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[ "Zvonko Kusić ([ˌzʋǒːŋko ˈkǔːsit͜ɕ]) (born 14 June 1946) is a Croatian physician who is professor of oncology and nuclear medicine and head of the Department of Oncology and Nuclear Medicine of the Sisters of Charity University Hospital in Zagreb. He was president of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts (HAZU) from 2011 till 2018. He is a Fellow of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts (FCA).", "", "Kusić was born on 14 June 1946 in Zagreb.", "He received a Doctor of Medicine from the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Zagreb), specializing in nuclear medicine, radiotherapy and oncology. Since 1992 he has been full professor there. Since 1990 he has been the head of the Department of Oncology and Nuclear Medicine of the Sisters of Mercy University Hospital in Zagreb. \nHe has been President of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts (HAZU) since 1 January 2011, having previously been an associate member from 1992 to 2000 and full member since 2000, in addition to being Secretary of the Department of Medical Sciences and member of the presidency from 2004–2010.", "He is the founder of the Croatian Thyroid Society, and was formerly its chairman. He was also chairman of the Thyroid Diseases Reference Center and chairman of the Commission on Endemic Goiter and Iodine Prophylaxis of the Ministry of Health and Social Care since 1992. \nHe initiated the new Act on Salt Iodination, which was adopted in 1996. The result of that action was the elimination of goiter and other disorders caused by iodine deficiency, which was acknowledged by the International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD).\nAs of 2012 he is a member of the Croatian National Health Council as well as a member of the Regional Council for Biomedical Sciences at the Ministry of Science, Education and Sports. Other memberships include Council for Nuclear Medicine and of the Council for Oncology and Radiotherapy of the Ministry of Health and Social Care and the board of directors of the Croatian Oncology Society.", "Kusić received scientific training and was an invited professor at Guy's Hospital in London, Michigan University in Ann Arbor, Cornell University in New York and the Mayo Clinic Endocrine Course among others.\nAmong his specialties are malignant tumors. In this area, he has successfully cooperated with some of the world's most prestigious medical centers, organizations and leading experts, such as William Henry Beierwaltes, David Becker, Eugen Saenger and others.\nHe has published over 600 publications, a substantial number of which is indexed in tertiary publications and cited. He has authored or edited a number of scientific and professional books, encyclopedic editions and textbooks. He was the principal researcher in a series of Croatian and a number of major international scientific projects.", "Zvonko Kusić, FCA, is member of a series of professional and scientific Croatian and international associations and the representative of Croatia at the International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders; he is further editor-in-chief of the Bulletin of the Croatian Thyroid Society, associate editor-in-chief of the Libri Oncologici journal, and member of the editorial board of The Thyroid Gland – Clinical and Experimental. He used to be editor-in-chief of the internationally indexed Acta Clinica Croatica journal (Medline / Science Citation Index Expended).", "His awards include:\nOrder of Danica Hrvatska\nCroatian Academy of Sciences and Arts Award for exceptional and permanent contribution to medical science\nCroatian Life Achievement Award for Science\nHomeland's Gratitude Medal\nOrder of the Croatian Trefoil", "\"Zvonko Kusić, Fellow of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts\". hazu.hr. Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Archived from the original on 10 October 2011.", "Zvonko Kusić biography at the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts website" ]

[ "Zvonko Kusić", "Biography", "Early life", "Medical career", "Administrative positions", "Research", "Memberships", "Awards", "References", "Sources" ]

[ 5360657 ]

[ 27241085, 27241086, 27241087, 27241088, 27241089, 27241090, 27241091, 27241092, 27241093 ]

[ "Pamić with Duisburg in 2012" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Zvonko_Pamic_2012_2.jpg" ]

