, 5359886, 5359887, 5359888, 5359889 ]

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[ "Rabbi Zundel Kroizer mourning poster" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Rabbi_Zundel_Kroizer_%281924_%E2%80%93_2014%29.jpg" ]

[ "Zundel Kroizer (25 November 1924 - 7 May 2014) was a Haredi Israeli rabbi and the author of sefer Ohr Hachamah on the entire Talmud, Shulchan Aruch, Five Chumashim and the Haggadah shel Pesach.\nHe was born in Jerusalem to Rabbi Tzvi Hersh Kroizer. In his youth, he studied at the Etz Chaim Yeshiva in Jerusalem. He married the daughter of Rabbi Aharon Porush, treasurer of the Etz Chaim Yeshiva and author of Ephah Sh'lemah on the Talmud.\nOver the years, he served as melamed at various cheders and talmud Torahs including the Meah Shearim Talmud Torah and the cheder of Belz in Bnei Brak. He once spent a year establishing a school in Lugano, Switzerland.\nDuring the last 25 years of his life, he was employed by the Tchebin yeshiva in Jerusalem to answer the students' questions.\nHe died in May 2014 at Shaare Zedek Medical Center. At his funeral, he was eulogized by several rabbis, including Rabbis Shmuel Auerbach and Gamliel Rabinowitz. He was interred on Har HaMenuchot.", "\"Harav Zundel Kroizer, zt\"l - Hamodia Jewish Community News\". 8 May 2014.\nHamodia. 14 May 2014. p. A14." ]

[ "Zundel Kroizer", "References" ]

[ 5359890 ]

[ 27237605 ]

[ "Zunderdorp, July 2005", "Zunderdorp in the municipality of Amsterdam." ]

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[ "Zunderdorp is a town in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Amsterdam, and lies about 7 km northeast of Amsterdam.\nIn 2001, the town of Zunderdorp had 237 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 0.05 km², and contained 91 residences. The village is a part of the deelgemeente (sub-municipality or borough) Amsterdam-Noord.", "Statistics Netherlands (CBS), Bevolkingskernen in Nederland 2001 . Statistics are for the continuous built-up area." ]

[ "Zunderdorp", "References" ]

[ 5359891 ]

[ 27237606 ]

[ "Zundert city hall in 2021", "Topographic map of Zundert, Sept. 2014", "Zundert in 1865", "Statue of Saint Michael (archangel) made by Peter Paul Rubens, located in the Roman Catholic St. Trudo Church in Zundert.", "De Akkermolen te Zundert", "Van Gogh House in 2009.", "Statue of Vincent and Theo van Gogh by Ossip Zadkine. The Dutch Reformed church is in the background.", "Winner 'Moederskroost' by Klein-Zundertse Heikant, Bloemencorso Zundert in 2002", "Winner 'Booming City' by Helpt Elkander, Bloemencorso Zundert in 2008", "Vincent van Gogh, born in Zundert in 1853.", "Relay between Adrianus Braspennincx (left) and Jan Pijnenburg, 16 September 1933.", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8 ]

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[ "Zundert ([ˈzʏndərt] (listen)) is a municipality and town in the south of the Netherlands bordering Belgium, in the province of North Brabant. \nZundert is the birthplace of post-impressionist painter Vincent van Gogh.", "The name of Zundert is first mentioned in a certificate dating from 1157, in which the Bishop of Liege confirms a donation from the place \"Sunderda\". This Sunderda actually relates to the current settlement of Klein-Zundert (Dutch for Small Zundert), one of the first settlements in the area. The local monks, besides their religious labour, were also involved in clearing the land, that was still rough territory, filled with swamps, peats and heath fields. The monks also assisted in improving agricultural methods.\nZundert is still surrounded by a rural environment with nature areas, one of them is the \"Buissche Heide\", a heath area used for recreation and walking. The Kalmthoutse Heide, across the border with Belgium, is also in the vicinity.\nDuring the Second World War Zundert, Achtmaal, Wernhout and Klein-Zundert were liberated during the allied offensive Operation Pheasant on October 27, Rijsbergen on October 28. Achtmaal was liberated by the 415th Infantry Regiment of the US 104th (Timberwolf) Infantry Division, Zundert and Klein-Zundert by the 413th Infantry Regiment of the 104th (Timberwolf) Infantry Division, and Wernhout and Rijsbergen by the 414th Infantry Regiment of the 104th (Timberwolf) Infantry Division.\nAt a small distance from the town, an old tavern called \"In Den Anker\" can be found, which has the oldest license in the Netherlands. It originally dates from 1635, but was rebuilt in 1913.", "The municipality of Zundert contains the following places: \nZundert (town)\nRijsbergen\nKlein-Zundert\nWernhout\nAchtmaal\nZundert lies about 12 metres (39 ft) above Dutch sea level (NAP), and is located 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) south-west of the city of Breda, and 35 kilometres (22 mi) north-east of Antwerp, Belgium. Zundert is surrounded by the municipalities Etten-Leur and Breda on the north, Hoogstraten (Belgium) on the east, Wuustwezel (Belgium) on the south, Kalmthout (Belgium) on the southwest, and Essen (Belgium) and Rucphen on the west.\nZundert is one of the most agricultural municipalities of the Netherlands. 10% of all nursery production of the Netherlands is around Zundert. Production of strawberries and young field grown trees and hedging plants is very important in the area.", "The Roman Catholic church of Zundert, dedicated to Saint Trudo, was built in 1927, and contains art treasures from the 17th century, coming from the St. Michielsabdij in Antwerp, including an original sculpture made by Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens. These treasures consist of marble altar tables, three Alabaster sculptures, several paintings and two carved oaken confessionals. The church itself was designed by Jan Stuyt, a pupil of the architect Pierre Cuypers. Stuyt also designed the church of nearby Klein-Zundert in the same municipality.\nThe town hall of Zundert was built in 1830 in neoclassical style and demolished and rebuilt in the same style in 1965.\nThe Netherlands' first female architect, Margaret Staal-Kropholler, built a studio in 1919 for visual artist Richard Roland Holst and his wife, poet and politician Henriëtte Roland Holst-van der Schalk on the Buissche Heide. The studio was built in the style of the Amsterdam School.", "Zundert is the home of a 17th-century windmill, called 'De Akkermolen' (The Croftmill).\nIt is said to have been originally built in 1652. It is a standard mill, and it was built to process grain.\nThe mill had numerous private owners in the past, including stadtholder Willem V, as the Baron of Breda, who became owner in 1794. In the early 1900s the mill was owned by Wilhelmus van der Stappen.\nThe mill was heavily damaged in 1950, and its existence was threatened several occasions after that. The Akkermolen is currently owned by the municipality of Zundert, which bought it in 1959, the last private owners being the Herijgers family. After the mill was taken over by Zundert, it needed serious restoration, which took place in 1961. Another restoration took place in 1991, but then, the entire mill needed to be taken apart and restored.\nThe Akkermolen can be visited, after arranging an appointment at Akkermolenweg 15.\nThe town had other mills in the past, one of them was a stone-mill called \"De Eendracht\", which stood on Moleneind, currently known as Poteind. It burned down on January 23, 1909. The owner at the time;Jaak Theeuwis, had already lost a wooden mill in Zundert, which was blown down in the previous year of 1908. A store called \"de Boerenbond\" is now located on the former mills location.", "Zundert is the birthplace and childhood home of the famous painter Vincent van Gogh. He was born on 30 March 1853 in a little house on Zundert's main street, \"Markt 29\". The former house is gone as it was too dilapidated to preserve, but a plaque at this location still commemorates his birth. In May 2007 the renovation of the house at Markt 29, and the neighbouring house, started. After the renovation, the Vincent van Gogh house was opened in August 2008.\nPeople can still visit the Dutch Reformed church built in 1806 in which the father of Vincent, Theodorus van Gogh, started preaching in 1849. In the graveyard is the grave of Vincent's one year older brother, who died soon in infancy - also called Vincent van Gogh. Vincent did not paint when he lived in Zundert, but drew some sketches. In letters to his brother Theo, Vincent recalls Zundert, and its surroundings a few times when writing about childhood, serenity and learning about life. Because he died in the French town of Auvers-sur-Oise, on 29 July 1890, a special relation between these two places exists. This can, for example, be noticed by the existence of a slightly hidden Auvers-sur-Oise Street, ending at the Van Gogh Square.\nTo keep Vincent's memory alive, the municipality of Zundert started the project of realising a Vincent van Gogh house. Rather than a classical museum, it is an active environment, with a presentation about van Gogh's life, interactive education, a documentation room and also permanent and temporary expositions.\nTourist information is also located in the building, as well as a pleasant bar with a garden terrace.\nThere is a bronze monument made by the French artist Ossip Zadkine of Vincent and his brother Theo on the \"Vincent van Gogh Plein\" (Vincent van Gogh square). The statue of Vincent and Theo van Gogh was unveiled on 28 May 1964 by the former Dutch queen Juliana. The statue is an abstracted representation of Vincent's connection with his brother Theo.\nThere are several activities relating to Vincent van Gogh, you can go to tourist information Zundert about participating in these activities, which is in the Vincent van Gogh house, opposite the town hall.", "Bloemencorso Zundert was first held in 1936, in honour of then-queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands, making it the oldest hugely elaborate flower parade in Europe. Every year, the parade commences on the first Sunday of September with the floats remaining on show for the subsequent Monday (considered a holiday by the inhabitants). It is the largest flower parade in the world. The number of visitors can reach up to 50.000 people annually. Huge, and often impressive lorry mounted sculptures covered in thousands of dahlia flowers parade through the town. Limitations on the size and maximum dimensions of the floats were first defined in 1989, ensuring safe passage of the parade through the streets of Zundert. Considered an honour by the people of Zundert, the floats are typically pushed by volunteers. \nThere are twenty hamlets competing in Bloemencorso Zundert, each of them constructing their own entry. They are entirely made up of volunteers. The twenty heralds are credited with having their own culture, identity, flag and dahlia fields in and around the municipality, used to decorate the floats for the parade. Collectively, this amounts to about 33 hectares with 600.000 dahlia plants in 50 different colours and varieties. The members of each hamlet, plant the flower bulbs, trim the weeds and pick the flowers themselves, cultivating around 6 million dahlias in Zundert of the total of 8 million dahlias needed for the entire Corso each year. Where needed, the Bloemencorso Zundert relies on other Flower Parades and a few professional growers to fill up shortages of flowers.\nOn 13 October 2012, the Bloemencorso Zundert became the first Dutch tradition on the national inventory of the UNESCO Convention for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage, ratified by the Netherlands on 15 May 2012. This ratification was publicly announced by State Secretary Halbe Zijlstra during the parade on 2 September 2012.\nThe Bloemencorso Zundert was cancelled in 2020 due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, the first time since the Second World War. In 2022, the flower parade will be held on 4 and 5 September.", "Zundert has been home to:\nHendrik Detmers (1761 in Groot-Zundert – 1825), Dutch general in the Battle of Waterloo\nHenri van der Hoeven (born in Breda in 1943, died in Zundert, 21 mei 1924) was a Dutch lawyer and professor specialised in criminal law. In 1898, he became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was also briefly Rector Magnificus at Leiden University for the academic year 1901-1902.\nVincent van Gogh (1853-1890), Dutch post-impressionist painter\nTheo van Gogh (1857-1891), Dutch art dealer, brother of Vincent van Gogh and great-grandfather of film director, satirist and writer Theo van Gogh.\nWil van Gogh (1862-1941), Dutch feminist and the youngest sister of Vincent and Theo van Gogh.\nRichard Roland Holst (1868-1938) Dutch painter, draftsman, lithographer, book cover designer, etcher and writer and his wife, Henriette Roland Holst-van der Schalk (1869–1952) Dutch poet and communist, nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature, spent their summers on their estate on the Buissche Heide.\nJanus Braspennincx (1903 in Zundert – 1977) Dutch racing cyclist, team silver medallist in the 1928 Summer Olympics\nGuus Dam (1951 in Zundert), Dutch actor\nJohan van der Velde (born 1956 in Rijsbergen), former Dutch cyclist\nJacques Hanegraaf (born 1960 in Rijsbergen), retired Dutch road bicycle racer, competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics\nJelle Nijdam (born 1963 in Rijsbergen), former professional cyclist, competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics\nJan Siemons (1964), former Dutch professional cyclist\nMarc Siemons (1966-2002), Dutch professional cyclist\nWim Voermans (born in 1968 in Zundert), Dutch professor of constitutional and administrative law at Leiden University.\nJacco Verhaeren (born 1969 in Rijsbergen), Dutch swimming coach, Netherlands Coach of the Decade in 2010, and honoured in 2012 with Ridder in de Orde van Oranje-Nassau (Royal Knight of Orange-Nassau).\nWillemijn van Hees (1970), Dutch politician\nVera Siemons (1993) is a dutch radio-dj for NPO 3FM en creator of the podcast ' De Lesbische Liga'.", "", "\"College van B&W\" [Board of mayor and aldermen] (in Dutch). Gemeente Zundert. Retrieved 9 June 2014.\n\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2020\" [Key figures for neighbourhoods 2020]. StatLine (in Dutch). CBS. 24 July 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.\n\"Postcodetool for 4881CN\". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 9 June 2014.\n\"Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand\" [Population growth; regions per month]. CBS Statline (in Dutch). CBS. 1 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019.\n\"Rubens was ook beeldhouwer: \"Er is weinig bewaard, de beste beelden staan in Zundert en Sint-Joost\"\". www.gva.be (in Flemish). Retrieved 2020-08-18.\n\"Vakantiewoning Atelier Roland Holst\". Natuurmonumenten (in Dutch). Retrieved 2022-02-22.\n\"Home - Van Gogh Brabant\". Van Gogh Brabant.\n\"Ontdek ons Corso - Corso Zundert\". Corso Zundert verhaal. Retrieved 2022-02-21.\n\"Information | Bloemencommissie Zundert\". Retrieved 2022-02-21.\n\"Bloemencorso Zundert\". Immaterieel Erfgoed (in Dutch). Retrieved 2022-02-22.\n\"Nederland beschermt voortaan ook tradities\". NU (in Dutch). 2012-09-02. Retrieved 2022-02-22.\nVan Wolffelaar, Ralph (2020-03-31). \"Anderhalf jaar wachten op het volgende Corso Zundert: gelukkig hebben we de foto's nog\". BNDeStem. Retrieved 2020-08-18.\n\"Hoogleraren · Leidse hoogleraren vanaf 1575\".\n\"Guus Dam\". IMDb. Retrieved 2020-08-18.\nBas, John (2019-08-01). \"Zo moeder, zo dochter: Marianne en Willemijn van Hees\". BNDeStem. Retrieved 2020-08-18.", "Media related to Zundert at Wikimedia Commons\nOfficial website\nOfficial website of the https://corsozundert.nl/en/home-2/ Bloemencorso Zundert]" ]

[ "Zundert", "History", "Geography", "Architecture", "Windmills", "Vincent van Gogh", "Flower parade", "Notable people", "Gallery", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359892, 5359893, 5359894, 5359895, 5359896, 5359897, 5359898, 5359899, 5359900, 5359901, 5359902, 5359903, 5359904, 5359905, 5359906, 5359907 ]

