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[ "Zuni Café", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Zuni_Cafe_in_San_Francisco.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/GoldenGateBridge.jpg" ]

[ "Zuni Café is a restaurant in San Francisco, California. It is located on Market Street in San Francisco and named after the Zuni tribe of indigenous Pueblo peoples of Arizona and New Mexico.\nZuni Café was established in 1979 by Billy West. In 1981 he hired Vince Calcagno as the manager, who became a business partner in 1987. West and Calcagno hired Judy Rodgers (formerly of Chez Panisse) as head chef in 1987. West died on July 1, 1994; Calcagno and Rodgers went on to become co-owners.\nZuni Cafe, with Rodgers at the helm, won the James Beard Foundation Award for 'Best Chef: Pacific' in 2000, 'Outstanding Restaurant' in 2003, and 'Outstanding Chef' in 2004. In 2018, the restaurant received the James Beard Award for Outstanding Service.\nCalcagno retired in 2006. Gilbert Pilgram joined Zuni Café as a co-owner in 2006. Rodgers died on December 2, 2013.", "\"History :: Zuni :: San Francisco\". zunicafe.com.\nMichael Bauer (2009-02-11). \"1979: A classic year for San Francisco dining\". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2009-02-14. Retrieved 2019-11-22.\nJames Beard Foundation website retrieved 22 October 2015\n\"James Beard winners: Grgich, Crenn, B. Patisserie, Zuni Cafe\". The Mercury News. 2018-05-08. Retrieved 2018-05-08.\n\"Judy Rodgers, Chef of Refined Simplicity, Dies at 57\". The New York Times. Dec 3, 2013.", "Official Zuni Café website\nOpen Table.com listing for Zuni Café\nSF Weekly listing for Zuni Café\n\"A New Owner for Zuni Cafe\" October 6, 2006, Michael Bauer, San Francisco Chronicle" ]

[ "Zuni Café", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359958, 5359959 ]

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[ "The Forbidden City Exhibition presented and organised by Zuni Icosahedron at the Hong Kong Cultural Centre in 2009, as the kicking-off programme of its venue partnership", "Railway is Like a Long, Winding Recollection, a Zuni Icosahedron's production in 2011 at Hong Kong Cultural Centre", "“Tian Tian Xiang Shang” Creativity-For-Community and School Development Programme" ]

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[ "Zuni Icosahedron is a Hong Kong-based international experimental theatre company. Founded in 1982, Zuni is one of the nine major professional performing arts groups subsidised by the HKSAR government and has produced more than 190 original productions of alternative theatre and multimedia performances. As well as theatre works, Zuni is also active in video, sound experimentation and installation art, as well as working in the areas of arts education, arts criticism, cultural policy research and international cultural exchange.\nThe name Zuni Icosahedron expresses two essential elements of its theatre works: colour (zuni) and form (icosahedron). While \"Zuni\" stands for a colour between green and blue, \"Icosahedron\" is a twenty-sided object as well as a highly infectious virus.\nOver the years, Zuni has been invited to more than 30 cities in Europe, Asia, and America for cultural exchange and performances. In 2000, Zuni co-presented “Festival of Vision: Berlin / Hong Kong”, the first ever large-scale cultural exchange between Asia and Europe. In 2009, Zuni’s artistic director Danny Yung was awarded the Merit Cross of the Order of Merit by the German Federal Government in recognition of his contribution to arts and cultural exchange between Germany and Hong Kong.\nSince 2009, Zuni has been a venue partner of the Hong Kong Cultural Centre, producing a series of theatre works and outreach education programmes.\nZuni is currently led by its co-artistic directors, Danny Yung and Mathias Woo.", "", "Experimenting Traditions Series: Stage Sisters (Director: Danny Yung)\nA Digital Opera in 7 Acts - The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci (Director: Mathias Woo, Libretto: Diana Liao, Composer: Steve Hui)\nRemembrance of Karaoke Past (Director: Mathias Woo)", "One Hundred Years of Solitude 10.0 – Cultural Revolution (Director: Danny Yung)\nRailway is Like a Long, Winding Recollection (Director: Mathias Woo)\nOne Hundred Years of Chinese Architecture (Director: Mathias Woo)\nB.O.B.* The Final Cut (Choreographer: Dick Wong)\nBauhaus Manifesto (Directors: Lai Tat Tat Wing, Cedric Chan)", "Zuni has undertaken outreach to schools and the community by setting up an Art Education Unit since 1987. Over the years, it has designed and organised various creative education projects, including exhibitions, performances, workshops and cultural exchange activities. A notable example is the Black Box Exercise, which started in 1995, in which each participating students is given one 30 cm x 30 cm x 30 cm black box to create their own work. The exercise was brought to Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi in 2005 by the India Foundation for the Arts, and around 8,000 local artists, teachers and students has participated.\nIn 2012, Zuni launched “Tian Tian Xiang Shang”, a Creativity-For-Community and School Development Programme, which includes a series of sculptures creations, workshops for primary and secondary students and exhibitions.", "The Architecture is Art Festival (AIAF) is the biannual art festival presented by Zuni Icosahedron since 2009. With architecture as the central topic, a series of multimedia performances, traditional Chinese opera, exhibitions, seminars, conferences and student workshops are held at the Hong Kong Cultural Centre and other venues. As Rossella Ferrari writes in her review in TDR, \"(AIAF)...is a celebration of architecture and theatre or, rather, of architecture in theatre and architecture as theatre—the first of its kind in Asia and possibly worldwide.\"", "In 1985, Zuni held the first homosexuals film festival in its clubhouse in Causeway Bay, which was probably the first of its kind in Hong Kong. Films selected included Bigger Splash, Boys in the Band, Querelle, Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom, and Victor Victoria.", "Zuni’s experimental spirit has nurtured generations of talent, with many former members now practising in the design industry, popular media and cultural infrastructure in various areas. These people include lyricist Wyman Wong, stage director Edward Lam, comic artist Lai Tat Tat Wing, styling and costume designer Tomas Chan, cinematographer Kwan Pun Leung, choreographer Dick Wong, writer and visual artist Craig Au Yeung, singer Anthony Wong, commentator and cultural critic Leung Man-tao, and film director Susie Au.", "Zuni’s official website\nZuni’s facebook page", "\"Hong Kong Yearbook 2010\" (PDF). Retrieved 17 May 2020.\nZuni Icosahedron official website\nLilley, R. (1990). Staging Hong Kong: Gender and Performance in Transition. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.\n\"網頁轉駁中 Redirecting...\" www.hkadc.org.hk. Retrieved 17 May 2020. \n\"Venue Partners\". Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2012. LCSD Venue Partnership Scheme\n\"Mohile Parikh Center: Black Box Exercise: An Arts Education Program\". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2019.\n\"ZUNI\". Archived from the original on 18 December 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2020.\n\"Mao Zedong Photo Gallery: Latest Pictures, Best News Photos, Images about on Mao Zedong\". Firstpost. Retrieved 17 May 2020.\n\"CREATEHK - CreateSmart Initiative\". www.createhk.gov.hk. Retrieved 17 May 2020.\n\"Architecture is Art Festival\". Archived from the original on 20 August 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2019.\nFerrari, Rossella (2011) 'The Stage as a Drawing Board: Zuni Icosahedron’s Architecture Is Art Festival.' TDR: The Drama Review, 55 (1). pp. 137-149.\n\"[Zuni Icosahedron Newsletter] Cinema & Homosexuals (Jan 1985) | LGBT Hong Kong\". Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2020." ]

[ "Zuni Icosahedron", "Major theatre works", "2010", "2011", "Art education", "Architecture is Art Festival", "Gay-themed film festival", "People", "External links", "References" ]

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[ "", "", "Welcome to Zuni!" ]

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[ "The Zuni Indian Reservation, also known as Pueblo of Zuni, is the homeland of the Zuni tribe of Native Americans. In Zuni language, the Zuni Pueblo people are referred to as A:shiwi, and the Zuni homeland is referred to as Halona Idiwan’a meaning Middle Place.", "The reservation lies in the Zuni River valley and is located primarily in McKinley and Cibola counties in western New Mexico, about 150 miles (240 km) west of Albuquerque. There are also several smaller non-contiguous sections in Apache County, Arizona, northwest of the city of St. Johns.\nThe main part of the reservation borders the state of Arizona to the west and the Ramah Navajo Reservation to the east. The main reservation is surrounded by the Painted Cliffs, the Zuni Mountains, and the Cibola National Forest. The reservation's total land area is 723.343 sq mi (1,873.45 km²).\nAs noted above, the Zuni Tribe also has land holdings in Apache County, Arizona, and Catron County, New Mexico, that do not border the main reservation.", "The population was reported at 7,891 inhabitants in the 2010 census. Almost all of the population lives in the reservation headquarters community of Zuni Pueblo, located near the reservation's center, or in nearby Black Rock, to its east.", "Also on the main reservation are the Hawikuh Ruins. The ancient Zuni pueblo of Hawikuh was the largest of the Seven Cities of Cibola. It was established in the 13th century and abandoned in 1680. It was also the first pueblo seen by the Spanish explorers. The African scout Estevanico was the first non-Native to reach this area.\nThe largest town on the reservation is Zuni Pueblo, which is seat of Tribal government. Also on the reservation are the towns of Black Rock and Pescado. There is a branch campus of the University of New Mexico located in Zuni.", "The Zuni Tribe is governed by an elected governor, lieutenant governor, and a six-member Tribal Council with elections being held every four years. The governor is the administrative head of the Tribal Council, which is the final decision-making body on the reservation. The council oversees finances, business decisions, taxes and contracts.", "The sections in Cibola and McKinley counties in New Mexico are zoned to the Zuni Public Schools. Zuni High School is the zoned high school.", "List of Indian reservations in the United States", "Zuni Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land, New Mexico/Arizona United States Census Bureau", "\"Experience Zuni\". www.zunitourism.com. Retrieved 2017-11-08.\n\"New Mexico What the Data Show\" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau Population and Housing Occupancy Status: State - American Indian Area. July 22, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 22, 2014. Retrieved May 22, 2014.\n\"2020 Census – School District Reference Map: McKinley County, NM\" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2021-07-20.\n\"2020 Census – School District Reference Map: Cibola County, NM\" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2021-07-20.", "Official site of the Zuni tribe\nOfficial site of Zuni Tourism" ]

[ "Zuni Indian Reservation", "Location", "Population", "History and main features", "Tribal government", "Education", "See also", "Bibliography", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Zuni Maud, illustration in Yiddish language children's book, 1918; cropped", "Zuni Maud, the Jewish case for open borders, 1921" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/1918-york-illustrated-zuni-moud_1_a86934640463b83707f140cd1458bcdb_%282%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/1921-gk-5.20.21_EDIT-1568x1104_%281%29.jpg" ]

[ "Zuni Maud (born Yitzhok Moyed; 1891 – 1956) was a Yiddish-American cartoonist, satirist, calligrapher and co-founder of the first Yiddish-language puppet theatre in the United States.", "Zuni Maud (זוני מאוד) was born Yitzhok Moyed in the shtetl of Vaslikov, Polish Lithuania. His father was a gabbai. He studied at cheder, yeshiva and Talmud Torahs in Bialystok, Bielsk and Warsaw. While at these schools he would illustrate the studied Jewish texts, leading to disciplinary problems.", "He came to the United States in 1905 with his brother; he became Isaac Maud at Ellis Island. He did odd jobs while studying art at night at Cooper Union and the anarchist social center, the Ferrer School. While working as a messenger boy, he was given the nickname Sunny; he kept the name, but Yiddishized it to Zuni. In 1907 with other young intellectuals he founded the Yiddish magazine Di Yungt and later they started a satirical magazine, Der Kibitzer. His drawings in these journals were one or more panels and were about Jewish life; his first comic story in Yiddish was in 1910. From 1916-1920 he was the entertainment section editor of Forverts, as well as a cartoonist for several other newspapers. In 1924, he joined friends Yosl Cutler and Jack Tworkov to be set and costume designers for Maurice Schwartz's production of Abraham Goldfaden's Di Kishefmacherin. They created puppets for the show and decided to launch a puppet theatre. The trio expanded their early work during a summer spent in the Catskills, at a summer home of left wing painters and writers, who offered opinions. In 1925 the trio opened the Modjacot (a portmanteau of their names) Spiel Theatre, the first Yiddish puppet theatre in America. Tworkov dropped out very soon, and the amalgam name became Modicot. The \"semi-creepy Yiddish speaking puppets\" were grotesque and sets tended to the surreal. Plays were delivered with an artful and sharp satire of Yiddish life, with a left-wing political outlook, but maintaining a comic edge. Collaborating with Cutler, their work was always infused with social commentary, surrealism, cubism and cynical humor. The plays articulated \"the clash between tradition and modernity marking Yiddish life in New York,\" and \"skewered everything from contemporary politics to Jewish life.\" In 1929 Modicot toured for three years, first in America, then Europe, with visits to London, Paris, Vilna, Warsaw, Amsterdam and finishing in the Soviet Union. The European tours were well received. In Vilna they played to 75 sold-out performances in one month. In Warsaw the Yiddish press had unmitigated praise for Modicot, recommending it to \"all Jewish workers,\" and noting:\n The entire program is full of extraordinary folk humor, wonderful ideas, and splendid technique. We have truly Jewish wrinkles and gestures, words and mumbles, signs and groans, which came about from Jewish sources and a Jewish way of life.\n Cutler and Maud had differing but complementary personality profiles:\nCutler is the opposite of Maud. Maud is difficult, Cutler—easy. Maud is stubborn, Cutler—acquiescent. Maud is brutally critical, Cutler—naive and mild. The poet Zishe Vaynper also commented on how different their personalities were, writing that their artistic work together created a kind of harmony which brought them to their artistic goal. He further stated that they were the only artists who brought an element of fun into the proletarian movement.\nA versatile artist he illustrated many books, mainly children's, worked as a set designer for the Yiddish theatre and was a noted calligrapher. He is now recognized, also, as a sculptor, book designer, poster artist and a writer of parodies and short stories.", "In 2015 the theatre collective Great Small Works performed Muttergang and Other Cheerful Downfalls, a bilingual Yiddish-English revisiting of Maud and Cutler's artistic works, re-working original scripts and using puppets and actors. Their work has recently been considered to be a model for changing power relationships.", "Upon returning from the 1933 European tour Maud and Cutler had a \"tragic\" split up, for unknown reasons. Maud, described as having \"a certain melancholy,\" largely disappeared from the theatre world. After a failed one man art show, he devoted his time to painting for himself at the family bungalow colony in the Catskills. He was pro-communist. During his tours of the Soviet Union, he met and befriended many Jewish writers. In 1956 he was informed that Stalin had executed many of his friends. He died that night of a heart attack. \"Since then he has disappeared into the nether world of Yiddish history.\"", "\"maud/zuni\". www.museumoffamilyhistory.com. Retrieved 2019-10-16.\nCastagno, John (2010). Jewish Artists, Signatures and Monograms. Scarecrow Press. p. 319. ISBN 9780810874213.\n\"Zuni Maud\". lambiek.net. Retrieved 2019-10-15.\n\"yt/modjacot\". www.museumoffamilyhistory.com. Retrieved 2019-10-15.\nMacAllen, Ian. \"Semi-creepy, Yiddish-speaking puppets took Manhattan a half-century before The Muppets\". io9. Retrieved 2019-10-03.\nLevy, Emanuel. \"Films of New York's Lower East Side | Emanuel Levy\". Retrieved 2019-09-26.\n\"Judaic Studies - SUNY\". www.albany.edu. Retrieved 2019-09-24.\nPortnoy, Edward (1999-09-01). \"Modicut Puppet Theatre: Modernism, Satire, and Yiddish Culture\". TDR/The Drama Review. 43 (3): 115–134. doi:10.1162/105420499760347360. ISSN 1054-2043. S2CID 57562597.\n\"Meet Mohandas Gandhi, The Yiddish-Speaking Puppet\". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 2019-10-12.\nBell, John (2001). Puppets, Masks and Performing Objects. M.I.T. Press. p. 118. ISBN 0262522934.\n\"Puppets, Masks, and Performing Objects - PDF Free Download\". epdf.pub. Retrieved 2019-09-24.\n\"Yidlid Zuni Maud\". yidlid.org. Retrieved 2019-10-16.\n\"Zuni and Yosl's Lost-and-Found Adventure\". Tablet Magazine. 2020-04-06. Retrieved 2022-06-25.\n\"Modicut Project World Premier\". YIVO. June 16, 2015. Retrieved October 11, 2019.\nFrumkin, Irena (3 March 2017). \"Restless Spirits: The Past, Present, and Future of Yiddish Puppetry\". F Newsmagazine. Retrieved 2019-10-11.\nLaAdmin (2016-08-07). \"Muntergang and other Cheerful Downfalls!\". La MaMa. Retrieved 2019-10-01.\n\"Modicut Puppet Theater | Jewish Currents Archive\". Retrieved 2019-10-16." ]

[ "Zuni Maud", "Early life and education", "Yiddish press and theatre", "Retrospective", "Later life and death", "References" ]

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[ "Elk with Zuñi Mountains in background", "Zuñi Mountains in 1908" ]

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[ "The Zuñi Mountains (Navajo:Naasht'ézhí Dził or Ńdíshchííʼ Ląʼí) are a mountain range located mainly in Cibola County of northwestern New Mexico, United States, with a small portion extending into McKinley County. The range is located largely in the Cibola National Forest, lying south of Interstate 40 from southeast of Gallup to southwest of Grants. The range is about sixty miles (97 km) long and forty miles (64 km) wide. The highest point is Mount Sedgwick, 9,256 feet (2,821 m); elevations in the range go down to 6,400 feet (1,950 m).", "The Zuñi Mountains are located at 35°10′4″N 108°19′0″W, surrounded by the Zuni Indian Reservation, the Ramah Navajo Indian Reservation, and El Morro National Monument to the southwest, El Malpais National Monument to the south, Acoma Pueblo to the east, and the Navajo Nation to the north. The towns of Grants, Gallup, and Ramah are located northeast, northwest, and southwest of the range, respectively. The Zuñi Mountains sit on the Continental Divide and form part of the southeastern edge of the Colorado Plateau.", "The history of the range includes ancient and continuing use of the mountains by local native peoples, including the Zuni, Acoma, and Navajo; extensive logging in the early half of the 20th century; and agriculture and mining (including copper and fluorspar) in the mid-20th century.", "The Zuñi Mountains form a northwest–southeast trending uplift with a core of Precambrian granite and metamorphic rocks, surrounded by Late Permian and Triassic to Jurassic strata. A total of 20,000 ft (6,000 m) of previously overlying layers of Cretaceous and older sedimentary rocks have been eroded away from the highest part of the range, but appear in outlying areas to the west and to the northeast in San Juan Basin. Precambrian rocks in the range were uplifted during the Ancestral Rocky Mountains orogeny as part of the Zuni-Defiance Uplift in the Pennsylvanian Period. The current physiographic expression of the range is the result of uplift during the Cretaceous–Paleogene Laramide Orogeny approximately 80 to 40 million years ago.", "List of mountain ranges of New Mexico", "Wilson, A Navajo Place Names Guilford, CT: Audio-Forum, 1995\nU.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Zuñi Mountains\nNew Mexico Atlas and Gazetteer, Second Edition, DeLorme Mapping, 2000.\nButterfield, Mike, and Greene, Peter, Mike Butterfield's Guide to the Mountains of New Mexico, New Mexico Magazine Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-937206-88-1\nHalka Chronic, Roadside Geology of New Mexico, Mountain Press, 1987, ISBN 0-87842-209-9, p. 34, p. 75.\nCather, Steven M. (2004). \"Laramide orogeny in central and northern New Mexico and southern Colorado\". In Mack, G.H.; Giles, K.A. (eds.). The geology of New Mexico. A geologic history: New Mexico Geological Society Special Volume 11 (PDF). pp. 203–248. ISBN 9781585460106. Retrieved 28 April 2022.", "Zuni Mountains at the New Mexico Tourism Department" ]

[ "Zuñi Mountains", "Location", "History", "Geology", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359968 ]

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[ "Zuni Pueblo, 1850 illustration", "" ]

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[ "Zuni Pueblo (also Zuñi Pueblo, Zuni: Halona Idiwan’a meaning ‘Middle Place’) is a census-designated place (CDP) in McKinley County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 6,302 as of the 2010 Census. It is inhabited largely by members of the Zuni people (A:shiwi).\nThe first contact with Spaniards occurred in 1539 in the ancient village of Hawikku when Esteban, an Arab/Berber of Moroccan origin, entered Zuni territory seeking the fabled \"Seven Cities of Cibola\" and when Marco da Nizza, an Italian franciscan, reached Zuni Pueblo and called it Cibola.\nIt is on the Trails of the Ancients Byway, one of the designated New Mexico Scenic Byways.", "Zuni Pueblo is located at 35°4′10″N 108°50′48″W (35.069327, -108.846716).\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 8.8 square miles (23 km²), all land.", "As of the census of 2000, there were 6,367 people, 1,488 households, and 1,334 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 720.0 people per square mile (278.1/km²). There were 1,622 housing units at an average density of 183.4 per square mile (70.8/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.03% Native American, 2.12% White, 2.01% Hispanic or Latino, 0.03% African American, 0.03% Asian, 0.30% from other races, and 0.49% from two or more races.\nThere were 1,488 households, out of which 42.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.1% were married couples living together, 31.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 10.3% were non-families. 9.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.26 and the average family size was 4.54.\nIn the CDP, the population was spread out, with 34.7% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 32.3% from 25 to 44, 16.8% from 45 to 64, and 6.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.2 males.\nThe median income for a household in the CDP was $22,559, and the median income for a family was $22,067. Males had a median income of $18,345 versus $18,635 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $6,908. About 40.0% of families and 43.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 49.7% of those under age 18 and 41.7% of those age 65 or over.", "The area is served by the nearby Andrew Othole Airport, four miles to the west.\nTribally-run A:shiwi Transit connects Zuni Pueblo and Black Rock with Gallup.", "Zuni Public Schools, established in 1980, operates schools serving the community. Prior to 1980 it was in the Gallup-McKinley County Schools. Zuni High School is the zoned high school.\nSt. Anthony School, Zuni (K-8), of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gallup, is in Zuni Pueblo. The school began operations on September 3, 1923. The Sisters of Saint Francis of Perpetual Adoration operated the school. Its initial enrollment was 43.\nThe Zuni Public Library is located at 27 East Chavez Circle. In 1974, Dr. Lotsee Patterson and Ben Wakashige started a project to help tribal areas establish libraries. The Zuni library opened in 1975.", "List of census-designated places in New Mexico\nZuni Indian Reservation\nZuni people", "\"Experience Zuni\". www.zunitourism.com. Retrieved 2017-11-08.\n\"Population estimates, July 1, 2015, (V2015)\". www.census.gov. Retrieved 2016-05-05.\nFerguson's, T.J. (1985). A Zuni Atlas. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.\nTrail of the Ancients. New Mexico Tourism Department. Retrieved August 14, 2014.\n\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.\n\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.\nRagland, Ruth Ann (1980-06-30). \"Zuni school officials to celebrate creation of state's newest district\". The Santa Fe New Mexican. Santa Fe, New Mexico. Associated Press. p. B-2. - Clipping from Newspapers.com.\n\"About Us\". St. Anthony School, Zuni. Retrieved 2022-01-13.\n\"Zuni Public Library.\" Pueblo of Zuni. Retrieved on April 22, 2009.", "Pueblo of the Zuni - official site\nZuni Department of Tourism\nHistoric photos of Zuni Pueblo, Timothy H. O'Sullivan, photographer\nAmerican Southwest, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary" ]

[ "Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico", "Geography", "Demographics", "Transport", "Education", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359969, 5359970 ]

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[ "", "Suskityrannus mount at Dino Kingdom 2012" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Suskityrannus_mount_at_Dino_Kingdom_2012.jpg" ]

[ "The Zuni (Zuñi) River is a tributary of the Little Colorado River in the southwestern United States. It has its origin in Cibola County, New Mexico, in the Zuñi Mountains at the Continental Divide. The river flows off the western slopes of the Zuñi Mountains in a generally southwesterly direction through the Zuni Indian Reservation to join the Little Colorado River in eastern Arizona. The Zuni River is approximately 90 miles (140 km) long, and has a drainage basin in New Mexico of approximately 1,300 square miles (3,400 km²).", "The Zuñi River begins about 4.5 miles east-northeast of Black Rock at the confluence of the Rio Pescado and Rio Nutria. It was dammed at Black Rock in 1908 forming the Black Rock Reservoir. The river has a small dam at the Zuni Pueblo. The river is intermittent, drying up during drought periods, and often during most of the winter, except where there are perennial springs that give it surface flow for a short distance.", "The Zuni Basin is home to the Moreno Hill Formation where fossils from the later Cretaceous 92 Mya. Fossils include dinosaurs like Zuniceratops and Suskityrannus (Zuni Coelurosaur).", "The Zuni River is one of the last remaining habitats of the Zuni bluehead sucker.", "The Zuni River is sacred to the Zuni people. Every four years, a religious pilgrimage is made on the \"Barefoot Trail\" to Kołuwala:wa, also called \"Zuni Heaven\", at the confluence of the Zuni River and the Little Colorado.", "List of rivers of Arizona\nList of rivers of New Mexico", "\"Zuñi River\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. February 8, 1980. Archived from the original on 26 June 2014.\nSource elevation derived from Google Earth search using GNIS source coordinates.\nOrr, Brennon R. (1987). Water Resources of the Zuni Tribal Lands, McKinley and Cibola Counties, New Mexico. U.S.G.S. Water-supply Paper 2227. Washington, DC: United States Geological Survey. p. 37. OCLC 11134685.\n\"Geographic Names Information System (GNIS): Feature Detail Report for: Black Rock Reservoir\". United States Geological Survey. 13 November 1980.\nDodge, William A. (2010). Black Rock: A Zuni Cultural Landscape and the Meaning of Place. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. p. 181–182. ISBN 978-1-57806-993-4.\nZuni Quadrangle, New Mexico–McKinley Co. (35108–A7–TF–024) (Map). 1:24,000. 7.7 miniute series (topographic). United States geological Survey. 1972. Archived from the original on 26 June 2014.\n\"The Creature From the Zuni Lagoon\". Discover Magazine. Heather Pringle, Grant Delin. Retrieved August 1, 2001.\n\"Zuni Bluehead Sucker\". Center for Biological Diversity. May 3, 2004. Retrieved November 30, 2012.\nWemytewa, Edward & Peters, Tia Oros (2008). \"Zuni River – Shiwinan Kʼyawinanne\". In Solinger, Rickie; Fox, Madeline & Irani, Kayhan (eds.). Telling Stories to Change the World: Global Voices on the Power of Narrative to Build Community and Make Social Justice Claims. New York: Routledge. pp. 15–22. ISBN 978-0-415-96079-3.", "Official web site of the Zuni Tribe\nZuni River Watershed Act of 1991\nHistoric American Engineering Record (HAER) No. NM-7, \"Zuni Dam, Across Zuni River, Black Rock, McKinley County, NM\", 56 photos, 6 photo caption pages" ]

[ "Zuni River", "Course", "Fossils", "Environment", "Religious aspect", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359971, 5359972 ]

[ 27237921, 27237922, 27237923, 27237924, 27237925, 27237926, 27237927 ]

[ "Zuni bear fetish with a turquoise heartline", "Zuni wolf fetish", "Zuni eagle fetish", "Animal effigies of the Zuni, fired clay, before 1880. From a Bureau of American Ethnology report" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Zuni_Bear_Fetish.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Zuni_Wolf_Fetish.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Zuni_Eagle_Fetish.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Animal_effigies_of_the_Zuni.jpg" ]

[ "Zuni fetishes are small carvings made from primarily stone but also shell, fossils, and other materials by the Zuni people. Within the Zuni community, these carvings serve ceremonial purposes for their creators and depict animals and icons integral to their culture. As a form of contemporary Native American art, they are sold with secular intentions to collectors worldwide. Prior to the establishment of a non-Native market for fetishes, Hopi, Navajo, and other Pueblo peoples, especially at Kewa Pueblo also carved and used fetishes.", "The primary non-Native source for academic information on Zuni fetishes is the Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology submitted in 1881 by Frank Hamilton Cushing and posthumously published as Zuni Fetishes in 1966, with several later reprints. Cushing reports that the Zuni divided the world into six regions or directions: north, west, south, east, above, and below. At the center of each region is a great mountain peak that is a very sacred place. Yellow mountain to the north, blue mountain to the west, red mountain to the south, white mountain to the east, the multicolored mountain above, and the black mountain below.\nEach direction is represented by a Prey God, or guardian animal, and are listed by Cushing as follows:\nnorth: yellow mountain lion\nwest: black bear (represented by the color blue),\nsouth: red badger,\neast: white wolf,\nabove or the sky: multicolored eagle,\nbelow or underground: black shrew (often misnamed \"mole,\" but moles do not live in the Southwest).\nEach prey god is the “guardian and master” of their region, with the yellow mountain lion being the elder brother of all animals and the master and guardian of all regions. Each one of these regions contains an order of all the guardian animals, but the \"guardian and master\" of a particular region is the elder brother to all animals of that region. These guardians are considered as having protective and healing powers. They are held by the priests of the medicine orders as if \"in captivity\" and act as mediators between the priests and the animals they represent.\nA second group of fetishes, the Prey Gods of the Hunt, belonging to the Hunter Order, or Society, are given in the “prayer songs of the Sa-ni-a-kia-kwe”. These guardian animals are the same as the original regions with the exception of the coyote, which replaces the bear; and the wildcat (or bobcat), which replaces the red badger. Sa-ni-a-kia is the awakening of the fetish and subsequently the power of the hunter.\nIn addition to the animals mentioned above, typical Zuni fetishes depict animals such as the wolf, badger, bear, mountain lion, eagle, mole, frog, deer, ram, and others. Contemporary carvers many produce images of exotic subjects – dinosaurs, for example – or some insects and reptiles that are customary but more integral to petroglyphs, symbolism, and the patterns of design in pottery – dragonflies, butterflies, water spiders, and lizards for example. Other animals, such as the horse, were carved in the past mainly for trade. The Zuni was not a horse culture, but their horse carvings were considered by the horse cultures to the north as having great power for the protection of their herds.", "Historical, carvers used locally sourced materials or item procured by trade or pilgrimages. The most important of these materials was turquoise which the Zuni regard as the sacred stone. Jet, shell (primarily mother-of-pearl), and coral are also frequently used. These materials and their associated colors are principle in the Zuni sunface, a cultural symbol which is present in Zuni jewelry and fetishes and represents their Sun Father]]. Other materials used are travertine or \"Zuni rock\", fishrock, jasper, pipestone, marble, or organic items such as fossilized ivory, bone, and deer or elk antler. Even artificial substances such as slag glass are used. But historically the most-used stone has been serpentine, a local soft stone found abundantly in the Zuni Mountains and also in Arizona. In recent years Zuni carvings, or fetishes, have become popular collectibles and Zuni artisans have familiarized themselves with materials available from all parts of the world in order to serve the aesthetic tastes of collectors.", "In Zuni cosmology and those of neighboring tribes, each animal is believed to have inherent powers or qualities that may aid the owner. The Navajo, for example, treasured and bartered for figures of horses, sheep, cattle or goats to protect their herd from disease and to ensure fertility. The Zuni hunter, or \"Prey brother,\" was required to have his fetishes (prey gods of the hunt) with a \"Keeper\" and practice a ceremony of worship when procuring a favorite or proper fetish to aid in a successful hunt. In the ceremony of the hunt the Keeper presented a clay pot containing the fetishes to the hunter. Facing in the direction appropriate to the chosen fetish the pot was sprinkled with medicine meal and a prayer was recited. The fetish was placed in a buckskin bag and carried by the hunter over his heart (Cushing, 1994:33). The fetish aids in the chase and represents \"the roar of the animal\" and is also fed on the blood of the slain prey.\nIn addition to the Prey Gods of the Six Regions with their guardian and medicinal powers, and the Prey Gods of the Hunt that aid in the chase, Cushing names three Prey Gods of the Priesthood of the Bow, a society of which he was a member, that aid a Priest of the Bow when traveling in a region where he may be captured by the enemy. These are the mountain lion and great white bear, which belong to the \"skies\", as well as a prey god of human form adorned with \"flint knife-feather pinions and tail\". An arrowhead, \"emblematic of Sa-wa-ni-kia\", or the \"medicine of war\", on the back or side of either of these animals prevented a warrior from being taken by surprise by his enemy, and an arrowhead on the belly or feet erased the tracks of the carrier so that they could not be followed by the enemy. Unlike the Prey Gods of the Hunt these fetishes were never deposited with a keeper, but like the Prey Gods of the Hunt they were fed on the blood of the slain and their ceremony involved depositing sacred flour to the four directions and reciting a prayer, and like the Prey Gods of the Six Regions they were protective of the carrier.\nOn the subject of feeding, within Zuni culture it is believes fetishes require periodic meals of cornmeal and ground turquoise. Fetishes may be kept in a clay pot as it is the tradition, although collectors usually like to keep theirs somewhere where they can be admired. Any but the very delicate fetishes could be carried by the owner in a pocket, pouch or bag.\nWhile the Zuni fetish carvings available for sale online are considered \"Zuni fetishes,\" carved by a variety of well-known Zuni carvers, true Zuni fetishes do not leave the village and are blessed by a spiritual leader and used by the carver himself or a special recipient.", "Zuni fetish carvings have been around for centuries. Ancient Pueblo effigies were an earlier form of a Zuni fetish carving. It has only been in recent times that the fetishes have been carved to sell, and have left the village. While the Zuni fetish carvings you see for sale on the internet are considered Zuni fetishes, carved by a variety of well known Zuni carvers, true Zuni fetishes do not leave the village and are blessed by a Shaman or Medicine Man and used by the carver himself or a special recipient.\nThe artist's styles are as unique as the artists themselves, and there are many whose works are highly sought after by collectors. Some collectors prefer a figure that is more realistic in appearance, while others prefer the more classical styles that are intrinsic to Zuni belief. The customary Zuni perspective is that the least modification of the original material maintains, or heightens, the power of the fetish as a \"natural concretion.\" Realism in carving style is a matter relative to the beliefs of its owner, and the realism in contemporary carving is a product of collector request and demand and the intent of Zuni carvers to raise the level of their art form through participation in the world of contemporary art. The enigma, or apparent paradox relevant to Zuni belief and realism in art is resolved in the notion that carvings for sale and collection are produced without religious intent. For this reason some carvers prefer the term \"carvings\" rather than the term \"fetishes\" when referring to offerings for collectors.\nA fetish may be signed by the carver, or not. Personalization by signing a piece of art violates the historic Zuni notion of community purpose, and the signing of artwork is a concept introduced to the Zuni by Anglo collectors at the beginning of the 20th century (c. 1915). Often, though, a Zuni carver feels that their own unique style is readily identifiable and the fetish's style will be enough to identify the carver as surely as would any other mark. Most carvers are the recipients of a family practice and have learned their skill from parents, grand parents, or siblings, and have passed the art to their own children as well.\nBesides being made from various stones and other materials (each material has unique properties), the contemporary fetish may carry an offering of a smaller animal or a prayer bundle of carved arrowheads with small beads of heishe. It may be adorned with a heishe necklace, feathers, etchings representing ancient petroglyphs, or an etched or inlaid heartline. These small items, although colorful to the eye, are intended to protect and feed the fetish itself.", "Bahti, Mark (2016). Spirit in the Stone: A Handbook of SOuthwest Indiain Animal Carvings and Beliefs (2nd ed.). Tucson, AZ: Rio Nuevo Publishers. pp. 10–16. ISBN 978-1-9338-5597-4.\nCushing, 1994:17\nCushing, 1994:17-19\nCushing, 1994:20\nCushing, 1994:15\nsee Bunzel, 1929; Young, 1988\nCushing, 1994, Bahti’s Introduction.\nMcManis, 1998\nCushing, 1994:35\nCushing, 1994:40–43\nHolmes, Jill. \"Zuni Fetishes\". Indian Summer. Retrieved 21 September 2020.\nCushing, 1994:12.\nCushing, 1994", "Bahti, Mark (1999, 2016) Spirit in the Stone: A Handbook of Southwest Indian Animal Carvings and Beliefs ISBN 978-1-88789-6092\nBunzel, Ruth L. (1929). The Pueblo Potter: A Study of Creative Imagination in Primitive Art. ISBN 0-486-22875-4\nCushing, Frank Hamilton (1994). Zuni Fetishes. Tenth printing. Reprint of the Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1883. Introduction by Tom Bahti. ASIN B000TH8P4C\nFinkelstein, Harold (1994). Zuni Fetish Carvings. ISBN 0-9641042-0-2\nMcManis, Kent (1998). A Guide To Zuni Fetishes & Carvings, Volume II, The Materials and the Carvers. ISBN 1-887896-11-2\nYoung, M. Jane (1988). Signs from the Ancestors: Zuni Cultural Symbolism and Perceptions in Rock Art. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-1203-9\nHolmes, Jill M. (1996). \"Minerals and their Metaphysical Properties\", web.", "Cushing, Frank Hamilton, Mark Bahti (1999). Zuni Fetishes. Reprint of the Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1883. Introduction by Tom Bahti. ISBN 0-88714-144-7.\nMcManis, Kent (1995). A Guide To Zuni Fetishes & Carvings. ISBN 0-918080-77-0\nMcManis, Kent (1998). A Guide To Zuni Fetishes & Carvings, Volume II, The Materials and the Carvers. ISBN 1-887896-11-2.\nRiggs, David Austin, Darlene Meader Riggs (2008). ZUNI SPIRITS: A Portfolio of Fine Zuni Fetish Carvings. Introduction by the Zuni Governor, Norman Cooeyate.\nBennett, Hal Zina (1993). ZUNI FETISHES: Using Native American Objects for Meditation, Reflection, and Insight. ISBN 0-06-250069-4" ]

[ "Zuni fetishes", "Directions and typology", "Materials", "Sacredness", "Religion as art", "Notes", "References", "Further reading" ]

[ 5359973 ]

[ 27237928, 27237929, 27237930, 27237931, 27237932, 27237933, 27237934, 27237935, 27237936, 27237937, 27237938, 27237939, 27237940, 27237941, 27237942, 27237943, 27237944, 27237945, 27237946, 27237947, 27237948, 27237949, 27237950, 27237951, 27237952, 27237953, 27237954, 27237955, 27237956, 27237957 ]

[ "Pre-European contact distribution of Zuni", "Zuni man" ]

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[ "Zuni /ˈzuːni/ (also formerly Zuñi, endonym Shiwiʼma) is a language of the Zuni people, indigenous to western New Mexico and eastern Arizona in the United States. It is spoken by around 9,500 people, especially in the vicinity of Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico, and much smaller numbers in parts of Arizona.\nUnlike most indigenous languages in the US, Zuni is still spoken by a significant number of children and, thus, is comparatively less threatened with language endangerment. Edmund Ladd reported in 1994 that Zuni is still the main language of communication in the pueblo and is used in the home (Newman 1996).\nThe Zuni name for their own language, Shiwiʼma (shiwi \"Zuni\" + -ʼma \"vernacular\"; pronounced [ˈʃiwiʔma]) can be translated as \"Zuni way\", whereas its speakers are collectively known as ʼA꞉shiwi (ʼa꞉(w)- \"plural\" + shiwi \"Zuni\").", "Zuni is considered a language isolate. Zuni may have become a distinct language at least 7,000 years ago. The Zuni have, however, borrowed a number of words from Keres, Hopi, and O’odham pertaining to religion and religious observances.\nA number of possible relationships of Zuni to other languages have been proposed by various researchers, although none of these has gained general acceptance. The main hypothetical proposals have been connections with Penutian (and Penutioid and Macro-Penutian), Tanoan, and Hokan phyla, and also the Keresan languages.\nThe most clearly articulated hypothesis is Newman's (1964) connection to Penutian, but even this was considered by Newman (according to Michael Silverstein) to be a tongue-in-cheek work due to the inherently problematic nature of the methodology used in Penutian studies (Goddard 1996). Newman's cognate sets suffered from common problems in comparative linguistics, such as comparing commonly borrowed forms (e.g. \"tobacco\"), forms with large semantic differences (e.g. \"bad\" and \"garbage\", \"horse\" and \"hoof\"), nursery forms, and onomatopoetic forms (Campbell 1997). Zuni was also included under Morris Swadesh's Penutioid proposal and Joseph Greenberg's very inclusive Penutian sub-grouping – both without convincing arguments (Campbell 1997).\nZuni was included as being part of the Aztec-Tanoan language family within Edward Sapir's heuristic 1929 classification (without supporting evidence). Later discussions of the Aztec-Tanoan hypothesis usually excluded Zuni (Foster 1996).\nKarl-Heinz Gursky published problematic unconvincing evidence for a Keresan-Zuni grouping. J. P. Harrington wrote one unpublished paper with the title \"Zuñi Discovered to be Hokan\" (Campbell 1997).", "As Zuni is a language in the Pueblo linguistic area, it shares a number of features with Hopi, Keresan, and Tanoan (and to a lesser extent Navajo) that are probably due to language contact. The development of ejective consonants in Zuni may be due to contact with Keresan and Tanoan languages which have complete series of ejectives. Likewise, aspirated consonants may have diffused into Zuni. Other shared traits include: final devoicing of vowels and sonorant consonants, dual number, ceremonial vocabulary, and the presence of a labialized velar [kʷ] (Campbell 1997).", "The 16 consonants of Zuni (with IPA phonetic symbol when different from the orthography) are the following:\nThe vowels are the following:\nZuni syllables have the following specification:\nC(C)V(ː)(C)(C)", "Word order in Zuni is fairly free with a tendency toward SOV. There is no case-marking on nouns. Verbs are complex, compared to nouns, with loose incorporation. Like other languages in the Southwest, Zuni employs switch-reference.\nNewman (1965, 1996) classifies Zuni words according to their structural morphological properties (namely the presence and type of inflectional suffixes), not according to their associated syntactic frames. His terms, noun and substantive, are therefore not synonymous.", "Zuni uses overt pronouns for first and second persons. There are no third person pronouns. The pronouns distinguish three numbers (singular, dual and plural) and three cases (subject, object and possessive). In addition, some subject and possessive pronouns have different forms depending on whether they appear utterance-medially or utterance-finally (object pronouns do not occur utterance-medially). All pronoun forms are shown in the following table:\nThere is syncretism between dual and plural non-possessive forms in the first and second persons. Utterances with these pronouns are typically disambiguated by the fact that plural pronouns agree with plural-marked verb forms.", "storytelling (Delapna:we) – Tedlock (1972)\nceremonial speech – Newman (1955)\nslang – Newman (1955)", "Zuni adults are often known after the relationship between that adult and a child. For example, a person might be called \"father of so-and-so\", etc. The circumlocution is used to avoid using adult names, which have religious meanings and are very personal.", "There are twenty letters in the Zuni alphabet.\nA /a/, B, CH, D, E /e/, H, I /i/, K, L, Ł, M, N, O /o/, P, S, T, U /ʊ/, W, Y, ʼ\nDouble consonants indicate geminate (long) sounds, for instance the <nn> in shiwayanne \"car\", is pronounced [nː].\nLong vowels are indicated with a colon ꞉ following the vowel as the [aː] in wa'ma:we \"animals\".\nc is not part of the alphabet, although the digraph ch is. There are also other two letter combination sounds (like sh).\nc, r, g, v, z, x, q, f, and j are not used to write Zuni, except for the occasional borrowed word.\nit includes Ł, ł indicates IPA /ɬ/ (a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative, pronounced like h and l together)\nʼ indicates IPA /ʔ/ (a glottal stop) – it is written medially and finally but not word-initially\nThis orthography was largely worked out by Curtis Cook.", "Linguists and anthropologists have created and used their own writing system for Zuni before the alphabet was standardized. One was developed for Zuni by linguist Stanley Newman (Newman 1954). This practical orthography essentially followed Americanist phonetic notation with the substitution of some uncommon letters with other letters or digraphs (two letter combinations). A further revised orthography is used in Dennis Tedlock's transcriptions of oral narratives.\nA comparison of the systems is in the table below.\n \nIn Newman's orthography (used in his dictionary, Newman 1958), the symbols, ch, j, lh, q, sh, z, /, : replaced Americanist č, h, ł, kʷ, š, c, ʔ, and ˑ (used in Newman's grammar, Newman 1965).\nTedlock's orthography uses ʼ instead of Newman's / except at the beginning of words where it is not written. Additionally, in Tedlock's system, long vowels are written doubled instead with a length mark ꞉ as in Newman's system (e.g. aa instead of a꞉) and h and kw are used instead of j and q. Finally, Tedlock writes the following long consonants – cch, llh, ssh, tts – with a doubled initial letter instead of Newman's doubling of the digraphs – chch, lhlh, shsh – and kkw and tts are used instead of Newman's qq and zz.", "Zuni at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)\nFrom “Pueblo of Zuni Head Start Program FY 2018 Annual Report” available on the Zuni Pueblo web site:\n\nThe Zuni Language and Culture \n\nThrough the years, the Zuni Head Start Program has seen a decline of the native language spoken by children and their parents The parents of our children are young and speak mostly the English language. The lack of the native language spoken in the home is the primary reason our children do not speak their native language. Most parents are able to understand the native language but unable to speak the language fluently.\n \nFamilies who live with elders such as grandparents, aunts or uncles speak more of their native language and are fluent speakers. The percentage of children speaking their native language has declined over the last 29 years; therefore the Zuni Head Start Program has taken an active stance to incorporate the daily use of the Zuni language in the classrooms, which include the teaching of the Zuni culture. There is a lot of encouragement for everyone in the center to speak the Zuni language in social conversations so that our children will hear the language and become to be [sic] comfortable to speak [sic] their language. \n\nLanguage use of the children enrolled in Head Start:\n\n137 Children spoke English as their primary language\n15 Children spoke Zuni as their primary language.\nThis indicates only 16 percent of the Zuni children are able to understand and speak their native language.\n\"Zuni Origins\". Archaeology Southwest.\nHill, Jane H. \"Zunian as a Language Isolate.\" American Southwest Vol. 22, No. 2, Spring 2008, p. 3\nNichols, Lynn (1997). Topics in Zuni Syntax. Harvard University. p. 35.\nKroeber, Albert L. (1917). Zuñi kin and clan. Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History (Vol. 18, Pt. 2). New York: The Trustees. (Online: digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/handle/2246/97).", "Bunzel, Ruth L. (1932a). Zuñi origin myths. In 47th annual report of the Bureau of American Ethnology for the years 1929–1930 (pp. 545–609). Washington.\nBunzel, Ruth L. (1932b). Zuñi ritual poetry. In 47th annual report of the Bureau of American Ethnology for the years 1929–1930 (pp. 611–835). Washington.\nBunzel, Ruth L. (1933). Zuni texts. Publications of the American Ethnological Society (No. 15). New York: G.E. Steckert & Co. ISBN 0-404-58165-X\nBunzel, Ruth L. (1934). Zuni. In Handbook of American Indian languages (Vol. 3, pp. 383–515). Gluckstadt: J. J. Augustin.\nCampbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.\nCannell, Joseph R. (2007). On the Language Family Classifications of Zuni [Online] Available: www.josephcannell.yahoo.com [2007, April 15]\nCondie, Carol. (1973). Problems of a Chomskyan analysis of Zuni transitivity. International Journal of American Linguistics, 39, 207-223.\nCook, Curtis D. (1975). Nucleus and margin of Zuni clause types. Linguistics, 13 5-37.\nCushing, Frank Hamilton. (1975). Zuni breadstuff. Indian notes and monographs (Vol. 8). AMS Press. ISBN 0-404-11835-6\nDavis, Nancy Yaw. (2000). The Zuni enigma. Norton. ISBN 0-393-04788-1\nDavis, Irvine. (1966). [Review of Zuni grammar by Stanley Newman]. International Journal of American Linguistics, 32, 82-84.\nDutton, Bertha P. (1983). American Indians of the Southwest. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.\nFoster, Michael K. (1996). Language and the culture history of North America. In I. Goddard (Ed.) Handbook of North American Indians: Languages (Vol. 17, pp. 64–110). Washington: Smithsonian Institution.\nGoddard, Ives. (1996). The classification of the native languages of North America. In I. Goddard (Ed.) Handbook of North American Indians: Languages (Vol. 17, pp. 290–323). Washington: Smithsonian Institution.\nGranberry, Julian. (1967). Zuni syntax. (Doctoral dissertation, SUNY Buffalo).\nHickerson, Nancy P. (1975). Two studies of color: Implications for cross-cultural comparability of semantic categories. In M. D. Kinkade, K. Hale, & O. Werner (Eds.), Linguistics and anthropology: In honor of C. F. Voegelin (pp. 317–330). The Peter De Ridder Press.\nHymes, Dell H. (1957). Some Penutian elements and the Penutian hypothesis. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 13, 69-87.\nKroeber, Albert L. (1917). Zuñi kin and clan. Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History (Vol. 18, Pt. 2). New York: The Trustees.\nMiller, Wick R. (1996). The ethnography of speaking. In I. Goddard (Ed.) Handbook of North American Indians: Languages (Vol. 17, pp. 222–243). Washington: Smithsonian Institution.\nMiner, Kenneth L. (1986). Noun stripping and loose incorporation in Zuni. International Journal of American Linguistics, 52, 242-254.\nMithun, Marianne (Ed.). (1999). The languages of native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\nNewman, Stanley. (1954). A practical Zuni orthography. In J. Roberts & W. Smith (Eds.), Zuni law: A field of values (pp. 163–170). Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology (Vol. 43, No. 1). Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum, Harvard University. ISBN 0-527-01312-9\nNewman, Stanley. (1955). Vocabulary levels: Zuni sacred and slang usage. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 11, 345-354.\nNewman, Stanley. (1958). Zuni dictionary. Indiana University research center publications (No. 6). Bloomington: Indiana University.\nNewman, Stanley. (1964). Comparison of Zuni and California Penutian. International Journal of American Linguistics, 30, 1-13.\nNewman, Stanley. (1965). Zuni grammar. University of New Mexico publications in anthropology (No. 14). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico.\nNewman, Stanley. (1967). Zuni grammar: Alternative solutions versus weaknesses. International Journal of American Linguistics, 33, 187-192.\nNewman, Stanley. (1967). The Zuni verb 'to be'. In J. W. Verhaar (Ed.), Foundations of language, supplemental series (Vol. 1). The Humanities Press.\nNewman, Stanley. (1996). Sketch of the Zuni language. In I. Goddard (Ed.) Handbook of North American Indians: Languages (Vol. 17, pp. 483–506). Washington: Smithsonian Institution.\nNichols, Lynn. (1990). Direct quotation and switch reference in Zuni. In Proceedings of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (No. 16, pp. 90–100).\nNichols, Lynn. (1993). Recovering Zuni auxiliaries and their role in event classification. Harvard Studies in Linguistics, 3, 92-108.\nNichols, Lynn. (1998). Topics in Zuni syntax. (Doctoral dissertation, Harvard).\nParsons, Elsie Clews. (1927). Zuñi names and naming practices. The Journal of American Folklore, 36 (140), 171-176.\nStout, Carol. (1972). Zuni transitivity: A generative approach. (Doctoral dissertation, University of New Mexico).\nTedlock, Dennis. (1972). Finding the center: Narrative poetry of the Zuni Indians. New York: Dial.\nTedlock, Dennis. (1978). Coyote and Junco. In W. Bright (Ed.), Coyote stories (pp. 171–177). Chicago: The Chicago University Press.\nTedlock, Dennis. (1983). The spoken word and the work of interpretation. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.\nTedlock, Dennis. (1999). Finding the center: The art of the Zuni storyteller (2nd ed.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.\nWalker, Willard. (1964). Reference, taxonomy and inflection in Zuni. (Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University).\nWalker, Willard. (1966). [Review of Zuni grammar by Stanley Newman]. Language, 42 (1), 176-180.\nWalker, Willard. (1966). Inflection and taxonomic structure in Zuni. International Journal of American Linguistics, 32 (3), 217-227.\nWalker, Willard. (1979). Zuni semantic categories. In A. Ortiz (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest (Vol. 9, pp. 509–513). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.\nWalker, Willard. (1983). What Zuni is really like. In F. Agard, G. Kelley, A. Makkai, V. B. Makkai (Eds.), Essays in honor of Charles F. Hockett (pp. 551–562). Leiden: E. J. Brill.\nWatts, Linda. (1992). Relational terminology at Zuni Pueblo: A social semiotic case study. (Doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University).\nYumitani, Yukihiro. (1987). A comparative sketch of Pueblo languages: Phonology. In Kansas working papers in linguistics (No. 12, pp. 119–139). University of Kansas.", "Zuni World View \"Linguistic and Ontological Implications of the Conceptual Presuppositions of the Zuni Worldview\", HTML and PDF.\nEnglish-Zuni Word list\nEnglish-Zuni Conversational phrases\nZuni Bible Portions\nZuni (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)" ]

[ "Zuni language", "Classification", "Language contact", "Phonology", "Morphology", "Pronouns", "Sociolinguistics", "Names", "Orthography", "Old orthographies", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359974, 5359975 ]

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[ "", "Life restoration", "Size comparison with human", "Reconstructed skull", "", "", "", "", "" ]

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[ "Zuniceratops ('Zuni-horned face') was a ceratopsian dinosaur from the mid Turonian of the Late Cretaceous Period of what is now New Mexico, United States. It lived about 10 million years earlier than the more familiar horned Ceratopsidae and provides an important window on their ancestry.", "Zuniceratops measured about 2.2 meters (7.2 ft) long. It probably weighed about 175 kilograms (386 lb), making it substantially smaller than most ceratopsids. The skull bears a well-developed pair of brow horns, similar to those of chasmosaurs and primitive centrosaurs, but the nose horn is absent. The brow horns are thought to have grown much larger with age. The snout is long and low, like that of chasmosaurines. The frill was a thin, broad, shield-like structure. It bore a pair of large holes but lacked epoccipital bones, as in Protoceratops. Overall, the anatomy is much more primitive than that of the ceratopsids, but more advanced than in protoceratopsids.", "Zuniceratops was discovered in 1996, by eight-year-old Christopher James Wolfe, son of paleontologist Douglas G. Wolfe, in the Moreno Hill Formation in west-central New Mexico. One skull and the bones from several individuals have been found. More recently, one bone, believed to be a squamosal, has since been found to be an ischium of a Nothronychus.", "Zuniceratops is an example of the evolutionary transition between early ceratopsians and the later, larger ceratopsids that had very large horns and frills. This supports the theory that the lineage of ceratopsian dinosaurs may have been North American in origin.\nAlthough the first specimen discovered had single-rooted teeth (unusual for ceratopsians), later fossils had double-rooted teeth. This is evidence that the teeth became double-rooted with age. Zuniceratops was a herbivore like other ceratopsians and was probably a herd animal as well.", "Timeline of ceratopsian research", "Paul, Gregory S. (2010). Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13720-9.\nWolfe, D.G. & Kirkland, J.I. (1998). \"Zuniceratops christopheri n. gen. & n. sp., a ceratopsian dinosaur from the Moreno Hill Formation (Cretaceous, Turonian) of west-central New Mexico\". Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems, New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 24: 307–317.\nWolfe, D. G. (2000). New information on the skull of Zuniceratops christopheri, a neoceratopsian dinosaur from the Cretaceous Moreno Hill Formation, New Mexico. pp. 93–94, in S. G. Lucas and A. B. Heckert, eds. Dinosaurs of New Mexico. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin No. 17." ]

[ "Zuniceratops", "Description", "Discovery and species", "Classification", "See also", "References" ]

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[ "Zuniga is a genus of ant mimicking jumping spiders that was first described by George and Elizabeth Peckham in 1892. As of September 2019 it contains two species, found in South America, Costa Rica, and Mexico: Z. laeta and Z. magna. It is a senior synonym of Arindas and Simprulloides.", "Gloor, Daniel; Nentwig, Wolfgang; Blick, Theo; Kropf, Christian (2019). \"Gen. Zuniga Peckham & Peckham, 1892\". World Spider Catalog Version 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2019-10-12.\nGaliano, M. E. (1964). \"Salticidae (Araneae) formiciformes. II. Revisión del género Zuniga Peckham, 1892\". Acta Zoologica Lilloana. 20: 69.\nGaliano, M. E. (1981). \"Catalogo de los especimenes tipicos de Salticidae (Araneae) descriptos por Candido F. de Mello-Leitão. Segunda parte\". Physis, Revista de la Sociedad Argentina de Ciencias Naturales. 39: 15.\nPeckham, G. W.; Peckham, E. G. (1892). \"Ant-like spiders of the family Attidae\". Occasional Papers of the Natural History Society of Wisconsin. 2 (1): 1–84.", "Photo of Zuniga from Costa Rica by Lisa Taylor, Arizona State University" ]

[ "Zuniga (spider)", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Panorama, 2009", "", "", "", "", "" ]

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[ "Zunil ([suˈnil]) is a town and municipality in the Quetzaltenango department of Guatemala with a surface area of 80 square kilometres (31 sq mi). The town of Zunil is located 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) from the city of Quetzaltenango, on the bank of the Salamá River. Zunil has an altitude of approximately 2,075 metres (6,808 ft) above mean sea level. The population of the municipality is about 14,000, 100% indigenous. The inhabitants speak K'iche' and Spanish.\nThere are thermal baths with volcanic water around the town, for example Fuentes Georginas and Almolonga.", "Zunil possesses active worship of San Simón (also known as Maximón), a life-sized mannequin representing a Maya god, sitting in a wooden throne, which is moved to a different house every year, and many people visit and leave gifts at his shrine.", "A crater on Mars, which may be the source of Mars meteorites, is named after the village.", "", "Citypopulation.de Population of departments and municipalities in Guatemala\nZunil at Inforpressca Archived June 6, 2007, at the Wayback Machine\nCattelan 2004, p.36.\nMcEwan, A.S.; et al. (2005). \"The rayed crater Zunil and interpretations of small impact craters on Mars\" (PDF). Icarus. 176 (2): 351–381. Bibcode:2005Icar..176..351M. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.02.009. Retrieved 2006-09-08..", "Cattelan, Marino (2004). Quetzaltenango. Guatemala: Xibalbá Publicaciones.", "Zunil travel guide from Wikivoyage\nZunil at Inforpressca\nFuentes Georginas" ]

[ "Zunil", "Religion", "Namesakes", "Gallery", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "", "Zunil Crater as seen by MRO's CTX camera", "A landslide in the Martian crater Zunil.", "" ]

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[ "Zunil is an impact crater near the Cerberus Fossae on Mars, with a diameter of 10.26 kilometres (6.38 miles). It is named after the town of Zunil in Guatemala. The crater is located in the Elysium quadrangle. Visible in images from the Viking 1 and Viking 2 Mars orbiters in the 1970s, Zunil was subsequently imaged at higher resolution for the first time by the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) in 2000.\nA ray system associated with the Zunil impact, visible in infrared images from the Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Spectrometer (THEMIS) was later detailed by McEwen et al. (2003); before this, large craters with ray systems had not been seen on Mars.\nThe debris from a recent landslide was first spotted on the south-east wall of the crater by the Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) in 2003, and was subsequently imaged at higher resolution by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) in December 2006.", "The impact which formed Zunil occurred no more than a few million years ago and hence the crater is in a relatively pristine form. It was probably not produced in a high-velocity impact, such as from a comet. If the interpretation that Zunil is the source of the basaltic shergottite meteorites is correct, then the crater formed in basalt deposited 165–177 million years ago.\nThe impact created a ray system, visible in the infrared, that extends up to 1,600 km (990 mi) from the crater and produced hundreds of millions of secondary craters with diameters ranging from 10 to 100 m (33 to 328 ft). Very few of these secondary craters lie within 80 km (50 mi) of Zunil. Around 80% of the craters in Athabasca Valles are Zunil secondaries. If similar impacts also produced comparable amounts of secondaries, this calls into question the accuracy of crater counting as a dating technique for geologically young Martian surface features.\nA simulation of the Zunil impact ejected on the order of ten billion rock fragments greater than 10 centimetres (3.9 in) in diameter, the total ejecta comprising 30 km³ (7.2 cu mi). These formed about a billion secondary craters 10 m in size up to 3,500 km (2,200 mi) away from the primary impact. It is possible that some of these fragments from the impact made it to Earth to become shergottites, a form of Martian meteorite.\nResearch published in the journal Icarus has found pits in Zunil Crater that are caused by hot ejecta falling on ground containing ice. The pits are formed by heat forming steam that rushes out from groups of pits simultaneously, thereby blowing away from the pit ejecta.", "List of craters on Mars\nList of craters with ray systems", "\"Zunil (crater)\". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.\n\"MOC narrow-angle image M21-00859—Crater traverse at 7.8 N 193.8 W\". Malin Space Science Systems. Archived from the original on 2003-06-27. Retrieved 2001-10-08.\nMcEwen; et al. (2003). Discovery of a large rayed crater on Mars: Implications for recent volcanic and fluvial activity and the origin of Martian meteorites (PDF). Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.\n\"MOC narrow-angle image R08-02140—Zunil Crater and its ejecta\". Malin Space Science Systems. Archived from the original on 2004-11-06. Retrieved 2004-04-20.\n\"Recent Landslide in Zunil Crater (PSP_001764_1880)\". University of Arizona. Retrieved 2008-06-28.\nMcEwen, A. S.; et al. (2005). \"The rayed crater Zunil and interpretations of small impact craters on Mars\" (PDF). Icarus. 176 (2): 351–381. Bibcode:2005Icar..176..351M. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.02.009. Retrieved 2006-09-08.\nKerr, R (2006). \"Who can Read the Martian Clock?\". Science. 312 (5777): 1132–1133. doi:10.1126/science.312.5777.1132. PMID 16728612. S2CID 128854527.\nTornabene, L. et al. 2012. \"Widespread crater-related pitted materials on Mars. Further evidence for the role of target volatiles during the impact process\". Icarus. 220: 348-368.", "Themis page about Zunil\nRayed craters on Mars" ]

[ "Zunil (crater)", "Formation", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5359987, 5359988, 5359989 ]

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[ "", "", "", "", "Location of Zunyi City jurisdiction in Guizhou", "", "The World Heritage Site of Hailongtun fortress, the last rebel holdout during the Bozhou Rebellion in 1600.", "Map including Zunyi (labeled as TSUN-I (TSUNYI) (walled) 遵義) (AMS, 1954)", "", "Site of the Zunyi Conference", "", "", "", "", "" ]

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[ "Zunyi (simplified Chinese: 遵义; traditional Chinese: 遵義; pinyin: Zūnyì) is a prefecture-level city in northern Guizhou province, People's Republic of China, situated between the provincial capital Guiyang to the south and Chongqing to the north, also bordering Sichuan to the northwest. Along with Guiyang and Liupanshui, it is one of the most important cities of the province. The metro area is made of three urban districts of the city, Huichuan, Honghuagang, and Bozhou, had a population of 2,360,549 people; and the whole prefecture, including 14 county-level administration area as a whole, had a population of 6,606,675 at the 2020 census.\nZunyi is known for being the location of the Zunyi Conference in 1935, where Mao Zedong was first elected to the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party during the Long March.", "The area of Zunyi was originally inhabited by the Tongzi people during the Paleolithic. Later, its territory was a part of several kingdoms. Zunyi was considered to be the center of the Yelang kingdom. The region around Zunyi first came under Chinese rule during Han dynasty, during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han. After the Han dynasty collapsed, the area remained under nominal Chinese control, but much of the administration was left to local, non-Han chiefs. In the 7th century CE, the area came under regular Chinese administration during the Tang dynasty, Zunyi was placed under the new Bo Prefecture (Bozhou).\nTowards the end of the Tang, Bozhou was conquered by the Nanzhao Kingdom. However, it soon gained independence as the Chiefdom of Bozhou in AD 876. The chiefdom became an autonomous prefecture of the Song and subsequent dynasties, while the ruling Yang family held power in Zunyi for more than seven centuries. Bozhou rebelled against the Ming dynasty in 1589, resisting the Ming for more than a decade before its eventual destruction in 1600. Subsequently, Zunyi Prefecture was established, with the present-day city of Zunyi becoming the prefectural seat. Zunyi retained its status as a prefectural seat through the Qing dynasty. After the Xinhai Revolution, Zunyi was redesignated as a county in 1914.\nIn 1935, the Zunyi Conference took place in the city, resulting in Mao Zedong becoming the de facto leader of the Chinese Communist Party.\nDuring the country's the First Five-Year Plan, Zunyi was redesignated as a city, and experienced considerable growth and transformation.", "Zunyi is located in northern Guizhou at an elevation of 865 m (2,838 ft); it is situated in the transition from the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau to the Sichuan Basin and hill country of Hunan.\nZunyi has a four-season, monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), slightly modified by elevation. It has fairly mild winters and hot, humid summers; close to 60% of the year's 1,070 mm (42 in) of precipitation occurs from May to August. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from 4.5 °C (40.1 °F) in January to 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) in July, while the annual mean is 15.32 °C (59.6 °F). Rain is common throughout the year, with 182 days annually precipitation, though it does not actually accumulate to much in winter, the cloudiest time of year; summer, in contrast, is the sunniest. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from around 9% in January and February to 45% in August, the city receives only 1,051 hours of bright sunshine annually; only a few locations in neighbouring Sichuan receive less sunshine on average.", "", "The 1999 Zunyi Prefecture Almanac lists the following ethnic groups.\nGelao\nMiao\nm̥uŋ˥˧ sa˥ (\"Blue-Skirted Miao\"): most populous, found in western Zunyi Prefecture\nm̥uŋ˥˧ la˥˧ (\"Red-Skirted Miao\"): central Zunyi Prefecture\nm̥uŋ˥˧ tleu˥˧ (\"White-Skirted Miao\"): least populous, found in central Zunyi Prefecture\nm̥uɑ˥˧ ʂuɑ˥ (\"Chinese Miao\"; clothing similar to that of the m̥uŋ˥˧ tleu˥˧): northwestern Zunyi Prefecture\nTujia\nBuyi\nYi\nDong\nHui\nManchu", "China National Highway 210\nChina National Highway 306\nSichuan–Guizhou Railway\nChongqing–Guiyang high-speed railway\nZunyi Xinzhou Airport\nG4215 Rongzun Expressway\nG56 Hangzhou–Ruili Expressway\nG75 Lanzhou-Haikou Expressway\nA rapid transit system is in the planning stages for Zunyi.", "Zunyi is the economic and commercial hub of the North Guizhou Province. In 2019, Zunyi's GDP was CN¥348.3 billion (US$53 billion).", "Being known as the \"home of culture\" of Guizhou province, Zunyi, or the North-Guizhou area, is the education and economic centre of the province.", "The Zunyi Conference Memorial Museum is located in Honghuagang District, and consists of several sites related to the historical Zunyi Conference.", "Zunyi is home to the Zunyi Medical College (ZMC), which was formerly the Dalian Medical College founded in 1947. The College was moved from Dalian to Zunyi and renamed to the Zunyi Medical College with the approval of the State Council in 1969. Another college-level institution of in the city is the Zunyi Normal College (遵义师范学院).", "The rice liquor Maotai is produced in the town of Maotai, known as the \"national liquor of China.\" Zunyi is home to much chili pepper cultivation, and red sorghum is also grown in Zunyi, a key ingredient for baijiu in China.", "\"贵州遵义市长魏树旺出任遵义市委书记_人事风向_澎湃新闻-The Paper\". www.thepaper.cn. Retrieved 24 February 2021.\n\"黄伟 简历 - 人民网 地方领导资料库\". ldzl.people.com.cn. Retrieved 24 February 2021.\n\"China: Guìzhōu (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map\".\n\"Zunyi | China\". Encyclopedia Britannica.\nSchmidt, Jerry D. (20 June 2013). The Poet Zheng Zhen (1806-1864) and the Rise of Chinese Modernity. BRILL. ISBN 9789004252295. Retrieved 24 February 2021.\n\"CHINA TODAY\". www.chinatoday.com.cn. Retrieved 24 February 2021.\nZunyi City land use planning (2006-2020)\n遵义地区志：民族志. 1999. p. 103.\n\"HKTDC Research\". research.hktdc.com.\n\"Zunyi Conference Memorial Museum | govt.chinadaily.com.cn\". govt.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 1 March 2021.\n\"An Introduction to Zunyi Medical College (ZMC )\". 7 July 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07.\n\"遵义师范学院\" (in Chinese). Zync.edu.cn. Retrieved 2022-08-03.\n\"Zunyi Travel Guide\". Travel China Guide. Retrieved 21 February 2021.\n\"Collecting guide: Moutai — China's 'national liquor' | Christie's\". www.christies.com. Retrieved 21 February 2021.\n\"Feature: Zunyi: hot chilies, red sorghum and Red Army - Xinhua | English.news.cn\". www.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on July 12, 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2021.", "Official website" ]

[ "Zunyi", "History", "Geography and climate", "Administration", "Ethnic groups", "Transportation", "Economy", "Culture", "Museums & tourism", "Institutions of higher learning", "Food and liquor", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "" ]

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[ "Zunyi Bridge is a 461-metre-long (1,512 ft) bridge in Wujiangzhen, Zunyi County, Guizhou, China. The bridge forms part of China National Highway 210 between Zunyi and Guiyang. The bridge was opened in 1997 and spans 288 metres (945 ft) over the Wu River. The design is an unusual hybrid of both cable-stayed and suspension bridges.", "Wujiang Viaduct", "https://web.archive.org/web/20121015132607/http://highestbridges.com/wiki/index.php?title=Wujiang_River_Viaduct" ]

[ "Zunyi Bridge", "See also", "External links" ]

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[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/ZY_Zunyi_Airport.jpg" ]

[ "Zunyi Xinzhou Airport (IATA: ZYI, ICAO: ZUZY) is a dual-use military and civil airport serving the city of Zunyi in China's southwestern Guizhou Province. It is located in the town of Xinzhou in Xinpu New Area. The military air base was built in 1966 and completed in 1970.\nIn September 2009 construction was started to convert the air base to a dual-use airport, with an estimated total investment of 408 million yuan. The airport opened on 28 August 2012, with inaugural flights to Beijing and Guangzhou.", "The airport has a 2,800-meter runway (class 4C) and an 11,000 square meter terminal building that is designed to resemble the site of Zunyi Conference. It is projected to handle 300,000 passengers annually by 2020, although during its first year in operation the airport has already handled 309,531.", "", "List of airports in China\nList of the busiest airports in China\nList of People's Liberation Army Air Force airbases", "http://www.caac.gov.cn/XXGK/XXGK/TJSJ/201603/P020160331391016414029.xls\nAirport information for Zunyi Airport at Great Circle Mapper. \n\"北京遵义首航 南航贵州支线机场航线增至3条\". Carnoc. 2012-08-31.\n\"遵义机场改扩建完成投资1.38亿\". airnews.cn. 2010-12-17.\n\"遵义机场选定\"会址\"造型航站楼或年内启用\". Carnoc. 2011-07-11.\n\"民航机场业务量（排序）\". CAAC. 2014-04-07.\n\"China Southern to transfer first 13 services to Beijing Daxing Airport in Oct-2019 | Corporate Travel Community\". 4 July 2019." ]

[ "Zunyi Xinzhou Airport", "Facilities", "Airlines and destinations", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5360001 ]

[ 27238028, 27238029 ]

[ "Sharp, pyramids of brown-red zunyite from Silver City, Tintic District, East Tintic Mountains, Juab County, Utah, US (size: 5.5 x 5 x 3.5 cm)", "Glassy, translucent, gray-tan, pseudohexagonal zunyite crystals on a milky quartz matrix. From the Big Bertha Mine, Dome Rock Mountains, La Paz County, Arizona (size: 3.3 x 3.2 x 2.8 cm))", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Zunyite-199876.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Zunyite-Quartz-62278.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg" ]

[ "Zunyite is a sorosilicate mineral, Al₁₃Si₅O₂₀(OH,F)₁₈Cl, composed of aluminium, silicon, hydrogen, chlorine, oxygen, and fluorine.", "Zunyite occurs in highly aluminous shales and hydrothermally altered volcanic rocks. It occurs in association with pyrophyllite, kaolinite, alunite, diaspore, rutile, pyrite, hematite and quartz.\nIt was discovered in 1884, and named for its discovery site, the Zuni mine in the Silverton District, San Juan County, Colorado.", "Warr, L.N. (2021). \"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols\". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.\nHandbook of Mineralogy\nMindat.org\nWeb Mineral\nGlendale Community College; retrieved March 26, 2005.\nEuromin; retrieved March 26, 2005." ]

[ "Zunyite", "Occurrence", "References" ]

[ 5360002, 5360003, 5360004 ]

[ 27238030, 27238031 ]