[ "Zvonko Pamić (born 4 February 1991) is a Croatian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Karlovac.", "", "Pamić began his career with NK Žminj where he earned his first professional caps in the 2007–08 season. Together with his brother Alen Pamić and cousin Sandi Križman, they signed for Rijeka in January 2008. They were then sent on loan to Karlovac for the remainder of the season, where their father Igor Pamić was coach at the time. Although his brother and cousin would return to Rijeka for the 2008–09 season, Zvonko spent the next two seasons playing a significant role for Karlovac before leaving for Germany, having never made an official appearance for the Bijeli.", "On 17 April 2010, Bayer 04 Leverkusen agreed terms with Croatian club Rijeka for the signing of the 19-year-old midfielder on a five-year-deal. On 27 May 2010, Leverkusen loaned Pamić to fellow Bundesliga team SC Freiburg. While being on loan at Freiburg, he made only two official appearances in Bundesliga.", "On 27 May 2011, it was announced by Bayer Leverkusen that Pamić would join MSV Duisburg for the 2011–12 season on loan. He scored his first goal for the team on November 2011. In his first season with MSV Duisburg, Pamić made total of 24 Bundesliga appearance, adding one in DFB-Pokal. MSV and Bayer reached the agreement about Pamić, and the loan was extended until June 2013. He made another 13 appearances for Duisburg until January 2013.", "In January 2013, the loan at MSV Duisburg was terminated and Pamić returned to Croatia to join Dinamo Zagreb.\nOn 25 September 2013 he impressed Dinamo's fans and the Croatian Media becoming the first-ever Croatian player in the history of Dinamo Zagreb to score a goal direct from a Corner kick. Pamić scored the Corner kick-goal in the first round of the 2013–14 Croatian Cup in the match against HNK Suhopolje.\nNow Pamić is playing regularly for At one moment, Pamić was a regular first choice and was the top assist provider in Dinamo Zagreb's squad.", "After an injury, Pamić did not become first choice again at Dinamo, and for that reason he was loaned out to NK Istra 1961 from 2014 to 2015, NK Lokomotiva from 2015 to 2016 and NK Hrvatski Dragovoljac in 2018.", "From June 2018 to January 2019 he played for OFK Titograd during the first part of the 2018–19 Montenegrin First League. While at Titograd, he scored 2 league goals in 11 league games.", "On 9 January 2019, Pamić signed a contract with Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina club NK Široki Brijeg. He made his debut for Široki on 3 April 2019, in a 2–0 cup semi-final game win against NK TOŠK Tešanj. Pamić made his league debut for Široki Brijeg on 7 April 2019, in a 1–0 home win against NK GOŠK Gabela.\nIn the 2018–19 season, Pamić and Široki Brijeg finished as Bosnian Cup runner-ups after losing to FK Sarajevo in the final. On 26 May 2019, Pamić surprisingly decided to leave Široki Brijeg.", "Pamić also represented Croatia at various youth international levels On 24 July 2010, Pamić scored a hat-trick in a U-19 game against Portugal at the 2010 UEFA European U-19 Championship in France. Croatia won the game 5–0.", "He is the son of ex-Croatia international footballer and now coach Igor Pamić. Zvonko's older brother was Alen Pamić, a professional footballer who died of a heart attack during a recreational game on 21 June 2013 at the age of 23.", "", "", "Dinamo Zagreb \nCroatian First League: 2012–13\nCroatian Supercup: 2013\nŠiroki Brijeg\nBosnian Cup runner up: 2018–19\nIndividual\nPrva HNL top assist provider: 2009–10\nBest Sportsman of the Karlovac County: 2010", "\"Pamić Zvonko\" (in Croatian). Nogometni Magazin. Archived from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2012.\n\"Rijeka potpisala sa Pamićima i Križmanom - Jutarnji List\". www.jutarnji.hr. 9 January 2008. Retrieved 2 April 2020.\n\"Leverkusen verpflichtet kroatisches Talent\" (in German). focus.de. 15 April 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2012.\n\"Pamic: Vertrag bis 2012\" (in German). kicker.de. 27 May 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2012.\n\"Zvonko Pamic wird Zebra auf Zeit\" (in German). kicker.de. 27 May 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2012.\n\"Fromlowitz verlässt MSV Duisburg – Pamic bleibt\" (in German). WAZ. 4 July 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2012.\n\"Pamic wechselt nach Zagreb\" [Pamic transfers to Zagreb] (in German). DFL. 16 December 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2013.\n\"Dinamo izlazi iz krize, Pamić: Ne zabija se svaki dan iz kornera\" [Dinamo get out of the crisis, Pamić: Scoring direct from a corner is not a common thing!] (in Croatian). Index.hr. 26 September 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2013.\n\"Analiza jeseni: Kako je HNL opet postao zanimljiv\". www.index.hr. Retrieved 17 May 2020.\nPamić, Stanić i Petrović novi igrači NK Široki Brijeg at klix.ba, 9 January 2019\nA.Lendo (3 April 2019). \"NK Široki Brijeg na krilima Bagarića osigurao lijepu prednost pred revanš protiv NK TOŠK\" (in Bosnian). sportsport.ba. Retrieved 3 April 2019.\nM.Šljivak (7 April 2019). \"Minimalac NK Široki protiv NK GOŠK, Gabeljani u sve težoj poziciji\" (in Bosnian). sportsport.ba. Retrieved 7 April 2019.\nE.B. (15 May 2019). \"FK Sarajevo osvojio Kup Bosne i Hercegovine\" (in Bosnian). Klix.ba. Retrieved 15 May 2019.\n\"Popović i Pamić napustili Široki Brijeg\" (in Bosnian). Klix.ba. 26 May 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2019.\n\"List of national team appearances\" (in Croatian). Croatian Football Federation. Archived from the original on 26 July 2010.\n\"Mladi hrvatski nogometaši \"razbili\" Portugalce i plasirali se u polufinale Europskog prvenstva\". Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). 24 July 2010. Retrieved 21 December 2016.\n\"1. Hrvatska nogometna liga 2009/10 - Ljestvice - Sportnet.hr\". sportnet.rtl.hr. Retrieved 17 May 2020.\n\"Marcela i Zvonko najbolji i u županiji || Radio Mrežnica - RM Portal\". www.radio-mreznica.hr. Archived from the original on 1 March 2010. \n\"Proglašeni najbolji u sportu KA-županije\". Archived from the original on 21 December 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2013.", "Zvonko Pamić at fussballdaten.de (in German)\nZvonko Pamić at Soccerway" ]