[ 27237607, 27237608, 27237609, 27237610, 27237611, 27237612, 27237613, 27237614, 27237615, 27237616, 27237617, 27237618, 27237619, 27237620, 27237621, 27237622, 27237623, 27237624, 27237625, 27237626, 27237627, 27237628, 27237629, 27237630, 27237631, 27237632, 27237633, 27237634 ]

[ "Bottle of Zundert" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Zundert_bi%C3%A8re_trappiste.JPG" ]

[ "Zundert Trappist ([ˈzɵndərt] (listen)) is a Trappist beer produced by De Kievit Trappist Brewery, part of the Trappist abbey Maria Toevlucht, from the town of Zundert in the Netherlands.\nSince 2018 De Kievit Trappist Brewery produces another Trappist beer. This new beer is called Zundert 10 after the 10% alcohol it contains and the original Zundert has been renamed Zundert 8.\nZundert and La Trappe are the only two Trappist beers brewed in the Netherlands.", "(in Dutch) Persbericht 3, De Kievit Trappist Brewery, 2013. Retrieved on 11 April 2014.\n(in Dutch) Nederlands tweede trappistenbier heet Zundert Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Rooms-Katholiek Kerkgenootschap, 2013. Retrieved on 12 March 2015.", "(in Dutch) Trappistenbrouwerij de Kievit, official website\n Media related to Zundert beer at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Zundert Trappist", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359908 ]

[ 27237635 ]

[ "The Zune HD, an MP3 player", "Zune 30/80/120 and Zune 4/8/16 menu system", "Zune software for Windows PCs showing the Zune Marketplace" ]

[ 0, 4, 18 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Zune_HD.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Zune80and4.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/72/Zune_software.png" ]