[ "An illustration of Zuo Ci in Sancai Tuhui" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Zuo_Ci2.jpg" ]

[ "Zuo Ci (Chinese: 左慈), courtesy name Yuanfang, was a legendary personage of the late Eastern Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period (20 BC–280 AD) of China. Though he is known to be from Lujiang Commandery (盧江郡; around present-day Lu'an, Anhui), the years of his birth and death are unknown. It is believed that he had existed before the collapse of the Han dynasty, and it is claimed that he lived until the age of 300. He learned his magic and path to longevity from the Taoist sage Feng Heng (封衡), and eventually passed his arts to Ge Xuan.", "Zuo Ci studied atop Mount Tianzhu, practiced medicinal alchemy and nourished his vital essence by controlled breathing and Taoist sexual practices. It is said that he could live for long periods without eating. He was also learned in the Confucian classics and in astrology.\nThe Shenxian zhuan (Biographies of Divine Transcendents) says Zuo Ci was expert in fenshen multilocation, divination, the power of summoning the xingchu \"traveling kitchen\", and the practice of alchemy (Pregadio 2008: 1305).\nAt some time before 200, the local warlord Sun Ce, who was a strict Confucian, wanted to kill Zuo Ci and chased him on horseback. Zuo Ci, unmounted, still managed to escape by seemingly walking slowly.\nLater, Zuo Ci went to Cao Cao, who granted him a pension to do his magics. Cao Cao may have shown an interest in the Taoist approach to longevity by doing this, but his son Cao Zhi wrote that the pensions are only intended to keep the magicians and their wild teachings under control. Zuo Ci performed a number of magic acts in Cao Cao's court, such as catching an exotic fish from an empty copper pan, and teleporting far away to buy ginger. Zuo Ci once fed a whole court assembly with food and wine, but Cao Cao soon found out that Zuo Ci had emptied every wine shop in the region with his magic for this purpose. Cao Cao tried to execute Zuo Ci, but Zuo escaped by walking through walls. When someone reported that Zuo Ci had been sighted in the market, everyone in the market became identical to Zuo's appearance. Another report said Zuo Ci went to the mountaintop, so Cao Cao and his men went, and realised Zuo was concealed among a flock of sheep. Knowing he could not find him, Cao Cao announced to the flock of sheep that he was merely trying to test Zuo Ci's skill, and had no intention to kill him. At the moment, a goat stood on its hind legs and spoke. Cao Cao's men rushed to the goat, only to find the rest of the flock also turned into goats and started standing and speaking like humans. Zuo Ci was never found by Cao Cao's men again.\nZuo Ci eventually retired from the world to practise his arts in the mountains.", "As described in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Zuo Ci was a Taoist known under the name of Master Black Horn (烏角先生). The novel describes Zuo Ci's fictional attainment of Taoist powers and his subsequent mission to persuade Cao Cao to follow Taoism.\nZuo Ci wielded amazing Taoist power and was described as a psychic. He studied on Mount Emei in Sichuan, where he found The Book of Concealing Method (遁甲天書), from which he learned to \"ascend to the clouds astride the wind, to sail up into the great void itself;\" and how \"...to pass through mountains and penetrate rocks; ...to float light as vapor, over the seas, to become invisible at will or change [his] shape, to fling swords and project daggers so as to decapitate a man from a distance.\"\nZuo Ci offered Cao Cao the books if Cao himself became a disciple of Taoism. Cao Cao responded, \"Often have I reflected upon this course and struggled against my fate, but what can I do? There is no one to maintain the government,\" when Zuo Ci suggested Liu Bei and threatened Cao Cao, \" I may have to send one of my flying swords after your head one day\", Cao accused Zuo of being one of Liu Bei's agents, and threatened him. Zuo Ci openly mocked Cao Cao in court and Cao had him arrested; the guards beat Zuo cruelly, but the Taoist then fell asleep and slept soundly through the night. This enraged Cao Cao, who ordered Zuo Ci to be starved of food, this also failed as Zuo quite happily went seven days without food or water. After this Cao Cao could think of nothing else to punish Zuo Ci. When Zuo Ci appeared at Cao Cao's banquet, Cao tested him by asking to get, among other things, a dragon's liver, a peony, and perch from the Song River. Zuo Ci accomplished everything, which drew further suspicion from Cao Cao. Zuo Ci then offered a cup of wine to Cao Cao, who said that Zuo should taste first. Zuo Ci took a stick and divided the wine in half, and drank one half. Cao Cao was enraged.\nAs a result, Cao Cao ordered Zuo Ci to be executed, but Zuo had disappeared. Cao Cao sent his general Xu Chu to capture Zuo Ci, Xu saw Zuo walking among a flock of sheep and slew the flock, thinking Zuo had become a sheep; when Xu had left the shepherd boy who had been tending the flock heard one of the sheep's heads telling him to place the heads next to the bodies to bring them back to life, the boy did this and the sheep returned to life. After Xu Chu failed to capture Zuo Ci, Cao Cao put out posters calling for Zuo Ci's capture, and as a result hundreds of men matching the exact description of Zuo were found, and Cao ordered them all executed. When they were all executed black vapor rose from their necks where they joined to form another image of Zuo Ci. The image summoned a crane for him to sit on, and Cao Cao had archers to shoot him down. Suddenly, a gust of wind brought the decapitated corpses back to life. The reanimated corpses carried their heads and started to beat Cao Cao. Cao Cao fainted due to shock, the winds died down, and Zuo Ci disappeared along with the corpses.", "Zuo Ci is featured as a playable character in Koei's Dynasty Warriors and Warriors Orochi video game series.\nIn the Shaw Brothers film Five Element Ninjas, Zuo Ci was briefly mentioned in the film for being a founder of Ninjutsu with his Taoist arts. It was said that he used them to trick Cao Cao during his battles. This is referenced in another Shaw Brothers film, The Weird Man, where he tricked Cao Cao with his sorcery and he was also Yu Ji's spiritual brother.", "Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms", "de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A biographical dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0..\nFan, Ye (5th century). Book of the Later Han (Houhanshu), Volume 82, Part 2.\nGe, Hong (c. 4th century). Baopuzi.\nLuo, Guanzhong (14th century). Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Yanyi).\nPregadio, Fabrizio (2008), \"Zuo Ci 左慈,\" in Fabrizio Pregadio, ed., The Encyclopedia of Taoism, Routledge, 1304-1305." ]

[ "Zuo Ci", "In historical texts", "In Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "In popular culture", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5360005 ]

[ 27238032, 27238033, 27238034, 27238035, 27238036, 27238037, 27238038, 27238039, 27238040, 27238041, 27238042, 27238043, 27238044, 27238045, 27238046, 27238047 ]

[ "Zuo Quan" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Zuo_Quan.jpg" ]

[ "Zuo Quan (Chinese: 左权; 15 March 1905 – 2 June 1942), also named Zuo Shuren (左叔仁), born in Liling, Hunan, was a general in the Chinese Red Army during the Chinese revolution and the war against Japan, and a senior staff officer of the Eighth Route Army. He died in combat in 1942.\nZuo graduated in the first class of Whampoa Military Academy, joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1925, and helped to found a secret organization amongst Whampoa's pro-communist students, the Huoxingshe, and later another called Young Soldiers United (Qingnian Junren Lianhehui). Zuo was appointed a company commander in the Nationalist Army after graduation. After the CCP's split with the Kuomintang, Zuo travelled to Moscow where he studied at Sun Yatsen University and then the Soviet Military Academy, graduating in 1930. Zuo travelled back to China, arriving in Shanghai with Liu Bocheng, and was sent to the Soviet area in Jiangxi. Zuo became an instructor and then commandant of the First Branch, Red Army Military Academy, and later assumed command of the New 12th Army. After 1933 Zuo was appointed the First Army Group Chief of Staff, and participated in the Long March. When the Anti Japanese War began in 1937, Zuo became the Deputy Chief of Staff, Eighth Route Army, and was a key organizer in 1938-39 of the highly successful rear area behind Japanese lines upon which the Eighth Route Army's reputation was built. From August to December 1940, Zuo participated in the leadership of the Hundred Regiments Campaign. In 1941, when the Social Affairs Department (Shehuibu) sent an intelligence detachment to the Eighth Route Army to support it, that group was at first sponsored by Zuo Quan who subordinated it to his own staff within a year and subsequently controlled its tasking, personnel, and operations. While under Zuo the detachment successfully established intelligence stations behind enemy lines throughout the Taihang-Shandong area, and set up an agent network in Peiping. In May–June 1942 Zuo engaged in battles to cover the retreat of the Eighth Route Army, and was fatally wounded by a Japanese artillery shell on 2 June 1942 while leading a breakout. After his death the CCP renamed Liao County in Shanxi Province Zuoquan County, in his honor.", "\"特殊原因：解放军20位未获受衔的高级将领\" (in Chinese).\n\"Zhongguo Ershi Shiji Jishi Benmo, pp. 107-108\". \n\"Huxue Shuxun, pp. 6-15\". Zhao Yongtian, Junshi Kexue Chubanshe." ]

[ "Zuo Quan", "References" ]

[ 5360006 ]

[ 27238048 ]

[ "Zuo River scenery in Fusui", "Watershed of the Pearl River", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/%E6%89%B6%E7%BB%A5%E5%B7%A6%E6%B1%9F%E9%A3%8E%E5%85%89.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Zhujiangrivermap.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Jiuqu_Brook_in_Wuyi_Mountains.jpg" ]

[ "The Zuo River (Chinese: 左江; pinyin: Zuǒjiāng; lit. 'Left River',Vietnamese: Tả Giang) is a river of Guangxi, China. It begins from the confluence of the Bằng River and Kỳ Cùng River near Longzhou and joins the You River (\"Right River\") near Nanning to form the Yong River. These rivers form part of the Pearl River system, which flows into the South China Sea near Guangzhou. The Zuo River historically was the main communication route in the area, linking the villages of the Zuo Valley to each other, to major Chinese centres to the north and east and to southern territories that are now part of Vietnam.", "Demattè, Paola (June 2015). \"Travel and landscape: the Zuo River Valley rock art of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China\". Antiquity. 89 (345): 613–628. doi:10.15184/aqy.2014.49.", "List of rivers in China" ]

[ "Zuo River", "References", "See also" ]

[ 5360007, 5360008, 5360009 ]

[ 27238049 ]

[ "Photograph of Zuo Zongtang, late 19th century", "", "The map showing Zuo's campaign against Dungan rebels and Yaqub Beg in Xinjiang", "Portrait of Zuo Zongtang, by Piassetsky, 1875", "Tomb of Zuo Zongtang in Yuhua District, Changsha, Hunan." ]

[ 0, 5, 5, 7, 8 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Zuo_Zongtang_1875.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Governor-General_of_Shan%E2%80%99gan%2C_Zuo_Zongtang%2C_in_Civilian_Dress_with_a_Peacock_Feather_in_His_Hat._Lanzhou%2C_Gansu_Province%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL1903.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Dungan_Revolt_Map.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Zuo_Zongtang.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Tomb_of_Zuo_Zongtang%2C_picture3.jpg" ]

[ "Zuo Zongtang, Marquis Kejing (also spelled Tso Tsung-t'ang; [tswɔ̀ tsʊ́ŋtʰɑ̌ŋ]; November 10, 1812 – September 5, 1885), sometimes referred to as General Tso, was a Chinese statesman and military leader of the late Qing dynasty.\nBorn in Xiangyin County, Hunan Province, Zuo sat for the imperial examination in his youth but obtained only a juren degree. He then spent his time studying agriculture, geography and military strategy. In 1851, he started his career in the Qing military by participating in the campaign against the Taiping Rebellion. In 1862, he was recommended by Zeng Guofan to serve as the provincial governor of Zhejiang Province. During his term, he coordinated Qing forces to attack the Taiping rebels with support from British and French forces. For this success, he was promoted to Viceroy of Min-Zhe. After capturing Hangzhou from the Taiping rebels in 1864, he was enfeoffed as a first class count. In 1866, as part of the Qing government's Self-Strengthening Movement, Zuo oversaw the construction of the Fuzhou Arsenal and naval academy. That same year, he was reassigned to serve as the Viceroy of Shaan-Gan, where he oversaw industrialization in Gansu Province. In 1867, he was appointed as an Imperial Commissioner in charge of military affairs in Gansu.\nDuring his term as Imperial Commissioner in Gansu, he participated in the suppression of the Nian Rebellion. In 1875, he was appointed Imperial Commissioner again to supervise military action against the Dungan Revolt. By the late 1870s, he had crushed the Dungan Revolt and recaptured Xinjiang Province from rebel forces. In 1875, the Guangxu Emperor made an extraordinary exception by awarding Zuo a jinshi degree – even though Zuo never achieved this in the imperial examination – and appointing him to the Hanlin Academy. In 1878, in recognition of his achievements, Zuo was promoted from a first class count to a second class marquis. He was reassigned to serve as the Viceroy of Liangjiang in 1881 and appointed to the Grand Council in 1884, before being made an Imperial Commissioner again to oversee naval affairs. He died in 1885 in Fuzhou, Fujian Province, and was given the posthumous name Wenxiang.\nWhile Zuo is best known outside China for his military exploits, he also made contributions to Chinese agricultural science and education. In particular, he promoted cotton cultivation to northwestern China as a replacement for cash crop opium and established a large-scale modern press in Shaanxi and Gansu provinces which published Confucian classics and newer works on agricultural science.\nThe dish General Tso's chicken in American Chinese cuisine was named for Zuo, though there is no recorded connection between him and the meal.", "Zuo Zongtang's family name was Zuo and his given name was Zongtang. His courtesy name was Jigao (季高; Jìgāo) or Cun (存; Cún). His art name (or pseudonym) was Xiangshang Nongren (湘上農人; 湘上农人; Xiāngshàng Nóngrén), which means \"peasant from Xiang\". He often signed off by the name Jinliang (今亮; Jīnliàng), which means \"(Zhuge) Liang of today\", since he liked to compare himself with Zhuge Liang.\nThe titles of nobility he held were First Class Count Kejing (一等恪靖伯; Yīděng Kèjìng Bó) from 1864 to 1878, and Second Class Marquis Kejing (二等恪靖侯; Èrděng Kèjìng Hóu) from 1878 to his death in 1885. Zuo's posthumous name, granted by the Qing imperial court, was Wenxiang (文襄; Wénxiāng).\nZuo was nicknamed \"Zuo Luozi\" (左騾子; Zuǒ Luózǐ) (\"Zuo the mule\") for his stubbornness.", "", "Zuo was born in 1812 in a land-holding family in Xiangyin County, Hunan Province. His family paid for him to attend a local private school starting from the age of five, where he mastered the Confucian classics. At the age of 20, he qualified to attend the Imperial Academy.\nZuo's career got an inauspicious start when, in his youth, he failed the imperial examination seven times (ca. 1822–1835). He decided to abandon his plans to become an official and returned to his home by the Xiang River to farm silkworms, read, and drink tea. It was during this period that he first directed his attention to the study of Western sciences and political economy.", "When the Taiping Rebellion broke out in 1850, Zuo, then 38 years old, was hired as an advisor to Zeng Guofan, the governor of Hunan. In 1856, he was formally offered a position in the provincial government of Hunan. In 1860, Zuo was given command of a force of 5,000 volunteers, the Xiang Army (later known as \"Chu Army\"), and by September of that year, he drove the Taiping rebels out of Hunan and Guangxi provinces, into coastal Zhejiang Province. Zuo captured the city of Shaoxing and, from there, pushed south into Fujian and Guangdong provinces, where the revolt had first begun. In 1863, Zuo was appointed Provincial Governor of Zhejiang and an Undersecretary of War.\nIn August 1864, Zuo, together with Zeng Guofan, dethroned the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom's teenage ruler, Hong Tianguifu, and brought an end to the rebellion. He was created \"First Class Count Kejing\" for his part in suppressing the rebellion. He, Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang were called Zeng, Zuo, Li, the leaders in suppressing the rebellion.\nIn 1865, Zuo was appointed Viceroy and Governor-General of Fujian and Zhejiang. As Commissioner of Naval Industries, Zuo founded China's first modern shipyard and naval academy in Fuzhou the following year.", "Zuo Zongtang in 1875\nZuo's successes continued. In 1867, he became Viceroy of Shaanxi and Gansu provinces and Imperial Commissioner of the armed forces in Shaanxi. In 1884, his fellow Xiang Army officer, Liu Jintang, was appointed as the first governor of Xinjiang Province. The Governor of Xinjiang was the subordinate to the Viceroy of Shaanxi and Gansu.\nIn these capacities, Zuo succeeded in putting down another uprising, the Nian Rebellion, in 1868.\nAfter this military success, Zuo marched west with his army of 120,000, winning many victories with advanced Western weapons in the Dungan Revolt in northwestern China (Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai and Xinjiang provinces) in the 1870s.\nSeveral Hui Muslim generals, such as Ma Zhan'ao, Ma Anliang, Ma Qianling, Dong Fuxiang, and Ma Haiyan from Hezhou, who had defected to Zuo's army, helped him crush the \"Muslim rebels\". Zuo rewarded them by relocating the Han Chinese from the suburbs of Hezhou to another place and allowing their troops to stay in the Hezhou suburbs as long as they did not live in the city itself.\nIn 1878, Zuo successfully suppressed Yakub Beg's uprising and helped to negotiate an end to Russian occupation of the border city of Ili. He was vocal in the debate at the Qing imperial court over what to do with the Xinjiang situation, advocating for Xinjiang to become a province, in opposition to Li Hongzhang, who wanted to abandon what he called \"useless Xinjiang\" and concentrate on defending China's coastal areas. However, Zuo won the debate, Xinjiang was made a province, and many administrative functions were staffed by his Hunan officers.\nZuo was outspoken in calling for war against the Russian Empire, hoping to settle the matter by attacking Russian forces in Xinjiang with his Xiang Army. In 1878, when tension increased in Xinjiang, Zuo massed Qing forces toward the Russian-occupied Kuldja. The Canadian Spectator stated in 1878, \"News from Turkestan says the Chinese are concentrating against Kuldja, a post in Kashgar occupied by the Russians... It is reported that a Russian expedition from Yart Vernaic has been fired upon by Chinese troops and forced to return.\" The Russians were afraid of the Qing forces, thousands of whom were armed with modern weapons and trained by European officers. Because the Russian forces near the Qing Empire's border were under-manned and under-equipped, they agreed to negotiate.\nZuo's troops were armed with modern German Dreyse needle rifles and Krupp artillery as well as experimental weapons.\nFor his contributions to his nation and monarch, Zuo was appointed a Grand Secretary to the Grand Secretariat in 1874 and elevated to \"Second Class Marquis Kejing\" in 1878.", "Zuo was appointed to the Grand Council, the cabinet of the Qing Empire at the time, in 1880. Uneasy with bureaucratic politics, Zuo asked to be relieved of his duties and was appointed Viceroy of Liangjiang in 1881. In 1884, upon the outbreak of the Sino-French War, Zuo received his fourth and last commission as commander-in-chief and Imperial Commissioner of the military and Inspector-General overseeing coastal defences in Fujian Province.", "Zuo was admired by many generals who came after him. During the Republican era, the Kuomintang general Bai Chongxi wanted to reconquer Xinjiang for the Nationalist government, in Zuo's style, and expelled Russian influence from the area. Zuo was also referred to by Kuomintang general Ma Zhongying (a descendant of a Salar noble) as one of his models, as Ma led the National Revolutionary Army's 36th Division to reconquer Xinjiang for the Nationalist government from the pro-Soviet governor Jin Shuren during the Kumul Rebellion.\nWhile Zuo is best known for his military acumen, he believed that the key to peace and stability lay in an educated, prosperous citizenry. He sometimes referred to himself by his art name, \"peasant from Xiang\", and was keenly interested in agriculture. He advocated the scientific reform of commercial agriculture both as a way to strengthen China's economic self-sufficiency and also as a way to manage civilian populations by improving their standard of living and controlling the kinds of crops they grew. During the 12 years he spent in northwestern China, he undertook extensive agricultural research on different crops and methods. Comparing the benefits and indications of two ancient agricultural methods, the more established long field, crop rotation method (代田法) and the less common intensive, small-field method (區田法), Zuo believed that the latter method, cultivating small fields of densely-planted monocultures, was more suitable to the dry, extreme climate of the northwest region. To promote this method, he authored two pamphlets explaining the method which were then distributed freely to local farming communities. Zuo also recognised the threat of opium to the nation's stability and economic health and advocated replacing opium poppies with cotton as the major cash crop in Gansu and Shaanxi provinces. He authorised the large scale distribution of cotton seeds and published pamphlets on its cultivation and processing. In 1878, he also oversaw the establishment of a large weaving factory in present-day Mulan County, Gansu Province, with the aim of creating a new textile industry in the region and providing socially-acceptable employment to women.\nIn addition to managing the peasantry by improving their economic circumstances, Zuo also believed that increasing access to traditional Chinese philosophy would help to pacify areas experiencing unrest and ultimately create a more contented and unified populace. To this end, Zuo set up a printing press in northwestern China which printed Chinese classics, as well as agricultural pamphlets. When Zuo first arrived in the region, a decade of constant warfare had virtually stopped all publishing in the region. Zuo prioritised reestablishing the printing industry a priority and thousands of copies of the publications he authorised were distributed in Ningxia, Qinghai, Gansu, Shaanxi and Xinjiang. Printing appears to have stopped when Zuo returned to Beijing, but the endeavour is credited with inspiring later printing presses.", "Zuo's great-grandparents were Zuo Fengsheng (左逢聖) and Madam Jiang (蔣氏). His grandparents were Zuo Renjin (左人錦) and Madam Yang (楊氏). His parents were Zuo Guanlan (左觀瀾; 1778–1830) and Madam Yu (余氏; 1775–1827).\nZuo had two elder brothers: Zuo Zongyu (左宗棫; 1799–1823) and Zuo Zongzhi (左宗植; 1804–1872).\nIn 1832, Zuo married Zhou Yiduan (周詒端; 1812–1870), a woman from Paitou Township, Xiangtan County in Hunan Province. Zhou's courtesy name was \"Junxin\" (筠心). They had four daughters and four sons as follows:\nZuo Xiaoyu (左孝瑜; 1833–?), courtesy name Shenjuan (慎娟), Zuo's first daughter. She married Tao Zhu's son, Tao Guang (陶桄). She wrote Shi Shiwu Shicao (小石屋詩草).\nZuo Xiaoqi (左孝琪; 1834–1873), courtesy name Jingzhai (靜齋), Zuo's second daughter. She wrote Yilan Shi Shicao (猗蘭室詩草).\nZuo Xiaolin (左孝琳; 1837–?), courtesy name Xiangju (湘娵), Zuo's third daughter. She married Li Fuchang (黎福昌) from Xiangtan County. She wrote Qionghua Ge Shicao (瓊華閣詩草).\nZuo Xiaobin (左孝璸; 1837–?), courtesy name Shaohua (少華), Zuo's fourth daughter. She married Zhou Yibiao (周翼標) from Xiangtan County. She wrote Dan Ru Zhai Yishi (淡如齋遺詩).\nZuo Xiaowei (左孝威; 1846–1873), courtesy name Zizhong (子重), Zuo's first son.\nZuo Xiaokuan (左孝寬; 1847–?), Zuo's second son.\nZuo Xiaoxun (左孝勳; 1853–?), Zuo's third son.\nZuo Xiaotong (左孝同; 1857–1924), courtesy name Ziyi (子異), Zuo's fourth son.", "The dish General Tso's chicken in American Chinese cuisine was introduced in New York in the 1970s, inspired by a dish originally prepared by Peng Chang-kuei, a Taiwanese chef specialising in Hunan cuisine. Peng named the dish in honour of Zuo Zongtang.\nOne charming story, for which no evidence is offered, credits the Chinese and Southeast Asian stuffed pancake Apam balik to the general. He is said to have invented it as a way to use local products and save his men from more expensive ingredients.", "Tomb of Zuo Zongtang\nTaiping Rebellion\nDungan Revolt (1862–77)\nXinjiang under Qing rule\nQing reconquest of Xinjiang", "", "Hummel, Arthur W. Sr., ed. (1943). \"Tso Tsung-t'ang\" . Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office.\n白, 玉岱 (2011). 甘肃出版史略 (Illustrated ed.). 读者出版集团. p. 221. ISBN 978-7-5423-2445-0.\nLeung, Pak-Wah (2002). Political Leaders of Modern China: A Biographical Dictionary (Illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 221. ISBN 0-313-30216-2.\nWilliam Leslie Bales (1937). Tso Tsungt'ang, soldier and statesman of old China. Kelly and Walsh, Limited. p. 436.\nMichael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects. Richmond: Curzon Press. pp. 68, 136. ISBN 0-7007-1026-4.\nJonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 127, 140. ISBN 0-295-97644-6.\nThe Canadian spectator, Volume 1. 1878. p. 462.\nDiana Lary (1974). Region and nation: the Kwangsi clique in Chinese politics, 1925-1937. Cambridge University Press. p. 124. ISBN 0-521-20204-3.\nChristian Tyler (2004). Wild West China: the taming of Xinjiang. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 109. ISBN 0-8135-3533-6.\nEverington, Keoni. \"Inventor of General Tso's Chicken dies in Taipei at age 98 | Taiwan News\". Taiwan News. Retrieved December 3, 2016.\nCoe, Andrew. Chop Suey: A Cultural History of Chinese Food in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 241-242\nThe Search for General Tso. Cheney, Ian. Documentary, 2014\nDadoun, Sarah-Eden. \"Apam Balik\". 196 Flavors. Retrieved June 8, 2022.", "Chen, Ch'i-tian (1938). Tso Tsung T'ang, Pioneer Promoter of the Modern Dockyard and the Woolen Mill in China. Paragon Book Gallery.\nHummel, Arthur W. Sr., ed. (1943). \"Tso Tsung-t'ang\" . Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office.\nHsü, Immanuel C. Y. (1965). The Ili Crisis: A Study of Sino-Russian Diplomacy, 1871-1881. Oxford: Clarendon Press.\nLavelle, Peter B. (2020). The Profits of Nature: Colonial Development and the Quest for Resources in Nineteenth-Century China. NY: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231194709.", "Quotations related to Zuo Zongtang at Wikiquote" ]

[ "Zuo Zongtang", "Names", "Biography", "Early life", "Taiping Rebellion", "Success and appointments", "Later life and death", "Legacy", "Family", "General Tso's chicken", "See also", "References", "Citations", "Sources", "External links" ]

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[ "Zuo Zhuan title page, Ming dynasty print (16th century)", "Ming dynasty Zuo zhuan, edited by Min Qiji (閔齊伋; b. 1580), printed 1616. The introduction, which begins on the left page, notes that the Annals and Zuo Zhuan \"were not originally arranged together\" (wèi shǐ xiāng péi hé yě 未始相配合也)." ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Li_Yuanyang_Zuo_zhuan_first_page.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Zuo_zhuan%2C_Min_Qiji_edition%2C_title_page.png" ]

[ "The Zuo Zhuan ([tswò ʈʂwân]; Chinese: 左傳; Wade–Giles: Tso chuan), generally translated The Zuo Tradition or The Commentary of Zuo, is an ancient Chinese narrative history that is traditionally regarded as a commentary on the ancient Chinese chronicle Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu 春秋). It comprises 30 chapters covering a period from 722 to 468 BC, and focuses mainly on political, diplomatic, and military affairs from that era.\nFor many centuries, the Zuo Zhuan was the primary text through which educated Chinese gained an understanding of their ancient history. Unlike the other two surviving Annals commentaries—the Gongyang and Guliang commentaries—the Zuo Zhuan does not simply explain the wording of the Annals, but greatly expounds upon its historical background, and contains many rich and lively accounts of Spring and Autumn period (771–476 BC) history and culture. The Zuo Zhuan is the source of more Chinese sayings and idioms than any other classical work, and its concise, flowing style came to be held as a paragon of elegant Classical Chinese. Its tendency toward third-person narration and portraying characters through direct speech and action became hallmarks of Chinese narrative in general, and its style was imitated by historians, storytellers, and ancient style prose masters for over 2000 years of subsequent Chinese history.\nThe Zuo Zhuan has long been regarded as \"a masterpiece of grand historical narrative\", but its early textual history is largely unknown, and the nature of its original composition and authorship have been widely debated. The \"Zuo\" of the title was traditionally believed to refer to one \"Zuo Qiuming\"—an obscure figure of the 5th century BC described as a blind disciple of Confucius—but there is little actual evidence to support this. Most scholars now generally believe that the Zuo Zhuan was originally an independent work composed during the 4th century BC that was later rearranged as a commentary to the Annals.", "", "Despite its longstanding status as the paragon of Classical Chinese prose, little is known of the Zuo Zhuan′s creation and early history. Bamboo and silk manuscripts excavated from late Warring States period (c. 300 BC) tombs, combined with analyses of its language, diction, chronological references, and philosophical viewpoints, suggest that the Zuo Zhuan's composition was largely complete by 300 BC. However, no pre-Han dynasty (202 BC – AD 220) source indicates that the Zuo Zhuan had to that point been organized into any coherent form. No pre-Han dynasty texts directly refer to the Zuo Zhuan as a source, although a few mention its parent text Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋; Chunqiu). The Zuo Zhuan seems to have had no distinct title of its own during this period, but seems to have simply been called \"Annals (Chunqiu)\" along with a larger group of similar texts. \nIn the 3rd century AD, the Chinese scholar Du Yu intercalated the Zuo Zhuan with the Annals so that each Annals entry was followed by the corresponding narrative from the Zuo Zhuan. This became the received format of the Zuo Zhuan that exists today. Most modern scholars believe that the Zuo Zhuan was originally an independent work composed during the latter half of the 4th century BC—though probably incorporating some older material—that was later rearranged as a commentary to the Annals.", "Sima Qian's 1st century BC Records of the Grand Historian, the first of China's 24 dynastic histories, refers to the Zuo Zhuan as \"Master Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals\" (Zuoshi Chunqiu 左氏春秋) and attributes it to a man named \"Zuo Qiuming\" (or possibly \"Zuoqiu Ming\"). According to Sima Qian, after Confucius' death his disciples began disagreeing over their interpretations of the Annals, and so Zuo Qiuming gathered together Confucius' scribal records and used them to compile the Zuo Annals in order to \"preserve the true teachings.\"\nThis \"Zuo Qiuming\" whom Sima Qian references was traditionally assumed to be the Zuo Qiuming who briefly appears in the Analects of Confucius when Confucius praises him for his moral judgment. Other than this brief mention, nothing is concretely known of the life or identity of the Zuo Qiuming of the Analects, nor of what connection he might have with the Zuo Zhuan. This traditional assumption that the title's \"Master Zuo\" refers to the Zuo Qiuming of the Analects is not based on any specific evidence, and was challenged by scholars as early as the 8th century. Some modern scholars have observed that even if the Zuo Qiuming of the Analects is the \"Zuo\" referenced in the Zuo Zhuan′s title, this attribution is questionable because the Zuo Zhuan describes events from the late Spring and Autumn period (c. 771–476 BC) that Zuo could not have known.\nAlternatively, a number of scholars, beginning in the 18th century, have suggested that the Zuo Zhuan was actually the product of one Wu Qi (吳起; d. 381 or 378 BC), a military leader who served in the State of Wei and who, according to the Han Feizi, was from a place called \"Zuoshi\". In 1792, the scholar Yao Nai wrote: \"The text [Zuo zhuan] did not come from one person. There were repeated accretions and additions, with those of Wu Qi and his followers being especially numerous....\"", "In the early 19th century, the Chinese scholar Liu Fenglu (劉逢祿; 1776–1829) initiated a long, drawn-out controversy when he proposed, by emphasizing certain discrepancies between it and the Annals, that the Zuo Zhuan was not originally a commentary on the Annals. Liu's theory was taken much further by the prominent scholar and reformer Kang Youwei, who argued that Liu Xin did not really find the \"ancient script\" version of the Zuo zhuan in the imperial archives, as historical records describe, but actually forged it as a commentary on the Annals. Kang's theory was that Liu Xin—who with his father Liu Xiang, the imperial librarian, was one of the first to have access to the rare documents in the Han dynasty's imperial archives—took the Discourses of the States (Guoyu 國語) and forged it into a chronicle-like work to fit the format of the Annals in an attempt to lend credibility to the policies of his master, the usurper Wang Mang.\nKang's theory was supported by several subsequent Chinese scholars in the late 19th century, but was contradicted by many 20th-century studies that examined it from many different perspectives. In the early 1930s, the French Sinologist Henri Maspero performed a detailed textual study of the issue, concluding the Han dynasty forgery theory to be untenable. The Swedish Sinologist Bernhard Karlgren concluded, based on a series of linguistic and philological analyses he carried out in the 1920s, that the Zuo Zhuan is a genuine ancient text \"probably to be dated between 468 and 300 BC.\" While Liu's hypothesis that the Zuo zhuan was not originally an Annals commentary has been generally accepted, Kang's theory of Liu Xin forging the Zuo Zhuan is now considered discredited.", "The oldest surviving Zuo Zhuan manuscripts are six fragments that were discovered among the Dunhuang manuscripts in the early 20th century by the French Sinologist Paul Pelliot and are now held at the Bibliothèque Nationale de France. Four of the fragments date to the Six Dynasties period (3rd to 6th centuries), while the other two date to the early Tang dynasty (7th century). The oldest known complete Zuo Zhuan manuscript is the \"ancient manuscript scroll\" preserved at the Kanazawa Bunko Museum in Yokohama, Japan.", "", "The Zuo Zhuan recounts the major political, military, and social events of the Spring and Autumn period from the perspective of the State of Lu. The book is famous \"for its dramatic power and realistic details\". It contains a variety of tense and dramatic episodes: battles and fights, royal assassinations and murder of concubines, deception and intrigue, excesses, citizens' oppression and insurgences, and appearances of ghosts and cosmic portents.\nEach Zuo zhuan chapter begins with the Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu) entry for the year, which is usually terse and brief, followed by the Zuo Zhuan content for that year, which often contains long and detailed narratives. The entries follow the strict chronological format of the Annals, so interrelated episodes and the actions of individual characters are sometimes separated by events that occurred in the intervening years. The following entry, though unusually short, exemplifies the general format of all Zuo Zhuan entries.\nAnnals\n三十有一年，春，築臺于郎。夏，四月，薛伯卒。築臺于薛。六月，齊侯來獻戎捷。秋，築臺于秦。冬，不雨。\n\nIn the 31st year, in spring, a terrace was built in Lang. In summer, in the 4th month, the Liege of Xue died. A terrace was built at Xue. In the 6th month, the Prince of Qi came to present spoils from the Rong. In autumn, a terrace was built in Qin. In winter, it did not rain.\n(Zuo)\n三十一年，夏，六月，齊侯來獻戎捷，非禮也。凡諸侯有四夷之功，則獻于王，王以警于夷，中國則否。諸侯不相遺俘。\n\nIn the 31st year, in summer, in the 6th month, the Prince of Qi came here to present spoils from the Rong: this was not in accordance with ritual propriety. In all cases when the princes achieve some merit against the Yi of the four directions, they present these spoils to the king, and the king thereby issues a warning to the Yi. This was not done in the central domains. The princes do not present captives to one another.\n— 31st year of Lord Zhuang (663 BC) (Durrant, Li, and Schaberg, trans.)", "Zuo Zhuan narratives have a famously terse and succinct quality that was admired and imitated throughout Chinese history and usually focus either on speeches that illustrate ethical values, or on anecdotes in which the details of the story illuminate specific ethical points. Its narratives are characterized by parataxis, where clauses are juxtaposed with little verbal indication of their causal relationships with each other. On the other hand, the speeches and recorded discourses of the Zuo Zhuan are frequently lively, ornate, and verbally complex.", "Although the Zuo Zhuan was probably not originally a commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu 春秋), a work which was traditionally ascribed to Confucius, its basic philosophical outlook is also strongly Confucian in nature. The Zuo Zhuan's overarching theme is that haughty, evil, and stupid people generally bring disaster upon themselves, while those who are good, wise, and humble are usually justly rewarded. The Confucian principle of \"ritual propriety\" or \"ceremony\" (lǐ 禮) is seen as governing all actions, including war, and to bring bad consequences if transgressed. However, the observance of li is never shown as guaranteeing victory, and the Zuo Zhuan includes many examples of the good and innocent suffering senseless violence. Much of the Zuo Zhuan′s status as a literary masterpiece stems from its \"relentlessly realistic portrayal of a turbulent era marked by violence, political strife, intrigues, and moral laxity\".\nThe narratives of the Zuo Zhuan are highly didactic in nature, and are presented in such a way that they teach and illustrate moral principles. The German Sinologist Martin Kern observed: \"Instead of offering authorial judgments or catechistic hermeneutics, the Zuo Zhuan lets its moral lessons unfold within the narrative itself, teaching at once history and historical judgment.\" Unlike the Histories of Herodotus or the History of the Peloponnesian War of Thucydides, with which it is roughly contemporary, the Zuo Zhuan′s narration always remains in the third person perspective, and presents as a dispassionate recorder of facts.", "Several of the Zuo Zhuan′s most famous sections are those dealing with critical historical battles, such as the Battle of Chengpu and the Battle of Bi. The Battle of Chengpu, the first of the Zuo Zhuan′s great battles, took place in the summer of 632 BC at Chengpu (now Juancheng County, Shandong Province) in the State of Wey. On one side were the troops of the powerful State of Chu, from what was then far southern China, led by the Chu prime minister Cheng Dechen. They were opposed by the armies of the State of Jin, led by Chong'er, Duke of Jin, one of the most prominent and well known figures in the Zuo Zhuan. Chu suffered a disastrous defeat in the battle itself, and it resulted in Chong'er being named Hegemon (bà 霸) of the various states.\n     己巳，晉師陳于莘北，胥臣以下軍之佐，當陳蔡；\n     On the day ji-si the Jin army encamped at [Chengpu]. The Jin commander Xu Chen, who was acting as assistant to the leader of the lower army, prepared to oppose the troops of Chen and Cai.\n     子玉以若敖之六卒，將中軍，曰，今日必無晉矣，子西將左，子上將右；\n     On the Chu side, Dechen, with the 600 men of the Ruo'ao family, was acting as commander of the central army. \"Today, mark my word, Jin will be wiped out!\" he said. Dou Yishen was acting as commander of the left wing of the Chu army, and Dou Bo as commander of the right wing.\n     胥臣蒙馬以虎皮，先犯陳蔡，陳蔡奔，楚右師潰；\n     Xu Chen, having cloaked his horses in tiger skins, led the attack by striking directly at the troops of Chen and Cai. The men of Chen and Cai fled, and the right wing of the Chu army was thus routed.\n     狐毛設二旆而退之，欒枝使輿曳柴而偽遁，楚師馳之，原軫，郤溱，以中軍公族橫擊之，狐毛，狐偃，以上軍夾攻子西，楚左師潰;\n     Hu Mao [the commander of the Jin upper army] hoisted two pennons and began to retreat, while Luan Zhi [the commander of the Jin lower army] had his men drag brushwood over the ground to simulate the dust of a general rout. The Chu forces raced after in pursuit, whereupon Yuan Chen and Xi Chen, leading the duke's own select troops of the central army, fell upon them from either side. Hu Mao and Hu Yan, leading the upper army, turned about and likewise attacked Dou Yishen from either side, thereby routing the left wing of the Chu army. \n     楚師敗績，子玉收其卒而止，故不敗。\n     Thus the Chu army suffered a resounding defeat. Only Dechen, who had kept his troops back and had not attempted to pursue the enemy, as a result managed to escape defeat.\n— from Zuo zhuan, 28th year of Duke Xi (632 BC) (Burton Watson, trans.)\nThe narrative of the Battle of Chengpu is typical of Zuo zhuan battle narratives. The description of the battle itself is relatively brief, with most of the narrative being focused on battle preparations, omens and prognostications regarding its outcome, the division of the spoils, and the shifts and defections of the various allied states involved in the conflict. This \"official [and] restrained\" style, which became typical of Chinese historical writing, is largely due to the ancient Chinese belief that ritual propriety and strategic preparation were more important in determining the outcome of battles than individual valor or bravery.", "Several of the most notable passages in the Zuo Zhuan describe succession crises, which seem to have been fairly common in China during the Spring and Autumn period. These crises often involved the \"tangled affections\" of the various rulers, and are described in a dramatic and vivid manner that gives insight into the lives of China's aristocratic elite during the mid-1st millennium BC. The best known of these stories is that of Duke Zhuang of Zheng, who ruled the State of Zheng from 743 to 701 BC. Duke Zhuang was born \"in a manner that startled\" his mother (probably breech birth), which caused her to later seek to persuade her husband to name Duke Zhuang's younger brother as the heir apparent instead of him. The story ends with eventual reconciliation between mother and son, thus exemplifying the traditional Chinese virtues of both \"ritual propriety\" (lǐ) and \"filial piety\" (xiào 孝), which made it consistently popular with Chinese readers over the centuries.", "Many Zuo Zhuan anecdotes end with brief moral comments or verdicts that are attributed to either Confucius or an unnamed junzi (君子; \"noble man\", \"gentleman\", \"atheling\", or \"superior man\"). The chapter on the Battle of Chengpu contains the following ending comment:\n君子謂是盟也信，謂晉於是役也，能以德攻。\n\nThe gentleman remarks: This alliance accorded with good faith. In this campaign, the ruler of Jin [Chong'er] was able to attack through the power of virtue.\n— from 28th year of Duke Xi (632 BC) (Watson, trans.)\nThese \"moral of the story\" postfaces, which were added later by Confucian scholars, are directed toward those currently in power, reminding them of \"the historical precedents and inevitable consequences of their own actions.\" They speak with the voices of previous ministers, advisers, \"old men\", and other anonymous figures to remind rulers of historical and moral lessons, and suggest that rulers who heed their advice will succeed, while those who do not will fail.", "Several sections of the Zuo Zhuan demonstrate the traditional Chinese concept of \"fate\" or \"destiny\" (mìng 命)—referring either to an individual's mission in life or their allotted lifespan—and attempt to illustrate how benevolent rulers ought to accept \"fate\" selflessly, as in the story of Duke Wen moving the capital of the state of Zhu in 614 BC.\n     邾文公卜遷于繹，史曰，利於民而不利於君。邾子曰，苟利於民，孤之利也，天生民而樹之君，以利之也，民既利矣，孤必與焉；\n     Duke Wen of Zhu divined by turtle shell to determine if he should move his capital to the city of Yi. The historian who conducted the divination replied, \"The move will benefit the people but not their ruler.\" The ruler of Zhu said, \"If it benefits the people, it benefits me. Heaven gave birth to the people and set up a ruler in order to benefit them. If the people enjoy the benefit, I am bound to share in it.\"\n     左右曰，命可長也，君何弗為。邾子曰，命在養民，死之短長，時也，民苟利矣，遷也，吉莫如之；\n     Those around the ruler said, \"If by taking warning from the divination you can prolong your destiny, why not do so?\" The ruler replied, \"My destiny lies in nourishing the people. Whether death comes to me early or late is merely a matter of time. If the people will benefit thereby, then nothing could be more auspicious than to move the capital.\"\n     遂遷于繹。五月，邾文公卒。\n     In the end he moved the capital to Yi. In the fifth month Duke Wen of Zhu died.\n     君子曰，知命。\n     The noble person remarks: He understood the meaning of destiny.\n— Zuo zhuan, 13th year of Duke Wen (614 BC) (Watson, trans.)", "The Zuo Zhuan has been recognized as a masterpiece of early Chinese prose and \"grand historical narrative\" for many centuries. It has had an immense influence on Chinese literature and historiography for nearly 2000 years, and was the primary text by which historical Chinese readers gained an understanding of China's ancient history. It enjoyed high status and esteem throughout Chinese history because of its great literary quality, and was often read and memorized because of its role as the preeminent commentary on the Annals (Chunqiu), which nearly all Chinese scholars traditionally ascribed to Confucius. Many Chinese scholars believed that the terse, succinct entries of the Annals contained cryptic references to Confucius' \"profound moral judgments on the events of the past as well as those of his own day and on the relation of human events to those in the natural order\", and that the Zuo Zhuan was written to clarify or even \"decode\" these hidden judgments.\nFrom the Han dynasty (206 BC – AD 220) down to the present day, the Zuo Zhuan has been viewed as a model of correct, elegant, and sophisticated Classical Chinese prose. The Zuo Zhuan′s great influence on the Chinese language is evident from the fact that it is the source of more Chinese literary idioms (chéngyǔ 成語) than any other work, including the Analects of Confucius. The well-known Qing dynasty student anthology Guwen Guanzhi included 34 passages from the Zuo Zhuan as paragons of Classical Chinese prose, more than any other source. These passages are still part of the Classical Chinese curriculum in mainland China and Taiwan today.\nThe 400-year period the Zuo Zhuan covers is now known as the Spring and Autumn period, after the Spring and Autumn Annals, but the Zuo Zhuan is the most important source for the period. This era was highly significant in Chinese history, and saw a number of developments in governmental complexity and specialization that preceded China's imperial unification in 221 BC by the First Emperor of Qin. The latter years of this period also saw the appearance of Confucius, who later became the preeminent figure in Chinese cultural history. The Zuo Zhuan is one of the only surviving written sources for the history of the Spring and Autumn period, and is extremely valuable as a rich source of information on the society that Confucius and his disciples lived in and from which the Confucian school of thought developed. It was canonized as one of the Chinese classics in the 1st century AD, and until modern times was one of the cornerstones of traditional education for men in China and the other lands of the Sinosphere such as Japan and Korea.", "James Legge (1872), The Ch'un Ts'ew, with the Tso Chuen, The Chinese Classics V, London: Trübner, Part 1 (books 1–8), Part 2 (books 9–12). Revised edition (1893), London: Oxford University Press.\n(in French) Séraphin Couvreur (1914), Tch'ouen Ts'iou et Tso Tchouan, La Chronique de la Principauté de Lou [Chunqiu and Zuo zhuan, Chronicle of the State of Lu], Ho Kien Fou: Mission Catholique.\n(in Japanese) Teruo Takeuchi 竹内照夫 (1974–75). Shunjū Sashiden 春秋左氏伝 [Chunqiu Zuoshi zhuan]. Zenshaku kanbun taikei 全釈漢文体系 [Fully Interpreted Chinese Literature Series] 4–6. Tokyo: Shūeisha.\nBurton Watson (1989). The Tso chuan: Selections from China's Oldest Narrative History. New York: Columbia University Press. Reprinted (1992).\nHu Zhihui 胡志挥; Chen Kejiong 陈克炯 (1996). Zuo zhuan 左传. Changsha: Hunan renmin chubanshe. (Contains both English and Mandarin translations)\nStephen Durrant; Li Wai-yee; David Schaberg, trans. (2016), Zuo Tradition (Zuozhuan), Seattle: University of Washington Press.", "伯 bó; often translated as \"Count\"\n侯 hóu; often translated as \"Marquis\"", "", "Durrant, Li & Schaberg (2016), p. xxxviii.\nDurrant, Li & Schaberg (2016), p. xxxix.\nCheng (1993), p. 72.\nGoldin (2001), p. 93.\nIdema & Haft (1997), p. 78.\nShih (2014), p. 2394.\nDurrant, Li & Schaberg (2016), p. xx.\nCheng (1993), p. 69.\nKern (2010), p. 48.\nWatson (1989), p. xiii.\nLi (2007), p. 54.\nCheng (1993), pp. 69–70.\nShih (2014), p. 2395.\nCheng (1993), p. 70.\nKern (2010), p. 49.\nCheng (1993), pp. 72–73.\nWang (1986), p. 804.\nDurrant (2001), p. 497.\nDurrant, Li & Schaberg (2016), pp. 218–21.\nOwen (1996), p. 77.\nWang (1986), p. 805.\nWatson (1989), p. xviii-xix.\nDurrant (2001), p. 499.\nWatson (1989), p. 50.\nWatson (1989), pp. 60–61.\nKern (2010), p. 50.\nWatson (1989), p. 63.\nKern (2010), pp. 50–51.\nWatson (1999), p. 189.\nWatson (1989), p. xi.\nDurrant (2001), p. 500.\nWatson (1999), p. 184.\nBoltz (1999), p. 90.\nWilkinson (2015), p. 612.\nHsu (1999), p. 547.", "Boltz, William G. (1999). \"Language and Writing\". In Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward (eds.). The Cambridge History of Ancient China. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 74–123. ISBN 0-521-47030-7.\nCheng, Anne (1993). \"Chun ch'iu 春秋, Kung yang 公羊, Ku liang 穀梁, and Tso chuan 左傳\". In Loewe, Michael (ed.). Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide. Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China; Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California Berkeley. pp. 67–76. ISBN 1-55729-043-1.\nDurrant, Stephen (2001). \"The Literary Features of Historical Writing\". In Mair, Victor H. (ed.). The Columbia History of Chinese Literature. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 493–510. ISBN 0-231-10984-9.\nDurrant, Stephen; Li, Wai-yee; Schaberg, David (2016). Zuo Tradition (Zuozhuan): Commentary on the \"Spring and Autumn Annals\". Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0295999159.\nGoldin, Paul R. (2001). \"The Thirteen Classics\". In Mair, Victor H. (ed.). The Columbia History of Chinese Literature. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 86–96. ISBN 0-231-10984-9.\nHsu, Cho-yun (1999). \"The Spring and Autumn Period\". In Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward (eds.). The Cambridge History of Ancient China. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 545–86. ISBN 0-521-47030-7.\nIdema, Wilt; Haft, Lloyd (1997). A Guide to Chinese Literature. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan. ISBN 0-89264-099-5.\nKern, Martin (2010). \"Early Chinese literature, Beginnings through Western Han\". In Owen, Stephen (ed.). The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 1: To 1375. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–115. ISBN 978-0-521-11677-0.\nLi, Wai-yee (2007). The Readability of the Past in Early Chinese Historiography. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN 978-0-674-01777-1.\nOwen, Stephen (1996). An Anthology of Chinese Literature: Beginnings to 1911. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-03823-8.\nShih, Hsiang-lin (2014). \"Zuo zhuan 左傳\". In Knechtges, David R.; Chang, Taiping (eds.). Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide, Part Four. Leiden, South Holland: Brill. pp. 2394–99. ISBN 978-90-04-27217-0.\nWang, John C. Y. (1986). \"Tso-chuan 左傳\". In Nienhauser, William H. (ed.). The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 804–6. ISBN 0-253-32983-3.\nWatson, Burton (1989). The Tso chuan: Selections from China's Oldest Narrative History. New York，NY: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-06714-3.\nWatson, Burton (1999). \"The Evolution of the Confucian Tradition in Antiquity — The Zuozhuan\". In de Bary, Wm. Theodore; Bloom, Irene (eds.). Sources of Chinese Tradition, Vol. 1: From Earliest Times to 1600 (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 183–89. ISBN 978-0-231-10939-0.\nWilkinson, Endymion (2015). Chinese History: A New Manual (4th ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN 978-0-674-08846-7.", "Yang Bojun (1990). Chunqiu Zuozhuan zhu 春秋左传注 [Annotated Chunqiu Zuozhuan]. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju. ISBN 7-101-00262-5.", "Chunqiu Zuozhuan Bilingual text of Zuo zhuan with side-by-side Chinese original and Legge's English translation\nZuo zhuan Fully searchable text (Chinese)\nZuo zhuan with annotations by Yang Bojun\nThe Commentary of Zuo on the Spring and Autumn Annals 《春秋左氏傳》 Chinese text with matching English vocabulary at chinesenotes.com" ]

[ "Zuo Zhuan", "Textual history", "Creation", "Authorship", "Commentary status", "Manuscripts", "Content and style", "Content", "Style", "Themes", "Battles", "Succession crises", "Moral verdicts", "Fate", "Influence", "Translations", "Notes", "References", "Citations", "Works cited", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 5360014, 5360015 ]

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[ "", "", "Map including Zuojhen (labeled as Sachin) (1944)", "Map including Zuojhen (labeled as Tso-chen-chuang (Sachinshō) 左鎮庄) (1950)", "Zuojhen District Office", "Zuojhen District Library" ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 1, 4, 4 ]

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[ "Zuojhen District (Chinese: 左鎮區; Hanyu Pinyin: Zuǒzhèn Qū; Tongyong Pinyin: Zuǒjhèn Cyu; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Chó-tìn-khu) is a rural district of about 4,410 residents in Tainan, Taiwan.", "After the handover of Taiwan from Japan to the Republic of China in 1945, Zuojhen was organized as a rural township of Tainan County. On 25 December 2010, Tainan County was merged with Tainan City and Zuojhen was upgraded to a district of the city.", "The district consists of Guanghe, Ronghe, Zuozhen, Zhongzheng, Muguang, Neizhuang, Dengshan, Ganglin, Caoshan and Erliao Village.", "Tainan City Zuojhen Fossil Park\nAncient Woods of Hengshan Ancestors\nCailiao Fossil Museum\nCaoshan Moon World\nLuo Lai-Shou Museum\nMuseum of Natural History\nOyster Glass Window\nYanshuei Keng Bubbling Mud", "\"District Office\". Tainan City Government Global Website. 3 June 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2019. Zuojhen District Office\n\"首頁\". 區公所-左鎮區. Retrieved 24 July 2019. Tainan City Zuojhen District Office\nZuojhen (Variant - V) at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency\n\"CDC confirms ninth indigenous dengue patient in Tainan\". Taipei Times. 14 July 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019. An 89-year-old man living in the mountainous Ronghe Borough (榮和) of Zuojhen District (左鎮) developed a fever on Wednesday, the centers said.\n1.7-鄉鎮市區戶口數 [Population for Township and District]. Ministry of the Interior (in Chinese (Taiwan) and English). August 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020. 左鎮區 Zuojhen District 74.9025 1,918 4,598 2,594 2,004 129.44 2.40 61\n\"Zuojhen Township\". Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014." ]

[ "Zuojhen District", "History", "Administrative divisions", "Tourist attractions", "References" ]

[ 5360016, 5360017, 5360018, 5360019, 5360020 ]

[ 27238145, 27238146, 27238147, 27238148 ]

[ "Detail of the main painting", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 0 ]

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[ "The Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art Cultural Landscape (Chinese: 花山壁画; pinyin: Huāshān Bìhuà) is an extensive assembly of historical rock art that were painted on limestone cliff faces in Guangxi, southern China. The paintings are located on the west bank of the Ming River (Chinese: 明江; pinyin: Míng Jiāng; lit. 'Bright River') which is a tributary of the Zuo River. The area of the paintings is part of the Nonggang Nature Reserve and belongs to Ningming County. On July 15, 2016, Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art Cultural Landscape was listed as the 49th UNESCO World Heritage Site in China.\nThe main painted area along the cliff has a width of about 170 metres (560 ft) and a height of about 40 metres (130 ft) and is one of the largest rock paintings in China. The paintings are located between 30 metres (98 ft) and 90 metres (300 ft) above the river's water level. The main area contains about 1900 discrete countable images arranged in about 110 groups. The paintings have a red color and were executed using a mixture of red ochre (hematite), animal glue, and blood. They depict human figures as well as animals along with bronze drums, knives, swords, bells, and ships. Human figures are typically between 60 centimetres (24 in) and 150 centimetres (4.9 ft) tall, but one figure reaches 3 metres (9.8 ft) in height.\nThe painting's were originally thought to date from the period around the 5th century BCE, to the 2nd century CE. However, recent carbon dating suggests that the oldest paintings were executed around 16,000 years ago. Whereas the youngest are around 690 years old. The period of their creations spans the times from the Warring States period to the late Han Dynasty in the history of China. Many of the paintings are thought to \"illustrate the life and rituals\" of the ancient Luo Yue people, who inhabited the valley of Zuo River during this period and are believed to be ancestors of Zhuang people, Muong people and Kinh people.\nAn exhibition in the Zhuang Nationality Museum in the City of Chongzuo (崇左市壮族博物馆) is dedicated to the history and interpretation of the paintings.", "Guo Hong, Han Rubin, Huang Huaiwu, Lan Riyong, and Xie Riwan Types of Weathering of the Huashan Rock Paintings, in: Agnew, Neville, ed., Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Conservation of Grotto Sites, Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang, People's Republic of China, June 28-July 3, 2004. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute, 2010. Archived from original\n\"Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art Cultural Landscape - UNESCO World Heritage\". www.chinadiscovery.com. Retrieved 2020-01-20.\n\"The Rock Painting of the Mountain Huashan - UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List\". Archived from original\nGao, Qian (April 2013). \"Gao, Q. 2013. The Huashan rock art site (China) – the sacred meeting place for sky, water and earth. Rock Art Research 30: 22-32\". Rock Art Research.", "The Rock Art of Huashan - Sacred Meeting Place for Sky, Water & Earth\nUNESCO UHC: Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art Cultural Landscape" ]

[ "Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360021, 5360022, 5360023 ]

[ 27238149, 27238150, 27238151 ]

[ "Zuojiazhuang South Byway", "" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

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[ "Zuojiazhuang Subdistrict (simplified Chinese: 左家庄街道; traditional Chinese: 左家莊街道; pinyin: Zuǒjiāzhuāng Jiēdào) is a subdistrict of Chaoyang District, Beijing. As of 2011, it had 9 residential communities (社区) under its administration.", "List of township-level divisions of Beijing", "2011年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：朝阳区 (in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on October 31, 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-09.\n2011年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：左家庄街道 (in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 2013-01-09." ]

[ "Zuojiazhuang Subdistrict", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5360024, 5360025 ]

[ 27238152 ]

[ "", "Life restoration", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Zuolong_skeletal.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Zuolong_salleei.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_%28flipped%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Limusaurus_runner_%28flipped%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28cropped%29.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Allosaurus_Revised.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Neovenator.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Carcharodontosaurus.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Australovenator.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Sinosauropteryx_color_%28without_scale_bar%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Deinocheirus_NT.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Qiupalong_Restoration.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Lythronax_by_Tomopteryx.png" ]

[ "Zuolong (Zuo's dragon) is a genus of coelurosaur dinosaur which existed in what is now Wucaiwan, Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China during the Late Jurassic period (lower Oxfordian stage). It was found in the Shishugou Formation, Xinjiang, China.", "The holotype fossil of Zuolong, IVPP V15912, a partial skeleton with skull, was discovered in 2001 in China, in the upper part of the Shishugou Formation of Xinjiang. It was a subadult animal which measured approximately 3.1 metres (10 ft) in length and weighed up to approximately 35 kilograms (77 lb). Zuolong was named by Jonah N. Choiniere, James M. Clark, Catherine A. Forster and Xu Xing in 2010, and the type species is Zuolong salleei. The generic name honours General Zuo Zongtang, who secured Xinjiang for China in the nineteenth century. The specific name honours Hilmar Sallee, whose bequest helped finance the research. The specific age for the holotype specimen is 161.2 to 155.2 million years ago. The holotype is considered by Thomas R. Holtz Jr. to almost certainly be from a juvenile theropod.", "In 2016, Gregory S. Paul estimated the length of Zuolong at 3 metres (9.8 ft), and its weight at 60 kilogrammes. The specimen is probably from a juvenile animal, and is quite complete.", "Zuolong is a basal coelurosaurian, possibly the most basal known. In 2019 it was found to be a member of Tyrannoraptora in a polytomy with Tyrannosauroidea and Maniraptoromorpha.", "Choiniere, Jonah N.; Clark, James M.; Forster, Catherine A.; Xu, Xing (2010-12-02). \"A basal coelurosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic (Oxfordian) of the Shishugou Formation in Wucaiwan, People's Republic of China\". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (6): 1773–1796. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.520779. ISSN 0272-4634.\nJonah N. Choiniere; James M. Clark; Catherine A. Forster & Xing Xu (2010). \"A basal coelurosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic (Oxfordian) of the Shishugou Formation in Wucaiwan, People's Republic of China\". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (6): 1773–1796. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.520779.\nHoltz, T.R. Jr. (2012). Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages. Random House. pp. 367–444. ISBN 978-0-375-82419-7.\nPaul, G.S., 2016, The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, second edition, Princeton University Press p. 120\nHartman, Scott; Mortimer, Mickey; Wahl, William R.; Lomax, Dean R.; Lippincott, Jessica; Lovelace, David M. (2019). \"A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight\". PeerJ. 7: e7247. doi:10.7717/peerj.7247. PMC 6626525. PMID 31333906." ]

[ "Zuolong", "Discovery", "Description", "Classification", "References" ]

[ 5360026, 5360027, 5360028, 5360029, 5360030, 5360031, 5360032, 5360033, 5360034, 5360035, 5360036, 5360037, 5360038, 5360039, 5360040, 5360041, 5360042, 5360043, 5360044, 5360045, 5360046 ]

[ 27238153, 27238154, 27238155, 27238156, 27238157, 27238158 ]

[ "Zuoquan in Jinzhong", "Jinzhong in Shanxi", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 2 ]

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[ "Zuoquan County (simplified Chinese: 左权县; traditional Chinese: 左權縣; pinyin: Zuǒquán Xiàn) is a county in the east of Shanxi Province of China, bordering Hebei Province to the east. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Jinzhong.\nAfter Communist general Zuo Quan was killed in action during World War II, the CCP renamed the Liao County in Shanxi Province to Zuoquan County, in his honor.", "Shānxī: Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties", "www.xzqh.org (in Chinese)" ]

[ "Zuoquan County", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360047, 5360048, 5360049 ]

[ 27238159 ]

[ "Zhang Lu's painting of a sitting Lü Dongbin, early 16th century", "Illustration to chapter 5 of Liu Huayan's Huimingjing, showing a Taoist meditator in Full Lotus Posture (a Buddhist influence)." ]

[ 1, 8 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Album_of_18_Daoist_Paintings_-_15.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Huimingjing_05_pic.PNG" ]