[ "Zvonko Pamić", "Club career", "Early career", "Bayer Leverkusen", "MSV Duisburg loan", "Dinamo Zagreb", "Istra 1961, Lokomotiva and Hrvatski Dragovoljac loans", "Titograd", "Široki Brijeg", "International career", "Personal life", "Career statistics", "Club", "Honours", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360658 ]

[ 27241094, 27241095, 27241096, 27241097, 27241098, 27241099, 27241100, 27241101, 27241102, 27241103, 27241104, 27241105, 27241106, 27241107 ]

[ "Zvonko Pantović performing live with Čipi & Industrija in Kragujevac", "" ]

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[ "Zvonko Pantović (Serbian Cyrillic: Звонко Пантовић), also known as Čipi (Chippie) (Serbian Cyrillic: Чипи), is a Serbian vocalist, best known as the lead singer and songwriter for the Serbian and former Yugoslav hard rock/heavy metal band, Osvajači, and Serbian rock/pop/folk band All Stars Osvajači.", "", "", "Krv i led (1991)\nSam (1995)", "The Best Of (1997)", "", "Vino crveno (1998)\nNevera (2000)\nCrno oko (2002)", "", "Na Balkanu (2010)", "EX YU ROCK enciklopedija 1960–2006, Janjatović Petar; ISBN 978-86-905317-1-4" ]

[ "Zvonko Pantović", "Discography", "With Osvajači", "Studio albums", "Compilations", "With All Stars Osvajači", "Studio albums", "With Čipi i Industrija", "Studio albums", "References" ]

[ 5360659 ]

[ 27241108 ]

[ "Zvonko Stanojoski, Warsaw 2013" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Zvonko_Stanojoski_2013.jpg" ]

[ "Zvonko Stanojoski (Macedonian: Звонко Станојоски; born January 29, 1964 in Prilep) is a Macedonian chess Grandmaster. In 2007 he won the Open Championship of Macedonia with a score of 7.5/9, one point above Dragoljub Jacimovic. He achieved International Master status in 1999 and grandmaster status in 2004. On 30th of August 2015, he won Macedonian Championship once again.\nStanojoski played eight times for Macedonia in Chess Olympiads (1994–1998, 2002–2010).", "\"Open Championship of Macedonia 2007\". Chess-Results.com. September 19, 2007. Retrieved December 29, 2011.\nBartelski, Wojciech. \"Men's Chess Olympiads: Zvonko Stanojoski\". OlimpBase. Retrieved 30 December 2011.", "Zvonko Stanojoski rating card at FIDE \nZvonko Stanojoski player profile and games at Chessgames.com" ]

[ "Zvonko Stanojoski", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360660 ]