[ "Zune is a discontinued line of digital media products and services marketed by Microsoft from November 2006 until its discontinuation in June 2012. Zune consisted of a line of portable media players, digital media player software for Windows PCs, a music subscription service known as a \"Zune Music Pass\", music and video streaming services for the Xbox 360 game console via the Zune Software, music, TV and movie sales, and desktop sync software for Windows Phone. Zune was also the provider of music streaming for United Airlines in-flight, after a partnership in 2010.\nThe Zune started as a line of portable media players (PMP) created in cooperation with Toshiba. Microsoft aimed to challenge and beat Apple, whose iPod line held a majority market share. Three hard disk players ranging from 30 GB to 120 GB were released, alongside six flash players. However, its overall market share in the U.S. remained low, well below Apple and also lagging the SanDisk Sansa and Creative Zen. Microsoft discontinued all Zune hardware in October 2011. In 2012, all remaining Zune products were discontinued, with digital content distribution from Microsoft starting under the Xbox Music and Xbox Video brands.", "", "Zune music and devices were follow-on to Microsoft's MSN Music service. MSN Music was created in 2004 to compete with Apple's iTunes services and used the Microsoft PlaysForSure DRM protocol. After only two years, Microsoft announced the closing of MSN Music in 2006 immediately before announcing the Zune service without PlaysForSure support. In 2008, Microsoft shut down the MSN Music licensing servers for PlaysForSure only two years after promising users the servers would be available for five years.", "The first-generation Zune device was created by Microsoft in close cooperation with Toshiba, which took the design of the Gigabeat S and redeveloped it under the name Toshiba 1089 as registered with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) starting in 2006. Xbox 360 overseer J Allard ran the project, codenamed \"Argo\", staffed with Xbox and MSN Music Store developers who worked on \"Alexandria\", finalized as Zune Marketplace. Both products were later united under the Zune brand name in the U.S. market. While some features were praised, the initial Zune has been regarded with derision and jokes for its bulky size and brown color, with CNET regarding it at best as a \"high-profile underdog alternative to Apple's iPod\" where other Windows Media MP3 players from Creative, iriver, and Samsung had not succeeded.\nAt midnight on December 31, 2008, many first generation Zune 30 models froze. Microsoft stated that the problem was caused by the internal clock driver written by Freescale and the way the device handles a leap year. It automatically fixed itself 24 hours later, but an intermediate \"fix\", for those who did not wish to wait, was to drain the device's battery and then recharge after 12 noon GMT on January 1, 2009.\nThe first generation and later Zune devices included a number of social features, including the ability to share songs with other Zune users wirelessly. Songs that had been transferred over wi-fi could then be played three times over three days.", "The first wave of the second-generation (Zune 4, 8, and 80, manufactured by Flextronics), introduced the touch-sensitive Zune Pad, which was shaped like a squircle. The 4 and 8 GB Zune devices use flash memory and are smaller in size than the 80 GB version, which uses a hard drive. The 30 GB Zune was not redesigned, although it received a software update that brought its interface in line with the second generation models. At the same time, the Zune 2.0 software was released for Windows PCs. This version of the software was completely re-written and featured a new user interface. \nZune devices feature games developed using XNA. An early version of XNA Game Studio 3.0, released in May 2008, allowed developers to work on games for Zune devices.\nThe second and last wave of the second-generation (Zune 16 and 120) released in September 2008, coinciding with the release of the Zune Software 3.0 update. Included in this firmware update was the ability to tag and later purchase songs heard on FM radio, channels which can be customized to deliver suggested songs for the user, the games Hexic and Texas Hold' em, support for audiobooks from online stores such as Audible.com and others that support OverDrive media files, a clock, and changed quicklist functionality. The ability to purchase songs from Zune Marketplace on the device while connected to the Internet via Wi-Fi was also introduced. To help push this feature, Microsoft partnered with Wayport to allow Zune devices to access its network of over 10,000 wireless hotspots, including those at McDonald's restaurants.\nZune Pass customers in the United States could also now download 10 tracks to keep per month in addition to the existing subscription-dependent unlimited music downloads.", "The first wave of the third-generation (Zune HD 16 GB and 32 GB) released in September 2009. On the same day, the 4.0 software update of the desktop software was released to support the new devices. In addition, it became possible for Zune Pass subscribers to stream tracks through a computer's web browser. Zune 4.0 also supports internet radio streams but this feature is disabled by default and can only be enabled by a third-party patch. This device release marked the first time Zune firmware was released for the Zune line that did not provide new features for older models. These models were given a firmware update as version 3.2.\nThe second and last wave of the third-generation (Zune HD 64 GB) released in April 2010. The same day, desktop and firmware updates introduced SmartDJ and codec features. The firmware update brought picks and improved the TV-out experience on the Zune HD.\nFrom Summer 2010, United Airlines started to offer Zune in-flight audio by means of 21 playlists that are very similar to the Zune Channels offered on the Zune Marketplace. Each channel offers up to 3 hours of unique programming ranging from classic rock, contemporary pop, opera, electronica, piano jazz, and others.", "On March 15, 2011, Microsoft announced that no new Zune hardware players would be developed, although existing models would remain for sale. The Zune had failed to capture significant market share after five years against the Apple iPod, and a recent study by NPD Group indicated that the Zune did not make the list of the five best-selling portable music players in the U.S. The iPod has been more successful because of simplicity and had better ratings. It has also been suggested that there is a much larger trend that standalone music players were giving way to smartphones with personalized, app-driven music.\nOn October 3, 2011, Microsoft announced the discontinuation of all Zune hardware, encouraging users to transition to Windows Phone. Later, the announcement was removed and a Zune Support Team member tweeted that the page was added to the website in error. Finally, despite previous denials, the original announcement of the Zune hardware's discontinuation was restored to the Zune Support site.", "In June 2012, Microsoft announced plans to discontinue all \"Zune\" products, and instead, Microsoft would distribute its digital media content and services under the Xbox Music and Xbox Video names, available on their line of products, including Windows 8 PCs and tablets, Xbox 360 game console, and Windows Phone smart phones. The www.zune.net domain now redirects to Xbox's website, but the software retained the Zune name. The Windows Phone App succeeded Zune Software as the desktop sync service for Windows Phone 8, as part of Microsoft's discontinuation of the Zune brand. However, Zune Software must still be used for Windows Phone 7 desktop sync, and is still available to download from the Windows Phone website for all Windows Phone 7 devices. In November 2015, Microsoft retired the Zune music download and streaming service. Remaining Zune subscribers were switched over to Microsoft's Groove Music platform, whose subscription services closed on December 31, 2017.", "", "In Autumn 2009, movies and TV shows became available through streaming or download through Zune Video Marketplace on Xbox 360. On November 4, 2010, the music portion of the Zune Marketplace was brought to Xbox. This coincided with the launch of the Kinect and Kinect owners can navigate the application menus using hand gestures, without a controller. Users must have a Zune Pass subscription to play music in the application, and only Zune Pass content is available. Locally saved music must still be played through the Xbox's native media library.", "Starting with the Microsoft KIN ONE and KIN TWO mid 2010, the Zune music services and features from the Zune HD became available on Microsoft's mobile phones. Shortly following the failure of the KIN line, Windows Phone 7 released and included the same Zune music app that was present on KIN. December of that same year, the rerelease of the KIN phones (whose names were denoted simply with \"m\" as ONEm and TWOm) yet again included the Zune music app, though the phones themselves were now feature-phones instead of smartphones. Each of these first generation Windows Phone smartphones were supported by the Zune desktop software in addition to the Zune devices.\nMicrosoft announced and released new versions of the Zune devices once a year until 2010. In March 2011, Bloomberg.com published an article claiming that Microsoft would stop introducing new versions of the Zune music and video player. The article has been widely quoted over the Internet and by news agencies. However, a Microsoft representative for Zune business development denied this rumor saying that the Windows Phone platform introduction should be considered to be the annual Zune update for 2010.\nAll Windows Phone devices include capacitive multi-touch screens, FM radios, Wi-Fi, and certain other features included on the Zune HD. The user interface of the Zune devices, particularly the Zune HD, served as the inspiration for the user interface of Windows Phone. Microsoft refers to the design language of this user interface as Metro and continued to use it in their products moving forward from Zune HD. (Products with elements of Metro: Microsoft Band & Band 2, KIN, WP7, WP8, Windows 8, W10M, Windows 10, Xbox 360, Xbox One and S/X, and Xbox Series S/X.)\nOn October 11, 2010, Microsoft released Zune software v4.7, which supports syncing of Windows Phone 7 devices with a Windows PC. Zune software was then succeeded as a desktop sync app by the Windows Phone App for Windows Phone 8.", "The first Zune model, the Zune 30, was released in the USA on November 14, 2006, featuring a capacity of 30 gigabytes, FM radio, and a 3-inch screen. The Zune 30 was initially available in black, brown and white. Retail packages contained a pair of basic earbuds, a USB sync cable, a small drawstring pouch, a start-up CD, documentation and a 14-day free trial of the premium Zune Pass streaming service.\nThe Zune 80 was announced on October 2, 2007, along with the smaller Zune 4 and Zune 8 to compete with Apple's iPod nano line. These were to be known as the second generation of Zune devices. The Zune 80 featured a 3.2 inch screen, while the Zune 4 and 8 come with a 1.8inch screen. Both come with a new touchpad-style input device (\"squircle\") and new software. Additional file support for H.264 and MPEG-4 formats was also included, whereas the older Zune 30 requires these formats to be transcoded to WMV prior to sync. The ability to sync wirelessly (automatically if connected to a power supply), podcast support, and an upgraded song-sharing licensing became available on all models. The new software also allowed a Zune device to communicate with other Zune devices to share pictures and songs. A free firmware update added the new software features to the original Zune 30, and was released on November 13, 2007.\nThe Zune 80 came bundled with a USB connection cord and premium headphones. The Zune 4 and 8 come with a USB connection cord and basic headphones.\nThe Zune 30, the original Zune music player, has a 30GB hard drive, 3 inch screen, and a simple directional pad for menu navigation. The second generation of Zune devices includes the Zune 4, 8, 16, 80 and 120. The Zune 4, 8, and 16 are smaller in size and have 4GB, 8GB, and 16GB of flash memory respectively. All second generation Zunes have a Zune Pad instead of the original directional pad that was included on the Zune 30. Microsoft released an upgrade to the software/firmware for all Zune models, including the Zune 30.\nOn May 26, 2009, Microsoft announced the Zune HD, the first touch screen Zune. The Zune HD has HD Radio and the ability to display video in High Definition through a docking station (sold separately). The screen is multi-touch enabled and uses gestures such as swiping and pinching throughout the player. The device comes with 16GB, 32GB, or 64GB of flash memory. The screen is OLED, 3.3inches, and has a 480x272 16:9 resolution. Also included are Wi-Fi, a custom Internet Explorer browser, and an accelerometer.", "Zune devices featured preloaded audio and video content from various artists, including Wisin & Yandel, BT, The Thermals, Paul Oakenfold, and CSS. Limited edition, promotional, and employee-gift Zune devices also featured unique content of varying kinds (i.e. pictures, videos, music, and/or audio/video podcasts).", "", "The standard Zune devices come with basic headphones and a proprietary USB data cable. The Zune 30 comes with these items as well as a carrying bag, and the Zune 80 model has upgraded \"Zune Premium\" headphones. Accessories that were sold separately included, but are not limited to:\nCharging devices (car adapter, AC wall-socket adapters, external battery)\nI/O adapters (A/V composite, FM transmitters, headphones, USB data cable)\nDocks (charging, multimedia large speaker, vertical hands-free assist)\nProtection (glass screen protection, hardened/cushioning material case protection)\nCarrying cases (standard issue, armband type, and belt clip)\nReplacement parts and upgrades (battery, hard drive, LCD, etc.)\nAmong the firms that made Zune accessories were Microsoft, Altec Lansing, Belkin, Digital Lifestyle Outfitters (DLO), Dual Electronics, Griffin Technology, Harman Kardon, JBL, Integrated Mobile Electronics, Jamo International, Klipsch Audio Technologies, Logitech, Monster Cable Products Inc., Speck, Targus, Kicker and VAF Research.", "According to Microsoft, the most up-to-date firmware version is 4.5 (114) for the Zune HD, which replaces the original player firmware that ships on the device, 4.0 (356). In the case of the Zune 4, 8, 16, 30, 80, and 120 players, the most current player software version is 3.3, which provides compatibility with Zune 4.2. Version 3.3 was primarily a bug fix release and was released on January 26, 2010.\nThe operating system for the Zune devices is based on the Windows CE kernel for ARM architecture and uses a distribution similar to the Portable Media Center found on the Gigabeat S. Zune's native file compatible formats are:\nJPEG for images;\nWMV (Used by Zune Marketplace)\nMPEG-4 – supported on all models except the Zune 30 device\nH.264 – supported on all models except the Zune 30 device\nAvi video (Xvid) support is included on the Zune HD (firmware versions 4.5 and later).\nMP3 (used by Zune Marketplace)\nAAC (unprotected) not AAC (.m4a)\nWMA Pro (2-channel)\nWMA Standard (used by Zune Marketplace)\nWMA lossless\nThe graphical user interface (GUI) (called the \"twist interface\" by Microsoft) has sections for music, videos, pictures, social, radio, podcasts, marketplace, games and settings. It is said to provide \"two-dimensional navigation\" for scrolling through items with its directional pad. In the music section, users can add songs to a quick playlist without reconnecting to the desktop software. In the picture section, the background can be customized using any image stored on the device (for viewing) as wallpaper. In the radio section, users can receive and play FM radio internally, with North American, Japanese, and European tuning ranges, and display Radio Data System information (usually artist and song) when available. When artist/song information are available, the device can search for the song in the Zune Marketplace for download or purchase. In the social section, users can broadcast the user's profile and recent activity to others nearby.\nThe first updates to the firmware added sharing features (send, community, list nearby Zune users) as described in FCC filings. Firmware 1.1 allowed the device to inherit sharing capabilities described by codename Pyxis. Early firmware releases patched software bugs. About a year later, the much anticipated 2.2 firmware release added support for DVR-MS (Media Center Recorded TV) files, lossless playback, added wireless syncing, and GUI interface improvements.\nZune supports the Windows Media DRM digital rights management system, which is not compatible with other DRM systems and is not part of the PlaysForSure platform or program.  Multimedia content is transferred through Media Transfer Protocol (MTP); however, its proprietary MTP extensions (\"MTPZ\") place an interoperability barrier between the Zune and previous MTP-based software.", "The Zune software functions as management software for the device, a full media player application with a library, an interface to the Zune Marketplace, and as a media streaming server. Zune Software is used to sync with all devices with Zune functionality, including the Zune devices, Windows Phone 7, and Microsoft Kin. Zune devices work exclusively with the Zune software and Marketplace.\nThe Zune software organizes the media in its library and allows users to add to the library by ripping from CDs, syncing with a Zune device, and downloading from the Zune Marketplace. The Zune software also allows one to organize song metadata. It can automatically download album art and metadata tag data for content in the library.\nAny file in one's Collection that has a non-Zune compatible format is automatically transcoded into a compatible format upon syncing the files to a Zune compatible device. This feature still works as of the release of Windows 11, however, in Windows 10 and 11 the ability to convert videos, specifically, is broken.\nOn the PC, the Zune software streams files to other PCs, the Xbox 360, and other compatible devices. The Zune software also connects with the Zune social and keeps track of files swapped with other users.\nThe Zune software runs only on 32-bit Windows XP or 32-bit/64-bit, Windows Vista, Windows 7, and Windows 8. Windows XP Professional x64 Edition is not supported.\nZune Software was succeeded by the Windows Phone App as a desktop sync service for Windows Phone 8. Windows Phone 7, Kin, and all previous Zune devices will still use the Zune software, which is still available for download on the Windows Phone website.", "", "As of October 16, 2012, all Zune Marketplace products and services have been replaced by Xbox Music, Xbox Music Pass, Xbox Video, and Windows Phone Store.\nThe Zune Marketplace was an online store that offered music, podcasts, TV shows, movies, music videos, movie trailers and mobile applications. Content can be viewed or purchased on Windows PCs with the Zune software installed, Zune devices, the Xbox 360, the Microsoft Kin phones, or Windows Phone phones.\nIt offers a selection of 14 million songs and the Zune Pass music subscription service.", "Zune Marketplace was originally only available in the United States. In October 2010, certain Zune Marketplace content became available in additional countries: the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Spain, Germany, Austria, Belgium, Ireland, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Mexico, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. However, not all content was available in all countries; for example, podcasts and TV shows were not offered at all outside the United States.", "", "Microsoft launched several campaigns to jump-start the Zune. It had a major campaign to promote Zune with \"Music the way it wants to be\" as a major theme and \"Welcome to the social\" as an advertisement tagline. Also, the company enlisted about 200 \"Zune-masters\" to advertise the device on American college campuses, to promote the item, and to run Zune-related events. In exchange, they received free merchandise, including a Zune.\nAdditionally, Microsoft launched an attempt at viral marketing with its comingzune site, complete with several videos in succession. Along with ZuneInsider, and several other ad hoc events, Microsoft hoped to generate buzz for the product outside of the normal marketing avenues, and market its product as a part of a social construct.\nThe choice of branding and distribution were part of the Zune as a decision of \"two strategies in the market right now: cross-brand ecosystems... and singular brand ecosystems... The former is gaining in share and units sold, but the latter has enormous share and won't give that up easily.\"\nMicrosoft normally follows a platform (cross-brand) strategy, as exemplified by the PlaysForSure system. However, its Xbox division has gained some experience with the vertically integrated strategy in which it controls everything end-to-end from the hardware to the online store. With Apple dominating the audio market with its vertically integrated iPod system, the Xbox division won permission to try the same approach, separately from PlaysForSure and PlayReady.\nMicrosoft also wanted to go beyond Apple's efforts and promote the tagline \"the social\" and wireless sharing as key differentiators. Chris Stephenson, leader of Zune's marketing and manager of Global Marketing for the Entertainment Business, said, \"we see a great opportunity to bring together technology and community to allow consumers to explore and discover music together.\" New York Times Magazine columnist Rob Walker agrees that the Zune's \"community and togetherness seem like a reasonable counterpunch to iPod's supposed attraction as an individuality enabler that allows owners to wallow in their own tasteful personal soundtracks.\" But he also sees the Zune as having gained appeal as an individualistic statement against the omnipresent iPod: \"The most salient feature of the Zune seems to be that it's not an iPod\".\nMicrosoft also released a Zune theme for Windows XP that replaced the appearance of the operating system. This theme includes an orange Start button and black taskbar/Start menu.\nZune has also expanded its brand efforts by creating a Millennial-friendly website and campaign focused on emerging artist talent: Zune Arts\nMySpace has added the feature to label music players on personal profiles to Zune-themed or a red Zune 8.", "During its launch week, the original Zune, now Zune 30, was the second-most-sold portable media device with a 9% unit share in the United States: behind the market-leading iPod's 63%. For the first 6 months after launch, NPD Group figures show that the Zune 30 achieved approximately 10% market share in the Hard Drive-based MP3 market and 3% in the overall MP3 player market. As early as December 2006, it was reported that the Zune was struggling not just against the iPod but also other competitors, the Creative Zen and SanDisk Sansa.\nAccording to Bloomberg Television 1.2 million Zune 30 players were sold between November 2006 and June 2007, surpassing a milestone. A price drop on Amazon.com during November 2007 temporarily boosted the brown Zune 30 to the top Sales Rank in electronics.\nOn May 6, 2008, Microsoft announced that it had sold just over 2 million Zunes. Roughly one million of those were sold since the second generation Zunes launched in November 2007.\nOn May 22, 2008, it was reported that GameStop \"has decided to stop selling Microsoft's Zune players at its stores due to what it sees as insufficient demand from customers.\" A statement issued by Adam Sohn, Zune marketing manager said \"We have a set of great partnerships...Best Buy, Target, Wal-Mart, and others.\"\nIn January 2009, Microsoft's quarterly earnings filing with the SEC indicated that Zune sales had fallen $100 million from 2007 to 2008 during the fourth quarter of the calendar year. The Wall Street Journal estimated that sales appear to have dropped from about $185 million during the holiday period in 2007 to just $85 million in 2008. This may be due to the company's decision not to substantially update the Zune hardware in the fall of 2008.\nZune market share decreased to 2% in the first half of 2009, according to the NPD Group. From January to September 2009 in the U.S., Microsoft only held 2% sales share, compared to Apple's 73%, SanDisk's 9%, and 3% for Sony's Walkman line.", "Microsoft released the Zune to Canadian consumers on June 13, 2008, marking the first time it was available outside the U.S. Microsoft has even made efforts to ban visitors outside the United States from Zune Originals. Users wishing to sign up for a Zune Tag could easily circumvent most problems by signing up for a US-based account.\nThe Zune 2.0–3.* firmware does not support non-romanized fonts other than Cyrillic. East Asian characters used in Chinese and Japanese, for example, show up on the Zune device as mojibake instead of characters. Users have improvised ways to downgrade the firmware on the Zune device to older version that support Asian characters (V1 Zunes can be hacked to display Asian font). This is, however, not recommended by anyone.", "In 2012, Slate ran a reader poll inviting them to select a piece of defunct technology worthy of a reappraisal, where the Zune beat out Myspace, the PalmPilot, feature phones (\"dumbphones\") and older versions of Internet Explorer. Farhad Manjoo, the site's technology columnist, went to considerable lengths to acquire a Zune HD. \"[It] wasn't as complete a failure as you may believe,\" he wrote. \"If you purchased one over the iPod Touch back in 2009, you wouldn't have regretted it.\"\nHad Microsoft brought the first Zune to market at the same time as the iPod, or even the Zune HD at the time of the iPod Touch, it might have been a serious competitor to those players. Manjoo wrote: \"By that point, iPod had become the world's de facto digital entertainment device,\" he recalled. \"To beat it, Microsoft needed to offer something that would make Apple's device look pitifully old-fashioned. The Zune HD didn't do that. Its design marked it as being different from an iPod, but that was pretty much the only difference. There was no reason to buy the Zune unless you wanted to stand apart from the Apple cult. And there was a cost to standing apart from Apple: Because of its popularity, there were millions of apps and accessories for the iPod. As good as it was, the Zune HD couldn’t match Apple’s sheer market power.\" Nevertheless, it was an effective enough product that Manjoo had started using it as his backup music player (\"when my iPhone’s battery dies\").\nLike the Edsel, to which it has sometimes been likened, Manjoo said the Zune's failure may have led the way to eventual success with other products. The HD's user interface, he noted, was the first such Microsoft product to rely on text rather than icons, and it would form the basis for Windows Phone, Windows 8, Xbox and all of the company's web-based services. The Segoe typeface that is now used in all of them, as well as Microsoft's current logo, was first used on the Zune.\nBusiness consultant Simon Sinek discusses the Zune in his 2019 book The Infinite Game, describing the Zune as a triumph of design but a failure of long-term strategic thinking. Microsoft was focused on beating Apple's portable music player, while Apple was behind the scenes focused on the iPhone that was introduced a year after the Zune's debut and, to a large extent, rendered obsolete handheld MP3 players by popularizing smart phones.\nAt the end of the 2017 film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, Peter Quill is gifted a Zune by Kraglin to replace his destroyed Walkman.\nWith a Zune, you could squirt with your friends any time you wanted to, with full corporate approval.", "\"Microsoft to Put Zune Experience in Consumers' Hands on Nov. 14\". News Center. Microsoft. September 28, 2006.\n\"Microsoft Release Date For Zune 4, 8, 80 Set For November 13\". Zune. Microsoft. Archived from the original on February 1, 2008.\n\"Zune Takes Music Discovery to the Next Level With New Ways to Find and Access Digital Music\". News Center. Microsoft. September 8, 2008.\nChristine Persaud. \"New Features for Zune\". Archived from the original on 2009-01-05.\n\"Zune HD available for pre-order today\". Zune. Microsoft. August 13, 2009. Archived from the original on August 16, 2009.\n\"Zune Goes International with Windows Phone 7\". 18 October 2010.\n\"Microsoft confirms 'iPod Killer' plans\". 21 July 2006.\n\"Portable Media Player Gallery - 2000s\".\n\"Microsoft changes its story, concedes death of Zune hardware\".\n\"Microsoft pulls plug on Zune music service\". News. BBC. November 16, 2015.\nMiller, Paul (August 25, 2006). \"Zune revealed by FCC as \"Toshiba 1089\"\". Engadget. Aol. Retrieved January 3, 2007.\nDudley, Brier (July 10, 2006). \"Argo aims guns at more than iPod\". Seattle Times. Retrieved March 30, 2007.\nOswald, Ed (July 20, 2006). \"October Debut for Microsoft 'iPod Killer'\". BetaNews. Retrieved May 5, 2007.\nBell, Donald (2009-09-17). \"Zune HD Review – Watch CNET's Video Review\". Reviews.cnet.com. Retrieved 2013-02-04.\n\"Zune Review – Watch CNET's Video Review\". Reviews.cnet.com. 2006-11-13. Retrieved 2013-02-04.\n\"Home – Microsoft Answers\". Zune. Microsoft. Archived from the original on August 30, 2009. Retrieved 2011-07-27.\nJohn Herrman (2008-12-31). \"30GB Zunes Failing Everywhere, All At Once\". Gizmodo. Gawker Media. Retrieved 2011-07-27.\nGeere, Duncan (December 31, 2008). \"BREAKING: Zunes worldwide hit by mystery crash : Tech Digest\". Techdigest.tv. Retrieved 2011-07-27.\n\"Zune 30 FAQ\". Microsoft. December 31, 2008. Archived from the original on January 2, 2009. Retrieved January 1, 2009.\nZadegan, Bryant (January 3, 2009). \"A lesson on infinite loops\". AeroXperience. Archived from the original on December 23, 2009. Retrieved January 5, 2009.\nBiglione, Kirk (September 19, 2006). \"Microsoft Insider Clarifies Zune's Sharing Limitations\". medialoper. Retrieved January 5, 2009.\nThurrott, Paul (13 November 2007). \"Zune 2 Review, Part 1: Software\". Supersite for Windows. Penton. Archived from the original on February 6, 2010. Retrieved October 30, 2010.\nWeller, David (May 7, 2008). \"Announcing: XNA Game Studio 3.0 Community Technical Preview (CTP)\". XNA Team Blog. Microsoft.\n\"Download audiobooks from sites powered by OverDrive.com, including over 7,500 public libraries\". Zune. Microsoft. Archived from the original on September 19, 2008.\n\"Free Library of Philadelphia Online Audiobook Catalog\". Archived from the original on 2020-03-12. Retrieved 2008-09-17.\n\"Wayport Powers Microsoft Zune, McDonalds Service\". Texas Tech Pulse. September 16, 2008. Retrieved November 21, 2008.\nBell, Donald (September 15, 2009). \"Zune 4.0 software is live, Zune HDs rejoice\". CNet. CBS Interactive. Retrieved September 17, 2009.\n\"Microsoft introduces a powerful new Zune media player, PC software and online services\". Zune. Microsoft. September 15, 2009. Archived from the original on September 22, 2009. Retrieved September 18, 2009.\n\"Tinkering with Zune 4.0, enabling the unfinished \"Radio\"\". Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2009.\n\"Zune 4.5 Announced\". Archived from the original on April 7, 2010. Retrieved March 18, 2010.\n\"United Airlines offers up 'Zune inflight audio,' no actual Zunes\". Engadget. Aol. June 3, 2010. Retrieved 2011-07-27.\nBell, Donald (2010-06-03). \"Zune set to fly the friendly skies | MP3 Insider – CNET Reviews\". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 2011-07-27.\n\"Microsoft Zune Discontinued Amidst Falling Demand\". hypebot. 2011-03-14. Retrieved 2013-02-04.\nGeorge Ponder (2011-10-05). \"Rising from the ashes, the Zune HD still lives?\". Windows Mobile. Mobile Nations. Retrieved 2013-02-04.\nSheeds. \"Zune Hardware stay of execution…..Officially?\". Wpdownunder.com. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved 2013-02-04.\n\"Zune player support and service – Zune.net – Zune players\". 8 October 2011. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011.\nSurur (October 4, 2011). \"Zune HD and others officially dead after all, despite denials\". Wmpoweruser.com. Retrieved 2013-02-04.\nLardinois, Frederic (October 2, 2017). \"Microsoft Will Soon Shutter It's Music Store and Streaming Service, Move Users to Spotify\". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 3, 2017.\n\"Technology News: Handheld Devices: Microsoft Sharpens the Picture for Zune HD\". Technewsworld.com. May 27, 2009. Retrieved 2011-07-27.\nBass D (2011-03-14). \"Microsoft Said to Stop Releasing Zune as Demand Ebbs\". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 2011-03-16. Retrieved 2011-03-17.\nDevereux W (2011-03-15). \"Zune Is Not Dead: Dave McLauchlan's Statement | Anything But iPod\". anythingbutipod.com. Archived from the original on March 16, 2011. Retrieved 2011-03-17. Dave McLauchlan, Senior Business Development Manager for Zune: We have nothing to announce about another Zune device — but most recently have introduced Zune HD to Canada via the Zune Originals store and remain committed to supporting our devices in North America\n\"Zune Boards\". Zune Boards. 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-07-27.\nMenta, Richard (October 3, 2007). \"Zune 2 Unveiled\". MP3 Newswire. Retrieved October 3, 2007.\nBlock, Ryan (October 2, 2007). \"Microsoft's new Zunes: officially in 80, 8, and 4 GB sizes\". Engadget. Aol.\n\"Zune120 Confirmed\". August 24, 2008. Archived from the original on September 15, 2008.\n\"Microsoft Confirms New Zune HD Portable Media Player\". Zune. Microsoft. Archived from the original on May 30, 2009. Retrieved June 25, 2009.\n\"Zune HD 32 – Buy from Microsoft Store\". Archived from the original on August 14, 2009. Retrieved August 13, 2009.\n\"Zune HD Prices Leaked: 16 GB for $220, 32 GB for $290\". Gizmodo. Gawker Media. August 10, 2009.\n\"Compare Devices\". Microsoft. 2008. Archived from the original on February 20, 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2008.\n\"FCC approves Microsoft's unreleased 120 GB Zune\". 18 August 2008. Retrieved August 23, 2008.\nMendoza, Eric (October 31, 2021). \"Introducing: the Zune Naming Convention guide!\". Reddit. Retrieved December 10, 2021.\n\"Zune in pink (and orange)\". Engadget. Retrieved 2021-12-10.\n\"A $750 Orange Zune? No Thanks!\". SlashGear. 2006-12-22. Retrieved 2021-12-10.\n\"Orange Zune Photos\". Archived from the original on January 11, 2013. Retrieved February 18, 2008.\n\"Zune oddnesses: Zune pretty in pink; Zune on a Mac\". Engadget. Retrieved 2021-12-10.\n\"Exclusive Halo 3 Zune for Military Personnel\". August 6, 2007. Archived from the original on December 19, 2009. Retrieved February 22, 2008.\n\"Zune – Halo 3 Edition Unboxed\". May 16, 2007. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2008.\n\"Zune 30 GB Nylon Edition\". 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The New York Times Company. Retrieved October 6, 2008.\nBlock, Ryan (November 29, 2006). \"Zune takes #2 spot in retail launch week\". Engadget. Aol.\nClaburn, Thomas (March 22, 2007). \"Google News Thinks \"Zune\" Is a Typo\". InformationWeek. Retrieved March 31, 2007.\nBishop, Todd (March 28, 2007). \"Zune market share slips in February\". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved March 31, 2007.\nRosmarin, Rachel (March 30, 2007). \"Apple Says Buy Another iPod\". Forbes. Archived from the original on April 19, 2008. Retrieved March 31, 2007.\nCruz, Phillip (March 13, 2007). \"U.S. Top Selling Computer Hardware for January 2007\". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on March 20, 2007. Retrieved March 31, 2007.\nEran, Daniel (March 16, 2007). \"Market Share Myth 2007: iPod vs Zune and Mac vs PC\". Retrieved March 31, 2007.\n\"Microsoft Zune struggling against the mighty iPod?\". 7 December 2006.\n\"Daring Fireball: Did Microsoft Copy the Wrong iPod?\".\nBass, Dina (2007-10-03). \"News\". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on September 20, 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-27.\nFried, Ina (December 7, 2006). \"Microsoft: Zune sales to top 1 million by June\". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 2011-07-27.\n\"Microsoft adds TV shows to Zune Marketplace\". Archived from the original on May 16, 2008.\n\"GameStop to Stop Zune Sales\". TheStreet.com. May 22, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2008.\nWingfield, Nick (January 23, 2009). \"Microsoft's Zune Slips\". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 24, 2009.\n\"Microsoft's Zune continues to struggle\". MarketWatch. July 29, 2009. Retrieved January 27, 2010.\n\"Zune to launch outside US\". Financial Times. 16 November 2009.\n\"No Joining The Social For You, Non-American Zune Lovers!\". Zune Thoughts. 2007-11-13. Retrieved 2011-07-27.\nMajoo, Farhad (October 26, 2012). \"The Flop That Saved Microsoft\". Slate. Retrieved November 15, 2012.\nSimon Sinek (2019). The Infinite Game. Portfolio, ISBN 073521350X\nLevy, Steven. \"Zune Should Go Beyond 'Squirting'\". Newsweek.com. Retrieved 2022-08-03.", "Zune.net — Redirects to a Q&A for Zune users titled Important changes are coming to Zune Marketplace\nZune Insider – Insider blog & podcast — Dead link\nZune Podcast Support – An interview with Rob Greenlee, Podcast Programming Lead for the Zune about the second generation Zunes' support for podcasts. — Dead link\nZune Podcast Connected Show Interview – An interview with Rob Greenlee. During the Interview we discuss his long career in Podcasting, his work in the Zune Podcast team, how to make podcasts successful and finally the ZuneHD\nZune at Curlie" ]