[ "Zuowang (Chinese: 坐忘; pinyin: zuòwàng) is a classic Daoist meditation technique, described as \"a state of deep trance or intense absorption, during which no trace of ego-identity is felt and only the underlying cosmic current of the Dao is perceived as real.\" According to Louis Komjathy, this is one term for Daoist apophatic meditation, which also goes by various other names in Daoist literature, such as \"quiet sitting\" (靜坐 jìngzuò), \"guarding the one\" (守一 shǒuyī), \"fasting the heartmind\" (心齋 xīnzhāi), and \"embracing simplicity\" (抱朴 bàopǔ).\nZuowang instructions can be seen in classic Taoist texts from as early as the Chinese Warring States Period, such as the Zhuangzi. The term also appears in the title of an influential manual from the Tang dynasty (618–907), the Zuowanglun, and continues to inform Daoist contemplative practice today.", "Chinese zuòwàng compounds the words zuò 坐 \"sit; take a seat\" and wàng 忘 \"forget; overlook; neglect\".\nIn terms of Chinese character classification, this zuò character 坐 is an ideogrammatic compound with two 人 \"people\" sitting on the 土 \"ground\"; and wàng 忘 is a phono-semantic compound with the \"heart-mind radical\" semantic element and a wáng 亡 \"lose; disappear; flee; die; escape\" phonetic and semantic element. Wáng 亡 and wàng 忘 are etymologically cognate, explained as \"(Mentally lost:) absent-minded, forget\" (Karlgren, or \"'to lose' (from memory)\"\nAccurately translating zuòwàng is problematic. Compare the remarkable similarities among dictionary translation equivalents.\n\"be in a state of mental abstraction\" - Herbert Giles\n\"to sit in a state of mental abstraction\" - Robert Henry Mathews\n\"oblivious of oneself and one's surroundings; free from worldly concerns\" - Liang Shih-chiu & Chang Fang-chieh\n\"oblivious of one's surroundings, free from worldly concerns\" - Lin Yutang\n\"① be oblivious of oneself and one's surroundings ② be free from worldly concerns\" - John DeFrancis\nKohn explains translating wàng as \"oblivion\".\nZuowang 坐忘 \"sitting in oblivion,\" signifies a state of deep meditative absorption and mystical oneness, during which all sensory and conscious faculties are overcome and which is the base point for attaining Dao. I translate wang as \"oblivion\" and \"oblivious\" rather than \"forgetting\" or \"forgetful\" because the connotation of \"forget\" in English is that one should remember but doesn't do so, or—if used intentionally—that one actively and intentionally does something in the mind. None of these holds true for what ancient and medieval Daoists were about. This is borne out both by the language and the writings: the word wang in Chinese consists of the character xin for \"mind-heart\", usually associated with conscious and emotional reactions to reality and the word wang for \"obliterate\" or \"perish\". The implication is – as indeed described in the sources – that one lets go of all kinds of intentional and reactive patterns and comes to rest in oneness with spirit and is ready to merge completely with Dao. \nThe synonyms yíwàng 遺忘 and wàngquè 忘卻 mean \"forget; oblivion\".\nDaoist zuòwàng meditation had parallels in other Chinese religions and philosophies. The practice of jingzuo 靜坐 \"quiet sitting\" was first recorded in the (third century BCE) Legalist classic Hanfeizi. Neo-Confucian leaders like Zhu Xi (1130-1200) and Wang Yangming (1472–1529) advocated jingzuo meditation. (Jingzuo shiwei 静坐示威 is the modern Chinese word for \"sit-in\"). The Chinese Buddhist practice of zuochan 坐禪 \"sitting meditation\" (namely, Japanese zazen) uses the word chan \"meditation; abstraction; trance\", and zuosi 坐思 \"sitting contemplation\" uses si \"think; consider; deliberate\". Compare the Buddhist word zuowang 坐亡 \"sitting death; passing away while sitting in meditation\", which is the ideal manner of death for eminent monks and nuns.", "Chinese classics first used zuowang \"sitting forgetting\" around the third century BCE, during the late Warring States period.", "The Daoist Zhuangzi had the earliest recorded reference to zuowang. One of the (c. 3rd century BCE) core Zhuangzi, \"Inner Chapters\" (6, 大宗師) mentions zuowang \"sitting forgetting\" meditation in a famous dialogue between Confucius and his favorite disciple Yan Hui, who \"ironically \"turns the tables\" on his master by teaching him how to \"sit and forget\". Yan Hui describes forgetting the basic virtues of Confucianism: li \"rites; ritual; morals\", yue 樂 \"music\" (see Classic of Music), ren \"benevolence; human-heartedness; altruism\", and yi \"justice; righteousness; significance\" (compare the Daodejing 18).\n\"I'm making progress,\" said Yen Hui.\n\"What do you mean?\" asked Confucius. \n\n\"I have forgotten rites and music.\" \n\n\"Not bad, but you still haven't got it.\" \n\nYen Hui saw Confucius again on another day and said, \"I'm making progress.\" \n\n\"What do you mean?\" \n\n\"I have forgotten humaneness and righteousness.\" \n\n\"Not bad, but you still haven't got it.\" \n\nYen Hui saw Confucius again on another day and said, \"I'm making progress.\" \n\n\"What do you mean?\" \n\n\"I sit and forget.\" \n\n\"What do you mean, 'sit and forget'?\" Confucius asked with surprise. \n\n\"I slough off my limbs and trunk,\" said Yen Hui, \"dim my intelligence, depart from my form, leave knowledge behind, and become identical with the Transformational Thoroughfare. This is what I mean by 'sit and forget'.\" \n\n\"If you are identical,\" said Confucius, \"then you have no preferences. If you are transformed, then you have no more constants. It's you who is really the worthy one! Please permit me to follow after you.\" \nCompare the above Zhuangzi translation by Victor H. Mair with the following.\n\"I neglect my body and allow it to become effete; I discard my intelligence; so that, divesting myself of all corporealties [sic] and permitting all knowledge to flow away I have become as one who has attained to complete perspicuity of vision. This is what I mean by sitting in perfect abstraction.\"\n\"My connexion with the body and its parts is dissolved; my perceptive organs are discarded. Thus leaving my material form, and bidding farewell to my knowledge, I am become one with the Great Pervader. This I call sitting and forgetting all things.\"\n\"I have discarded my reasoning powers. And by thus getting rid of body and mind, I have become ONE with the Infinite. This is what I mean by getting rid of everything.\"\n\"I smash up my limbs and body, drive out perception and intellect, cast off form, do away with understanding, and make myself identical with the Great Thoroughfare. This is what I mean by sitting down and forgetting everything.\"\n\"I let organs and members drop away, dismiss eyesight and hearing, part from the body and expel knowledge, and go along with the universal thoroughfare. This is what I mean by 'just sit and forget'.\" \n\"I cast off my limb and trunk, give up my hearing and sight, leave my physical form and deprive myself of my mind. In this way, I can identify myself with Tao. This is the so-called 'sitting and forgetting'.\"\n\nAnother passage which discusses the recovery or attainment of oblivion is one which describes the progress of Buliang Yi卜梁倚 under the guidance of Nüyu 女偊 (Female Hunchback): \nAfter three days, he was able to put the world outside himself Once he could do this, I continued my support and after seven days, he was able to put beings outside himself. Once he could do this, I continued my support, and after nine days, he was able to put life outside himself. Once he could do this, he achieved the brightness of dawn, and after this, he could see his own aloneness. After he had managed to see his own aloneness, he could do away with past and present, and after that, he was able to enter [a state of] no life and no death.\nApophatic meditation practice can also be seen in the following Zhuangzhi passages which speak of \"fasting the heartmind\":\n\"You must fast! I will tell you what that means. Do you think that it is easy to do anything while you have a heart-mind? If you do, the luminous cosmos will not support you...Make your aspirations one! Don't listen with your ears; listen with your heart-mind. No, don't listen with your heart-mind; listen with qi. 8 Listening stops with the ears, the heart-mind stops with joining, but qi is empty and waits on all things. The Dao gathers in emptiness alone. Emptiness is the fasting of the heart-mind.\"\nI always fast in order to quiet my mind. When I have fasted for three days, I no longer have any thought of congratulations or rewards, of titles or stipends. When I have fasted for five days, I no longer have any thought of praise or blame, of skill or clumsiness. When I have fasted for seven days, I am so still that I forget I have four limbs and a body-form or structure. By that time, the ruler and his court no longer exist for me. My skill is concentrated and all outside distractions fade away.", "Roth refers to the apophatic practice of Daoist breath meditation as \"inner cultivation\", evident in Yan Hui meaning: \"to lose visceral awareness of the emotions and desires, which, for the early Daoists, have \"physiological\" bases in the various organs\", \"to deliberately cut off sense perception\", and \"to lose bodily awareness and remove all thoughts from consciousness.\" Kohn says, \"This passage presents a mental state of complete unknowing, of loss of personal identity and self, and a kind of total immersion in the Non-being of the universe.\"\nThe Zhuangzi has other allusions to meditation. Yan Hui asks Confucius about xinzhai 心齋 \"fasting of the mind\" (4), and two chapters discuss the question \"Can you really make your body become like a withered carcass and your mind like dead ashes?\" (2, 24). Harold Oshima clarifies that for Zhuangzi, \"forgetting\" means to empty the xin \"heart; mind\", \"just as one empties one's stomach by fasting. This idea of \"forgetting\" is essential, frequently cited as the most important hurdle in the quest for sagehood. It does not refer, however, to the simple displacing of facts from the mind.\"\nThe Xuanxue (lit. \"Arcane Learning\") \"Neo-Daoist\" philosopher Guo Xiang (d. 312 CE) redacted the Zhuangzi text, and wrote a commentary, which explains zuowang.\nIn a state of sitting in oblivion, what could there be unforgotten? First one forgets all outer manifestations (ji 迹), then one also forgets that which causes the manifestations. On the inside, one is unaware that there is a self (shen 身), on the outside one never knows that there is heaven and earth. Thus one becomes utterly empty and can unite with the changes, leaving nothing unpervaded. \nGuo refers to the Xuanxue philosophical distinction between ben 本 \"root\" (Daoist underlying ground of Being) and ji \"traces\" (apparent Confucian virtues), \"as everything is a trace of the Ultimate Truth, neither real because is not the Truth, nor false because it is its manifestation\". In addition, \"Guo Xiang interprets the attained state of oneness as one of going along with the changes, adding an ecstatic element of transformation to the basically enstatic notion of oblivion\".\nThe translators render datong 大通 as \"Great Pervader\", \"the Infinite\", \"Great/ universal/Transformational Thoroughfare\", and \"Tao\". Mair explains that \"Transformational Thoroughfare\" follows the Huainanzi graphic variant (or copyist's error) of hua 化 \"transform; change; convert\" for 大 \"big; great\".\n\nAccording to Kohn, oblivion and the goal of zuowang is associated with Hundun 混沌, \"Chaos\", the primordial and cosmic root of creation which is one with Dao. A figure associated with Chaos, Vast Concealment (Hongmeng 鴻蒙) teaches the following meditation instructions in the Zhuangzi, which is termed \"mind nourishing\" (xinyang 心養):\nJust take the position of nonaction and all things unfold naturally. Let your body and limbs fall away, expel perception and intellect, leave relations and things behind in oblivion. Become mystically one with the immense and boundless, release your mind and free your spirit. Be silent and without an active spirit soul [that interacts with the world], and the ten thousand things will each return to their root. Each return to their root and rest in unknowing—dark, obscure, chaotic: they remain like this for the rest of their days. However, the moment you try to know this state, you have already effected a separation from it. Don't ask its name, don't measure its foundation—it's the spontaneous life of each being.\nGuo Xiang comments that zuowang is a practice which allows one to recover the primordial cosmic state which has been lost during human development. He calls this first state \"Chaos Complete\" (huncheng 混成) and says: \nThis means being oblivious of Heaven and Earth, doing away with beings. On the outside not examining time and space, on the inside never conscious of one's body-self. Thus one can be boundless and unattached, going along with beings and fully according with all.\nThe Tang dynasty Daoist scholar Cheng Xuanying 成玄英 (fl. 631-650) wrote a Zhuangzi commentary, linking zuowang to jianwang 兼忘 \"twofold forgetfulness\", based upon the abstruse two-truths theory of Chinese Buddhist monk Jizang (549-623). Kohn explains, \"First one forgets the outer reality (Being), then one forgets its underlying ground (Non-being). Once beyond these two, one reaches a state of both Being and Non-being, which, once again obliterated, becomes one of neither Being nor Non-being, a state of perception that neither accepts nor negates, and is sensorially aware yet utterly pure.\"", "Some passages from the Dao De Jing give further support and context to the practice of Daoist apophatic meditation. Chapter 12 states that one should control the senses since overindulgence leads to loss: \"The five colors will cause the eyes to go blind, the five tones will cause the ears to be deaf, the five flavors will cause the palate to be spoiled\".\nThe practitioner is also said to leave the outside world behind them: \"Cut off contacts, shut the doors, and to the end of life there will be peace without toil\" (ch. 52, 56), it likewise says one should \"abandon learning\" and be \"like an infant\". The practice is said to be one of \"decreasing and again decreasing\" (ch. 48).\nThe Tao Te Ching also notes that the sense of self and body is the source of our vexations: \"The body-self is the reason why I have terrible vexations. If I did not have a body-self, what trouble would I have?\" (ch. 13).\nThrough this practice one can return to the Dao: \"All things flourish, but each returns to its root. This return to the root means stillness, it is called recovering original destiny. Recovering original destiny is called the eternal, and to know the eternal is called brightness\" (ch. 16).", "The \"Neiye\" 內業 (In- ward Training) is another important source for the early practice of Daoist sitting meditation. It appears as part of the Xinshu 心術 (the Techniques of the Heart-mind), chapters of the Guanzi. It describes a method leading to oblivion/forgetfulness which is based on alignment of the body and its Qi (subtle breath). This text describes the practice of refining one's Qi through preparatory practices like moderation in diet, withdrawal from sense stimulation, and proper physical posture. It discusses a contemplative process involving a \"fourfold alignment\": 1. Aligning the body (zhengxing 正形) 2. Aligning the four limbs (zheng siti 正四體): \"Four limbs firm and fixed\" 3. Aligning the qi (zhengqi 正氣) 4. Aligning the heart-mind (zhengxin 正心). Through an upright posture and deep breaths, one creates a sense of quiet within and a well ordered mind, which allows for Qi to develop and their mind to become clear and serene.", "The (c. 139 BCE) philosophical compendium Huainanzi includes another version of the anecdote about Yan Hui explaining zuowang to his teacher Confucius.\n\"I am making progress,\" said Yan Hui.\n\"What do you mean?\" asked Confucius. \n\n\"I have forgotten Rites and Music.\" \n\n\"Not bad, but you still haven't got it.\" \n\nYan Hui saw Confucius on another day and said, \"I am making progress.\" \n\n\"What do you mean?\" \n\n\"l have forgotten Humaneness and Rightness.\" \n\n\"Not bad, but you still haven't got it.\" \n\nYan Hui saw Confucius again on another day and said, \"I sit and forget.\" \n\n\"What do you mean 'sit and forget'?\" Confucius asked with surprise. \n\n\"I slough off my limbs and trunk,\" said Yan Hui, \"dim my intelligence, depart from my form, leave knowledge behind, and immerse myself in the conduits of transformation. This is what I mean by 'sit and forget'.\" \n\n\"If you are immersed,\" said Confucius, \"then you have no preferences. If you are transformed, then you have no more constants. It is you who is really the worthy one! Please permit me to follow after you.\" \n\nTherefore the Laozi says: \n\n\"When nourishing your ethereal soul and embracing the One –\n\ncan you not let them go?\n\nIn concentrating your qi and attaining softness, \n\ncan you be like an infant?\" (12) \nThe Huainanzi version appends a Daodejing (10) quotation, which is not found in the Zhuangzi. Besides some minor differences – such as exchanging li and yue with ren and yi, and writing huatong \"Transformational Thoroughfare\" for datong \"Great Thoroughfare\" – these two versions are conspicuously similar. Major et al caution against concluding that the Huainanzi compilers drew upon the Zhuangzi. Roth suggests that the received Zhuangzi text may have been compiled, along with the Huainanzi, at the Huainan court of Liu An.", "According to Livia Kohn, further development of the practice of zuowang occurred during the Tang dynasty, when Daoists of the Twofold Mystery (Chongxuan 重玄) and Highest Clarity (Shangqing 上清) schools wrote texts which discuss oblivion/forgetfulness. The treatises of this period, are more complex and detailed, with philosophical argumentation which includes Buddhist concepts as well as additions to the practice, like visualizations.", "The Shangqing School (上清, Supreme Clarity) began during the Western Jin dynasty, and their texts are also a source for the practice of zuowang. The most influential zuowang text of this tradition is Sima Chengzhen's (647–735) Zuowanglun 坐忘論 (\"Essay on Sitting and Forgetting\", DZ 1036). This text was very influential and according to Kohn, was central to a Daoist school of meditation associated with Sima Chengzhen and located in the Tiantai range. This tradition was also influenced by Buddhist meditation as practiced in the Tiantai school.\nThe text has survived in two editions: one in Zhang Junfang's Yunji Qiqian 雲笈七籤 and Xu Song's Quan Tangwen 全唐文, and another in the Daozang. A shorter Zuowanglun copy was inscribed on a stele erected on Mount Wangwu in 829. Other relevant texts from Tang Dynasty masters (such as Sun Simiao and Wu Yun) associated with the Zuowanglun tradition include the Dingguan jing 定觀經 (Scripture on Stability and Observation, DZ 400), the Cunshen lianqi ming 存神鍊氣 銘 (Inscription on Visualizing Spirit and Refining Qi, DZ 834), the Neiguan jing 內觀經 (Scripture of Inner Observation, DZ 641) and the Tianyinzi 天隱子 (Book of the Master of Heavenly Seclusion, DZ 1026). According to Kohn, The Tianyizi was widely published, and is still used among qigong practitioners today. According to Kohn, the Zuowanglun outlines seven steps in the progress of zuowang meditation:\n\"Respect and Faith\" (Jingxin 敬信) - trusting in Dao and having respect for the teaching and process taught by the masters. Sun Simiao associates this with prudence and morality rooted in \"awe and care\" (youwei 憂畏). Basic moral integrity includes controlling emotions, letting go of possessions and being honest.\n\"Interception of karma\" (Duanyuan 斷緣) - being free from worldly and social affairs and desires, in some texts like the Tianyinzi, this means seclusion in a quiet chamber (jingshi 靜室) and is also associated with fasting and daoyin practices.\n\"Restraining the Mind\" (Shouxin 收心) - usually achieved by sitting quietly (jingzuo 靜坐) , focusing the mind on breathing, or anchoring it in a particular point in the body and getting rid of all thoughts, the goal being \"no-mind\" (wuxin 無心) and a \"calm mind\" (anxin 安心).\n\"Detachment from Affairs\" (Jianshi 簡事) - at this stage the mind has found placidity and a relaxed acceptance, it is freed from worldly desires and concerns and has given up \"whatever is not essentially necessary to sustain life\" being solely dedicated to flowing along with Dao and being content and in accord with its movements.\n\"True Observation\" (Zhenguan 真觀) - Kohn writes that there are two forms of guan or observation: \"the \"inner observation\" (neiguan 內觀) of the different parts and aspects of the body, including the visualization of its energetic patterns and residing divinities; and the \"perfect observation\" (zhenguan 真觀) of reality which involves the establishment of a witness consciousness that allows the detached inspection of one's life and self in order to attain a purified view of the world.\" At this stage, the practitioner begins to identify with the Dao and the universe at large, instead of their limited physical and personal sense of self.\n\"Great Stability\" or \"Cosmic Peace\" (Taiding 泰定) - A state fullness, tranquility and rest in which there is no more seeing, conscious action or sense of self. All mental activity is obliterated and all knowledge forgotten. As the Zhuangzi and the Zuowanglun state, \"the body-form is like dried wood, the mind is like dead ashes; there are no more impulses, no more searches.\" The Wuchu jing states that at this stage the mind is \"like a deep abyss: unadulterated, it regards the myriad phenomena equally\" and also bright like \"a mirror of [universal] light, where the [world's] dust and grime have no place to stick\".\n\"Realizing the Dao\" (Dedao 得道) - Wisdom of the Dao is fully achieved, Dao subsumes all knowledge, self concepts, etc and the adept transcends everything and is freed from all worldly limitations. According to Kohn, \"this is liberation (shenjie 神解) and attainment of 'spirit pervasion' (shentong 神通), which means the emitting of a bright radiance and attainment of supernatural powers.\"\nAs Kohn notes, the texts of this tradition make it clear that the progress through these stages happens gradually.", "One influential text from this period is the Xisheng jing, a text associated with the Daoist monastery of Louguan, a center of the Northern Celestial Masters located in the Zhongnan mountains. This work is widely cited and commented upon and describes meditation in terms of \"reaching emptiness and nonbeing, peace and tranquility\". In his commentary on the Xinsheng Jing, Wei Jie states:\nThe more advanced religious practice leading toward Dao is meditation. The practitioner concentrates his internal qi and visualizes the body divinities. Sensory impressions cease. Cravings for outer things diminish. The result is complete oblivion. On the outside become oblivious of all seeing and hearing and in due course all desires to see and hear will cease. On the inside become completely oblivious of thinking and tasting, and in due course all craving for language and food will end. When all without and within has ceased, one can be serene and obscure. In such a state one will return to the state when there were no beings.\n\nOn zuowang, Twofold mystery commentator Cheng Xuanying's states:\nEven though auditory perception belongs to the ears and visual power is a function of the eyes, they ultimately depend on the mind. Once one has awakened to the fact that the body does not really exist, that the myriad states of the mind are empty, then one can smash up one's body, drive out intellect and do away with understanding.\nAccording to Livia Kohn:\nTwofold Mystery thus envisions the mystical process in two steps, described as double forgetting (jianwang 兼忘). Practitioners must first discard all concepts of being, then proceed to discard all ideas of nonbeing. These two are, moreover, identified as mental projections (jing 境), i.e., illusory mental imaginations that are projected outward and create an apparent reality of \"being;\" and active wisdom (zhi 智) or mind as such (xin 心), the inherent function of active consciousness which signifies \"nonbeing\". \"Forgetting\" both means the reorganization of ordinary consciousness to absolute consciousness and again from absolute consciousness to no consciousness at all in complete oblivion. Yet the sagely state is not nothingness but the \"embodiment of the Dao of Middle Oneness,\" a state of radiance and surging activity.\nFurthermore, Kohn states that this tradition was influenced by Buddhist Madhyamaka thought and meditative praxis. The Daojiao yishu 道教義樞 (The Pivotal Meaning of Daoist Teaching, DZ 1129) for example, adopts and integrates many Buddhist ideas. In this work, zuowang is listed as one of several meditative practices, which include meditation on deities and inhaling Qi. The Daojiao yishu makes use of Buddhist Madhyamaka analysis and Daoist apophasis in its explication of meditative progress. It breaks down the sense of self identity in terms of the Buddhist five aggregates and then goes on to analyze the \"emptiness\" of real and apparent dharmas [phenomena]. Later works from the Twofold Mystery tradition continued to develop the theory and practice of sitting in forgetfulness. For example, the Sanlun yuan-zhi 三論元旨 (Primordial Pointers of the Three Theories, DZ 1039) describes a sequence of meditative progress beginning with purity (cheng 澄), followed by quietude (jing 靜), oblivion (wang 忘), enlightenment (ming 明), open pervasion (da 達) and finally to realizing awakening and completing perfection (liaowu chengzhen 了悟成真).", "During the Song dynasty (960–1279), few passages used the term zuowang, and Daoist meditation texts shift in focus on what it means to attain the Dao. Song dynasty Daoist traditions emphasized ecstatic excursions to other worlds to commune with deities and internal alchemy transformations while using zuowang to indicate preparatory or secondary meditation practices. Song Internal alchemy texts also see zuowang as a supportive practice and interpret it in Buddhist terms comparable to sitting in absorption (zuochan 坐禪).\nOne later Daoist tradition which practiced similar forms of apophatic meditation was the Quanzhen (Complete Perfection) school, which remains to this day a major Daoist school in China. Quanzhen was founded by Wang Chongyang (1113–1170) and his direct disciples. A central practice of this tradition is the cultivation of clarity and purity by being of no mind and no thoughts and not being attached to anything, this allows one to recover the primordial and deathless 'Real Nature' that humans have lost in their worldly concerns. Practicing \"seated meditation\" (dazuo 打坐), \"quiet sitting\" ( jingzuo 靜坐), \"sitting cross-legged\" ( jiafu zuo 跏趺坐), or \"aligned sitting\" (zhengzuo 正坐) was also a very important practice for the Quanzhen school, for which isolation and seclusion was also paramount. The three main types of sitting meditation in this tradition are Cultivating clarity and stillness (qingjing 清靜), Inner observation (neiguan 內觀), and Internal alchemy (neidan 內丹).\n\nIn its practice of mental training, which focuses on stabilizing or settling the heartmind, Quanzhen took some inspiration from Chan Buddhism and taught that one must be aware during all of one's situations and life activities. This can be seen in the following passage of Wang Chongyang:\nNow, to \"have a sit\" (dazuo, to practice meditation) does not refer to the act of assuming the proper posture and closing the eyes. Such is but false sitting. [To practice] true sitting you must throughout the twelve [double-] hours, whether staying, going, sitting, or lying, throughout all your motion and stillness, make your mind be like Mt. Tai—unmoving and unwavering. Grasp and cut off the four gates of your eyes, ears, mouth, and nose. Do not allow outer scenery to enter in. If there is any stirring of thought even the size of a silk thread or a single fine fur, it cannot be called \"quiet sitting.\" One who is able to be like this already has his/her name recorded in the ranks of the immortals, even though his/her body resides in the dusty world. He/she need not travel afar to consult another person. In other words, the wise sage (the Real Nature with its intuitive wisdom) is in his/her very own body. In a hundred years his/her merit will be full; shedding his/her shell, he/she ascends to Realization. The single pill of cinnabar is completed, and his/her spirit wanders the eight surfaces. \nNow, in speaking of the ways of the mind: Always serenely the mind is kept motionless. Darkly, silently, you do not look at the myriad objects. Dimly, murkily, without an inside nor an outside, you have no thoughts even the size of a silk thread or a single fine fur. This is the stability of mind; it should not be subdued. If you follow your surroundings and give rise to thoughts, stumbling and falling while seeking now the head and now the tail, this is called the disorderly mind. You must cut it off immediately, and you must not follow its whims. It damages and destroys your Tao-virtue and it diminishes your Nature and Life. Whether staying, going, sitting, or lying down, you must diligently subdue it. What you hear, see, know, and understand is but a disease and [an] ailment to you.\nLikewise, one of Wang's main disciples, Ma Yu, teaches:\nYou should reform your misdeeds, but this is not [only] to be done through seated meditation. You should keep your mind stable for a long time. Going, staying, sitting, and lying down (i.e., all daily activities—a phrase common in Chan discourse) are the practice of the Tao. Gentlemen, quit giving rise to thoughts! Quickly seek out your Nature and Life. If you can just clear your mind and abandon your desires, you will be a Divine Immortal. Acknowledge nothing else and stop having doubts! These are proper and true words. You only need to be constantly clear and constantly pure. Practice this diligently.\nAnother similar meditation practice taught by Wang was based on focusing one's attention on the lower belly, an area known as the Ocean of Qi: \"With your mind think of your spirit residing lengthily in your [Lower] Elixir Field, embracing and guarding the primal qi, without letting it get scattered and lost. This is the Method of Embracing the One.\"", "Schools of East Asian Buddhism adopted zuowang practices, notably Chinese Chan, Japanese Zen, and Tibetan Dzogchen.\nThrough its practice, adepts eliminate all sensory perception and the conscious mind as inherently dualistic and potentially misleading, avoiding the use of the sensory apparatus in attaining higher states. Practitioners thus strive to access what they call pure experience or \"sitting in oblivion of everything\" by letting go of all ordinary perception while strengthening intuition, the potency of the inborn, natural mind—a pure reflection of original cosmos in human beings. Posture and body control become essential; all analytical, dualistic thinking as well as connection to deities are radically overcome. \nDaoists today use zuowang to mean a specific form of practice involving loss of self and conscious thought.\nVictor H. Mair, polymathic Professor of Chinese Language and Literature at the University of Pennsylvania, explains:\nTsowang (\"sit-forget\") is the technical term in early Taoism for meditation. It corresponds roughly to Buddhist ch'an (i.e., Zen, from Sanskrit dhyāna) but more specifically to samādhi (\"conjoining\"), a trance state in which the mind loses itself in the object of contemplation. This may be thought of as complete obliviousness. There are numerous precise stages and states in Indian meditation. In general, they may be described, in Patanjali's term, as various types of citta-vṛtti-nirodha (\"mental-action-control\"). The highest levels are the various types of trance (śamana, \"calming, pacification\") in which the yogi becomes one with the universe and in which all trace of mental activity ceases. Similar trance states are described in the Chuang Tzu, although here the emphasis is less on the voiding (śūnyatā) of the mind than it is on \"bodilessness\" (videha) or exteriorization.\nLiu Xingdi of the Leigutai Temple in Shaanxi says:\nZuowang is allowing everything to slip from the mind, not dwelling on thoughts, allowing them to come and go, simply being at rest. It is important to take a good posture to still the body and calm the mind. Otherwise qi disperses, attention wanders, and the natural process is disturbed. Just remain empty and there is no separation from Dao. Then wisdom will arise and bring forth light, which is the clear qi of the person. Do not think too much about the theory of this, otherwise you are sure to disturb the mind. It is like the sun rising in the east and setting in the west. To think about stopping it halfway is a futile exercise. Just trust the inherent natural process. \nShi Jing, leader of the British Taoist Association, explains:\nZuowang is to sit and forget. What we forget is the thing we hold most dearly: self, with all its opinions, beliefs, and ideals. We can be so caught up in the concept of self that we only see the world as a place to fulfill personal ambition and desire. \nEva Wong, author and Quanzhen practitioner, says:\nZuowang is a dropping of conceptions. When we drop conceptions, what we have is the natural emergence of the natural self, the natural celestial mind, which has been with us all the time. It is only because of our conceptions that we can't experience it. So when we practice zuowang, we are simply saying that here is a method where we can begin to drop conceptions.\nLouis Komjathy, Daoist studies scholar and ordained Daoist priest states:\nApophatic meditation focuses on emptiness and stillness. It is contentless, non-conceptual, and non-dualistic. One simply empties the heart-mind of all emotional and intellectual content...\n...First, one withdraws from sensory engagement with the phenomenal world. Then one empties the heart-mind of intellectual and emotional content. Finally, one enters the state of cosmological integration, wherein qi, subtle breath or one's vital force, is the primary layer of being that one listens to. This condition is described as \"unity\" (yi 一), \"emptiness\" (kong 空 or xu 虚), and \"identification\" (tong 同/通). As the Dao is Stillness from the Daoist prospective, by entering one's own interior silence one returns to one's innate nature, which is the Dao.", "Research on meditation has examined basic zuowang relaxation techniques such as deep breathing and attentional control, which Kohn says, \"have a profound impact on human physiology and neurology, activating the parasympathetic nervous system and creating an inner state of receptivity and caIm.\"\nSantee compares Herbert Benson's \"Relaxation Response\" with Daoist zuowang meditation practices. Benson (2000:104-106) cites the classic Zhuangzi passage on Yan Hui's zuowang as an example of culturally diverse methods for evoking the relaxation response and reducing chronic stress.\nThe psychiatrist Charles E. Stroebel's \"Quieting Reflex\" also uses concentration for healing. Kohn describes it as \"somewhat closer to Daoist practice,\" notably the notion of qi circulating through meridians and organs.\nThe holistic psychologist John Diamond's \"Behavioral Kinesiology\" (1978), which is based upon the controversial applied kinesiology, involves social, physical, and psychological measures to enhance bodily well-being, which Kohn finds to be \"very much in agreement with those described by Sun Simiao and Sima Chengzhen.\"\nLivia Kohn concludes:\nTo sum up, while many of the practices associated with oblivion as an integrated system are still present today—as much as zuowang itself is still practiced in Daoist communities—the focus for the most part has shifted toward the more immediate gratification of modern desires: stress release, pain control, healing, and enhanced success and well-being. In addition, there are certain branches of modern science: such as kinesiology and energy medicine, that allow the integration of traditional Daoist views of body and mind into a contemporary scientific framework and are shaping current new developments.", "Egolessness\nEgo death\nSamadhi\nFana (Sufism)\nMushin", "Eskildsen, Stephen (2015). Daoism, Meditation, and the Wonders of Serenity: From the Latter Han Dynasty (25-220) to the Tang Dynasty (618-907). SUNY Press. ISBN 9781438458236.\nKohn, Livia (2008). \"Zuowang 坐忘 sitting in oblivion\". In Fabrizio Pregadio (ed.). The Routledge Encyclopedia of Taoism. Vol. II. Routledge. pp. 1308–1309. ISBN 9780700712007.\nKohn, Livia (2010). Sitting in Oblivion: The Heart of Daoist Meditation. Three Pines Press. ISBN 1931483167.\nKomjathy, Louis (2007). Cultivating Perfection: Mysticism and Self-transformation in Early Quanzhen Daoism. Sinica Leidensia Series, vol. 76. E.J. Brill. ISBN 9789004160385.\nWandering on the Way: Early Taoist Tales and Parables of Chuang Tzu. Translated by Mair, Victor H. Bantam Books. 1994.\nMajor, John S.; et al. (2010). The Huainanzi: A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Government in Early Han China, by Liu An, King of Huainan. Columbia University Press.\nFootnotes\nKohn 2008, p. 1308.\nKomjathy, Louis. Daoist Meditation: Theory, Method, Application. Lecture transcript prepared and edited by Aranyelixír Kiadó, Budapest. Revised, supplemented and approved by Louis Komjathy, September 2014. \nKohn 2010, p. 1.\nKarlgren, Bernhard. 1923. Analytic Dictionary of Chinese and Sino-Japanese. Paul Geunther. p. 366.\nSchuessler, Axel (2007). ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese. Honolulu HI: University of Hawai'i Press. p. 507. ISBN 9780824829759.\nGiles, Herbert A., ed. (1912), A Chinese-English Dictionary, 2nd. ed., Kelly & Walsh.\nMathews, Robert H., ed. (1931), Mathews' Chinese-English Dictionary, Presbyterian Mission Press.\nLiang Shih-chiu 梁實秋 and Chang Fang-chieh 張芳杰, eds. (1971), Far East Chinese-English Dictionary, Far East Book Co.\nLin Yutang, ed. (1972), Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage, Chinese University of Hong Kong.\nDeFrancis, John, ed. (2003), ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary, University of Hawaii Press.\nRoth, Harold D. (2003), \"Bimodal Mystical Experience in the Qiwulun,\" in Hiding the World in the World: Uneven Discourses on the Zhuangzi, edited by Scott Cook, SUNY, 15-32. p. 18.\nMair 1994, pp. 63–4.\nBalfour, Frederic Henry, tr. (1881), The Divine Classic of Nan-Hua; Being the Works of Chuang Tsze, Taoist Philosopher. Kelly & Walsh. p. 81.\nLegge, James, tr. (1891), The Sacred Books of China: The Texts of Taoism, Part I, Oxford University Press. p. 257.\nGiles, Herbert A., tr. (1926), Chuang Tzǔ: Mystic, Moralist, and Social Reformer, Kelly & Walsh. p. 89.\nWatson, Burton, tr. (1968), The Complete Works of Chuang Tzu, Columbia University Press. p. 90.\nA. C. Graham 1981:92.\nWang Rongpei, tr. (1999), Zhuangzi (Library of Chinese Classics: Chinese-English edition), Foreign Languages Press. p. 111.\nKohn 2010, pp. 27–8.\nMair 1994, p. 32.\nMair 1994, p. 246.\nOshima, Harold H. (1983), \"A Metaphorical Analysis of the Concept of Mind in the Chuang-tzu,\" in Experimental Essays on Chuang-tzu, edited by Victor H. Mair, University of Hawaii Press, p. 67 (63-84).\nTr. Kohn 2008, p. 1308, cf. Kohn 2010, p. 17.\nRobinet, Isabelle (2008), \"Chongxuan 重玄 Twofold Mystery,\" in The Encyclopedia of Taoism, ed. by Fabrizio Pregadio, p. 278 (274-276).\nMair, Victor H. (1994), \"Introduction and Notes for a Complete Translation of the Chuang Tzu,\" Sino-Platonic Papers 48. p. 13.\nKohn 2010, p. 20.\nKohn 2010, p. 21.\nKohn 2008, p. 1309.\nKohn 2010, p. 29.\nKohn 2010, p. 30.\nTr. Major et al. 2010, pp. 468–9.\nMajor et al. 2010, p. 432.\nRoth, Harold D, (1991), \"Who Compiled the Chuang Tzu?,\" in Chinese Texts and Philosophical Contexts: Essays Dedicated to Angus C. Graham, ed. Henry Rosemont Jr., Open Court Press.\nKohn 2010, p. 8.\nKohn 2010, p. 59.\nKohn 2010, p. 9.\nKohn, Livia (2008b). \"Zuowang lun 坐忘論 Essay on sitting in oblivion\". In Fabrizio Pregadio (ed.). The Routledge Encyclopedia of Taoism. Vol. II. Routledge. p. 1310 (1309-1310). ISBN 9780700712007.\nKohn 2010, pp. 73–100.\nKohn 2010, p. 91.\nKohn 2010, p. 95.\nKohn 2010, p. 99.\nKohn 2010, p. 101.\nKohn 2010, p. 73.\nKohn 2010, p. 34.\nKohn 2010, p. 36.\nRobinet 1977, 245.\nKohn 2010, p. 37.\nKohn 2010, pp. 37–9.\nKohn 2010, p. 42.\nKohn 2010, pp. 45–6.\nKohn 2010, p. 10.\nKohn 2010, p. 11.\nEskildsen 2015, p. 3.\nEskildsen 2015, p. 21.\nKomjathy 2007, pp. 179, 182.\nKomjathy 2007, p. 181.\nEskildsen 2015, pp. 25–6.\nEskildsen 2015, p. 27.\nEskildsen 2015, p. 36.\nKohn 2010, p. 6.\nShi Jing (2005), \"An Interview with Liu Xingdi,\" The Dragon's Mouth, British Taoist Association, 3:2-8. p. 6.\nShi Jing (2006), \"Sitting and Forgetting: An Introduction to Zuowang,\" The Dragon's Mouth, British Taoist Association, 1:10-13. p. 11.\nShi Jing (2007), \"Interview: Eva Wong – Quanzhen,\" The Dragon's Mouth, British Taoist Association, 1:4-8. p. 8.\nKohn 2010, p. 124.\nSantee, Robert (2012), \"Sitting in Forgetfulness and the Relaxation Response: An Inquiry into Managing the Physical and Psychological Symptoms of Chronic Stress\", Sixth International Conference on Daoist Studies.\nBenson, Herbert and Miriam Z. Klipper (2000), The Relaxation Response, Harper Collins. pp. 104-6.\nStroebel, Charles Frederick (1989), QR, the Quieting Reflex, Berkley.", "Graham, A.C. (2001), Chuang-tzu: The Inner Chapters, Hackett Publishing Company.\nKohn, Livia (1987), Seven Steps to the Tao: Sima Chengzhen's Zuowanglun, Steyler Verlag.\nKohn, Livia (2009), Daoist Body Cultivation and Behavioral Kinesiology, Daoist Studies\nRobinet, Isabelle (1993), Taoist Meditation: The Mao-shan Tradition of Great Purity, SUNY Press, original French 1989.", "Zuowang Meditation, Sitting and Forgetting, Michael P. Garofalo\nDaoist Zuowang Meditation, Tao Directory\nOn Sitting in Oblivion, Daoinfo\nZuowang Meditation: Forgetting to Remember, Lori A. Furbush" ]

[ "Zuowang", "Terminology", "Classical usages", "Zhuangzi", "Interpretation", "Dao De Jing", "Neiye", "Huainanzi", "Tang dynasty", "Zuowanglun tradition", "Twofold Mystery and Northern celestial masters", "Medieval Daoism and Quanzhen school", "Modern interpretations", "Modern research", "See also", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

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[ "Zuoxiao Zuzhou performing at Beijing in March 2010" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Zuoxiaozuzhou.jpg" ]

[ "Zuoxiao Zuzhou (Chinese: 左小祖咒) (born March 4, 1970 in Yancheng), real name Wu Hongjin, (吴红巾), is a Chinese musician and artist.\nZuoxiao Zuzhou is also a notable music producer. He has produced and arranged Chinese famous artist Ai Weiwei's first rock album The Divine Comedy. The soundtracks from the album are featured prominently in Ai Weiwei's documentary films.\nGrowing up, he founded the rock band No and was a member of the Beijing East Village art collective. He has also contributed to the Huayi Chinese Festival of Arts at the Esplanade, Singapore, and provided vocals for the song \"A Walk in the Park\" on Cowboy Junkies 2010 album Renmin Park. In 2008, he released the two-disc You Know Where the East Is.\nThe meaning of Wu Hongjin's stage name, Zuoxiao ( 左 \"left\", 小 \"little\") Zuzhou (祖 \"ancestor\" , 咒 \"curse\") reflects that everyone called him \"unclear\" or \"unreliable\" (没谱, méipǔ). or, that it is just for sound and has no meaning.", "", "His original name being Wu Hongjin, he grew up in a waterman family. He experienced usual life on the street when he was young. In 1993, he came to Beijing after living in Shanghai. He later established “Beijing East Village” along with some other artists in Eastern suburbs which had a far-reaching impact on Chinese contemporary art. During this time, he founded the band NO with Ye Qian, and later changed his name to Zuoxiao Zuzhou as the vocal, guitarist, violinist and composer for the group.", "His first album, The Missing Master was distributed in 1998. The second album Trip To The Temple Fair was distributed 2 years later. These two albums obtained the top album in the Rock magazine at that time. The third album, Zuoxiaozuzhou At Di'anmen won the Chinese music market, making him a very popular artist. In 1999, his work Increased To Famous Mountains One Meter was presented in the 48th Venice International Biennale which was collectively created by Zuoxiao Zuzhou and several other artists from Beijing East. After releasing The Missing Master and The Trip to Temple Fair he signed a contract with Modern Sky Music Company in 2004.\nIn 2005, he self-published the album I can not sit sadly by your side. In 2007, The U.S.A, a film soundtrack album was released, sold for $25 each, which set a new record in Chinese music album. In 2009, the double disc You Know Where The East Side Is was published, selling for $85 each, which makes it the most expensive album record.\nOn March 19, 2010, Zuoxiao Zuzhou held his first solo concert \"All The Best\" in Beijing Century Theatre. His entire lineup included bandmates Ai Weiwei, Ning Hao, Meng Jinghui, Jia Zhangke, Zhu Wen, Li Yanliang, and Fang Wuxing. The concert DVD version was released in March 2012.\nYou Know Where The East Is was awarded Southern Weekly annual culture original music in 2009. Big Deal has awarded nine nominations of Chinese Music Media Award in 2010, he obtained The Best Mandarin Male Singer, and Best Composer Award.", "On August 12, 2009, Ai Weiwei was invited by the lawyer of Tan Zuoren up to the court in Chengdu, and Zuoxiao Zuzhou and others went to Sichuan together. In the early morning, Chengdu Police broke into door and hit Ai Weiwei on the head. Then, Ai was illegally detained till the end of the case to trial. The story was made into a documentary \"Lao Ma Ti Hua\", whom Zuoxiao Zuzhou was the main soundtrack producer. On June 6, 2011, after Ai was released by the authorities after illegal detention for 81 days, Zuoxiao Zuzhou begin to produce Ai’s rock album The Divine Comedy. The album was finished in 2013, and was published in the United States.\nOn April 24, 2011, when Zuoxiao Zuzhou as the grand finale artists who performed in ZhouZhuang folk poetry festival, some audience members screamed the name of Ai Weiwei and on the background Weibo screen screened content related to Ai Weiwei. Thus, he has prohibited to participate in any commercial performance in China, including KAMA LOVE music festival in June.\nOn Sep 23, 2014, album We Need A Troublemaker was published. The same year, he participated in music festivals in Wuhan, Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Chengdu, Kunming, Changsha, Xiamen, Dali and Son on include Strawberry, Lebao music festival in succession which means his ban has been removed.\nDuring Double Nine Festival 2012, The house of Zouzhou’s father-in-law was located in Qianjiatang, Wunjin District, Hangzhou had a forced demolition. The news triggered great attention in society; many celebrities posted Weibo message to support including Li Chengpeng, Yao Chen, Li Kaifu, Han han, Hong Huang, Murong Xuecun, Han Zhiguo, Yu Jianrong, and Luo Yonghao. Zuoxiao Zuzhou went back home immediately to stop the demolition. Afterwards, Ling Guangyao, the secretary of Changzhou Wujin Hi-Tech Development District stated that before any negotiation with his family, the house will not be demolished. Moreover, the neighboring house also will not be demolished in order to avoid trouble. However, rumors on the internet about the famous nail household has never stopped.", "In 2010, Zuzhou contributed music, lyrics and vocal in Cowboy Junkies’ song, \"A Walk in The Park\" in their album Renmin Park. In the same album, Cowboy Junkies covered Zuzhou’s song, \"I Cannot Sit Sadly By Your Side\". The band member Michael Timmins called Zuoxiao Zuzhou “China’s Leonard Cohen” in an interview with the National Public Radio.\nIn 2013, Zuzhou was invited to deliver a speech at the University of California, Berkeley, titled “China” in Zuoxiao Zuzhou’s Music and Art. Cowboy Junkies’ member Michael Timmins joined the event as the discussant.\nIn February 2014, German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung and Swiss newspaper Tages-Anzeiger carried a cover story about Zuoxiao Zuzhou. His photos was chosen by several famous magazine in China as their cover photos including GQ, ELLE MAN, Esquire, City Magazine and FHM magazine.\nOn February 28, 2015, Zuzhou performed PM2.5 in the animated session PM2.5’s Confession of Chai JIng’s documentary film Under the Dome. Hitting over 10 million views 24 hours after its release, the film successfully called for public attention to the air pollution in China before the National People’s Congress and the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference.", "The lost master 《走失的主人》1998\nTrip to temple fair 《庙会之旅》1999\nZuoxiao Zuzhou at Di'anmen 《左小祖咒在地安门》 2001\nI cannot Sit Sadly by Your Side 《我不能悲伤地坐在你身旁》2005\nThe USA《美国》2006\nYou Know Where the East Is 《你知道东方在哪一边》2008\nBig deal 《大事》2009\nZuoxiao Zuzhou OST For Ai Weiwei Works No.1 《左小祖咒原声配乐No.1》 2010\nTrip to temple fair II《庙会之旅II》2011\nYou Know The Enemy Is Over There《你知道对方在那一边》2011\nZuoxiao Zuzhou Head to Naizifang《左小祖咒去奶子房》2012\nLove for Life《最爱》2012\nI Never Tasted This Kind of Little Grape 《这小小的葡萄我从来没吃过》2013\nThe Ideal City 《一座城池》2013\nWe Need A Troubadour 《我们需要个歌手》2014\n2010-2013 Beijing Live 《2010-2013北京现场》2015\nI Have Never Eaten These Tiny Grapes Live 《这小小的葡萄我从来没吃过发布Live》2015\nFlore 《花神》 2016\nThe Shanghai Days《上海岁月》2016\nFarewell Kanas《再见喀纳斯》2017\nZuoxiao Zuzhou 2016 Xi'an Unplugged Live《左小祖咒2016西安不插电Live》2017\nThe Soul and Flesh in Taipei《风月情色在台北》2017\nNever Sorry 《非常抱歉》2018\nGrapes Ripe 《葡萄熟了》2018\nThe Artist In Artists 《艺术家中的艺术家》2018\nThe lost master 20 anniversary 《走失的主人20周年》2018\nThe Power of Belief is Endless 《相信的力量是无穷的》2018\nChongqing Woman 《重庆女人》2018\nThe Live of Three Nights in Ulanbator 《乌兰巴托的三个夜晚实况》2019", "2017\nContemporary Chinese Works on Paper, Ipswich Art Gallery\nCrystal - The Momentum of Contemporary Art, Museum Of Art Without Boundaries\n2016\n‘Art Farmer’ Personal painting Exhibition by Zuoxiao Zuzhou, One S, Shenzhen\nMurakami Takashi & Zuoxiao Zuzhou ‘I Can't Look at Your Gigglish Face When I Sad’, D.House Life Hall, Xiamen\n‘Wrong Version’ Personal painting Exhibition by Zuoxiao Zuzhou, Vision Hill Arts Center, Tianjin\n2015\n‘Their Nursery Rhyme’ Personal painting Exhibition by Zuoxiao Zuzhou, Ai Yike Art Gallery, Changsha\n‘Tell Me That Story Again’ Personal painting Exhibition by Zuoxiao Zuzhou, Pipal Gallery, Guangzhou\n‘Life Experience of Aesthetic’ The Momentum of Contemporary Art, Sichuan University of Culture and Arts\n‘Cube Of Intuition’ Personal painting Exhibition by Zuoxiao Zuzhou, Cao Chang Di, Beijing, ARTASTE\n‘A Beautiful New World’ International Contemporary Art Exhibition - The 2nd Nanjing International Art Festival, Nanjing International Exhibition Centre\nMortal Beings&Little Things - Zuoxiao Zuzhou's Small Paintings, No.55 Art Space, Beijing\nNot On Site: Absolute Threshold and a Type of Site-Specific Drift, AMNUA, Nanjing\n2014\n‘Switch’, First Contemporary Art Exhibition of Xi'an, Xi'an Museum of Contemporary Art\n‘Integration’, T-Museum Opening Exhibition, Hangzhou T-Museum, Zhejiang\n2013 \nSpectacle Reconstruction –Chinese Contemporary Art, MODEM Centre for Modern and Contemporary Arts, Hungary\nVoice of the Unseen, Collateral event of the 55th International Art Exhibition - La Biennale Di Venezia\nWalking with Pigs, Arthur M. Sackler Museum of Art and Archeology at Peking University\nIndividual Growth—the Momentum of Contemporary Art, Tianjin Art Museum, Shijiazhuang Art Museum\nFuck off 2, The Groninger Museum, the Netherlands\n2012\n‘Baptized - Art Under the Disaster’, CCD300 Contemporary Art and Design Center\n‘Down to earth’, Contemporary Art Collection Exhibition in Guangxi, You Ming Tang Art Center of MIXC, Nanning\n2011\n‘Slap’, Invitation Exhibition of Young Artists, Beijing Sanlitun four five Art Center, China\n‘Red Prescription’, Huangjueping Independent Image Art Space, Chongqing\n‘Elite Exhibition of Contemporary Art’, Dalian Zhongshan Museum of Art\n2010\n‘Interconnected’, Three Shadows Art Documentary, Beijing Three Shadows Photography Art Centre, China\n‘San Sheng Wan Wu’, Comprehensive Art Exhibition, Shanghai Zhengda Contemporary Art Exhibition Hall, China\n‘Museum on Paper’, Art & Investment Magazine, Beijing, China\n‘Get It Louder-Sharism’, Beijing Sanlitun Soho, Shanghai 800Show Creative Park, China\n‘Transition’, Contemporary Art Exhibition, Wenzhou Seventh Art Center, China\n‘Nature of China’, Contemporary Art Documentary, Suzhou True Color Museum, China\n‘Arles in Beijing’, The First Annual Caochangdi PhotoSpring, China\n‘The 4th China Independent Film Festival’, Institute of Drama and Film Studies, Nanjing University, China\n‘Passing China’, Contemporary Chinese Photography, Gallery Sanstorium, Istanbul, Turkey.\n‘3+X People And Things Around’, Contemporary Art Exhibition, China Art Archives and Warehouse, Beijing, China\n‘3+X/B Asks B Answers’, H.J.Y Contemporary Art Center, Beijing, China\n‘3+X Can Be More Poetic’, Contemporary Art Exhibition, Nanjing Shangdong Contemporary Art, China\n‘3+X’, Contemporary Art Exhibition, Arthur M. Sackler Museum of Art and Archeology at Peking University, China\n‘Contemporary Artist Photo Exhibition’, Today Art Gallery, Beijing, China\n‘You West, Me East’, Chinese Contemporary Art Exhibition, Chengdu K Gallery, China\n‘You West, Me East’, Chinese Contemporary Art Exhibition, Shenzhen Art Museum, China\n‘You West, Me East’, Chinese Contemporary Art Exhibition, Wuhan Art Museum, China\n‘You West, Me East’, Chinese Contemporary Art Exhibition, Xi’an Art Museum, China\n‘Dong Gallery New Art Show’, Dong Gallery, 798 Art District, Beijing, China\n2009\n‘New Art Revolution-Chinese Contemporary Art in Cuba’, National Museum of Fine Art, Havana, Cuba\n‘Yan Gerber International Arts Festival(1st)’, Yan Gerber Museum of Modern Art, Weichang County, Hebei Province, China\n‘Passing By China’, Contemporary Chinese Photography, Eli Klein Fine Art Gallery, New York, U.S\n‘So Sorry’, Ai Weiwei, Haus der Kunst, Munich, Germany\n‘Polar Region Tension’, Exhibition of Artists from Beijing, Shanghai and Chengdu, Qisheng Gallery, Luodai Town, China\n‘China Imagery, City Flag’, Xi'an Qujiang International Contemporary Art Season, China\n‘Zhi Dong Da Xi’, Yuangong＆Zuoxiao Zuzhou Exhibition, Shanghu Gallery, China\n‘Fluid Community’, Constellations, The First Beijing 798 Biennale, China\n‘Crap’, Chengdu Contemporary Art Exhibition, China\n‘2nd Mary Inn Media Clippings, Art Meets Rock’ n Roll’, Yugong Yishan Club, Beijing, China\n‘19 Games’, Chinese Contemporary Art Exhibition, T. Art Center, Beijing, China\n‘13 No Kaos’, Duffy Cigar Art Gallery, Kunming, Yunnan, China\n‘Reflection’-2009 New Art World Invitation Exhibition, Wall Art Museum, The Central Academy of Arts & Design, Beijing, China\n‘Reflection’-2009 New Art World Invitation Exhibition, West Lake Gallery, Zhejiang, China\n2008\n‘Chinese Complex’, Contemporary Art Exhibition, Huamao Center, Beijing, China\nHypallage, the Post-Modern Mode Of Chinese Contemporary Art, The OCT Art & Design Gallery, Shenzhen, China\n‘Maze II’, Asian Contemporary Art Center, Beijing, China\nPalm Beach 3 Art Fair, Florida, U.S.\nArt Basel Miami-China Art in the Beach, Florida, U.S.\n‘You Know Where the East is’, Imperial City Art Museum, Beijing, China\n‘Sky’ Famed Artists Gallery Show, Red Space Gallery, 798 Art District, Beijing, China\n‘Academy and Non-Academy’ Gallery Show, Yibo Gallery, Shanghai, China\nArt Exhibition, Chongqing Art Festival\nSculpture Show, Loft, 798 Art District, Beijing China,\nInternational Contemporary Art Exhibition, Shanghai Expo\nContemporary Art Exhibition, Beijing Expo, China\nArt Exhibition, Yuangong Modern Art Gallery, Shanghai, China\n2007\n‘A Retrospective of Unnamed Art Group’, Shanghai Zendai Museum of Modern Art, China\nPingyao International Photography Festival, Shanxi, China\n‘Convection’ Retrospective of Collections at Three Shadows Contemporary Photography Center, Beijing, China\n‘I Love Contemporary Art Also’, Miao Feng Mountain, Beijing, China\n2006\n‘Seven’ Contemporary Art Exhibition, National Museum of Singapore\n‘A Retrospective of Contemporary Photography’, at Season Gallery, 798 Art District, Beijing, China\n‘Lianzhou International Photography Festival’, Guangdong, China\nThe 30th Hong Kong International Film Festival, Hong Kong\n2005\n‘The Amsterdam China Festival’, Amsterdam, Netherlands\n‘Art Forum Berlin’, Alexander Ochs Galleries, Berlin\n2004\n‘What’ Art Exhibition, Shanxi Art Museum, China\n2003\n‘Crusoe-Exhibition of Contemporary Art’, Post-Modern City, Beijing, China\n2002\nSignboard, China Tour In Six Major Cities\n2000\nMad Dog Crying Over Graveyard, Sonic Factory, Hong Kong\n1999\n48th Venice Biennale, Italy\n1997 \n‘Methodology’, song based on Jiang Zemin’s report on the 15th NPC, China\n1995 \n‘Sound of Origin’ Behavioral Art at a Fly-over, Dongbianmen, Beijing\n‘Add One Meter to Unnamed Mountain’, Behavioral Art, Miao Feng Mountain, Beijing\n‘New Year’s Voice’, Maxim’s Restaurant at Chongwenmen, Beijing\n1993 \nFounded the avant-garde artists commune ‘East Village’ of Beijing, as one of the masterminds", "2018\nHello Mr. Billionaire By Yan Fei/Peng Damo\n2016\nGoodbye Mr. Loser By Yan Fei/Peng Damo\nCrosscurrent By Yang Chao\nThe Wasted Times By Cheng Er\n2013\nThe Ideal City (Based on a Han Han Novel)\n2011\nLife Is A Miracle By Gu Changwei\nVery Sorry By Ai Weiwei\n2010\nAn Isolated Man By Ai Weiwei\nBeautiful Life By Ai Weiwei\nHua Hao Yue Yuan By Ai Weiwei\nSan Hua By Ai Weiwei\n2009\n4851—May 12 Earthquake Student Victims List By Ai Weiwei\nOld Mom Pettitoes By Ai Weiwei\nTurtle's Road to Homeland By Dong Wensheng\n2008 \nStab Me By Liu Jian\n2007 \nFairy Tale By Ai Weiwei\nTale of Stone By Dong Wensheng\nSeven Sages in Bamboo Forest By Yang Fudong\nGolden Week By Li Hongqi\nEnd Credit Music for Useless By Jia Zhangke\n2005 \nToo Much Rice By Li Hongqi\nThe World By Jia Zhangke\nOn Darkness Does Not Exist (Play) By Zhu Xiuyang\n2004 \nSouth of Cloud By Zhu Wen\nRu Meng Ling By Jin Feng\n2003 \nChannel Cave By Zhou Xiaohu\nEat Drink Play Joy By Ai Dan & Ai Weiwei\n2002 \nMr. Honey By Zhou Xiaohu\n2001 \nBeautiful Mushroom Cloud By Zhou Xiaohu\n1995 \nSeason of Taxi By Ma Yingli", "Mad dog barks at the tomb《狂犬吠墓》, 2001\nThe Sad Boss 《忧伤的老板》 2010\nZuoxiao Zuzhou Guitar Tabs《左小祖咒有谱》, 2011\nMad dog barks at the tomb(second edition)《狂犬吠墓》（再版）, 2013\nChe Pi 《扯皮》 2017\nChe Pi II 《扯皮II》 2018", "‘Add One Meter to Unnamed Mountain’, Behavioral Art, Miao Feng Mountain, Beijing, 1995\n‘Methodology’, song based on Jiang Zemin’s report on the 15th NPC, China 1997\n‘I Love Contemporary Art Also’, Miao Feng Mountain, Beijing, China 2007", "Martinsen, Joel (August 20, 2008). \"Rich painters and poor rock stars\". Danwei. Retrieved January 26, 2011.\nChow, Clara (January 21, 2006). \"The great hoax of China; Refurbishment plans for the Great Wall of China and surreal videos and photographs are all part of this exhibition\". The Straits Times.\n\"Cowboy Junkies latest effort is deep; MUSIC\". Belleville Intelligencer. May 28, 2010. Retrieved January 26, 2011.\nShanghai Books online 2011上海书展 《左小祖咒有谱》左小祖咒 孙孟晋\" 2011年8月21日 – 嘉宾：你好，大家好，我是节目主持人左小祖咒。 主持人：左小祖咒这个名字就很有意思，为什么会起这个名字呢？ 嘉宾：这个名字就是有点没谱的意思。 主持人：是有谱这回。 嘉宾：因为没谱才来出有谱的书嘛。 主持人：之前为什么说您没谱呢？ 嘉宾2：因为大家都叫他没谱，我们都把他叫做没谱。 主持人：是人没谱还是歌没谱还是调没谱？ 嘉宾2：其实他很有谱，但是在外面传言说他没谱。\"\nShanghai Books online 2011上海书展 《左小祖咒有谱》左小祖咒 孙孟晋\" 2011年8月21日 –他说自己之所以叫左小祖咒，就是为了好念，就像阿迪达斯一样没啥意义", "English Website\nBitetone Presents: Our 2011 Best 35 Chinese Records on Bitetone.com" ]

[ "Zuoxiao Zuzhou", "Early life and career", "Early life", "Early albums", "Controversy", "Popularity growth", "Discography", "Art events and exhibitions", "Film scores", "Publications", "Works of art", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360052 ]

[ 27238262, 27238263, 27238264, 27238265, 27238266, 27238267, 27238268, 27238269, 27238270, 27238271, 27238272, 27238273, 27238274, 27238275, 27238276, 27238277, 27238278 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/TRA_ZouyingJiuchengStation.jpg" ]

[ "Zuoying–Jiucheng (Chinese: 左營·舊城; pinyin: Zuǒyíng–Jìuchéng) is a railway station in Kaohsiung, Taiwan served by Taiwan Railways. The station is served by local trains.\nFormerly Zuoying, the station was renamed on October 14, 2018, based on the nearby Old City of Zuoying to avoid the confusion with Xinzuoying, when the new underground station was opened.", "The station was opened on 29 November 1900. The station was last rebuilt in 2018, replacing the temporary structure opened in 2013.", "Chi Ming Palace\nGuomao Community", "List of railway stations in Taiwan", "\"各站營業里程-1.西部幹線\". Taiwan Railways Administration (in Chinese). 11 December 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2018.\n\"車站簡介\". Taiwan Railways Administration (in Chinese). Retrieved 23 October 2018.\n\"臺灣鐵路電訊\". Taiwan Railways Administration (in Chinese). Retrieved 4 September 2018." ]

[ "Zuoying–Jiucheng railway station", "History", "Around the station", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5360053 ]

[ 27238279 ]

[ "Zuoying District", "Map of southern Taiwan including Zuoying (labeled as 左營 Tso-ying (Saei)) (AMS, 1951)", "Zuoying Naval Base", "THSR Zuoying station" ]

[ 0, 2, 4, 9 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Zuoying_skyline_2020.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Txu-oclc-6557994-index-454.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Zuoying_Naval_Base_Zhongzheng_Gangway_20131119.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Hsr_zuoying_station_clock.jpg" ]

[ "Zuoying District (Chinese: 左營區; pinyin: Zuǒyíng Qū; Wade–Giles: Tso³-ying² Ch'ü¹; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Chó-iâⁿ-khu) is a district of Kaohsiung City in southern Taiwan. Zuoying District has the most populous village in Taiwan: Fushan Village.", "Zuoying was established in the mid-seventeenth century as a military fortress, known as Old Fengshan (鳳山, also Old Fongshan). It is now the site of Tsoying Harbour, known formerly as Port Saei (左營港). 'Sa-ei' is the Japanese On'yomi (Chinese reading) of the city's name in Chinese characters, but was romanized as 'Tsoying' after World War II by American Naval Consultants.", "Zuoying's Lotus Lake is one of the major tourist attractions of southern Taiwan. This beautiful man-made lake is situated between Gueishan (Turtle Mountain) and Panpingshan (Half-screen Mountain). The Spring and Autumn Pavilions, Dragon and Tiger Pagodas and Confucius Temple dot its shoreline. The Confucius Temple is the largest Confucius temple in Taiwan. The historic gates of the Old Fengshan city wall are also nearby.\nThere is a mountain called Shoushan or Chaishan (referred to as Monkey Mountain by many English-speakers), with a large population of Formosan macaques and many tropical plants, and part of which lies within the restricted area of the naval base.\nArea: 19.39 square kilometres (7.49 sq mi)\nPopulation: 195,643 (2014)", "The district consists of Jinxue, Weixi, Dingbei, Zhongbei, Zhongnan, Miaotung, Miaobei, Weinan, Weibei, Bingshan, Xianghe, Yongqing, Juguang, Guanghui, Gequn, Mingjian, Dingxi, Shenghou, Shengxi, Shengnan, Chengnan, Lutung, Bubei, Bunan, Beixi, Beibei, Beitung, Haisheng, Chongshi, Zizhu, Guomao, Guohui, Guofeng, Xinxia, Xinshang, Xinzhong, Xinguang, Caigong and Fushan Village.", "Zuoying hosts the Zuoying Naval Airfield (22°42′16″N, 120°16′48″E) and the Republic of China Navy's Zuoying Naval Yard, Taiwan's largest naval base. Villages near the naval base are composed of single-story houses, uncommon in most Taiwanese cities. The villages were first populated by soldiers of the Kuomintang who came from different provinces of mainland China and gathered here after losing the Chinese Civil War in 1949. The ROC National Government provided these veteran serviceman with these single-story houses. These residential areas belonged to the navy and were under military control at that time. Therefore, people outside could not enter villages without martial permission. Without interference from outside, the culture of villages embodies that of different provinces of mainland China.", "", "Republic of China Naval Academy", "Kaohsiung American School\nKaohsiung Municipal Tsoying Senior High School", "Banping Lake Wetland Park\nChi Ming Palace\nCide Palace\nCih Ji Palace\nDragon and Tiger Pagodas\nGuomao Community\nKaohsiung Arena\nKaohsiung Confucius Temple\nLotus Pond\nNational Sports Training Center\nOld City of Zuoying\nQing Shui Temple\nRuifeng Night Market\nSpring and Autumn Pavilions\nZhouzai Wetland Park", "There are two stops on the West Coast Line of the Taiwan Railways Administration that serve Zuoying District: Zuoying–Jiucheng Station and Xinzuoying Station.\nThe Taiwan High Speed Rail (THSR) serves the Kaohsiung metropolitan area with its Zuoying Station, currently the line terminal and a joint station with TRA's New Zuoying Station.", "Chu Ke-liang former comedian\nJeannie Hsieh, singer-songwriter, dancer, actress and model\nLin Chuan, Premier of the Republic of China (2016-2017)", "\"Glossary of Names for Admin Divisions\" (PDF). placesearch.moi.gov.tw. Ministry of Interior of the ROC. Retrieved 12 June 2015.\nhttps://www.cec.gov.tw/pc/en/TV/nm64000000300000000.html", "Official website \nTaiwan High Speed Rail Corporation (HSR Zuoying Station)\n(English)\nGlobalSecurity.org (Zuoying Naval Base)\nFederation of American Scientists (Zuoying Airfield)" ]

[ "Zuoying District", "History", "Geography", "Administrative divisions", "Naval Base", "Education", "Military academies", "Schools", "Tourist attractions", "Transportation", "Notable natives", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360054, 5360055, 5360056, 5360057 ]

[ 27238280, 27238281, 27238282, 27238283, 27238284, 27238285, 27238286, 27238287, 27238288 ]

[ "", "Entrance 1", "THSR Zuoying station concourse", "MRT Zuoying station platform", "TRA platform level", "THSR platform level" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/THSR_Zuoying_Station_and_TRA_New_Zuoying_Station_20080712.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/KRTC_Zuoying_Station_Exit1.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/THSR_Zuoying_Station_Concourse.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Zuoying_%28THSR%29_Station_platforms.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/TRA_New_Zuoying_Station_Platform_Area.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/THSR_Zuoying_Station_Platform.jpg" ]

[ "Zuoying (Chinese: 左營; pinyin: Zuǒyíng) is a metro and railway station in Kaohsiung, Taiwan served by Kaohsiung MRT, Taiwan High Speed Rail, and Taiwan Railways, where it is known as Xinzuoying (Chinese: 新左營; lit. 'New Zuoying'). The station is served by the fastest HSR express services of the 1 series.", "The station is located at the eastern foot of Mt. Panping (also known as Mt. Banping) in Kaohsiung, next to the South East Cement factory buildings. In addition to rail routes, the station is also close to National Highway No. 1, 3, 10 and Provincial Highway No. 1 and 17.\nOn 15 October 2009, Shin Kong Mitsukoshi won a deal to lease a building at the station and turn it into a shopping complex under a 10-year operate-transfer (OT) contract for NT$505 million (US$15.6 million). The new branch opened at the north-east corner of station on 1 April 2010. In June 2009, a folding bike rental station was set up at the MRT station to facilitate tourism in the city. The station is also equipped with vehicle and motorcycle parking lots.", "The TRA and THSR parts are located in the above ground portion of the station, constructed together and opened for revenue service in January 2007 with the commencement of THSR service. As the current terminus of the line, the THSR part of the station has three island platforms serving six tracks. The TRA part of the station has two platforms serving four tracks, with one additional through track.\nThe KMRT portion of the station is a two-level station located underground, at the northeastern part of the TRA/THSR station building. The station has two exits and opened for revenue service in March 2008. Dedicated exits between the KMRT station area to the TRA platforms allow direct transfer between TRA and KMRT trains. The KMRT part of the station has an island platform serving two tracks of the KMRT Red line.", "HSR services 1xx, (1)2xx, (1)3xx, (1)5xx, (1)6xx, and (8)8xx call at this station.", "Confucius Temple of Kaohsiung\nLotus Pond, Kaohsiung", "List of railway stations in Taiwan", "Only Taichung - Zuoying local train\nSection Northbound Service 88xx skips Zuoying, departing from Tainan.\n\"車站基本資料集\". Taiwan Railways Administration. Retrieved 3 November 2018.\n高鐵沿線里程座標相關資料. data.gov.tw (in Chinese). Retrieved 30 August 2018.\n各站營業里程-1.西部幹線. Taiwan Railways Administration (in Chinese). 11 December 2008. Retrieved 29 August 2018.\n車站數-按等級別分 (PDF). Taiwan Railways Administration (in Chinese). Retrieved 30 October 2018.\n臺鐵統計資訊. Taiwan Railways Administration (in Chinese). Retrieved 30 August 2018.\n新左營站簡介. Taiwan Railways Administration (in Chinese). 11 December 2008. Retrieved 29 August 2018.\n計畫介紹- 高鐵建設- 台灣高鐵. Railway Bureau, MOTC (in Chinese). Retrieved 29 August 2018.\n交通部統計查詢網. stat.motc.gov.tw (in Chinese). Retrieved 30 October 2018.\n捷運計畫 - 紅橘線路網 - 興建暨施工期程. Mass Rapid Transit Bureau, Kaohsiung City (in Chinese). Retrieved 29 August 2018.\n統計資料預告發布及背景說明. Accounting and Statistics Office, Kaohsiung City (in Chinese). Retrieved 29 August 2018.\n\"左營站(R16站)車站站體及出入口未直是意圖\" (in Chinese). Kaohsiung Rapid Transit Corporation. Retrieved 2010-12-21.\nHsu, Crystal (16 Oct 2009). \"Mitsukoshi signs deal for location at Zuoying Station\". Taipei Times. p. 11. Retrieved 2010-12-21.\n\"Bike rental station to promote leisurely tour in Kaohsiung\". The China Post. 2009-06-22. Retrieved 2010-12-21.\n\"Transfer Information\". Taiwan High Speed Rail Corporation. Retrieved 2010-12-21.\n\"Zuoying/THSR Plan\". Kaohsiung Rapid Transit Corporation. Retrieved 2010-12-21.\n\"R16 - 左營站\" (in Chinese). Kaohsiung Rapid Transit Corporation. Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-21.", "THSR Zuoying Station (in English, Chinese, and Japanese)\nTRA Xinzuoying Station (in Chinese)\nTaiwan Railways Administration (in English, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean)\nKRTC Zuoying (THSR) Station (in English, Chinese, and Japanese)" ]

[ "Zuoying HSR station", "Overview", "Structure", "HSR services", "Nearby", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360058, 5360059, 5360060, 5360061, 5360062, 5360063 ]

[ 27238289, 27238290, 27238291, 27238292, 27238293, 27238294, 27238295, 27238296, 27238297 ]

[ "", "", "", "Zuoz Village", "Primary School", "Chesa Planta" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 2, 5, 6 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Zuoz_Kirche.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Zuoz-coat_of_arms.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Reliefkarte_Graub%C3%BCnden_blank.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Zuoz.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Primarschulhaus_in_Zuoz_GR.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Planta-Haus_Zuoz.jpg" ]

[ "Zuoz ([tsuə̯ts] (listen)) is a municipality in the Maloja Region in the Swiss canton of Graubünden.", "Zuoz is first mentioned about 840 as Zuzes. Historically, Zuoz was the political center of the upper Engadin. It was the seat of the local bishop. But, it has long ago been supplanted by other Engadin villages such as St. Moritz and Samedan.\nIn 1137-39 the village was acquired from the count von Gamertingen by the Bishop of Chur. In 1244 Bishop Volkart appointed Andreas Planta from Zuoz to be the chancellor of the Oberengadin. The Planta family remained in power until 1798. In 1367, Zuoz joined the League of God's House under the leadership of the Amtmann Thomas Planta.\nThe continuing arguments between Zuoz and Samedan led, in 1438, to the division of the court into two parts, the courts of Sur and Suot Funtauna Merla. In 1492, the village bought the Bishop's property and rights to tax in Zuoz. Then, in 1526 the Bishop lost the right to high justice with the Ilanzer articles. In the Swabian War the inhabitants ignited their fields to force the enemy to retreat. Over the course of the 15th Century, several villages became independent of Zuoz. S-chanf left in 1518, La Punt Chamues-ch in 1528 and Madulain in 1534. In 1554, Zuoz joined the Protestant Reformation and converted.\nIn 1512, the Three Leagues conquered the Valtellina valley. The improved trade routes and money that this valley brought, led to a golden age in the Engadin valley. During this time in Zuoz; a Latin school was established, the first written Romansh language was developed and choir singing spread in both religious and everyday theater. In addition Zuozer students visited foreign schools.\nAfter the Bündner Wirren (or Confusion of the Leagues) from 1618 to 1639, many residents of the village emigrated seeking jobs in other regions. The loss of the Valtellina valley led to further emigrations and loss of political power. Following the end of the Ancien Régime and creation of the Canton of Raetia in the French controlled Helvetic Republic in 1798, all of Zuoz's privileges and political power vanished. It became a simple farming village. Zuoz still practices ancient traditions which date back to long before the Catholic Christianity. These include San Gian and Chalandamarz", "Zuoz has an area, as of 2006, of 65.6 km² (25.3 sq mi). Of this area, 49.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while 9.2% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.1% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (40.2%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).\nBefore 2017, the municipality was located in the Oberengadin sub-district of the Maloja district, after 2017 it was part of the Maloja Region. The village center is located on the slope of Munt Albanas and is surrounded by new developments.", "Zuoz has a population (as of 31 December 2020) of 1,199. As of 2008, 37.0% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has decreased at a rate of -5.8%.\nAs of 2000, the gender distribution of the population was 51.7% male and 48.3% female. The age distribution, as of 2000, in Zuoz is; 127 children or 9.4% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old. 88 teenagers or 6.5% are 10 to 14, and 241 teenagers or 17.8% are 15 to 19. Of the adult population, 154 people or 11.4% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 164 people or 12.1% are 30 to 39, 202 people or 14.9% are 40 to 49, and 152 people or 11.2% are 50 to 59. 101 people or 7.5% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old. The senior population distribution is 87 people or 6.4% are 70 to 79, there are 34 people or 2.5% who are 80 to 89, there are 2 people or 0.1% who are 90 to 99, and 1 person who is 100 or more.\nIn the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 42.3% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (25.6%), the SP (25.2%) and the CVP (5%).\nIn Zuoz about 72.5% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).\nZuoz has an unemployment rate of 1.37%. As of 2005, there were 40 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 10 businesses involved in this sector. 116 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 15 businesses in this sector. 462 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 59 businesses in this sector.\nFrom the 2000 census, 476 or 35.2% are Roman Catholic, while 667 or 49.3% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there are 36 individuals (or about 2.66% of the population) who belong to the Orthodox Church, and there are 7 individuals (or about 0.52% of the population) who belong to another Christian church. There are 14 (or about 1.03% of the population) who are Islamic. There are 6 individuals (or about 0.44% of the population) who belong to another church (not listed on the census), 107 (or about 7.91% of the population) belong to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 40 individuals (or about 2.96% of the population) did not answer the question.\nThe historical population is given in the following table:", "Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (53.2%), with Romansh being second most common (25.8%) and Italian being third ( 9.8%). Until the 19th Century, the entire population spoke the Upper-Engadin Romansh dialect of Puter. Due to increasing trade with the outside world, Romansh usage began to decline. In 1880 about 85% spoke Romansh as a first language, while in 1910 and again in 1941 it was only 56%.", "The public primary school system is Scoula Zuoz (German: Gemeindeschule Zuoz). Its two sites are Scoula da La Plaiv and Scoula Primara Zuoz. Scuola Primaria Zuoz has primary levels, and da La Plaiv has secondary and realschule classes.\nLyceum Alpinum Zuoz, a private school, is in Zuoz.", "Zuoz is an example of a traditional Engadin village. It has many cobblestoned streets and old buildings. In the winter it offers a family ski resort with chair and T-bar lifts, as well as a cross-country ski center. In the summer it has a golf course and hiking trails.\nZuoz is home to the Lyceum Alpinum Zuoz, a preparatory school which has a high proportion of foreign nationals.\nHotels include the Posthotel Engadina and Hotel Castell. The latter is a 5-star hotel with several restaurants, a sauna and an outdoor mountain pool.\nZuoz is the location of one of Robert Maillart's pioneering reinforced concrete bridges (1901).\nZuoz also still retains many of its ancient traditions which it inherited from the Roman empire, including San Gian and Chalandamarz.\nThe Chaplutta S. Bastiaun and Chasa Pult are listed as Swiss heritage sites of national significance.", "The municipality has a railway station, Zuoz, on the Bever–Scuol-Tarasp line. It has regular service to St. Moritz, Landquart, Scuol-Tarasp, and Pontresina.", "\"Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen\". Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 13 January 2019.\n\"Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeitskategorie Geschlecht und Gemeinde; Provisorische Jahresergebnisse; 2018\". Federal Statistical Office. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019.\nZuoz in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office accessed 21-Oct-2009\n\"Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit\". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.\nGraubunden Population Statistics Archived August 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 21 September 2009\nGraubunden in Numbers Archived September 24, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 21 September 2009\n\"Gemeindeschule Zuoz\"/\"Scoula Zuoz.\" Zuoz. Retrieved on November 15, 2016.\nHome. Scoula Zuoz. Retrieved on November 15, 2016.\nBrown, David J. (1993). Bridges. London: Mitchell Beazley. p. 119. ISBN 978-1-85732-163-0.\nSwiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance Archived May 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine 21.11.2008 version, (in German) accessed 21-Oct-2009", "Zuoz in Romansh, German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland." ]

[ "Zuoz", "History", "Geography", "Demographics", "Languages", "Education", "Tourism", "Transportation", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "The station in 2010, viewed in the direction of St Moritz", "" ]

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[ "Zuoz railway station is a railway station in the municipality of Zuoz, in the Swiss canton of Graubünden. It is located on the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge Bever–Scuol-Tarasp line of the Rhaetian Railway. Hourly services operate on this line.", "The following services stop at Zuoz:\nRegioExpress: hourly service between Landquart and St. Moritz.\nRegio: hourly service between Scuol-Tarasp and Pontresina.", "Eisenbahnatlas Schweiz. Cologne: Schweers + Wall. 2012. p. 38. ISBN 978-3-89494-130-7.\n\"Linien- und Zonenplan\" (PDF) (in German). Engadin Bus. 13 June 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.\n\"Passagierfrequenz\". Swiss Federal Railways. September 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2020.\n\"Pontresina - Samedan - Scuol-Tarasp\" (PDF) (in German). Bundesamt für Verkehr. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2020.", "Media related to Zuoz railway station at Wikimedia Commons\nZuoz railway station – Rhaetian Railway" ]