[ 27241109 ]

[ "Zvonnitsa of the Transfiguration Cathedral in Vyazemy, Moscow Oblast.", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

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[ "A zvonnitsa (Russian: звонница; Ukrainian: дзвіниця, romanized: dzvinytsia; Polish: dzwonnica parawanowa; Romanian: zvoniţă) is a large rectangular structure containing multiple arches or beams that support bells, and a basal platform where bell ringers stand to perform the ringing using long ropes. It was an alternative to a bell tower in Russian, Polish and Romanian medieval architectural traditions, primarily used in Russian architecture of the 14th-17th centuries. Currently, zvonnitsa are especially widespread in the environs of Pskov. \nSometimes zvonnitsa were mounted directly on church roofs, resulting in a special form of church called a pod zvonom (Russian: под звоном, lit. 'under ringing') or izhe pod kolokoly (иже под колоколы, 'under bells'). The most famous example of this type is the Church of St Ivan of the Ladder, adjacent to Ivan the Great Bell Tower in the Moscow Kremlin.\nIn Polish, the word Dzwonnica (pl:Dzwonnica) refers to any type of bell tower, while the fortified trellis construction containing apertures for bells is referred to by the term dzwonnica parawanowa.", "", "Zvonnitsa in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia\nZvonnitsa in Architectural dictionary\nZhuravlev Yu. V. Zvonnitsa of Sophia Cathedral\nA. G. Melnik. About zvonnitsa of Borisoglebsky Monastery\nChurches Under Bells" ]

[ "Zvonnitsa", "Examples", "External links" ]

[ 5360661, 5360662, 5360663, 5360664, 5360665, 5360666, 5360667, 5360668 ]

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[ "", "Location in Suceava County", "" ]

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[ "Zvoriștea is a commune located in Suceava County, Western Moldavia, Romania. It is composed of eight villages: Buda, Dealu, Poiana, Slobozia, Stânca, Stâncuța, Șerbănești, and Zvoriștea.", "Dan Lupașcu\nElena Murariu", "Historical documents about Zvoriștea (in Romanian)", "\"Populaţia stabilă pe judeţe, municipii, oraşe şi localităti componenete la RPL_2011\" (in Romanian). National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 4 February 2014." ]

[ "Zvoriștea", "Natives", "External links", "References" ]

[ 5360669, 5360670, 5360671 ]

[ 27241111 ]

[ "Downtown Zvornik and Drina River", "", "", "", "", "", "Zvornik municipality by population proportional to the settlement with the highest and lowest population", "Cityscape of Zvornik", "City assembly building", "King Alexander I of Yugoslavia bridge", "Zvornik Lake", "City museum and library", "Church of Saint Petka", "City stadium" ]