[ "Zune", "History", "MSN Music", "First generation", "Second generation", "Third generation", "Discontinuation of Zune hardware", "Discontinuation of Zune software and services", "On other Microsoft products", "Xbox 360", "Microsoft Mobile Phones", "Zune devices", "Preloaded content", "Specifications", "Accessories", "Firmware", "Zune software", "Zune Marketplace", "Zune Marketplace successor services", "Availability", "Sales and marketing", "Marketing", "Sales", "Availability outside the U.S.", "Legacy", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/ZuneHD-Radio.jpg" ]

[ "The Zune HD is a portable media player in the Zune product family released on September 15, 2009 by Microsoft. It was a direct competitor with Apple's iPod Touch series of mobile devices. It was initially released in 16 and 32 GB capacities. A 64 GB version was released on April 9, 2010. It has a touchscreen interface for navigation and included Wi-Fi for synchronization, access to the Zune Marketplace and Web browsing.\nThe Zune HD utilized the Nvidia Tegra APX 2600 chip, allowing it to play 720p video through the optional HDMI Zune dock on a high-definition television. Otherwise, content would be scaled down to 480×272 pixels on the player's OLED touchscreen.", "Soon after Apple released the iPod Touch, Microsoft R&D department head, Robbie Bach, began work on a touchscreen Zune player to combat it. The department started immediately on reworking the Windows CE–based OS of the older Zune to suit the new multitouch PMP. Astro Studios was contracted to design the Zune HD's aluminium casing. On June 19, 2009, Zune Insider host Matt Akers confirmed that the Zune HD would have an Nvidia Tegra APX 2600 chip and OLED touchscreen.\nThe Zune HD was released on September 15, 2009 to retail markets in black and platinum colors and 16 or 32GB capacities; additionally, red-, green-, and blue-colored models were available through the online Zune Originals store.\nTwo months later, on November 6, 2009, firmware update 4.3 was released. The new firmware version improved the performance of the web browser, added support for the apps that were to be released in the days that followed, and fixed several notable bugs. On November 11, 2009, several new apps appeared on the Zune Marketplace. The apps included Project Gotham Racing: Ferrari Edition, Audiosurf: Tilt, Lucky Lanes Bowling, Vans Sk8: Pool Service, Checkers, and Piano.\nThe Zune HD's Twitter app was released on December 16, 2009 to the Zune Marketplace; however, it was soon noticed that the app was censoring tweets. Microsoft promptly fixed this following an outcry among Zune HD owners in version 1.1 of the app.\nAfter previously being promised before the end of 2009, the Facebook app was made available on the Zune Marketplace on March 1, 2010. Initially, the app had some API issues in which it could not download most information from Facebook, but these issues were corrected 2 days later without a software update.\nOn April 5, 2010, after being announced at CES 2010, firmware version 4.5 was released, bringing with it several new features, such as on-device Smart DJ (a feature that had been present in the PC software for some time), Xvid codec support, and Marketplace support through the optional dock.\nLess than one week later, on the 9th of April, a 64GB capacity Zune HD went on sale; in addition, the 16GB and 32GB models released in September 2009 both had a price drop of US$20 on their MSRPs.\nOn October 3, 2011, Microsoft announced that it has discontinued all Zune hardware, encouraging users to transition to Windows Phone. While that announcement was initially removed as potentially erroneous, it was reposted permanently and confirmed by Microsoft soon thereafter.\nIn 2012, Microsoft launched Xbox Music, a successor to the Zune Marketplace. Leading up to the launch of that service, a number of features of Zune and the Zune Marketplace were discontinued. Zune HD apps were no longer available though the Zune Software, social components of Zune were deactivated, and limitations were placed on music video purchasing and viewing.\nAs of late 2012, the ability to download songs from the marketplace directly to the Zune HD has been discontinued. According to the Zune Support Twitter feed, Microsoft will not be fixing it, instead announcing that it is part of the transition from Zune Music to Xbox Music.", "The specifications as listed by the official web site of the Zune HD, as well as reported by various sources:\n3.3-inch glass capacitive multi-touch OLED display with a 16:9 480x272 resolution\nBuilt-in accelerometer\nWindows Embedded CE 6.0 operating system\n16, 32, and 64 GB flash memory options\nCPU and GPU: Nvidia Tegra APX with one ARM11 and one ARM7 processor cores, plus 6 other dedicated cores\nRAM: 128 MB Hynix SDRAM\n802.11b/g Wi-Fi with open, WEP, WPA, and WPA2 authentication modes and WEP 64-bit and 128-bit, TKIP, and AES encryption modes\nBuilt-in rechargeable 3.7V 660mAh lithium-ion polymer battery with up to 33 hours of audio playback (wireless off) and 8.5 hours of video\nSize: 52.7x102.1x8.9mm (2.07x4.08x0.35 in)\nWeight: 74g (2.6 oz)\nFM/HD Radio tuner\nEqualizer\nWeb browser (based on Internet Explorer Mobile 6 for Windows CE)\nSupport for apps built with Microsoft's XNA platform The Zune restarts however every time XNA apps exit.\nAudio output: Analog RCA and Optical Digital out (additional dock required)\nAudio support:\nCBR and VBR audio, up to 48 kHz sample rate, for:\nWMA Standard up to 384 kbit/s (DRM protected files can be played only if purchased from the Zune Marketplace)\nWMA Pro stereo up to 768 kbit/s\nWMA Lossless stereo up to 768 kbit/s\nUnprotected AAC-LC (.mp4/.m4b) up to 320 kbit/s\nMP3 up to 320 kbit/s\nVideo support:\nWMV\nMain and Simple Profile, CBR or VBR\n720 x 480 pixels with a bit rate of up to 10.0 Mbit/s and a framerate of up to 30 frames per second.\n720 x 576 pixels with a bit rate of up to 10.0 Mbit/s and a framerate of up to 25 frames per second.\nAdvanced profile up to L2, CBR or VBR\n1280 x 720 pixels with a bit rate of up to 14.0 Mbit/s, and a framerate of up to 30 frames per second.\nUp to 720p resolution and 14 Mbit/s bit rate, CBR or VBR for:\nH.264, Baseline Profile up to Level 3.1 support\nVC-1 Main and Simple Profile, Advanced profile up to Level 2.\nMPEG-4 Part 2 Advanced Simple Profile up to 4.0 Mbit/s bit rate\n720p high definition video output using HDMI or composite connections (additional dock required for both)", "", "As of August 2011, the Zune Marketplace has 62 apps for Zune HD, of which 42 are games. All of the apps and games are free. Apps available excluding games are Calendar, Fingerpaint, Stopwatch, Alarm Clock, Chord Finder, Facebook, Twitter, MSN Money, MSN Weather, Calculator, Piano, Metronome, Level, Drum Machine, Fan Prediction, Shuffle by Album, Windows Live Messenger, Notes, Email and Zune Reader. An extension to the Microsoft XNA framework providing development support for the Zune HD was released on September 16, 2009. The Zune PC Software can be used for adding apps to the Zune HD. The Windows Live Messenger app for the Zune HD was released on October 1, 2010, making Messenger available for all major mobile platforms. The email app was released for the Zune HD in April 2011 allowing users to sync with their email accounts and download folders and emails. The app is similar to the email interface on the Windows Phone.\nNo new apps have been released for Zune HD after August 2011.", "Several games have been released for the Zune HD, including portable versions of Audiosurf, Hexic, and Project Gotham Racing. Independent titles written with XNA are also available from multiple sources.\nOn April 20, 2010, an independent app developer released a port of Doom, one of the first independent 3D games to be developed for the Zune HD, using OpenZDK.", "The browser features favorites and Bing search. The keyboard can be accessed by touching a text box, swiping up from the bottom bar of the browser and touching the address bar, or touching the magnifying glass (search) icon on the bottom bar of the browser. The keyboard has portrait orientation, with the keys bulging around the user's finger when touched. The web browser has pinch and stretch for zooming and page reorientation due to the built in accelerometer. The Zune HD web browser scores 5/100 in the Acid3 test. As of the launch, the Zune HD's web browser does not support Adobe Flash applications, such as video playback on YouTube, and no plans have been made to bring Flash support to the device.\nWith the 4.3 firmware update, browsing performance was improved, and users can change the Internet settings to display the browser optimized for a Mobile device or for a PC experience. In addition, users can now enable \"auto correct\" and \"auto capitalize\" when using the keyboard to enter information, making it easier to type content into the browser.\nWith the 4.5 firmware update, browsing performance was further improved. In addition, Smart DJ playlists, Picks, expanded video codec support, and the ability to download photos and sort favorites by name and date were included in the update.", "The Zune HD was the forebearer of Microsoft's typography-based design language, Metro which ultimately came to fruition with Windows Phone. The short-lived Kin phones also share a similar typography focused design. It uses a font family called \"Zegoe\", which is a modified version of Microsoft's font family, Segoe.\nTechnology news website Gizmodo labeled the Zune HD's UI as \"an evolution of the PMP—not a devolution of some smartphone model. Every new feature it has is used to expand the way you absorb media, from the HD video output to the HD radio to the redesigned UI.\"", "Prior to the release of the OpenZDK development kit, writing applications for the Zune required the use of Microsoft's XNA development environment. Instead of using XNA, developers can now write apps in C++ that run natively on the Zune, without the overhead of the XNA library. Developers can also access APIs previously used only by Microsoft, such as the 3D graphics and Internet APIs.", "Comparison of portable media players\nList of portable media players with Wi-Fi connectivity\nList of defunct consumer brands\nWindows Phone", "Miller, Ross (2010-07-22). \"Microsoft reports 1 million Zunes sold\". Microsoft, via ZuneScene. Retrieved 2010-07-29.\nFried, Ina (26 May 2009). \"Microsoft confirms Zune HD coming this fall\". CNET. Archived from the original on 28 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-27.\nSajid, Uzair (4 April 2009). \"Zune HD Powered by NVIDIA Tegra\". Archived from the original on 2009-04-23. Retrieved 2009-05-27.\n\"NVIDIA Tegra APX Applications Processors\". Retrieved 2009-10-08.\nGalan, Walter (2006-09-24). \"Microsoft Zune HD Teardown\". iFixit. Retrieved 2010-05-11.\n\"Preorder now available\". Microsoft. 2006-08-13. Retrieved 2010-07-29.\nCross, Jason (2006-08-16). \"Zune HD Specs Including Tegra Details\". PCWorld.com.\nBell, Donald (2006-08-04). \"Zune HD hands-on look, impressions, tears of joy\". CNET. Archived from the original on 6 August 2009. Retrieved 2010-05-11.\nGalbraith, Tom (2009-09-18). \"Astro teams up with Microsoft on the new Zune HD\". Astro Studios. Archived from the original on 24 September 2009. Retrieved 2010-07-29.\nMelanson, Donald (2009-08-13). \"Zune HD color options revealed in email\". Engadget. Retrieved 2010-05-09.\nMurph, Darren (2009-11-07). \"Zune HD v4.3 firmware out now: fixes playcount bug, adds lots of great things\". Engadget. Retrieved 2010-05-09.\nSavov, Vladislav (2009-11-11). \"Zune HD Marketplace now loaded with free 3D games\". Engadget. Retrieved 2010-05-09.\nPatel, Nilay (2009-12-16). \"Zune HD Twitter app now live UPDATE: it censors tweets!\". Engadget. Retrieved 2010-05-09.\nPatel, Nilay (2009-12-17). \"Microsoft updating Zune HD Twitter to stop censoring tweets\". Engadget. Retrieved 2010-05-09.\nRicker, Thomas (2009-09-15). \"Zune HD gaming and app downloads confirmed: Twitter, Facebook, and 3D games on the way (updated)\". Engadget. Retrieved 2010-05-11.\nMiller, Paul (2010-03-01). \"Facebook app now available for Zune HD (update: it's also broken)\". Engadget. Retrieved 2010-05-09.\nBell, Donald (2010-01-07). \"Zune HD to get XviD, better playlists\". CNET. Archived from the original on 14 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-11.\nMiller, Ross (2010-04-05). \"Zune HD v4.5 firmware now available\". Engadget. Retrieved 2010-05-09.\nMiller, Ross (2010-03-31). \"64GB Zune HD launching April 12th for $350, current models reduced $20\". Engadget. Retrieved 2010-05-09.\nMelanson, Donald (2010-04-09). \"Zune HD 64 goes on sale early\". Engadget. Retrieved 2010-05-09.\nGeorge Ponder (2011-10-05). \"Rising from the ashes, the Zune HD still lives?\". Wpcentral.com. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 2013-02-04.\nSheeds (October 4, 2011). \"Zune Hardware stay of execution...Officially?\". Wpdownunder.com. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 2013-02-04.\nMusil, Steven (29 August 2012). \"Microsoft axes handful of Zune Music features\". CNET. Retrieved 30 August 2012.\n\"Twitter/keithharold: @ZuneSupport My Zune HD is\". Twitter. Twitter.com. Retrieved 2013-06-15.\n\"Twitter/ZuneSupport: @MichaelLuvsU Both these\". Twitter.com. Retrieved 2013-06-15.\n\"Zune HD 32/tech specs\". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 22 September 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-10.\nMiller, Ross (2009-08-10). \"Zune HD hits FCC in prolific photo shoot, 16 and 32 Gb capacities\". Engadget. Retrieved 2009-08-10.\n\"NVIDIA Tegra Provides The Multimedia Muscle In Zune HD\". Archived from the original on 20 August 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-03.\n\"Zune HD hits FCC in prolific photo shoot, Li-Ion Battery\". CNET. Archived from the original on 19 August 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-24.\n\"Zune HD Product Information\". Microsoft Store. Archived from the original on 16 August 2009.\n\"Microsoft XNA Game Studio 3.1 Zune Extensions\". Archived from the original on 22 September 2009.\n\"Zune Games and Rebooting Devices: Michael Klucher's Blog on Game development on Zune, Windows Phone, Xbox 360, and Windows in .NET\". Klucher.com. Archived from the original on August 28, 2011. Retrieved 2013-02-04.\n\"Doom for the Zune HD 1.2\". Zuneboards.com. Archived from the original on 25 April 2010. Retrieved 2013-02-04.\nRosoff, Matt (2009-09-15). \"Zune HD: You call that a browser?\". cnet.com. Retrieved 2020-01-05.\nNosowitz, Dan (2009-09-16). \"Zune HD Review: The PMP, Evolved\". Gizmodo. Retrieved 2010-07-29.", "Zune Official Website\nZune HD Official Page\nZune HD Nvidia Webpage" ]