[ "Zuoz railway station", "Services", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Zupaysaurus (/ˌzuːpeɪˈsɔːrəs/; \"ZOO-pay-SAWR-us\") is an extinct genus of early theropod dinosaur living during the Norian stage of the Late Triassic in what is now Argentina. Fossils of the dinosaur were found in the Los Colorados Formation of the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin in northwestern Argentina. Although a full skeleton has not yet been discovered, Zupaysaurus can be considered a bipedal predator, up to 4 metres (13 ft) long. It may have had two parallel crests running the length of its snout.", "Discovered in May 1997 by Santiago Reuil (\"Vultur\"), part of the crew of Guillermo Rougier, it was later described by Arcucci and Coria and published in 2003. The name Zupaysaurus is composed of the Quechua word supay meaning \"devil\" and the Greek word sauros (σαυρος) meaning \"lizard\"; thus \"devil lizard\". In Incan mythology, supay was both the god of death and ruler of the ukhu pacha, the Incan underworld. The type species was named Z. rougieri in the honor of Guillermo Rougier, the scientist who led the expedition which discovered and collected the holotype (original specimen) PULR-076. Zupaysaurus was first described and named in the scientific journal Ameghiniana by Argentine paleontologists Andrea Arcucci and Rodolfo Coria in 2003.", "Zupaysaurus was a medium-sized theropod. An adult skull, measured approximately 450 mm (18 in) in length, suggesting a body length of approximately 4 m (13 ft) from its snout to the tip of its tail. In 2010 Gregory S. Paul gave a length of 6 meters (20 ft) and a weight of 250 kg (550 lbs). In 2016 it was given a much smaller size of 4.2 meters (14 ft) and 70 kg (154 lbs). Like all theropods, Zupaysaurus walked only on its hindlegs, leaving its forelimbs free to grasp its prey. The length of the neck bones recovered suggests that this genus has a rather long neck. Like the coelophysoids, Zupaysaurus has a kink in its snout, between the premaxillary and maxillary bones of the upper jaw. It is estimated that Zupaysaurus had 24 teeth and an intermandibular hinge is present in the lower jaw. Only one specimen of Zupaysaurus is known to science. The holotype specimen was designated PULR-076, which consists of a nearly complete skull which was very well preserved, the right shoulder girdle, the lower right leg and ankle, and twelve vertebrae from the neck, back, and hips. Additional material of a smaller individual found at the same site may or may not belong to Zupaysaurus.\nAs Zupaysaurus was originally described, the head bore two thin parallel crests on top of the skull, similar to theropods like Dilophosaurus and Coelophysis kayentakatae. These crests are thought to have been formed by the nasal bones solely, unlike those of many other theropods which also incorporated the lacrimal bones. Crests on the skull were pervasive among theropods and may have been used for communicative purposes such as species or gender recognition. However, more recent analysis of the skull has cast doubt on the presence of these crests in Zupaysaurus. An unpublished abstract presented at a recent conference indicated the structures initially identified as crests were in fact the lacrimal bones displaced upwards during the process of fossilization. Other cranial ornamentation included a rugose laterally-projecting lacrimal ridge on the top of the skull.\nA diagnosis is a statement of the anatomical features of an organism (or group) that collectively distinguish it from all other organisms. Some, but not all, of the features in a diagnosis are also autapomorphies. An autapomorphy is a distinctive anatomical feature that is unique to a given organism or group. According to Ezcurra (2006) and Ezcurra and Novas (2006), Zupaysaurus can be distinguished based on the following characteristics: the maxillary fenestra is within the antorbital fossa (according to Ezcurra, 2006), the rostral process of the lacrimal is ventrally bowed (according to Ezcurra, 2006), the ventral process of the squamosal is kinked (according to Ezcurra, 2006), wide contact between squamosal and quadratojugal (according to Ezcurra, 2006). The maxillary-jugal ventral margin describes an obtuse angle in lateral view (according to Ezcurra and Novas, 2006), a notch on the dorsal margin of the ascending process of the maxilla, relating to horizontal ramus of the lacrimal is rostrally tapering onto the forked caudal tip of the ascending process of the maxilla; (according to Ezcurra and Novas, 2006), a lacrimal with a highly pneumatized antorbital recess (according to Ezcurra and Novas, 2006), a short and square-shaped retroarticular process of the mandible (according to Ezcurra and Novas, 2006), the cnemial crest is poorly developed (according to Ezcurra and Novas, 2006).", "Zupaysaurus was classified as the earliest known tetanuran theropod due to several features of its skull, dentition, and hindlimb. However, several features typical of more basal theropods were also noted by the original authors. Analyses by Carano (2005), Tykoski (2005), and Ezcurra and Novas (2005) have classified Zupaysaurus as a coelophysoid related to Segisaurus and probably Liliensternus, though more basal than Coelophysis. Yates (2006) found Zupaysaurus to form a group with Dilophosaurus and Dracovenator, placing it in a monophyletic Dilophosauridae. But later studies found Zupaysaurus to be a sister taxon sister to a clade containing dilophosaurids, ceratosaurs and tetanurans.\nBelow is a cladogram based on the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Sues et al. in 2011, showing the relationships of Zupaysaurus:", "Zupaysaurus was discovered in red siliciclastic sediments at the \"Quebrada de los Jachaleros\" locality within the Los Colorados Formation of the La Rioja province in Argentina. This formation has been shown by magnetostratigraphy to date to the Norian stage of the Late Triassic period, approximately 228 to 208 million years ago. but has also been assigned to the slightly younger Rhaetian stage, which was approximately 208 to 201 million years ago. Both specimens assigned to this genus are housed in the collection of the National University of La Rioja in La Rioja, Argentina.\nThe Los Colorados Formation was interpreted as an ancient floodplain and it was home to several types of early sauropodomorph dinosaurs (including Riojasaurus, Coloradisaurus , and Lessemsaurus), all of which shared the same paleoenvironment with Zupaysaurus. It is recognized as one of the earliest known faunal assemblages dominated by dinosaurs, which were 43% of the number of tetrapod species currently known. The non-dinosaurs that inhabited this locality included pseudosuchians, therapsids like Cynodontia, other early reptiles, and possible archosaurs.", "Arcucci, A.B. & Coria R.A. 2003. A new Triassic carnivorous dinosaur from Argentina. Ameghiniana 40(2):217-228.\nPaul, Gregory S. (2010). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 75.\nMolina-Pérez & Larramendi (2016). Récords y curiosidades de los dinosaurios Terópodos y otros dinosauromorfos. Spain: Larousse. p. 253.\nCurrie, P.J. & Zhao X. 1993. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30: 2037-2081.\nEzcurra, M.D. & Novas, F.E. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships of the Triassic theropod Zupaysaurus rougieri from NW Argentina. Presented in August 2005 during the II Latin American Congress of Vertebrate Paleontology Archived May 4, 2006, at the Wayback Machine in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This analysis will be published in peer-reviewed print form later in 2006. A summary of the talk can be seen here.\nCarrano, M.T., Hutchinson, J.R., & Sampson, S.D. 2005. New information on Segisaurus halli, a small theropod dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of Arizona. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25(4): 835-849.\nTykoski, 2005. Anatomy, ontogeny and phylogeny of coelophysoid theropods. PhD Dissertation. University of Texas at Austin. 553 pp.\nYates, A.M., 2006 (for 2005). \"A new theropod dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of South Africa and its implications for the early evolution of theropods.\" Palaeontologia Africana, 41: 105-122.\nSmith N.D., Makovicky P. J., Hammer W. R. & Currie P. J. 2007 Osteology of Cryolophosaurus ellioti (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica and implications for early theropod evolution. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 151, 377–421.\nNesbitt, S. J., Smith, N. D., Irmis, R. B., Turner, A. H., Downs, A., & M. A. Norell. 2009. A complete skeleton of a Late Triassic saurischian and the early evolution of dinosaurs. Science 326:1530-1533.\nHans-Dieter Sues, Sterling J. Nesbitt, David S. Berman and Amy C. Henrici (2011). \"A late-surviving basal theropod dinosaur from the latest Triassic of North America\". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 278 (1723): 3459–3464\nWeishampel, D.B., Barrett, P.M., Coria, R.A., Le Loueff, J., Xu X., Zhao X., Sahni, A., Gomani, E.M.P., & Noto, C.R. 2004. Dinosaur distribution. In: Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P., & Osmólska, H. (Eds.). The Dinosauria (2nd Edition). Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 517-606.\nHeckert, A.B. & Lucas, S.G. 1998. Global correlation of the Triassic theropod record. Gaia 15: 63-74. [not printed until 2000]", "Zupaysaurus entry in The Theropod Database." ]

[ "Zupaysaurus", "Discovery", "Description", "Classification", "Paleoecology", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Samuel anointed Saul in an unnamed town in the land of Zuph, woodcut from Die Bibel in Bildern", "" ]

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[ "Zuph meaning honeycomb in Hebrew\nAccording to the Books of Chronicles, a Kohathite Levite, a fact not mentioned in the books of Samuel. He was the ancestor of Elkanah and Samuel (1 Samuel 1:1); called also Zophai in the parallel passage, 1 Chronicles 6:26 (or 1 Chronicles 6:11 in Hebrew Bible).\nLand of Zuph (1 Samuel 9:5, 6), a district in which lay Samuel's city, Ramathaim-Zophim. It was probably so named after Zuph (1 Chronicles 6:26). Zuph and the city of Ramathaim-Zophim are mentioned in the Bible together with Mount Ephraim, suggesting that they shared a similar locality.", "Hirsch, Emil G. and König, Eduard. \"Elkanah\", Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906\nSeligsohn, M., \"Zuph\", Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906\n This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). \"Zuph\". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.}" ]

[ "Zuph", "References" ]

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[ "Zuphiini is a tribe of ground beetles in the family Carabidae.", "Zuphiini contains the following twenty-three genera:\nDicrodontus Chaudoir, 1872\nColasidia Basilewsky, 1954\nGunvorita Landin, 1955\nLeleupidia Basilewsky, 1951\nNeoleleupidia Basilewsky, 1953\nParaleleupidia Basilewsky, 1951\nPlanetes W. S. MacLeay, 1825\nAcrogenys Macleay, 1864\nAgastus Schmidt-Goebel, 1846\nChaudoirella Mateu, 1982\nCoarazuphium Gnaspini, Vanin & Godoy, 1998\nIldobates Espanol, 1966\nMetaxidius Chaudoir, 1852\nMetazuphium Mateu, 1992\nMischocephalus Chaudoir, 1862\nParazuphium Jeannel, 1942\nPolistichus Bonelli, 1810\nPseudaptinus Castelnau de Laporte, 1834\nSpeothalpius Moore, 1995\nSpeozuphium Moore, 1995\nTyphlozuphium Baehr, 2014\nZuphioides Ball & Shpeley, 2013\nZuphium Latreille, 1806", "\"Tribe Zuphiini Bonelli, 1810\". Carabidae of the World. 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2022.", "Riley, K.; Browne, R. (2011). \"Changes in ground beetle diversity and community composition in age structured forests (Coleoptera, Carabidae)\". ZooKeys (147): 601–621. doi:10.3897/zookeys.147.2102. PMC 3286241. PMID 22371677.\nBousquet, Yves (2010). Illustrated Identification Guide to Adults and Larvae of Northeastern North American Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Pensoft Publishers. ISBN 978-954-642-522-5.\nErwin, Terry L. (2007). A Treatise on the Western Hemisphere Caraboidea (Coleoptera): Their classification, distributions, and ways of life. Volume I. Trachypachidae, Carabidae - Nebriiformes 1. Pensoft Series Faunistica. Vol. 66. Pensoft Publishers. ISBN 978-954-642-2989. ISSN 1312-0174.\nLobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2017). Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 1: Archostemata - Myxophaga - Adephaga. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-33029-0.\nLeConte, J. L. (1861). Classification of the Coleoptera of North America. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vol. 3. Smithsonian Institution. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.38459. ISBN 978-0665100550.", "Media related to Zuphiini at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Zuphiini", "Genera", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

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[ "Zuphium is a genus of beetles in the family Carabidae, containing the following species:\nZuphium aequinoctiale Chaudoir, 1862 \nZuphium americanum Dejean, 1831 \nZuphium araxidis Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1972 \nZuphium argentinicum Liebke, 1933 \nZuphium ascendens Alluaud, 1917 \nZuphium australe Chaudoir, 1862 \nZuphium batesi Chaudoir, 1862 \nZuphium bedeli Vauloger De Beaupre, 1897 \nZuphium bierigi Liebke, 1933 \nZuphium bimaculatum Schmidt-Goebel, 1846 \nZuphium bohemani Chaudoir, 1862 \nZuphium brasiliense Chaudoir, 1872\nZuphium bruchi Liebke, 1933 \nZuphium brunneum Boheman, 1848 \nZuphium caffrum Boheman, 1848 \nZuphium castelnaui Gestro, 1875 \nZuphium celebense Chaudoir, 1862 \nZuphium ciliatum Vauloger De Beaupre, 1897 \nZuphium cilicium Peyron, 1858\nZuphium coarctatum Basilewsky, 1962 \nZuphium columbianum Chaudoir, 1872 \nZuphium congoense Basilewsky, 1962 \nZuphium cubanum Liebke, 1933 \nZuphium dabreui Andrewes, 1922 \nZuphium delectum Liebke, 1933 \nZuphium erebeum Andrewes, 1923 \nZuphium erythrocephalum Chaudoir, 1862 \nZuphium exiguum Putzeys, 1878 \nZuphium exquisitum Liebke, 1933 \nZuphium flavum Baehr, 2001 \nZuphium fleurasi Gory, 1833 \nZuphium flohri Liebke, 1933 \nZuphium formosum Bates, 1892 \nZuphium fuscum Gory, 1831 E\nZuphium haitianum Darlington, 1935 \nZuphium hungaricum J.Frivaldszky, 1877 \nZuphium indicum Andrewes, 1922 \nZuphium juengeri Mateu, 1995 \nZuphium juratulum Basilewsky, 1960 \nZuphium lecordieri Basilewsky, 1968 \nZuphium lizeri Liebke, 1933 \nZuphium longicolle Leconte, 1879 \nZuphium macleayanum Baehr, 1986 \nZuphium maculiceps Fairmaire, 1899 \nZuphium magnum Schaeffer, 1910 \nZuphium mexicanum Chaudoir, 1863 \nZuphium microphthalmum Putzeys, 1874 \nZuphium modestum Schmidt-Goebel, 1846 \nZuphium moorei Baehr, 1986 \nZuphium numidicum Lucas, 1846 \nZuphium obscurum Basilewsky, 1953 \nZuphium olens (P.Rossi, 1790) \nZuphium orszuliki Hurka, 2001 \nZuphium perrieri Fairmaire, 1899 \nZuphium piceum Schmidt-Goebel, 1846 \nZuphium ponticum K. & J.Daniel, 1898 \nZuphium praestans Bates, 1892 \nZuphium pseudamericanum Mateu, 1981 \nZuphium punctipenne Bates, 1891 \nZuphium pusillum Chaudoir, 1862 \nZuphium rudolphi G.Muller, 1941 \nZuphium ruficeps Apetz, 1854 \nZuphium rufotinctum Fairmaire, 1901 \nZuphium salivanum Liebke, 1933 \nZuphium seyrigi Jeannel, 1949 \nZuphium siamense Chaudoir, 1872 \nZuphium syriacum Chaudoir, 1861 \nZuphium tecospilum Basilewsky, 1948 \nZuphium testaceum Klug, 1832 \nZuphium thouzeti Laporte De Castelnau, 1867 \nZuphium trigemme Andrewes, 1936 \nZuphium trimaculatum Peringuey, 1899 \nZuphium tschitscherini Jedlicka, 1963 \nZuphium ustum Klug, 1834", "\"Zuphium Latreille, 1806: 198\". Carabidae of the World. 2011. Retrieved 30 Jun 2011." ]

[ "Zuphium", "References" ]

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[ "Zuphium americanum is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae.", "\"Zuphium americanum Report\". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2019-09-23.\n\"Zuphium americanum species Information\". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2019-09-23.\nBousquet, Yves (2012). \"Catalogue of Geadephaga (Coleoptera, Adephaga) of America, north of Mexico\". ZooKeys (245): 1–1722. doi:10.3897/zookeys.245.3416. PMC 3577090. PMID 23431087.", "Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2017). Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 1: Archostemata - Myxophaga - Adephaga. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-33029-0.", "Media related to Zuphium americanum at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Zuphium americanum", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 5360099, 5360100, 5360101 ]

[ 27238346, 27238347 ]

[ "Zupjok Peak, south aspect", "" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Zupjok_Peak.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Canada_British_Columbia_relief_location_map.jpg" ]

[ "Zupjok Peak is a 1,835-metre (6,020-foot) mountain summit located along the northwestern boundary of the Coquihalla Summit Recreation Area, in the North Cascades of southwestern British Columbia, Canada. It is situated north of the Coquihalla Highway, west of Zopkios Ridge, 6 km (4 mi) west of Coquihalla Summit, and 4 km (2 mi) south of Alpaca Peak. Precipitation runoff from the peak drains into headwaters of the Coldwater River, as well as tributaries of the Coquihalla River and Anderson River. The mountain was named for the zupjok, (pronounced ZOOP yok), the male progeny of a cattle bull and a female yak, and part of the ungulate names theme for several other nearby peaks that were submitted by Philip Kubik of Vancouver. The mountain's name was officially adopted on February 5, 1976, by the Geographical Names Board of Canada.", "During the Pleistocene period dating back over two million years ago, glaciation advancing and retreating repeatedly scoured the landscape leaving deposits of rock debris. The \"U\"-shaped cross section of the river valleys are a result of recent glaciation. Uplift and faulting in combination with glaciation have been the dominant processes which have created the tall peaks and deep valleys of the North Cascades area.\nThe North Cascades features some of the most rugged topography in the Cascade Range with craggy peaks and ridges, deep glacial valleys, and granite spires. Geological events occurring many years ago created the diverse topography and drastic elevation changes over the Cascade Range leading to various climate differences which lead to vegetation variety defining the ecoregions in this area.", "Based on the Köppen climate classification, Zupjok Peak is located in the marine west coast climate zone of western North America. Most weather fronts originate in the Pacific Ocean, and travel east toward the Cascade Range where they are forced upward by the range (Orographic lift), causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snowfall. As a result, the Cascade Mountains experience high precipitation, especially during the winter months in the form of snowfall. Temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C. The months July through September offer the most favorable weather for climbing Zupjok Peak.", "Geography of the North Cascades\nGeology of British Columbia", "\"Zupjok Peak\". Bivouac.com. Retrieved 2019-11-24.\n\"Zupjok Peak\". BC Geographical Names. Retrieved 2021-06-24.\n\"Zupjok Peak, British Columbia\". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2019-11-24.\n\"Zupjok Peak\". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 2019-11-24.\nKruckeberg, Arthur (1991). The Natural History of Puget Sound Country. University of Washington Press.\nPeel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (2007). \"Updated world map of the Köppen−Geiger climate classification\". Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11. ISSN 1027-5606.", "Weather Forecast: Zupjok Peak" ]

[ "Zupjok Peak", "Geology", "Climate", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360102 ]

[ 27238348, 27238349, 27238350, 27238351, 27238352 ]

[ "A slice of zuppa inglese (Italy, 2019)", "" ]

[ 0, 6 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/3_Zuppa_inglese.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Spaghetti_vongole_2.jpg" ]

[ "Zuppa Inglese (/ˈzuːpə ɪŋˈɡleɪzeɪ, ˈ(t)suː-/, Italian: [ˈdzuppa iŋˈɡleːze, ˈtsuppa iŋˈɡleːse]; Italian for \"English soup\") is an Italian dessert layering custard and sponge cake, perhaps derived from trifle.", "To make Zuppa Inglese, either sponge cake or ladyfingers are dipped in Alchermes, a bright red, extremely aromatic Italian herb liqueur. They are then alternated with layers of crema pasticciera, a thick egg custard cooked with a large piece of lemon zest (removed afterwards). Often, a layer of crema alla cioccolata is created by dissolving dark chocolate in a plain crema pasticciera. In Italy it is occasionally topped with cream, meringue or almonds.", "Zuppa Inglese is also a popular gelato flavor.", "The origins of Zuppa Inglese are uncertain. One theory states that it originated in the sixteenth-century kitchens of the Dukes of Este, the rulers of Ferrara. According to this story, they asked their cooks to recreate the sumptuous \"English trifle\" they had enjoyed in England at the Elizabethan court, where they were frequent visitors. However, no recipes for the dish are recorded before the late nineteenth century, when it appears in cookbooks from Emilia-Romagna, Latium, Marches and Umbria.", "The word zuppa (\"soup\") in Italian cuisine refers to both sweet and savory dishes. It has a derivative in the verb inzuppare which means \"to dunk\"; as the sponge cake or ladyfingers are dipped in liqueur, the dish is called zuppa. Similarly, thick bean with vegetable stews, and fish or shellfish stews are properly described as zuppa di verdure and zuppa di pesce, respectively.\nThere are other theories as to the origin of the name:\n\"The name translates literally in Italian as English soup and may in fact connote its similarity to English trifle. Others believe it is a dialectical corruption of the verb inzuppare, meaning to sop.\"\n\"A dessert invented by Neapolitan pastrycooks of Europe during the 19th century. Inspired by English puddings that were fashionable [sic] at the time, . . . \"\n\"This rich dessert was among the many tributes bestowed on Lord Nelson by the grateful Neapolitans after his victory over Napoleon in the Nile in 1798. \"English Soup\", as it was called, was the creation of an anonymous pastry cook smitten with the admiral, the English, and their spirit-soaked Trifles.\"", "Supangle", "\"Zuppa Inglese (Traditional Italian Pudding)\". Academia Barilla. Retrieved 28 May 2016. Zuppa inglese was made for the first time in the 16th century for Dukes of Este, residing in Ferrara. Legend has it that the dessert was created by the court chefs when a diplomat from Ferrara asked for a trifle, a typical British dessert made with a sweet ring cake, cream and wine, after returning from a trip to England.\n\"Gelato Zuppa Inglese\". Gelato in casa. Retrieved 28 May 2016.\nLa Cucina del Bel Paese (883-885). La cucina del Bel Paese\nGladys Gretton, The Englishwoman in Italy, Hurst and Blackett, 1860 (page 163).\nOlver, Lynne. \"FAQs: charlotte to millet\". The Food Timeline. Retrieved June 8, 2015.\nMariani, John. Dictionary of Italian Food and Drink. New York: Broadway Books, 1998 (p. 286)\nLarousse Gastronomique, Completely Updated and Revised. New York: Clarkson Potter, 2001 (p. 1310)\nAmerican Heritage. The Horizon Cookbook and Illustrated History of Eating and Drinking through the Ages, New York: Doubleday, 1968 (p. 710)" ]

[ "Zuppa Inglese", "Description", "Gelato", "History", "Name", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5360103, 5360104 ]

[ 27238353, 27238354, 27238355, 27238356, 27238357, 27238358, 27238359, 27238360 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/A_bowl_of_Zuppa_Toscana_prepared_from_the_Wikibooks_recipe.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Frizzuli_con_peperoni_cruschi.jpg" ]

[ "Zuppa toscana is a broad based term, literally meaning \"Tuscan soup\" but in Italy it is called \"Minestra di Pane\" meaning \"Bread Soup\". Classic zuppa toscana normally is a soup made from kale, zucchini, cannellini beans, potatoes, celery, carrots, onion, tomato pulp, extra virgin olive oil, salt, powdered chili, toasted Tuscan bread, and rigatino (an Italian bacon). \nThe onion, carrots and celery are diced and tossed in hot oil and salt. The other vegetables are then added with the chili and cooked for about 15 minutes. Water is added and the mixture is simmered for around 30 minutes. The soup is served on toasted Tuscan bread, with just a tiny splash of extra virgin olive oil. \nA North American version, popularized by Olive Garden and made with Italian sausage, crushed red peppers, diced white onion, bacon, garlic puree, chicken bouillon, heavy cream, potatoes, and kale is richer and more caloric than the original.", "Ribollita", "Zuppa toscana tuscanrecipes.com" ]

[ "Zuppa toscana", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5360105 ]

[ 27238361 ]

[ "Lunar Orbiter 4 image" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Zupus_crater_4149_h2.jpg" ]

[ "Zupus is the lava-flooded remains of a lunar impact crater. It is located on a southwestern reach of the Oceanus Procellarum, to the northwest of Mare Humorum. To the north-northeast is the flooded crater Billy, and some distance to the southeast is Mersenius. A system of faint rilles named the Rimae Zupus lie to the northwest, following a course to the north-northwest towards the mare.\nLittle remains of the original formation, and the rim is low and irregular in outline, giving the feature the appearance of a valley. This rim climbs to a maximum height of 1.3 km above the base. The crater Zupus S intrudes upon the eastern rim. A faint ghost crater lies in the mare to the northeast. The mare covering the floor of Zupus is darker in hue than the surrounding terrain, making the feature relatively easy for an observer to locate.", "By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Zupus.", "Asteroid 227152 Zupi", "Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A. (1982). NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA RP-1097.\nBlue, Jennifer (July 25, 2007). \"Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature\". USGS. Retrieved 2007-08-05.\nBussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). The Clementine Atlas of the Moon. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81528-4.\nCocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature. Tudor Publishers. ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1.\nMcDowell, Jonathan (July 15, 2007). \"Lunar Nomenclature\". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 2007-10-24.\nMenzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). \"Report on Lunar Nomenclature by the Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU\". Space Science Reviews. 12 (2): 136–186. Bibcode:1971SSRv...12..136M. doi:10.1007/BF00171763. S2CID 122125855.\nMoore, Patrick (2001). On the Moon. Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35469-6.\nPrice, Fred W. (1988). The Moon Observer's Handbook. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33500-3.\nRükl, Antonín (1990). Atlas of the Moon. Kalmbach Books. ISBN 978-0-913135-17-4.\nWebb, Rev. T. W. (1962). Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes (6th revised ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20917-3.\nWhitaker, Ewen A. (1999). Mapping and Naming the Moon. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62248-6.\nWlasuk, Peter T. (2000). Observing the Moon. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-193-1." ]

[ "Zupus (crater)", "Satellite craters", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5360106 ]

[ 27238362, 27238363, 27238364, 27238365, 27238366 ]

[ "Location of the Zuqaq al-Blat quarter within Beirut" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Zuqaq_al-Blat.png" ]

[ "Zuqaq al-Blat (Arabic: زقاق البلاط‎) is one of the twelve quarters of Beirut.", "Zoqaq al-Blat literally means \"the cobbled alley\", this was a colloquial name given to the street extending from the old city to the Qantari hill and which was covered with cobblestones in the 19th century.\nZuqaq al-Blat is also commonly called \"al-Batrakieh\" (Arabic: البطركية‎, the Patriarchate) due to the presence of the seat of the Greek Catholic Patriarchate of Beirut within its borders.", "Once a medieval walled port town, Beirut experienced rapid growth during the second half of the 19th century; the overcrowded city developed beyond its walls and the affluent citizens started to build their villas on the slopes of the surrounding hills, namely Ashrafieh, Qnatari and Musaytbeh.\nIn 1832 Beirut came under the occupation of Ibrahim Pasha's troops. The new Egyptian authorities undertook grand works of urban planning and sanitation. The appointed Egyptian-Circassian governor of Beirut, Mahmoud Naami Bey commissioned street cobbling works which stretched beyond the city's walls, the street extending from the south-western side of the city wall into the new extramural neighborhoods on the Qantari hill came to be known as Zoqaq al-Blat and gave its name to the quarter.", "Hanssen, Jens (2005). Fin de Siècle Beirut: The Making of an Ottoman Provincial Capital. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199281637.\nKassir, Samir (2006). تاريخ بيروت (in Arabic). Beirut: Dar An-Nahar. ISBN 9953741018.\nزقاق البلاط (in Arabic). yabeyrouth.com. Retrieved February 14, 2013.\nÖZTÜRK, PELİN KİHTİR (September 2006). \"Urban transformation of ottoman port cities in the nineteenth century: Change from ottoman Beirut to French mandatory Beirut\" (PDF). Thesis submitted to the graduate school of social sciences of Middle East technical university. Middle East Technical University. Retrieved February 9, 2013.\nKassir, Samir; M. B. DeBevoise (2010). Beirut. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520256682." ]

[ "Zuqaq al-Blat", "Etymology", "History", "References" ]

[ 5360107 ]

[ 27238367, 27238368, 27238369, 27238370, 27238371 ]

[ "NASA Landsat image of the island" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Zuqar.jpg" ]

[ "Zuqar Island (Arabic: جزيرة زقر‎, Jabal Zuqar) is an island in the Red Sea that belongs to Yemen. It lies between the coasts of mainland Yemen and Eritrea, near the Bab-el-Mandeb straits which connect the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden. Despite its proximity to the African continent, Zuqar Island is considered a part of Asia because it sits on the Asian continental shelf.\nThe island consists of a shield volcano overlain by basaltic pyroclastic cones and spatter cones which produced youthful-looking pahoehoe lava flows. Several small coastal cones and islets surrounding Zuqar Island were formed by phreatic eruptions.", "Ownership of Zuqar Island was long disputed between Yemen and Eritrea, along with the Hanish Islands. In 1995 this led to active conflict in the Hanish Islands conflict. The Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague settled the dispute in 1996, awarding the larger islands, including Zuqar, to Yemen.", "\"Zukur\". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2021-06-16." ]

[ "Zuqar Island", "Ownership", "References" ]

[ 5360108 ]

[ 27238372 ]

[ "Heinrich Heine, engraving which appeared in Der Musenalmanach in 1837" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Heinrich_Heine_1837.jpg" ]

[ "Zur Geschichte der Religion und Philosophie in Deutschland (On the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany) is a three-part essay by Heinrich Heine, each part referred to as a \"book\". He wrote them in exile in Paris in 1833/34. They were initially published in French, titled De l'Allemagne depuis Luther (Germany after Luther), in the magazine Revue des deux Mondes in 1834. The first publication in German was as part of Der Salon. Zweiter Band the same year.\nHeine hoped for a revolution in Germany and looked at a history of emancipation in that country, beginning with the Reformation and followed by the philosophy of Kant and Hegel, among others.", "Heinrich Heine wrote the essay in exile in Paris in 1833/34, following the French July Revolution of 1830 and the German Hambach Festival of 1832. As it was being completed, Heine's German text was successively translated into French. The French text was published in three parts as De l'Allemagne depuis Luther (Germany after Luther) in the magazine Revue des deux Mondes in March, November and December 1834. The first publication in German was in the second volume of the literary magazine Der Salon (Der Salon. Zweiter Band) in 1834. Heine wrote in a preface for the German publication, dated December 1834, about the origins of the work, of the problems of the partitioned French publication, and of his intentions to present an overview of developments in German thinking, or mind processes (\"Überschau deutscher Geistesvorgänge\").", "Heine addressed the French Revolution, missing a similar development in Germany. Stylistically, he often used contradictions in a dialectic way, citing the pairs \"Körper/Geist\" (body/mind) and sensualism/spiritualism, the latter in the meaning of his time. Heine criticises the philosophy of German idealism as thorough and deep but incomprehensible. His work is written in popular style, aiming at emancipation.", "Heine saw the Protestant Reformation as a first step to overcoming an effort to suppress the body in humans, aiming instead for the peace of body and soul (\"Friede zwischen Leib und Seele\"). He notes Martin Luther's denouncement of celibacy and his translation of the Bible as a means to make the book accessible for everyone and at the same time create a common German language. Heine called Luther's hymn \"Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott\" (\"A Mighty Fortress Is Our God\") the Marseillaise of the Reformation.", "While Heine saw a religious revolution mainly as the work of one person, he regarded a \"philosophical revolution\" to be the result of thinkers such as René Descartes, Immanuel Kant and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. They, and also John Locke, Leibniz, Spinoza and Lessing, form \"geistige Familienbande\" (spiritual family ties) that work, sometimes in contradiction, towards an improvement of philosophy. Heine distinguished between idealism, a theory of ideas, and materialism, which is derived from sensual experience. He opposed terms such as spiritualism and sensualism as polemic. He preferred pantheism to both a Christian and Jewish personal God and the atheism of the French Revolution, saying \"Gott ist alles, was da ist\" (God is everything that exists).", "Heine appreciated Kant's philosophy, summarising: \"Kant bewies uns, daß wir von den Dingen, wie sie an und für sich selber sind, nichts wissen, sondern daß wir nur in so fern etwas von ihnen wissen, als sie sich in unserem Geiste reflektiren\" (Kant proved to us that we know nothing of the things as they are, but only know of them as they are reflected in our mind). He saw a \"Verspätung\" (delay) of the Germans in European history but expected nonetheless that a revolution would happen in Germany, late but forcefully.", "Der Salon. Zweiter Band did not sell well, but the publication resulted in several bans in Prussia, Hamburg and Austria. Klemens Wenzel Lothar von Metternich, however, recommended the book as quintessential and in good style. The book foreshadows thoughts which later became topics of Friedrich Nietzsche, Sigmund Freud and Walter Benjamin, among others.", "Perraudin 2000, p. 133.\nLiterature by and about Zur Geschichte der Religion und Philosophie in Deutschland in the German National Library catalogue\nGutenberg 2018.\nHöhn 2004, p. 347.\nHSA 1970, pp. 134f.\nHSA 1970, p. 153.\nHSA 1970, p. 155.\nVoigt 2017.\nHSA 1970, pp. 169, 178.\nHSA 1970, p. 164.\nHSA 1970, p. 200.\nHSA 1970, p. 197.\nHSA 1970, p. 229.\nDHA 1973, p. 554.\nGoetschel 2007.", "Goetschel, Willi (28 January 2007). \"Zur Geschichte der Religion und Philosophie in Deutschland [On the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany]\" (PDF). The Literary Encyclopedia. University of Toronto.\nHeine, Heinrich (1973–1997). Düsseldorfer Heine-Ausgabe (DHA) (in German). 8. Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe. ISBN 3-455-03008-4.\nHeine, Heinrich (1970). Heine-Säkularausgabe (HSA) (in German). 8. Berlin: Akademie Verlag. ISBN 3-455-03017-3.\nHöhn, Gerhard (2004). Heine-Handbuch. Zeit, Person, Werk (in German) (3rd ed.). Stuttgart, Weimar: Metzler. ISBN 3-476-01965-9.\nPerraudin, Michael (2000). Literature, the Volk and the Revolution in Mid-nineteenth Century Germany. Berghahn Books. pp. 133–136. ISBN 978-1-57-181989-5.\nVoigt, Matthias (1 February 2017). \"Heinrich Heines Lutherportrait in: Zur Geschichte der Religion und Philosophie in Deutschland\". rezensionen-tiefenpsychologie.de (in German).\n\"Zur Geschichte der Religion und Philosophie in Deutschland\". Projekt Gutenberg (in German). Der Spiegel.", "Heinrich Heine: Der Salon. Zweiter Band. Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg 1834 (online at Google Books).", "Zur Geschichte der Religion und Philosophie in Deutschland French National Library" ]

[ "Zur Geschichte der Religion und Philosophie in Deutschland", "History", "Content", "First book", "Second book", "Third book", "Legacy", "References", "Cited sources", "Literature", "External links" ]

[ 5360109 ]

[ 27238373, 27238374, 27238375, 27238376, 27238377, 27238378, 27238379, 27238380, 27238381, 27238382, 27238383, 27238384, 27238385, 27238386 ]

[ "An 1870 wedding in Austria" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Saxlehner_Emma-Kvassay_Ede.jpg" ]

[ "Zur Vermählungsfeier (\"For the wedding ceremony\"), WAB 54, is a wedding song composed by Anton Bruckner on 27 November 1878.", "Bruckner composed the setting for the wedding ceremony of his landlord Anton Ölzelt Ritter von Newin with Amalie Edler von Wieser. The piece was intended to be performed during the ceremony in the church of the Klosterneuburg Abbey. However, the ceremony did not occur, because the groom was a Protestant.\nThe original manuscript is stored in the archive of the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde in Vienna. It was first published in the yearbook of the Klosterneuburg Abbey (Vienna & Leipzig) in 1910. It has been re-edited by Wöss in 1921 together with the Ave Regina caelorum, WAB 8. It is put in Band XXIII/2, No. 30 of the Gesamtausgabe.\nIt is not known when the piece was performed first. A performance by the Hilliard Ensemble occurred on 15 September 1993 during the 20th Brucknerfest.", "The work sets a text by Heinrich von der Mattig.\nZwei Herzen haben sich gefunden\n\nUnd durch die Ehe sich verbunden.\n\nGesegnet hat des Priesters Hand\n\nDas Paar, geknüpft das Liebesband.\n\nHat euch vereint der Geist der Wahrheit,\n\nHabt ihr erfasst die Pflicht der Klarheit,\n\nDann ist der Ehe Heiligtum\n\nEin himmlisches Elysium.\n\nSo möge euch fürs ganze Leben\n\nDer Himmel Heil und Segen geben,\n\nAuch mein Gebet ruft heute laut:\n\nGott segne Bräutigam und Braut!\nTwo hearts have found each other\n\nAnd bound together in marriage.\n\nThe hand of the Priest has blessed\n\nThe couple, establishing their band of love.\n\nIf the spirit of truth has united you\n\nAnd you understood the duty of clarity,\n\nThen the sanctuary of marriage is\n\nA heavenly Elysium.\n\nSo may for your whole life\n\nHeaven give you holiness and blessing,\n\nAlso my prayer calls today loudly:\n\nGod bless groom and bride!", "The 64-bar long work in D major is scored for a men's choir TTBB a cappella.", "There is a single recording of Zur Vermählungsfeier:\nThomas Kerbl, Chorvereinigung Bruckner 12, Weltliche Männerchöre – CD: LIVA 054, 2012 (sung by a men's vocal quartet)", "C. van Zwol, p. 728\nU. Harten, p. 503\nGesamtausgabe – Weltliche Chöre", "Anton Bruckner – Sämtliche Werke, Band XXIII/2: Weltliche Chorwerke (1843–1893), Musikwissenschaftlicher Verlag der Internationalen Bruckner-Gesellschaft, Angela Pachovsky and Anton Reinthaler (Editor), Vienna, 1989\nUwe Harten, Anton Bruckner. Ein Handbuch. Residenz Verlag, Salzburg, 1996. ISBN 3-7017-1030-9.\nCornelis van Zwol, Anton Bruckner 1824–1896 – Leven en werken, uitg. Thoth, Bussum, Netherlands, 2012. ISBN 978-90-6868-590-9", "Zur Vermählungsfeier, WAB 54: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project\nFree scores for Zur Vermählungsfeier, WAB 54 in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)\nZur Vermählungsfeier D-Dur, WAB 54 Critical discography by Hans Roelofs (in German)\nThe performance of Zur Vermählungsfeier, WAB 54, by the Männerchorvereinigung Bruckner 12 can be heard on YouTube: Zur Vermählungsfeier" ]

[ "Zur Vermählungsfeier, WAB 54", "History", "Text", "Music", "Discography", "References", "Sources", "External links" ]

[ 5360110 ]

[ 27238387, 27238388, 27238389, 27238390, 27238391, 27238392, 27238393 ]

[ "Stele dedicated to Zura Karuhimbi at the Garden of the Righteous of the World [it] in Padua, Italy.", "Ribbon of the Campaign Against Genocide Medal" ]

[ 2, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Giardino_dei_Giusti_del_Mondo_di_Padova_062.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Campaign_Medal_Against_Genocide_%28Rwanda%29_-_ribbon_bar.png" ]

[ "Zura Karuhimbi (c. 1925 – 17 December 2018) was a Rwandan woman who saved more than 100 people from being killed by Hutu militias during the 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsi in Rwanda . A traditional healer, she hid the refugees in her house and deterred attackers by masquerading as a witch. Her role was recognized in 2006 by the award of the Campaign Against Genocide Medal by Rwandan President Paul Kagame.", "Karuhimbi's birth date is not known – some sources state circa 1909 but she is thought to have been born around 1925 which was the date stated on her state identity card. Her family were traditional healers in the village of Musamo in Ruhango District, around an hour's drive from the nation's capital of Kigali. Karuhimbi also became a healer and gained a reputation for having magical powers. During the Rwandan Revolution she witnessed violence between the ruling minority Tutsis and the more numerous Hutu tribe. She later claimed that in 1959 she had saved the life of a two-year-old Tutsi boy by tying beads from her necklace into his hair so that he could pass as a girl and escape execution by the Hutus. Karuhimbi claimed that the boy grew up to become Rwandan president Paul Kagame.", "At the time of the 1994 Rwandan genocide, a resurgence of tribal violence that killed more than 800,000 people, Karuhimbi was an elderly widow. She helped Tutsis as well as Burundians and three Europeans to hide from roving Hutu militias. Karuhimbi hid the refugees inside her two-room house, and possibly in a hole in her fields. In all she saved more than 100 people, including babies that she rescued from the arms of their dead mothers.\nTo deter the Hutu militias Karuhimbi cultivated a reputation for being possessed by evil spirits. To maintain her appearances as a \"witch\" she painted herself and her house with natural herbs that, when touched, acted as an irritant. Karuhimbi claimed her house was inhabited by ghosts and threatened that those who tried to enter would unleash evil spirits and the wrath of God upon themselves. She emphasised her warnings by jangling her bracelet-laden arms and threatening that if any refugees were killed inside her house then the murderers would be \"digging their own graves\". The militia attempted to bribe Karuhimbi to allow them access to her home but she refused. All those that sheltered with Karuhimbi survived the genocide.", "After the genocide, Karuhimbi stated that she was a Christian and that her witchcraft activities were only a means of deterring attack. In 2006 she was awarded Rwanda's Campaign Against Genocide Medal by President Paul Kagame. Karuhimbi subsequently wore the medal at all times, placing it beneath her pillow whilst she slept. In her later years she continued to live in the same house she had used to shelter refugees despite it crumbling with age. Poverty-stricken, she was cared for by a niece. Karuhimbi died at her home on 17 December 2018.", "\"Zura Karuhimbi\".\n\"The 'witch' who protected a village from genocide\". BBC News. 22 December 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2019.\nNgabonziza, Dan (18 December 2018). \"Tribute to 109-Year-Old Zura Karuhimbi Who Breathed Her Last on Monday\". KT Press. Retrieved 3 January 2019.\nKamwi, Ruth Kanyanga (18 December 2018). \"Rwanda: Umushyikirano! National Dialogue Delights Rwandan Women\". Swenga. Johannesburg. Retrieved 3 January 2019.\nNgabonziza, Dan (15 April 2015). \"Meet karuhimbi, Whose Prank Saved 100 Tutsi\". KT Press. Retrieved 3 January 2019." ]

[ "Zura Karuhimbi", "Early life", "1994 genocide", "Later life", "References" ]

[ 5360111 ]

[ 27238394, 27238395, 27238396, 27238397, 27238398, 27238399, 27238400 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Zurab_Adeishvili.jpg" ]

[ "Zurab Adeishvili (Georgian: ზურაბ ადეიშვილი) (born July 27, 1972) is a Georgian lawyer and politician, serving as the Minister of Justice of Georgia from November 2008 to October 2012.", "Adeishvili was born in the village of Mtisdziri in Qvareli district, then-Soviet Georgia. He graduated from the Faculty of Law, Tbilisi State University in 1994 and continued his training as a jurist at the Institute of State and Law in Tbilisi, Georgia and the University of Groningen in the Netherlands. He served as the leading specialist on constitutional law for the Parliament of Georgia from 1996 and 1999. He then worked in the NGO sector (such as the Georgian Young Lawyers' Association and the Liberty Institute) and briefly practiced law until becoming a Member of Parliament on President Eduard Shevardnadze-led Union of Citizens of Georgia (UCG) party ticket in November 1999.", "Adeishvili was a member of an influential and vocal minority group of the UCG faction, dubbed as \"reformers\", which was led by Zurab Zhvania and Mikheil Saakashvili and called for more radical and Western-oriented political reforms.\nAt the end of 2001, when the CUG was in the process of collapse, Adeishvili joined Saakashvili's New National Movement and became a member of its parliamentary affiliate, the Faction for Democratic Reforms, which were in opposition to Shevardnadze's government.\nAfter the bloodless \"Rose Revolution\" in November 2003 toppled down Shevardnadze and swept the \"reformers\" to power, Adeishvili served successively as Minister of Justice (December 2003 – February 2004), Minister for State Security (February–June 2004), Prosecutor General (June 2004 – January 2008), and Head of Administration of President of Georgia (January–November 2008). As an influential member in the government and a close ally of President Saakashvili, Adeishvili has become a subject of criticism from Georgian opposition, especially during his tenure as Prosecutor General. In the October 2008 cabinet reshuffle, Adeishvili was again put in charge of Ministry of Justice which had recently been merged with the Prosecutor General's Office. In his new capacity, Adeishvili said liberalization of the criminal code would be one of his priorities. After the defeat of Saakashvili's United National Movement in the 2012 parliamentary election, Adeishvili was succeeded, on October 25, 2012, by Tea Tsulukiani, a member of the Georgian Dream coalition. Adeishvili's term at the Ministry of Justice is associated with significant decrease of corruption and improved efficiency of civil and property registration services, which were further transformed into a new concept of Public Service Hall.\nSoon after elections, the new Government began to implement its campaign promise to “restore justice” by launching criminal prosecutions against officials of Saakashvili Government. Those prosecutions were largely met critically by international community due to a concern for what appeared to be a selective justice, political retribution and intimidation of opposition. After his meeting with the new Prime Minister Ivanishvili on November 12, 2013, President of European Commission José Manuel Barroso noted, that “situations of selective justice should be avoided as they could harm the country’s image abroad and weaken the rule of law.” In April 2015, General Secretariat of INTERPOL revoked its red notice against Zurab Adeishvili.\nWhile publicly condemning Saakashvili's government and prosecuting its Ministers, the leaders of the new ruling coalition \"Georgian Dream\" often recognize Adeishvili for his personal ethics and his demonstrated commitment to fighting corruption.", "Wheatley, Jonathan (2005), Georgia from National Awakening to Rose Revolution, pp. 117, 147. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., ISBN 0-7546-4503-7\nJustice Minister-Designate Says ‘Liberal Approach’ Needed. Civil Georgia, 2008-10-30\nNew Justice Minister Asks Saakashvili to Replace Chief Prosecutor. Civil Georgia. October 27, 2012.\nPublic Service Hall\n\"EEAS - European External Action Service\" (PDF).\n\"Senator Rubio Expresses Concern About Arrest Of Former Georgian Prime Minister\". U.S. Senator for Florida, Marco Rubio. Retrieved May 17, 2020.\n\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-23. Retrieved 2014-02-04.\nhttp://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewPDF.asp?FileID=20062&lang=en\n\"Civil.Ge |\". old.civil.ge. Retrieved May 17, 2020.\n\"Civil.Ge |\". old.civil.ge. Retrieved May 17, 2020.\n\"ᲘᲕᲐᲜᲘᲨᲕᲘᲚᲘ: ᲙᲝᲠᲣᲤᲪᲘᲐ ᲠᲝᲛ ᲐᲠ ᲘᲧᲝ, ᲐᲛᲐᲨᲘ ᲐᲓᲔᲘᲨᲕᲘᲚᲡ ᲚᲝᲛᲘᲡ ᲬᲕᲚᲘᲚᲘ ᲰᲥᲝᲜᲓᲐ\". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2014.\n\"ᲣᲡᲣᲤᲐᲨᲕᲘᲚᲘ: ᲮᲔᲚᲘᲡᲣᲤᲚᲔᲑᲐᲨᲘ ᲛᲝᲡᲕᲚᲐᲛᲓᲔ ᲐᲓᲔᲘᲨᲕᲘᲚᲘ ᲧᲕᲔᲚᲐᲖᲔ ᲞᲠᲝᲓᲣᲥᲢᲘᲣᲚᲘ ᲘᲣᲠᲘᲡᲢᲘ ᲘᲧᲝ\". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2014." ]

[ "Zurab Adeishvili", "Early life", "Political career", "References" ]

[ 5360112 ]

[ 27238401, 27238402, 27238403, 27238404, 27238405, 27238406, 27238407, 27238408, 27238409, 27238410, 27238411, 27238412 ]

[ "", "Zurab Arziani in 2010" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/55_Zurab_Arziani.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Zurab_Arziani.jpg" ]

[ "Zurab Malkhazovich Arziani (born 19 October 1987) is a Georgian footballer who last played for FC Ararat Yerevan. He also holds Russian citizenship.", "On 21 January 2015, Arziani and FC Sakhalin Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk cancelled their contract by mutual consent.", "He is the son of Malkhaz Arziani.", "", "Anzhi Makhachkala\nRussian First Division (1): 2009\nDila Gori\nGeorgian Cup (1): 2011–12", "\"Футбольный клуб Сахалин покинет хавбек Зураби Арзиани\". fc-sakhalin.ru/ (in Russian). FC Sakhalin Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. 21 January 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015.\n\"Z.Arziani\". uk.soccerway.com/. Soccerway. Retrieved 21 January 2015.", "Zurabi Arziani at Soccerway" ]

[ "Zurab Arziani", "Career", "Personal life", "Career statistics", "Honors", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360113, 5360114 ]

[ 27238413 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/ZurabAvalishvili.jpg" ]

[ "Zurab Avalishvili (Georgian: ზურაბ ავალიშვილი) (1876 – May 21, 1944) was a Georgian historian, jurist and diplomat in the service of the Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921). He was also known as Zurab Davidovich Avalov in a Russian manner.\nBorn in Tbilisi, Georgia (then part of the Russian Empire), into the family of Prince David Avalishvili, he graduated from St. Petersburg University in 1900 and took post-graduate courses at the Department of Law, University of Paris from 1900 to 1903. He became a Docent at the St. Petersburg University in 1904 and a Professor of Public Law at the St. Petersburg Polytechnical Institute in 1907. He was an official adviser to the Russian Ministry of Trade and Commerce for many years. \nAfter the February Revolution in Russia, Avalishvili was named a Senator by the Provisional Government in May 1917. When Georgia declared independence on May 26, 1918, Avalishvili entered Georgian diplomatic service and was appointed a Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs. He rendered important services to his homeland as a member of her delegation to the 1919 Paris Peace Conference. \nThe Red Army invasion of Georgia forced him into exile in March 1921. He lived thereafter in Germany where he worked as a Professor at the University of Munich. He was one of the founding members of the Georgian Association in Germany and worked for the editorial boards of historical journals Georgica (London) and Byzantion (Brussels). He died in 1944, in Germany, and was reburied to Didube Pantheon, Tbilisi, in 1994. \nAvalishvili’s main works focuses on the history of Georgia and the Caucasus, Georgian literature (e.g., the critical studies of Shota Rustaveli), international law and Georgia’s foreign relations. His The Independence of Georgia in International Politics, 1918-1921 is a detailed and well-documented first-hand account of Georgia’s relations with its neighbors, the nation’s struggle for recognition and its international ramifications in the period of 1918 to 1921. Much of the works is in diary form, the author being judiciously critical of ineptitude of the Caucasian governments.", "\"Joining of Georgia to Russia\" (a monograph), St.Petersburg, 1901, 1906 (in Russian)\n\"The Independence of Georgia in the International Politics of 1918–1921\" (a monograph), Tbilisi, 1925\n\"Questions of \"The Knight in the Panther's Skin\"\" (a monograph), Paris, 1931 (in Georgian)\n\"Geschichte Georgiens\" (a monograph), Muenchen, 1944 (in German)\n\"King Teimuraz I and his work \"Martyrdom of Queen Ketevan\"\" (a monograph), Paris, 1938 (in Georgian)\n\"History of the Caucasian Politics\" (a monograph).- J. \"Kavkaz\", Muenchen, No 35-40, 1936-1937 (in Russian)\n\"Geographie et legende dans un ecrit apocriphe de Saint Basile\".- J. \"Revue de l'Orient Christien\", 3 serie, Paris, 1927–28, t. 6 (26), No 3-4 (in French)\n\"A fifteenth-century Georgian painting in the Metropolitan Museum\".- J. \"Georgica\", London, vol. 1, No 1, 1935\n\"The Cross from Overseas\".- J. \"Georgica\", London, Vol. 1, No 2-3, 1936\n\"La succession du Curopalate David d'Iberie, Dynastie de Tao\".- J. \"Byzantion\", Bruxells, t. 7, 1933 (in French)", "Smele, Jonathan D. (2006), The Russian Revolution and Civil War, 1917-1921: An Annotated Bibliography, pp. 467-8. Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 0-8264-9067-0." ]

[ "Zurab Avalishvili", "Some of the main works by Zurab Avalishvili", "References" ]

[ 5360115 ]

[ 27238414, 27238415 ]

[ "Zurab Azmaiparashvili, 2007" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Zurab_Azmaiparashvili.jpg" ]

[ "Zurab Azmaiparashvili (Georgian: ზურაბ აზმაიფარაშვილი; born 16 March 1960) is a chess grandmaster from Georgia. His peak Elo rating was 2702, achieved in July 2003.", "Azmaiparashvili became a Grandmaster in 1988. Among his achievements are a 2810 performance rating at the 1998 Chess Olympiad and first-place finishes at Pavlodar 1982, Moscow 1986, Albena 1986, Tbilisi 1986, London (Lloyds Bank Open) 1989, and in the 2003 European Individual Chess Championship in Silivri. In 2010 he tied for 1st–2nd with IM Oliver Barbosa in the 1st ASEAN Chess Championship in Singapore, and won the event on tie-break.\nAzmaiparashvili is active in chess politics. He is President of the European Chess Union and a vice-president of international chess federation FIDE.\nIn August 2009, he was appointed as captain of Azerbaijani chess team and won European Team Chess Championship in Novi Sad (Serbia).", "Azmaiparashvili was alleged to have rigged the results of the Strumica tournament of 1995 to boost his rating. The tournament, in which he played 18 rounds against significantly weaker opponents, is generally regarded as an illegitimate event. In 2003, Sveshnikov referred to the Azmaiparashvili incident and similar case involving Alexandru Crisan as \"open secrets\", at a time when both purported culprits were heavily involved in FIDE politics.\nIn winning the 2003 European Championship in Istanbul, Azmaiparashvili retracted a move against Vladimir Malakhov (who subsequently finished second). By retracting his blunder and playing a sensible move, Azmaiparashvili won the game and the tournament. Malakhov could have enforced the rules but said that he was too shocked to react.\nBoth grandmasters were fighting for the lead, and the encounter had huge sporting significance. In an ending that was favourable to him, Azmai[parashvili] picked up the bishop, intending to make a move with it instead of first exchanging rooks. Malakhov recalled: \"Seeing that the rooks were still on the board, he said something like, 'Oh, first the exchange, of course.' put his bishop back, took my rook, and the game continued. I don't know what should have been done differently in this situation—in Azmai's place, some might have resigned immediately, and in my place, some would have demanded that he make a move with his bishop but I didn't want to ruin the logical development of the duel, so I didn't object when Azmai made a different move: the mistake was obviously nothing to do with chess! When we signed the score sheets, Azmai suggested to me that we consider the game a draw. After the game I was left with an unpleasant aftertaste, but that was due mainly to my own play.\"\nAzmaiparashvili made chess news in 2004 when, at the closing ceremony of the 36th Chess Olympiad in Calvià, he was arrested by local police and subsequently held in custody for several days. The attitude of the event's organizers towards Azmaiparashvili had apparently been soured when, upon his arrival in Spain, he had attempted to secure himself two hotel rooms, claiming he was entitled to one in his capacity as a FIDE vice-president, and another as a player at the event. This sour mood seems to have brought him extra attention at the closing ceremony when he approached the stage, apparently in an attempt to inform FIDE officials that the organizers had neglected to award a prize named in honour of Georgian former Women's World Champion Nona Gaprindashvili. He came into conflict with security officials, and a scuffle broke out resulting in injuries both to Azmaiparashvili and a security agent. There are conflicting claims about the exact nature of said scuffle: a press release from the Olympiad organizers placed the blame squarely on Azmaiparashvili's shoulders, saying that after he had tried to gain admittance to the stage on several occasions he \"without any previous provocation, assaulted the agent with a head butt to his mouth\". FIDE, on the other hand, blamed over-zealous policing, saying in their press release that \"Despite his clear VIP identification, he was severely beaten up by several security guards\". Azmaiparashvili was due to appear in court on 22 July 2005, but all charges were dropped shortly beforehand.\nAzmaiparashvili had been criticized earlier in 2004 over arrangements for the 2004 Women's World Chess Championship when female Georgian players Lela Javakhishvili and Ana Matnadze accused him of behaving \"in a hostile and intimidating manner, using inappropriate and vulgar language and bringing to tears our mothers\".\nAt the Chess World Cup 2017, where Azmaiparashvili was organizer, he berated player Anton Kovalyov for wearing shorts, racially abusing him with the slur \"gypsy\" and demanding that Kovalyov change ten minutes before his scheduled third-round game, leading to Kovalyov withdrawing from the tournament in response. Azmaiparashvili received heavy backlash from the global chess community for this incident, including a condemnation from the Association of Chess Professionals and calls from other players demanding that he be removed from his organization roles. In an interview with Chessbase India, Azmaiparashvili stood by his decision.", "\"Singapore International Chess Festival 2010 – Closing Ceremony\". World Chess Federation. 31 December 2010. Archived from the original on 2 January 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2011.\n\"Zurab Azmaiparashvili appointed Azerbaijan captain\". Interviews.chessdom.com. Archived from the original on 23 September 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2011.\n\"Novi Sad: Azerbaijan wins Gold – by one rook move\". Chessbase.com. Retrieved 21 December 2011.\n\"Chess Column\". Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2016.\n\"The fake Heroes of Chernobyl revisited\". 23 May 2005. Retrieved 4 December 2016.\n\"Evgeny Sveshnikov: \"Only fools learn from their mistakes. It seems I am one of them...\" - chess-news.ru\". Retrieved 4 December 2016.\nStrumica 1995, Azmai's Answer New in Chess 1996/3, page 5\n\"GrandMaster Square >>> Letter from GM Sveshnikov\". Retrieved 4 December 2016.\nSosonko 2006, p. 102.\n\"FIDE Olympiad - Calvia, ESP Press Release by organisers on the Azmaiparashvilli arrest\". Chesscenter.com. 31 October 2004. Retrieved 21 December 2011.\nArchived 14 November 2004 at the Wayback Machine\n\"Chess News - Azmai cleared by Spanish court\". ChessBase.com. Retrieved 21 December 2011.\n\"Protest by Georgian women grandmasters\". ChessBase.com. 9 June 2004. Retrieved 9 April 2011.\n\"Kovalyov accusing ECU president and FIDEWorldCup organizer Azmaiparashvili of verbal abuse\". twitter.com.\n\"All about the Dress Code Scandal in Tbilisi\".", "Sosonko, Genna (2006), Smart Chip From St Petersburg: and other tales from a bygone chess area, New In Chess, p. 197, ISBN 9056911694", "Zurab Azmaiparashvili rating card at FIDE \nZurab Azmaiparashvili player profile and games at Chessgames.com\nZurab Azmaiparashvili chess games at 365Chess.com\nZurab Azmaiparashvili player profile at Chess.com\nReport on Azmaiparashvili's 2004 arrest from Chessbase\nChessbase report on controversy over the 2004 Women's World Championship\nChessBase.com - Chess News - Festivities in Tbilisi for Zurab's fiftieth\nInterview with Azmaiparashvili by Geoffrey Borg at the Wayback Machine (archived 2005-03-12)" ]

[ "Zurab Azmaiparashvili", "Career", "Controversies", "References", "Sources", "External links" ]

[ 5360116 ]

[ 27238416, 27238417, 27238418, 27238419, 27238420, 27238421, 27238422, 27238423, 27238424, 27238425, 27238426, 27238427, 27238428, 27238429, 27238430, 27238431 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Photo_verybig_168851.jpg" ]

[ "Zurab Beridze (Georgian: ზურაბ ბერიძე; born 4 February 1958) is a Georgian diplomat. A Doctor of Historical Sciences, Mr.Beridze has worked in the diplomatic service since 1991. He was the Head of the Georgian Foreign Minister’s Secretariat from 2018 to 2021. He served as Georgia Ambassador to Romania and Moldova from 2004 to 2008 and became Georgia's Ambassador to Bulgaria in November 2013. Zurab Beridze currently occupies the position of the Georgian Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Republic of Poland. \nHe was born in Tbilisi and graduated from the Tbilisi State University with a degree in History.", "\"Ambassadors Biography - Embassy of Georgia to the Republic of Bulgaria\". Bulgaria.mfa.gov.ge. Retrieved 2017-04-10." ]

[ "Zurab Beridze (diplomat)", "References" ]

[ 5360117 ]

[ 27238432 ]

[ "Zurab Gegenava at the Festival of Golden Eye in Georgia, 2010" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Zurab_Gegenava.jpg" ]

[ "Zurab Gegenava (Georgian: ზურაბ გეგენავა) – (Born January 23, 1973, Tbilisi) – is a Georgian businessman and a public figure. He is a general director of the company Innovator, the founder of the International Festival of Movie and TV Cameramen \"Golden Eye\" and the founder of the International Foundation for Innovative Technologies (IFIT). He has a wife and two children.", "Zurab Gegenava was born on January 23, 1973, in Tbilisi. In 1995 he graduated from Georgian Technical University, the faculty of Economics and Management.\n1993 – 1995 – the coordinator of the program \"Remembrance\" at the International Foundation of Georgian Youth;\n1994–1996 – the vice-president of the international TV festival \"Mana\"; from 1995 to 1996, he worked as an assistant of vice-premier at Municipality of Tbilisi.\n1996–1997 – the assistant of the Deputy of State Minister at Georgian State Chancellery;\n2000– 2003 – the head of Secretariat for chairman of Georgian TV-Radio Broadcasting;\n2003–2004 – head of the Administration at Georgian TV-Radio Broadcasting;\n2004– 2005 – head of technical department at Georgian Public Broadcaster;\n2005–2006 – the director of service center at Georgian Public Broadcaster.\nIn 2006, he founded company \"Innovator\" (former \"Indent\"), which is working in broadcasting field and its main directions are distribution of modern broadcasting equipment, system integration, warranty and post warranty services.\nIn 2010 he founded International Foundation for Innovative Technologies (IFIT). The main mission of the foundation is to support the implementation of modern innovative trends in Georgia and the Caucasus Region.\nIn 2009, he founded the International Festival of Movie and TV Cameramen \"Golden Eye\". The main goal of the festival is to motivate cameramen and people working in the TV and movie industry and to support their further professional growth.\nIn 2014, he founded International Exhibition of Broadcast Equipment, which took place in the frames of the festival \"Golden Eye\". It is noteworthy that this is the first time for Georgia to host such exhibition.", "Zurab Gegenava founded the company Innovator (former Indent) in 2005. The company works in the broadcasting field, its main directions are distribution of modern broadcasting equipment, system integration, warranty and post warranty services.\nIn 2010, he founded the International Foundation for Innovative Technologies (IFIT). The main mission of the foundation is to support the implementation of modern innovative trends in Georgia and the Caucasus Region.\nIn 2009, he founded the International Festival of Movie and TV Cameramen \"Golden Eye\". The main goal of the festival is to motivate the cameramen and people working in TV and movie industry and to support their further professional growth. In 2014 for the first time, \"Golden Eye\" festival also hosted the 1st International Exhibition of Broadcast Equipment.", "“Golden Eye” Festival of movie and TV cameramen\nFirst international broadcasting equipment\nInnovator LLC joins the AER Business Community\nZurab Gegenava" ]

[ "Zurab Gegenava", "Biography", "Professional career", "References" ]

[ 5360118 ]

[ 27238433, 27238434, 27238435, 27238436, 27238437, 27238438 ]

[ "Zurab Karumidze, 2016" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Zurab_Karumidze.jpg" ]

[ "Zurab Karumidze is a Georgian writer and culturologist, born August 22, 1957 in Tbilisi. He graduated from Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, the faculty of Western European languages and literature with the major in English literature.", "Zurab Karumidze, born in 1957, studied English language and literature at Tbilisi State University, where he wrote a dissertation on John Donne. For several years he was a research associate at the Centre for Twentieth Century Literary Studies at Tbilisi State University.\nIn 1994–95 he was a Fulbright Scholar at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, working on postmodern American metafiction. Two of his short stories were published in English in Clockwatch Review (Bloomington IL 1996).\nHe was appointed editor of the Tbilisi-based English-language literary magazines Georgia/Caucasus Profile (1995–2000) and Caucasus Context (2002–2005).\nHe is the author of a collection of short stories entitled 'Opera' (1998) and of several novels, including 'The Wine-dark Sea' (2000) and 'Gigo and the Goat' (2003). He co-edited 'Enough! Rose Revolution in the Republic of Georgia' (Nova Science Publishers, New York 2005) and has written numerous essays on philosophy, cultural history, collective memory and folk tales, as well as an award-winning book on the history of jazz (2010). His literary works are highly intellectual and experimental as well as being full of references and allusions to Western literature.", "Opera, a collection of short stories (1988)\nWine Dark Sea, a novel (2000)\nGoat and Gigo, a novel (2003)\nDagny, or a Love Feast, a novel in English language (2011)\nLife of Jazz, documentary prose (2009)\nCaucasian Foxtrot (2011)\nBashi-Achuki or Moby Dick (2013)\nJazzmine (2014)", "Dagny, or a Love Feast, in English language, Dalkey Archive Press (2013)\nDagny oder Ein Fest der Liebe, in German, Weidle Verlag, 2017", "Literary Award \"Saba\" in the nomination \"The Best Criticism, Essayistic and Documentary Prose of the Year\" for the book \"Life of Jazz\" (2010)", "Surab Karumidse\nThe Nominees 2013 Longlist: Dagny or a Love Feast\nDagny oder Ein Fest der Liebe", "KARUMIDZE ZURAB\nBooks by Zurab Karumidze\nDagny\nZURAB KARUMIDZE" ]

[ "Zurab Karumidze", "Information", "Books", "Translations", "Awards", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360119 ]

[ 27238439, 27238440, 27238441, 27238442 ]

[ "Khizanishvili playing for Kayserispor" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Zurab_Khizanishvili_Kayserispor.JPG" ]

[ "Zurab Khizanishvili (Georgian: ზურაბ ხიზანიშვილი; born 6 October 1981) is a Georgian football coach, currently the assistant manager of Georgia U-21, and former footballer who played as a defender.", "", "Khizanishvili started his career at Dinamo Tbilisi where he remained for just one season, before joining FC Tbilisi to improve his chances of playing regular first team football.\nIn 1999, he was on the move again, joining his previous two clubs' city rivals Lokomotiv Tbilisi. Khizanishvili's form at Lokomotiv piqued the interest of some of Europe's top clubs, though the player's latter days at the club were marred by injury. Khizanishvili was eventually released after his contract with Lokomotiv was terminated.", "In March 2001, Khizanishvili joined Dundee, having had unsuccessful trials at Arsenal, Fulham and West Ham United.\nHe quickly made an impact at Dens Park, alerting fellow Scottish Premier League team Rangers, whom Khizanishvili joined on a Bosman transfer in June 2003 as a replacement for Blackburn Rovers-bound defender Lorenzo Amoruso.", "Despite making 35 appearances in his first campaign at Ibrox, Khizanishvili gradually fell out of favour and, on 31 August 2005, he was allowed to move on loan for the rest of the season to Blackburn in the English FA Premier League. During his loan spell at Blackburn he scored once in the league, in a 2–0 home win over Manchester City, and once in the League Cup in a 3–1 win over Huddersfield Town.\nOn 10 April 2006, he signed a permanent deal with Blackburn Rovers in a deal rumoured to be worth around about £500,000. He was a key part of Blackburn's team in the 2006-07 season, starting more than half the matches as the club competed domestically and in the UEFA Cup. Khizanishvili struggled to hold down a regular starting position in the rest of Mark Hughes' reign as manager.\nUnder Paul Ince and Sam Allardyce he also failed to break into the first team on a consistent basis. His first appearance of the 2009–10 campaign came on 25 August, when he started the League Cup 2nd Round tie against Gillingham at the Priestfield Stadium, playing the full 90 minutes alongside Gael Givet in a 3–1 win. On 17 September 2009 Khizanishvili joined Championship team Newcastle United on loan in a three-month deal and returned on 19 December. On 25 January 2010, he signed for Reading on loan for the remainder of the 2009–10 season. \nOn 31 August 2010, he rejoined Reading on a season long loan for the 2010–11 season and was handed the number 15 shirt at the Madejski Stadium. On 13 March 2011, Khizanishvili completed the full 90 minutes against Manchester City at Eastlands in a 1–0 FA Cup quarter-final loss. On 30 May 2011, he started the Championship play-off final against Swansea City. Khizanishvili was booked after 12 minutes and then conceded a penalty kick after 20 minutes, due to a clumsy challenge on winger Nathan Dyer and Reading went on to lose 4–2. Khizanishvili ended his second loan spell with Reading having made 29 appearances in all competitions, including 24 league outings.", "After his release from Blackburn, Khizanishvili joined Kayserispor, where he played for three seasons.", "In June 2015, Khizanishvili signed a six-month contract with Azerbaijan Premier League side Inter Baku PIK.", "Khizanishvili played 93 matches for Georgia national football team. He scored his only goal against Moldova on 6 June 2009.", "After he retired from football in the summer 2017, Khizanishvili was appointed as the assistant manager of Gia Geguchadze at the Georgian U-21 national team.", "Khizanishvili is married to the Georgian model Salome Ghviniashvili and they have three children. He is the son of former USSR international defender Nodar Khizanishvili.", "", "Sources:", "", "", "Rangers\nLeague Cup: 2004–05\nScottish Premier League: 2004–05", "SFWA Young Player of the Year: 2002–03", "\"Wenger eyes Georgian wonder-kid\". BBC Sport. 17 October 2000. Retrieved 13 July 2014.\n\"Caballero set for return\". BBC Sport. 26 February 2001. Retrieved 13 July 2014.\n\"Blackburn 2–0 Man City\". BBC Sport. 7 May 2006. Retrieved 11 September 2009.\n\"Blackburn 3–1 Huddersfield\". BBC Sport. 21 September 2005. Retrieved 5 November 2009.\nRyder, Lee (12 December 2009). \"Zurab Khizanishvili set to return to Blackburn Rovers\". Evening Chronicle. Retrieved 13 July 2014.\n\"Khizanishvili leaves Blackburn Rovers for Reading\". Lancashire Telegraph. Newsquest Media Group. 31 August 2010. Retrieved 13 July 2014.\n\"Royals step up defender search\". Reading Chronicle. Berkshire Media Group. 19 July 2011. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2011.\n\"Интер дозаявил Хизанишвили\" [Inter added Khizanishvili] (in Russian). Azeri Football. 29 June 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.\n\"Georgia v Moldova football match, 6 June 2009\". eu-football.info.\n\"Khizanishvili is an Assistant of Geguchadze\". WorldSport.ge. 3 June 2017.\n\"Games played by Zurab Khizanishvili in 2005/2006\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 21 December 2015.\n\"Z.Khizanishvili\". Soccerway. Perform Group. Retrieved 21 December 2015.", "Zurab Khizanishvili at Soccerbase \nZurab Khizanishvili at National-Football-Teams.com\nZurab Khizanishvili – FIFA competition record (archived)" ]

[ "Zurab Khizanishvili", "Club career", "Early career", "Scotland", "England", "Turkey", "Azerbaijan", "International career", "Coaching career", "Personal life", "Career statistics", "Club", "International goals", "Honours", "Club", "Individual", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360120 ]

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[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Zurab_Papaskiri.jpg" ]

[ "Zurab Papaskiri (in Georgian ზურაბ პაპასქირი) is a Georgian Historian and public figure, academician of the Abkhazian Regional Academy of Sciences (1997), Doctor of Historical sciences (1991), Professor (1994), owner of the State Prize of Giorgi Shervashidze (1998), owner of Order of Honour (2013).\nZurab Papaskiri was born in 1950 in Zugdidi. He graduated from the Faculty of History of Tbilisi State University (1972). From 1972 to 1975, he was a post-graduate student of the Lomonosov Moscow State University. In 1978 Papaskiri received a PhD in history, in 1991 the degree of Doctor of historical sciences (Habilitation). Since 1976 he has worked at Sokhumi State University (since 1993 this university is based in Tbilisi). Since 2008 he has been head of the Scientific Work Coordination Service of the university, since 2007, deputy chairman of the main editorial board of the \"Proceedings of the Sokhumi State University\", and Editor-in-Chief of the „Proceedings of Sokhumi State University“. Humanities, Social and Political Sciences Series. Papaskiri is Chairman of the Abkhazian Organization of the Georgian Historical Society by Ekvtime Takaishvili, and Editor-in-Chief of the „Historical Researches“ (\"Saistorio Dziebani\"). also since 1998.", "Zurab Papaskiri – 60. Inscribing Annals is Talking the Truth. The Collection is dedicated to the 60th birth anniversary of the Doctor of Historical sciences, Professor Zurab Papaskiri. Sokhumi State University Press. Tbilisi – 2010-2013.", "http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/27363/1/Zurab_Papaskiri%20_%2060.pdf", "Official website" ]

[ "Zurab Papaskiri", "Literature", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360121 ]

[ 27238455 ]

[ "Zurab Pataradze in 2018" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Zurab_Pataradze%2C_2018.jpg" ]

[ "Zurab Pataradze (Georgian: ზურაბ პატარაძე; born 12 February 1973) is a Georgian diplomat and government official who was Chairman of the Government of the Autonomous Republic of Adjara between 15 July 2016 and 21 July 2018.", "Born in Batumi, Pataradze graduated from the Tbilisi State University with a degree in economics in 1994 and the Batumi State University with a degree in law in 2007. After working for a Batumi-based bank office in the mid-1990s, Pataradze joined the state service in 1996, first at an anti-organized crime unit of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Adjara and then the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia in 2000. In 2004 Pataradze became a second secretary at the Georgian embassy to Russia in charge of consular service; after Georgia and Russia cut direct diplomatic relations in 2008, Pataradze served as a consular officer at the Georgian interests section at the Swiss embassy in Moscow until 2009. Pataradze was then Georgia's consul general in the northern Greek city of Thessaloniki from 2009 to 2010, consul general to Istanbul from 2011 to 2012, ambassador to Turkey from 2012 to 2013, and ambassador to Kazakhstan from 2013 to 2016.", "In July 2016, Zurab Pataradze was nominated by President of Georgia Giorgi Margvelashvili as the head of the government of Adjara, an autonomous region on the Black Sea coast, after the incumbent Archil Khabadze announced his resignation just three months before the scheduled elections. Pataridze narrowly won a confidence vote in the region's legislature on 15 July 2016. He resigned on 4 July 2018 and was replaced by Tornike Rizhvadze on 21 July.", "\"New Head of Adjara's Local Govt Approved\". Civil Georgia. 15 July 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.\n\"Georgia's ex-Ambassador to Kazakhstan is new head of Adjara Gov't\". agenda.ge. 15 July 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.\n\"Head of Adjara Government Resigns\". civil.ge. civil.ge. 4 July 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018." ]

[ "Zurab Pataradze", "Education and diplomatic career", "Government of Adjara", "References" ]

[ 5360122 ]

[ 27238456, 27238457, 27238458, 27238459 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/%28Zurab_Pololikashvili%29_High-level_Meeting_of_the_Ministers_of_Tourism_of_the_EU_member_states_%22Tourism_and_economic_growth%22_Press_conference.jpg" ]