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[ "Zvornik (Serbian Cyrillic: Зворник, [zʋɔ̌rniːk]) is a city in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located in Republika Srpska, on the left bank of the Drina river. In 2013, it had a population of 58,856 inhabitants.\nThe town of Mali Zvornik (\"Little Zvornik\") lies directly across the river in Serbia. Kula Grad, a village that is part of Zvornik municipality, has a Middle Age fort, Zvornik fortress, built in the 12th century.", "Zvornik is first mentioned in 1410, although it was known as Zvonik (\"bell tower\") at that time. The town's geographic location has made it an important trade link between Bosnia and the east. For instance, the main road connecting Sarajevo and Belgrade runs through the city. The medieval fort known as Kula grad was built in the early 7th century and still stands on the Mlađevac mountainous range overlooking the Drina Valley.", "During the Ottoman period, Zvornik was the capital of the Sanjak of Zvornik (an administrative region) within the Eyalet of Bosnia. This was primarily the case because of the city's crucial role in the economy and the strategic importance of the city's location. The Sanjak of Zvornik was one of six Ottoman sanjaks with most developed shipbuilding (besides the sanjaks of Vidin, Nicopolis, Požega, Smederevo and Mohač). In 1806, Zvornik was home to Mehmed-beg Kulenović.", "Ustasha troops of the fascist Independent State of Croatia occupied Zvornik, along with most of Bosnia, in April 1941. The town was liberated in July 1943 by the 1st Proletarian Brigade during the Battle of Zvornik.", "During the Bosnian War (1992–1995) Zvornik's Bosniak population was expelled. The military attack of paramilitary groups that came from Serbia on Zvornik Bosniaks commenced on 8 April 1992. During April 1992, many European news stations daily reported Serb armed attacks and mass killings of the Bosniak population of Zvornik and the surrounding villages.\nOn 19 May 1992, combined JNA, Serb paramilitary and Arkan's Tigers took control of Zvornik and Mali Zvornik. The suburbs of Karakaj and Čelopek were places of prisons where hundreds of local Bosniaks were killed. The remaining Bosniaks and non-Serbs were relegated to concentration camps and detention facilities throughout the area. During the war Serb forces destroyed mosques in and around the city.", "Aside from the city proper area of Zvornik, the municipality comprises the following settlements:\nAndrovići\nBaljkovica\nBaljkovica Donja\nBoškovići\nBuložani\nČelopek\nCer\nDivič\nDonja Pilica\nDonji Lokanj\nDrinjača\nDugi Dio\nĐevanje\nĐulići\nGlodi\nGlumina\nGoduš\nGornja Pilica\nGornji Lokanj\nGrbavci Donji\nGrbavci Gornji\nGušteri\nJardan\nJasenica\nJusići\nKamenica Donja\nKamenica Gornja\nKiseljak\nKitovnice\nKlisa\nKostijerevo\nKozluk\nKraljevići\nKriževići\nKučić Kula\nKula Grad\nLiješanj\nLiplje\nMalešići\nMarčići\nMeđeđa\nMehmedići\nNezuk\nNovo Selo\nPađine\nPaljevići\nPetkovci\nPotočani\nRastošnica\nRoćević\nRožanj\nSapna\nSkočić\nSnagovo\nSnagovo Donje\nSnagovo Gornje\nSopotnik\nŠepak Donji\nŠepak Gornji\nŠetići\nTabanci\nTrnovica\nTršić\nUgljari\nVitinica\nVrela\nZaseok\nZelinje", "", "", ":", "The table shows the number of registered people employed in legal entities by their core activity in 2018:", "The Cultural Summer of Zvornik (Zvorničko kulturno ljeto) is an annual event held in the first week of August, usually for six days. Its main objective is to become a traditional cultural event which will open the doors of Zvornik for recognized cultural values.\nThe festival was first held in August 2001 as a local event and has grown to be one of to biggest festivals in the Balkans.\nIn 2007, famous singers such as Neda Ukraden and Sandi Cenov participated, but in 2008 theis festival featured some of the most notable stars from former Yugoslavia, like Željko Joksimović, Hari Mata Hari, Van Gogh and Marinko Rokvić. There is also a regatta on the river Drina, a fun marathon and many cultural events and competitions during day and night.", "Zvornik is twinned with:\n Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia\nOther friendships and cooperations, protocols, memorandums:\n Kolchugino, Russia", "The local football clubs, FK Drina Zvornik and ŽFK Drina Zvornik, play in the First League of the Republika Srpska. Members of the First league of Republika Srpska also are volleyball and handball clubs Zvornik.", "Seka Aleksić, singer\nErmin Bičakčić, footballer\nRade Đokić, footballer\nAmer Hrustanović, sports wrestler, European medallist\nSaid Husejinović, footballer\nGoran Ikonić, basketball player\nZlatko Junuzović, Austrian footballer\nSamir Muratović, footballer\nNada Obrić, singer\nDenis Omerbegović, footballer\nBorisav Pisić, athlete\nSejad Salihović, footballer", "Podrinje\nDrina", "Official results from the book: Ethnic composition of Bosnia-Herzegovina population, by municipalities and settlements, 1991. census, Zavod za statistiku Bosne i Hercegovine - Bilten no.234, Sarajevo 1991.\nGodis̆njak grada Beograda. Beogradske novine. 1979. p. 35. Retrieved 7 September 2013 – via Google Books. Ипак градња бродова се посебно везивала за шест санџака: никопољски, видински, смедеревски, зворнички, пожешки и мохачки.\nUN report on Zvornik Archived 10 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine\n\"\"One of the biggest\" mass graves found in Bosnia\". BBC News. 8 October 1998. Retrieved 11 September 2016.\n\"Cities and Municipalities of Republika Srpska\" (PDF). rzs.rs.ba. Republika Srspka Institute of Statistics. 25 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.\n\"Zvornik's summer – Turistička organizacija grada Zvornik\". zvornikturizam.org. Turistička organizacija grada Zvornika. Retrieved 19 January 2018.\n\"Zvornik odlučio da se pobratimi sa Sremskom Mitrovicom\". Nadlanu (in Serbian). 30 September 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2021.\n\"СПОРАЗУМ О САРАДЊИ ЗВОРНИКА И КОЉЧУГИНА | СРНА\". www.srna.rs. Retrieved 19 January 2021.\nFirst league of RS 2017/18", "Official website\nDrinariver.com\nZvornik Travel Guide - android aplikacija" ]