[ "Zune HD", "History", "Specifications", "Features", "Apps", "Games", "Web browser", "Metro", "OpenZDK", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359910 ]

[ 27237732, 27237733, 27237734, 27237735, 27237736, 27237737, 27237738, 27237739, 27237740, 27237741, 27237742, 27237743, 27237744, 27237745, 27237746, 27237747, 27237748, 27237749, 27237750, 27237751, 27237752, 27237753, 27237754, 27237755, 27237756, 27237757, 27237758, 27237759, 27237760, 27237761, 27237762, 27237763, 27237764 ]

[ "Coats of arms of Zunft zum Kämbel", "Kämbel carriage on occasion of Sechseläuten 2013 at their guild house at Limmatquai", "Hans Waldmann monument on occasion of the Sechseläuten ceremony 2015", "Members of the guild in \"Arabian\" costumes at the Bürkliplatz plaza in 2015" ]

[ 0, 0, 2, 3 ]

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[ "Zunft zum Kämbel (\"Kämbel guild\") is a guild organisation in Zürich, Switzerland. The guild was established in 1336; the guild house, Haus zur Haue, is situated at Limmatquai.", "The present Kämbel guild house, Haus zur Haue, is situated at the Rathaus bridge on Limmatquai near the Constaffel, Saffran and Zimmerleuten guild houses. Zunft zum Kämbel was originally a guild of food and wine merchants. Its first tavern and meeting place (Trinkstube) was located near the medieval town hall at Münsterhof. The guild house was first mentioned in a 1389 document as Kembel. In 1487 the guild acquired the house zum Kämbel which still exists at Münsterhof 18. The location at Münsterhof square is seen as a deliberate distancing from the noble houses of the more prominent Zürich guilds.", "The origins of the Kämbel guild date back to 1336 when, along with the other medieval Zürich guilds and the knight's association (Constaffel), it was founded on occasion of the Brun guild constitution. The guilds brought together various craft associations and at the same time were economical, political, social and even military organizations which fielded independent military formations in the medieval city-state's wars. The guild masters also constituted the councillors of the medieval city-republic of Zürich until the French revolutionary troops terminated the guild regime and the Old Swiss Confederacy collapsed in spring of 1798. In 1801 the Kämbel members sold their guildhall, but by the Act of Mediation in 1803 and 1815, the guild was temporarily re-established as one of the thirteen municipal election guilds. In the 1838 election, guilds were abolished at the cantonal level, and they were definitively abolished in Zurich by the municipal elections of 1866.\nThe members of Kämbel originally comprised the small merchants of the medieval city of Zürich, among them the gardeners (vegetable traders), winzers and food merchants, collectively called Grempler, from which the name of the guild is derived. In later years, the wine haulers (Wynzügel) and salt traders (Houw) also became members of the guild. As representatives of the city council, the guild's deans had to regulate the sale of goods produced by Kämbel members, and they oversaw the food stands under the arcades on Limmatquai, at Weinplatz, and at Gmüesbrugg, the \"Vegetable Bridge\".\nThe most important dean of Kämbel was Hans Waldmann (1435–1489), mayor of Zürich from 1482 to 1489, who was executed after upheavals known as the Waldmannhandel. The equestrian monument in front of the Fraumünster church at Münsterhof was created by Hermann Haller and unveiled on 6 April 1937 by the Kämbel guild in an effort to rehabilitate Hans Waldmann who, they proposed, had been the victim of a judicial murder. The equestrian statue became the subject of controversy for artistic, political and historical reasons.", "Like the other Zürich guilds (except the women members of the Fraumünster society, who participate only as \"guests\"), the members of the Kämbel guild participate in Sechseläuten. The Kämbel riders wildly circle the Böögg at Sechseläutenplatz in fanciful \"Arabian\" costumes as a reference to their coat of arms which shows a camel, a pun on Kämbel.", "The association holds monthly meetings and publishes a New Year's sheet. Its members are involved in numerous cultural projects.", "Markus Brühlmeier, Beat Frei: \"Das Zürcher Zunftwesen.\" Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Zürich 2005, ISBN 3-038231-71-1.\nVom Dübelstein zur Waldmannsburg: Adelssitz, Gedächtnisort und Forschungsobjekt. In: Schweizer Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte und Archäologie des Mittelalters Volume 33. Published by Schweizerischer Burgenverein, Basel 2006, ISBN 3-908182-17-4.", "\"B VI 304 (fol. 37 r) Belastung namentlich genannter Güter durch Gottfried und Johans Meier von Baden vor dem Rat der Stadt Zürich (1389.06.28)\" (in German). Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich. Retrieved 2015-08-12.\nDölf Wild (2011). \"Zürichs Münsterhof – ein städtischer Platz des 13. Jahrhunderts? Überlegungen zum Thema  »Stadtgestalt und Öffentlichkeit«  im  mittelalterlichen  Zürich\" (PDF) (in German). Hochbaudepartement Stadt Zürich. Retrieved 2015-08-03.\n\"Zentralkomitee der Zürcher Zünfte\" (in German). sechselaeuten.ch. Retrieved 2015-09-09.\n\"Kämbelzunft: Zunftgeschichte\" (in German). kaembel.ch. Retrieved 2015-09-09.\n\"Kleine Zürcher Verfassungsgeschichte 1218–2000\" (PDF) (in German). Staatsarchiv Zürich. Retrieved 2014-12-20.\nTina Huber (2014-11-06). \"Manche Witze sind unter der Gürtellinie\" (in German). Tages-Anzeiger. Retrieved 2014-11-06.", "Official website (in German)" ]

[ "Zunft zum Kämbel", "Guild house", "History", "Sechseläuten", "Activities", "Literature", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359911, 5359912, 5359913, 5359914 ]

[ 27237765, 27237766, 27237767, 27237768, 27237769, 27237770, 27237771, 27237772, 27237773, 27237774 ]

[ "Zunfthaus zur Haue and (to the left) Zunfthaus zur Saffran at Limmatquai as seen from towards Münsterhof", "Guild house «zur Haue» decorated for Sechseläuten, Rathaus to the left side", "Former guild house at Münsterhof (to the right side)", "Murerplan, cut", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3 ]

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[ "The Zunfthaus zur Haue or Haus zur Haue is situated at the Limmatquai promenade between Münsterbrücke and Rathausbrücke. It is the guild house of the Zunft zum Kämbel, meaning the guild of the merchants and traders. Neighbored by the Saffran, Zimmerleuten, and Rüden guild houses, it is one of the historically notable buildings in Zürich, Switzerland. The building also houses the relatively expensive restaurant of the same name.", "Zunft zum Kämbel was originally a guild of food dealers and wine merchants. Its first Trinkstube (tavern and association meeting place) was located near the town hall. In 1358, the Zürich knight Götz Mülner II had sold sovereignty rights granted by Emperor Louis of Bavaria to the city of Zürich. The newly acquired possessions were administered by an Obervogt with its administration centre in the \"Haue\" building. Their guild house was first mentioned in a 1389 document as Kembel. In 1442 the building was in the possession of salt merchants, and from 1450 it was known as the \"Salzlütenhus\", \"Houw\", or \"Salzhouw\". The term Houw is derived from the axe featured on the salt merchant's coat of arms. In 1487 the guild acquired the House zum Kämbel which is still located at the Münsterhof 18. The siting at the Münsterhof plaza is seen as a deliberate distancing from the noble guild houses of the more prominent guilds in Zürich. In 1532, the cloth merchant Konrad Rollenbutz acquired the property and gave it to his two sons. From the second half of the 16th century, the \"Haue\" was in the possession of Salomon Hirzel-Rollenbutz (1544–1605) and his son, the Zürich mayor Salomon Hirzel (1580–1652). In 1781, the building was the home of Rudolf Hirzel Rordorf-Sprüngli. The Haue building was sold to the colonial goods merchant Beckert, being its last private owner, in 1878. On 31 May 1956 – 150 years after its formal dissolution – the newly established Gesellschaft zum Kämbel bought the Haue building. Since 1980, it has housed a restaurant (Weinstube).", "The present \"Haue\" building at the Limmatquai was originally an ensemble of three formerly separate buildings: the upper and lower \"Wetzwilerhus\", first mentioned in 1373, and the \"Ropoltzhus\". All three were later rebuilt into the complex that is the building as it exists today. The buildings near the town hall at the present Limmatquai were among the most desirable private houses, the town hall being not only the political but also the economic center of the city. A memorial plate and the deer on the roof are reminiscent of times when the family of Salomon Hirzel was the owner of the house.\nOn the Murerplan of 1576, the building can be seen on the right shore of the Limmat, north of the Haus zum Rüden, on the so-called Reichsstrasse (imperial street) which later formed the present Limmatquai. Around 1878, the colonial goods merchant Beckert rebuilt the facade and decorated it with painted ornaments and Gothic windows. The prominent crow-stepped gables were built by Beckert's nephew, Albert Beckert-Irniger. The guild hall on the first floor was renovated by the architect Armin Meili in 1979, and a restaurant was established in 1980.", "", "Markus Brühlmeier, Beat Frei: Das Zürcher Zunftwesen. 2 Bände, NZZ Buchverlag, Zürich, 2005. ISBN 3-03823-171-1", "\"Geschichte der Zunft Witikon\" (in German). Witikon guild. Retrieved 2009-05-07.\n\"B VI 304 (fol. 37 r) Belastung namentlich genannter Güter durch Gottfried und Johans Meier von Baden vor dem Rat der Stadt Zürich (1389.06.28)\" (in German). Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich. Retrieved 2015-08-12.\nDölf Wild (2011). \"Zürichs Münsterhof – ein städtischer Platz des 13. Jahrhunderts? Überlegungen zum Thema  »Stadtgestalt und Öffentlichkeit«  im  mittelalterlichen  Zürich\" (PDF) (in German). Hochbaudepartement Stadt Zürich. Retrieved 2015-08-03.", "Restaurant Zunfthaus zur Haue" ]

[ "Zunfthaus zur Haue", "History", "Architecture", "Gallery", "Literature", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359915, 5359916, 5359917, 5359918, 5359919, 5359920, 5359921, 5359922, 5359923, 5359924, 5359925 ]

[ 27237775, 27237776, 27237777, 27237778, 27237779, 27237780, 27237781, 27237782 ]

[ "Eastern facade as seen from Limmatquai", "Zunfthaus zur Meisen and Münsterbrücke", "Fraumünster abbey, old Kornhaus (at the left side) and Meisen guild house. Aquarell by Franz Schmid, showing situation in 1757.", "The courtyard as seen from Münsterhof" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