[ "Zurab Pololikashvili (born in Tbilisi on 12 January 1977) is a Georgian politician and diplomat, currently serving as Secretary-General of the World Tourism Organization. From 2005 to 2009 he was Georgian deputy Foreign Minister, and he served as ambassador to Spain, Morocco, Algeria and Andorra.\nDuring his mandate as Secretary-General of UNWTO, Pololikashvili has advocated for tourism as a significant player in delivering sustainable solutions for people, the planet, prosperity and peace. Pololikashvili has widened the scope of UNWTOs work, including innovation, digital transformation, investment and online education, which are distinctive features of tourism as a sector spearheading new business models, people-to-people interaction, and leveraging social impact and development potential.\nBefore the outbreak of the  COVID-19 pandemic, tourism stood at an all-time high: 1 out of 10 jobs worldwide depended on tourism and international tourism arrivals reached 1.5billion in 2019.\nAgainst a backdrop of heightened uncertainty, under Pololikashvilis leadership UNWTO  gathered the heads of the sector in the Global Tourism Crisis Committee to guide the tourism sector as it faced up to the COVID-19 challenge, recommending policies for recovery of the sector and cooperating closely with the World Health Organization (WHO), the lead UN agency for the management of this outbreak.", "Pololikashvili holds a Bachelor’s Degree in Banking from the Georgian Technical University in Tbilisi, Georgia (1994 – 1998). He also has a Global Senior Management Program (GSMP) from IE Business School, Instituto de Empresa, Madrid, Spain (2008 – 2009).", "After graduating with a degree in banking, Pololikashvili gained extensive experience in the private sector, including with a prominent role in one of Georgia’s biggest banks, serving as Manager of International Operations for TBC Bank, Director of TBC Bank’s Central Branch Office (2001-2005) and Vice President of TBC Group (2010 -  2011) and as CEO of the country’s leading football team, FC Dinamo Tbilisi (2001 – 2011).\nAfter a year as Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs (2005-2006), he was appointed the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Georgia to Spain (2006-2009), the Principality of Andorra, the People´s Democratic Republic of Algeria and the Kingdom of Morocco in 2006, and Permanent Representative of Georgia to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) up to December 2017.\nIn this capacity as Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Georgia, he supervised the departments for administrative, budgetary, financial and consular affairs, as well as the Department for Human Resources Management. Pololikashvili was responsible for ushering in a new phase of more liberal and secure visa regimes, facilitation of processes to ease border crossing procedures, and deepening relations with various international organizations, including UNWTO.\nBetween 2009 and 2010, he was Minister of Economic Development of Georgia. As a Minister of Economic Development of Georgia, Pololikashvili was responsible for overseeing the country’s long-term fiscal growth strategies, advancing foreign trade and investment policy initiatives as well as for promoting the development of the tourism, infrastructure and transportation sectors, establishing the tourism sector as a leading employer and contributor to national economic development.\nHe was instrumental in launching an innovative policy for the development of tourism in Georgia, prioritizing the sphere on both the government and private sector agendas. During Pololikashvili’s tenure as Minister of Economic Development, through key policy reforms, marketing activities, improvement of infrastructure and visa liberalization initiatives, Georgia nearly doubled the number of international tourist arrivals, from 1.5 million (2009) to exceeding the 2.8 million mark by 2011.\nThose reforms paved the way for sustainable tourism practices in Georgia and poverty alleviation initiatives, placing Georgia among the top tourism destinations in the region. Pololikashvili successfully led the economic liberalization processes, introducing supportive policies for SMEs, and incentive programmes to attract foreign investment for the development of hard and soft infrastructure.", "The worldwide outbreak of COVID-19 brought the world to a standstill, and tourism sector was the worst affected of all major economic sectors. As Secretary-General of UNWTO, Pololikashvili took this crisis as an opportunity to rethink tourism development. He believes that recovery must involve transforming the sector, re-inventing tourism destinations and businesses, re-building the tourism ecosystem, and innovating and investing in sustainable tourism.\nPololikashvili has guided the sector, releasing recommendations for action and giving health advice for tourists. Moreover, as a UN agency specialized on tourism, UNWTO has released frequent travel restrictions reports as well as regular analysis on the COVID-19 impact on Tourism. Pololikashvili has centered his efforts in supporting measures to restart tourism from both governments and the private sector, though partnerships and agreements, with a special focus on innovation, education and digitalization.\n“I take upon me to lead UNWTO with a strong focus on building partnerships, fostering jobs and opportunities for all, mastering technology and innovation and advancing sustainability and the fight against climate change.”\nWith a 60-80% decline in international tourism foreseen for 2020\nand a drop of between US $910 billion and $1.2 trillion in exports, today over 100 million direct tourism jobs are at risk. Apart from this direct impact, the tourism economy is also linked to many other sectors including construction, agro-food, distribution services and transportation, all of which exacerbate the size of the shock.\nCOVID-19 has revealed the macroeconomic importance of tourism in most OECD and G20 economies.  Many businesses across the sector are fighting to survive, with a disproportionate effect on women, young people, rural communities, indigenous peoples and informal workers – groups that are more likely to be employed in micro or small tourism businesses. This crisis is also creating an even greater hardship for low-income and developing economies, and their local communities, which disproportionately depend on tourism and hence face a serious risk of higher poverty.\nUnder his leadership, UNWTO convened the Global Tourism Crisis Committee (GTCC), gathering the heads of the tourism sector to prepare a unified global response to the crisis and a guide towards recovery by ensuring with WHO that health measures are implemented in ways that minimize unnecessary impact on international travel and trade; by standing in solidarity with the affected countries; and by emphasizing tourism’s proven resilience and by standing ready to support recovery. The UNWTO-led Committee has held regular virtual meetings, reflecting the need for coordinated and efficient action by the private and public sectors, governments, international financing institutions, and the United Nations, with agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO); Among the private sector were representatives from IFEMA, the International Air Transport Association (IATA), Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA), the Airports Council International (ACI), and the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC).", "In June 2022, Pololikashvili was recognized by the International Hospitality Institute on the Global 100 in Hospitality, as one of the 100 Most Powerful People in Global Hospitality.", "\"The 22nd UNWTO General Assembly appoints Zurab Pololikashvili as Secretary General for 2018-2021 | Communications\". media.unwto.org.\nSteinmetz, Juergen T (1 September 2017). \"How a Georgian journalist sees UNWTO nominee Zurab Pololikashvili for Secretary General? | Travel News | eTurboNews\". Travel News | eTurboNews.\n\"Zurab Pololikashvili Elected as New Secretary General of UNWTO - GTP Headlines\". news.gtp.gr.\n\"Zurab Pololikashvili Archives - The Diplomat in Spain\". The Diplomat in Spain.\nZhou, Zibanai (6 October 2020). \"Critical shifts in the global tourism industry: perspectives from Africa\". GeoJournal. doi:10.1007/s10708-020-10297-y.\nMix, Pulse (2022-08-01). \"Dr Jeffrey Obomeghie and Dupe Olusola among the 100 most powerful people in global hospitality\". Pulse Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-08-03.", "New York Daily News: How to rescue global tourism from the Coronavirus pandemic\nEuronews: Stepping up support for a safe and sustainable recovery of tourism\nThe Independent: Unless we take these steps, UK quarantine restrictions against Spain will do more harm than good\nEuractiv: Only through historic transformation can global tourism beat COVID-19\nZurab Pololikashvili on Twitter" ]

[ "Zurab Pololikashvili", "Academic qualifications", "Professional career", "Secretary-General of UNWTO during the COVID-19 pandemic", "Awards and Recognition", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360123 ]

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[ "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Sotkilava.png" ]

[ "Zurab Lavrentievich Sotkilava (Russian: Зураб Лаврентьевич Соткилава, Georgian: ზურაბ სოტკილავა; 12 March 1937 – 18 September 2017) was a Georgian operatic tenor and People's Artist of the USSR recipient.", "", "In 1960, Sotkilava graduated from the Tbilisi State Polytechnical Institute.", "Sotkilava began playing association football during childhood. At age 16, he joined Dynamo Sukhumi where he played full-back. In 1956 he became captain of the Georgia national team, and two years later he joined Dynamo Tbilisi. In 1958 he incurred severe injuries while playing in Yugoslavia. This ultimately led to the end of his sports career in Czechoslovakia the following year.", "In 1965 he graduated from the Tbilisi Conservatory under the guidance of David Andguladze. Between 1965 and 1974 Sotkilava was a soloist of the Tbilisi Opera and Ballet Theatre (named after Zakaria Paliashvili). From 1966 to 1968 he was a student at La Scala where his teacher was Dinaro Barra. He later became a teacher at the Moscow Conservatory where he remained until 1988. After six years he became chairman of the International Tchaikovsky Competition and was a member of the Bologna Academy of Music, at which point he became known for his singing of Giuseppe Verdi's works.\nBy 2000, he became Kinoshok chairman of Anapa Film Festival which was hosted throughout the CIS and Baltic States.\nIn 2015, he was diagnosed with a malignant pancreatic tumor; he died in 2017, at age 80, and was survived by his wife, Eliso Turmanidze, and his two daughters.", "Il trovatore — Manrico\nTosca – Cavaradossi\nIolanta – Vaudemont\nAida – Radames\nSadko – Indian merchant\nThe Abduction of the Moon – Arzakan\nUn ballo in maschera – Riccardo\nCavalleria rusticana – Turiddu\nLa molinara — Don Caloandro\nBoris Godunov – The pretender\nKhovanshchina – Galitzine\nNabucco – Ismaele", "2nd prize International Tchaikovsky Competition (1970)\nHonored Artist of the Georgian SSR (1970)\nPeople's Artist of the Georgian SSR (1973)\nPeople's Artist of the USSR (1979)\nShota Rustaveli Prize (1993)\nOrder \"For Merit to the Fatherland\", 3rd class (2007)\nOrder \"For Merit to the Fatherland\", 4th class (2001)\nOrder of the Badge of Honour (1971)\nOrder of the Red Banner of Labour (1976)\nOrder of Honor (Georgia, 1997)\nOvation (2008)\nRussian Federation Presidential Certificate of Honour (2012) \nHonorary member of the Academy of Music Bologna (Italy) - elected \"for a brilliant interpretation of the works of Verdi\"\nAcademician of the Academy of aesthetics and Liberal Arts (Moscow)", "Ksenia Leonidova", "Profile at Footballfacts.ru (in Russian)\nЗураб Лаврентьевич Соткилава / Zurab Sotkilava profile, peoples.ru; accessed 19 September 2017.\n\"Биография Зураба Соткилавы\". РИА Новости. 2017-03-12. Retrieved 2017-09-21.\n\"Zurab Sotkilava\". Bolshoi Theatre. Retrieved 14 January 2014.\nОперный певец Зураб Соткилава признался, что тяжело болен раком, lifenews.ru; accessed 19 September 2017.(in Russian)\nБиография Зураба Соткилавы, peoples.ru; accessed 19 September 2017.(in Russian)\nМосковская государственная консерватория им. П. И. Чайковского — Педагоги — Соткилава Зураб Лаврентьевич\nPresidential Decree dated 3 December 2007, № 1626\nУказ Президента РФ от 22 марта 2001 г. № 325, kremlin.ru; accessed 19 September 2017.(in Russian)\nБиографии вокалистов\nРаспоряжение Президента РФ от 27 октября 2012 г. № 486-рп, pravo.gov.ru; accessed 19 September 2017.(in Russian)\nСостав академии: Зураб Лаврентьевич Соткилава, independent-academy.net; accessed 19 September 2017.(in Russian)\nМосковская государственная консерватория имени П. И. Чайковского, mosconsv.ru; accessed December 25th 2019(in Russian)", "Interview with Zurab Sotkilava (in Russian); accessed 19 September 2017." ]

[ "Zurab Sotkilava", "Biography", "Education", "Football career", "Music career", "Roles at the Bolshoi Theatre", "Awards", "Former Students", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360124 ]

[ 27238476, 27238477, 27238478, 27238479, 27238480, 27238481, 27238482 ]

[ "Zurab Tchiaberashvili" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Zurab_Chiaberashvili_%28March_16%2C_2001%29.jpg" ]

[ "Zurab Tchiaberashvili (Georgian: ზურაბ ჭიაბერაშვილი, also spelled Chiaberashvili) (born 6 June 1972) is a Georgian politician and diplomat. He currently is a leading figure in the opposition European Georgia, after most recently serving as a governor of the Kakheti region.\nHaving a background in academia and the nongovernmental sector, Tchiaberashvili joined the ranks of the government after Georgia's 2003 Rose Revolution, serving as the chairman of the Central Election Commission of Georgia from 2003 to 2004 and then as the mayor of Tbilisi from 2004 to 2005. Tchiaberashvili was Georgia's permanent representative to the Council of Europe from 2005 to 2010 and ambassador to the Swiss Confederation and Principality of Liechtenstein, and Permanent Representative to the United Nations office and other international organizations in Geneva from 2010 to 2012. He served as Georgia's Minister of Health, Labour and Social Affairs from March 20, 2012, to October 25, 2012.", "A Tbilisi native, Zurab Tchiaberashvili studied at the Faculty of Philosophy and Sociology, Tbilisi State University (1989–1994, BA degree) and the Institute of Philosophy, Georgian National Academy of Sciences (1994–1997, MA degree), and obtained Ph.D. in Philosophy from the Tbilisi State University (1999). As an Open Society Institute's Faculty Development Fellow, he spent two Spring Semesters (2002 and 2003) at the Transregional Center for Democratic Studies, Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science, New School University, New York, USA. In 2009 he graduated from the Executive MBA Joint program with Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA, and WHU – Otto Beisheim School of Management, Vallendar, Germany.", "Zurab Tchiaberashvili's career started as a reporter and then a news editor for the Georgian daily Resonance in the 1990s. At that time, he also taught at the Faculty of Philosophy and Sociology, Tbilisi State University. In 1997 he began active in civic society, joining the election watchdog International Society for Fair Elections and Democracy (ISFED) of which he became the Executive Director in 2002.\nTchiaberashvili was among those observers who denounced the November 2, 2003 Georgian parliamentary election as rigged. The protests that followed the election led to the resignation of the then-President of Georgia Eduard Shevardnadze in what became known as the \"Rose Revolution\" on November 23, 2003. After the power change, Tchiaberashvili became the chairman of the Central Election Commission of Georgia, being in charge of conducting the snap presidential and parliamentary elections in 2004.", "On April 19, 2004, Tchiaberashvili became Mayor of Tbilisi—the capital of Georgia—still an appointive office at that time, after President Mikheil Saakashvili dismissed Mayor Ivane Zodelava. He presided over the creation of a strategic plan to overcome problems with Tbilisi's urban infrastructure, including the water, sewage, electric, and public transportation systems. During his tenure, Tchiaberashvili was criticized by his former NGO colleagues for turning back from his original plans to decentralize the Tbilisi government.\nOn September 16, 2005, Tchiaberashvili was approved by the Parliament of Georgia as Georgia's permanent representative to the Council of Europe (CoE), a position which made him involved in diplomatic battles following the August 2008 Russian–Georgian war. On December 10, 2010, Tchiaberashvili was approved as ambassador to the Swiss Confederation and Principality of Liechtenstein, and Permanent Representative to the United Nations office and other international organizations in Geneva. In 2011, he was involved in the Swiss-mediated Russian–Georgian negotiations over Russia's ascension to World Trade Organization. On March 15, 2012, he was nominated as Georgia's Minister of Health, Labour and Social Affairs, and approved by the Parliament of Georgia on March 20, 2012. After the October 2012 parliamentary election, he was succeeded by David Sergeenko. Tchiaberashvili was instead moved by President Saakashvili to the position of governor of the eastern Georgian region of Kakheti. Subsequently, he became a leading opposition politician, with the United National Movement.", "On May 21, 2013, Zurab Tchiaberashvili and Ivane Merabishvili, Georgia's former Prime Minister and the Secretary General of the United National Movement party, were arrested in connection to investigation into alleged misspending of GEL 5.2 million public funds on their party activists during the 2012 election campaign, leading to accusations of political vendetta leveled by the United National Movement against the Ivanishvili government.\nOn February 17, 2014 Tchiaberashvili was sentenced a fine of 52,000 lari for being negligent about his duties. The Tchiaberashvili defense team appealed the sentence.", "Tchiaberashvili is married to Nino Lakvekheliani, with two children: Giorgi and Mariam.", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia. Ambassador Zurab Tchiaberashvili. 2012-03-15. URL:http://switzerland.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?sec_id=499&lang_id=ENG. Accessed: 2012-03-15. (Archived by WebCite®).\nHealthcare Minister Replaced. Civil Georgia. March 15, 2012.\nCabinet with New Healthcare Minister Wins Confidence Vote. Civil Georgia. March 20, 2012.\nWheatley, Jonathan (2005), Georgia from National Awakening to Rose Revolution, pp. 195, 205. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., ISBN 0754645037.\nQ&A with Former Chairman of Central Election Commission. Civil Georgia. April 20, 2004. Accessed March 15, 2012.\nEx-CEC Chief Becomes Tbilisi Mayor. Civil Georgia. April 19, 2004. Accessed March 15, 2012.\nErin Trouth Hofmann (2005), Urban Governance and Institution Building in Post-Rose Revolution Tbilisi. Kennan Institute. Accessed March 15, 2012.\nGeorgia's Envoy to CoE Appointed. Civil Georgia. September 16, 2005. Accessed March 15, 2012.\nCoE Ministerial Meeting Called over Georgia. Civil Georgia. September 4, 2008. Accessed March 15, 2012.\nGeorgian Ambassador on WTO Deal with Russia. Civil Georgia. December 8, 2011. Accessed March 15, 2012.\nIvanishvili Confirmed as Prime Minister. Civil Georgia. October 25, 2012.\nSaakashvili Appoints Four New Governors. Civil Georgia. October 16, 2012\nEx-PM Merabishvili, Ex-Healthcare Minister Tchiaberashvili Arrested. Civil Georgia. May 21, 2013.\nFive-year sentence passed on former Georgian premier Merabishvili, Interfax-Ukraine (17 February 2014)" ]

[ "Zurab Tchiaberashvili", "Education", "Early career", "Government and diplomatic service", "Arrest and sentence", "Personal life", "References" ]

[ 5360125 ]

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[ "Zurab Todua in 2015" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Zurab_Todua_%282015-11-24%29.png" ]

[ "Zurab Todua (Russian: Зураб Джумберович Тодуа; born 25 December 1963) is a Moldovan historian, politician, politologue, publicist and writer, who served as deputy in the Parliament of Moldova between 2010-2014.\nSince 1991 Todua has researched political, social-economical, inter-ethnic and religious problems in post-soviet space (CIS), being specialised on the conflict regions and zones, and on religious extremism. Todua is well known in Russian-language area, and often is presented as a 'Russian' politologue.\nTodua was born in Șoldănești, then part of the Moldavian SSR within the Soviet Union, to a Georgian father and a Moldovan mother. His father, Djumberi Todua, as well is a communist politician who served as deputy in Moldovan Parliament in 2001-2005.\nIn 1990s, Todua worked as special correspondent, then observer for Russian newspapers \"Панорама\" (Panorama), \"Россия\" (Rossiya), and \"Новая газета\" (Novaya gazeta).\nHe wrote the following books: «Новая Чечено-Ингушетия» (1992), «Азербайджан сегодня» (1995), «Поединок на азиатском ковре» (1999), «Узбекистан между прошлым и будущим» (2000), «Азербайджанский пасьянс» (2001), «Экспансия исламистов на Кавказе и в Центральной Азии» (2006), «Молдавия и молдавские коммунисты. Политическая хроника переломной эпохи 1988 – 2008» (2009), «Провал «Альянса за Евро» (2010).\nIn 2019 he joined the Collective Action Party – Civic Congress, founded by Mark Tkaciuk and Iurie Muntean. He is a member of the executive committee of the party.", "(in Russian)Тодуа Зураб Джумберович - писатель, историк, депутат Парламента Молдовы от партии коммунистов, родился 25 декабря 1963 года\n(in Russian)Москва разгневана арестами в Грузии\n(in Russian)Российский политолог Зураб Тодуа: «Досрочные выборы убьют Молдову»\nZurab Todua: the Uzbek direction tested\n(in Russian)З. Тодуа. Провал \"Альянса за Евро\": Дневник политического кризиса в Республике Молдова. Сборник статей., ПАВЕЛ ИВАНОВ\n(in Russian)(ИНТЕРВЬЮ) Зураб Тодуа: «Вполне вероятно мы стоим на пороге очень серьезных и грозных событий» - TRIBUNA.MD Archived January 2, 2014, at the Wayback Machine\n(in Russian)АНОНС: Публичные лекции Зураба Тодуа на тему «Десятилетие конфликтов. Кавказ и Центральная Азия в 90-е годы» (ВИДЕО)\n(in Russian)О молдавских государственниках и унионистах на рубеже XX-XXI веков\nhttps://moldova.europalibera.org/a/partidul-ac%C8%9Biunii-comune-congresul-civic-un-ghimpe-pentru-sociali%C8%99ti-/30314170.html", "Zurab Todua profile on the Moldovan parliament's website\n(in Russian)Зураб Тодуа: «Всего за полгода от Партии коммунистов отвернулось 400 тысяч человек - две трети избирателей. Почему?»" ]

[ "Zurab Todua", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360126 ]

[ 27238495, 27238496, 27238497 ]

[ "Zurab Tsereteli in 2014", "", "The Birth of a New Man in Seville" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Zurab_Tsereteli.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Sculpteur_Zourab-TSERETELI_297x92.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/El_huevo_de_Col%C3%B3n.jpg" ]

[ "Zurab Konstantinovich Tsereteli (Georgian: ზურაბ კონსტანტინეს ძე წერეთელი, Russian: Зураб Константинович Церетели; born 4 January 1934) is a Georgian-Russian painter, sculptor and architect known for large-scale and at times controversial monuments. Tsereteli has served as the President of the Russian Academy of Arts since 1997.", "Zurab Konstantinovich Tsereteli was born in Tbilisi on 4 January 1934. Tsereteli studies at Tbilisi State Academy of Arts, graduating in 1958. The same year, he married Inessa Andronikashvili, a princess from a noble Georgian family that claims patrilineal descent from Byzantine Emperor Andronikos I Komnenos.\nBetween the years 1960–1963, Tsereteli worked as a staff artist as the Georgian Academy of Sciences, participating in research expeditions, which in turn served to influence his work. Tsereteli was then granted the position of senior master at the industrial combine of the USSR's Arts Foundation in Tbilisi, where he began to experiment with bronze, stone, glass, wood, and mosaics, as well as creating group commissions for public buildings.\nIn 1964, he made his first trip abroad to France. He stayed in Paris for three months, during which time visited Pablo Picasso in his studio. This experience served to greatly shape his later creative production. At a later stage he also became acquainted with Marc Chagall and other Impressionist and Post-Impressionist artists, whose characteristic influences can also be seen in the artist's work.\nFollowing his return home, Tsereteli became the chief designer of Soviet resorts on the Black Sea, such as Pitsunda (1967) and Adler (1972). In these works, he combined monumental sculpture, architectural scenery, and three-dimensional mosaic compositions. Following his completion of the project in Pitsunda in 1967, Tsereteli was awarded the title of Honoured Artist of Georgia.\nIn the 1970s, Tsereteli continued to make public projects in Tbilisi, Ulyanovsk, Yalta and other cities. In this period, Tsereteli also designed several Soviet embassies and consulates over the world, such as those in Brazil, Portugal, and Japan.\nIn 1978–79, Tsereteli was invited to teach painting as a visiting professor at the College at Brockport, State University of New York. During his stay, he completed and presented to the college two public sculptures on the behalf of the people of the USSR: Prometheus (Light and Knowledge to the World), installed in front of the Allen Administration Building, and Joy and Happiness to All the Children of the World, placed by the Drake Memorial Library. The latter was created in collaboration with Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Foundation in honour of the 1979 Special Olympics held in Brockport and the International Year of the Child.\nIn 1980, Tsereteli was appointed as the chief designer for the XXII Summer Olympic Games in Moscow. That same year, he completed A Hymn to Man, which sits atop the Concert and Cinema hall of the Izmailovo Hotel Complex, constructed for the Olympics and received the Order of “Friendship of Peoples”. In 1981, he became a professor at his alma mater, the Tbilisi Academy of Arts.\nIn 1983, he created Friendship Forever, in Moscow's Tishinskaya Square (1983), dedicated to the fellowship between the countries of Georgia and Russia. The architectural part of the monument was designed by Andrey Voznesensky. In the same period, Tsereteli began work on two large-scale projects in Tbilisi: the monument to Saint Nina (1988-1994), and the History of Georgia complex (1985–present). In 1988, Tsereteli was elected an Academician of the USSR Academy of Arts and his sculptural composition Break the Wall of Distrust was installed on Canon Street, London. In 1990, Good Defeats Evil, Tsereteli's interpretation of St. George slaying the dragon as an allegory for world peace in the modern age, was unveiled at the United Nations Headquarters.\nIn the 1990s, Tsereteli continued to work on public commissions for the city of Moscow, which many insist was due to his personal friendship with the mayor, Yuri Luzhkov. The most significant of these projects include: the reconstruction of Cathedral of Christ the Savior, Manege Square, the War Memorial Complex on Poklonnaya Gora, the Moscow Zoo, as well as the 98m tall Peter the Great, monument erected in 1996–97, which has caused mixed feelings among the citizens of Moscow.\nThe Birth of the New Man was inaugurated in Seville, Spain in 1995, in celebration of the European discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus. The following year, in 1996, Marbella also received a sculpture, entitled Victory.\nIn 1997, Tsereteli was elected the President of the Russian Academy of Arts. He established the Moscow Museum of Modern Art in 1995, and it officially opened its doors in 1999, becoming the first state museum in the country entirely dedicated to modern and contemporary art. In 1998, Tsereteli had his first solo exhibition at the New Manege, which was dedicated to the memory of his wife, Inessa. This show became the starting point of the numerous travelling shows of his works, which followed in the 2000s-2010s in Russia, Georgia, Latvia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Bulgaria, Italy, France, the United States, Australia, China, and Japan.\nIn 2001, the Gallery of Arts of Zurab Tsereteli was opened in Moscow as part of the museums and exhibitions complex of the Russian Academy of Arts. In 2006, Tsereteli unveiled his monument To the Struggle Against World Terrorism, or The Tear of Grief, in Bayonne, NJ. It was donated to the United States as an official gift by Russia in the aftermath of 9/11 attacks to show support and solidarity for the American people.\nIn 2007, Tsereteli became the UNESCO Ambassador of Good Will. In 2009–10, he was elected a Member of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts (Austria), given the title of Chevalier of the National Order of the Legion of Honor by France, as well as a 1st Rank Order “For Services to the Motherland” by the Russian Federation. In 2011, he received two awards from the Roman Academy of Fine Arts: the “For Life in Art” Prize and the International Giuseppe Sciacca Award for significant contribution to the arts. In 2014, Tsereteli received the UNESCO Five Continents Medal for his contribution to world culture, and in 2015 was elected a Member of the Chinese Academy of Fine Arts.\nIn 2005, Holocaust was donated by Russia to Israel and opened in Jerusalem. Some of his other works include: the sculpture of Nikolai Gogol in Rome's Villa Borghese (2002), Honoré de Balzac in Agde (2003), Marina Tsvetaeva in St. Giles Croix de Vie (2012), Founding Fathers of the European Union (2012) in Lorraine, and the monument to Pope John Paul II (2014) next to Notre-Dame de Paris cathedral facing the Seine.\nZurab Tsereteli founded the Museum of Modern Art in Tbilisi, Georgia in 2012.\nTsereteli continues his service as President of the Russian Academy of Arts, organises regular exhibitions by Georgian and international artists at the Museum of Modern Art in Tbilisi, as well as continuing to produce artwork.\nOn 6 December 2020, Tsereteli was honored the highest state order of Serbian for his contribution of the interior decoration of the Church of Saint Sava in Belgrade, for which the Russian Academy has been the main contractor.", "Tsereteli has been heavily criticized throughout the duration of his career, with public opinion heavily shaped by his involvement with the Russian government. In March 2014 he was reported to have signed a letter in support of the position of the President of Russia Vladimir Putin on Russia's military intervention in Ukraine. However, the following day, a statement was released to several Georgian news outlets by the artist's aide, Sergi Shagulashvili, denied that Tsereteli signed the letter and that he \"generally does not get involved in politics\".", "Professor and President of the Russian Academy of Arts.\nPresident of the Foundation for the Children's Park of Miracles (since 1988), hence the rumours of his involvement with the construction of Disneyland in Russia.\nFounder of the Moscow International Foundation for Support to UNESCO, he was appointed a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador on 30 March 1996.\nSince 2005 he has been a member of the Public Chamber of Russia.\nEminent Member of the Sergio Vieira de Mello Foundation.", "The statue of Peter the Great in downtown Moscow which, at 94 meters, is the eighth tallest statue in the world. Popular legend states that the Statue was initially of Christopher Columbus, but that after being rejected by the US Government, its head was replaced, and it was sold to the Russian government as a nautical statue of Peter the Great. In November 2008, it was voted the tenth ugliest building in the world by Virtual Tourist.\nA statue known as Birth of the New World depicting Christopher Columbus. The statue was rejected by the US government when Tsereteli attempted to have it installed there in 1992, in connection with the 500th anniversary of his voyage. The municipal government of Cataño, Puerto Rico, consented to having the statue built in their town, but later was unable to garner enough public support and funding. On August 15, 2008, the private contractor in charge of building a series of facilities for the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games announced that the corporation had bought the structure and will build it in the municipality of Mayagüez, expecting to assemble it in time for the games. After this project was abandoned, the statue was moved to the municipality of Arecibo, where its assembly began during the spring of 2014. The statue was unveiled in Arecibo on June 14, 2016. A smaller twin statue named The Birth of a New Man was given by Russia in 1993 and was assembled in Seville, where it is popularly known as Huevo de Colón (Columbus' Egg).\nThe statue of St. George at the Moscow War Memorial and several versions of the same subject in Moscow and elsewhere. The foremost among these is a sculpture using sections of scrapped US Pershing II and Soviet SS-20 nuclear missiles. The sculpture, entitled Good Defeats Evil is on the grounds of the UN building in New York City. The sculpture is a 39-foot high, 40 ton monumental bronze statue of St George fighting the dragon of nuclear war. It was donated to the UN by the Soviet Union in 1990.\nA 9-1/2 meter tall, 2 metric ton treble clef covered in mosaic gold that tops the cupola of the Moscow International House of Music. The sculpture rotates like a weathervane.\nHis Tear of Grief (actually titled To the Struggle Against World Terrorism) features a 40-foot teardrop suspended in the fissure of a 106-foot bronze rectangular tower. The monument includes the names of all the victims of the September 11, 2001, attacks in New York, Washington D.C., and Pennsylvania, as well as the 1993 attack on the World Trade Center. At the ground breaking for the massive project, Vladimir Putin was present and called the sculpture “a gift from the people of Russia.” It was erected at the tip of the decommissioned Military Ocean Terminal, now rechristened The Peninsula at Bayonne Harbor, in Bayonne, New Jersey (after nearby Jersey City first accepted, then declined, the free monument) and was dedicated on September 11, 2006. The artist, Bill Clinton, Michael Chertoff, New Jersey Senator Jon Corzine, and a 9/11 widow all spoke at the dedication ceremony.\nOn September 25, 2006, another Peter the Great statue by Tsereteli was installed on Vasilievsky Island, St. Petersburg, in front of the Pribaltiiskaya Hotel. The sculptor had originally wished it to be placed in front of the historic Manege next to St. Isaac's Cathedral, but this was turned down because of risk of damage to Quarenghi's building.\nThe Chronicle of Georgia (or History Memorial of Georgia)\nOther offers of statuary by Tsereteli rejected by intended recipients in recent years include a statue of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill next to Livadia Palace in Yalta (Ukraine), Magellan (Uruguay), the Colossus of Rhodes (Greece), Franklin D. Roosevelt (New York) and Balzac (France).", "Tsereteli heads many cultural projects as a president of the Russian Academy of Arts", "Hero of Socialist Labour, Order of Lenin and Gold medal \"Hammer and Sickle\" (11 November 1990) - for his great personal contribution to the development of Soviet art and productive social activities\nOrder of Merit for the Fatherland;\n1st class (26 July 2010) - for outstanding contribution to the development of fine arts and many years of creative activity\n2nd class (4 January 2006) - for outstanding contribution to the development of fine arts\n3rd class (29 April 1996) - for his great personal contribution to the development and successful completion of a complex of works on the Victory Monument, Poklonnaya Hill, Moscow\nOrder of Friendship of Peoples (1994)\nPeople's Artist of the Russian Federation (4 January 1994) - for great achievements in the field of fine arts\nPeople's Artist of the USSR (1980)\nPeople's Artist of Georgia (1978)\nRussian Federation State Prize in Literature and Art (21 June 1996) - a memorial \"Monument of Victory in Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945\" on Poklonnaya Hill in Moscow\nLenin Prize (1976) - for the space-decorations Children's Zone a resort town in Adler (1973)\nUSSR State Prize\n1970 - for the mosaic composition of Lenin memorial in Ulyanovsk (1969) and in the Palace of Trade Unions Tbilisi (1969–1970)\n1982 - for participation in the creation of the hotel complex \"Izmailovo\" in Moscow (1980)\nChevalier of the Legion of Honour (France, 2010)\nOfficer of the Order of Arts and Letters (France, 2005)\nMedal \"Astana\" (Kazakhstan, 11 December 1998)\nBadge \"For Services to Moscow\" (Moscow, 30 December 2003) - for his great personal contribution to the development of fine art, many years of fruitful activity for the city and the Muscovites\nOrder of Akhmad Kadyrov (Chechnya, 2005) - for his personal contribution to the commemoration of the first president of the Chechen Republic, the Hero of Russia Akhmad-Hadji Kadyrov, activities that promote peace, friendship and cooperation between peoples\nMedal \"In Praise of Ossetia\" (North Ossetia, 2010)", "\"Russian artist Zurab Tsereteli's work comes to London's Saatchi Gallery\". Architectural Digest India. Jan 30, 2019. Retrieved May 17, 2020.\nOscharov, Roman (25 June 2015). \"Zurab Tsereteli: Artistic licence\". www.ft.com. Retrieved 2020-07-19.\n\"Zurab Tsereteli: Larger Than Life - Announcements - art-agenda\". www.art-agenda.com. Retrieved 2020-07-19.\nHill, J. (2019). Zurab Tsereteli. 1st ed. Milan: Skira, pp.92-95.\nRAH, 2020 ПРЕЗИДЕНТУ РАХ З.К.ЦЕРЕТЕЛИ ВРУЧЕН ОРДЕН СЕРБСКОГО ЗНАМЕНИ I СТЕПЕНИ\n\"Зураб Церетели не подписывал письма по Украине, заявил его помощник\". Эхо Кавказа. Retrieved May 17, 2020.\n\"Церетели \"не подписывал письма\" в поддержку политики Путина\". Радио Свобода. Retrieved May 17, 2020.\n\"The Sculptor Zurab Tsereteli has not signed a letter in support of Putin's policies in Ukraine and Crimea\". Mar 13, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2020.\nBelinda Goldsmith (2008-11-14). \"Travel Picks: 10 top ugly buildings and monument\". Reuters. Retrieved 2008-11-17.\nFrank Graud Carrau (2008-08-15). \"Estatua de Colón se muda a Mayagüez\". Primera Hora (in Spanish). Archived from the original on April 15, 2010. Retrieved 2008-08-17.\n\"Comienzan a elevar famosa estatua de Cristóbal Colón\". Primera Hora (in Spanish). 2014-04-02. Retrieved 2014-04-24.\n\"Christopher Columbus statue welcomed in Puerto Rico after US cities rejected it\". The Guardian. 2016-06-19. Retrieved 2016-07-24.\n\"View from Within: A House for Music\". Ведомости. Archived from the original on 2012-07-09. Retrieved May 17, 2020.\nRobert Ayers (July 31, 2006). \"Famed Russian Sculptor Crafts Giant Teardrop in Memory of 9/11\". ARTINFO. Retrieved 2008-05-20. \nPulse magazine, St. Petersburg, October 2006\n\"About Sights – History of Georgia Monument\". Georgia About. 2014-08-05. Retrieved 2019-06-03.\n\"The Chronicle of Georgia - Discover Tbilisi's Own Stonehenge\". The Brave Dame. 2016-10-11. Retrieved 2019-06-03.\nUNESCO participation\nMoscow news: Zurab Disney Or Walt Tsereteli?\nArtnet Magazine, July 10, 2006\nmoscow-life.com", "Official website\nThe official site of To the Struggle Against World Terrorism monument by Zurab Tsereteli\nArtwork by Zurab Tsereteli at The Cold War Museum\nGood Defeats Evil at the New York Public Art Curriculum\nMonument to Peter the First from Inside and Above. Pictures" ]

[ "Zurab Tsereteli", "Life", "Controversy", "Offices", "Projects", "Cultural activities", "Honours and awards", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360127, 5360128 ]

[ 27238498, 27238499, 27238500, 27238501, 27238502, 27238503, 27238504, 27238505, 27238506, 27238507, 27238508, 27238509, 27238510, 27238511, 27238512, 27238513, 27238514, 27238515, 27238516, 27238517, 27238518, 27238519, 27238520, 27238521, 27238522, 27238523, 27238524, 27238525, 27238526, 27238527, 27238528, 27238529, 27238530, 27238531 ]

[ "Tsiskaridze with Amkar Perm in 2011" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Tsiskaridze.JPG" ]

[ "Zurab Tsiskaridze (born 8 September 1986 in Tbilisi) is a Georgian footballer who plays for Vasalunds IF.", "Tsiskaridze was born in the Georgian SSR prior to the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. During early childhood, he moved to Poland where he lived for 10 years in the city of Warsaw with his family. Later on he moved around the globe pursuing his professional career.", "", "He began his career 2004 in Brazil with the U-20 team with Limeira based club Associação Atlética Internacional and played then the first six months in 2005 with the U-20 side of Grêmio Recreativo Barueri. He earned himself a tryout with D.C. United before his senior year of high school, but was not offered a contract by the team, who advised him to play college soccer. Instead, Tsiskaridze left school to pursue a professional soccer career, travelling to Brazil and France, among other countries.", "Tsiskaridze spent time with the Kansas City Wizards reserves in 2007, but when offered the minimum salary contract, he decided to pursue his dream of playing in Europe. He spent eighteen months with the reserve and first team of FC Sète, and in 2008 played seven games in the French third division Championnat National.\nTsiskaridze was signed by USL First Division side Miami FC in April 2009, after impressing Zinho and the coaching staff during an open tryout. Tsiskaridze had traveled all the way from France for the event. He played 18 games and scored one goal for Miami in his first season in the league. On 2 December 2009, he signed a one-year contract with Vancouver Whitecaps.\nOn 19 October 2010, the Vancouver Whitecaps released Tsiskaridze, along with five fellow players, citing their need to purge certain players in preparation for their upcoming promotion to Major League Soccer.\nOn 17 February 2011, he signed a new contract with Montreal Impact for the last season of the club in NASL, before the entry of the Impact in the MLS in 2012. After spending a season in the Russian Premier League he signed a short-term contract with Swedish Superettan club Jönköpings Södra IF in the summer of 2012. At the end of the season he extended his contract for one more year.", "He speaks 7 languages, and ironically, Georgian isn't one of them, as he barely speaks it. He speaks Russian, which he learnt from his stepdad; Polish; English; Portuguese; Spanish; Czech; and French.\nHis mother was a ballerina, while his father was an opera singer. He is relatives with the ballet dancer Nikolay Tsiskaridze.\nDuring the perestroika, he moved to Poland with his mum and stepdad, while his biological father moved to America. Later, he moved to live with his biological father, and graduated school in American.", "", "\"Niezwykłe losy gruzińskiego piłkarza, wychowanka Agrykoli Warszawa\". eurosport.onet.pl (in Polish). 4 July 2013.\n\"Miami FC announces latest roster moves\". MiamiFC.com. 13 April 2009. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Zourab 'Zee' Tsiskaridze\n\"Zourab Tsiskaridze\". WhitecapsFC.com. Archived from the original on 14 December 2009.\n\"Rutinerad försvarare klar för AFC Eskilstuna\". afc-eskilstuna.myclub.se (in Swedish).\n\"Miami FC's Zourab Tsiskaridze Jr.'s journey full of twists and turns\". MiamiHerald.com.\n\"Whitecaps Add Defender Zourab Tsiskaridze\". teamradio.ca.\n\"Win, draw in split-squad scrimmages\". kc.wizards.mlsnet.com.\n\"Miami FC sets its roster\". AmericanChronicle.com. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2009.\n\"Meet 'Caps defender Zourab Tsiskaridze\". WhitecapsFC.com. Archived from the original on 7 September 2010.\n\"Whitecaps add Zourab Tsiskaridze\". WhitecapsFC.com. Archived from the original on 14 December 2009.\n\"Vancouver Whitecaps release six players as franchise clears room for MLS-worthy talent\". VancouverSun.com.\n\"Tsiskaridze and Kreamalmeyer Join Impact\". OurSportsCentral.com. 17 February 2011.\n\"Tsiskaridze klar för J-Södra och Corea är spelklar\". j-sodra.se (in Swedish).\n\"Christer och Zourab klara för J-Södra\". j-sodra.se (in Swedish).\n\"Поговорили с нетипичным футболистом: знает 7 языков, критикует русских игроков за раздутое эго, ненавидит политиков, ел стрекозу\".", "\"Zurab Tsiskaridze – Vancouver Whitecaps bio (whitecapsfc.com)\". Archived from the original on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 26 September 2010.\nMiami FC bio (miamifc.com)\nZourab Tsiskaridze at SvFF (in Swedish) (archived)\nZurab Tsiskaridze at Fotbolltransfers.com (in Swedish)\nZurab Tsiskaridze at Eurosport.com\nZurab Tsiskaridze on Instagram" ]

[ "Zurab Tsiskaridze", "Early life", "Career", "Youth", "Professional", "Personal life", "Career stats", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360129 ]

[ 27238532, 27238533, 27238534, 27238535, 27238536, 27238537, 27238538, 27238539, 27238540, 27238541 ]

[ "", "Zhvania addresses an opposition rally during the Rose Revolution, November 2003." ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Zurab_zhavnia_senate.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Tbilisi%2C_Rose_Revolution_2003%2C_Zurab_Zhvania%2C_one_of_the_oposition_leaders.jpg" ]

[ "Zurab Zhvania (Georgian: ზურაბ ჟვანია; 9 December 1963 – 3 February 2005) was a Georgian politician, who served as Prime Minister of Georgia and Speaker of the Parliament of Georgia. \nZhvania began his political career at young age, making his first political steps as a member of Green Party, in the beginning of 90s. In 1992 Zhvania was elected chairman of Eastern European Green's and was first Eastern European to serve at the post. In 1993 Zhvania made first serious steps in Georgian politics as he was elected as General Secretary of Citizen's Union. From that point Zhvania served important role in Georgian politics until his death in 2005. 1995 he became the chairman of parliament and maintained the post until his resignation in 1999, which was followed with discharge of other ministers, whom Zhvania suspected in Corruption. From 1993 till 2003 Zhvania remained in opposition fighting against Shevardandze's government. In 2003, Zhvania united with other opposition leaders, mainly Burdjanadze and Saakashvili, held non-violent protests against the government. Protests ended with resignation of Shevardnadze and election of Saakashvili as the president. Zhvania became prime minister and served the post until his death in 2005.", "Zhvania was born in Tbilisi into the family of Besarion Zhvania, an ethnic Georgian, and Rema Antonova, of mixed Jewish and Armenian ancestry, both physicists working at the Tbilisi Institute of Physics. In 1985 he graduated from the Faculty of Biology of the Tbilisi State University. He worked at the university through 1992.\nIn 1993 he married Nino Kadagidze, who owned a book store with English language books in Tbilisi. They had a son and two daughters: Elisabeth, Besarion and Anna. Zhvania spoke Georgian, English, German and Russian.", "Zhvania entered national politics in 1988. Between 1988 and 1990, Georgia's Green Party, which Zhvania co-chaired, was one of a number of opposition groups that took part in the country's drive to regain its independence. In September 1991 his party joined the opposition to the government of the first post-Soviet President of Georgia, Zviad Gamsakhurdia. Gamsakhurdia's violent overthrow in January 1992 resulted in Eduard Shevardnadze, the former Soviet foreign minister, coming to power a few months later.\nShevardnadze established the Union of Citizens of Georgia to provide a moderate centre-right grouping for reformist democrats. Zhvania joined the UGC in 1995, entering the Georgian parliament in the same year, and recruited other reformists to the party, notably Mikheil Saakashvili. In 1993, Zhvania became general secretary of Shevardnadze's party. On 25 November 1995, after the party's victory at the election, he was elected as chairman of the Georgian parliament.\nHowever, Zhvania fell out with Shevardnadze over a corruption scandal and resigned as speaker on 1 November 2001. He and Saakashvili also left Shevardnadze's party. In 2002, he established and chaired a new party, called the United Democrats.\nZhvania had a wife and three children, and in addition to his native Georgian, he spoke Armenian, Hebrew, English, German, and Russian. Zurab Zhvania is the only Georgian Prime Minister to have died while in office.", "The parliamentary elections of 2 November 2003 were widely condemned by local and international observers as being grossly rigged by the government. In response, Zhvania and other opposition figures called for mass protests against Shevardnadze. Two weeks of massive popular protests followed, forcing Shevardnadze's resignation on 23 November. He was replaced on an interim basis by Zhvania's successor as parliamentary speaker, Nino Burjanadze. Zhvania himself became a minister in the transitional government prior to fresh presidential elections held on 4 January 2004, which were won by Saakashvili.", "In February 2004 according to the proposal of President Saakashvili Zhvania was elected as Prime Minister by the Parliament of Georgia. He led a young reformist cabinet with 15 members with an average age of 35 years. With his cabinet Zhvania was seen as a moderate counterweight to the \"radical\" attitudes of President Saakashvili. He also was a key figure in the talks on the separatist republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. \nControversial was Zhvania's role during the privatisations in Georgia, when he took over all final decisions, while the competent ministers of economy had to be changed three times within two years. Experts also criticized his role in the sale of the port of Batumi and of 16 ships of the Georgian Black Sea fleet.", "", "Zhvania died early in the morning of 3 February 2005 from what officials claimed was carbon monoxide poisoning caused by an inadequately ventilated gas heater. He was in a rented apartment with Raul Usupov, deputy governor of Georgia's Kvemo Kartli region, at the time. Usupov also died. Guards entered the house after there was no word from Zhvania for several hours to find him in an armchair and Usupov in the kitchen. Details of the incident are still limited, although officials have said there was a gas-powered heating stove in the main room of the house, where a table was set up with a backgammon set lying open upon it.\nImmediately after the incident, live on Rustavi-2 television, Georgia's Interior Minister Vano Merabishvili said there was no reason to suspect foul play. Bodies were taken to the coroner's office, where a preliminary examination showed both died from carbon monoxide poisoning. There were reports of serious technical violations when the gas heaters were installed, with officials saying there was no ventilation in the apartment.\nHowever, Zhvania's family members have questioned the official version of the death, with Goga Zhvania having said that he was sure that his brother was assassinated. In March 2006 interview with the Washington Post Georgia's ex-president Eduard Shevardnadze also said that he believed Zhvania was murdered.\nIn addition, Irakli Okruashvili has also stated in his scandalous speech in Imedi TV, that Zhvania's corpse was moved to the house, but who actually moved the corpse he said he was not going to talk about that any longer that day.\nAccording to some reports Mikheil Machavariani, Deputy Chairman of the Parliament of Georgia, was one of the last people who spoke with Zurab Zhvania the night before his death.\nPresident Mikheil Saakashvili, at an emergency Cabinet meeting, said, \"In Zurab Zhvania, Georgia has lost a great patriot, who devoted his entire life to serving the motherland. Zurab's death is a great blow to Georgia and to me personally. I lost a very close friend, a reliable adviser and a great ally. I want to call on you all to be strong, because there is no greater responsibility than loyal service to our country and our people.\" Rabbi Mikhailashvili stated, \"The Jewish community mourns the sudden loss of Zurab Zhvania. As a Jew, he had a close relationship to the Jewish community in Georgia.\" As of March 2014 Mikheil Saakashvili was wanted by the Georgian Prosecutor's office for questioning in an investigation carried out for the purpose of establishing circumstances surrounding Zhvania's death.", "Years after the incident, Zhvania's death remains at the center of Georgia's political life. In 2015, several of Zhvania's bodyguards were convicted of neglect after they admitted that on the day of Zhvania's death they had left him alone, at his own request. According to the bodyguards, Zhvania maintained a secret apartment and went to unspecified meetings there, sometimes disguised in a beard. When the security personnel entered the apartment to check on Zhvania, they found his body naked along with the naked Raul Usupov. The bodyguards admitted to tampering with the scene in order to erase any traces that the two men have had sex, so as to \"keep his [Zhvania’s] name clean\". Zhvania's family members deny allegations of homosexuality and instead insist that it was a staged murder by unspecified persons.", "\"Jewish Community Mourns Sudden Loss of Georgian Prime Minister\". Archived from the original on 24 March 2005. Retrieved 9 October 2013.\n\"MSN | Outlook, Office, Skype, Bing, Breaking News, and Latest Videos\". www.msn.com. Retrieved 23 July 2019.\nhttp://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=14269 Civil Georgia, Tbilisi / 9 December 2006\n\"Shevardnadze says Georgia’s former PM Zhvania was murdered\", caucaz.com, 20 March 2006.\n\"Shevardnadze the Survivor\", The Washington Post, 17 March 2006.\nVideo on YouTube\n\"I have never betrayed Zurab Zhvania - MP Mikheil Machavariani - News Agency InterpressNews\". 4 March 2016. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.\n\"Заместитель председателя парламента Грузии Михаил Мачавариани\". Радио Свобода. Retrieved 23 July 2019.\n\"Prosecutors Offer Saakashvili Questioning via Skype\". Civil.Ge. Civil Georgia. 27 March 2014.\n\"PROSECUTOR'S OFFICE SUMMONS SAAKASHVILI FOR QUESTIONING AS WITNESS\". Tabula. 22 March 2014.\n\"US \"CONCERNED\" BY DECISION TO SUMMON SAAKASHVILI FOR QUESTIONING\". Tabula. 24 March 2014.\n\"State Dept. on Support for Accountability, Justice in Georgia\". US Department of State. 23 March 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.\n\"Mikheil Saakashvili to answer questions in court\". 1 Channel (Georgia). 29 March 2014.\nJury Finds Late PM Zhvania’s Bodyguards Guilty of Neglect, Civil Georgia, 15 August 2015\nTwo former guards found guilty of negligence in Zurab Zhvania’s death, Democracy & Freedom Watch, 15 August 2015", "Report on Zhvania's death by the BBC\nZurab Zhvania, Prime Minister of Georgia who looked to the West and for consensus after his country's Rose Revolution, The Times\nArticle from Kommersant.\n(in Georgian) Zurab Zhvania memorial page at the Government of Georgia website" ]

[ "Zurab Zhvania", "Early life", "Career", "November elections", "Prime minister", "Death", "Circumstances", "Bodyguard trials and aftermath", "Notes", "References" ]

[ 5360130 ]

[ 27238542, 27238543, 27238544, 27238545, 27238546, 27238547, 27238548, 27238549, 27238550, 27238551, 27238552, 27238553, 27238554, 27238555, 27238556, 27238557, 27238558, 27238559, 27238560 ]

[ "Rivas at the 2015 Pan American Games" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Panam_Games_2015_-_Zuralmy_Rivas_Molina_%2819979725026%29.jpg" ]

[ "Zuralmy Coromoto Rivas Molina (born 26 November 1993) is a Venezuelan track and road cyclist. In 2013, she won bronze at the Bolivarian Games in the team sprint. In 2014, she won the Clasico FVCiclismo Corre Por la VIDA.", "2013\n2nd Team pursuit, Copa Cuba de Pista (with Danielys García, Jennifer Cesar and Fanny Alvarez)\n3rd Team sprint, Bolivarian Games\n2014\n1st Clasico FVCiclismo Corre Por la VIDA\nCopa Venezuela\n2nd Scratch\n3rd Individual pursuit\n3rd Omnium\n3rd 500m time trial\n3rd Team pursuit, Pan American Track Cycling Championships (with Jennifer Cesar, Lilibeth Chacón and Angie González)\n8th Copa Federación Venezolana de Ciclismo\n2015\nCopa Venezuela\n1st Points race\n1st Scratch\n7th Clasico FVCiclismo Corre Por la VIDA\n2016\n1st Road race, National Road Championships\nCopa Venezuela\n1st Individual pursuit\n3rd Scratch\n9th Copa Federación Venezolana de Ciclismo\n10th Clasico FVCiclismo Corre Por la VIDA\n2017\nBolivarian Games\n2nd Team pursuit\n3rd Scratch\n2019\n3rd Road race, National Road Championships\n10th Tour Femenino de Venezuela I", "\"Zuralmy Rivas\". procyclingstats.com. Retrieved 7 February 2015.", "Zuralmy Rivas at ProCyclingStats" ]

[ "Zuralmy Rivas", "Major results", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360131 ]

[ 27238561, 27238562 ]

[ "in Rio in 2016" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Zuray_Marcano_02.jpg" ]

[ "Zuray Marcano Fuenmayor (26 May 1954 – 23 August 2020) was a Venezuelan teacher and Paralympic powerlifter. In 2016, she was a competitor at the Rio Paralympics at the age of 62.", "Marcano was born in 1954 and suffered from polio whilst still a baby. She was left with disabilities which meant that when her fellow schoolmates did sports and exercise she was asked to keep score and she never competed. She took a degree in teaching and she was awarded a master's degree in Education from the University of the Basque Country in Bilbao.\nMarcano tried athletics and swimming but settled on powerlifting when she was 35. Mercano had two children. When she was chosen to compete at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney she saw it as a learning experience where she could prove that she too could compete. Marcano came eighth in the 48 kg category after lifting 62 kg.\nShe competed at the 2011 Parapan Am Games in Guadalajara.\nShe qualified for the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio at the age of 62. Marcano achieved her personal best and was placed eighth in her 50kg category after lifting 63 kg. The gold medal was taken by Lidiia Soloviova of Ukraine who lifted 107 kg.\nMarcano died on 23 August 2020 in her hometown aged 66.", "\"Zuray Marcano - IPC Athlete Bio\". ipc.infostradasports.com. 28 August 2020.\nRio Paralympics 2016: Zuray Marcano, the 62-year-old weightlifter, Olivia Blair and Charlie Hammans, Tuesday 6 September 2016, The Independent, Retrieved 7 September 2016\nZuray Marcano, 62, set for her second Paralympic Games, 6 September 2016, Paralympic.org, Retrieved 8 September 2016\nZuray Mercano, Toronto2015, Retrieved 8 September 2016\n\"Zuray Marcano ganó diploma paralímpico en levantamiento de potencia #Río2016\". 10 September 2016.\n\"World Para Powerlifting sends condolences to family of Zuray Marcano\". World Para Powerlifting. 24 August 2020." ]

[ "Zuray Marcano", "Life", "References" ]

[ 5360132 ]

[ 27238563, 27238564, 27238565, 27238566, 27238567 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Yemen_1160_AD.jpg" ]

[ "The Zurayids (بنو زريع, Banū Zuraiʿ), were a Yamite Hamdani dynasty based in Yemen in the time between 1083 and 1174. The centre of its power was Aden. The Zurayids suffered the same fate as the Hamdanid sultans, the Sulaymanids and the Mahdids, since their lands were taken over by the Ayyubids, and they themselves were liquidated. They were a Shia Ismaili dynasty that followed the Fatimid Caliphs based in Egypt. They were also Hafizi Ismaili as opposed to the Taiyabi Ismaili.", "The Zurayid dynasty had a strong affiliation with Sulayhids, starting with Ismaili Hamdani common origin, vassalage & eventually intermarriage with the last Sulyahid Queen.", "Both the Sulayhid & Zurayid dynasties were founded by Ismaili Hamdani religious dais, who preached Ismailism with the support of the Fatimid Caliphate (at that time encompassing North Africa, Sicily & parts of the Levant), they were also tribally affiliated with Hamdan, competing with the Sunni Himyarite dynasties & rising Zaydi state in Sa'ada, this Ismaili connection eventually lead to the demise of the Hamdani Ismaili dynasties, as they were replaced by the Sunni & Zaydi dynasties, forcing the Hamdan clans to convert to Zaydi or Sunni sects (with the exception of the Haraz & Najran Ismaili enclaves).", "About the history of the dynasty we have only insufficient information. What we know mostly derives from the twelfth-century chronicle of 'Umara, who had personal contacts with the last princes. According to his account, the Sulayhid ruler Ali al-Sulayhi (d. 1066 or 1081) subdued the important port Aden which was ruled by the Banu Ma'n, in 1062. This family were also masters of Lahij, Abyan, Shihr and Hadramawt. The Himyarite clan of Banu Ma'n paid tribute until the death of Ali and then declared their independence. However, Ali's son Al-Mukarram Ahmad immediately invested Aden and put an end to the rule of the family. Instead, two brothers called Al-Abbas and Al-Msaod, sons of Al-Karam, were summoned. The brothers were placed in power in 1083 and shared the governmental affairs between them. Al-Abbas resided in Ta'kar and took care of the trade with the interior, while Al-Msaod resided in the castle al-Khadra and handled shipping. About 100,000 dinars were paid in tribute each year to al-Mukarram.", "After taking control of coastal Southern Arabia (Taiz to Dhofar), King Muhammad bin Saba married the last Sulayhid Queen Arwa Al-Sughra & by effect inherited the remaining Sulayhid possessions, Zurayid control remained direct in Central, South Yemen & nominal in Northern Yemen until the dynasty was ended by the Ayyubid expansion.", "Al-Abbas died in 1084. His son Zuray, who gave the dynasty its name, proceeded to rule together with his uncle Al-Msaod. They took part in the Sulayhid leader al-Mufaddal's campaign against the Najahid capital Zabid and were both killed during the siege (1110). Their respective sons ceased to pay tribute to the Sulayhid queen Arwa al-Sulayhi. They were worsted by a Sulayhid expedition but queen Arwa agreed to reduce the tribute by half, to 50,000 dinars per year. The Zurayids again failed to pay and were once again forced to yield to the might of the Sulayhids, but this time the annual tribute from the incomes of Aden was reduced to 25,000. Later on they ceased to pay even that since Sulayhid power was on the wane. After 1110 the Zurayids thus led a more than 60 years long independent rule in the city, bolstered by the international trade. The chronicles mention luxury goods such as textiles, perfume and porcelain, coming from places like North Africa, Egypt, Iraq, Oman, Kirman and China. After the demise of queen Arwa al-Sulayhi in 1138, the Fatimids in Cairo kept a representation in Aden, adding further prestige to the Zurayids.", "The descendants of the brothers Al-Abbās and Al-Msaod lived in severe rivalry with each other. Due to that the constellations of power often shifted. The two lines met in open warfare in 1138. Ali bin Abi Al-Gharat bin Al-Msaod faction was defeated by his kinsman Saba bin Abi Saud and were pushed out of Aden; Ali will later be killed in the battle of Za'za' in Lahij in 1150, displacing them out of Lahij. The victor Saba's sons likewise had a falling-out. But the rivalries also motivated ambitions for expansion.", "After the defeat of Al-Msaod branch, The Zurayid sphere of power stretched from Taiz to Dhofar. A decade later the ruler Muhammad bin Saba bought a number of important Sulayhid fortresses and towns & married the last Sulayhid Queen effectively inheriting all Sulayhid possessions. Among them were Dhū Jibla, al-Takar, Ibb and Ḥabb. Muhammad bin Saba died in 1153, and his son and successor Imran in 1166. Both were praised by their contemporary 'Umara as able and amicable rulers. Imran left three small sons. Affairs were henceforth taken care of by the wazir Yāsir bin Bilāl, son of a freedman, who was characterized as brave, virtuous and generous.", "A new aggressive Sunni dynasty in Zabid, the Mahdids, besieged Aden in 1164. In the face of the acute threat, the Zurayids sought assistance from fellow Hamdanid sultan of San'a. Together the allies were able to utterly defeat the Mahdid ruler Abd an-Nabi in 1173. Immediately after these events, however, an Ayyubid expedition under prince Turan Shah was dispatched against southern Arabia. When the Ayyubids conquered Aden on 22 June 1174 the rule of the Zurayids ended. Yāsir bin Bilāl, who still attended the affairs of the state, fled the city but was betrayed and turned over to Turan Shah who executed him in 1175.", "During the first two decades of Ayyubid over-lordship Zurayid influence (remnants of Zurayid-Sulayhid dynasties) surfaced in the highlands enclaves, until it, too, was eventually suppressed in about 1193 with the surrender of the Damloa castle in Al-Hujariah.", "Al-Msaod line – Coastal possessions \nAl-Msaod bin Al-Karam Al-Zurayi (1083–1110)\nAbi Al-Gharat bin Al-Msaod (1110–?)\nMuhammad bin Abi Al-Gharat bin Al-Msaod (?–?)\nAli bin Muhammad bin Abi Al-Gharat bin Al-Msaod (?–1150)\nAl-Abbas line – Inland Possessions\nAl-Abbas bin Al-Karam Al-Zurayi (1083–1084)\nZuray bin Al-Abbas (1084–1110)\nAbi Saud bin Zuray (1110–?)\nSaba bin Abi Saud bin Zuray (?–1138)\nAli Al-A'azz bin Saba (1138–1139)\nMuhammad bin Saba (1139–1153) (expansion into Central Yemen)\nImran Muhammad bin Saba (1153–1166)\nMuhammad bin Imran Muhammad bin Saba (1166–1174)\nAbi Saud bin Imran Muhammad bin Saba (1166–1174)", "History of Yemen\nIslamic history of Yemen\nIsmailism\nBatiniyya", "G. Rex Smith \"Politische Geschichte des islamischen Jemen bis zur ersten türkischen Invasion\", p. 140\nhttp://www.al-aalam.com/personinfo.asp?pid=12485\nThe Book of chronicles by the illustrious qadi 'Umara the Yemenite, written by Najm ad-Din 'Umara al-Hakami (d. 1174), is translated in H.C. Kay, Yaman: Its early medieval history, London 1892, pp. 1-137.\nH.C. Kay, Yaman: Its early medieval history, London 1892, pp. 65, 308.\nThe chronology of the Zurayid rulers is uncertain for the most part; dates furnished by Ayman Fu'ad Sayyid, Masadir ta'rikh al-Yaman fial 'asr al-islami, al Qahira 1974, are partly at odds with those given by H.C. Kay, Yaman: Its early Medieval history, London 1892; one source seems to indicate that they were independent as early as 1087.\nH.C. Kay, Yaman: Its early medieval history, London 1892, pp. 66-7.\nEl-Khazreji, The pearl-strings, Vol. 1, Leyden & London 1906, p. 19.\nRobert W. Stookey, Yemen: The politics of the Yemen Arab Republic, Boulder 1978, p. 96.\nH.C. Kay, Yaman: Its early medieval history, London 1892, pp. 78-9.\nEncyclopaedia of Islam, Brill Online 2013, http://www.encquran.brill.nl/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/mahdids-COM_0620?s.num=0\nG. Rex Smith \"Politische Geschichte des islamischen Jemen bis zur ersten türkischen Invasion\", p. 140.\nالعقد الثمين فى تاريخ البلد الأمين | مجلد 4 | صفحة 295 | حرف الطاء | من اسمه طارق | 1434 ـ طغتكين بن.", "H.C. Kay, Yaman: Its early medieval history, London 1892, https://archive.org/stream/yamanitsearlymed00umar#page/n5/mode/2up\nSmith, G. Rex (1987). \"Politische Geschichte des islamischen Jemen bis zur ersten türkischen Invasion (1 bis 945 Hidschra = 633 bis 1538 n. Chr.)\" [Political History of Islamic Yemen until the First Turkish Invasion (1 to 945 AH = 633 to 1538 AD)]. In Daum, Werner (ed.). Jemen. 3000 Jahre Kunst und Kultur des glücklichen Arabien [Yemen. 3000 Years of Art and Civilisation in Arabia Felix]. Innsbruck and Frankfurt a.M.: Pinguin. pp. 136–154. ISBN 3-7016-2251-5.\nG. Rex Smith, The Ayyubids and early Rasulids in the Yemen, Vols. I-II, London: Gibb Memorial Trust 1974-1978." ]

[ "Zurayids", "The Sulayhid connection", "Ismaili Hamdani common origin", "Vassals of the Sulayhids", "Marriage & absorbing the Sulayhid dynasty", "Rule in Aden & Lahj", "The two dynasties", "Zurayid expansion", "Mahdid & Ayyubid Sunni pressure", "The End of the Zurayid Dynasty", "List of rulers", "See also", "References", "Literature" ]

[ 5360133 ]

[ 27238568, 27238569, 27238570, 27238571, 27238572, 27238573, 27238574, 27238575, 27238576, 27238577, 27238578, 27238579, 27238580, 27238581, 27238582, 27238583, 27238584, 27238585, 27238586, 27238587, 27238588 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Zurbano_01.jpg" ]

[ "Zurbano in Spanish or Zurbao in Basque is a village in the municipality of Arratzua-Ubarrundia, Álava, Basque Country, Spain. It lies on the northeastern rural outskirts of Vitoria-Gasteiz, 6.5 km from the centre. As of 2002 it had a population of 153.", "It contains a collection of palace-houses dating from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that once belonged to prominent families such as Basterra, Isunza Otalora or Iriarte. Among these the most notable is the Palacio Rural Zurbano, which is a declared monument. Other people's palaces are the Palacio Otalora-Guevara, the Ortiz de Zárate and the Casa palacio de Otazu. The church of St. Stephen dates from the fifteenth century.", "Cereal farming is the traditional local economic activity. There is a bar-restaurant in Zurbano. Celebrations are held the first weekend of September in honor of San Esteban.", "Aguilo, María Paz (1976). Bibliografía del arte en España. CSIC. p. 158. ISBN 978-84-00-03626-3. Retrieved 24 August 2011." ]

[ "Zurbano", "Notable landmarks", "Economy", "References" ]

[ 5360134 ]

[ 27238589, 27238590 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/ZURBRUGG_MANSION_BURLINGTON_COUNTY.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/FrankFurness.jpg" ]

[ "The Zurbrugg Mansion, which has also been known as The Columns, at 531 Delaware Avenue in Delanco Township, Burlington County, New Jersey, was built in 1910. It was designed by architects Furness, Evans & Co. in Classical Revival style. Vacant for several years after being used as a nursing home, it was acquired by Grapevine Development and subsequently listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 28, 2009, for its significance in architecture. The listing included two contributing buildings, a contributing structure, and a contributing object.", "In 2010 the main building was renovated and re-opened as a 27-unit Independent Senior Residence.\nThe vacant Carriage House was also renovated into a single family residence and sold to a private owner. The surrounding property has been subdivided and developed into RiverWalk on the Delaware, a luxury townhouse community.\nIt was the home of Swiss-born Theophilus Zurbrugg (1861–1912) and his family. A watchmaker, he founded The Keystone Watch Case Co.", "\"National Register Information System – (#09000651)\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. November 2, 2013. \n\"New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places – Burlington County\" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection – Historic Preservation Office. December 28, 2020. p. 6.\nMcClintic-Smith, Loaan (October 2, 2008). \"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Zurbrugg Mansion\". National Park Service.\n\"Kevin Riordan: Zurbrugg Mansion in Delanco now houses seniors\". philly-archives. Retrieved 2016-01-02.\n\"Delanco's historic Carriage House will be couple's new home\". Courier-Post. Retrieved 2016-01-02.\n\"New Homes Listed on the Delaware River | Patch\". Moorestown, NJ Patch. Retrieved 2016-01-02.\nThe Zurbrugg Mansion, 531 Delaware Avenue, Delanco, NJ Delanco township page Archived January 25, 2013, at the Wayback Machine" ]

[ "Zurbrugg Mansion", "History", "References" ]

[ 5360135, 5360136 ]

[ 27238591, 27238592, 27238593, 27238594 ]

[ "The Zurcher Apartments in 2019" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Zurcher_Apartments_%283%29.jpg" ]

[ "The Zurcher Apartments in Boise, Idaho, is a 2-story, Neoclassical building designed by Tourtellotte & Hummel and completed in 1912. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.\nWhen it opened, the building featured four apartments, each with three rooms, a bathroom, and a Murphy bed.\nOscar Zurcher was a partner in a marble and granite company located near the Zurcher Apartments, and with his brother Otto Zurcher owned the Zurcher Brothers Grocery.", "\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. November 2, 2013.\n\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Zurcher Apartments\". National Park Service. Retrieved January 28, 2019. With accompanying pictures\n\"New Apartment House\". Idaho Statesman. Boise, Idaho. December 21, 1911. p. 3.\n\"New Marble and Granite Company\". Idaho Statesman. Boise, Idaho. November 19, 1902. p. 6.", "Media related to Zurcher Apartments at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Zurcher Apartments", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360137 ]

[ 27238595, 27238596 ]

[ "De Zonnebloem (\"The Sunflower\"; 1900) by architect Jules Hofman characteristically incorporates the \"organic\" nature so prevalent in Art Nouveau design both in theme and concept", "A group of houses along the Cogels-Osylei, with De Zevensterre (Cogels-Osylei, 17) in the foreground. This group, all designed by the architect Joseph Bascourt, reflects the diverse architectural trends that are found in Zurenborg.", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 8, 8, 8, 8 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Zurenborg_De-Zonnebloem.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Cogels-Osylei-9-17.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Zurenborg_De-Morgenster2.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Zurenborg_Winter.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Zurenborg_Waterloo.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Zurenborg_Boreas.jpg" ]

[ "Zurenborg is an area in south-east Antwerp largely developed between 1894 and 1906 that features a high concentration of townhouses in Art Nouveau and other fin-de-siècle styles.\nTogether with Zuid, the urban quarter around the Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Zurenborg is unique in Antwerp in that it is among the few areas in the city developed according to an urban plan in the late 19th century. The new neighbourhood reflected Antwerp's growing wealth, linked to growing port and trade activities, well. The northern - largest - area of Zurenborg, centered around Dageraadplaats, was mainly developed for the middle class, while the southern area, around Cogels Osylei, was mainly targeted to the well to do. The most eastern corner, which currently includes a bus yard of the public transport company and a power transfer station, was more devoted to industries and logistics, including a gas factory and a terminus station of a regional tram system. Engetrim, a development and construction company, had the lead in developing Zurenborg. Before, Zurenborg was an agricultural area dominated by an estate belonging to the Osy family.", "", "Art Nouveau houses are interspersed with neoclassical mansions and other eclectic architectural styles throughout Zurenborg, which straddles the boundary between Antwerp itself and the district of Berchem. The southern part, which falls within Berchem and is centred on Cogels-Osylei (or Cogels-Osy Lei), Transvaalstraat, and Waterloostraat, has the highest number of townhouses. To the north, in the Antwerp section, many further examples were built along the streets surrounding Dageraadplaats.", "The development of Zurenborg coincided with the peak of Art Nouveau popularity, and that movement had the greatest impact on the stylistic language of the area. However, many other styles—mostly \"revival styles\"—that were popular at the time are also represented. These include Gothic Revival, Neo-Renaissance, Greek Revival, Neoclassical, and the \"cottage style\" that coincided with British Tudorbethan architecture.", "The houses were often named and decorated with accompanying themes. The influence of organic and natural sources is particularly evident in the themes and names of the Art Nouveau homes: The Sunflower, The Rose, The Tulip, etc. Houses also referenced local history or the names of the streets upon which they stand. The Lion of Flanders prominently adorns Cogels-Osylei 2–4, while across the street an entire complex is devoted to Charlemagne. Some street names refer to the independence war of linguistic affinity, the Boer war in South Africa: Pretoriastraat, Transvaalstraat and Krugerstraat. On Waterloostraat houses recall the eponymous battle. One of them, Waterloostraat 30, is adorned with a silhouette of Napoleon in his characteristic headgear, while another is decorated with glazed ceramic panels depicting scenes from that battle. The façade of no. 11, The Battle of Waterloo, shows the portraits of Wellington and Napoleon, the two great commanders of the age. Bayonets, flags, smoking cannons and drums show you clearly the subject of the house.", "Groups of individual houses were sometimes combined to form a general theme and are intended to be experienced as co-ordinated designs rather than as individual units. The five adjoining houses collectively known as De Tijd (Time) on Waterloostraat make up such an ensemble. Each one, built in brick and in contrasting colours, is named for, and thematically represents, a time of the day: Ochtend (Morning), Dag (Day), Avond (Evening) and Nacht (Night). Similarly, some of the structures \"speak\" to one another. Examples of such a grouping are on the four corners of the Waterloostraat and Generaal Merlenstraat intersection, where houses depicting the four seasons face one another: Lente (Spring), Zomer (Summer), Herfst (Autumn) and Winter.", "Several architects worked in the neighbourhood. Among them was Joseph Bascourt, who designed 25 of the houses, Jules Hofman, and Frans Smet-Verhas.", "With car ownership rising and upper middle class households moving to the suburbs, the status of Zurenborg - especially Cogels Osylei - as a well-to-do residential area came down. The houses were regarded as too big and too energy consuming. A major plan was made in the 1960s to transform the whole area into a business and office area similar to the one built at Brussels North station. In the end, however, it was concluded that the area was not to be demolished. The area was listed as an item of urban landscape, to the disappointment of many owners who expected to sell their properties at a profit.\nThe area became popular with artists and entrepreneurs. Many houses became listed monuments. With the help of public subsidies, many owners succeeded in renovating their properties and Zurenborg became a well-functioning urban neighborhood with a variety of people. Dageraadplaats (\"Dawn Square\") in the northern part of Zurenborg was transformed from a neighbourhood shopping area into one of the most popular dining areas in Antwerp, and the art nouveau mansions in Zurenborg draw high numbers of visitors and tourists.", "", "Alex Elaut, Zurenborg Walk, Antwerp: Toerisme Antwerpen, [n.d.].\nAnne van Loo, \"Bascourt, Joseph,\" Grove Art Online, Oxford University Press. [accessed 11 April 2008]", "Zurenborg history\nAntwerp : The Zurenborg District - from farmland to fantasy\nThe Houses of Zurenborg" ]