[ "Zvornik", "History", "Ottoman rule", "World War II", "Bosnian war", "Settlements", "Demographics", "Population", "Ethnic composition", "Economy", "Culture", "International co-operation", "Sport", "Notable people", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360672, 5360673, 5360674, 5360675, 5360676, 5360677, 5360678, 5360679, 5360680, 5360681, 5360682, 5360683 ]

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[ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

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[ "Zvornik Castle (Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian: Zvornička tvrđava / Зворничка тврђава), also known as the Old Town of Zvornik (Stari grad Zvornik / Стари град Зворник) and Kula Grad (Кула Град, English: Tower City), is a medieval castle located in Zvornik, Bosnia and Herzegovina, on the mountain Mlađevac overlooking Drina Valley. Zvornik fortress is 147 metres (482 ft) above sea level.", "The medieval town of Zvornik called \"Đurđevgrad\" or \"Kula Grad\" was first mentioned as a property of Bosnian medieval feudal family Zlatonosović in 1410 when Hungarian King Sigismund was in the area. It was probably built in the 12th or 13th century and is one of the largest medieval fortresses in Bosnia and Herzegovina.", "Part of the structure was destroyed in 1878 during the Austro-Hungarian invasion of Bosnia and Herzegovina.", "Ustasha troops of the fascist Independent State of Croatia occupied the fortress along with the rest of Zvornik and most of Bosnia, in April 1941. The fortress was liberated in July 1943 by the 1st Proletarian Brigade during the Battle of Zvornik.", "Beginning on 8 April 1992, about 300 soldiers of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina defended the fortress from Serb soldiers of the Yugoslav People's Army during the first stages of the Bosnian War. Following the Bosnian War, Zvornik became a part of Republika Srpska and the new Serb government had a church built on the grounds of the fortress and relocated a church bell from the village of Divič to the new church to mark their victory over Bosniaks.\nIn May 2013, the remains of several war victims from the 1990s conflict were uncovered in Kula grad.", "", "List of fortifications in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Zvornik fortress Altitude and Location\n\"Zvornik: Kule kao svedoci vekova\". Novosti. 31 March 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2014.\nToal, Gerard; Dahlman, Carl T. (16 February 2011). Bosnia Remade: Ethnic Cleansing and its Reversal; page 78. ISBN 9780199742417. Retrieved 8 June 2014.\n\"Kula Grad: Sjećanje na čudo bosanskog otpora\". Kalesija info. 9 April 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.\n\"Kula Grad, čudo bosanskog otpora: Bilo nas je 300, samo 150 je imalo oružje\". B Portal. 8 April 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.\nTuathail, Gearóid; Toal, Gerard; Dahlman, Carl T. (16 February 2011). Bosnia Remade: Ethnic Cleansing and its Reversal; page 262. ISBN 9780199730360. Retrieved 8 June 2014.\n\"U Zvorniku nastavljena ekshumacija žrtava\". Radio Sarajevo. 15 May 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2014." ]

[ "Zvornik Fortress", "History", "Austria-Hungary", "World War II", "Bosnian War", "Gallery", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5360684, 5360685, 5360686, 5360687, 5360688, 5360689, 5360690, 5360691, 5360692, 5360693, 5360694, 5360695 ]

[ 27241123, 27241124, 27241125, 27241126, 27241127 ]

[ "", "" ]