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[ "The Zunfthaus zur Meisen is the guild house of the Zunft zur Meisen. It is one of the many historically valuable buildings in the Lindenhof quarter in Zürich, Switzerland, and also housed the porcelain and faience collection of the Swiss National Museum by April 2018. It is situated at the Münsterhof and the Münsterbrücke, a bridge over the river Limmat, opposite the upper Limmatquai with the Constaffel, Zimmerleuten, Kämbel and Saffran guild houses.", "", "In 1449, the former Zunft zum Winlütten (innkeepers guild) built a house named der Meysen hus. That same year the guild, which was composed of vintners, tavern owners, saddlers and painters, changed their name to reflect the name of the house, Zunft zur Meisen (Meisen guild).\nThe Zunft zum Winlütten, along with the other medieval Zürich guilds, was founded in 1336, based on a system established by Rudolf Brun, Zurich's first independent mayor. Although the guilds represented various craft associations, they were also economic, political, social and even military organizations that participated in the wars of the medieval city republic as independent military units. They also constituted the councilors of the elitary council of the medieval city republic of Zürich, until the French revolutionary troops terminated the guild regime, and the Old Swiss Confederacy collapsed in spring 1798.\nThe Zürich guilds, except for the women members of the Fraumünster society who only participate as guests of the Constaffel, still celebrate Sechseläuten.", "In early times, the \"Alter Einsiedlerhof\" house stood on the site of today's guild house. This was first mentioned on 25 October 1268. Abbot Anselm von Einsiedeln once had this building built as a flophouse for the abbot. In addition, the house also contained the former apartment of the administrator. In 1618 the former \"Alte Einsiedlerhof\" was sold to Squire Colonel Kaspar Schmid who had the time-honored house replaced by a new building.\nIn 1752 construction of a new guild house was begun, and the widows of two stonemasons caused a stir by submitting a lower bid than their male counterparts. The two women were given the contract. The building is located on the Limmat river's left shore, in immediate neighborhood of the Fraumünster abbey at the Münsterhof plaza.\nThe building originally housed an observatory, the Urania Sternwarte, on its roof. In 1759, the astronomical commission used this telescope to define the Culminatio solis, thus determining the exact location of the city of Zürich on the globe. In the 19th century, Gottfried Keller and Ferdinand Hodler were among the most famous guests of the former Café zur Meisen. In the 20th century, Gustaf V of Sweden, Winston Churchill, Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and Jimmy Carter were all visitors. The building is still a restaurant of the higher price class.", "The former Zunft zum Winlütten had its guild house at Marktgasse. In 1757, a Rococo palace in the French style – with a cour d'honneur and elegant puddling doors – was built by the architect, David Morf (1700–1773). The stone for the building was Bollinger sandstone from the quarries on Obersee lake shore. Particular attention was given to the interior of the building; the ceiling and wall paintings are by Johann Balthasar Bullinger, the masonry heaters by Leonhard Locher and Hans Jakob Hofmann, and the elaborate stucco ceilings by the Tyrolean master Johann Schuler. The two guild rooms and the balcony hall between them are decorated with lavish stucco and form an ideal backdrop for the comprehensive presentation of Baroque table culture. With this connection, the house and exhibition merge into a synthesis of the arts. The Zunfthaus zur Meisen is considered one of the most beautiful guild houses in Zürich.", "From 1958 to 17 April 2018 the guild house was one of the seven sites of the Swiss National Museum and housed its porcelain and faience collection. The permanent exhibition gave an overview of the Swiss porcelain and faience factories of the 18th century, and the development of forms and patterns of dishware and miniatures. One of the focuses were the products of the Porzellanmanufaktur Schooren (1763–1790) in Kilchberg. Changing exhibitions further explained the history and the work of well-known porcelain manufacturers and other cultural and historical issues in Zürich, such as the anniversary exhibition Frauen, Zunft und Männerwelt – 250 Jahre Zunfthaus zur Meisen (Women, Men's Guild and the world - 250 years Guild house Meisen). The main item in the collection was an originally 300-piece dinner service, which Zürich donated to the Einsiedeln Abbey in 1775 as a thank-you for its mediation in the conflict over fishing rights with the Canton of Schwyz. Zürich porcelain is complemented by outstanding objects from Nyon, the other important Swiss porcelain manufactory of that time, which produced from 1781 to 1813. In the field of faience tableware production all Swiss production sites of that time were represented. Zürich's magnificent tiled stoves made of faience refer to the close ties to this branch of industry, but also to the important Swiss harbor tradition.\nBecause of the less visitor-friendly opening hours (Thursdays to Sundays, from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m.) the museum management tried to reconcile the different needs. Since the opening of the intensively used new Nationalmuseum building, the flow of visitors has shifted even more clearly there. In view of the imminent renovation of the tits, which required the exhibition to be cleared from 17 April 2018 anyway, the management of the National Museum finally decided not to continue the Meisen outstation. It is envisaged that the ceramic and porcelain holdings will one day be integrated into the redesigned permanent exhibition in the west wing of the Landesmuseum, the opening of which is planned for next year after completion of the comprehensive renovation. The museum management expects that this relocation of the collection to the head office will benefit from the link to other collections and that it will be noticed by many more visitors.", "The Meisen building and its collection is listed in the Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance as a Class A object of national importance.", "Markus Brühlmeier, Beat Frei: Das Zürcher Zunftwesen. Verlag Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Zürich 2005. ISBN 3-03823-171-1", "\"B VI 304 (fol. 4) Bürgermeister, Rat und Bürger von Zürich verkaufen dem Zunftmeister und der Zunft der Weinleute (Meisen) für 84 Gulden e... (1373.08.01)\" (in German). Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich. Retrieved 2015-09-11.\n\"Zunft zur Meisen\" (in German). zunftzurmeisen.com. Retrieved 2015-09-11.\nTina Huber (2014-11-06). \"Manche Witze sind unter der Gürtellinie\" (in German). Tages-Anzeiger. Retrieved 2014-11-06.\n\"Zunfthaus \"zur Meisen\" Münsterhof 20\" (in German). alt-zueri.ch. Retrieved 2018-04-20.\n\"Frauen, Zunft und Männerwelt - 250 Jahre Zunfthaus zur Meisen: 29.8.-25.11.08\" (in German). -zuerich.ch. Retrieved 2015-09-11.\n\"Zunfthaus zur Meisen: Geschichte\" (in German). zunfthaus-zur-meisen.ch. Retrieved 2015-09-11.\nSwiss National Museum: Changing exhibitions Archived 2007-10-27 at the Wayback Machine\n\"Baumaterial für Zürichs Prunkfassaden\" (in German). nzz.ch. 2004-10-18. Retrieved 2015-09-15.\nMatthias Senn. \"Altstadt Kurier\" (in German). zuerich1.ch. Retrieved 2018-04-20.\n\"A-Objekte KGS-Inventar\" (PDF). Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft, Amt für Bevölkerungsschutz. 2015-01-01. Retrieved 2015-09-13.", "Official website\nLandesmuseum (in German)" ]

[ "Zunfthaus zur Meisen", "History", "The Zunft zur Meisen", "Building of the Zunft", "Architecture", "Porcelain and Faience collections", "Cultural heritage of national importance", "Literature", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359926, 5359927, 5359928, 5359929 ]

[ 27237783, 27237784, 27237785, 27237786, 27237787, 27237788, 27237789, 27237790, 27237791, 27237792, 27237793, 27237794, 27237795, 27237796, 27237797, 27237798, 27237799 ]

[ "Rathaus Zürich, Zunfthaus zur Saffran (in the middle, in the shadow of the Rathaus) and Zunfthaus zur Haue, as seen from nearby Wühre", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

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[ "Zunfthaus Zur Saffran (the guild house of the spice traders; Saffran means saffron) is a historically significant building in Zürich, Switzerland. It is located along the Limmatquai promenade between Münsterbrücke and Rathausbrücke. It is close to the Kämbel, Zimmerleuten and Rüden guild houses. The building is listed in the Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance as a major object of regional importance.", "The guild house's earliest recorded history dates back to 1383, when 18 individuals bought a building on the land where it now stands. Five buildings preceded the current building. Construction began on the current building between 1719 and 1723. The historical american Van Leer family traces their roots to ancestors who were members of the Saffran guild.\nThe current building is situated on the Limmat River’s right bank in the immediate neighborhood of the Grossmünster church, the Rathaus, Zürich, and the Haus Zum Rüden. The building exhibits typical architectural features from its era such as its facade, which includes cornices and columns. In the mid-19th-century, the building was also used as an improvised post office.\nThe latest renovation was completed in 1995. The big guild hall on the first floor, the small guild hall, and the White Rose hall on the second floor are available for visiting. The guild house is referenced in the book Das Zürcher Zunftwesen by Markus Brühlmeier and Beat Frei.\nCurrently, as of January 11, 2016, the building serves as a dinner hall and is open Sunday through Saturday from 7 A.M. to 12 P.M. local time.", "Maximum Capacity: 250\nDistance to Zürich Main Station: 700 m\nTravel time from Zürich Main Station (public transport): 8 minutes\nTravel time from Zürich Airport (public transport): 25 minutes", "\"B-Objekte KGS-Inventar\" (PDF). Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft, Amt für Bevölkerungsschutz. 2015-02-18. Retrieved 2015-09-13.\n\"W I 6.1, Nr. 1 Lehenbrief der Äbtissin von Zürich um das Haus zum Schiff (1389.06.05)\" (in German). Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich. Retrieved 2015-08-12.\n\"Van Leer archives\".\n\"Zurich Archives\".\n\"Beschreibung: Zunfthaus zur Saffran, Limmatquai 54, 8001 Zürich\" (in German). Zunft zu Saffran. 2010. Retrieved 2015-01-07.\nGebrüder Dürst. \"Das Postwesen im alten Zürich\" (in German). alt-zueri.ch. Retrieved 2015-01-07.\n\"Zunfthaus zur Saffran\". zuerich.com. Retrieved 2016-01-12.", "Official website (in German)" ]

[ "Zunfthaus zur Saffran", "History", "Details", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359930, 5359931, 5359932, 5359933, 5359934, 5359935 ]

[ 27237800, 27237801, 27237802, 27237803, 27237804 ]

[ "Zunfthaus zur Zimmerleuten as seen from Limmatquai", "Grossmünster and Zimmerleuten by Hans Leu d.Ä., showing situation in the late 1490s", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

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[ "The Zunfthaus zur Zimmerleuten at the Limmatquai promenade, situated between Münsterbrücke and Rathausbrücke, is the guild house of the Zunft zur Zimmerleuten, meaning the guild of the carpenters. Neighboured by the Saffran, Kämbel and Rüden guild houses, it is one of the historically notable buildings in Zürich, Switzerland. The building also houses the relatively expensive restaurant of the same name.", "The guild house was built in the 14th century AD as a representative building of the Zunft zur Zimmerleuten on the Limmat river's right hand (downstream) shore in the today's Rathaus quarter, in the immediate neighborhood of the Grossmünster church, the Rathaus Zürich and the Haus zum Rüden, being then the most important buildings in Zürich. The guild house was first mentioned in a document dated 1416 AD.\nIn 2007 the building was partially destroyed by a fire, renovated and re-opened in 2010.", "The building is listed in the Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance as a Class A object.", "Markus Brühlmeier, Beat Frei: Das Zürcher Zunftwesen. Verlag Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Zürich 2005. ISBN 3-03823-171-1.", "\"C V 3.13 b.6.7 Zunfthaus zur Zimmerleuten (1416)\" (in German). Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich. Retrieved 2015-08-12.\nGebrüder Dürst. \"Zunfthaus zur Zimmerleuten\" (in German). alt-zueri.ch. Retrieved 2015-01-07.\n\"A-Objekte KGS-Inventar\" (PDF). Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft, Amt für Bevölkerungsschutz. 2015-01-01. Retrieved 2015-09-13.", "Official website" ]

[ "Zunfthaus zur Zimmerleuten", "History", "Cultural heritage", "Literature", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359936, 5359937, 5359938, 5359939, 5359940, 5359941, 5359942 ]

[ 27237805, 27237806, 27237807 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Zungaro_zungaro.jpg" ]

[ "Zungaro is a genus of long-whiskered catfishes native to South America, with two recognized species as of 2018:\nZungaro jahu (H. von Ihering, 1898)\nZungaro zungaro (Humboldt, 1821) (gilded catfish)", "Bleeker, P. (1858). Siluri. Ichthyologiae Archipelagi Indici Prodromus. Batavia: Lange. p. 196. hdl:2027/mdp.39015034372956.\nBleeker, P. (2009). Translated by Oijen, M.J.P. van; Loots, G.M.P.; Limburg, F.J.G. \"A precursor of the fishes of the Indian Archipelago. Part 1: Siluri\". Zoologische Mededelingen. 83: 173. ISSN 0024-0672.\nFerraris, Carl J., Jr. (2007). Checklist of catfishes, recent and fossil (Osteichthyes: Siluriformes), and catalogue of siluriform primary types (PDF). Zootaxa. 1418. Auckland: Magnolia Press. p. 344. ISBN 978-1-86977-058-7.\nFroese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2018). Species of Zungaro in FishBase. April 2018 version." ]

[ "Zungaro", "References" ]

[ 5359943 ]

[ 27237808, 27237809 ]

[ "The Tollensesee, a glacial finger lake", "Map of the Ammersee showing its elongated shape", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Tollensesee-02-06-2008-187.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Map_Ammersee.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Armillary_sphere.png" ]

[ "A Zungenbecken, also called a tongue basin or tongue-basin, is part of a succession of ice age geological landforms, known as a glacial series. It is a hollow that is left behind by the ice mass, as the snout of the glacier (German: Gletscherzunge) recedes, which initially fills with meltwater, forming a proglacial lake, and later may be filled with surface water from streams or precipitation. When the glacier has more fully retreated this produces a finger lake or glacial piedmont lake (German: Zungenbeckensee, known as a Gletscherendsee of the glacial series in the Alpine Foreland). The term Zungenbecken is of German origin, but used in English language sources.\nExamples are the Tegernsee, Ammersee, Starnberger See, Lake Constance, Chiemsee, Tollensesee and the Baltic Sea.", "Glacier\nDrumlin", "Kohl, Horst; Marcinek, Joachim and Nitz, Bernhard (1986). Geography of the German Democratic Republic, VEB Hermann Haack, Gotha, p. 40. ISBN 978-3-7301-0522-1.\nDickinson, Robert E (1964). Germany: A regional and economic geography (2nd ed.). London: Methuen, p. 32. ASIN B000IOFSEQ.\nSomme, Axel (1968). A geography of Norden: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Heinemann p. 213. \nPfeil (1995). Quaternary field trips in Central Europe, International Union for Quaternary Research, XIV International Congress, August 3–19, 1995, Berlin, Germany, Volume 2.\nCharlesworth, J.K. (1966). The Quaternary Era: With Special Reference to its Glaciation, in Two Volumes (Volumes 1–2)" ]

[ "Zungenbecken", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5359944, 5359945, 5359946 ]

[ 27237810, 27237811 ]

[ "Aerial view of Zungeru town, 1929", "British colonial stamps for the Northern Nigeria Protectorate used at Borgu and Zungeru, 1905" ]