[ "Zurenborg", "Houses in Zurenborg", "Location", "Styles", "Themes", "Co-ordination of houses", "Architects", "Post World War II history", "Gallery", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360138, 5360139, 5360140, 5360141 ]

[ 27238597, 27238598, 27238599, 27238600, 27238601, 27238602, 27238603, 27238604, 27238605, 27238606 ]

[ "Zurgena" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Zurgena_11.jpg" ]

[ "Zurgena is a municipality of Almería province, in the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain.", "", "Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.", "(in Spanish) Zurgena - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía\n(in Spanish) Zurgena - Diputación Provincial de Almería" ]

[ "Zurgena", "Demographics", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360142 ]

[ 27238607 ]

[ "Zuri attending the after party for the 2015 MTV Movie Awards, at the Nokia Theatre in Los Angeles, CA." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Zuri_MTVAfterParty2015.jpg" ]

[ "Zuri Hall (born June 2, 1988) is an American entertainment reporter, television personality, actress and producer. Hall serves as a correspondent for Access Hollywood on NBC. She is also the sideline reporter for NBC's primetime summer competition show American Ninja Warrior.", "Zuri Hall was born on June 2, 1988 in Toledo, Ohio. Growing up, she became fascinated with the arts, more specifically with theatre. She graduated from Maumee Valley Country Day School in 2006. She graduated from The Ohio State University in 2010 with a Bachelor of Arts in strategic communication and a minor in theatre, with an emphasis on acting. She was a four-year Morrill Scholar, earning a full academic scholarship to attend the college.", "", "Hall competed against hundreds in the search for the next Face of MyINDY-TV and became the first woman to win the position. At WNDY-TV in Indianapolis, she covered local events, starred in station PSAs, and interviewed celebrities. From December 2011 to December 2012, she was an on-camera host and producer of Living Dayton, a local, lifestyle talk show on WDTN in Dayton, Ohio. In the summer of 2012, she was featured as a guest correspondent on BET's 106 & Park.\nShe worked as an official MC for the Indiana Pacers' home games for the 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 NBA seasons. Hall previously emceed for the MiLB's Indianapolis Indians, the WNBA's Indiana Fever, and the 2011 Big Ten Tournament. She also served as the MC for the NCAA Women's Final Four entertainment events, and \"Tourney Town\" for three years - Indianapolis in 2011, Denver in 2012, and Nashville in 2013. Hall was also the official MC for the Super Bowl Village, a 10-day-long entertainment for Super Bowl XLVI, in Indianapolis in 2012. There, she kept crowds energized, entertained between performances and introduced national recording artists to the stage, including Patti LaBelle, LMFAO, and Mike Epps.\nHall anchored the evening news for CW33's 'Nightcap News' at KDAF-TV in Dallas, Texas for much of 2013, before moving to NYC to accept a position at FUSE TV. At FUSE TV, she co-hosted Trending 10, which was a live, daily countdown show. She has also been a recurring guest on VH1's Big Morning Buzz Live and has appeared on E!'s Fashion Police with Joan Rivers.\nUntil July 2015, Hall worked for MTV, where she hosted The Challenge: Battle of the Exes II after-shows and various network specials. In the summer of 2015, Hall appeared alongside popular radio personality Charlamagne Tha God on his new MTV2 show, Uncommon Sense. In October 2015, she returned as The Challenge: Battle of the Bloodlines after-show host.\nFrom 2015 to 2019, Hall was a fill-in anchor and daily correspondent for E! News. During her tenure, she hosted What's Good with Zuri Hall on Instagram and co-hosted What the Fashion on Snapchat. In October 2019, she joined NBC as a correspondent for Access Hollywood and a sideline reporter for American Ninja Warrior. She is also a co-host of their new show AllAccess, which focuses on entertainment news, human interest & true crime stories.", "Hall started her on-camera career as a commercial actress. She has been featured in national spots for Value City Furniture, and commercials for Safe Auto, Meijer, and Ohio tourism. She has made numerous guest appearances on scripted television shows throughout her career. In 2019, she acted in a cameo opposite Jen Aniston, in Apple TV +'s \"The Morning Show,\" and has made multiple appearances on TV Land's \"Nobodies\" (executive produced by Melissa McCarthy), \"The Arrangement\" on E!, and the digital comedic series \"Hashtaggers\". Hall studied Improv at The Upright Citizens Brigade, in New York City.", "She also started a YouTube channel titled, \"Hey Zuri Hall\" where she talks about, \"love life, and style for girls who hustle.\" Her channel has more than 100,000 subscribers, and has accumulated over 5 million total views. In November 2019, Hall launched her podcast. Zuri Hall's Hot Happy Mess in collaboration with iHeartRadio and Charlamagne Tha God's Black Effect Podcast Network. She also has a blog on her official website called #AlphaBabe.\nShe has been featured in numerous publications—including as Essence Magazine's October 2016 \"It Girl\" of the month (with Barack Obama and Michelle Obama on the cover), PAPER Magazine, O, The Oprah Magazine and numerous South African publications, including Sunday World and True Love magazine. She's also been featured in profile pieces for AXS TV, in Metromix Indy as a Local Celebrity, Ballers Block as a \"game changer\", AMPS Indy, and The Indianapolis Star.\nIn 2020, Hall was featured in the season 2 of Bravo TV's program Race in America, a roundtable with NBC members discussing the power of the black vote.", "One year after graduating from college, Hall won a Regional Emmy Award for Outstanding Host and Talent. In 2017, she earned a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Entertainment News Program as a part of E! News.", "\"Meet Zuri Hall, American Ninja Warrior's new sideline reporter\". Retrieved 5 March 2019.\n\"Chatting with Zuri Hall: Emmy Award-Winning Host & Reporter\". A D D I S O N. Retrieved 2021-02-10.\nBailey, Leslie. \"From Indy to E!: Where's Zuri Hall now?\". The Indianapolis Star. Retrieved 2021-02-10.\n\"An Interview with E! News Correspondent Zuri Hall\". College of Arts and Sciences. 2016-04-27. Retrieved 2021-02-10.\n\"WDTN: Living Dayton\".\n\"106 & Park Exclusives: 106 Search: Zuri Hall\". 9 July 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2012.\nHipes, Patrick (2018-11-12). \"E!'s Zuri Hall Signs With ICM Partners\". Deadline. Retrieved 2021-02-10.\n\"New details announced for Super Bowl Village\". 10 January 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2015.\n\"FUSE TV's 'Trending 10'\".\n\"MTV2 Premieres Uncommon Sense\".\n\"Zuri Hall\". IMDb. Retrieved 2021-02-10.\n\"Hashtaggers\". TVGuide.com. Retrieved 2021-02-10.\nMagazine, Authority (2021-01-19). \"Total Health: Emmy-Winning TV Personality Zuri Hall On How We Can Optimize Our Mental, Physical...\" Medium. Retrieved 2021-02-10.\n\"Zuri Hall's Hot Happy Mess on Apple Podcasts\". Apple Podcasts. Retrieved 2021-02-10.\n\"The Breakfast Club Presents: Hot Happy Mess\". www.radio.com. Retrieved 2021-02-10.\n\"From Indy to E! News: Zuri Hall gives tips for aspiring TV personalities | Indianapolis Recorder\". Retrieved 2021-02-10.\n\"Zuri Hall Reveals The Makeup Secrets That Keep Her Camera-Ready\". Essence. Retrieved 2021-02-10.\n\"Zuri Hall Takes Control\". PAPER. 2020-08-13. Retrieved 2021-02-10.\nJean-Philippe, McKenzie (2019-08-13). \"How Oprah Helped This E! News Anchor Find Love After Heartbreak\". Oprah Magazine. Retrieved 2021-02-10.\nBailey, Leslie. \"From Indy to E!: Where's Zuri Hall now?\". The Indianapolis Star. Retrieved 2021-02-10.\n\"Zuri Hall Doesn't Want the Educational Opportunities She Got to Be \"An Anomaly\"\". Bravo TV Official Site. 2020-11-02. Retrieved 2021-02-10.\n\"Zuri Hall\". Bravo TV Official Site. 2020-10-14. Retrieved 2021-02-10.\n\"NATAS: Emmy Award Winners\". Retrieved 5 November 2012.\n\"Zuri Hall: American Ninja Warrior Host - NBC.com\". NBC. Retrieved 2021-02-10.", "Official website \nZuri Hall on Twitter\nZuri Hall on Instagram\nZuri Hall at IMDb" ]

[ "Zuri Hall", "Personal life", "Career", "Entertainment broadcasting", "Acting", "Other ventures", "Awards and nominations", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360143 ]

[ 27238608, 27238609, 27238610, 27238611, 27238612, 27238613, 27238614, 27238615, 27238616, 27238617, 27238618, 27238619, 27238620, 27238621, 27238622, 27238623, 27238624 ]

[ "Eritrean women dancing in traditional zurias" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Traditional_Eritrean_dance.jpg" ]

[ "A zuria is a dress worn by the Tigrinya women in Eritrea and Ethiopia. Traditional zurias go to the ankles, sometimes with a gauze hood around the head and shoulders. Zurias come in different forms and designs with an extra sheen due to the demands of fashion. Zurias are worn during holidays, weddings, or parties.", "Tigrinya dictionary at DIGOB.com" ]

[ "Zuria", "References" ]

[ 5360144 ]

[ 27238625 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Zuria_Vega_in_2019_film_En_las_buenas_y_en_las_malas.jpg" ]

[ "Zuria Vega ([ˈsuɾja ˈβeɣa], born Zuria Valeria Vega Sisto; January 10, 1989) is a Mexican actress and singer.", "Vega was born and raised in Mexico City to Mexican actor Gonzalo Vega and a Spanish mother, Leonora Sisto. Her older sister is actress Marimar Vega and she has a brother. She has a half-sister from her father's previous relationship.", "Vega started her acting career as an extra in the play La señora presidente, which her father also starred and directed. When she was 17 years old, she earned her first television acting role as \"Roberta\" in the Mexican drama series S.O.S.: Sexo y otros Secretos. In 2008 and 2009, she gained popularity in Mexico for her roles in the telenovelas Alma de hierro and Mar de amor, for which she starred as the lead. In 2010, she appeared in an episode of the third season of crime thriller series, Mujeres Asesinas 3.\nIn late 2013 and mid 2014, she starred in the successful comedy-drama telenovela, Qué pobres tan ricos alongside Jaime Camil. In November 2014, she was confirmed as the lead in the Televisa telenovela Que te perdone Dios. The telenovela is a remake of the popular 2000 Mexican telenovela Abrázame muy fuerte. Vega will star alongside Mexican actor Mark Tacher. Filming began on November 15, 2014, in San Miguel de Allende, Mexico and the program will air first on Univision, then Canal de las Estrellas in 2015. In 2017 she starred in the telenovela Mi Marido Tiene Familia opposite Daniel Arenas. Vega returned in the show's second season although only having small appearances after its mid run due to being pregnant.", "Vega began dating Cuban actor Alberto Guerra in August 2013. The couple married at a ceremony in San Francisco, Nayarit, Mexico on November 22, 2014. On January 11, 2017, she gave birth to a girl named Lua. On May 20, 2019, she gave birth to a boy named Luka.", "", "", "", "", "", "Esmas Biografía de Zuria Vega\"\nLas noticias de México \"Zuria Vega\"\n\"Zuria Vega biografia'\". Esmas.com (in Spanish). Esmas. 2011. Archived from the original on February 7, 2020. Retrieved November 23, 2014.\n\"Zuria Vega confirma aparición en 'Mujeres asesinas 3'\". Vanguarda.com (in Spanish). El Universal. May 15, 2010. Retrieved November 23, 2014.\n\"Se caso Zuria Vega\". Vanguarda.com (in Spanish). El Universal. November 18, 2014. Retrieved November 23, 2014.\n\"Se caso Zuria Vega\". Esmas.com (in Spanish). Esmas. November 23, 2013. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved November 23, 2014.\nPremios APT a lo mejor de 2011", "Zuria Vega at IMDb\nTalent Agency Roster\nTalent Agency Profile" ]

[ "Zuria Vega", "Early life", "Acting career", "Personal life", "Filmography", "Film", "Television", "Stage", "Awards and nominations", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360145 ]

[ 27238626, 27238627, 27238628, 27238629, 27238630, 27238631 ]

[ "Zurich Community Center est 1930", "KDOT map of Rooks County (legend)", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Zurich_Kansas_Community_Center.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Map_of_Rooks_Co%2C_Ks%2C_USA.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Kansas_official_transportation_map_legend.png" ]

[ "Zurich is a city in Rooks County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 89.", "Zurich was established on the plains of northwest Kansas in the late 1870s. In 1880, John and Armenda Webb who were born in Zurich (Switzerland) filed a US postal service application using the name of their birthplace, Zurich. The application was granted and Armenda Webb became the first postmistress of Zurich, operating the post office from her home.\nUnion Pacific Railroad extended a line through western Kansas in 1888. The line was routed just south of Zurich where a train depot was established.\nIn 1918, fire destroyed most of the Zurich business district when the west side of Main Street caught fire. Three years later, fire claimed the post office, creamery and a store at the North end of Main Street.\n\"Zurich It’s Never Idle\" was a popular emblem sold in Zurich in the 1920s. The emblem was proudly displayed on car radiators at the time. The slogan was adopted for the 1980 Zurich centennial celebration.\nThe post office in Zurich was discontinued in 1996.", "Zurich is located at 39°13′58″N 99°26′5″W (39.232810, -99.434814). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.17 square miles (0.44 km²), all of it land.", "", "As of the census of 2010, there were 99 people, 46 households, and 24 families residing in the city. The population density was 582.4 inhabitants per square mile (224.9/km²). There were 67 housing units at an average density of 394.1 per square mile (152.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 99.0% White and 1.0% from two or more races.\nThere were 46 households, of which 19.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.3% were married couples living together, 6.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 47.8% were non-families. 39.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 3.00.\nThe median age in the city was 42.8 years. 20.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 13.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 19.3% were from 25 to 44; 33.4% were from 45 to 64; and 14.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.5% male and 51.5% female.", "As of the census of 2000, there were 126 people, 51 households, and 37 families residing in the city. The population density was 731.6 people per square mile (286.2/km²). There were 60 housing units at an average density of 348.4 per square mile (136.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 99.21% White and 0.79% African American.\nThere were 51 households, out of which 27.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.7% were married couples living together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.5% were non-families. 21.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.89.\nIn the city, the population was spread out, with 25.4% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 26.2% from 25 to 44, 23.0% from 45 to 64, and 19.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.0 males.\nThe median income for a household in the city was $32,000, and the median income for a family was $33,125. Males had a median income of $25,313 versus $14,107 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,235. There were 5.7% of families and 4.7% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 11.1% of those over 64.", "The community is served by Palco USD 269 public school district. It has two schools: Damar Elementary School is located in Damar, Palco Jr-Sr High School is located in Palco.\nZurich High School was consolidated to Palco High School in 1955. Zurich grade school closed in 1977. The Zurich grade school mascot was Wildcats.", "\"Zurich, Kansas\", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey\n\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2020.\n\"Profile of Zurich, Kansas in 2020\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.\n\"Origin\", Plainville Times, 28 August 1980, p.1.\n\"Kansas Post Offices, 1828-1961\". Kansas Historical Society. Retrieved 20 December 2016.\nGannett, Henry (1898). A Gazetteer of Kansas. Govt. Print. Off. p. 246.\n\"Big Fire at Zurich\", Plainville Times, 1 August 1918, p.1.\n\"Destructive Fire at Zurich\", Plainville Times, 26 May 1921, p.1.\nMcClellan, Mrs. Lee. \"A History of Logan Township\", Plainville Times, 3 August 1961, p.3.\n\"Zurich Its Never Idle\", Plainville Times, 14 February 1980, p.5.\n\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.\n\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-06.\n\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-07-06.\n\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.\n\"Palco USD 269\". Retrieved 2021-09-02.\n\"Parents Vote To Close Zurich School\", Plainville Times, 1 September 1977, p.1\n\"Zurich Grade News\", Plainville Times, 5 February 1970, p.11", "", "Zurich - Directory of Public Officials, League of Kansas Municipalities\nZurich city map, KDOT" ]

[ "Zurich, Kansas", "History", "Geography", "Demographics", "2010 census", "2000 census", "Education", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 5360146, 5360147, 5360148 ]

[ 27238632, 27238633, 27238634, 27238635, 27238636, 27238637, 27238638, 27238639, 27238640, 27238641, 27238642, 27238643, 27238644, 27238645 ]

[ "Goshen Street in Zurich, 1910" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Zurich%2C_Ontario_%281910%29.jpg" ]

[ "Zurich is a community in southwestern Ontario, Canada, in the Municipality of Bluewater in Huron County, about six kilometres inland from Lake Huron, on Ontario's west coast. Zurich was founded in 1856 and is known for its Swiss heritage, as is reflected in some of the architecture. It has four churches of various denominations, a large community centre, a general store, a hardware store, a Case Tractor dealership, St. Boniface Elementary School, and a Liquor Control Board of Ontario retail store.\nOn the fourth weekend in August, Zurich has its annual Bean Festival. The annual Bean Festival in Zurich is the highlight of the year with many local and international vendors attending. It includes many traditional carnival rides. Also, there is a classic and vintage car show spanning the entire festival from Friday to Sunday. Traditionally, there is a \"cruise night,\" encompassing all of Huron County on Friday night.", "Babe Siebert (1904–1939), member of the Hockey Hall of Fame.", "List of unincorporated communities in Ontario", "Zurich, Ontario blog\nZurich Bean Festival\nGrand Bend Strip community newspaper - serving Zurich, Grand Bend, Dashwood and Port Franks" ]

[ "Zurich, Ontario", "Notable people", "See also", "External links" ]

[ 5360149 ]

[ 27238646 ]

[ "", "Terminal A for domestic and Schengen destinations", "The Airside Center by night", "Terminal E", "Zurich Airport statistics from 1982 to 2014, including passengers, transfer passengers, flights handled and freight in metric tons", "Zurich Airport in 1956", "Zurich Airport with the Swiss Alps visible in the background", "Interior view of the landside area", "View of runway 14", "Swiss International Air Lines maintains its hub at Zurich Airport.", "Zürich Flughafen, the airport's railway station", "ZRH Bus Terminal", "Underpass between Terminal and The Circle at Zurich Airport" ]

[ 0, 14, 14, 14, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 26, 27, 32 ]

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[ "Zürich Airport (German: Flughafen Zürich, IATA: ZRH, ICAO: LSZH) is the largest international airport of Switzerland and the principal hub of Swiss International Air Lines. It serves Zürich, Switzerland's largest city, and, with its surface transport links, much of the rest of the country. The airport is located 13 kilometres (8 mi) north of central Zürich, in the municipalities of Kloten, Rümlang, Oberglatt, Winkel, and Opfikon, all of which are within the canton of Zürich.", "", "In the Zurich area, mixed civil and military air traffic developed from 1909 onwards at Dübendorf airfield, northeast of the city. From 1919, the airport was home to Swissair's predecessor Ad Astra Aero, and from 1932 also to Swissair. The first international flight from Switzerland landed on July 21, 1921. In the early years of aviation, the Dübendorf Air Base, located some 8 km (5.0 mi) to the Zurich Airport, also served as the city's commercial airfield. The need for a dedicated commercial facility led to the search for a location at which to build a replacement airport.\nIn 1939, civil air traffic had to be suspended at the outbreak of the Second World War for military strategic reasons. Although Swissair was allowed to resume scheduled air traffic in September 1940, this remained on a modest scale during the war.\nIn March 1943, the government of the canton of Zurich commissioned a study to identify possible locations for the construction of a major airport. In its report, a consortium of engineers and architects led by Locher & Cie company advised against the previously discussed expansion options at Dübendorf airport and instead recommended a separate civil airport in the partially forested moorland area of the armory situated between Kloten and Oberglatt. In August 1943, the Federal Military Department declared its agreement to abandon the armory as a matter of principal \"in the higher national interest\".\nLocher & Cie submitted \"Project I\" to the Government on 31 December 1943. Four runways were planned and together with the buildings the required area was 472 hectares. Without the purchase of land, the project would have cost 87 million CHF. The government found the costs too high and ordered a revision. The \"Project II\" of 29 April 1944 still provided for an area of 290 hectares and costs of 65 million CHF, but the government council demanded a further reduction. For \"Project III\" of 31 July 1944, 54.4 million and 215 hectares were required. The project nevertheless met the requirements of an intercontinental airport. The Government formally approved it and submitted it to the Federal Government, strongly emphasizing that the Zurich project was \"far superior\" to the also planned (and ultimately abandoned) Swiss Central Airport Utzenstorf near Bern.\nIn December 1944, the responsible Federal Councillor, Enrico Celio, explicitly spoke out in favour of Zurich-Kloten, in a letter to his counterparts, as did the governments of the cantons of Eastern and Central Switzerland and Ticino a month later. The National Council and Council of States followed this view and on 22 June 1945 approved the \"Federal Decree on the Expansion of Civil Airports\". Basel, Bern and Geneva were to receive smaller continental airports and be supported with a 30 percent share of the costs. The Zurich project was granted the status of an intercontinental airport and the highest possible subsidy rate of 35 percent.\nSwitzerland's federal parliament decided in 1945 that Zürich was to be the site of a major airport, and sold 655 hectares (1,620 acres) of the Kloten-Bülach Artillery Garrison (German: Artillerie-Waffenplatz Kloten-Bülach) to the canton of Zürich, giving the canton control of the new airfield. Construction of the airport began the following year.\nInitial plans for the airport, as laid out in the Federal government's scheme of 1945, were centered on facilities capable of handling international airline traffic. Aircraft of up to 80 tons were envisaged. The primary runway was to be designed for use in all weathers and at night, with a 400-metre (1,300 ft)-wide hard surface running to 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) in length. Additional 100-metre (330 ft) areas were to be provided on the shoulders for lateral protection in case of runway excursions. Additional domestic runways, between 1,000 and 1,400 metres (3,300 and 4,600 ft) in length, were also to be built.", "On 25 February 1946, the Zurich Cantonal Council approved a building loan of 36.8 million. The cantonal referendum of 5 May 1946 resulted in a clear approval with 105,705 votes in favour, 29,372 against.\n\"Project IV\" never came to fruition, as it was further developed by adapting it to the ICAO standards which were changing rapidly at the time. Instead of four runways, the new \"Project V\" of 20 May 1946 provided only three. Project VI\" of 9 October 1946 increased the dimensions of all three runways. Finally, the slightly modified \"Project VII\" of 20 December 1947 was realised.\nWithin three years, the design on the drawing board had completely changed from a purely grass airfield with a four-runway system without taxiways to a three-runway system with paved taxiways. The staggered design meant that it was possible to react to changes without having to impose a complete halt to construction.\nConstruction works finally began on 5 May 1946 with the diversion of the Altbach stream. The 1900 m long West Runway 10/28 was the first runway which was opened on 14 June 1948, and on which the first Swissair Douglas DC-4 took off for London. On behalf of the canton as airport owner, Cantonal Councillor Jakob Kägi gave a speech to mark the inauguration of the new runway and the start of provisional flight operations. Shortly after, on 17 November 1948, the 2600 m long blind runway 16/34 (runway with instrument landing system) was opened for operation, which was attended by the seven members of the cantonal government. In the presence of invited guests from politics and the media as well as representatives of the construction companies and airlines, the new airport was inaugurated, which meant that the relocation of the entire civil flight operations from Dübendorf to Kloten had already been completed and full operation could begin at the new Zurich airport.\nThe 1535 m long Bisen runway 02/20, which belonged to the three-runway system of 1948, was of little importance. Due to the applicable crosswind regulations at that time, the runway was designed to face the Bise in order to guarantee the airport's all-weather capability. However, the ICAO increased the crosswind tolerances for aircraft in subsequent revisions to such an extent that the runway was decommissioned after just over ten years.", "The character of a provisional solution was supported - despite full operation - by the lack of buildings, especially the \"Flughof\", which had been planned since 1946. Instead, a growing shanty town stood to the east of the reserved building site. On 27 October 1948, the canton outsourced the development, construction and operation of the buildings to the newly founded \"Flughafen-Immobilien-Gesellschaft\" (FIG), a mixed-economy public limited company in which the public sector held half of the shares (canton of Zurich 22.5%, city of Zurich 18%, \"Zürcher Kantonalbank\" 5%, city of Winterthur 3.6% and municipality of Kloten 0.9%).\nThe FIG took over projects that had been started and was thus able to hand over the completed \"shipyard I\" to Swissair for use as early as late autumn 1948, followed by offices for Swissair's technical departments, which were finally able to leave Dübendorf by the end of April 1949. Further workshops, the striking arched hangar and the \"Heating Centre I\" for the heat supply were completed by the end of 1949.\nBased on \"Project V\", the terminal building had already been designed as a convex building at the airport head in mid-1946. In the following four years, a total of 24 feasible airport project designs were submitted, before the FIG commissioned the construction of the airport according to plans by Alfred and Heinrich Oeschger in November 1950. At the beginning of 1951, the piling work for the terminal building began, the construction work took about two years. With the opening on 9 April 1953, the shanty town could be abandoned. The new building consisted of a central passenger wing, flanked by a restaurant and an office wing. In addition there was a spectator terrace of 200m length.", "As had been expected the construction costs had been significantly exceeded. Several metres of raised bog were removed and backfilled with material from the Holberg; the concrete area had also increased from the originally planned 420,000 m² to a good 611,000 m². In addition, the former weapons range area had to be searched for unexploded bombs, of which a total of 157 were found. The costs for \"Project IV\", estimated at CHF 59.5 million in 1946, had risen to CHF 106 million by the time the civil engineering works under \"Project VII\" were completed in July 1949. Both chambers of the Federal Assembly concluded the political review with the \"Federal Decree on the Payment of Additional Federal Contributions to the Construction of Zurich-Kloten Airport\" of 29 September 1949. The Federation contributed CHF 27.1 million and doubled its contribution to the air traffic control facilities. For its part, the Zurich Cantonal Council granted a supplementary credit on 13 February 1950. This was accepted by the voters on 7 May 1950 with 73,551 votes to 59,088 (yes share of 55.45%).\nThe new terminal opened in 1953 with a large air show that ran three days. In 1947, the airport handled 133,638 passengers on 12,766 airline flights; in 1952, 372,832 passengers on 24,728 airline flights.", "Locher & Cie was commissioned in 1954 to design various project options for the second construction phase. In March 1956, the canton submitted an extended project to the Federal Council. In addition to mandatory runway extensions for the incipient \"jet age\", the project also provided for the extension of the public facilities, which were already overused and dominated by various provisional arrangements; two finger docks were to defuse the situation. On 12 October 1956, the Federal Council recommended that parliament approve the bill. On 19 December 1956, the Council of States approved the federal contribution of CHF 54.8 million (at a total cost of 181.8 million), the National Council followed suit on 7 March 1957. The contribution of the Canton of Zurich of CHF 74.3 million was still outstanding, the rest was to be raised by FIG and Swissair. The concrete expansion project included the extension of the blind runway to 4000 m and the western runway to 3150 m, as well as the extension of the buildings. Opponents described the \"super airport Kloten\" as a \"luxury\" and criticised that the canton had \"lost every measure\". Another issue that planners had completely neglected until then was the aircraft noise. With a high turnout of 72.3%, the expansion project failed in the cantonal referendum of 23 June 1957 with 97,603 votes to 83,196 (no vote of 54.0%).\nJust four days later, the Zurich government council commissioned a redimensioned expansion project. The blind runway was to be only 3700 m long, the western runway 2500 m; the construction of the finger docks was abandoned. Thus the canton's share of the project to be approved was only CHF 49.1 million. The government gave far more attention to the aircraft noise. On 6 July 1958, voters approved the project by 107,050 votes to 56,872 (yes share 65.3%), with a 65.6% share. Due to time pressure - the landing of the first jet aircraft was planned for the following year - construction work began without waiting for approval of the federal funding. In December 1958 and March 1959 respectively, the National Council and the Council of States granted subsidies of 55.6 million. In 1959, BOAC started regular flight connections to Zurich with the revised \"Comet IV\", while the airport was still a construction site.\nThe first buildings were completed in 1960, and the terminal building, which had been considered an attractive design, lost its symmetrical appearance. To the east, towards the former shanty town, office wing A1, office wing B and the air traffic control building were added with a connecting structure. The \"Fracht West\" building, which had been extended at short notice during construction to provide additional office space, was located somewhat off the main building. In the hangar area in the southwest, Heating Station II was put into operation and the Hangar II, which was designed for jet aircraft, was handed over to Swissair, shortly after the arrival of the Sud Aviation \"Caravelle III\" and the Douglas DC-8-32 in May 1960. Finally, in the summer of 1961, Swissair's in-flight catering service was given a new building between the head of the airport and the hangar area.\nThe Canton of Zurich acquired a further 135 hectares of land for the expansion of the civil engineering works, which lasted until the beginning of 1961 in parallel with the construction of the buildings. The apron areas were enlarged, particularly at the airport head and in the hangar area; the pier was also extended from 16 to 28 aircraft parking spaces, and buses were purchased to provide access to them. The west runway 10/28 was extended by 600 metres to the west, towards Rümlang, and opened on 1 January 1961 with its new operating length of 2500 metres. Blind runway 16/34 was extended 400 metres to the south in the direction of Opfikon and 700 metres to the north in the direction of Oberglatt. At its new operating length of 3700 m, it was released on 15 March 1961. By the time work was completed, the paved area at the airport covered 1,013,000 m².", "Although virtually all the buildings of the second phase had been completed by the end of 1961, the extension of the terminal building was still at the design stage. After the passenger terminal with two finger docks had failed in the cantonal referendum, the FIG had worked out a new project until 1958. This envisaged a two-storey transverse hall on the landside of the airport, on the two main floors of which arriving and departing passengers were functionally separated. For cost reasons, the federal government demanded a considerable redimensioning, which led to an open dispute about the preferred design. When the conflict, described by the media as a \"war of experts\", threatened to escalate, President Willy Spühler invited representatives of the Federation and the cantons to a conference on 9 December 1963.\nDuring the conference, FIG's airport planners and the Canton of Zurich prevailed against the federal government. The canton only had to make concessions for the commercial parts of the project, such as the restaurant wing. The dispatch of the Federal Council, submitted on 1 March 1965, requested a federal contribution of 23.1 million to the total costs of 129.4 million. Of this, 2.1 million was earmarked for the connection of the airport to the national road network and for the preparation of a connection to the planned (but never built) Zurich underground railway. The National Council and Council of States adopted the bill in October 1965, allowing construction work to begin the following year. The motorway loop was in operation from 1968. Finally, with the opening of the last new hall wing on 1 April 1971, the extension of the terminal building was completed.\nThe first signs of noise mitigation for the airport were in 1972, when a night-time curfew was enacted, as well as in 1974 when new approach routes were introduced. Runway 14/32 was opened in 1976, and 16/34 began renovation.", "On 18 February 1969, four armed members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) attacked El Al flight 432, firing Kalashnikov assault rifles at the Boeing 720B whilst it prepared for takeoff. The Shin Bet employee Mordechai Rachamim fired back with his pistol and killed the terrorist Abdel Mohsen Hassan. The three remaining assassins were each sentenced to twelve years in prison. The aircraft's co-pilot subsequently died of his injuries.\nThe attack marked the beginning of a discussion about airport security that had never been raised until then in Switzerland. On 21 February 1970 a parcel bomb exploded in Swissair's Convair CV-990 on flight SR330 (Zurich-Tel Aviv). In the crash near Würenlingen all 47 people on board were killed. Investigations revealed that a PFLP terrorist group had carried out the bomb attack. The actual target, however, had been an El Al flight from Munich to Tel Aviv, whose mail had been sent with Swissair to Zurich due to long delays. In 1970 the PFLP obtained the release of the three terrorists convicted in Switzerland and other comrades-in-arms imprisoned abroad through coordinated hijackings. Flights affected were SR 100 (Zurich-New York), TWA flight TW741, Pan Am flight PA93 and BOAC flight BA775.", "In January 1969, the Zurich Cantonal Council approved a loan for preparatory work for the third stage of expansion. The project that was subsequently drawn up clearly exceeded the previous dimensions. The plans included the extension of the existing runways, a 3300 m long runway, additional taxiways, the enlargement of the pier to 47 stands, a new terminal with finger dock, two multi-storey car parks, additional technical buildings, an airport railway station and a new hangar. In addition, there were various extensions and conversions of existing buildings. The costs were estimated at CHF 777.6 million (not including the air traffic control building and railway station). Since this project was hardly different from the \"super airport\" rejected in 1957, criticism was immediately voiced again by the \"Protection Association of the Population around Zurich Airport\" (SBFZ) and the community of Höri, which was located directly in the approach corridor. The SBFZ even demanded the resumption of the central airport concept that was dropped in 1945 - instead of Utzenstorf this time in the \"Grosse Moos\", with two runways jutting into Lake Neuchâtel.\nThe supporters of the Zurich airport expansion argued primarily with the economic benefit. In order to take the wind out of the sails of aircraft noise criticism, the government and cantonal council are drafting an aircraft noise law (including a ban on night flights), which should be submitted to a referendum at the same time as the expansion bill. After the Cantonal Council had approved both bills in July 1970, the referendum was held on 27 September 1970. The proposal for expansion was approved by 103,867 votes to 64,192 (61.8% yes), the Aircraft Noise Act by 134,501 votes to 32,590 (80.5% yes). The following year, the Federal Assembly approved a federal contribution of 240.3 million. Construction work on the third stage also began in 1971. In 1973, Hangar III, Cargo Hall East, Car Park F and the General Aviation Centre were completed. In 1974 the \"Werkhof\" (work yard), an office building and multistorey car park E were added, in 1975 the apron, multi-storey car park B and Terminal B with finger dock, and in 1976 the Airport Plaza shopping and service centre located in multi-storey car park B.\nAdditional costs were incurred due to numerous adjustments to the construction project. The additional credit of 25.8 million was accepted by Zurich voters on 7 December 1975 with 178,723 to 87,303 votes (67.2% yes). The canton supplemented this credit with ordinary and extraordinary budget credits from the building department. In March 1976 the Federal Assembly approved an additional federal contribution of 39.7 million.\nAs the centrepiece of the third stage, runway 14/32 was opened on 1 April 1976, increasing capacity by a third. In the early days, the new runway served exclusively for landing traffic. The rail link, which had been approved by parliament in 1975 in a separate federal decree, was still outstanding. As this was a project of the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB), the cost allocation differed greatly. Of the total costs of 285 million, the SBB contributed 60%, the Federation 33% and the Canton of Zurich 7%. The project comprised the Zurich Airport railway station under Terminal B (on which construction had been underway since 1971) and a new line between Bassersdorf and Glattbrugg. After nine years of construction, the ceremonial opening of the airport line took place on 29 May 1980.", "In the second half of the 1970s, the volume of traffic continued to rise sharply, so the Canton of Zurich, the FIG and Swissair worked out a project for the fourth construction phase. On 28 September 1980, with 142,240 to 104,775 votes (57.6%), Zurich voters accepted a loan of CHF 48 million for civil engineering works, which were part of the forthcoming construction work.\nAlso in 1980, the Federal Office of Civil Aviation published a new airport concept, which replaced that of 1945. The focus was now on qualitative expansion, taking into account spatial planning and environmental protection considerations.\nBased on this concept, the Federal Assembly approved the \"Building Programme 1981-1985\". This programme provided for investments of CHF 393.3 million in Zurich-Kloten, but the subsidy contribution of 10.3% was significantly lower than for the Geneva and Basel-Mulhouse airports. This was justified by the catch-up demand of the two other major Swiss airports.\nThe central element of the fourth stage was the finger dock in Terminal A with 13 docking positions. Also planned were a new control tower, a baggage sorting system, an additional multi-storey car park, waiting rooms and an operations centre for aircraft crews. Later, the Zurich government council also decided to renew the damaged western runway, which had to be closed for two and a half months in the summer of 1985 for this purpose. Fingerdock A was put into operation on 1 November 1985, the new 41 m high control tower on 29 April 1986.\nThere were also plans to expand the airport's cargo facilities. However, a corresponding loan of CHF 57 million was narrowly rejected in the referendum of 6 September 1987 by 106,722 to 98,663 votes (52.0% against).\nThe project, which was subsequently revised and approved by the Zurich Cantonal Council in 1989, focused on more efficient use of the existing facilities, thereby enabling the handling of an additional 100,000 tonnes of freight annually.", "The cantonal popular initiative \"for moderate air traffic\" submitted in January 1991 intended to limit the airport to its then status, i.e. neither to allow more aircraft movements nor to expand the infrastructure. In the vote of 26 September 1993, however, it did not stand a chance and was clearly rejected by 235,531 votes to 112,476 (67.6%).\nNine months later, the Zurich cantonal government submitted a proposal for a loan of CHF 873 million to the cantonal council. The fifth construction phase, known as \"Airport 2000\" and costing a total of CHF 2.4 billion, was intended to replace outdated systems and further expand existing facilities. At the heart of the project was the construction of a third terminal, Dock E \"Midfield\", located between the three runways. The Skymetro aerial tramway, a road tunnel and underground baggage conveyors were necessary for its development. Also part of the fifth stage was the construction of the new passenger hub \"Airside Center\". The Cantonal Council approved the project at the end of February 1995.\nIt cleared the last hurdle in the referendum of 25 June 1995, when it was approved by 224,668 votes to 105,859 (68.0% Yes).\nAfter almost nine years of construction, the project was completed in 2004.", "The next major event for the airport was in 1999, when the Parliament of the canton of Zürich approved privatization of Zurich Airport. The following year, Flughafen Zürich AG, trading under the brand Unique, became the new airport operator. The company dropped the brand Unique in favour of Zurich Airport and Flughafen Zürich in 2010.\nOn 2 October 2001, a major cash-flow crisis at Swissair, exacerbated by the global downturn in air travel caused by the September 11 attacks, caused the airline to ground all its flights. Although a government rescue plan permitted some flights to restart a few days later, and the airline's assets were subsequently sold to become Swiss International Air Lines, the airport lost a large volume of traffic. After Lufthansa took control of Swiss International Air Lines in 2005, traffic began to grow again.\nOn 18 October 2001, Germany and Switzerland signed a treaty regarding the limitation of flights over Germany. Under the terms of this treaty, any incoming aircraft after 22:00 had to approach Zürich from the east to land on runway 28, which, unlike the airport's other runways, was not equipped with an instrument landing system. A month later, at 22:06 on 24 November, an inbound Crossair Avro RJ100 using this approach in conditions of poor visibility crashed into a range of hills near Bassersdorf and exploded, killing 24 of the 33 people on board. The flight had originally been scheduled to land on runway 14 before 22:00, but it was subject to delay and was therefore diverted to runway 28.\nZurich Airport completed a major expansion project in 2003, in which it built a new parking garage, a new midfield terminal, and an automated underground people mover to link the midfield terminal to the main terminal. In November 2008 a complete renovation and rebuild of the old terminal B structure was announced. The new terminal B opened in November 2011, and provides segregated access to and from aircraft for Schengen and non-Schengen passengers. Zurich Airport handled 25.5 million passengers in 2014, up 2.5 percent from 2013.\nEtihad Regional ceased on 18 February 2015 to fly two-thirds of its scheduled routes without further notice, amongst them all its services from Zürich except the domestic service to Geneva. Etihad Regional blamed the failure of its expansion on the behavior of competitors, especially Swiss International Air Lines, as well as the Swiss aviation authorities.\nFollowing the demolition of some office buildings the construction of the new baggage sorting facilities between the Operations Center and Terminal 1 began in spring 2018 with a total investment of CHF 500 million.\nAs of 2020, the marketing of all advertising space at the airport was transferred from Clear Channel to APG.\nThe main Terminal 1 will be completely rebuilt - including the tower of the Skyguide Air Traffic Control. Construction is scheduled to begin in 2021, with completion expected in 2030. In addition to the old building fabric, the expected growth in passenger numbers is the main reason for the pending construction work. \"The forecasts suggest that the number of passengers arriving, departing or transferring at Zurich Airport each year today will grow from 29 million today to 50 million by 2030,\" says the airport operator's personnel booklet.", "The airport is owned by Flughafen Zürich AG, a company quoted on the SIX Swiss Exchange. Major shareholders include the canton of Zürich, with 33.33% plus one of the shares, and the city of Zürich, with 5% of the shares. No other shareholder has a holding exceeding 3%. Flughafen Zürich AG used the brand name Unique from 2000 until 2010.\nThe company has stakes in various other airports around the world.", "", "The airport has three airside piers, which are known as terminals A, B, and E (also signposted as Gates A, B/D, and E). These are linked to a central air-side building called Airside Center, built in 2003. Alongside the Airside Center, the ground-side terminal complex named Airport Center comprises several buildings, and includes airline check-in areas, a shopping mall, a railway station, car parks, and a bus and tram terminal. All departing passengers access the same departure level of the Airside Center, which includes duty-free shopping and various bars and restaurants, via airport security. They are then segregated between passengers for Schengen and non-Schengen destinations on the way to the gate lounges, with the latter first passing through emigration controls. Arriving Schengen and non-Schengen passengers are handled in separate areas of the Airside Center and reach it by different routes, with non-Schengen passengers first passing through immigration controls. The three airside terminals are:", "Terminal A contains gates prefixed A. It opened in 1971, and it is used exclusively by flights to and from destinations inside the Schengen Area, including domestic flights within Switzerland. Since its expansion in 1982–1985, it takes the form of a finger pier, directly connected at one end to the Airside Centre.\nTerminal A was scheduled to be torn down and replaced by an entirely new facility from 2021. However in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic the start of the project has been postponed for at least three years.", "Terminal B contains gates prefixed B and D. It opened in 1975 and reopened in November 2011 after an extensive three-year reconstruction. Like terminal A, it takes the form of a finger pier directly connected at one end to the Airside Centre. Since reconstruction, it can accommodate both Schengen and non-Schengen flights at the same gates. Each gate has two numbers, one prefixed B and the other D, but with different passenger routes to and from the gates to separate the flows of Schengen and non-Schengen passengers.", "Terminal E contains gates prefixed E, and is also known as the midfield terminal or Dock E. It is a stand-alone satellite terminal located on the opposite side of runway 10/28 from the Airside Center, and is situated between runways 16/34 and 14/32. It is entirely used by non-Schengen international flights and became operational and was opened on September 1, 2003. It is connected to the Airside Center by the Skymetro, an automated underground people mover.", "Zurich Airport has three runways: 16/34 of 3,700 m (12,100 ft) in length, 14/32 of 3,300 m (10,800 ft) in length, and 10/28 of 2,500 m (8,200 ft) in length. For most of the day and in most conditions, runway 14 is used for landings and runways 16 and 28 are used for takeoffs, although different patterns are used early morning and in the evenings.", "", "The following airlines offer regular scheduled and charter flights at Zurich Airport:", "", "", "", "", "", "", "Zürich Flughafen railway station is located underneath the Airport Centre. The station has frequent Zürich S-Bahn services, plus direct InterRegio, InterCity, and Eurocity services, to many places including Basel, Bern, Biel/Bienne, Brig, Geneva, Konstanz, Lausanne, Lucerne, Munich, Romanshorn, St. Gallen, and Winterthur. There are some 13 trains per hour to Zürich HB (Hauptbahnhof), Zürich's main city centre station, with a journey time of between 9 and 13 minutes. By changing trains there, most other places in Switzerland can be reached in a few hours.", "In front of the Airport Centre is the airport stop of the Stadtbahn Glattal, a light rail system that interworks with the Zürich tram system, together with a regional bus station. Both the bus station and light rail stop provide service to destinations throughout the Glattal region that surrounds the airport, with the light rail stop being served by tram routes 10 and 12. Tram route 10 also provides a link to Zurich Hauptbahnhof, albeit with a rather longer journey time than that of the railway.", "The airport is served by the A51 motorway and other main roads, which link to the airport's own road network. Drop-off areas are available by the Airport Centre whilst a total of over 14000 spaces are available in six car parks for short and long term parking. A car hire centre is located in the terminal complex. The airport is served by a fleet of dedicated airport taxis, which operate from taxi ranks in front of the arrival areas. Alternative chauffeur driven airport limousines can be arranged.\nThe airport can legally be reached by bicycle on a regional highway (Flughafenstrasse and Birchstrasse) that branches off national highway 4 (Schaffhausen - Bülach - Zürich - Luzern) just east of the airport and reaches Northwestern Zürich.", "", "The Circle, a complex intended to include a medical center, a conference center, shops, restaurants, offices, and hotels, is under construction opposite the Airport Centre. In February 2009, Flughafen Zürich AG (FZAG) launched a three-stage architectural competition for \"The Circle at Zurich Airport\" development. Around 180,000 square meters of usable space for services were to be built close to the terminals on a 37,000 square meter site. Two hotels and the congress area will occupy around 45,000 square meters, which will be operated by the Hyatt Corporation. At the end of October 2011, FZAG submitted the building application to the town of Kloten, which granted the building permit on 6 March 2012. The groundbreaking ceremony for the superstructure, scheduled for the end of 2013, was postponed until the beginning of 2015. The Circle\" is expected to create around 5,000 new jobs, with an investment volume of around CHF 1 billion. The foundation stone was laid on 24 March 2017 and the opening is expected to take place in the first half of 2020; however, even then not all six parts of the building will be ready. In the meantime, it has been announced that the opening will take place in September 2020.", "Several companies have their headquarters on or about the airport. These include Swiss International Air Lines, Swiss World Cargo, Swiss AviationTraining, Edelweiss Air, gategroup, Helvetic Airways, Swissôtel, and Rega. Other companies that were formerly based on the airport include Swissair and Crossair.", "", "The airport fire brigade is responsible for fire-fighting at Zurich Airport and is on standby around the clock. In the event of an emergency, the brigade must be able to reach any location on the airport grounds, an area of 880 hectares, in no more than three minutes in accordance with international standards. Their vehicles have extremely powerful engines and large-capacity tanks.\nThe fire service also includes an operations control centre. This not only coordinates the airport's rescue services, but also alerts the fire brigades in the northern part of the canton. A total of 77 fire brigades are deployed from the Operations Control Centre, including 2 professional and 13 base fire brigades. Likewise, the rescue service Schutz und Rettung Zürich Nord, the rescue service Spital Bülach, the rescue service Winterthur and since April 1, 2008, the rescue service of the canton of Schaffhausen are also dispatched. Other tasks of the Operations Control Centre include alerting a large animal rescue service, a personal emergency call and location system and the coordination of the emergency medical service for several municipalities. In addition, 3800 fire alarm criteria are accumulated in the operations control centre. Every year, the operations control centre receives about 150,000 telephone calls.\nUntil 31 December 2007, the airport fire brigade was officially called the Berufsfeuerwehr Flughafen Zürich (Professional Fire Brigade), and it was constituted as the company fire brigade of Flughafen Zürich AG. On 1 January 2008, the airport fire brigade, together with the rescue service and the operations control centre, was for organizational reasons transferred to the Schutz und Rettung (Protection and Rescue) department of the city of Zurich.\nThe airport fire brigade records more than 1000 operations per year. In 2004, 260 of these involved incidents involving aircraft, including emergency or safety landings.", "Vehicles that not only cross taxiways and runways reserved for aircraft on the designated roads, but also use them for business purposes, must be equipped with a transponder and radio and can thus be tracked on tracking websites (e.g. Flightradar24). The transponder sign or radio name for the Follow-Me vehicles is Zebra.\nIn 2014, five companies were licensed for aircraft refuelling at the airport, operating 16 tankers and 28 dispensers.", "The rescue service at Zurich Airport was established around 1982 as the original \"fire-fighting ambulance\". Its primary purpose was to protect fire-fighting personnel during fire-fighting operations, and secondarily to provide medical care for injured passengers. It was quickly recognised that there was also a steadily growing need for rescue services for the population outside the airport, and often neighbouring hospitals that were able to provide this service could not cope due to capacity bottlenecks, or the corresponding structures were not available in the Zürcher Unterland at the time. When the airport was privatized in 2000 to form the public limited company Unique (Flughafen Zürich AG), the rescue service was then separated from the fire service as a separate division within the Safety&Security department.\nIn the last year of its existence in 2007, the Rescue Service at Zurich Airport carried out around 5800 missions with 36 paramedics and three trainees. The majority of the operations were carried out in the region around the airport, which at that time comprised 28 contractual communities. There were three ambulances on standby during the day and two ambulances at night, which was carried out in two shifts of twelve hours each. The teams were on duty four times a day (twice a day and twice at night). As a novelty, Zurich Airport Emergency Medical Services consistently applied the amended labor law, i.e. it was one of the few employers to fully credit the working time of twelve hours without deductions (\"attendance time\"/effective working time).\nThere was no permanently installed emergency medical system at the airport site. The paramedics are equipped with extended skills that allow the administration of medication according to algorithms. As part of a quality control of the measures carried out, all operations were checked by the Medical Director. At the same time, an annual review of medication and algorithmic knowledge took place. Only after passing the written and practical test was the paramedic authorized to administer medication for another year. If an emergency physician was needed, the resources of the partner organisations REGA (helicopters) or the NEF of \"Schutz und Rettung Zürich\" could be called upon.\nProject SUS After two project studies, Unique (Flughafen Zürich AG) decided in the summer of 2007 to outsource the rescue service together with the operations centre and the professional fire brigade and to sell it to the Schutz und Rettung (Protection and Rescue) department of the city of Zurich for an amount of CHF 22 million. This was also due to the needs of the city of Zurich, as its professional fire brigade in particular had problems meeting the required arrival times with long journeys to the north of the city of Zurich. At the same time, it was possible to avoid the cost-intensive construction of a new base for rescue services and fire brigades in the rapidly growing north. A comprehensive contract was drawn up for the takeover of the entire department, which will be reassessed after ten years. The outsourcing resulted in massive internal restructuring, which replaced the previous organisational form. Since January 1, 2008, the base at the airport has been known as the \"Wache Nord\". With a strong positive operating result in 2007 and a reduced staffing level as of January 1, 2008, the catchment area of the rescue service expanded to include the northern districts of Zurich Schwamendingen, Seebach and Oerlikon.", "On November 24, 1951, a Douglas DC-4 of the Israeli El Al (aircraft registration 4X-ADN) on a cargo flight from Rome with textiles on board crashed into a forest three kilometers northeast of Zurich Airport shortly before landing. Six of the seven crew members were killed.\nOn 24 November 1956, an Ilyushin Il-12B of the Czechoslovak airline ČSA (OK-DBP) crashed into an agricultural area 13 kilometres after take-off from Zurich-Kloten airport, only 500 metres from the southern outskirts of Wasterkingen, probably due to engine problems. All 23 passengers and crew members died there.\nOn 4 September 1963, Swissair Flight 306 experienced an in-flight fire shortly after take-off and crashed, killing all 80 people on board.\nOn 18 February 1969, four armed members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine attacked El Al flight 432 whilst it prepared for takeoff. The aircraft's security guard repelled the attack, resulting in the death of one of the terrorists, whilst the Boeing 720's co-pilot subsequently died of his injuries.\nOn 21 February 1970, a barometrically triggered bomb exploded on Swissair Flight 330 some nine minutes after takeoff from Zurich en route to Tel Aviv and Hong Kong. All 47 occupants were killed. The bombing was attributed to the PFLP-GC.\nOn 18 January 1971, an inbound Balkan Bulgarian Airlines Il-18D approached Zurich Airport in fog below the glideslope. It crashed and burst into flames, 0.7 kilometres (0.43 mi) north of the airport, when both left wingtip and landing gear contacted the ground. Seven crew members and 38 passengers were killed.\nOn 24 November 1990, an Alitalia Douglas DC-9 operating Flight 404 crashed on approach to Zurich, killing all 46 passengers and crew on board.\nOn 10 January 2000, a Crossair Saab 340 operating Flight 498 crashed shortly after takeoff, killing all 10 occupants. The cause of the crash was determined to have been the result of spatial disorientation and pilot errors.\nOn 24 November 2001, a Crossair Avro RJ100 operating Flight 3597 crashed into hills near Bassersdorf while on approach to Zurich. Twenty-four of the 33 people on board were killed.\nOn 15 March 2011, two Swiss A320s received almost simultaneous take-off clearance on the intersecting runways 16 and 28. In response to this serious incident, the Federal Office of Civil Aviation commissioned a comprehensive analysis of the operating procedures.\nOn 27 September 2013 the nose landing gear of a De Havilland DHC-8-400 of Croatia Airlines could not be extended. The aircraft had taken off in Zagreb and was scheduled to land in Zurich. During the landing approach to Zurich Airport the pilots noticed that the nose gear of the aircraft was not extended. They tried for 40 minutes to extend the landing gear completely, but failed. The pilots decided to make an emergency landing in Zurich on runway 14, and none of the 60 passengers were injured in the subsequent landing at 8:17 pm. Runway 14 was then closed until the end of operations. After 15 minutes, air traffic on the two other runways could be resumed as usual.", "Transport in Switzerland", "\"Glider Map\" (Map). Zurich Airport. 1:300 000. National Map 1:100'000. Wabern, Switzerland: Federal Office of Topography – swisstopo. 2019. ISBN 978-3-302-06014-9. Retrieved 19 May 2019 – via map.geo.admin.ch.\nDrum, Bruce (31 October 2020). \"Condor will fly from Zurich to the most popular vacation destinations in summer 2021\".\n\"Über 10 Millionen Passagiere am Flughafen Zürich\".\n\"Das Geografische Informationssystem des Kantons Zürich\" [The Geographical Information System of the canton of Zurich] (in German). Amt für Raumentwicklung Zürich. Retrieved 29 June 2017.\nFehr, Sandro (12 October 2012). Die Erschliessung der dritten Dimension (PDF). Zurich: Chronos Verlag. pp. 95, 99. ISBN 978-3-0340-1228-7. Retrieved 9 July 2020.\nBell, E. A. (10 May 1945). \"Swiss Planning\". Flight and Aircraft Engineer. Royal Aero Club. XLVII (1898): 501. Retrieved 5 July 2016.\nFehr, Sandro (12 October 2012). Die Erschliessung der dritten Dimension (PDF). Zurich: Chronos Verlag. pp. 126–127. ISBN 978-3-0340-1228-7. Retrieved 9 July 2020.\nMichael von Ledebur (16 June 2018). \"Deshalb fliegen wir ab Kloten – und nicht ab Utzenstorf\". Neue Zürcher Zeitung. Retrieved 9 July 2020.\nFehr, Sandro (12 October 2012). Die Erschliessung der dritten Dimension (PDF). Zurich: Chronos Verlag. pp. 128–129. ISBN 978-3-0340-1228-7. Retrieved 9 July 2020.\nFehr, Sandro (12 October 2012). Die Erschliessung der dritten Dimension (PDF). Zurich: Chronos Verlag. pp. 136–138. ISBN 978-3-0340-1228-7. Retrieved 9 July 2020.\n\"Airport History\". Zurich Airport. Archived from the original on 21 June 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.\n\"City of Dübendorf – History\". Stadt Dübendorf. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.\nFehr, Sandro (6 June 2016). Die Erschliessung der dritten Dimension (PDF). Chronos Verlag. p. 166. ISBN 978-3-0340-1228-7. Retrieved 24 July 2020.\nFehr, Sandro (2014). Die Erschliessung der dritten Dimension (PDF). Chronos Verlag. pp. 168–169. ISBN 978-3-0340-1228-7. Retrieved 24 July 2020.\n\"Die Geschichte des Flughafen Zürich\". ZRH-Spotter. Retrieved 28 July 2020.\nFehr, Sandro (2014). Die Erschliessung der dritten Dimension (PDF). Chronos Verlag. p. 170. ISBN 978-3-0340-1228-7. Retrieved 28 July 2020.\n\"Aus engen Baracken in lichte Hallen\". Neue Züricher Zeitung. 9 April 2003. Retrieved 28 July 2020.\nFehr, Sandro (2014). Die Erschliessung der dritten Dimension (PDF). Chronos Verlag. pp. 171–172. ISBN 978-3-0340-1228-7. Retrieved 7 August 2020.\n\"Unk\". American Aviation. 16: 35. 3 August 1953.\nFehr, Sandro (2014). Die Erschliessung der dritten Dimension (PDF). Chronos Verlag. pp. 212–214. ISBN 978-3-0340-1228-7. Retrieved 11 August 2020.\nFehr, Sandro (2014). Die Erschliessung der dritten Dimension (PDF). Chronos Verlag. pp. 214–215. ISBN 978-3-0340-1228-7. Retrieved 11 August 2020.\nFehr, Sandro (2014). Die Erschliessung der dritten Dimension (PDF). Chronos Verlag. pp. 216–217. ISBN 978-3-0340-1228-7. Retrieved 12 August 2020.\nFehr, Sandro (2014). Die Erschliessung der dritten Dimension (PDF). Chronos Verlag. pp. 225–226. ISBN 978-3-0340-1228-7. Retrieved 21 August 2020.\nFehr, Sandro (2014). Die Erschliessung der dritten Dimension (PDF). Chronos Verlag. pp. 226–227. ISBN 978-3-0340-1228-7. Retrieved 21 August 2020.\n\"Freie Hand\". Der Spiegel. 24 February 1969. Retrieved 23 October 2020.\nGerhard Mauz (29 December 1969). \"Bevor das en Salat git\". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 23 October 2020.\nAccident description for 4X-ABB at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 1 May 2015.\n\"Entführung einer Swissair-DC-8 nach Zerqa\". Neue Züricher Zeitung. 5 September 2005. Retrieved 26 October 2020.\nSuter, Meinrad (2004). Kantonspolizei Zürich 1804–2004. Zürich: Kantonspolizei Zürich und Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich. ISBN 3-033-00060-6. Retrieved 26 October 2020.\nFehr, Sandro (2014). Die Erschliessung der dritten Dimension (PDF). Chronos Verlag. pp. 247–249. ISBN 978-3-0340-1228-7. Retrieved 26 July 2020.\nFehr, Sandro (2014). Die Erschliessung der dritten Dimension (PDF). Chronos Verlag. pp. 250–252. ISBN 978-3-0340-1228-7. Retrieved 28 August 2020.\n\"Abstimmungsdatenbank\". Stadt Zürich. Retrieved 1 September 2020.\nFehr, Sandro (2014). Die Erschliessung der dritten Dimension (PDF). Chronos Verlag. p. 252. ISBN 978-3-0340-1228-7. Retrieved 1 September 2020.\nFehr, Sandro (2014). Die Erschliessung der dritten Dimension (PDF). Chronos Verlag. pp. 253–254. ISBN 978-3-0340-1228-7. Retrieved 1 September 2020.\nFehr, Sandro (2014). Die Erschliessung der dritten Dimension (PDF). Chronos Verlag. pp. 269–270. ISBN 978-3-0340-1228-7. Retrieved 3 September 2020.\nFehr, Sandro (2014). Die Erschliessung der dritten Dimension (PDF). Chronos Verlag. pp. 272–274. ISBN 978-3-0340-1228-7. Retrieved 3 September 2020.\nFehr, Sandro (2014). Die Erschliessung der dritten Dimension (PDF). Chronos Verlag. pp. 274–276. ISBN 978-3-0340-1228-7. Retrieved 3 September 2020.\n\"New name for Zurich Airport\" (PDF). Lifestyle & Shopping Magazine. No. Winter 2009/2010. Flughafen Zürich. p. 11. Retrieved 18 June 2013.\nAccident description for HB-IXM at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 1 May 2015.\n\"Dock B\". Zurich Airport. Archived from the original on 4 April 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2013.\n\"Zurich airport passenger count hits new record\". The Local. 14 January 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2017.\n\"Etihad Regional points finger at SWISS/Lufthansa as airline drops four routes\". Anna.aero. 28 January 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015.\n\"Etihad Regional streicht erneut Flüge\" [Etihad Regional will again take flight]. austrianaviation.net (in German). Retrieved 29 June 2017.\n\"Etihad Regional zieht aus Zürich ab\" [Etihad Regional departs from Zurich]. aeroTELEGRAPH. 18 February 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2017.\n\"APG wird Vermarktungspartnerin des Flughafens Zürich\". persoenlich.com. 27 June 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2020.\nBenjamin Weinmann (14 February 2018). \"Für mehr Passagiere: Flughafen Zürich plant Mega-Bauprojekt\". Aargauer Zeitung. Retrieved 1 October 2020.\n\"Corporate governance\" (PDF). Zurich Airport. Retrieved 13 February 2014.\n\"\"Flughafen Zürich\" statt \"Unique\"\" [\"Zurich airport\" instead of \"Unique\"]. Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). 12 April 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2015.\n\"Site Plans\". Zurich Airport. Retrieved 1 October 2014.\n\"Information for transfer passengers\" (PDF). Zurich Airport. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.\ntagesanzeiger.ch - Flughafen Zürich: Bau von Riesen-Terminal beginnt 2021 14 February 2018\nswissinfo.ch (German) 15 January 2021\nStucki, Sonja Zöchling (11 April 2012). \"Zurich Airport: European Central\". Airport Focus International. Retrieved 29 June 2017.\n\"Spotting at ZRH\". planephotos.ch. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.\n\"Airlines\". Zurich Airport.\n\"Aegean Airlines reveals 33 routes for summer 2021\". anna.aero. 20 November 2020.\n\"Air Albania Offers $1.19 Fares To Celebrate New Kukës Airport\". Simple Flying. 25 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.\n\"Air Cairo flies from Düsseldorf, Frankfurt and Zurich to Hurghada\". aerotelegraph.com. 16 December 2020.\n\"UAE Business: Air Corsica to launch Zurich-Ajaccio flights in July\".\n\"Holiday Flights: Winter 2016/17\" (PDF). 24 October 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2019.\n\"✅ ✈️️ Fly with Most Affordable and Cheap Ticket Opportunities | AnadoluJet\". www.anadolujet.com.\n\"Chair Airlines Resumes 2 Spanish Routes in NW22\".\n\"News for Airlines, Airports and the Aviation Industry | CAPA\".\n\"Chair Airlines | Flüge ab Zürich zu über 15 Destinationen\".\n\"In summer 2021 Condor will fly from Zurich to the most popular vacation destinations\". condor-newsroom.condor.com. 29 October 2020.\n\"Cheap Flight Booking Corendon Airlines\".\n\"Delta delivers more destinations and premium in-flight experiences to Europe next summer\".\n\"EasyJet lança 13 novas rotas a partir de Lisboa\". 27 July 2022.\nhttps://www.easyjet.com/en/\nflyedelweiss.com - Schedule retrieved 14 November 2021\n\"Bilbao\".\n\"Cork\".\nStaff writers (22 February 2022). \"Edelweiss steuert neue Ferienziele an\". Blick (in German). Zürich: Ringier AG.\n\"Direct flights from Zurich to over 70 holiday destinations\". Edelweiss Air. Lufthansa Group.\n\"Kittilä - Edelweiss Air\". www.flyedelweiss.com.\nflyedelweiss.com - Rovaniemi retrieved 14 November 2021\n\"ETHIOPIAN AIRLINES NW22 EUROPE NETWORK CHANGES: NEW ZURICH SERVICE\". Aeroroutes. 20 July 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2022.\n\"Flights to Antalya (AYT) | Helvetic Airways\".\nhttps://www.itaspa.com/en_it/fly-ita/ita-world/network.html\n\"Saudia nimmt Riad-Zürich auf\" [Saudia accepts Riyadh-Zürich] (in German). Aviation Direct. 11 June 2022.\n\"SkyAlps volera' a Zurigo da luglio\". May 2022.\nswiss.com - Timetable retrieved 4 August 2022\n\"Newsroom : SWISS further expands its network for summer 2022 and offers new destinations\".\n\"LHG booking\". Swiss International Air Lines (in Italian). Lufthansa Group.\n\"SWISS widens its range of services in its winter schedules\". Swiss International Air Lines (Press release). Zürich: Lufthansa Group.\nStaff writers. \"United plans largest transatlantic route expansion debuting in 2022\". International Airport Review. Westerham: Russell Publishing Ltd.\nturkishcargo.com.tr - Flight Schedule retrieved 9 March 2022\n\"Air passenger transport between the main airports of Switzerland and their main partner airports (routes data)\". Eurostat. Retrieved 6 December 2021.\n\"Erstmals mehr als 31 Millionen Passagiere\". Zurich Airport News Center. 10 January 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2019. Der Verkehrsanteil von Swiss International Air Lines betrug 53.9%, gefolgt von Edelweiss Air (5.9%), Easyjet (3.4%) und Eurowings (3.4%).\n\"Statistisches Jahrbuch\". Statistisches Jahrbuch (in Swiss High German). Retrieved 20 January 2022.\n\"Swiss Federal Railways\". Zurich Airport. Retrieved 1 May 2015.\n\"Departure posters and pocket timetables: Zürich Flughafen\". Swiss Federal Railways. 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2019.\n\"Regional transport\". Zurich Airport. Retrieved 1 May 2015.\n\"Dropping off & collecting\". Zurich Airport. Retrieved 1 May 2015.\n\"Parking for shopping & visitors\". Zurich Airport. Retrieved 4 December 2017.\n\"Car hire\". Zurich Airport. Retrieved 1 May 2015.\n\"Taxis & limousines\". Zurich Airport. Retrieved 1 May 2015.\n\"The circle\". zurich-airport.com. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2018.\n\"The Circle at Zurich Airport\". thecircle.ch/. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.\n\"Japanese architect wins Zurich Airport's 'The Circle' contest\". Tages-Anzeiger. 2 November 2010. Archived from the original on 12 October 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2015.\nAlois Feusi (24 March 2017). \"Das Niederdorf des 21. Jahrhunderts\". Neue Züricher Zeitung. Retrieved 6 October 2020.\nMichael von Ledebur (15 February 2018). \"Der \"Circle\" wird später fertig\". Neue Züricher Zeitung. Retrieved 6 October 2020.\nBeat Pahud (3 January 2020). \"Wir können nicht alle Flächen bis zur Eröffnung vermieten\". SRF Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen. Retrieved 6 October 2020.\n\"Zurich\" (PDF). Swiss International Air Lines. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 October 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2015.\n\"Swiss World Cargo – Corporate office\". Swiss International Air Lines. Archived from the original on 12 October 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2015.\n\"Legal\". Swiss AviationTraining AG. Archived from the original on 12 October 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2015.\n\"Company\". Edelweiss Air AG. Archived from the original on 12 October 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2015.\n\"Contact Details\". gategroup. Archived from the original on 12 October 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2015.\n\"Imprint\". Helvetic Airways. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2009.\n\"Contact Us\". Swissôtel. Archived from the original on 12 October 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2015.\n\"Rega Centre\". REGA. Archived from the original on 15 March 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2014.\n\"facts & figures\". Swissair. Archived from the original on 1 December 2001. Retrieved 13 June 2009.\n\"World Airline Directory\". Flight International. 30 March 1985. p. 71. Retrieved 17 June 2009.\n\"Berufsfeuerwehr Flughafen\". Stadt Zürich Sicherheitsdepartemenet. Retrieved 7 October 2020.\n\"Disposition der Einsätze neu am Flughafen – Rettungsdienst bleibt am KSW\" (PDF). Kantonsspital Winterthur. 28 January 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2020.\nMichael Baumann (14 December 2007). \"Es kam nur ein Partner in Frage\". Neue Zürcher Zeitung. Retrieved 14 October 2020.\nSteffi Baumgarten (September 2014). \"ZRH Safety Newsletter\" (PDF). Flughafen Zürich. Retrieved 14 October 2020.\n\"Unfallbericht DC-4 4X-ADN\". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 23 October 2020.\nAir-Britain Archive: Casualty Compendium (englisch) Part 69, Juni 1998, S. 98/55.\n\"Unfallbericht IL-12 OK-DBP\". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 23 October 2020.\nRanter, Harro. \"ASN Aircraft accident Convair CV-990-30A-6 Coronado HB-ICD Würenlingen\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 9 September 2018.\nAccident description for LZ-BED at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 1 May 2015.\n\"Final Report of the Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau\" (PDF). 14 April 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 April 2008. Retrieved 9 September 2018.\n\"Schlussbericht Nr. 2136 der Schweizerischen Unfalluntersuchungsstelle SUST\" (PDF). Schweizerische Unfalluntersuchungsstelle SUST. 15 March 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2020.\n\"Bericht zur Sicherheitsüberprüfung am Flughafen Zürich liegt vor\". Der Bundesrat Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft. 21 February 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2020.\n\"Croatia De Havilland Dash 8 (400) at Zurich on Sep 27th 2013, nose gear up landing\". AeroInside. 27 September 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2020.", "Media related to Zürich Airport at Wikimedia Commons\nOfficial website\nSki Taxi & Airport Transfers\nAccident history for Zurich Airport at Aviation Safety Network\nAeronautical chart and airport information for Zurich Airport at SkyVector\nCurrent weather for Zurich Airport at NOAA/NWS" ]

[ "Zurich Airport", "History", "Early years", "First stage of construction: civil engineering", "First stage of construction: structural engineering", "The first years of operation", "Second stage of construction", "Extension of the Terminal Building", "Attacks on El Al aircraft", "Third stage of construction", "Fourth stage of construction", "Fifth stage of construction (\"Airport 2000\")", "\"Zurich 2010\" project", "Corporate affairs", "Infrastructure", "Terminal complex", "Terminal A", "Terminal B", "Terminal E", "Runways", "Airlines and destinations", "Passenger", "Cargo", "Statistics", "Busiest routes", "Top airlines", "Passenger development", "Ground transportation", "Train", "Bus and tram", "Road", "Other facilities", "The Circle", "Company headquarters", "Safety and environment", "Airport fire department", "Refuelling dispenser, Ramp Safety, Airport Authority and Follow Me", "Rescue service Zurich Airport", "Accidents and incidents", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360150, 5360151, 5360152, 5360153, 5360154, 5360155, 5360156, 5360157, 5360158, 5360159 ]

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[ "Zurich Bog in Arcadia, New York" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Zurich_Bog%2C_Arcadia%2C_NY.JPG" ]

[ "Zurich Bog is a 490-acre (2.0 km²) sphagnum bog in Arcadia, New York. Lyman Stuart and the Newark School District donated the land on December 10, 1957 to the Bergen Swamp Preservation Society which had been created in 1935 to preserve the similar Bergen-Byron Swamp. The bog has been the focus of scientific interest since the 19th century, and was declared a National Natural Landmark in May 1973.", "List of National Natural Landmarks in New York", "Dilcher, Ronald (May 1987). \"Bergen Swamp Preservation Society History\". Bergen Swamp Preservation Society. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved September 11, 2016.\n\"Zurich Bog topic of program\". Courier–Gazette. Archived from the original on January 16, 2005. Retrieved September 11, 2016.\n\"National Natural Landmarks - National Natural Landmarks (U.S. National Park Service)\". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2019-04-15. Year designated: 1973", "Bergen Swamp Preservation Society page\nMap and directions" ]

[ "Zurich Bog", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360160 ]

[ 27238775, 27238776 ]

[ "", "Bond of the Zürcher Kantonalbank, issued 1879" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Bahnhofstrasse_Z%C3%BCrcher_Kantonbank.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Z%C3%BCrcher_Kantonalbank_1879.jpg" ]