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[ "Zvornik Lake (Serbian: Зворничко језеро, Bosnian: Zvorničko jezero) is an artificial lake located on the border of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia. It was created after construction of a hydroelectric power station in 1954 on the Drina river.", "There is a large number of cottages and tourist catering facilities around the lake. The lake is suitable for summer vacations, sport and recreational activities on the water and fishing. Zvornik Lake is also suitable for rafting, sailing and swimming.", "The lake is known for the large wels catfishes. It is believed that the depths of the lake are inhabited by the gigantic catfishes, up to 3 m (9.8 ft) long with a weight of over 100 kg (220 lb). Such large specimens have not been caught yet and in July 2017 divers were employed to explore part of the lake. The waters of the lake are murky and at the depths of 5 to 6 m (16 to 20 ft), the visibility is zero. The divers reached 15 m (49 ft), but didn't discover such a large fishes, though a few days before the dive, a specimen 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) long which weighed 37 kg (82 lb) was caught near the mouth of the Boranja river. Since 1998, an annual catfish hunt festivity Somovijada, has been held. The heaviest fish caught in the lake measured 87 kg (192 lb).", "List of lakes in Bosnia and Herzegovina\nList of lakes in Serbia", "S.Simić (23 July 2017), \"Ronioci kamerama \"lovili\" somove\", Politika-Magazin No. 1034 (in Serbian), pp. 28–29" ]

[ "Zvornik Lake", "Tourism", "Wildlife", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5360696, 5360697 ]

[ 27241128, 27241129, 27241130, 27241131 ]

[ "The Army of the Republika Srpska (VRS) soldiers of Headquarters 503rd Brigade, display two 122mm D-30 howitzers at a weapons storage site located in Zvornik, Bosnia-Herzegovina, during an inspection", "Col. Vinko Pandurević, Commander 1st Zvornik Brigade, Republic of Serbia Army, shows LTC Anthony Harriman, Squadron Commander, 3rd Squadron, 4th Cavalry Regiment, 2nd Brigade, 1st Armored Division, Baumholder, Germany, a ZIS-3 Towed Anti-tank Gun during an inspection of a Serbian cantonment area on 28 February 1996 during Operation Joint Endeavor" ]

[ 3, 5 ]