[ 2, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Zungeru_town%2C_Nigeria_1929.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/1905_Borgu_1d_local_stamp_with_stamps_of_Northern_Nigeria_used_on_piece_via_Zungeru.jpg" ]

[ "Zungeru is a town in Niger State, Nigeria. It was the capital of the British protectorate of Northern Nigeria from 1902 until 1916. It is the site of the Niger State Polytechnic and is located on the Kaduna River.", "", "According to local oral history, \"Zungeru\" is a corrupted form of the word \"Dunguru\". Tradition holds that British colonialists came upon a Gwari man playing a Dunguru (a musical instrument used by the Nupe and Gwari) in the area of what is now Zungeru. They asked him what it was he called, he told them \"Dunguru\", and the corrupted form \"Zungeru\" became the name of the settlement.\nBritish forces occupied Zungeru in September 1902, which was then populated by Gwari. Colonial administrator Frederick Lugard chose the town as capital of Northern Nigeria over Jebba and Lokoja due to its central location. The British cleared the forest in the area and established a market, military barracks, and hospital, among other things.\nIn 1916, two years after the 1914 union of the colonies of Northern and Southern Nigeria into one colonial entity, Lugard moved the north's capital to Kaduna. The same year, the Chief of Wushishi was given the position of ruler of Zungeru, and he passed on the position to his son, Abubakar. After the capital was moved to Kaduna, Zungeru was administered from Minna as part of Niger province.", "Zungeru has declined in importance since the removal of administrative function to Kaduna.\nSites in modern Zungeru include the Nnamdi Azikiwe Centre, a now-abandoned tribute to Nigeria's first President Nnamdi Azikiwe built by Ibrahim Babangida's military regime, the market built by Lugard, which is still in use, and Niger State Polytechnic. Work is ongoing on the proposed hydroelectric dam as at 2015. The dam is being constructed by a consortium led by Sinohydro. The dam is proposed to produce 700 MW of electricity at full operation.", "In 1926, the town and districts administered from it - Wushishi, Alewa, Guma (population 3440), Koriga (population 801), Kuskaka (population 2108), Makangard (9166), and Tegina (population (4611) - comprised around 35,100 residents. Wushishi was populated by Nupe, Hausa, and Gwari; Alewa by Gwari, Bauchi, Hausa, and Kamaku; Guma by Bongu (people), Hausa, Basa, and Bauchi; Koriga by Hausa, Kamaku, and Gwari; Kuskaka by Ura, Ngwoi, Hausa, and Kamaku; Makangard by Makangara; and Tegina by Bauchi, Gwari, Hausa, Kamuku, Ngwoi, and Basa.\nAs of 2007, the Hausa, Edo, Igbo, Yoruba, and Fulani are the dominant ethnic groups in Zungeru. Christianity and Islam are the main religions.", "Zungeru is surrounded by mountains, giving it a lower elevation than the surrounding topography Mountains are located nearby. In addition to the Kaduna, the smaller Nnamaye and Tosheta Rivers flow near the town.\nThe area surrounding the Zungeru is a mixed wooded savanna; species of plants growing in the area include Afzelia africana, Isoberlinia species, and Burkea africana. The town and surrounding country is one of the hottest and most humid parts of Nigeria.", "Zungeru is served by a station on the national railway system.", "Notable individuals from Zungeru include:\nNnamdi Azikiwe, first President of Nigeria\nChukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu, leader of secessionist state Biafra\nDavid Mark, President of the Senate", "Railway stations in Nigeria", "Ogendengbe, p. 280\nGeary, William M. (1965). Nigeria Under British Rule. Routledge. p. 211. ISBN 0-7146-1666-4.\nOsunde, Olu (2007-12-24). \"Zungeru: The abandoned first capital city of Nigeria\". Nigerian Tribune online. African Newspapers of Nigeria. Archived from the original on 2020-04-14. Retrieved 2007-11-03.\nOgendengbe, pp. 280-281\nOgendengbe, p. 285\nOgendengbe, A. Yinka (1998). \"An historical archaeology of Zungeru colonial settlement: a case study\". In Wesler, Kit W. (ed.). Historical Archaeology in Nigeria. Africa World Press. pp. 278–279. ISBN 0-86543-610-X.", "Niger State Polytechnic Zungeru Website\nSchoolGist24 Page", "Mohammed, Dantsoho (1991). Zungeru: The Forgotten Capital of Northern Nigeria. Zungeru: Bolukunwa Printing Press. ISBN 978-31361-0-0." ]

[ "Zungeru", "History", "Colonial history", "Post-colonial history", "Demographics", "Geography and climate", "Transport", "Notable people from Zungeru", "See also", "References", "External links", "Further reading" ]

[ 5359947 ]

[ 27237812, 27237813, 27237814, 27237815, 27237816, 27237817, 27237818, 27237819, 27237820, 27237821 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Zungoli_Panorama.JPG" ]

[ "Zungoli is a town and comune in the province of Avellino, Campania, southern Italy, about 58 kilometres (36 mi) from the town of Avellino.\nLocated in Irpinia historical district between the Ufita Valley and Daunian Mountains, Zungoli is awarded two quality marks: Bandiera arancione and I Borghi più belli d'Italia.\nZungoli is believed to have been settled around 900 AD. Many of the Italians in Dobbs Ferry in the U.S. state of New York are descendants of immigrants from Zungoli, as are communities of Italians in Bristol UK.\nThe town is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ariano Irpino-Lacedonia and its territory borders the municipalities of Anzano di Puglia, Ariano Irpino, Flumeri, Monteleone di Puglia, San Sossio Baronia, and Villanova del Battista.", "\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.\n\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.", "Official website" ]

[ "Zungoli", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359948 ]

[ 27237822 ]

[ "The tomb of Empress Dowager Cixi in Zunhua", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 14 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Cixi_tomb_memorial_tower_2011_11.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/ChinaTangshanZunhua.png", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/China-Hebei.png" ]

[ "Zunhua (Chinese: 遵化; pinyin: Zūnhuà) is a county-level city in the northeast of Hebei province, China, bordering Tianjin to the west. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Tangshan. Historic sites include the Eastern Qing Tombs (Qing Dongling).", "Zunhua has jurisdiction over 2 subdistricts, 13 towns, and 12 townships.", "Zunhua contains the subdistricts of Huaming Road Subdistrict (华明路街道) and Wenhua Road Subdistrict (文化路街道).", "Zunhua contains the following 13 towns:\nZunhua (遵化镇)\nBaozidian (堡子店镇)\nMalanyu (马兰峪镇)\nPing'ancheng (平安城镇)\nDongxinzhuang (东新庄镇)\nXindianzi (新店子镇)\nDangyu (党峪镇)\nDibeitou (地北头镇)\nDongjiuzhai (东旧寨镇)\nTiechang (铁厂镇)\nSujiawa (苏家洼镇)\nJianming (建明镇)\nShimen (石门镇)", "Zunhua contains the following 12 townships, of which, 3 are Manchu ethnic townships:\nXiliucun Township (西留村乡)\nCuijiazhuang Township (崔家庄乡)\nXingwangzhai Township (兴旺寨乡)\nLiubeizhai Township (刘备寨乡)\nTuanpiaozhuang Township (团瓢庄乡)\nNiangniangzhuang Township (娘娘庄乡)\nXisanli Township (西三里乡)\nHoujiazhai Township (候家寨乡)\nXiaochang Township (小厂乡)\nXixiaying Manchu Ethnic Township (西下营满族乡)\nTangquan Manchu Ethnic Township (汤泉满族乡)\nDongling Manchu Ethnic Township (东陵满族乡)", "Most of the city's terrain consists of small mountains, hills, and valleys, and a number of rivers, such as the Sha, Li, Lin, and Weijin flow through the city. Significant mountains in Zunhua include Jiufeng Mountain, Taohua Mountain, Wolong Mountain, and Huanghua Mountain.", "As of 2017, Zunhua had a population of 794,000, of which, 243,200 resided in urban areas. 114,500 people in Zunhua are ethnic minorities, the largest number in Tangshan.", "Zunhua is home to mineral deposits containing minerals such as iron, manganese, chromium, copper, lead, zinc, gold, and dolomite.", "141,100 people in Zunhua have access to natural gas, of which, 90,200 have access to LPG.", "A number of railways and highways pass through the city.", "The following highways pass through Zunhua:\nNational Highway 112\nChengtang Expressway\nBangkuan Highway\nZunbao Highway", "The following railroads pass through Zunhua:\nDaqin Railway\nTangzun Railway\nZunxiao Railway", "Eastern Qing Tombs", "Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, ed. (2019). China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2017. Beijing: China Statistics Press. p. 46. Retrieved 11 January 2020.\n遵化市概况地图_行政区划网(区划地名网) www.xzqh.org. xzqh.org. Retrieved 2020-04-24.\n人口民族 [Population and Ethnicity]. Tangshan Municipal People's Government. 2019-07-15. Archived from the original on 2019-07-28. Retrieved 2021-01-17.\n\"China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2017\". Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development. 2019. Retrieved April 24, 2020.\nhttp://www.china.org.cn/english/kuaixun/75232.htm\nhttps://web.archive.org/web/20070819215604/http://www.zunhua.gov.cn:80/enews.cfm?lanmu=liuyou&type=A%20Survey%20of%20Tour%20Business&id=21\nSeventeen die from China gas leak (BBC) - Gas leak at steel plant in Zunhua, December 2008", "" ]

[ "Zunhua", "Administrative divisions", "Subdistricts", "Towns", "Townships", "Geography", "Demographics", "Economy", "Energy", "Transportation", "Road", "Rail", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359949, 5359950, 5359951 ]

[ 27237823, 27237824, 27237825, 27237826, 27237827 ]

[ "Bandera Crater in the center is part of the Zuni-Bandera lava field.", "Lava field near lava falls at El Malpais" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Zuni-Bandera_LeeSiebert_033087.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Lava_field_at_El_Malpais.jpg" ]

[ "Zuni-Bandera volcanic field (also known as Bandera lava field, Grants Malpais and Malpais volcanic field) is a volcanic field located in the state of New Mexico, United States.\nThe volcanic field has been considered for geothermal exploitation.\nIt is on the Trails of the Ancients Byway, one of the designated New Mexico Scenic Byways.", "The Zuni-Bandera volcanic field lies along the Jemez Lineament, a zone of weakness in the lower crust and upper mantle that allows magma formed in the mantle to reach the surface. The magmas erupted in the field includes both tholeiitic basalt (an iron-rich basalt with a low alkali content) and alkaline basalt. The tholeiitic basalt shows chemical and isotopic signatures of magma formed from the spinel-rich mantle rock of the lithosphere, the outer rigid shell of the Earth that includes the crust and uppermost mantle. The alkaline basalt, by contrast, formed from the garnet-rich mantle rock of the asthenosphere, the ductile region of the mantle just below the lithosphere. Little crustal material was assimilated into the magmas, although the tholeiitic magma experienced some fractional crystallization at shallow depths in the crust.", "A significant portion of the volcanic field is part of the El Malpais National Monument. Several of the lava tubes are available for exploration by permit. In addition, hiking trails enable visitors to see the lava field's unique characteristics.", "Located on private property at 35.0°N 108.08°W and possessing a height of 2,533 metres (8,310 ft), Bandera Crater last erupted between 9,500 and 10,900 years ago.\nThe nearly 17.5 mile long lava tube emanating from this crater is the longest in North America. Most of the lava tube has collapsed but portions still remain as caves. One of these caves contains an over 900 year old ice cave and can be accessed by the public. The land that contains the ice cave was purchased by Sylvestre Mirabal in the early 1900s. Mirabal mined the ice in the ice cave to cool the beer in a saloon that he operated. His daughter married into the Candelaria family, which continues to own and operate the ice cave to this day. Ice mining was halted in 1946.\nThe ice cave, itself, never gets above 31 °F. It is currently 20 ft thick and has a green hue due to Arctic algae.", "", "List of volcanoes in the United States\nEl Malpais National Monument", "\"Zuni-Bandera\". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2008-05-30.\nLaughlin, A.W.; West, F.G. (1975-12-01). Zuni Mountains, New Mexico as a potential dry hot rock geothermal energy Site (Report). United States Department of Energy. doi:10.2172/7366687. OSTI 7366687.\n\"Trail of the Ancients\". New Mexico Tourism Department. Archived from the original on August 21, 2014.\nChanner, Michael A.; Ricketts, Jason W.; Zimmerer, Matthew; Heizler, Matthew; Karlstrom, Karl E. (1 October 2015). \"Surface uplift above the Jemez mantle anomaly in the past 4 Ma based on 40Ar/39Ar dated paleoprofiles of the Rio San Jose, New Mexico, USA\". Geosphere. 11 (5): 1384–1400. Bibcode:2015Geosp..11.1384C. doi:10.1130/GES01145.1.\nPeters, Timothy J.; Menzies, Martin; Thirlwall, Matthew; Kyle, Philip R. (April 2008). \"Zuni–Bandera volcanism, Rio Grande, USA — Melt formation in garnet- and spinel-facies mantle straddling the asthenosphere–lithosphere boundary\". Lithos. 102 (1–2): 295–315. Bibcode:2008Litho.102..295P. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2007.08.006.\n\n\"Zuni-Bandera: Synonyms and Subfeatures\". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2007-05-07.\nAnder, M.E.; Heiken, G.; Eichelberger, J.; Laughlin, A.W.; Huestis, S. (1981-05-01). Geologic and geophysical investigations of the Zuni-Bandera volcanic field, New Mexico (Report). United States Department of Energy, Los Alamos National Laboratory. doi:10.2172/6516124. OSTI 6516124.\n\"Background on the Zuni-Bandera Volcanic Field\". New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources. Retrieved 2009-06-30.\n\"TRAIL GUIDES\". Ice Cave and Bandera Volcano. Retrieved 8 October 2021.\n\"HISTORY\". Ice Cave and Bandera Volcano. Retrieved 8 October 2021.\n\"Into a Lava-Lined Underworld Near Albuquerque\". The New York Times. 2014-08-28. Additional lava caves reachable from El Calderon trailhead\n\"McCartys Flow, Zuni - Bandera Volcanic Field, New Mexico\". Volcano World. Retrieved 2007-05-08." ]

[ "Zuni-Bandera volcanic field", "Origins", "Exploration", "Bandera Crater", "Other Notable Vents", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5359952 ]

[ 27237828, 27237829, 27237830, 27237831, 27237832, 27237833, 27237834, 27237835, 27237836 ]

[ "\"Landscape with an episode from the Conquest of America\", probably a fanciful artist's conception of Coronado attacking Hawikuh in 1540. Mountain in the left background is probably Mount Taylor.", "" ]

[ 0, 10 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/West_indies.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG" ]