[ "Zurich Cantonal Bank (German: Zürcher Kantonalbank, or ZKB) is the largest cantonal bank and fourth largest bank in Switzerland, as well as the leading financial services provider in the Greater Zurich area, with total assets of over CHF 150 billion.\nZKB, as an independent, incorporated public-law institution, is wholly owned by the Canton of Zurich. Ultimate supervision of ZKB is the responsibility of the Cantonal Council of Zurich, whose duties are laid down in Zurich's Cantonal Bank Act.\nUnder the law, the canton of Zurich bears responsibility for all ZKB's liabilities should the bank's resources prove inadequate. This cantonal guarantee acts as a stabilising force for the financial market as a whole, particularly in times of economic uncertainty.\nIn October 2009, Global Finance magazine rated ZKB at one of the five safest banks in the world, on the basis of it being one of only five financial institutions that enjoyed a triple Standard & Poor's, Fitch and Moody's AAA/Aaa rating globally.\nIn November 2013, Zürcher Kantonalbank was classified as a systemically important bank in Switzerland by order of the Swiss National Bank, alongside UBS, Credit Suisse, Raiffeisen (Switzerland) and PostFinance, and must meet stricter capital requirements and prepare contingency plans for times of crisis.", "The Zurich Cantonal Bank was founded in 1870 as \"bank of the citizens of Zurich\" following an initiative of Johann Jakob Keller (1823–1903), then member of the cantonal council of Zurich. The canton of Zurich provided the necessary endowment capital and appointed the senior governing bodies. The public service mandate and the corresponding social and political responsibility were established by law.", "With 103 outlets, ZKB is the largest network of branches in the canton of Zurich.\nZKB also maintains a network of international representatives and regional advisory offices in Beijing, Mumbai, Singapore, Panama, and Sao Paulo. ZKB also has a branch in Austria (Salzburg).", "On 15 March 2006, Zurich Cantonal Bank launched the ZKB Gold ETF, which is listed in Switzerland under the symbol ZGLD. The fund invests exclusively in physical gold. The ETF has three unit classes traded in different currencies: USD, EUR, and CHF. Shares are sold in 1 ounce gold units, with a minimum purchase of one unit (one ounce).\nUnits are normally bought and sold for cash. For payment in kind, only integral 12.5 kg ingots are assured (subject to the total holding). The NAV is based on closing prices on the New York exchange according to Bloomberg Golds Comdty HP.", "Cantonal bank\nList of Banks in Switzerland\nGold exchange-traded fund", "Website of Zurich Cantonal Bank\nZurich Cantonal Bank Austria", "Bank Profile: Zürcher Kantonalbank\nhttps://unternehmensprofil.zkb.ch/pdfs/ZKB-Annual-Report-2018.pdf\nKantonalbankgesetz (Cantonal Bank Act), Canton of Zurich (in German)\nWorld’s Safest Banks, Global Finance, October 2009\nSNB classifies ZKB as systemically important bank, Reuters, November 2013\n\"Bank of the citizens of Zurich\". ZKB. February 21, 2020.\nBank Profile: Zürcher Kantonalbank Österreich AG\nZKB Gold ETF, Simplified Sales Prospectus, December 2008\nZKB Gold ETF Simplified sales prospectus, see page 3 for bar description" ]

[ "Zurich Cantonal Bank", "History", "Network", "ZKB Gold ETF", "See also", "External links", "Notes and references" ]

[ 5360161, 5360162 ]

[ 27238777, 27238778, 27238779, 27238780, 27238781 ]

[ "Headquarters at Mythenquai", "Zurich offices in Madrid, Spain." ]

[ 0, 12 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Z%C3%BCrich_Versicherung_2008_2.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Zurich_offices_in_Madrid_%28Spain%29_01.jpg" ]

[ "Zurich Insurance Group Ltd is a Swiss insurance company, headquartered in Zürich, and the country's largest insurer. As of 2021, the group is the world's 112th largest public company according to Forbes' Global 2000s list, and in 2011 it ranked 94th in Interbrand's top 100 brands.\nZurich is a global insurance company which is organized into three core business segments: General Insurance, Global Life and Farmers. Zurich employs 55,000 people, with customers in 215 countries and territories. The company is listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange. As of 2012 it had shareholders' equity of $34.494 billion.", "", "The company was founded in 1872 as a reinsurance company under the name of \"Versicherungs-Verein\" and at the request of the \"Schweiz\" transport insurance company (which was founded in 1869 on the initiative of the \"Schweizerischen Kreditanstalt\"), a subsidiary of the Schweiz Marine Company. It was founded by people who were also board members of the \"Schweiz\" transport insurance company.\nThe business activity began on 1 May 1873. In 1875, accident insurance was added. The company was renamed Transport- und Unfall-Versicherungs-Actiengesellschaft \"Zurich\". In 1880 Zurich abandoned the marine business following a significant loss.\nThrough 1894, it acquired licenses to conduct business in Austria, Prussia, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, the rest of Germany, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain, Poland, Russia, Italy, Luxembourg, and Liechtenstein. Due to the change in 1894 from transport insurance to accident and liability insurance, it was renamed \"Zurich\" \"Allgemeine Unfall- und Haftpflicht-Versicherungs-Gesellschaft\". Due to legal settlements in the area of workers' compensation, it took a risk and entered the North American market in 1912, starting in the states of New York, Illinois, New Jersey, and Massachusetts in the USA.\nIn 1915 Zurich acquired its first whole company, \"Hispania Compañia General de Seguros\" of Barcelona in Spain. Ten years later, in 1922, Zurich founded \"Vita Lebensversicherungs-Gesellschaft\" as an independent subsidiary, which soon expanded into neighboring countries. In addition, a branch was established in the United Kingdom (the first foreign insurance company to do so). One year later, another branch was established in Canada.\nIn 1925, Zurich became the official insurer of all new Ford vehicles in Great Britain. The \"Zurich Fire Insurance Company of New York\" was founded in 1929, the reinsurance company Turegum in 1938 and the \"American Guarantee and Liability Company in New York\" in 1939.\nIn 1950 it bought a share in \"Companhia de Seguros Metrõpole S.A.\" of Lisbon. Five years later, in 1955, «Zürich» Allgemeine Unfall- und Haftpflicht-Versicherungs-Gesellschaft was renamed «Zürich» Versicherungs-Gesellschaft, a name it still holds today.\nBetween 1955 and 1976 several companies were acquired, including the \"Commonwealth General Assurance Corporation\" of Sydney, \"Iguazù Compañia de Seguros S.A.\" from Buenos Aires, \"Empire Fire and Marine Insurance Company\" from Nebraska, \"Fidelity and Deposit Company\" from Maryland, \"Universal Underwriters\" from Kansas City, \"Anglo Americana de Seguros Gerais\" from São Paulo, \"Minerva Group\" from Italy, \"Centre Reinsurance Holding\" from Bermuda, \"La Chilena Consolidada\", and \"Seguros de Vida\" from Chile and \"Seguros Chapultepec\" from Mexico.\nOn the initiative of \"Vita Lebensversicherungs-Gesellschaft\", the first Vita Parcours (fitness trails) in Switzerland were created in 1968 and ZIM (Zurich Investment Management) was founded in 1990 as an investment management partner for redemption funds and institutional investors in Switzerland. As part of a new brand strategy, \"Vita\" became \"Zurich\" Life Insurance Company in 1993, operating in the market under the name \"Zürich Leben\". While the name \"Vita\" thus disappeared from the market, it lives on in the \"Stiftung Vita Parcours\", which was outsourced in 1994. In 1994, \"Zürich\" took over the Zurich private bank \"Rüd, Blass & Cie.\" Due to refocusing on the insurance business, the private bank was sold again in 2003.\nIn 1996, Zurich acquired 80 percent of \"Kemper Corporation\" and 97 percent of \"Kemper Financial Service\" and in 1997 acquired a majority interest in New York-based \"Scudder, Stevens & Clark\". Subsequently, Kemper was merged with Scudder to form \"Scudder Kemper Investments\", which was later renamed \"Zurich Scudder Investments\". Following the September 11 attacks, on September 24, 2001, Zurich Financial announced it would sell Zurich Scudder, which then had US$370 billion in assets under management, to Deutsche Bank for US$2.5 billion (US$1.2 billion in cash and the rest in assets). The transaction was closed on April 5, 2002.", "In September 1998, Zurich and the financial division of British American Tobacco merged to form \"Zurich Financial Services\". This comprised the Swiss company \"Zurich Allied AG\", listed on the Swiss Market Index, and the British company \"Allied Zurich plc\", listed on the FTSE 100 (Dual-listed Company). In 2000, the structure was reorganized under a single holding company under Swiss company law. All old shares were replaced by new shares in the newly formed \"Zurich Financial Services\" (ZFS) with a first listing on the SIX Swiss Exchange in Zurich and a second listing in London. In 2002, ZFS focused on insurance-related financial products and services. ZFS returned to profitability in 2003, announcing that it had met its targets and posted a profit of US$2.1 billion, compared to a loss of US$3.4 billion a year earlier. Operating income increased 93 percent to $2.3 billion, marking the turnaround. Zurich remained on track in 2004 with net income of US$2.5 billion and operating income of US$3.1 billion, an increase of 36 percent over the previous year. Zurich's net income increased by 30 percent to US$3.2 billion in 2005, and operating income rose by 32 percent to US$3.9 billion. In 2008, \"Zurich Financial Services\" recorded net income of US$3 billion, compared to a record US$5.7 billion in the previous year.\nIn July 2011, Zurich announced that it had signed definitive agreements for a long-term alliance with \"Banco Santander SA\" (Santander) over 25 years in Latin America.", "In April 2012, Zurich Financial Services Ltd changed its name to Zurich Insurance Group Ltd. In a statement, the Group explained the rationale behind the name change. \"In recognition of this strategic focus, the reference to financial services in the company name has been replaced by indicating the insurance activity of the Group instead and to specify the purpose accordingly.\"\nIn December 2015, the CEO Martin Senn (who died by suicide in May 2016) announced his resignation. Despite years of highly profitable business operations, the focus was put on recent events which forced Senn to step down. Interim chairman Tom de Swaan took over as acting CEO.\nIn January 2016, it was announced that Zurich had hired Mario Greco, CEO of Generali as its next chief executive, and that he would start in May.\nIn November 2021, Zurich signed an acquisition agreement with Texas-based Special Insurance Services.\nOn 3 January 2022, Zurich Insurance Group announced that its Italian subsidiary, Zurich Investments Life S.p.A. had agreed to sell its life and pension back book to the Portuguese insurer and wealth management platform GamaLife – Companhia de Seguros de Vida, S.A. (GamaLife), for an undisclosed sum. Zurich said the transaction was expected to release approximately $1.2bn (£907m, €1bn) of capital.\nIn March 2022, Zurich Insurance Group retired the short logo (a white Z in a blue circle) due to the symbol becoming associated with the Russian invasion of Ukraine.", "", "Zurich's General Insurance business serves individuals, small and medium-sized businesses and major multinational corporations with motor, home, and commercial products and services.", "Zurich's Global Life business offers life insurance, savings, investment and pension products. In the United States life insurance is issued by Zurich American Life Insurance Company with offices in Schaumburg, Illinois; Overland Park, Kansas; and New York City.", "Zurich's Farmers Insurance segment includes Farmers Management Services, which provides non-claims related management services to the Farmers Exchanges (not owned by Zurich). Zurich also owns the Farmers RE business which includes reinsurance assumed from the Farmers Exchange by the Group. Zurich's Farmers Insurance Group is the third largest insurance group in the United States.", "In December 2020, the Zurich group purchased the property and casualty insurance segment from MetLife for US$3.6 billion. The purchase, combined with a 10-year cooperation agreement between Farmers and MetLife is financed by Zurich group with US$2.43 billion while the remaining US$1.51 billion is contributed by Farmers.", "Officially known as Zurich Insurance plc ('ZIP'), Zurich Ireland is a wholly owned subsidiary. ZIP is an Irish insurance company originally incorporated in 1950 and is Zurich Insurance Group's main legal entity for writing non-life insurance business in Europe. ZIP writes non-life insurance business across the European Union through its Irish head office and network of branches.", "In 2009, Zurich was awarded Charity Times \"Best Insurance Services\" and was shortlisted again in 2010. In 2012 the Zurich Community Trust (UK) won the Cross-Sector Partnership of the Year Award for its partnership with the treatment charity Addaction.\nAccording to its website, Zurich Community Trust has donated over £60 million since 1972, with the goal of addressing key social issues. It has supported over 600 charities a year, making a measurable impact on the lives of over 80,000 people. Zurich was one of the first recipients of the Community Mark from Business in the Community which it has successfully retained for three years.\nAt a group level, the Z Zurich Foundation's mission is to help individuals and communities understand and manage risk, leveraging Zurich's core strengths as an insurer. Zurich is achieving this aim by working with long-term partnership with select non-profit organizations such as Practical Action, the Rainforest Alliance, and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.\nOn 24 October 2002, Zurich North America hosted a ceremony at the 9/11 Tribute Center honoring the winners of its 2012 K.A.M.P. awards, a program created as a living legacy to the four employees killed on 9/11: John Keohane, Peggy Alario, Kathy Moran and Ludwig Picarro.\nZurich began a relationship with SBP, a disaster relief organization based in New Orleans, at its Zurich Classic golf tournament in New Orleans. Over the next five years, more than 1,000 Zurich employees, customers, brokers, and distributors volunteered with SBP to rebuild homes in New Orleans, Staten Island and Joplin, until in April 2014, the company announced that its Z Zurich Foundation would give SBP a $3 million grant over three years. The grant would go towards creating a Disaster Resilience and Recovery Lab—a disaster relief model that propagates best practices learned in New Orleans after Katrina to communities affected by future disasters.\nIn 2011, Zurich launched a free online resource – My Community Starter – designed to make getting involved in community activities more simple.\nIn March 2012, Zurich reinforced its commitment to the Z Zurich foundation by making a substantial investment of $100 million.\nIn March 2013, Zurich announced its global flood resilience program, which aims to enhance community flood resilience by finding innovative ways to increase the impact of disaster risk reduction efforts at community, national and global levels. The first country program is taking place in Mexico and Indonesia. To maximize the community impact of the program, Zurich has formed a strategic alliance with the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC).", "Zurich Insurance Group Ltd (\"Zurich\") is listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange under the ticker ZURN. As of 1 December 2012 there were 148,300,123 fully paid registered shares and 124,847 shareholders. 24.7% of the holding of the registered shares were private individuals (15.3% of all outstanding shares), 7.2% were foundations and pension funds (4.5% of all outstanding shares) and 68.1% were other legal entities (42.3% of all outstanding shares).", "In 2006, Zurich Financial Services settled a $171 million case relating to bid rigging and price fixing in the United States. \"Businesses shopping for commercial insurance were deceived into believing they were getting the best deals available,\" said Abbott. \"The whole anti-competitive scheme was an intentional smoke screen by several insurance players to artificially inflate premiums and pay improper commissions to those who brokered the deals.\" The states included in the settlement were Texas, California, Florida, Hawaii, Maryland, Massachusetts, Oregon, Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Zurich is also required to pay about $122 million in refunds to commercial policyholders in a New Jersey class action lawsuit settlement. Zurich Financial Services settled a bid-rigging and improper \"finite reinsurance\" transactions probe. Zurich Financial agreed to pay $153 million in restitution and penalties and agreed to a series of reforms. Zurich apologized and acknowledged that \"certain of its employees violated both acceptable business practices and Zurich's own standards of conduct by engaging in improper bidding practices and the 'finite reinsurance' transactions described in the Assurance of Discontinuance\". The states included in the settlement were New York, Connecticut and Illinois.\nIn May 2007, Zurich Capital Markets, a subsidiary of Zurich Financial Services, paid $16.8 million to settle with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission for helping four hedge funds disguise their identities to avoid detection when making frequent trades in mutual fund shares. An SEC director stated, \"By knowingly financing their hedge funds clients' deceptive market timing, ZCM reaped substantial fees at the expense of long-term mutual-fund shareholders\".\nIn 2015, small business owners and property developers in Britain complained that Zurich's British subsidiary, Dunbar Bank, had treated them unfairly by calling in loans quickly in order to wind down its loan book after the parent company pulled out of the specialist UK property market in 2010. They claimed that 71 Dunbar borrowers had been made bankrupt in the following five-year period, many more than by any of Britain's very much larger high street banks. One Dunbar customer wrote: \"Dunbar’s latest set of accounts show that over 95% of its loan book is now classified as impaired or overdue […] the equivalent figure for UK Asset Resolution, the country’s bad bank, is just 37%\".\nIn 2019, the local branch of Zurich Insurance Group was one of four insurance companies fined by Portugal's competition authority AdC for \"cartel practices\" regarding workplace accident, health and auto insurance.\nIn March 2022, Zurich Insurance suspended the use of its logo containing an encircled \"Z\" on social media due to the widespread international association of an enclosed \"Z\" as a support of Russian violence against Ukrainians. The company said in a statement that it wished to avoid how its communications \"could be misinterpreted\".", "\"Annual Report 2018\". Zurich.\n\"Zurich Says Board Will Propose Ackermann as Chairman\", Bloomberg.com, 13 March 2012; accessed 27 April 2014.\n\"The World's Biggest Public Companies\" Forbes.com; retrieved 7 March 2020.\n\"Best Global Brands 2011\" Archived 26 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Interbrand; retrieved 25 April 2012.\n\"About us\" Archived 21 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Zurich.com; retrieved 25 April 2012. Employees and countries served updated 2020 https://www.zurich.com/en/about-us/a-global-insurer\nZIG profile Archived 6 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, zurich.com; accessed 27 April 2014.\n\"Aktuelle Zahlen und Daten\". Zurich Insurance Group. Retrieved 12 March 2020.\n\"History and heritage: Zurich milestones\". Zurich Insurance Group. Retrieved 12 March 2020.\n\"Krankenversicherungen in Spanien\". Super Spanisch. 20 October 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2020.\n\"Meilensteine der Zürich-Geschichte\" (PDF). Zurich Insurance Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2020.\n\"3. Zurich Financial Services\". Insurance Times. 1999. Retrieved 25 March 2020.\nSorkin, Suzanne Kapner With Andrew Ross (24 September 2001). \"Deutsche Bank To Buy Scudder In Deal Worth $2.5 Billion\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 16 July 2022.\n\"Zurich Scudder Investments\". www.sec.gov. Retrieved 16 July 2022.\n\"Zurich Allied AG\". Bloomberg. Retrieved 21 April 2020.\n\"Zurich Financial Buys Majority Stake in Santander Insurance Unit\". DealB%k. 22 February 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2020.\n\"Zurich in $1.67 Billion Deal with Santander for Latin American Distribution\". Insurance Journal. 22 February 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2020.\n\"Zurich name change completed\", InsuranceDaily.co.uk, 4 April 2012; accessed 27 April 2014.\nJeffVogeli, Jan-Henrik Foerster JanFoe Jeffrey Voegeli. \"Zurich Insurance CEO Senn Steps Down After Recent 'Setbacks'\". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 28 April 2016.\nArosio, Paola (24 January 2013). \"Zurich Insurance poaches Generali chief Mario Greco\". Reuters. Retrieved 26 January 2016.\n\"Zurich acquires Special Insurance Services in Texas - Reinsurance News\". ReinsuranceNe.ws. 12 November 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2022.\n\"Zurich to sell its Italian life and pensions back book to GamaLife\". www.zurich.com. Retrieved 4 January 2022.\nAngeloni, Cristian (4 January 2022). \"Zurich sells Italian life and pension business\". International Adviser. Retrieved 4 January 2022.\nLucy, Burton (26 March 2022). \"Zurich Insurance axes 'Z' logo across social media as letter becomes Putin symbol\". The Telegraph.\n\"Investors' Day – Focus on Execution\" (PDF). Zurich.com. p. 34. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2012.\nZurich in North America – History. Zurichna.com (7 May 2013). Retrieved on 4 September 2013.\n\"About Farmers.\" Farmers.com. Retrieved 25 April 2012\n\"Milliarden-Deal der Zurich in den USA\" (in German). Basler Zeitung (Wirtschaft). Retrieved 11 December 2020.\n\"About Us | Zurich Ireland\". www.zurich.ie. Retrieved 16 March 2020.\n\"2009: The Winners\" Archived 6 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Charity Times.com; accessed 27 April 2014.\nCharity Times Hall of Fame Archived 20 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine; accessed 27 April 2014.\n\"Zurich Community Trust\" Archived 11 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine; accessed 27 April 2014.\n\"Business in the Community, Zurich Financial Services Ltd, the insurance-based financial services provider, has successfully retained the CommunityMark for a further three years\", bitc.org.uk; retrieved 25 April 2012.\n\"Zurich North America Honors 2012 K.A.M.P. Award Winners\". 3BL Media. 9 November 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2016.\n\"Zurich and St. Bernard Project Use Lessons Learned Post Hurricane Katrina To Help Communities Across America\". Insurance Broadcasting: 1. 25 April 2014.\n\"Fear factor holding back community volunteering\", TheGuardian.co.uk; retrieved 25 April 2012.\n\"Zurich invests USD 100 million into the Z Zurich Foundation and provides further evidence for the increasing social and economic role of insurance\", 4-traders.com, 22 March 2012; accessed 27 April 2014.\nIFRC Archived 18 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine; zurich.com; accessed 27 April 2014.\n\"Shareholders information\" Archived 6 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Zurich.com; accessed 27 April 2014.\nZurich, 9 States Settle Bid-Rigging Case for $171 Million: \"Texas and eight other states have reached a $171 million settlement with Zurich American Insurance Co. relating to bid-rigging and price-fixing in the commercial insurance market.\"\nZurich American Implements Reforms, Pays Consumers Millions Archived 23 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine\nInsurance Brokerage Antitrust Litigation Zurich Settlement Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine: \"This website provides general information on the Zurich class action settlement .\"\nZurich Settles Bid-Rigging Probe Archived 10 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine: \"Attorney General Eliot Spitzer and State Insurance Department Superintendent Howard Mills today announced an agreement with one of the world’s largest insurance companies to resolve allegations of bid-rigging and improper \"finite reinsurance\" transactions.\"\nZurich Financial Settles US Market Timing Case: \"In order to buy, exchange and redeem shares in these mutual funds, these hedge funds employed deceptive techniques designed to avoid detection by these mutual funds. ZCM came to learn that the hedge funds were utilizing deceptive practices to market-time mutual funds, and nonetheless ZCM provided financing to them and took administrative steps that substantially assisted them\", the SEC said.\nZurich Financial Pays $16.8 Million in SEC Fund Probe: \"Zurich Capital Markets, a U.S. subsidiary, helped four hedge funds disguise their identities to avoid detection when making frequent trades in mutual-fund shares, a practice called market timing, the SEC said in statement today.\"\nHurley, James (30 March 2015). \"Dunbar faces challenge over 'bankruptcy' policy\". The Times. London. Retrieved 13 May 2015.\n\"Done over by Dunbar\". Private Eye. London. 15 May 2015. p. 31.\nCatarina Demony (1 August 2019), Portugal competition watchdog fines insurers over cartel practices Reuters.\n\"Zurich Insurance removes Z symbol after letter used to show support for Ukraine war\". Reuters. 26 March 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.", "Official website" ]

[ "Zurich Insurance Group", "Company history", "Zurich Insurance Company (1872–1998)", "Zurich Financial Services (1998–2012)", "Zurich Insurance Group (since 2012)", "Core business segments", "General Insurance", "Global Life", "Farmers", "MetLife", "Zurich Ireland", "Corporate social responsibility", "Financial performance and information", "Controversies", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Nalbandyan and Davutoglu signing the accord", "Armenia vs Turkey FIFA World Cup qualifier match played on 6 September 2008 at Hrazdan Stadium, Yerevan, attended by Turkish President Abdullah Gül upon the invitation of Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan", "US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton approaching the building of the University of Zurich on October 10, 2009, to attend the signing of an accord to establish diplomatic relations between Turkey and Armenia." ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Armenian-Turkish_accord_signing.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/HrazdanArmeniaTurkey.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/2009_ocotber10_Zurich_University_Convoy_US-Clinton.jpg" ]

[ "The Zurich Protocols refer to two bilateral protocols signed in 2009 by Armenia and Turkey that envisioned starting the process of normalizing relations between the two countries. The Protocols included provisions for the establishment of formal diplomatic relations, the opening of the Turkish-Armenian border (which has been closed since 1993), and the establishment of a joint historical commission on the Armenian genocide issue. The agreement, which later proved to be ineffectual, had been brokered by the United States, Russia and France.\nOn 10 October 2009, the foreign ministers, Ahmet Davutoğlu for Turkey and Eduard Nalbandyan for Armenia, signed in Zurich the two protocols in a ceremony attended also by then U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, EU High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy Javier Solana, French Minister of Foreign Affairs Bernard Kouchner and Foreign Minister of Russia Sergey Lavrov.\nThe Protocols required ratification from parliaments of both countries. In an effort to de-link issues, the protocols did not mention the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh. They also did not include a deadline for ratification.\nOn 12 January 2010, the Constitutional Court of Armenia approved the Protocols while making a number of observations that the Turkish side viewed as containing \"preconditions and restrictive provisions which impair the letter and spirit of the protocols\". The Turkish side also began to tie the normalization process with the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, with Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan stating that the Turkish-Armenian border would not be opened without the withdrawal of Armenian forces from Azerbaijani territory.\nThe Protocols faced immense criticism in both countries, with some Armenians accusing their government of selling out and some in Turkey upset that the Protocols did not refer to the Nagorno-Karabakh issue. Meanwhile, Azerbaijan reacted negatively to the Protocols and applied pressure on Turkey not to go forward with the rapprochement with Armenia. Thus, the Protocols languished in both nations' parliaments without ratification after its signing.\nIn February 2015, the Armenian part, represented by President Sargsyan, recalled the protocols from parliament, citing the \"absence of political will\" on the Turkish side. Then, in December 2017 citing lack of any \"positive progress towards their implementation\" by Turkey, the Armenian side vowed to declare them void and null, which Armenia formally did on 1 March 2018.\nDespite the bitterness resulting from the stalling of the normalization process, some authors think that the Zurich Protocols could still represent a way forward for the Armenia-Turkey normalization process.", "", "In September 2008, Turkish President Abdullah Gül became the first Turkish head of state to visit Armenia after he accepted the invitation of Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan to attend a FIFA World Cup qualifier football match between the Turkish and Armenian national football teams. Talks during the game focused on bilateral relations and Karabakh, and did not touch upon the Genocide, though Turkish Foreign Minister Ali Babacan raised the issue soon afterward. Both of the presidents and their countries' respective press reflected positively on the visit setting the ground for a thaw in diplomatic relations that was expected to have made great progress in time for Sargsyan's reciprocal visit to Turkey in October to watch the return match.", "On the eve of the US President Barack Obama's 2009 visit to Turkey, sources in Ankara and Yerevan announced that a deal might soon be struck to reopen the border between the two states and exchange diplomatic personnel to which the new US president responded positively as he urged Turkey to come to terms with the past and resolve the Armenian question. Officials in Azerbaijan however responded with concern, prompting heated debate in the Turkish Parliament with Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) leader Devlet Bahçeli sharing the Azerbaijani people's \"rightful concerns\" in warning the government \"your approach to Armenia harms our dignity,\" and Republican People's Party (CHP) leader Deniz Baykal asking, \"How can we ignore the ongoing occupation of Azerbaijan?\" Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan attempted to allay these concerns on April 10 by announcing that \"unless Azerbaijan and Armenia sign a protocol on Nagorno-Karabakh, we will not sign any final agreement with Armenia on ties. We are doing preliminary work but this definitely depends on resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh problem.\" Turkish Foreign Minister Ali Babacan clarified that \"we want a solution in which everybody is a winner,\" in a statement made prior to the April 15 Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) Foreign Ministers Council in Yerevan, adding \"we don't say, 'Let's first solve one problem and solve the other later.' We want a similar process to start between Azerbaijan and Armenia. We are closely watching the talks between Azerbaijan and Armenia.\"\nArmenian Foreign Minister Eduard Nalbandyan confirmed that \"Turkey and Armenia have gone a long way toward opening the Turkey-Armenia border, and they will come closer to opening it soon,\" but dismissed any connection to the Nagorno-Karabakh dispute which he stated was being handled through the OSCE Minsk Group. Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF) Political Director Giro Manoyan responded well to the rapprochement and echoed Babacan in the statement \"not only Armenia, but both parties will win if the border is opened\" and responded to reminders about the mistreatment of the Turkish flag during commemorations of Armenian Genocide Day the previous year by stating that \"I promise that no such thing will take place this time, if we can keep control\" before going on to warn \"negotiations will be cut if the resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan is set as a precondition.\"\nThe International Crisis Group (ICG) issued a report on the normalisation stating that \"the politicized debate whether to recognize as genocide the destruction of much of the Ottoman Armenian population and the stalemated Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh should not halt momentum\" whilst \"the unresolved Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh still risks undermining full adoption and implementation of the potential package deal between Turkey and Armenia\", the \"bilateral détente with Armenia ultimately could help Baku recover territory better than the current stalemate.\"", "On 22 April 2009, it was announced that high-level diplomatic talks underway in Switzerland since 2007 \"had achieved tangible progress and mutual understanding,\" and that \"a road map has been identified,\" for normalizing diplomatic relations between the two countries, although no formal text had yet been signed. In an official statement the following day Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan confirmed that \"when everything becomes concrete, an agreement will be signed. There is no such text yet; there is a preliminary agreement. That means we have an ongoing process. That is what we mean by a timetable.\"\nThe Turkish newspaper Radikal confirmed that an intergovernmental conference would be established between Ankara and Yerevan to discuss in detail all the issues \"from economy to transportation\" agreed on in the \"comprehensive framework for normalisation,\" whilst Today's Zaman concluded that this cautious approach by Turkish authorities was intended to minimise criticism from Azerbaijan and nationalist Turks who would complain of \"submission to Western pressure\" but goes on to quote an unnamed Western diplomat who speaking to Reuters confirmed that \"all the documents have been agreed in principle\" and that \"we are talking about weeks or months.\"", "The Armenian Revolutionary Party responded to the announcement in an April 26 closed-door meeting with a decision to withdraw its 16 deputies, who held three ministries in the Armenian government. Although Armenian President Sargsyan stated that no concessions had been agreed upon and that the details would be made public, ARF Political Director Giro Manoyan stated that the party considers itself deceived because it was not informed about the agreement in advance and that renunciation of Armenian territorial claims that are reported to be a part of the agreement would be an unacceptably radical change in the country's foreign policy.\nReaction to the announcement within Turkey was more muted with opposition MHP leader Bahçeli complaining that \"Armenia knows what is going on; Switzerland knows what is going on; Turkish officials involved in the process know. That means the Turkish nation and Parliament are the only ones who have no information about the process\" before going on to conclude that \"it would be beneficial if the prime minister or the minister for foreign affairs would inform Parliament. We will follow developments, but for the moment we don't know the depth of the agreement. Taking the explanations made so far into account, we are monitoring whether any further steps are being taken in the issue of opening the border.\"\nInternational reaction to the announcement was positive, despite concerns that adverse reaction from Azerbaijan could affect European energy security, with an April 23 joint statement from EU Enlargement Commissioner Olli Rehn and External Relations Commissioner Benita Ferrero-Waldner stating \"we welcome the progress in the normalization of relations between Turkey and Armenia\" and a statement from the office of US Vice President Joe Biden following a phone conversation with Armenian President Sargsyan stating, \"The Vice President applauded President Sarksyan's leadership, and underscored the administration's support for both Armenia and Turkey in this process.\" US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton lauded the provisional roadmap as a historical step following a phone conversation with Armenian Foreign Minister Nalbandyan in which she urged him to move forward with the roadmap in an effort to normalize relations and to take a step forward on the Nagorno-Karabakh dispute.\nThe rapprochement with Armenia featured on the agenda of the April 28 meeting of the Turkish National Security Council (MGK) at Çankaya Palace under Turkish President Gül. Following the meeting an official press release stated \"the recent statements of some of the countries and our initiatives regarding the events of 1915 have been evaluated. However, it has been emphasized that the history of the Turkish and Armenian nations can be discussed only in ... a scientific and unbiased fashion\", whilst Chief of the Turkish General Staff Gen. İlker Başbuğ confirmed \"the prime minister has clearly said the border opening will take place at the time when Armenian troops are withdrawn. We completely agree with this.\"\nFollowing a reportedly tense May 7 OSCE Minsk Group mediated peace summit between Armenian President Sargsyan and Azerbaijani President İlham Aliyev at the residence of the US Ambassador in Prague, on the sidelines of the EU Eastern Partnership conference, that resulted in \"no serious progress\" Turkish President Gül met separately with the two leaders to propose four-way talks on the conflict to include Russia when they next meet at the St. Petersburg Economic Forum in July.", "Armenian authorities responded to comments made by Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan during his official visit to Baku that \"there is a relation of cause and effect here. The occupation of Nagorno-Karabakh is the cause, and the closure of the border is the effect. Without the occupation ending, the gates will not be opened\" with a statement from the office of Armenian President Sargsyan that read \"the president said that, as he repeatedly pointed out during Armenian-Turkish contacts, any Turkish attempt to interfere in the settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh problem can only harm that process.\" Armenian Foreign Minister Nalbandian reiterated that \"concerning the Armenian-Turkish normalisation process, over the past year, following the initiative of the Armenian President together with our Turkish neighbours and with the help of our Swiss partners, we have advanced toward opening one of the last closed borders in Europe and the normalisation of our relations without preconditions. The ball is on the Turkish side now. And we hope that they will find the wisdom and the courage to make the last decisive step. We wish to be confident that the necessary political will can eventually leave behind the mentality of the past.\" ARF Chairman Armen Rustamian responded by accusing Turkey of \"attempting to dictate conditions on the Nagorno-Karabakh resolution process, visibly taking Azerbaijan's side and obscuring the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict.\"\nErdoğan flew on from Baku to Sochi, Russia, for a 16 May \"working visit\" with Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin at which he stated \"Turkey and Russia have responsibilities in the region. We have to take steps for the peace and well being of the region. This includes the Nagorno-Karabakh problem, the Middle East dispute, the Cyprus problem.\" Putin responded that \"Russia and Turkey seek for such problems to be resolved and will facilitate this in every way,\" but \"as for difficult problems from the past–and the Karabakh problem is among such issues–a compromise should be found by the participants in the conflict. Other states which help reach a compromise in this aspect can play a role of mediators and guarantors to implement the signed agreements.\"\nArmenian Parliament Deputy Speaker Samvel Nikoyan greeted a group of visiting Turkish journalists by stating, \"It is nice that you are here to establish ties between journalists of the two countries. There are ties between the peoples. And I wish there were ties between the two parliaments.\" The journalists, who were part of the International Hrant Dink Foundation Turkey-Armenia Journalist Dialogue Project, were however subsequently denied visas to visit the disputed Karabakh region in what according to Karabakh Public Council for Foreign and Security Chairman Masis Mayilian was a politically motivated response to Erdoğan's statement in Baku.", "Following more than one year of talks the accord between Armenia and Turkey was signed by the foreign ministers of the two countries, Ahmet Davutoğlu and Eduard Nalbandyan on 10 October 2009.\nThe signing took place in Zürich, Switzerland.\nThe signature ceremony had been delayed for a three-hour lapse when disagreements surfaced at the signing over unidentified \"unacceptable formulations\", according to Armenia. The Armenian side did not accept the speech the Turkish foreign minister was going to make. One official said it had been \"pulled back from the brink\".", "The signing of the Protocols envisioning the establishment of diplomatic relations and the opening of the Turkish-Armenian border without any mention of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict was received extremely negatively in Azerbaijan. Following the signing of the Protocols, Azerbaijan's foreign ministry released a statement declaring that the move \"directly contradicts the national interests of Azerbaijan and overshadows the spirit of brotherly relations between Azerbaijan and Turkey built on deep historical roots.” Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev made statements implying that Azerbaijan could increase the price of gas sold to Turkey and redirect its gas resources towards Russia rather than continue developing gas projects with Turkey and Western countries. At the same time, Azerbaijan funded lobbying, public relations and media efforts against the Protocols. Soon after the signing of the Protocols, Turkish Foreign Minister Davutoğlu declared that the withdrawal of Armenian forces from Azerbaijani territory continued to be one of Turkey's \"primary national issues.\" In December 2009, Prime Minister Erdoğan stated that the process of Turkish-Armenian normalisation was conditional on Armenian troop withdrawal from Azerbaijani territory and explicitly linked the Turkish-Armenian process with the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.", "On 12 January 2010, the Protocols were sent to the Constitutional Court of Armenia in order to have their constitutionality be approved. Although finding the Protocols in conformity with the Constitution of Armenia, the Constitutional Court made references to the preamble of the protocols, in particular to three main issues. Firstly, the Court stated that Armenia will proceed its effort to seek worldwide recognition of the Armenian genocide. Secondly, it rejected any link between the new agreement with Turkey and the Nagorno-Karabakh issue. Thirdly and most vitally, it stated that the implementation of the protocols did not imply Armenia's official recognition of the existing Turkish-Armenian border established by the 1921 Treaty of Kars. By doing so, the Constitutional Court rejected one of the main premises of the protocols, i.e. \"the mutual recognition of the existing border between the two countries as defined by relevant treaties of international law\". Soon after, the Turkish Foreign Ministry released a statement describing the Court's decision as containing \"preconditions and restrictive provisions which impair the letter and spirit of the protocols.” Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu expressed his displeasure and maintained that the Court effectively revised the protocols and created a new legal situation.\nArmenians worldwide protested against the deal because of the controversial concessions that the Armenian leadership was preparing to make, most notably in regards to the Armenian genocide and the Turkish-Armenian border. Eventually, the Armenian ruling coalition decided to address the president with a request to suspend the ratification process after Turkish Prime Minister Erdogan announced multiple times that the Turkish ratification depended on a peace deal in Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Their statement on 22 April 2010 said:\n Considering the Turkish side's refusal to fulfill the requirement to ratify the accord without preconditions in a reasonable time, making the continuation of the ratification process in the national parliament pointless, we consider it necessary to suspend this process.\n(...)\n\nThe political majority in the National Assembly considers statements from the Turkish side in recent days as unacceptable, specifically those by Prime Minister Erdogan, who has again made the ratification of the Armenia-Turkish protocols by the Turkish parliament directly dependent on a resolution over Nagorno-Karabakh. \nOn the same day President Sargsyan suspended the ratification process while announcing that Armenia is not suspending the process of normalisation of relationships with Turkey as a whole.\nOn 1 March 2018 Armenia's Security Council formally annulled the long-dormant protocols.", "Armenia–Turkey border\nArmenia-Turkey relations\nMadrid Principles", "\"Turkey, Armenia sign deal on normalising relations\". The Sofia Echo. 2009-10-10. Retrieved 2009-10-10.\nMoffatt, Andrew; Hill, Fiona; Kirişci, Kemal (24 February 2015). \"Armenia and Turkey: From normalization to reconciliation\". Brookings.\nArmenian president creates coalition with anti-Turkish party - Al Arabiya English\nClinton to Attend Protocols Ceremony in Zurich Asbarez.com\nDavid Phillips; Amb. Michael Lemmon; Thomas de Waal. \"Diplomatic History: The Turkey-Armenia Protocols\". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.\nNona Mikhelidze (5 March 2010). \"The Turkish-Armenian Rapprochement at the Deadlock\" (PDF). IAI Istituto Affari Internazionali. p. 3. Retrieved 2 June 2020.\n\"Turkey says Armenian top court's ruling on protocols not acceptable\". Yeni Şafak (in Turkish). 20 January 2010. Retrieved 2 June 2020.\nArmenia Recalls the Zurich Protocols The Jamestown Foundation\nAyla Jean Yackley (21 December 2017). \"Armenia, Turkey Trade Blame After Yerevan Abandons Protocols\". Eurasianet.org.\nArmenia Annuls Normalization Protocols With Turkey NYT, 1 Ma018\nO'Toole, Pam (2008-09-03). \"Turkish president in Armenia trip\". BBC News. Archived from the original on 3 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-04.\nHakobyan, Tatul (2008-09-13). \"Armenia receives Turkey's president for six-hour visit\". Armenian Reporter. Archived from the original on December 4, 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-12.\n\"Babacan presses Armenia for joint study of genocide claims\". Today's Zaman. 2008-09-13. Retrieved 2008-09-12.\nYanatma, Servet (2009-04-13). \"Turkey-Armenia deal to refer to Karabakh solution\". Today's Zaman.\nPaul Richter (2009-04-03). \"Turkey, Armenia are likely to ease conflict\". L.A. Times. Archived from the original on 7 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-03.\nYanatma, Servet (2009-04-15). \"Armenia gives assurances on border recognition\". Today's Zaman.\nÜnal, Mustafa (2009-04-16). \"Babacan: We want Turkey, Armenia and Azerbaijan to win\". Today's Zaman.\nYanatma, Servet (2009-04-16). \"ARF vows to prevent disrespect of Turkish flag on April 24\". Today's Zaman.\n\"ICG urges Turkey to normalize Armenia ties without delay\". Today's Zaman. 2009-04-16.\n\"Turkey and Armenia move to ease tensions\". Today's Zaman. 2009-04-25.\n\"Turkey and Armenia expect gradual normalization in ties\". Today's Zaman. 2009-04-25.\n\"Press roundup: Radikal\". Today's Zaman. 2009-04-25.\n\"Press roundup: Radikal\". Today's Zaman. 2009-04-28.\n\"MHP wants transparency in Armenia talks\". Today's Zaman. 2009-04-25.\n\"Clinton: Roadmap is historical step\". Today's Zaman. 2009-04-30.\n\"National Security Council convenes with busy agenda\". Today's Zaman. 2009-04-28.\n\"Commander says Armenia border opening linked to Karabakh\". Today's Zaman. 2009-04-30.\n\"Aliyev, Sarksyan hold peace summit in Prague\". Today's Zaman. 2009-05-08.\n\"PM says border linked to Nagarno-Karabakh issue\". Today's Zaman. 2009-05-11.\n\"Gül seeks four-way summit to discuss Nagorno-Karabakh row\". Today's Zaman. 2009-05-08.\n\"Erdoğan puts Baku's Armenia concerns to rest\". Today's Zaman. 2009-05-14.\n\"Yerevan to Erdoğan: Don't interfere in Karabakh row\". Today's Zaman. 2009-05-16.\n\"Nalbandian: Ball in Turkey's court\". Today's Zaman. 2009-05-18.\n\"Armenian nationalist party urges end to talks with Turkey\". Today's Zaman. 2009-05-29.\n\"Erdoğan to visit Russia next month, report says\". Today's Zaman. 2009-04-25.\n\"Erdoğan seeks Russian backing in Karabakh peace effort\". Today's Zaman. 2009-05-18.\n\"Armenian official calls for ties with Turkish Parliament\". Today's Zaman. 2009-05-26.\n\"Politics behind Karabakh visa denial for journalists\". Today's Zaman. 2009-05-28.\n\"Turkey-Armenia ink historic accord\". Al Jazeera. 2009-10-10. Archived from the original on 12 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-10.\n\"Armenia and Turkey normalise ties\". BBC. 2009-10-10. Archived from the original on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-10.\nSocor, Vladimir (27 April 2010). \"US Conflict Resolution Policy Backfires in Yerevan\". Jamestown. Retrieved 2022-01-22.\n\"Protocol on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Republic of. Turkey and the Republic of Armenia\" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey. Retrieved 2 June 2020.\n\"Turkey Reacts to Armenian Constitutional Court's Decision on Protocols\". Jamestown. 26 January 2010. Retrieved 2 June 2020.\n\"BBC News - Armenia suspends normalisation of ties with Turkey\". BBC.co.uk.\nHairenik. \"President Sarkisian Announces Suspension of Protocols\". Armenian Weekly. Retrieved 24 April 2016.\nAbrahamyan, Eduard (22 March 2018). \"Armenia Annuls Zurich Protocols With Turkey, but Hopes for New Engagement\". Jamestown. Retrieved 2022-01-22." ]

[ "Zurich Protocols", "Background", "2008 Turkish Presidential visit to Armenia", "Negotiations for the normalisation of diplomatic ties", "Announcement of the provisional roadmap", "Reactions to the provisional roadmap", "2009 Turkish Presidential visit to Azerbaijan and Russia", "Signing of the accord", "Azerbaijani reaction", "Suspension of the ratification process", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5360164, 5360165, 5360166 ]

[ 27238830, 27238831, 27238832, 27238833, 27238834, 27238835, 27238836, 27238837, 27238838, 27238839, 27238840, 27238841, 27238842, 27238843, 27238844, 27238845, 27238846, 27238847, 27238848, 27238849, 27238850, 27238851, 27238852, 27238853, 27238854, 27238855, 27238856, 27238857, 27238858, 27238859, 27238860, 27238861, 27238862, 27238863, 27238864, 27238865, 27238866, 27238867, 27238868, 27238869, 27238870, 27238871, 27238872, 27238873, 27238874, 27238875, 27238876, 27238877 ]

[ "", "School of Engineering", "School of Management and Law, Winterthur" ]

[ 2, 2, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Winterthur_-_Roter_Turm_IMG_4549_ShiftN.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Technikum_Winterthur_%282016%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Winterthur%2C_ehem._Verwaltungsgeb%C3%A4ude_der_Fa._Gebr%C3%BCder_Volkart.jpg" ]

[ "The Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW; German: Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften) located in the city of Winterthur, with facilities in Zurich and Wädenswil, is one of the largest University of Applied Sciences in Switzerland and is part of the Zürcher Fachhochschule.\nCurrently, the university has eight schools, covering architecture and civil engineering, health, linguistics, life sciences and facility management, applied psychology, social work, engineering and management and law.\nThe ZHAW School of Management and Law obtained AACSB accreditation in 2015.", "The Zurich University of Applied Sciences was founded in September 2007, when the previously independent institutions Zurich University of Applied Sciences Winterthur, University of Applied Sciences Wädenswil, the School of Social Work and the School of Applied Psychology in Zurich merged. The former Zurich University of Applied Sciences Winterthur was itself made up out of schools with long histories: the Technikum Winterthur was founded in 1874 as Switzerland's largest engineering school, and the Höhere Wirtschafts- und Verwaltungsschule was established in 1968. Both schools were the first of their kind in Switzerland.", "A total of 26 bachelor's and 10 consecutive master's degree programmes are currently offered. The general language of courses is German (Hochdeutsch). Notably all lectures at the School of Management and Law's bachelor programme in International Management are held in English, as are courses for exchange students. Generally, there is an increasing use of English observed in many other programmes.\nSchool of Applied Linguistics: The School of Applied Linguistics is further divided into the Institute of Translation and Interpreting (IUED), and the Institute of Applied Media Studies (IAM). The Institute of Applied Media Studies offers a Bachelor of Arts in communication, with specialisation in journalism and organisational communication. The Institute of Translation and Interpreting offers a bachelor's degree in translation, with specialisations in multilingual communication, multimodal communication and technical communication. It also offers a Master of Arts in Applied Linguistics, with specialisations in conference interpretation, organisational communication and professional translation.\nSchool of Applied Psychology offers a bachelor's degree and master's degree in applied psychology\nSchool of Architecture, Design, and Civil Engineering offers a bachelor's degree and master's degree in architecture and a bachelor's degree in civil engineering.\nSchool of Engineering offers a master's degree in engineering and bachelor's degree in aviation, computer science, electrical engineering, engineering and management with specialisations in industrial engineering and business mathematics, enterprise computing, mechanical design and engineering, mechanical engineering informatics, materials and process engineering, systems engineering / mechatronics and transportation systems.\nSchool of Health Professions offers a master's degree in nursing and physiotherapy. a bachelor's degree in midwifery, nursing, occupational therapy and physiotherapy.\nSchool of Life Sciences and Facility Management offers master's degrees in facility management and life sciences. Bachelor's degrees are offered in biotechnology, chemistry, food technology, environmental engineering and facility management.\nSchool of Management and Law offers master's degrees in accounting and controlling, banking and finance, business administration, business information technology, international business, and management and law. It also offers bachelor's degrees in business administration, business information technology, business law, and international management. The best students can be invited to join the International Honor Society Beta Gamma Sigma. The School's MSc International Business was ranked 64th in the 2020 Financial Times Ranking.\nSchool of Social Work offers both a bachelor's and master's degree in social work.", "University of Technology Sydney (Australia)\nChrist University, Bengaluru (India)\nTechnische Universität Wien (Austria)\nTechnische Universität Graz (Austria)\nUQAM - Université du Québec à Montréal (Canada)\nÅrhus Universitet (Denmark)\nKøbenhavns Universitet (Denmark)\nRoskilde Universitetscenter (Denmark)\nSyddansk Universitet (Denmark)\nUniversity of Helsinki (Finland)\nESSCA École de Management (France)\nESC Rennes School of Business (France)\nEcole de Management Strasbourg (France)\nUniversité Paris Dauphine (France)\nHumboldt-Universität zu Berlin (Germany)\nHochschule für Wirtschaft und Recht Berlin (Germany)\nUniversität Witten/Herdecke (Germany)\nUniversität Bielefeld (Germany)\nUniversität Leipzig (Germany)\nCorvinus University of Budapest (Hungary)\nTechnological University Dublin (Ireland)\nLUISS Guido Carli (Italy)\nUniversità degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia (Italy)\nWarsaw School of Economics (Poland)\nCracow University of Economics (Poland)\nPSB Paris School of Business\nJagiellonian University of Cracow (Poland)\nSaint-Petersburg State University (Russia)\nUniversity of Cape Town (South Africa)\nGöteborgs universitet (Sweden)\nKoç University (Turkey)\nSabanci University (Turkey)\nCass Business School (Great Britain)\nUniversity of Leicester (Great Britain)\nLondon Metropolitan University (Great Britain)\nBaruch College, CUNY (United States)\nCalifornia State University (United States)\nBoston University (United States)\nUniversity of California (United States)\nKonkuk University (South Korea)", "\"Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften (ZHAW) (Zurich University of Applied Sciences)\". moveonnet.eu.\nhttp://www.zhaw.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/zhaw/publikationen/jahresbericht/jahresbericht_2012/ZHAW_Jahresbericht_2012.pdf\n\"Université des sciences appliquées de Zurich Winterthur\". universitieshandbook.com.\n\"ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences\". universityfairs.com.\n\"School of social work\" (PDF). sozialearbeit.zhaw.ch. June 2013.\nAACSB Accredited Institutions\n\"ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences\". mastersportal.eu.\n\"Studying at the Zhaw\". issuu.com.\nFacts and figures. Zhaw.ch (2013-08-23). Retrieved on 2013-09-07.\n\"Masters in Management 2020\". Retrieved 2020-10-03.", "List of largest universities by enrollment in Switzerland", "ZHAW website" ]

[ "Zurich University of Applied Sciences/ZHAW", "History", "Programmes", "Partner universities (selection)", "Notes and references", "See also", "External links" ]

[ 5360167, 5360168, 5360169 ]

[ 27238878, 27238879, 27238880, 27238881, 27238882, 27238883, 27238884, 27238885, 27238886, 27238887 ]

[ "View over Zürich and the lake", "", "Location within Switzerland" ]

[ 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Z%C3%BCrich.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/GZA.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Greater_Zurich_Area.png" ]

[ "The European Metropolitan Region of Zurich (EMRZ), also Greater Zurich Area (GZA, German Zürcher Wirtschaftsraum, Metropolregion Zürich), the metropolitan area surrounding Zürich, is one of Europe’s economically strongest areas and Switzerland’s economic centre. \nIt comprises the area that can be reached within a roughly 80-minute drive from Zurich Airport. Home to many international companies, it includes most of the Canton of Zurich, and stretches as far as the Aargau and Solothurn in the west, Thurgau, St. Gallen and parts of Grisons in the east, Schaffhausen in the north and Zug and parts of Schwyz and Glarus in the south. Roughly three million people live in the area.\nThe Swiss federal office for statistics defines an unofficial metropolitan area as including all areas where more than 1/12th of the workforce commutes to the core area.\nAccording to the 2000 Swiss census, this includes a total of 220 municipalities in seven cantons: 127 in the canton of Zurich, 58 in Aargau, 11 in Schwyz, 10 in Zug, 9 in Schaffhausen, 3 in Thurgau and 2 in St. Gallen. The area covered by these municipalities is 2103 km² (excluding Lake Zurich and Greifensee), inhabited by a population of 1.8 million.\nNumerous Swiss and international corporations are based in the area, profiting from benefits such as\nthe low tax rate\nthe low cost of doing business, excellent infrastructure\nthe high quality of life\nthe dominant financial sector Zurich\nThe Greater Zurich Area AG, a nonprofit organization, is the marketing association for the Greater Zurich Area business region. It recruits international companies abroad and assists them with setting up companies and making investments in the Greater Zurich Area. Its sponsor is the Stiftung Greater Zurich Area Standortmarketing, a public-private partnership that was established in November 1998. Since that time, its membership has grown to include the cantons of Glarus, Grisons, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, Ticino, Uri, Zug and Zurich, the cities of Zurich and Winterthur, several businesses and universities. Switzerland and the Greater Zurich Area have the prerequisites for innovation and sustainable growth. This is due to political stability, a large talent pool and the ETH Zurich as one of the best universities in Europe. Companies such as Google, Microsoft, IBM, Disney, ABB, Biogen, Johnson & Johnson and Roche operate important research and development (R&D) sites in the Zurich metropolitan area.\nImportant Industries: \nLife Sciences: Biotech, Medtech\nInformation Technology: Artificial Intelligence, Computer Vision, Virtual Reality & Augmented Reality, Cybersecurity\nFintech & Blockchain\nRobotics & Intelligent Systems: Robotics, Drone Technology, Computer Vision\nIndustry 4.0 & Advanced Manufacturing\nThe association Zurich Airport Region (Flughafenregion Zürich) is responsible for the business network and location promotion in the immediate vicinity of Zurich Airport. Large companies are headquartered in the Zurich Airport Region: Swissport International (Glattbrugg), Gategroup (Kloten), Dormakaba (Rümlang), SV Group (Dübendorf), SR Technics (Kloten), Hotelplan (Glattbrugg), Hewlett-Packard Switzerland (Dübendorf), Flughafen Zürich AG (Kloten), Jumbo (Dietlikon), UPC Switzerland (Wallisellen), Coca-Cola HBC Switzerland (Brüttisellen), Edelweiss Air (Kloten), CSC Switzerland (Dübendorf), Canon Switzerland (Wallisellen), Qualipet (Dietlikon), Gamma Renax (Dübendorf), Infosys Consulting (Kloten), Microsoft Switzerland (Wallisellen), Ricoh Switzerland (Wallisellen), Tchibo Switzerland (Wallisellen), Vifor Pharma (Glattbrugg) .\nThe following eleven municipalities belong to the Swiss economic metropolis \"Zurich Airport Region\": Bassersdorf, Bülach, Dietlikon, Dübendorf, Kloten, Nürensdorf, Oberglatt, Opfikon, Rümlang, Wallisellen and Wangen-Brüttisellen. In the broader sense, many other communities and cities belong to the airport region of Zurich. The office of the association with over 500 members is located in Opfikon-Glattbrugg. Christoph Lang heads the office. René Huber (Mayor of Kloten) is the president of the association's board.", "List of metropolitan areas in Switzerland", "globaldatalab.org HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/CHE/=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab. Retrieved 2022-06-04. ; \nGreater Zurich Area AG\nRalph Etter, Appenzell als Teil der \"Greater Zurich Area\" – Chancen, Risiken und Handlungsansätze (2003) \nZürcher Wirtschaftsförderung unter der Lupe, Neue Zürcher Zeitung 26 October 2006.\nPatrick Dümmler, Alain Thierstein, The European metropolitan region of Zurich : a cluster of economic clusters?, ETH Zurich, Institute for National, Regional and Local Planning, Chair of Spatial Development, 2002" ]

[ "Zurich metropolitan area", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5360170, 5360171, 5360172 ]

[ 27238888, 27238889 ]

[ "", "Zuriel meeting US Secretary of State Kerry January 6th 2017" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Zuriel_Oduwole_with_hat.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fc/Zuriel_Talking_To_Secretary_of_State_John_Kerry.jpg" ]

[ "Zuriel Elise Oduwole is an American education advocate and film maker best known for her works on the advocacy for the education of girls in Africa. Her advocacy has since made her in the summer of 2013 at the age of 10, the youngest person to be profiled by Forbes. In November 2014, at age 12, Zuriel became the world's youngest filmmaker to have a self-produced and self-edited work screened, after her film showed in two movie chains, and then went on to show in Ghana, England, South Africa, and Japan.\nOduwole has met with 31 presidents and prime ministers in line with her education advocacy and various global socio-development work. Some of these include the leaders of Jamaica, Croatia, Nigeria, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Liberia, South Sudan, Malta, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, Guyana, Sierra Leone and Namibia. She has also appeared in popular television stations including CNBC, Bloomberg TV, BBC and CNN. In 2013, Oduwole was listed in the New African Magazine's list of \"100 Most Influential People\" and in October 2017, Harvard University graduate school featured her development story.", "Zuriel Oduwole was born in Los Angeles, California in July 2002. Her first venture into media and advocacy was in 2012 when she entered a school competition with a documentary film about Africa titled The Ghana Revolution. For this she conducted her first presidential interviews, when she met with two former presidents of Ghana: Jerry Rawlings and John Kufuor.\nIn 2013, after the release of her documentary film titled The 1963 OAU Formation, Zuriel Oduwole was profiled in Forbes Magazine. As part of this second documentary, she interviewed the President of Malawi ( Joyce Banda ), the President of Tanzania ( Jakaya Kikwete ) and the President of Mauritius ( Rakeshwar Purryag ). In March 2013, Oduwole formally started a project called \"Dream Up, Speak Up, Stand Up\", a campaign which was first launched at the Lagos Business School's Pan-Atlantic University, for the advocacy and promotion of girl-child education in Africa.\nIn 2014 at age 12, her self-produced documentary film titled A Promising Africa was screened in five countries. On 21 April 2014, Oduwole was listed as the most Powerful 11 year old in the world by New York Business Insider's in their listing of \"World's Most Powerful Person at Every Age\". In February 2015, Elle Magazine listed her in their annual feature of \"33 Women Who Changed The World\", alongside Fed Reserve Chairwoman Janet Yellen and President of General Motors, Mary Barra.", "The University of Pretoria in South Africa [aka TUKS] invited her to speak to their student body in March 2015 as a film maker, to give the students an insight into how to communicate and tell the story of global events, from a specific perspective – as part of their Humanities series.\nIn April 2015, the Ivy League's Columbia University in New York, U.S invited her as a featured speaker at their African Economic Forum conference, as well as a segment panelist, to speak about the potentials of the new Africa.\nPresident Alpha Conde of Guinea met and spoke with Zuriel in May 2015, as part of an information documentary she was doing on the Ebola Virus, which started in his country Guinea [before ravaging Sierra Leone and Liberia] to understand the impact on the economies of the region, as well as the effect on children's education. President Conde was her 15th world leader she would meet to talk about pertinent and pressing issues.\nAs part of their global #LikeAGirl campaign to shore up girls confidence as they entered adolescence, global giant Procter & Gamble engaged Zuriel in June 2015 to create a short documentary about the education of girls about puberty, and the support needed during this period of their lives. She wrote, narrated and produced the video for the campaign with the theme Unstoppable Like A Girl.\nWhile attending global events during the 70th United Nations General Assembly session in New York in September 2015, she met David A. Granger, the President of Guyana on the sidelines of the General Assembly, to speak about the disputed Esequiba Oil territory.\nIn December 2015, she formally launched her DUSUSU Foundation aimed at building partnerships with corporation and individuals, to develop the education capabilities of children, but especially the girl child, across the globe. As a film maker, she launched her film making 101 Initiative for youths in Windhoek, Namibia in March 2016 and Lagos, Nigeria in June 2016, teaching some of Africa's poorest children basic film making skills, so they have practical skills they can use in gainful or self-employment, as young adults.\nIn April 2016, at age 13, she was invited as the keynote speaker at the annual Maryland State Department of Education's Early Childhood Educational conference at Ocean City, Maryland, addressing more than 600 adult delegates on how she sees the education of future US leaders developing. Later in June 2016, she was invited as the featured speaker as well as a panelist at the annual Women in Entertainment Luncheon, in Los Angeles, California, U.S.\nThe Guardian Newspaper, in late June 2016 signed her on as a columnist to share her insight on issues as seen by a younger generation and giving her a section and segment for periodic writing. She became a TEDx circuit speaker when she headlined the TEDx Gbagada event in July 2016 as the featured speaker, talking about the inter-connectivity between the past and future generations.", "At the 71st United Nations [UN] General Assembly events in New York in September 2016, Zuriel was invited to speak on how the effects of climate change is significantly affecting the education of children in the Pacific Island region. She met to discuss these issues afterwards with the Prime Minister of Samoa - H.E. Tuilaepa Malielegaoi and the Prime Minister of Tuvalu, H.E. Enele Sopoaga. She was invited to meet the new Jamaica Prime Minister - H.E. Andrew Holness, to understand how Global Warming is affecting countries in the Caribbean region also. As President of the COP23 in Bonn, Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama of Fiji shared the challenges his country faced with rising flood waters with Zuriel, asking her to use her documentaries to share with the world the plight of children in the pacific islands. Concerned about the very slow pace of the worlds redress of the climate change issue, she penned her first Op-Ed on the topic in October 2021, ahead of COP26 in Glasgow, in November 2021. It was from a position of knowledge, as a UN designated Climate Neutral 'Champion' \nTRT World news interviewed and featured her on their Newsmakers section after her participation at the UN events \nIn October 2016, she met with her 23rd World Leader, the President of Malta Her Excellency Mary Louise Preca, to share her ideas on building a network of female world leaders to tackle the issue of \"out of school children\", especially girls, around the world.\nAs part of activities to commemorate their 11th annual Kreole festival from 22 to 25 November, the government of Mauritius invited Zuriel Oduwole to be the special guest for the years events. Apart from being a judge for the film competition during the festival chaired by the Deputy Prime Minister Xavier Luc Duval, she taught 150 underprivileged children basic film making skills from the Port Louis municipality as a film maker herself, and was a guest at the African night concert at the country's Citadel center in Port Louis along with Zambian First Lady, H.E. Esther Lungu", "On 6 January 2017, the US Secretary of State - Rt Hon John Kerry met Zuriel in Washington DC to commend her for what he called her 'clarity of purpose' in recognizing a major global developmental issue - Girls Education, and taking on the challenge head on. He also lauded her film making class for unemployed youths, which he said was making a tangible difference.\nIn February 2015, President Kolinda Grabar-Kitarovic of Croatia met with Zuriel Oduwole to commend her work on Girls Education and to learn how her basic 'Film Making 101' skill transfer programs could make a difference for the youth in Croatia.\nForbes Afrique featured Zuriel for their February 2017 [Fevrier 2017] issue. The magazine introduced her DUSUSU Foundation and its evolving partnerships with development groups on the continent, such as the Dangote Foundation, for her Gender Development and Skill transfer project initiatives \nZuriel visited Mexico as an Education Ambassador, speaking to 350 youths in Mexico State and Hidalgo State and taking them through her basic Film Making 101 Class, already conducted in 4 other countries. The City of Pachuca - in Hidalgo state then honored her with an Award and Citation for her global work in the area of Education Development and Girls Equality advocacy President Nana Akufo-Addo of Ghana met with Zuriel in June 2018 in Accra, and commended her for her basic film class projects to benefit the young girls in his country. Zuriel believes that in a digital age of social media and the new economy, learning the art of digital communications and motion picture communications puts girls at an advantage in tackling their own unemployment, as they would have skills they can use effectively in a matter of weeks.\nThe UN in September 2000 launched the first set of MDGs [Millennium Development Goals] with 8 development goals by 2015, including eradicating extreme poverty, gender equality, and universal primary education. Because the UN did not set an age limit or overall criteria on partnerships aimed at accomplishing these goals, Zuriel saw an opportunity to participate in processes that moved the gender equality needle forward, especially on the African continent where she saw huge challenges. Being a girl and with a first hand understanding of some global challenges girls face, she with the help of volunteers and academics across 3 continents began to collate data and measures the impact first ladies and gender ministers on the African continent are making towards achieving universal primary education, which she sees as a prerequisite for gender equality. She then created the annual DUSUSU [Dream Up, Speak Up, Stand Up] Awards in 2014 to encourage a healthy competition and reference point of progress among African first ladies and African gender ministers, to do more each year for girls education. So far, the first ladies of Tanzania in 2014, Kenya in 2015, Namibia in 2016 Senegal in 2017, Mozambique in 2018, Cape Verde in 2019 and Sierra Leone in 2020 have received the award between 2014 and 2020, as well as gender ministers from Ghana, Rwanda, Jamaica and Mauritius.\nBrushing aside geopolitical challenges around the Middle East, and simply driven by the need to continue to dialog with world leaders on the issues of youth development and advocating for a stronger youth voice in finding solutions to the worlds social problems, she sat down in December 2018 with her first Arab leader - the President of Egypt - Abdel Fattah El-Sisi and shared her ideas on how leaders in the region and youths can communicate openly their ideas constructively, without animosity. According to her, the youths of today, would become the leaders of tomorrow.\nThe US Embassy in Kingston - Jamaica in recognition of the impact she is making in the lives of children around the world, especially girls, invited her to visit the Mona school in Kingston in May 2019. She spoke to 200 girls about the power of dreams, a good education, showed herself as an example of what an educated girl can accomplish, and asked them never to give up in what they believe in.", "A UNICEF report identified Mozambique as having one of the highest rates of girl marriage in the world, with 48% of the country's women married before the age of 18 and the consequences are very damaging to the nations human capital development. However, in recognition of her work in fighting the incidence of girl marriage in her country, Zuriel Oduwole presented her annual DUSUSU Award to Mozambique's First Lady H.E. Mrs. Isaura Nyusi in March 2018 in Maputo, and later met personally with the country's leader H.E. President Filipe Nyusi a few hours later. Zuriel presses for stronger measures that encourages girl education and tackles the girl marriage epidemic. On 15 July 2019, seventeen months after Zuriel's meeting with President Filipe Nyusi, Mozambique's parliament passed a law against child marriage by voting to criminalize child marriage, a major victory in the quest for universal girls education in the SADC country, and a strong example for other countries in the region to follow.\nOne of the legacies of the eleven year Sierra Leone civil war from 1991 to 2002 was the systematic abuse of young and teenage girls by younger and older men, that quickly became a culture long after the war. Because girls were still seen as spoils of war, educating them was no longer a priority, until the new government of President Julius Maada Bio in 2018 introduced free education for all primary and secondary school students to gently reverse this trend. Accompanied by Sierra Leones First Lady Fatima Maada Bio, Zuriel addressed 20,000 girls at the Freetown Stadium and 250 paramount chiefs on 13 December 2019, showing herself to them as an example of what an educated girl can do if unhindered. She hoped the chiefs would begin to discourage girl marriage on return to their various communities. She also shared her ideas on e-learning during her meeting with President Julius Bio and first lady Fatima Bio, at the second launch of a national 'Hands Off Our Girls' campaign across the country, a social program aimed at discouraging the abuse of teenage girls.", "The UNICEF December 2018 report on education trends indicated that Africa's most populous country - Nigeria, with a population of over 200 million had seen its number of out of school children rise from 10.5 million to 13.2 million. This alarming statistic meant more traditional and non-traditional methods of educating children were needed to stem the tide. In line with this goal, Zuriel met in February 2020 with Governor Babajide Sanwo-Olu of Lagos State, the country's most populous state with more than 20 million inhabitants, to share her story in using multimedia and digital creatives as an education platform and subject for older girls who had aged out of school, but were unemployed. It was another way of effectively reducing the growing number of out of school children, including vulnerable teenage girls, by teaching them non-traditional education skills such as film editing and creative programs.\nUnderstanding the non-traditional reasons why some girls across Africa are not educated, Zuriel visited schools in various townships in South Africa including Alexandria and Soweto, speaking to more than 2000 girls about the importance and value of staying in school. Creating a partnership with a femcare manufacturer from South Africa, she delivered products to dozens of girls across the Gauteng province, to ensure that female students really do stay, in school.\nIn recognition of her approach to empowering young girls in Africa and the Caribbean via her emphasis on differentiating between 'schooling and education' in policy planning, The Education University of Hong Kong invited her as their keynote speaker for the December 2020 annual international conference on gender and education. She shared her insights and offered solutions to the many cultural, economic and social factors that denies girls the same formal education opportunities as boys, refencing challenges pointed out by the Brookings Institution and her own study of adolescents girls, across Africa and Asia, including Cambodia, South Africa, Ghana, Nepal and India \nYouth Voice & The State of California - World's 6th Largest Economy\nZuriel has always seen a close connection between the power of youth, global affairs, leadership, and the ability to address some of the worlds pressing social and development problems, as she herself has met personally with 31 world leaders since the age of 10, to create and find solutions to some of these problems. Having shared the stage with Bill & Melinda Gates, and Ndaba Mandela at a youth rally where 500,000 youths turned up in Paris - France in April 2017 on the first day, a month later in May 2017, France because of the voice and power of youth, elected its youngest leader in 39-year-old Emmanuel Macron She had experienced first-hand, the power of youth in deciding a nations future pathway.\nOn July 1, 2021, the worlds 6th largest economy - The State of California, where Zuriel was born and raised, announced a special election to either keep its current leader [Governor Gavin Newsome], or replace him. Understanding the power and voice of youth of which she is one, Zuriel released a statewide video, talking to Californians about her 18-year journey and speaking about the need for youths to get involved in charting the future of the state, and by default, the country. Immediately, media, from across California to Canada, to the United Kingdom began reporting that 18-year-old Zuriel Oduwole was entering the California Governor's race. Instead, Zuriel made it clear she was not running and for 2 simple reasons. First, she was a full time University student, and second, she would need to raise a lot of money by appealing to people and soliciting donations, just to tell or show what she was capable of or what she is able to do, when she had been doing the same things quietly, globally and successfully without spending a penny, for the last 8 years. She didn't understand that logic behind such political accoutrements of spending and profligacy, when people were hungry, homeless and in need of immediate medical attention statewide and across the United States.\nQATAR Foundation & Global Education Development\nAs an emerging pillar supporting world class education in the middle east, the Qatar Foundation sponsored the establishment of globally renowned Universities in its capital city of Doha. They include major US and European institutions Northwestern University, Texas A&M University, HEC Paris, and Georgetown University. This is augmented by the foundations bi-annual WISE education summit, that draws policy makers, world leaders, and development [education engineers] with the aim of creating and evaluating real time education models and solutions for the worlds education challenges. For its December 2021 summit edition, along with Sierra Leones minister of basic education David Sengeh and dozens of professionals, women and young trailblazers, Zuriel Oduwole was invited to share the success story of her 'alternative education' model and initiative that teaches real world skills such as basic film making to young people who are out of traditional schools and classrooms, but still want the power, benefit and advantage of an education. She shared that these initiatives on a larger national and regional scale would greatly reduce the annual number of hundreds of millions of out of school children, across the globe.", "In October 2013, Oduwole was bestowed with an honorary ambassador title in Tanzania by Salma Kikwete, and a computer lab in one of the country's schools was named after her. Also that year she was listed in the New African Magazine's list of \"100 Most Influential People in Africa\". On 21 April 2014, Oduwole was listed as the most Powerful 11 year old in the world by New York Business Insider's in their listing of \"World's Most Powerful Person at Every Age\". In February 2015, Elle Magazine listed her in their annual feature of \"33 Women Who Changed The World\", alongside Fed Reserve Chairwoman Janet Yellen and President of General Motors, Mary Barra.\nOn 12 March 2016, Zuriel won the \"Woman on The Rise\" category at the 2016 edition of the \"New African Women Awards\". In August 2016 at age 14, Forbes Afrique which is distributed across all 23 Francophone African countries as well as France, Belgium and Switzerland, featured her in their annual Africa's 100 Most Influential Women's list, alongside the President of Liberia, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf and Ameenah Gurib, President of Mauritius.\nIn September 2017, The New York Times featured her growing work in the area of girls education advocacy and development programs to preventing early girl marriage on the African continent, in their segment - Women In The World.\nFollowing the release of her short documentary film in February 2019 on the centenary life of Madiba, she was honored for her humanitarian work by the Nelson Mandela Foundation in March 2019 in Johannesburg. It included a private tour of Mr. Mandela's personal archives and a stop over in his last office.\nIn recognition of her various development works across the globe especially in the area of girls education, the City of Beverly Hills chose her as one of 28 Americans to feature each day of February 2021, for the annual US Black History Month", "", "Theirworld (19 July 2020). \"At just 15, Zuriel has talked about girls' education to 24 presidents and prime ministers\". Theirworld. Retrieved 19 July 2020.\n\"US teen 'unstoppable' in fight for girl power in Africa\". Yahoo. Retrieved 22 July 2020.\n\"Sisi interviewed by American teenage advocate Oduwole\". EgyptToday. Retrieved 19 July 2020.\nZuriel Oduwole: Filmmaker and Campaigner for Girls' Education. ISBN 978-1-4271-2076-2.\n\"Meet Inspiring 11 Year-Old Zuriel Oduwole! Watch her Ebonylife Interview\". BellaNaija. 24 February 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2015.\n\"Zuriel Oduwole Archives\". Forbes Africa. Retrieved 24 June 2019.\n\"Wonderkid Zuriel Oduwole takes on Michael Jackson in new documentary\". The Guardian. 23 November 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2015.\nSaid-Moorhouse, Lauren (30 April 2015). \"She's made 4 films, interviewed 14 heads of state – oh, and she's only 12\". CNN. Retrieved 14 December 2015.\nPeters, Oreoluwa (8 May 2016). \"13-year-old Nigerian filmmaker, Zuriel Oduwole featured on CNBC Africa (WATCH) - YNaija\". Retrieved 29 August 2016.\n\"CNBC Profiles 13 Year Old Film Maker - ZURIEL ODUWOLE | Magazeti ya leo| Tanzania News |Tanzania Today\". www.tanzaniatoday.co.tz. Retrieved 29 August 2016.\nEllerson, Beti (3 March 2016). \"AFRICAN WOMEN IN CINEMA BLOG: Girl filmmaker Zuriel Oduwole: \"…using my documentaries to tell Africa's story.\"\". AFRICAN WOMEN IN CINEMA BLOG. Retrieved 29 August 2016.\n\"Teen film-maker urges girls to make a difference\". jamaica-gleaner.com. 25 May 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.\n\"20,000 Girls & President Bio Welcome San Bernardino Teen To Sierra Leone\". citynewsgroup.com. Retrieved 3 February 2020.\n\"Zuriel Oduwole makes Africa's most Influential people list\". The Nation. 2 December 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2015.\n\"Dream Up, Speak Up, Stand Up\". Harvard Graduate School of Education. Retrieved 26 June 2019.\nOtufodunrin, Lekan (13 August 2013). \"MY ENCOUNTERS WITH AFRICAN PRESIDENTS, OTHERS SAYS 10 YEAR OLD, ZURIEL ODUWOLE\". Bio Reports. Retrieved 14 December 2015.\n\"MEET THE YOUNGEST FILM MAKER IN THE WORLD – ZURIEL ODUWOLE\". CNBC. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2015.\nMelissa, Stanger; Melia, Robinson (21 April 2014). \"The Most Powerful Person at Every Age\". Business Insider. Retrieved 15 December 2015.\nHassan, Sanusi (23 February 2015). \"Young Nigerian filmmaker, Zuriel Oduwole honoured alongside Angelina Jolie, others\". Nigeria Entertainment Today. Retrieved 15 December 2015.\n\"Zuriel Oduwole visits Tuks\". Retrieved 30 August 2016.\n\"Columbia University announces line-up of speakers ahead of April 11 African Economic Forum (AEF) in New York City\". African Business Central. Retrieved 29 August 2016.\n\"7 reasons to attend Columbia University's Africa Economic Forum in New York - Homecoming Revolution\". 8 April 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2016.\n\"Zuriel Oduwole Interviews Her 15th World Leader, H.E The President of Guinea/ For Documentary Short\". Retrieved 30 August 2016.\n\"Always Highlights #Unstoppable CSR Work in 'Like a Girl' Follow-Up\". www.adweek.com. Retrieved 30 October 2016.\nAlways (7 July 2015), Being Unstoppable #LikeAGirl - A Film by Zuriel Oduwole, retrieved 30 October 2016\n\"Nigeria: Peace Ambassador, Zuriel Oduwole, Meets 16th World Leader At UN\". Retrieved 29 August 2016.\n\"Zuriel Oduwole launches her foundation in Lagos\". Retrieved 29 August 2016.\n\"Zuriel Oduwole, 14-year old phenom launches First Film Class program in Namibia\". Ayiba Magazine. 18 July 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2019.\n\"Zuriel Teaches Youths Film Making/Speaks @ TEDx in Lagos | Magazeti ya leo| Tanzania News |Tanzania Today\". www.tanzaniatoday.co.tz. Retrieved 29 August 2016.\nCorporation, New Era Publication (2 March 2016). \"World's youngest filmmaker, Zuriel Oduwole inspires Namibian youth\". New Era Newspaper Namibia. Retrieved 29 August 2016.\n\"Conference by The Sea - Maryland State Childcare Association\". Retrieved 29 August 2016.\nCenter, StubHub. \"Women in Entertainment Luncheon 2016 | StubHub Center\". www.stubhubcenter.com. Retrieved 29 August 2016.\n\"When would the lion learn to write?\". Retrieved 21 October 2016.\n\"Zuriel Oduwole\". Retrieved 30 August 2016.\nOnline (26 August 2016). \"TEDxKids Spark Conversation, Innovation in Lagos\". Retrieved 29 August 2016.\nTEDx Talks (27 October 2016), Can Kids Make a Global Impact | Zuriel Oduwole | TEDxKids@Gbagada, retrieved 27 October 2016\n\"Zuriel Speaks At The UN - Supports Climate Change Initiative | Magazeti ya leo| Tanzania News |Tanzania Today\". www.tanzaniatoday.co.tz. Retrieved 2 October 2016.\n\"American Activist, 15, Shares Concern With COP23 President\". Retrieved 30 December 2019.\n\"Climate Change & COP 26: When talk is expensive, not cheap\". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 13 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.\nUniting for Climate Education at COP23, retrieved 19 October 2021\nTRT World (30 September 2016), The Newsmakers: Sugar coating the truth? And an interview with Zuriel Oduwole, retrieved 2 October 2016\n\"Zuriel Oduwole builds a powerful coalition of female world leaders\". Retrieved 27 October 2016.\n\"President interviewed by internationally renowned 14-year old girl with great aspirations - TVM News\". TVM English. Retrieved 16 March 2021.\n\"À QUATRE-BORNES : Zuriel Oduwole, présidente du Jury de la finale des courts-métrages | Le Mauricien\". www.lemauricien.com. Retrieved 26 November 2016.\n\"Zuriel Oduwole: \"L'atout de l'Afrique, c'est sa population \"\". lexpress.mu (in French). 25 November 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.\n\"Zuriel Oduwole, la plus jeune réalisatrice cinématographique au monde, est à Maurice.[VIDEO]\". mbc.intnet.mu. Retrieved 26 November 2016.\nBellaNaija.com (13 January 2017). \"\"You are the world's most powerful girl\" – John Kerry tells Zuriel Oduwole\". BellaNaija. Retrieved 24 August 2021.\n\"Kerry honours Zuriel Oduwole in Washington DC\". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 14 January 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2021.\n\"President Kolinda Kitarovic of Croatia meets Zuriel Oduwole | The Government and Business Journal\". govandbusinessjournal.com.ng. Retrieved 14 February 2017.\nOnline (13 February 2017). \"Croatian President Hosts Rising Nigerian Education-for-Girls Advocate, Zuriel Oduwole\". THISDAYLIVE. Retrieved 14 February 2017.\nTV360NIGERIA (15 February 2017), Zuriel meets president of Croatia to discuss Education, Gender issues, retrieved 20 February 2017\n\"Zuriel meets Croatia's President Grabar-Kitarovic\". Trumpet Media Group. 14 February 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2017.\nDonna, Naomi. \"Zuriel Oduwole, l'ado qui bouscule le monde des adultes\". Forbes Afrique magazine (in French). Retrieved 14 February 2017.\n\"Forbes Afrique features Nigeria's Zuriel Oduwole in February edition\". Retrieved 20 February 2017.\n\"City of Pachuca welcomes Zuriel Oduwole to Mexico as Education Ambassador | The Government and Business Journal\". govandbusinessjournal.com.ng. Retrieved 29 March 2017.\nTheirworld (24 June 2019). \"Teenage film-maker and education champion Zuriel stands up for rights of African girls\". Theirworld. Retrieved 24 June 2019.\n\"zuriel-oduwole | Foundation\". zuriel-oduwole. Retrieved 24 June 2019.\n\"First Lady receives award for promoting education in Kenya | The Presidency\". www.president.go.ke. Retrieved 24 June 2019.\nNamibian, The. \"Geingos speaks up for children's rights\". The Namibian. Retrieved 1 September 2021.\nVoxafrica UK (22 June 2017), DUSUSU AWARD: Zuriel Oduwole honors Senegalese First Lady Marieme Faye Sall, retrieved 24 June 2019\n\"Watch: Mozambique's First Lady Isaura Nyusi receives DUSUSU Award for her work on girls' rights, fight against child marriages\". Mozambique. Retrieved 24 June 2019.\n\"Zuriel begins visit to Mozambique, presents 2018 Dususu Awards | The Government and Business Journal\". Retrieved 24 June 2019.\n\"I receive DUSUSU Award on behalf of mothers working to change stereotypes against women\". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 9 March 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2020.\n\"Santa Clarita Youth Education Advocate's Annual Award Brings Hope Across Africa\". SCVNews.com. 29 September 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2020.\n\"Gender Minister Receives 2015 DUSUSU Award of Education - Government of Ghana\". www.ghana.gov.gh. Retrieved 24 June 2019.\n\"President congratulates Otiko Djaba for winning DUSUSU Award\". www.ghanaweb.com. Retrieved 24 June 2019.\n\"Zuriel Oduwole\". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 24 June 2019.\n\"Grange awarded for gender work\". Retrieved 24 June 2019.\n\"Jamaica Observer Limited\". Jamaica Observer. Retrieved 24 June 2019.\nOliver. \"Grange receives award for gender work\". mcges.gov.jm. Retrieved 24 June 2019.\ndmc (6 November 2018), مساء dmc - | الرئيس عبد الفتاح السيسي في حوار خاص مع الاعلامية الشابة زوريال إدوالي |, retrieved 24 June 2019\n\"Sisi interviewed by American teenage advocate Oduwole\". EgyptToday. Retrieved 24 June 2019.\nTUPASHANE. \"President Abdel El Sisi Welcomes Zuriel Oduwole To Egypt, Talks Development & Gender Issues\". TUPASHANE. Retrieved 24 June 2019.\n\"Girls' education advocate and U.S. Embassy partner to inspire Mona Heights Primary students\". U.S. Embassy in Jamaica. 22 May 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.\n\"Child marriage in Mozambique\". www.unicef.org. Retrieved 23 July 2019.\n\"Child Marriages: 39,000 Every Day – More than 140 million girls will marry between 2011 and 2020\". Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth. 1 September 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2019.\nAllison, Simon (26 November 2015). \"Child brides in Mozambique: 'an affront to human rights on a massive scale' | Simon Allison\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 23 July 2019.\n\"Ending early child marriage\". CARE. Retrieved 23 July 2019.\n\"News Feed Article 103/7 – Mozambique's First Lady Isaura Nyusi receives DUSUSU Award\". Moz Explore. Retrieved 23 July 2019.\nafricanvoice (25 July 2019). \"Zuriel Oduwole Advocates Girls Education in Mozambique\". African Voice Newspaper. Retrieved 4 February 2020.\n\"Watch: Mozambique's First Lady Isaura Nyusi receives DUSUSU Award for her work on girls' rights, fight against child marriages\". Mozambique. Retrieved 23 July 2019.\n\"Mozambique Passes Law to End Child Marriage\". Human Rights Watch. 19 July 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.\n\"Mozambique passes law to end Child Marriage – Zuriel Oduwole lends her voice | The Government and Business Journal\". Retrieved 23 July 2019.\n\"Mozambique: Assembly votes to criminalise child marriage\". Mozambique. Retrieved 23 July 2019.\n\"20,000 Girls & President Bio Welcome San Bernardino Teen To Sierra Leone\". www.citynewsgroup.com. Retrieved 4 February 2020.\nMcFarlane, Josie. \"20,000 Girls Inspired By Advocate Zuriel Oduwole in Sierra Leone\". Keep The Faith ® The UK's Black and multi-ethnic Christian magazine. Retrieved 28 December 2019.\n\"President Julius Bio welcomes Zuriel to Sierra Leone | The Government and Business Journal\". Retrieved 28 December 2019.\nBank, African Development (27 September 2019). \"UNGA 2019: Hands off our girls! African first ladies take campaign against rape, early child marriage, to UN General Assembly\". African Development Bank - Building today, a better Africa tomorrow. Retrieved 28 December 2019.\n\"Africa :: Nigeria — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency\". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 10 March 2020.\n\"UN: In Nigeria More Than 13 Million School-age Children Out of School | Voice of America - English\". www.voanews.com. Retrieved 10 March 2020.\nCampbell, John (10 July 2012). \"This Is Africa's New Biggest City: Lagos, Nigeria, Population 21 Million\". The Atlantic. Retrieved 10 March 2020.\n\"Teen Global Diplomat Zuriel Oduwole Meets Lagos State Governor\". www.citynewsgroup.com. Retrieved 10 March 2020.\n\"Lagos governor Sanwo-olu welcomes Zuriel Oduwole to the State, explores creative delivery | The Government and Business Journal\". Retrieved 10 March 2020.\nTeenage filmmaker hopes to change the world, retrieved 10 March 2020\nZuriel Oduwole - Femcare Education Project in South Africa February 2020, retrieved 12 May 2020\n\"International Conference on Gender, Language and Education (ICGLE)\". www.eduhk.hk. Retrieved 6 December 2020.\n\"Ms Zuriel Oduwole's Keynote Speech on \"Strength vs Might – A Simple Look At Gender Issues\" - YouTube\". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 17 December 2020.\nMoletsane, Relebohile (7 March 2017). \"'Cultural' practices continue to force girls out of school: Time to act decisively\". Brookings. Retrieved 6 December 2020.\nGautam, Ganga (16 September 2016). \"Inspiring Nepali girls to take control of their lives\". Brookings. Retrieved 6 December 2020.\nSahni, Urvashi (13 September 2017). \"Reframing girls' education in India\". Brookings. Retrieved 6 December 2020.\n\"She was profiled by Forbes at 10 years old, now she's at UCLA\". Daily Bruin. Retrieved 15 August 2021.\n\"Teen Global Diplomat Zuriel Oduwole Meets Lagos State Governor\". www.citynewsgroup.com. Retrieved 15 August 2021.\nBellaNaija.com (24 April 2017). \"Zuriel Oduwole Speaks Alongside Bill Gates & Ndaba Mandela in Paris\". BellaNaija. Retrieved 15 August 2021.\n\"Bill Gates, Zuriel Oduwole , Ndaba Mandela inspire youths in Paris\". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 23 April 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2021.\nThe Editorial Board (7 May 2017). \"Opinion | France Elects Emmanuel Macron\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 15 August 2021.\n\"Emmanuel Macron vows unity after winning French presidential election\". The Guardian. 8 May 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2021.\nZuriel Oduwole - Passionate About America & The World's Development, retrieved 15 August 2021\n\"Going to bat for girls everywhere, 19-year-old UCLA student is already steeped in world diplomacy\". Daily News. 7 August 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021.\n\"Santa Clarita Teen Zuriel Oduwole Encourages Civic Participation\". SCVNews.com. 20 July 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021.\nKaren (29 July 2021). \"Is CALIFORNIA Ready For A Teenage Governor?\". Keep The Faith ® The UK's Black and multi-ethnic Christian magazine. Retrieved 15 August 2021.\nSmith, Simone. \"Zuriel Oduwole – Worlds most powerful girl \"Who says a teenager can't be Governor of California?\"\". Toronto Caribbean Newspaper. Retrieved 15 August 2021.\n\"Zuriel Oduwole\". WISE. Retrieved 17 December 2021.\nWhat to Expect I 2021 WISE Summit, retrieved 17 December 2021\nGirls’ Education: From Priority to Reality | 2021 WISE Summit, retrieved 17 December 2021\n\"Virtual learning has increased girls' access to education, but they need confidence and opportunity, experts tell 2021 WISE Summit\". www.qf.org.qa. Retrieved 17 December 2021.\nNewspaper, The Peninsula (5 December 2021). \"WISE announces speakers for 2021 Summit\". thepeninsulaqatar.com. Retrieved 17 December 2021.\nWelle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. \"260 million children miss out education: UNESCO | DW | 23.06.2020\". DW.COM. Retrieved 17 December 2021.\n\"Nearly 260 million children aren't in school – does the world care?\". The Independent. 14 December 2019. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2021.\n\"UNESCO: 264 million children have no access to school\". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 17 December 2021.\n\"Zuriel Oduwole: Africa's most influential 11-year-old\". The Nation. Retrieved 14 December 2015.\nInyese, Amaka (12 March 2016). \"Oby Ezekwesili, Zuriel Oduwole, Jumoke Adenowo and others emerge winners\". Pulse Nigeria. Retrieved 27 March 2016.\n\"Meet New African Woman magazine's pick of the top 11 women who are changing the game on the continent\". Mail & Guardian Africa. 15 March 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2016.\n\"'Unstoppable' American teen is promoting girls' education in Africa\". Women in the World. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2019.\nAlohan, Kelvin (24 March 2019). \"Nelson Mandela Foundation Honors Film Maker, Zuriel Oduwole\". Leadership Newspaper. Retrieved 25 June 2019.\n\"Nelson Mandela Foundation honours Zuriel Oduwole\". Trumpet Media Group. 15 April 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2019.\n\"Beverly Hills Community Life\". m.facebook.com. Retrieved 15 March 2021.\nAdekunle, Oyin (23 February 2021). \"Beverly Hills honours Zuriel Oduwole for black history month\". TV360 Nigeria. Retrieved 15 March 2021.\nZAAI News (1 February 2019), Door of No Return - 300 Years A Slave by Zuriel Oduwole, retrieved 25 June 2019\nZAAI News (18 March 2019), NELSON MANDELA - A 'Cool' Centenary Life of Giving & Inspiration., retrieved 25 June 2019", "Official website" ]

[ "Zuriel Oduwole", "Early life and career", "University speeches and early engagements", "UN events: effect of climate change on education", "Open advocacy for girls' education and the youth voice", "Fighting against girl and child marriage", "Redefining primary education methods - school vs. education", "Awards and recognitions", "Works", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360173 ]

[ 27238890, 27238891, 27238892, 27238893, 27238894, 27238895, 27238896, 27238897, 27238898, 27238899, 27238900, 27238901, 27238902, 27238903, 27238904, 27238905, 27238906, 27238907, 27238908, 27238909, 27238910, 27238911, 27238912, 27238913, 27238914, 27238915, 27238916, 27238917, 27238918, 27238919, 27238920, 27238921, 27238922, 27238923, 27238924, 27238925, 27238926, 27238927, 27238928, 27238929, 27238930, 27238931, 27238932, 27238933, 27238934, 27238935, 27238936, 27238937, 27238938, 27238939, 27238940, 27238941, 27238942, 27238943, 27238944, 27238945, 27238946, 27238947, 27238948, 27238949, 27238950, 27238951, 27238952, 27238953, 27238954, 27238955, 27238956, 27238957, 27238958, 27238959, 27238960, 27238961, 27238962, 27238963, 27238964, 27238965, 27238966, 27238967, 27238968, 27238969, 27238970, 27238971, 27238972, 27238973, 27238974, 27238975 ]

[ "H.E. the 12th Zurmang Gharwang Rinpoche" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/12th_Zurmang_Gharwang_Rinpoche_Portrait.jpg" ]

[ "Prior to his birth on 30 June 1965, Zurmang Gharwang Rinpoche (Tibetan: ཟུར་མང་གར་དབང་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་, Wylie: zur mang gar dbang rin po che) was recognized by the 16th Gyalwa Karmapa as the twelfth incarnation of the Gharwang Tulkus and as an emanation of Tilopa. He is the supreme lineage holder of the Zurmang Ear Whispered Lineage (zur mang snyan rgyud).\nThe unbroken line of the Gharwang Tulkus begins in the 14th century with the siddha Trung Mase, the first Gharwang Tulku and founder of the Zurmang Kagyu tradition and Zurmang Monastery. He was identified by the Fifth Gyalwa Karmapa, Deshin Shegpa as the omniscient emanation of the Indian mahasiddha Tilopa. This was believed to be the fulfillment of Tilopa's prediction made after he received teachings directly from Vajrayogini in the Western land of Uddiyana, in which he had pledged to return to spread these teachings widely, after they had been transmitted through thirteen successive lineage holders. Before Tilopa's return this set of teachings was to be limited to a one-to-one transmission from each lineage holder to the next, and only upon Tilopa's later emanation as the first Gharwang Tulku were they opened up to a larger audience. These teachings form the core of the Zurmang Ear Whispered Lineage (zur mang snyan rgyud) also known as the Dakini Ear Whispered Lineage (mkha’ ‘gro snyan rgyud).", "Rinpoche was born a prince of the Sikkimese Royal Court. His uncle was then the reigning King of Sikkim. However, even before his birth the 16th Gyalwa Karmapa identified him as the 12th Zurmang Gharwang. The Karmapa, who had alluded to his attendants that the next incarnation of Zurmang Gharwang would soon occur, was attending a performance of traditional Tibetan drama on the forecourt of Rumtek Monastery. During the Tilopa dance, a Jewel offering was made to the Karmapa, and breaking with tradition, instead of accepting it himself he directed that the gift be given to the Gharwang Tulku. So saying, he pointed to the surprised mother-to-be and announced that she was carrying the 12th Gharwang Rinpoche.\nA few months later, the Royal Princess delivered her predicted son at her residence in Gangtok. At dawn Rinpoche’s parents had dispatched a messenger to go to Rumtek 24km away to inform the Karmapa of the new arrival. However, before the messenger could leave the house, Saljay Rinpoche, the Karmapa’s emissary, with a party of monks was already at the door, bearing gifts and a letter containing the Karmapa’s blessings for the newborn child. At the time the new tulku was born, the mother of the previous Gharwang, living in Tibet, was heard joyously announcing that, \"Rinpoche had returned. He is born in a warm country where fruits and flowers grow in abundance, and in the midst of bird song.\"", "In 1976, shortly after his eleventh birthday, Gharwang Rinpoche was installed on the Lion Throne as the Twelfth Zurmang Gharwang. The ceremony took place in the Assembly Hall of the Dharma Chakra Center in the presence of the Sixteenth Gyalwa Karmapa. It was attended by many incarnate tulkus, monks, and state dignitaries. Hundreds of well-wishers and devotees came to witness the event. During the ceremonial installation, the Karmapa gave Gharwang Rinpoche his name, \"Karma Gharwang Chochung Tenpa Namgyal Thinley Kunkhyab Pal Zangpo,\" which means The Victorious Protector of Buddha Dharma With Excellent Qualities and All-Pervasive, Auspicious Activities. The Karmapa also predicted the founding of a new Zurmang Kagyu monastery outside Tibet which would become an important center for the teaching and practice of the Buddha Dharma.", "In the years following his enthronement, Gharwang Rinpoche received many personal empowerments, textual transmissions, as well as oral instructions directly from his root lama, the Sixteenth Gyalwa Karmapa. After Gyalwa Karmapa died, Gharwang Rinpoche studied at the Nalanda Buddhist Institute between 1981 and 1991, and graduated as the top student in the year of 1991.\nAmong his teachers were Kalu Rinpoche, Jamgon Kongtrul Rinpoche, Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche, Khenchen Pema Pedtse Rinpoche, Shamarpa, Situpa, and Gyaltsapa, and Buddhist scholars such as Khenchen Thrangu Rinpoche, Khenchen Tsultrim Gyamtso, Khenchen Chodak Tenphel, Khenpo Chokden, and Khenpo Tenzin Phuntsok.", "In 1987, while still an undergraduate, Gharwang Rinpoche began his teaching career at the Nalanda Buddhist Institute. Since then, he has taught extensively in dharma centers all over the world, in Europe, America, as well as in Asia. Zurmang centers can now be found in Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia, and Malaysia.\nIn 1990 the mayor of Los Angeles honored him with the key to the city, making him an honorary citizen of the US.\nIn August 1991 Gharwang Rinpoche returned for the first time to his original Seat in Zurmang Kham, (Qinghai province). He personally blessed the many people who came to greet him, and presented gifts to the people of Qinghai, including a towering gold-plated Buddha 15 feet high, a golden dharma wheel flanked by two listening deer, and a khengere (a bell-shaped object symbolizing the ever flourishing dharma, which is traditionally placed on the roof of a monastery). He encouraged and contributed to welfare projects throughout the region. In the same year, Rinpoche established the Zurmang Kagyu Buddhist Foundation. He initiated many community projects such as the construction of roads, schools, medical dispensaries, orphanages, and homes for the elderly.\nIn 1992 Gharwang Rinpoche commenced the construction of a new Seat for the Zurmang Kagyu Tradition in Lingdum, Sikkim. The site covers approximately 21 acres of forested slope on the same hill occupied by Rumtek. In under four years, he built a monastic complex, fulfilling the prediction of the Sixteenth Gyalwa Karmapa of a new Zurmang Kagyu monastery outside Tibet.", "Documentation from the enthronement of the 12th Zurmang Gharwang Rinpoche\nrTa rtshag Tshe dbang rgyal. \"Lho rong chos 'byung\" bod longs bod yig dpe rnying dpe skrun khang, 1994.\nArdy, Faith. \"The Wondrous Incarnations of Zurmang Gharwang\", Prajna Ratna Publications, 2000.\nGharwang, Zurmang. Teachings on Bardo. Zurmang Kagyu Buddhist Centre, 2009, p. iv.\nGharwang, Zurmang. Shamatha & Vipassana in the Mahamudra Tradition. Zurmang Kagyu Buddhist Centre, 2011, p. V.\nGharwang, Zurmang. Shamatha & Vipassana in the Mahamudra Tradition. Zurmang Kagyu Buddhist Centre, 2011, p. Vii.\nGharwang, Zurmang. How to Visualise, Recite and Dissolve. Zurmang Kagyu Buddhist Centre, 2007, p. 10.", "Ardy, Faith. \"The Wondrous Incarnations of Zurmang Gharwang\", Prajna Ratna Publications, 2000.\nRywiki entry for the 12th Zurmang Gharwang", "Zurmang Kagyu Website" ]

[ "Zurmang Gharwang Rinpoche", "Recognition", "Enthronement", "Education", "Activities", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360174 ]

[ 27238976, 27238977, 27238978, 27238979, 27238980, 27238981, 27238982, 27238983, 27238984, 27238985, 27238986, 27238987 ]

[ "Afghans in Zurmat district", "" ]

[ 0, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Afghans_in_Zormat_district.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Afghanistan-Paktia.png" ]

[ "Zurmat (Pashto: زرمت ولسوالۍ‎ / Persian: ولسوالی زرمت‎) is a district in Paktia Province, Afghanistan. The main town is Zurmat, which is one of the main cities of the region of Loya Paktia.", "Zurmat borders Logar, Ghazni, and Paktika provinces. Tamir is the main bazaar of the district. Geographical features of Zurmat include the Shah-i-Kot Valley and the Arma Mountains. The district contains 63 or 64 schools. Zurmat does not receive power from the national electricity grid, so solar power and generators are prevalent.", "The population of the district is 120,000 (CSO 2004). According to the same sources, Pashtuns make up 99% of the total population followed by 1% Tajiks. Many people of Zurmat work in Arab countries like Dubai, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Kuwait.", "Operation Anaconda, a major battle of the War in Afghanistan, took place in Zurmat in 2002. For the rest of the war, Zurmat has been a stronghold of the Taliban insurgency and the Haqqani network. In 2019, the Taliban controlled 80% of the district.", "Zurmat District Development Plan - MRRD Archived May 24, 2015, at the Wayback Machine\n\"One Land, Two Rules (8): Delivering public services in insurgency-affected insurgent-controlled Zurmat district\". Afghanistan Analysts Network - English. 2019-09-04. Retrieved 2020-08-02." ]

[ "Zurmat District", "Geography", "Demographics", "History", "References" ]

[ 5360175, 5360176 ]

[ 27238988, 27238989, 27238990 ]

[ "Aerial view of Toney Mountain with Zurn Peak in the upper center", "" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/MountToneyMap.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/MByrd_stub_map.png" ]

[ "Zurn Peak (75°44′S 115°40′W) is a rocky peak (1,515 m) rising from the north edge of Toney Mountain, about 4 miles (6 km) northeast of Richmond Peak and just east of Roberts Cirque, in Marie Byrd Land. \nMapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1959–71, it was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Walter Zürn, Station Scientific Leader at South Pole Station, in 1972.\n This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Geological Survey document: \"Zurn Peak\". (content from the Geographic Names Information System) " ]

[ "Zurn Peak" ]

[ 5360177 ]

[]

[ "An Algerian musician playing the zurna.", "A variety of zurna from the Museum of Greek Folk Musical Instruments.", "Karna, one of the ancient Persian musical instruments, 6th century BC, Persepolis Museum.", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 1, 3, 7, 7, 7 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/BOUTKA2.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Zourna.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Karna-Persian-Instrument-Persepolis-Museum.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Turkish_musican_play_with_zurna.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Duduk.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Novruz_Baku03.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Kemenche0.jpg" ]

[ "The zurna (Armenian: զուռնա zuṙna; Old Armenian: սուռնա suṙna; Albanian: surle/surla; Persian: karna/Kornay/surnay; Macedonian: зурла/сурла zurla/surla; Bulgarian: зурна/зурла; Serbian: зурла/zurla; Tat: zurna; Turkish: zurna; Kurdish: zirne and Azeri: zirna) is a double reed wind instrument played in central Eurasia, Western Asia and parts of North Africa. It is usually accompanied by a davul (bass drum) in Anatolian and Assyrian folk music.", "The zurna, like the duduk and kaval, is a woodwind instrument used to play folk music.\nThe zurna is made from the slow-growing and hardwood of fruit trees such as plum or apricot (Prunus armeniaca). There are several different types of zurnas. The longest (and lowest-pitched) is the kaba zurna, used in western Turkey and Bulgaria, the shortest (and highest-pitched), which can be made of bone, is the zurna played in Messolonghi and other villages of Aetolia-Acarnania region in Greece.\nThe zurna, a relative of the oboe, is found almost everywhere where the common reed grows because it uses a short cylindrical reed that is tied to a conical brass tube on one end, flattened to a narrow slit on the other end as a source of the sound.\nIt requires high pressure to give any tone at all and when it does, it is almost constantly loud, high pitched, sharp, and piercing.\nThe need for high pressure makes it suitable for playing without stop using circular breathing. A small pacifier-style disk that the lips may lean on helps the lip muscles that hold the high-pressure air, rest, and recover during long non-stop playing sessions.\nThe combination of constant volume and non-stop playing makes the zurna unsuitable for emphasis of the rhythm. It has therefore been played almost invariably along with big drums that both provide the rhythm and the lower frequencies that travel further away than the zurna's loud, high pitched sound.\nIt has a cylindrical bore, and a bell opening out in a parabolic curve, thus adapted to reflect the sound straight ahead. Because of its loud and highly directional sound as well as accompaniment by big drums, it has historically been played outdoors, during festive events such as weddings and public celebrations. It has also been used to gather crowds in order to make official announcements. This use of the zurna as a token of the ruling power developed into Janissary bands and eventually into military music.\nSeven holes on the front, and one thumb hole, provide a range of over one octave including some transposition.\nIt is similar to the mizmar. Zurnas are used in the folk music of many countries, especially in Iran, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Central Asia, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, The Maghreb, Albania, Serbia, Bosnia, Croatia and the other Caucasian countries, and have now spread throughout India, China, Korea and Eastern Europe. In the Slavic nations of the Balkans it is typically called zurla (зурла).\nThe zurna is most likely the immediate predecessor of the European shawm, and is related to the Chinese suona still used today in weddings, temple and funeral music. The Japanese charumera, or charamera, traditionally associated with itinerant noodle vendors is a small zurna, its name derived from the Portuguese chirimiya. Few, if any, noodle vendors continue this tradition, and those who do would use a loudspeaker playing a recorded charumera.", "Turkish lore says that Adam, who was moulded from clay, had no soul. It is said only the melodious tuiduk-playing of Archangel Gabriel could breathe life into Adam. According to a Turkmen legend, the devil played the main role in tuiduk invention (note the term ″devil openings\", şeytan delikleri, in Turkish for the small apertures on the bell).", "The name is derived from Persian \"سرنای\" (surnāy), composed of \"سور\" (sūr) meaning \"banquet, feast\", and نای (nāy) meaning \"reed, pipe\". The term is attested in the oldest Turkic records, as \"suruna\" in the 12th and 13th century Codex Cumanicus (CCM fol. 45a). Zurna has also been suggested as a possible borrowing from Hittite or Luwian into the Armenian language, where Arm. զուռնա zuṙna is compared to Luwian zurni \"horn\".", "Pku\nZhaleika\nDuduk\nNey\nSorna\nRhaita\nSuona\nKangling\nSopila\nPiffero", "Also called surnay, birbynė, lettish horn, zurla or zurle, surla, sornai, zournas, zurma, or zurnes.", "\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2012-05-25. Retrieved 2012-11-10.\nPicken, Laurence. Folk Music Instruments of Turkey. London: Oxford University Press. p. 485.\n\"The Survival of Ancient Anatolian and Mesopotamian Vocabulary until the Present\". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 50 (3): 203–207. July 1991. doi:10.1086/373501. ISSN 0022-2968. S2CID 162282522.", "Armenian Zurna, Duduk.com\nJanitschareninstrumente und Europa. Memo G. Schachiner, MusicalConfrontations.com\nZurna FAQ by Satilmis Yayla, 1996 Oslo, Norway. Archived at Wayback Machine" ]

[ "Zurna", "Characteristics and history", "Folklore", "Etymology and terminology", "See also", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360178, 5360179, 5360180, 5360181, 5360182 ]

[ 27238991, 27238992, 27238993, 27238994, 27238995, 27238996, 27238997, 27238998, 27238999, 27239000, 27239001, 27239002 ]

[ "Church of Saints Peter and Paul" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Zurndorf_-_Kirche_Hll._Petrus_und_Paulus_%282%29.JPG" ]

[ "Zurndorf (Hungarian: Zurány) is a town in the district of Neusiedl am See in the Austrian state of Burgenland.", "", "Andreas Grailich\nHans Niessl, born here\nIgnaz Aurelius Fessler, born here\nMatthias Meixner\nFritz Spiegl, born here", "\"Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 10 March 2019.\n\"Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 9 March 2019." ]

[ "Zurndorf", "Population", "Personalities", "References" ]

[ 5360183 ]

[ 27239003 ]

[ "Zurobara on Dacia's map from a medieval book made after Ptolemy's Geographia (ca. 140 AD).", "Dacia's map from a medieval book made after Ptolemy's Geographia (ca. 140 AD). Zurobara is on the north west.", "Dacia on Tabula Peutingeriana", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 3, 11 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Ptolemy_Geographia_-_Dacia_-_Central_Section.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Ptolemy_Cosmographia_Dacia%2BDanube.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Part_of_Tabula_Peutingeriana_showing_Eastern_Moesia_Inferior%2C_Eastern_Dacia_and_Thrace.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Teritoriul_onomastic_al_elementului_dava_-_Sorin_Olteanu.jpg" ]

[ "Zurobara (Ancient Greek: Ζουρόβαρα) was a Dacian town located in today's Banat region in Romania. It is positioned by the Tibiscus river (Timiș River), north of Zarmizegethusa Regia and south of Ziridava. It was near the Tisza river, in the area of the Dacian tribe of Biephi.\nThis town was attested by Ptolemy in his Geographia (III; 8; 4), yet its exact location remains unknown. Zurobara is amongst the places, which are not to be found on the great Roman roads between the Tysis and the Aluta,", "", "Zurobara is mentioned in Ptolemy's Geographia (c. 140 AD) in the form Ζουρόβαρα as an important town in western Dacia, at latitude 45° 40' N and longitude 45° 40' E (note that he used a different meridian and some of his calculations were off). Ptolemy completed his work soon after Trajan's Dacian Wars, as a result of which parts of Dacia were incorporated into the Roman Empire as the new Dacia province.", "Unlike many other Dacian towns mentioned by Ptolemy, Zurobara is missing from Tabula Peutingeriana (1st–4th century AD), an itinerarium showing the cursus publicus, the road network in the Roman Empire.\nThe Danish philologist and historian Gudmund Schütte believed that the town with similar name Ziridava, also mentioned by Ptolemy and also missing from Tabula Peutingeriana, was the same with Zurobara. This idea is deemed erroneous alongside many other assumed duplications of names, by the Romanian historian and archaeologist Vasile Pârvan in his work Getica. Pârvan reviewed all localities mentioned in Ptolemy's Geographia, analyzing and verifying all data available to him at the time. He points out that Ziri and Zuro (meaning water) are the roots of two different Geto-Dacian words. Additionally, Ptolemy provided different coordinates for the two towns, some medieval maps created based on his Geographia depict two distinct towns.", "The name Zurobara (a possible alternate spelling for Zuropara) was interpreted initially as \"strong city\": the ending \"bara\" / \"vara\" means ‘city’ (the same as Thracian \"para\") and the first part \"Zuro\" means ‘strong’. Zuro ‘strong’ is also found in the name of Zyraxes, a Dacian king.\nIn a second line of interpretation, because of Proto-Indo-European *e > Dacian \"a\" (cf. PIE *dhewa > Dacian \"dava\", PIE *ser > Dacian \"sara\"), \"bara\" is rather derived from root *bher ‘rich, abundance’ and \"zura\" from root *ser, *sara ‘waters, river'. In this case, Zurobara meant ‘a waters abundance city’.", "Dacian davae\nList of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia\nDacia\nRoman Dacia", "Ptolemy (c. 140), III 8,4.\nOlteanu \"Ptolemy's Dacia\".\nSir William Smith, ed. (1854). Dictionary of Greek and Roman geography. Vol. 1. Boston.\nTabula Peutingeriana, Segmentum VIII,3.\nSchütte (1917), p. 91-93.\nPârvan (1926), p. 252.\nPârvan (1926), p. 253.\nIorga (1937), pp. 43–45.\nTomaschek (1883), p. 402.\nVan Den Gheyn (1930).", "", "Anonymous. Tabula Peutingeriana (in Latin).\nPtolemy, Claudius (c. 140). Nobbe, Karl Friedrich August (ed.). Claudii Ptolemaei geographia [Ptolemy geography] (in Ancient Greek). Sumptibus et typis Caroli Tauchnitii (published 1843).", "Iorga, Nicolae (1937). Histoire des Roumains et de la romanité orientale. Académie roumaine.\nOlteanu, Sorin. \"Ptolemy's Dacia\". Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum (in Greek and Romanian). Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2011.\nPârvan, Vasile (1926). Getica (in Romanian and French). București, Romania: Cvltvra Națională.\nSchütte, Gudmund (1917). Ptolemy's maps of northern Europe: a reconstruction of the prototypes. Copenhagen: H. Hagerup.\nTomaschek, W. (1883). \"Les restes de la langue dace\". Le Muséon (Revue Internationale). Louvain. 2.\nVan Den Gheyn, S. J. (1930). \"Populations Danubiennes, Études D'ethnographie compareee\". Revue des questions scientifiques. Société scientifique de Bruxelles, Union catholique des scientifiques français (17–18). ISSN 0035-2160.", "Olteanu, Sorin. \"Categorii de toponime în funcţie de origine şi aşezare\" [Toponymy categories according to origin and location]. Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 3 January 2010.", "Media related to Dacia and Dacians at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Zurobara", "Ancient sources", "Ptolemy's Geographia", "Tabula Peutingeriana", "Etymology", "See also", "Notes", "References", "Ancient", "Modern", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 5360184, 5360185, 5360186, 5360187 ]

[ 27239004, 27239005, 27239006, 27239007, 27239008, 27239009, 27239010, 27239011, 27239012, 27239013 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Pl.6-09-Zurobata_reticulata_%28Moore_1882%29_%28Selenis%29.JPG" ]

[ "Zurobata is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Francis Walker in 1866.", "The genus has previously been classified in the subfamily Acontiinae of the family Noctuidae.", "Zurobata decorata (C. Swinhoe, 1903)\nZurobata fissifascia Hampson, 1896\nZurobata intractata (Walker, 1864)\nZurobata reticulata (Moore, 1882)\nZurobata rorata Walker, 1865 (syn: Zurobata constellata (Snellen, 1880), Zurobata multiguttata (Moore, 1885))\nZurobata vacillans (Walker, 1864) (syn: Zurobata aequalis (Walker, 1864), Zurobata inaequalis (Walker, 1864), Zurobata irrecta (Walker, 1865), Zurobata niviapex (Walker, 1865), Zurobata selenicula (Snellen, 1880))", "Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul (November 5, 2004). \"Zurobata Walker, 1866\". Butterflies and Moths of the World. Natural History Museum, London. Retrieved October 12, 2020.\nZahiri, Reza; et al. (2011). \"Molecular phylogenetics of Erebidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea)\". Systematic Entomology. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2011.00607.x.", "Media related to Zurobata at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Zurobata", "Taxonomy", "Species", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360188 ]

[ 27239014, 27239015, 27239016 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Pl.6-09-Zurobata_reticulata_%28Moore_1882%29_%28Selenis%29.JPG" ]

[ "Zurobata reticulata is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Frederic Moore in 1882. It is found in India.", "Hewitson, William C. & Moore, Frederic (1879). Descriptions of New Indian Lepidopterous Insects: From the Collection of the Late Mr. W.S. Atkinson, M.A., F.L.S., &c. The Asiatic Society of Bengal. OCLC 9625544 – via Internet Archive.\n\"ADW: Zurobata reticulata: CLASSIFICATION\". animaldiversity.org." ]

[ "Zurobata reticulata", "References" ]

[ 5360189 ]

[ 27239017 ]

[ "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Zurobata_vacillans_from_Sri_Lanka.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/A35-20141116-036_%2816226737745%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/A35-20160111-036_%2825847095855%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/A48-20160425-011_%2828581869520%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Zurobata_vacillans_%28Walker%2C_1864%29.jpg" ]

[ "Zurobata vacillans is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Francis Walker in 1864. It is found in the Oriental tropics of India, Sri Lanka, Taiwan and New Guinea.\nThe caterpillar is unusual in having host plants other than typical green plants. The larva feeds on fungus on dead leaves, several lichens and Coccoidea (scale insects).", "", "\"Species Details: Zurobata vacillans Walker, 1864\". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 29 May 2018.\nKoçak, Ahmet Ömer; Kemal, Muhabbet (20 February 2012). \"Preliminary list of the Lepidoptera of Sri Lanka\". Cesa News. Centre for Entomological Studies Ankara (79): 1–57 – via Academia.\n\"Zurobata vacillans Walker\". Digital Moths of Japan. Retrieved 28 March 2018." ]

[ "Zurobata vacillans", "Gallery", "References" ]

[ 5360190, 5360191, 5360192, 5360193, 5360194 ]

[ 27239018 ]

[ "Medieval church in Zurow", "" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Kirche_Zurow.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Wappen_Zurow.png" ]

[ "Zurow is a municipality in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.", "\"Statistisches Amt M-V – Bevölkerungsstand der Kreise, Ämter und Gemeinden 2020\". Statistisches Amt Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (in German). July 2021." ]

[ "Zurow", "References" ]

[ 5360195, 5360196 ]

[ 27239019 ]

[ "Preparing Zurracapote", "", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Preparando_Zurracapote.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Glass_of_wine.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Roy_Rogers_Drink.JPG" ]

[ "Zurracapote (sometimes abbreviated as zurra) is a popular Spanish alcoholic mixed drink, similar to sangría. It consists of red wine mixed with fruit such as peaches and lemons, sugar, and cinnamon. The concoction is then traditionally left to steep for several days, though some recipes call for the addition of other alcoholic beverages, juices, and fruit extracts. The result is a mild-to-medium alcoholic drink, similar to sangría.\nThe drink is normally prepared in large receptacles during local festivals with many local variations in recipe. It was first drunk in Calahorra, where \"Peña Phillips\" developed the recipe through several competitions. It is the typical drink of the La Rioja area and nearby areas such as northern Burgos, Soria, Ribera Navarra, and the Basque Country. It is also prepared in other Spanish provinces, such as Albacete, northern Granada, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, and Guadalajara.", "Kalimotxo\nSangría", "Fiesta de la Vendimia // Harvest Day - Several countries at kidlink.org\nSangria: Fruit punch with a kick at therundown.co.uk\nZurrakapote in Basauri" ]

[ "Zurracapote", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5360197, 5360198 ]

[ 27239020 ]

[ "The Sassanid Empire at its greatest extent (c. 610 CE)" ]

[ 5 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Sassanid_Empire_620.png" ]

[ "Zurvanism (also Zarvan) is a fatalistic religious movement of Zoroastrianism in which the divinity Zurvan is a first principle (primordial creator deity) who engendered equal-but-opposite twins, Ahura Mazda and Angra Mainyu. Zurvanism is also known as \"Zurvanite Zoroastrianism\", and may be contrasted with Mazdaism.\nIn Zurvanism, Zurvan was perceived as the god of infinite time and space and was aka (\"one\", \"alone\"). Zurvan was portrayed as a transcendental and neutral god, without passion, and one for whom there was no distinction between good and evil. The name Zurvan is a normalized rendition of the word, which in Middle Persian appears as either Zurvān, Zruvān or Zarvān. The Middle Persian name derives from Avestan zruvan-, \"time\", which is grammatical without gender.", "Although the details of the origin and development of Zurvanism remain murky (for a summary of the three opposing opinions see § Ascent and Acceptance below), it is generally accepted that Zurvanism was: 1) a branch of greater Zoroastrianism; 2) a sacerdotal response to resolve a perceived inconsistency in the sacred texts (see § The \"twin brother\" doctrine below); and 3) probably introduced during the second half of the Achaemenid era.\nZurvanism enjoyed royal sanction during the Sassanid era (226–651 CE) but no traces of it remain beyond the 10th century. Although Sassanid-era Zurvanism was certainly influenced by Hellenic philosophy, any relationship between it and the Greek divinity of Time (Chronos) has not been conclusively established. Non-Zoroastrian accounts of typically Zurvanite beliefs were the first traces of Zoroastrianism to reach the west, leading European scholars to conclude that Zoroastrianism was a monist religion, an issue of controversy among both scholars and contemporary practitioners of the faith.\nZurvan appears in Sanskrit as sarva, and the etymology of Sarvastivada, a monistic Buddhist sect, suggests at least a common conceptional link to Zurvanism, depending on how the word Sarvastivada is parsed.", "The earliest evidence of the cult of Zurvan is found in the History of Theology, attributed to Eudemus of Rhodes (c. 370–300 BCE). As cited in Damascius's Difficulties and Solutions of First Principles (6th century CE), Eudemus describes a sect of the Medes that considered Space/Time to be the primordial \"father\" of the rivals Oromasdes \"of light\" and Arimanius \"of darkness\".\nThe principal evidence for Zurvanite doctrine occurs in the polemical Christian tracts of Armenian and Syriac writers of the Sassanid period (224–651 CE). Indigenous sources of information from the same period are the 3rd century Kartir inscription at Ka'ba-i Zartosht and the early 4th-century century edict of Mihr-Narse (head-priest under Yazdegerd I), the latter being the only native evidence from the Sassanid period that is frankly Zurvanite. The post-Sassanid Zoroastrian Middle Persian commentaries are primarily Mazdean and with only one exception (10th-century century Denkard 9.30) do not mention Zurvan at all. Of the remaining so-called Pahlavi texts only two, the Mēnōg-i Khrad and the Selections of Zatspram (both 9th century) reveal a Zurvanite tendency. The latter, in which the priest Zatspram chastises his brother's un-Mazdaean ideas, is the last text in Middle Persian that provides any evidence of the cult of Zurvan. The 13th century Zoroastrian Ulema-i Islam ([Response] to Doctors of Islam), a New Persian apologetic text, is unambiguously Zurvanite and is also the last direct evidence of Zurvan as a First Principle.\nThere is no hint of any worship of Zurvan in any of the texts of the Avesta, even though the texts (as they exist today) are the result of a Sassanid era redaction. Zaehner proposes that this is because the individual Sassanid monarchs were not always Zurvanite and that Mazdean Zoroastrianism just happened to have the upper hand during the crucial period that the canon was finally written down. In the texts composed prior to the Sassanid period, Zurvan appears twice, as both an abstract concept and as a minor divinity, but there is no evidence of a cult. In Yasna 72.10 Zurvan is invoked in the company of Space and Air (Vata-Vayu) and in Yasht 13.56, the plants grow in the manner Time has ordained according to the will of Ahura Mazda and the Amesha Spentas. Two other references to Zurvan are also present in the Vendidad, but although these are late additions to the canon, they again do not establish any evidence of a cult. Zurvan does not appear in any listing of the Yazatas.", "", "The origins of the cult of Zurvan remain debated. One view considers Zurvanism to have developed out of Zoroastrianism as a reaction to the liberalization of the late Achaemenid-era form of the faith. Another view proposes that Zurvan existed as a pre-Zoroastrian divinity that was incorporated into Zoroastrianism. The third view is that Zurvanism is the product of the contact between Zoroastrianism and Babylonian–Akkadian religions (for a summary of opposing views see Boyce).\nCertain however is that by the Sassanid era (226–651 CE), the divinity \"Infinite Time\" was well established, and – as inferred from a Manichaean text presented to Shapur I, in which the name Zurvan was adopted for Manichaeism's primordial \"Father of Greatness\" – enjoyed royal patronage. It was during the reign of Sassanid Emperor Shapur I (241–272 CE) that Zurvanism appears to have developed as a cult and it was presumably in this period that Greek and Indic concepts were introduced to Zurvanite Zoroastrianism.\nIt is however not known whether Sassanid-era Zurvanism and Mazdaism were separate sects, each with their own organization and priesthood, or simply two tendencies within the same body. That Mazdaism and Zurvanism competed for attention has been inferred from the works of Christian and Manichaean polemicists, but the doctrinal incompatibilities were not so extreme \"that they could not be reconciled under the broad aegis of an imperial church\". More likely is that the two sects served different segments of Sassanid society, with dispassionate Zurvanism primarily operating as a mystic cult and passionate Mazdaism serving the community at large.", "Following the fall of the Sassanid Empire in the 7th century, Zoroastrianism was gradually supplanted by Islam. The former continued to exist but in an increasingly reduced state, and by the 10th century the remaining Zoroastrians appear to have more closely followed the orthodoxy as found in the Pahlavi books (see also § The legacy of Zurvanism below).\nWhy the cult of Zurvan vanished while Mazdaism did not remains an issue of scholarly debate. Arthur Christensen, one of the first proponents of the theory that Zurvanism was the state religion of the Sassanids, suggested that the rejection of Zurvanism in the post-conquest epoch was a response and reaction to the new authority of Islamic monotheism that brought about a deliberate reform of Zoroastrianism that aimed to establish a stronger orthodoxy. Zaehner is of the opinion that the Zurvanite priesthood had a \"strict orthodoxy which few could tolerate. Moreover, they interpreted the Prophet's message so dualistically that their God was made to appear very much less than all-powerful and all-wise. Reasonable as so absolute a dualism might appear from a purely intellectual point of view, it had neither the appeal of a real monotheism nor had it any mystical element with which to nourish its inner life.\"\nAnother possible explanation postulated by Boyce is that Mazdaism and Zurvanism were divided regionally, that is, with Mazdaism being the predominant tendency in the regions to the north and east (Bactria, Margiana, and other satrapies closest to Zoroaster's homeland), while Zurvanism was prominent in regions to the south and west (closer to Babylonian and Greek influence). This is supported by Manichaean evidence that indicates that 3rd century Mazdean Zoroastrianism had its stronghold in Parthia, to the northeast. Following the fall of the Persian Empire, the south and west were relatively quickly assimilated under the banner of Islam, while the north and east remained independent for some time before these regions too were absorbed. This could also explain why Armenian/Syriac observations reveal a distinctly Zurvanite Zoroastrianism, and inversely, could explain the strong Greek and Babylonian connection and interaction with Zurvanism (see § Types of Zurvanism below).", "\"Classical Zurvanism\" is a term coined by Zaehner to denote the movement to explain the inconsistency of Zoroaster's description of the \"twin spirits\" as they appear in Yasna 30.3–5 of the Avesta. According to Zaehner, this \"Zurvanism proper\" was\ngenuinely Iranian and Zoroastrian in that it sought to clarify the enigma of the twin spirits that Zoroaster left unsolved.\nAs the priesthood sought to explain it, if the Malevolent Spirit (lit: Angra Mainyu) and the Benevolent Spirit (Spenta Mainyu, identified with Ahura Mazda) were twins, then they must have had a parent, who must have existed before them. The priesthood settled on Zurvan – the hypostasis of (Infinite) Time – as being \"the only possible 'Absolute' from whom the twins could proceed\" and which was the source of good in the one and the source of evil in the other.\nThe Zurvanite \"twin brother\" doctrine is also evident in Zurvanism's cosmogonical creation myth; the classic form of the creation myth does not contradict the Mazdean model of the origin and evolution of the universe, which begins where the Zurvanite model ends. It may well be that the Zurvanite cosmogony was an adaptation of an antecedent Hellenic Chronos cosmogony that portrayed Infinite Time as the \"Father of Time\" (not to be confused with the Titan Cronus, father of Zeus) whom the Greeks equated with Oromasdes, i.e. Ohrmuzd / Ahura Mazda.", "The classic Zurvanite model of creation, preserved only by non-Zoroastrian sources, proceeds as follows:\nIn the beginning, the great God Zurvan existed alone. Desiring offspring that would create \"heaven and hell and everything in between\", Zurvan sacrificed for a thousand years. Towards the end of this period, androgyne Zurvan began to doubt the efficacy of sacrifice and in the moment of this doubt Ohrmuzd and Ahriman were conceived: Ohrmuzd for the sacrifice and Ahriman for the doubt. Upon realizing that twins were to be born, Zurvan resolved to grant the first-born sovereignty over creation. Ohrmuzd perceived Zurvan's decision, which He then communicated to His brother. Ahriman then preempted Ohrmuzd by ripping open the womb to emerge first. Reminded of the resolution to grant Ahriman sovereignty, Zurvan conceded, but limited kingship to a period of 9,000 years, after which Ohrmuzd would rule for all eternity.\nChristian and Manichaean missionaries considered this doctrine to be exemplary of the Zoroastrian faith and it was these and similar texts that first reached the west. Corroborated by Anquetil-Duperron's \"erroneous rendering\" of Vendidad 19.9, these led to the late 18th-century century conclusion that Infinite Time was the first Principle of Zoroastrianism and Ohrmuzd was therefore only \"the derivative and secondary character\". Ironically, the fact that no Zoroastrian texts contained any hint of the born-of-Zurvan doctrine was considered to be evidence of a latter-day corruption of the original principles. The opinion that Zoroastrianism was so severely dualistic that it was, in fact, ditheistic or even tritheistic would be widely held until the late 19th century.", "According to Zaehner, the doctrine of the cult of Zurvan appears to have three schools of thought, each to a different degree influenced by alien philosophies, which he calls\nmaterialist Zurvanism,\naesthetic Zurvanism, and\nfatalistic Zurvanism.\nThese are described in the following subsections. Zaehner proposes that each of three arose out of\nclassical Zurvanism\ndescribed above.", "Materialist Zurvanism was influenced by the Aristotelian and Empedoclean view of matter, and took \"some very queer forms\".\nWhile Zoroaster's Ormuzd created the universe with his thought, materialist Zurvanism challenged the concept that anything could be made out of nothing. This challenge was a patently alien idea, discarding core Zoroastrian tenets in favor of the position that the spiritual world – including heaven and hell, reward and punishment – did not exist.\nThe fundamental division of the material and spiritual is not altogether foreign to the Avesta; Geti and Mainyu (middle Persian: menog) are terms in Mazdaist tradition, where Ahura Mazda is said to have created all first in its spiritual, then later in its material form. But the material Zurvanites redefined menog to suit Aristotelian principles to mean \"that which did not (yet) have matter\", or alternatively, \"that which was still the unformed primal matter\". Even this is not necessarily a violation of orthodox Zoroastrian tradition, since the divinity Vayu is present in the middle space between Ormuzd and Ahriman, the void separating the kingdoms of light and darkness.", "Ascetic Zurvanism, which was apparently not as popular as the materialistic kind, viewed Zurvan as undifferentiated Time, which, under the influence of desire, divided into reason (a male principle) and concupiscence (a female principle).\nAccording to Duchesne-Guillemin, this division is \"redolent of Gnosticism or – still better – of Indian cosmology\". The parallels between Zurvan and Prajapati of Rig Veda 10.129 had been taken by Widengren to be evidence of a proto-Indo-Iranian Zurvan, but these arguments have since been dismissed. Nonetheless, there is a semblance of Zurvanite elements in Vedic texts, and, as Zaehner puts it, \"Time, for the Indians, is the raw material, the materia prima of all contingent being.\"", "The doctrine of Limited Time (allotted to Ahriman by Zurvan) implied that nothing could change this preordained course of the material universe, and the path of the astral bodies of the 'heavenly sphere' was representative of this preordained course. It followed that human destiny must then be decided by the constellations, stars and planets, who were divided between the good (the signs of the Zodiac) and the evil (the planets):\nOhrmazd allotted happiness to man, but if man did not receive it, it was owing to the extortion of these planets.\n— Menog-i Khirad 38.4–5\nFatalistic Zurvanism was evidently influenced by Chaldean astrology and perhaps also by Aristotle's theory of chance and fortune. The fact that Armenian and Syrian commentators translated Zurvan as \"Fate\" is highly suggestive.", "In his first manuscript of his book Zurvan, Zaehner identified the leontocephalic deity of the Roman Mithraic Mysteries as a representation of Zurvan. Zaehner later acknowledged this mis-identification as a \"positive mistake\", due to Franz Cumont's late 19th century notion that the Roman cult was \"Roman Mazdaism\" transmitted to the west by Iranian priests. Mithraic scholars no longer follow this so-called 'continuity theory', but that has not stopped the fallacy (which Zaehner also attributes to Cumont) from proliferating on the Internet.", "No evidence of distinctly Zurvanite rituals or practices have been discovered, so followers of the cult are widely believed to have had the same rituals and practices as Mazdean Zoroastrians did. This is understandable, inasmuch as the Zurvanite doctrine of a monist First Principle did not preclude the worship of Ohrmuzd as the Creator (of the good creation). Similarly, no explicitly Zurvanite elements appear to have survived in modern Zoroastrianism.\nDhalla explicitly accepted a modern Western version of the old Zurvanite heresy, according to which Ahura Mazda himself was the hypothetical 'father' of the twin Spirits of Y 30.3 ... Yet though Dhalla thus, under foreign influences, abandoned the fundamental doctrine of the absolute separation of good and evil, his book still breathes the sturdy, unflinching spirit of orthodox Zoroastrian dualism.\n— Mary Boyce\nZurvanism begins with a heterodox interpretation of Zarathushtra's Gathas:\nYes, there are two fundamental spirits, twins which are renowned to be in conflict. In thought and in word, in action they are two: the good and the bad.\n— Y 30.3 (trans. Insler)\nThen shall I speak of the two primal Spirits of existence, of whom the Very Holy thus spoke to the Evil One: \"Neither our thoughts nor teachings nor wills, neither or words nor choices nor acts, not our inner selves nor our souls agree.\"\n— Y 45.2\nA literal, anthropomorphic \"twin brother\" interpretation of these passages gave rise to a need to postulate a father for the postulated literal \"brothers\". Hence Zurvanism postulated a preceding parent deity that existed above the good and evil of his sons. This was an obvious usurpation of Zoroastrian dualism, a sacrilege against the moral preeminence of Ahura Mazda.\nThe pessimism evident in fatalistic Zurvanism existed in stark contradiction to the positive moral force of Mazdaism, and was a direct violation of one of Zoroaster's great contributions to religious philosophy: his uncompromising doctrine of free will. In Yasna 30.2 and 45.9, Ahura Mazda \"has left to men's wills\" to choose between doing good and doing evil. By leaving destiny in the hands of fate (an omnipotent deity), the cult of Zurvan distanced itself from the most sacred of Zoroastrian tenets: that of the efficacy of good thoughts, good words and good deeds.\nThat the Zurvanite view of creation was an apostasy even for medieval Zoroastrians is apparent from the 10th century Denkard, which in a commentary on Yasna 30.3–5 turns what the Zurvanites considered the words of the prophet into Zoroaster recalling \"a proclamation of the Demon of Envy to mankind that Ohrmuzd and Ahriman were two in one womb\".\nThe fundamental goal of \"classical Zurvanism\" to bring the doctrine of the \"twin spirits\" in accord with what was otherwise understood of Zoroaster's teaching may have been excessive, but (according to Zaehner) it was not altogether misguided. In noting the emergence of an overtly dualistic doctrine during the Sassanid period, Zaehner asserted that \n[There must] have been a party within the Zoroastrian community which regarded the strict dualism between Truth and the Lie, the Holy Spirit and the Destructive Spirit, as being the essence of the Prophet's message. Otherwise the re-emergence of this strictly dualist form of Zoroastrianism some six centuries after the collapse of the Achaemenian Empire could not be readily explained. There must have been a zealous minority that busied itself with defining what they considered the Prophet's true message to be; there must have been an 'orthodox' party within the 'Church'.\nThis minority, concerned now with theology no less than with ritual, would be found among the Magi, and it is, in fact, to the Magi that Aristotle and other early Greek writers attribute the fully dualist doctrine of two independent principles – Oromasdes and Areimanios. Further, the founder of the Magian order was now said to be Zoroaster himself. The fall of the Achaemenian Empire, however, must have been disastrous for the Zoroastrian religion, and the fact that the Magi were able to retain as much as they did and restore it in a form that was not too strikingly different from the Prophet's original message after the lapse of some 600 years proves their devotion to his memory. It is, indeed, true to say that the Zoroastrian orthodoxy of the Sassanian period is nearer to the spirit of Zoroaster than is the thinly disguised polytheism of the Yashts. \nThus – according to Zaehner – while the direction that the Sassanids took was not altogether at odds with the spirit of the Gathas, the extreme dualism that accompanied a divinity that was remote and inaccessible made the faith less than attractive. Zurvanism was then truly heretical only in the sense that it weakened the appeal of Zoroastrianism.\nNonetheless, that Zurvanism was the predominant brand of Zoroastrianism during the cataclysmic years just prior to the fall of the empire, is, according to Duchesne-Guillemin, evident in the degree of influence that Zurvanism (but not Mazdaism) would have on the Iranian brand of Shi'a Islam. Writing in the historical present, he notes that \"under Chosrau II (r. 590–628) and his successors, all kinds of superstitions tend to overwhelm the Mazdean religion, which gradually disintegrates, thus preparing the triumph of Islam.\" Thus, \"what will survive in popular conscience under the Muslim varnish is not Mazdeism: it is Zervanite fatalism, well attested in Persian literature\". This is also a thought expressed by Zaehner, who observes that Ferdowsi, in his Shahnameh, \"expounds views which seem to be an epitome of popular Zervanite doctrine\". Thus, according to Zaehner and Duchesne-Guillemin, Zurvanism's pessimistic fatalism was a formative influence on the Iranian psyche, paving the way (as it were) for the rapid adoption of Shi'a philosophy during the Safavid era.\nAccording to Zaehner and Shaki, in Middle Persian texts of the 9th century, Dahri (from Arabic–Persian dahr, time, eternity) is the appellative term for adherents of the Zurvanite doctrine that the universe derived from Infinite Time. In later Persian and Arabic literature, the term would come to be a derogatory term for 'atheist' or 'materialist'. The term also appears – in conjunction with other terms for skeptics – in Denkard 3.225 and in the Skand-gumanig wizar where \"one who says god is not, who are called dahari, and consider themselves to be delivered from religious discipline and the toil of performing meritorious deeds\".", "\"Swedish-school\" theory, e.g. Nyberg (1931) reiterated by Zaehner (1955).", "\"Zurvanism\". Encyclopædia Iranica. 28 March 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2021.\nBoyce, Mary (1957). \"Some reflections on Zurvanism\". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. London, UK: School of Oriental and African Studies. 19 (2): 304–316. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00133063.\nZaehner, R.C. (1955). Zurvan, a Zoroastrian Dilemma (Biblo-Moser ed.). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-8196-0280-9.\n\nHenning (1951)\nDhalla (1932)\nMüller, F.M., ed. (1892). \"Denkard 9.30\". Sacred Books of the East (SBE). Vol. 37. Translated by West, E.W. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.\nDuchesne-Guillemin, J. (1956). \"Notes on Zurvanism\". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 15 (2): 108–112. doi:10.1086/371319. S2CID 162213173.\nZaehner, R.C. (1940) [1939]. \"A Zervanite apocalypse\". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. London, UK: School of Oriental and African Studies. 10 (2): 377–398. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00087577.\n\nNyberg (1931)\n\nCumont and Schaeder\nZaehner, R.C. (2003) [1961]. The Dawn and Twilight of Zoroastrianism (reprint ed.). New York: Putnam / Phoenix. ISBN 1-84212-165-0. \"A section of the book is available online\". Archived from the original on 2012-05-09. Several other websites have duplicated this text, but include an \"Introduction\" section that is very obviously not by Zaehner.\nBoyce (2002)\nZaehner (1972) \nBoyce, Mary (1979). Zoroastrians, Their Religious Beliefs and Practices.\nTextual Sources for the Study of Zoroastrianism. Translated by Boyce, Mary.\nShaki, Mansour (2002). Encyclopaedia Iranica. New York, NY: Mazda Publications.", "Taraporewala, Irach, ed. (1977). \"Yasna 30\". The Divine Songs of Zarathushtra. Translated by Bartholomae, Christian. New York, NY: Ams. ISBN 0-404-12802-5.\n\"The 'Ulema-i Islam]\". The Persian rivayats of Hormazyar Framarz and others. Translated by Dhabhar, Bamanji Nasarvanji. Bombay, IN: K.R. Cama Oriental Institute. 1932.\nFrye, Richard (1959). \"Zurvanism Again\". The Harvard Theological Review. London, UK: Cambridge University Press. 52 (2): 63–73. doi:10.1017/s0017816000026687.\nMüller, F.M., ed. (1880). \"Selections of Zadspram\". Sacred Books of the East (SBE). Vol. 5. Translated by West, E.W. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.\n\"The Kartir Inscription\". Henning Memorial Volume. Translated by MacKenzie, David Niel. Lund Humphries. 1970. ISBN 0-85331-255-9.\nZaehner, R.C. (1975). Teachings of the Magi: Compendium of Zoroastrian beliefs. New York, NY: Sheldon. ISBN 0-85969-041-5." ]

[ "Zurvanism", "Origins and background", "Evidence of the cult", "History and development", "Ascent and acceptance", "Decline and disappearance", "The \"twin brother\" doctrine", "Creation story", "Types of Zurvanism", "Materialist Zurvanism", "Ascetic Zurvanism", "Fatalistic Zurvanism", "Mistaken identity", "The legacy of Zurvanism", "Footnotes", "References", "Further reading" ]

[ 5360199 ]

[ 27239021, 27239022, 27239023, 27239024, 27239025, 27239026, 27239027, 27239028, 27239029, 27239030, 27239031, 27239032, 27239033, 27239034, 27239035, 27239036, 27239037, 27239038, 27239039, 27239040, 27239041, 27239042, 27239043, 27239044, 27239045, 27239046, 27239047, 27239048, 27239049, 27239050, 27239051, 27239052, 27239053, 27239054, 27239055, 27239056, 27239057, 27239058, 27239059, 27239060, 27239061, 27239062, 27239063, 27239064, 27239065, 27239066, 27239067, 27239068, 27239069, 27239070, 27239071, 27239072, 27239073, 27239074, 27239075, 27239076 ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Zury_R%C3%ADos_Sosa_%28portrait%29.jpg" ]

[ "Zury Mayté Ríos Sosa de Weller (born 24 January 1968) is a Guatemalan politician. She is the daughter of the late general, and President of Guatemala Efraín Ríos Montt. She served four terms in Congress, where she was chair of the Foreign Relations Committee. She also served on the Steering Committee of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) and was the chair of the IPU's Latin American Group where she was elected unanimously by parliamentarians from the Latin American nations. Zury was the presidential candidate for the party VIVA at the 2015 elections.", "Zury Ríos Sosa was born in January 1968, the third child of José Efraín Ríos Montt and María Teresa Sosa Ávila. Rios Sosa's father, a former Guatemalan army general and illegitimate President of Guatemala, was found guilty of genocide against the Ixil Maya and crimes against humanity.\nHer brothers, Enrique and Homero, both followed their father's military footsteps and enlisted in the armed forces: Homero, a military doctor, was killed by guerrillas in 1984, while rescuing wounded army soldiers and attempting to put them aboard an army helicopter that was brought down by rebel weapons fire in El Petén; Enrique was chief of the Army General Staff before resigning his commission in September 2003 when charged with having embezzled Q30 million (€3.25m/US$3.75m). When she was 10 years old, her father renounced Catholicism and became an ordained minister in a Guatemalan offshoot of the Gospel Outreach Church.\nZury Ríos studied at schools in Guatemala and Spain, where her father was assigned as military attaché following the 1974 presidential election, a process tainted by accusations of electoral fraud in which he had been a candidate. She graduated magna cum laude in political and social science from Francisco Marroquín University. Her first job (1988–1989) was as a lecturer in social and economic studies at the Escuela Cristiana Verbo in Guatemala City and she has also worked as a primary school teacher.\nShe has been married four times. Prior to her current union, she was married to Jeovanny Chávez, deputy José García Bravatti, and businessman Roberto López Villatoro. During her marriage to López Villatoro, she was also known as Ríos de López.\nOn 20 November 2004, at a ceremony held in General Ríos Montt's compound near Antigua Guatemala, and with the general presiding at the ceremony, she married U.S. Congressman Jerry Weller (R-Illinois). Following the wedding, she stated that although she planned to live in the United States with her husband, she would continue serving in the Guatemalan legislature; a lawyer for Weller told the U.S. House Ethics Committee that she did not plan on becoming a U.S. citizen.\nIn March 2006 the Wellers announced that she was pregnant, and a daughter, Marizú Catherine, was born on 17 August 2006 in a Guatemala City hospital. The child holds dual U.S. and Guatemalan nationality.", "In 1989, Zury Ríos joined the public relations department of the newly-created Guatemalan Republican Front (FRG) in preparation for the 1990 presidential election. In that election, the FRG won 10 seats in Congress. However, her father was barred from running for president due to a provision in the constitution barring coup leaders from running. Following the election, Zury Ríos worked as an administrative assistant to the FRG congressional bloc and as private secretary to the Speaker of Congress.\nIn 1996 she was elected to Congress as a national list deputy. In 1998 she was elected to the FRG's executive committee and political council.\nIn 1999 she was re-elected to Congress, again from her party's national list. During the 2000–04 legislative session, she served as one of the two deputy speakers and on the congressional foreign relations committee. She was elected to a third term in the 2003 general election, receiving the second highest number of votes on the national electoral lists. During the 2004–08 legislature, she served as vice chair of the foreign relations committee and on the health, sport, social welfare, and ethics committees. Much of her congressional work has focused on reproductive health issues, the HIV-AIDS situation, and combating tobacco use; some of her supporters see her as a potential future foreign minister or even president of the Republic.\nIn 2003, prior to the election, Zury Ríos was accused of being one of the organizers of jueves negro (\"Black Thursday\"). In mid-2003, the FRG was again trying to get General Ríos Montt on to the presidential ticket by arguing that applying the constitutional ban preventing former coup leaders from seeking the presidency should not apply to him in accordance with the principle of non-retroactive application of the law. His 1982 coup d'état had preceded the enactment of the 1985 Constitution. After a series of court decisions ruling alternately that he could or could not run, culminating with a 21 July 2003 ruling by the Supreme Court suspending his candidacy, on Thursday, 24 July, FRG officials and supporters led a mass demonstration in Guatemala City to protest his disqualification. The demonstration degenerated into a bloody riot that left one man dead (journalist Héctor Fernando Ramírez) but was perceived as having been successful in forcing the decision to be made to put Ríos Montt's name on the presidential ballot since a week later, the Constitutional Court of Guatemala overturned the Supreme Court's ban.\nAlthough General Ríos Montt ultimately lost the November 2003 election, he enjoyed his daughter's full support. Zury Ríos accompanied her father on his campaign trail, generally introducing him, in highly favorable terms, before he addressed his rallies. She was quoted in the press as saying, \"my father is my inspiration.\"", "\"Archived copy\". www.prensalibre.com. Archived from the original on 14 December 2004. Retrieved 6 June 2022.\nThe Christian Science Monitor (19 October 2005). \"Guatemalans wary of military aid\". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 7 September 2015.\n\"Archived copy\". www.prensalibre.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2022.\nhttp://www.soapblox.net/liberilview/showDiary.do?diaryId=186\n\"Political Violence in Guatemala\". Archived from the original on 7 July 2006. Retrieved 21 May 2006.\n\"Mi papá quiere ser presidente\". Archived from the original on 15 March 2007. Retrieved 21 June 2006.", "Zury Ríos Montt's personal web page\nZury Ríos Montt's congressional web page" ]

[ "Zury Ríos", "Family and education", "Political career", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/2014-08_Zurzyce_%2805%29_Wjazd.JPG" ]

[ "Zurzyce [zuˈʐɨt͡sɛ] (German: Zauritz) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kamiennik, within Nysa County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.", "\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\" (in Polish). 2008-06-01." ]

[ "Zurzyce", "References" ]

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