[ "The Zuni-Cibola Complex is a collection of prehistoric and historic archaeological sites on the Zuni Pueblo in western New Mexico. It comprises Hawikuh, Yellow House, Kechipbowa, and Great Kivas, all sites of long residence and important in the early Spanish colonial contact period. It was declared a National Historic Landmark District in 1974. These properties were considered as major elements of a national park, but the proposal was ultimately rejected by the Zuni people.", "The name \"Cibola\" first entered recorded history in 1539, when Spaniards in southern New Spain (present day Mexico and Central America) heard rumors that there was a province by this name with \"Seven Cities of Gold\", located across the desert hundreds of leagues to the north. These rumors were largely caused by reports given by the four shipwrecked survivors of the failed Narváez expedition, including Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and an African slave named Esteban Dorantes, or Estevanico. Upon finally returning to New Spain, the adventurers said they had heard stories from Natives about cities with great and limitless riches.\nUpon hearing the castaways' tales, Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza organized an expedition headed by the Franciscan friar Marcos de Niza, who took Estevanico as his guide. During the voyage, in a place called Vacapa (probably located somewhere around the state of Sonora), de Niza sent Estevanico to scout ahead. A short while later, Estevanico met a monk who had heard stories from the Natives about seven cities called \"Cibola\", said to be overflowing with riches. Estevanico did not wait for the friar, but instead continued travelling until he reached Cibola (Háwikuh, now in New Mexico), where, at the hands of the Zuni tribe, he met his death, and his companions were forced to flee.\nMarcos de Niza returned to Mexico City and said that the expedition had continued even after the death of Estevanico. He claimed that they had seen Cíbola from a great distance, and that it was larger than Tenochtitlan; in this city, the people used dishes of gold and silver, decorated their houses with turquoise, and had gigantic pearls, emeralds, and other beautiful gems. It is now believed by some historians that the mica-inflected clay of the adobe pueblos may have created an optical illusion when inflamed by the setting sun, thus fuelling the tale.\nUpon hearing this news, the Viceroy de Mendoza wasted no time in organizing a large military expedition to take possession of the riches that the monk had described with such vivid detail. Upon the Viceroy's command, Francisco Vázquez de Coronado began his expedition, taking the friar Marcos de Niza as his guide. Coronado left with a small group of explorers from Culiacán on April 22, 1540.\nWhen Coronado arrived at Hawikuh pueblo, which the chroniclers called Cevola, Tzibola, or Cibola, he discovered that Marcos de Niza's stories were lies, and that there were in fact no treasures as the friar had described. He also found that, contrary to the friar's account, the sea was not within view from that region, but it was instead many days' journey away. Nevertheless, Coronado occupied the region by military force and used it as a base for future explorations.", "The Zuni Pueblo has a large number of archaeological sites, and was considered in the early 1970s as a site for a major national cultural park, based on a subset of those sites that are larger and suitable for public access. The stated intent was to preserve and stabilize the archaeological properties, and to properly interpret them for visitors to the region. Congress authorized enabling legislation in 1988, but the proposal foundered when the people of Zuni Pueblo overwhelmingly voted against leasing land to the National Park Service for the project. The park proposal included four major elements, described below, all of which are located on Zuni reservation lands.", "Yellow House, known in Zuni as \"Heshotathluptsina\", is located east of Zuni near the mouth of Horsehead Canyon. In the early 1970s, it was largely unimproved and unexcavated, surveys indicated it was probably a late prehistoric habitation (c. 14th century CE), although there was also evidence of possible earlier use. The site's location was considered suitable as a contact site for the proposed national park, due to its proximity to New Mexico State Road 53.", "Hawikuh was one of the largest settlements in the Zuni territory at the time of Coronado's 1540 expedition. Located about 12 miles (19 km) southwest of Zuni, it includes the excavated ruins of that settlement, as well as the remains of the 17th-century Spanish mission La Purísima Concepcíón de Hawikuh. Spanish control over Hawikuh in the 17th century was always tenuous, and it was abandoned after the 1680 Pueblo Rebellion.", "Kechipbowa is located about 3 miles (4.8 km) east of Hawikuh. It is a multifaceted site, including structures associated with occupation during the 15th and 16th centuries, but also with remains that are likely older, and the remains of another 17th-century Spanish mission church.", "The Village of the Great Kivas is located 17 miles (27 km) northeast of Zuni, and is considered a transitional site associated with both the Chaco culture, which flourished north of the Zuni territory 1100–1350 CE, and the Mogollon culture to the south. The site includes three major room complexes and two very large kivas.", "National Register of Historic Places listings in Cibola County, New Mexico\nNational Register of Historic Places listings in McKinley County, New Mexico\nList of National Historic Landmarks in New Mexico", "\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.\n\"National Historic Landmarks Survey, New Mexico\" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-12-12.\nNational Park Service (1977). Master Plan: Zuni-Cibola National Cultural Park. Retrieved 2017-04-17.\n\"Zuni-Cibola National Historical Park, the Park that Died A-Borning\". National Parks Traveler. January 2009. Retrieved 2017-04-17.", "The journey of Coronado, 1540-1542, from the city of Mexico to the Grand Canon of the Colorado and the buffalo plains of Texas, Kansas and Nebraska, as told by himself and his followers - Complete primary documents pertaining to Coronado's expeditions, translated by George Parker Winship, at Portal to Texas History.\nZuni-Cibola National Historical Park, the Park that Died A-Borning, National Parks Traveler, June 28, 2009\nJournal of Marco de Nicas Translation of Marco de Nicas' (Niza) 1539 journal of his visit to Ceuola (Cibola) where Stephan (Estevanico) was killed.\nJournal of Alvar Nunez Translation of the journal of the 9 years Alvar Nunez spent wandering from Florida to the Pacific during the failed Narváez expedition.", "Crampton, C. Gregory. The Zunis of Cibola. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1977." ]

[ "Zuni-Cibola Complex", "History", "Sites", "Yellow House", "Hawikuh", "Kechipbowa", "Great Kivas", "See also", "References", "External links", "Sources" ]

[ 5359953 ]

[ 27237837, 27237838, 27237839, 27237840, 27237841, 27237842, 27237843, 27237844, 27237845, 27237846, 27237847, 27237848, 27237849, 27237850, 27237851, 27237852 ]

[ "", "An VA-113 A-4F launching Zunis during the Battle of Khe Sanh, 1968.", "Sailors aboard Forrestal battle a massive ordnance fire triggered by a Zuni rocket." ]

[ 0, 1, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Zuni_unguided_rocket.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/A-4F_VA-113_launching_Zuni_rockets_1968.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/USS_Forrestal_explosion_29_July_1967.jpg" ]

[ "The Zuni 5-inch Folding-Fin Aircraft Rocket (FFAR), or simply Zuni, is a 5.0 in (127 mm) unguided rocket developed by the Hunter-Douglas Division of Bridgeport Brass Company and deployed by the United States armed forces, and the French Air Force. The rocket was developed for both air-to-air and air-to-ground operations. It can be used to carry various types of warheads, including chaff for countermeasures. It is usually fired from the LAU-10 rocket pod holding four rockets.", "In the early 1950s, U.S. Navy engineers Naval Ordnance Test Station China Lake began to develop a new 12.7 cm unguided rocket to replace the High Velocity Aircraft Rocket.\nThe Zuni was designed as a modular system, to allow the use of different types of warheads and fuzes. One type of warhead had a proximity fuze, as the rocket was originally intended to be used as an air-to-air rocket. This led to its selection as the basis for the AIM-9 Sidewinder airframe in the early 1950s.\nThe Zuni was approved for production in 1957. A number of different launchers were tested for the Zuni, e.g. the twin-tube launchers fitted to the Sidewinder launching rails of the Vought F-8 Crusader. However, four-tube LAU-10/A series pods became the most commonly used launcher.\nThe Zuni was named after the Zuni Native American tribe in modern day New Mexico.", "The Zuni was widely used in the ground-attack role during the Vietnam War.\nOn May 1, 1967, during a sortie against Kép Air Base, North Vietnam, Lieutenant Commander Theodore R. Swartz of Squadron VA-76, flying from USS Bon Homme Richard, shot down a MiG-17 with Zuni rockets. This was the only MiG aircraft to be downed by a Douglas A-4 Skyhawk during the Vietnam War. Lieutenant Commander Swartz received the Silver Star for his action.\nLater that year, improper handling of a Mk 32 Zuni rocket was responsible for a serious fire aboard USS Forrestal aircraft carrier, which killed 134 men. Two years later, in early 1969, a similar incident on the USS Enterprise aircraft carrier resulted in 27 dead, 314 injured and the loss of fifteen aircraft.", "The Zuni family consists out of several different rocket motors and warheads:", "The Australian Government has donated its Zuni rockets to the Australian Space Research Institute (ASRI) and they are used for student experiments which are launched from the Woomera launching range.\nASRI has also designed and constructed custom nosecones and payload recovery mechanisms for the Zuni. With a payload of 20 kg, the Zuni has an approximate range of 5.9 km, which it attains in about 40 seconds, experiencing 55 G and 491 m/s (Mach 1.4) during the flight.", "The 5-inch (127 mm) Laser Guided Zuni Rocket is a precision weapon and an upgrade to the unguided Zuni rocket. The North American division of MBDA is the only manufacturer of the Laser Guided Zuni Rocket, which is similar to the Advanced Precision Kill Weapon System upgrade to the Hydra 70 system. The Laser Guided Zuni Rocket is composed of the new WGU-58/B Guidance and Control Section that is attached to the front end of an unguided Zuni rocket and warhead. The weapon requires semi-active laser energy to guide to a precise target. The Laser Guided Zuni Rocket is on the U.S. Marine Corps Aviation Weapons Roadmap and Plan and is compatible with any aircraft that is cleared to carry unguided Zunis in a four-place LAU-10 Launcher, including AV-8B Harriers, F/A-18 Hornets, AH-1 Cobra helicopters and P-3 Orion aircraft. The precision weapon fits in the same launcher as unguided Zunis and requires only a 28V firing pulse and a semi-active laser designator. The weapon was developed under a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement with the Weapons Division of the U.S. Navy's Air Warfare Center in China Lake, California.\nIn 2009, the Laser Guided Zuni Rocket was successfully tested against both a stationary and moving targets. The weapon successfully underwent a live fire warhead test flight in September 2010.", "Notes\n\"Zuni 5.0-Inch [130 mm] Rocket\". Archived from the original on May 8, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2015.\n\"Zuni Missile\". Retrieved September 14, 2017.\n\"French Jaguar A armaments list\".\n\"Air-Launched 5-Inch Rockets\". Retrieved December 27, 2015.\n\"Zuni missile\". National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved May 19, 2020.\nGrossnick and Armstrong 1997\nMarolda, Edward J. (1 July 1996). By Sea, Air, and Land: An Illustrated History of the U. S. Navy and the War in Southeast Asia. Diane Publishing. p. 391 – via Internet Archive. theodore swartz 1 may 1967.\n\"The USS Enterprise (CVAN-65) fire and munition explosions – The History of Insensitive Munitions\". www.insensitivemunitions.org.\nNAVWEAPS OP2210 Aircraft Rockets June 1960\nOV-10 bronco Tactical manual - Page 119\n\"Air-Launched 5-Inch Rockets\". www.designation-systems.net. Retrieved 2019-02-09.\nOV-10 Bronco tactical manual - Page 114\n5 inch Folding Fin Aircraft Rockt Zuni NAVWEPS OP 2626\nWGU-58/B Laser Guided Zuni Rocket Data Sheet Archived April 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine\n\"2007 Marine Aviation Plan2007 Marine Aviation Plan\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 2007.\nLaser Guided Zuni (TM) Stationary Target Composite Video Public Release May, 2009. January 9, 2010. Archived from the original on 2019-09-28. Retrieved December 27, 2015 – via YouTube.\nLaser Guided Zuni (TM) Moving Target Shot August, 2009. January 9, 2010. Retrieved December 27, 2015 – via YouTube.\nArchived October 17, 2010, at the Wayback Machine\n\"MBDA Inc. - MBDA Inc Missile Systems\". MBDA Inc. Retrieved December 27, 2015.\nBibliography\nGrossnick, R. and Armstrong W.J. (1997). United States Naval Aviation, 1910–1995. Naval Historical Center. ISBN 0-16-049124-X.", "Media related to Zuni rockets at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Zuni (rocket)", "Development", "Operational history", "Rocket motors and warheads", "Student use", "Laser Guided Zuni Rocket", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359954, 5359955, 5359956 ]

[ 27237853, 27237854, 27237855, 27237856, 27237857, 27237858, 27237859, 27237860, 27237861, 27237862, 27237863, 27237864, 27237865, 27237866 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Zuni_logo.png" ]

[ "Zuni.vn is an e-learning website which was founded by Vietnam Internet User Community Foundation (VNIF) and VNG Corporation. Zuni was launched on March 13, 2014. At that time, the website had approximately 60,000 users, 300 video lessons, 1700 sample tests of eight main subjects used for Vietnamese university entrance exam including Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, English, Literacy, Biography, History, Geography.", "Zuni.vn project started at the end of 2012 by Vietnam Internet Fund (VNIF) and VNG Corporation. Mr. Le Hong Minh, Director cum CEO cum founder of VNG Corporation, is Zuni’s founder.\nManaged by Project Director Nguyen Hoang Vinh, the website was officially launched on March 13, 2014. In hope of shortening the education quality gap between rural and urban areas, Zuni aims at providing an open online education gate to help teachers deliver their lessons to more students despite the long distance between them. Therefore, the project aims at shorten the education quality gap between rural and urban areas.", "", "Zuni provides free e-lessons in various topics and courses for nationwide users. Until March 2014, the website had 300 lessons of eight subjects including Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, English, Literacy, Biography, History, Geography.\nRenown Associate Professor Van Nhu Cuong is one of the teachers on Zuni and also an advisers of Zuni.", "At the test room, Zuni.vn provides recent sample tests from renown Vietnamese high schools. Users can experience the feeling of a real examination by doing the multiple choice test under the pressure of time. In March 2014, Zuni had 1700 sample tests of eight subjects including Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, English, Literacy, Biography, History, Geography.", "Question & Answer room is where users can discuss, and share knowledge, homework solutions and ask others about learning experience. In order to improve the quality of question and answer room, Zuni has built a volunteer club to help answer users’ questions. They are the top students of university entrance exams and national exams for gifted students. In March 2014, the club had around 130 members. This has been done in a number of e-learning website such as 24GioHoc.com or TiengAnh123.com, etc. but Zuni continues to be the leaders.", "Zuni news section contains three main categories:\nEducation news collected and summarized from other sources.\nLearning experience shared by Zuni's students, volunteers and other sources\nZuni's update, online and offline event.", "\"Ra mắt website giáo dục trực tuyến miễn phí Zuni.vn\". Thanh Nien Online. Retrieved 2014-08-05.\n\"Rào cản trong giáo dục trực tuyến: Ai \"dựng\", ai tháo?\". Lao Dong News. Retrieved 2014-08-05.\n\"Ra mắt website giáo dục trực tuyến miễn phí Zuni.vn\". Giáo dục và Thời đại. Retrieved 2014-08-05.\n\"Thành viên Ban Giám Đốc VNG\". Website VNG. Retrieved 2014-08-05.\n\"Ra mắt trang giáo dục trực tuyến Zuni.vn\". Zing News. Retrieved 2014-08-05.\n\"Ra mắt website giáo dục trực tuyến miễn phí Zuni.vn\". Giáo dục và Thời đại. Retrieved 5 August 2014.\n\"Tin tức Zuni\". Zuni.vn." ]

[ "Zuni (website)", "History", "Products and services", "Courses and topical materials", "Test room", "Question & Answer", "News", "References" ]

[ 5359957 ]

[ 27237867, 27237868, 27237869, 27237870, 27237871, 27237872 ]