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[ "The Zvornik massacre refers to acts of mass murder and violence committed against Bosniaks and other non-Serb civilians in Zvornik by Serb paramilitary groups (Arkanovci, Territorial Defence units, White Eagles, Yellow Wasps) at the beginning of the Bosnian War in 1992. It was part of a wider campaign of ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War: by one estimate, 40,000 Bosniaks were expelled from the Zvornik district.\nIt was the second city in Bosnia and Herzegovina that was forcefully taken over by Serb forces during the Bosnian War. A total of 3,936 people were killed or went missing in the Zvornik municipality between 1992 and 1995 (of which 2,017 were Bosniak civilians), according to the Research and Documentation Center in Sarajevo. The U.N. established International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) convicted five Serb officials, who were found guilty of persecution, forcible transfer and/or deportation, murder, unlawful detention, torture (crimes against humanity) and wanton destruction, plunder of property (violations of law of war).", "According to the 1991 census data, the district of Zvornik had a population of 81,111: 48,208 (59.4%) of which were Bosniaks and 30,839 (38%) were ethnic Serbs. A total of 14,600 people lived in the city of Zvornik, 8,942 (61.0%) of them were Bosniaks, 4,281 (29.2%) of the Serbian nationality, 74 (0.5%) of Croatian nationality, and 1,363 (9.3 per cent) were defined as \"others\".\nAs a border town situated at the Bosnian-Serb Drina river, Zvornik was of great strategic importance. It is significant because Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia are linked at that point not only through a road bridge between the Zvornik urban area and the Karakaj industrial zone, and another one in Zvornik itself, but also via a railroad bridge between Karakaj and the town of Čelopek. It represents an important link along the Belgrade-Sarajevo line, as well as within the Belgrade-Tuzla line.\nOfficially, there was no garrison of the former JNA in the Zvornik district. The Zvornik region itself was controlled by the 17th Corps Tuzla. Up to the fall of 1991, the 17th Corps consisted of 3 brigades and one partisan brigade, and was part of the First Military District of Belgrade. After the re-organization of the JNA in the spring of 1992, it formally fell under the command of the Second Military District of Sarajevo, but most likely continued to be led by the First Military District of Belgrade.\nBy 1991-92, preliminary tank units (apparently from the abandoned Jastrebarsko garrison in Croatia) were stationed near Zvornik. By February or March 1992 (at the time of the referendum on independence), additional units of the former JNA-tank units and artillery and anti-aircraft positions were stationed in the Zvornik region. Initially, the tanks still carried the JNA emblems. It was only later that they were replaced by the Serbian flag and the coat-of-arms emblem. On the Serb side of the Drina river bank, various tank positions could be identified as well. Additional forces, including artillery, anti-aircraft weaponry, and tanks were being positioned there.", "", "The attack on Zvornik started on 8 April 1992, just a few days after the Serb seizure of Bijeljina. According to witness accounts, former JNA troops from the following garrisons were involved during the attack:\nTuzla garrison: some of the tanks used in Zvornik were part of the units which were transferred from Jastrebarsko (Croatia) to Tuzla.\nBijeljina garrison: The infantry divisions of the former JNA were reserve units of the mobilization base, Bijeljina.\nPlanes and helicopters which participated were reportedly from Tuzla. Prior to the attack, units from Novi Sad, Šabac, Sremska Mitrovica and Valjevo (Serbia) were partly stationed along the Serbian side of the Drina river bank, and partly on the Bosnian side. They further participated in the attack on Zvornik, operating from Serbian territory. They were equipped with machine-guns (M 52, M 65, M 66, M 70A, M 70B, M 72); hand grenade launchers (Zolja); kalashnikovs; MiG 21 and J-21 Jastreb with machine-guns and gunners; helicopters (MT 6 or MT 8 and others); and knives. Infantry units were not only composed of the «regular members» of the former JNA and of mobilized reserve forces, but also of «volunteers»", "The military attack on Zvornik occurred on 8 April 1992. Later, there were sporadic military operations with units of the former JNA cooperating with paramilitary units. These operations mainly focused on the medieval fortress of Kulagrad, southwest of Zvornik, where some dozen resistance fighters were holding out. However, on 26 April, this fortress was conquered in a concerted attack by former JNA troops, with air support, and by paramilitary units. Immediately after the fall of Kulagrad, the town of Divić, situated south of Zvornik, was attacked. Divić was almost exclusively populated by Bosniaks and was situated at the hydro-electric power plant. The attack on the town was conducted both from the Serbian side and from Bosnian territory, using tank forces, artillery, and infantry units with portable mortars. JNA units and paramilitary units cooperated. Arkanovci operated in front-line positions, taking the city. Their core troops left the city after the successful attack to prepare a raid on the next city, Bratunac.\nThe attack began on the morning of 8 April, with mortar fire on the Bukovik and Meterize city districts, as well as on the Bosniak-held defence positions on the Debelo Brdo hill. It came from the artillery positions in Karakaj, from the Bosnian side before Meterize, and from the Serbian side of the River Drina (Mali Zvornik). First shots were fired in the Meterize suburb. This attack was mainly carried out by the heavy equipment of the JNA (artillery and tanks). There are also reports of Arkanovci snipers firing from Mali Zvornik on the opposite river bank, and of snipers aiming at residents from positions on highrise buildings in Zvornik itself. The Bosniak position on Debelo Brdo, however, fell on that same day and was occupied.\nDuring the night there was heavy shelling of the town. The capture of the city did not begin until the following day, 9 April. In the morning, there were again negotiations with Arkan, which ended in an ultimatum for the surrender of weapons and the town by 8:00 a.m. At 8:00 a.m. artillery fire started again, followed by the capture of the town by the infantry. The Arkanovci assumed a leading role in the take-over of the city, proceeding from the north via the Bukovik and Meterize city districts heading for the city centre. In addition, infantry units of the JNA in cooperation with Serb volunteers (Šešeljevci, Beli Orlovi) took part in seizing the city. They approached the city primarily from the west, in a second wave. It was reported that on the very first day, as well as during the subsequent weeks, there were random executions, rapes, and massacres. In these, the units of the Šešeljevci, Beli Orlovi and the so-called \"territorial defence\" were also involved. On 10 and 11 April, Zvornik was captured. The Kulagrad fortress south of Zvornik and the town of Divić bordering Zvornik to the South had not yet been occupied.\nOn 9 April, artillery attacks on Kulagrad started as the attacking units were expecting major Bosniak resistance forces. Even before the attack, Serbian media reported that \"several thousand Bosniak extremists\" were hiding in Kulagrad. In fact, there were probably no more than a few dozen armed Bosniaks under the command of a former JNA officer who spontaneously organized a resistance movement with light equipment (small arms). From 11 April onward, there were almost daily attempts by small combat groups from various paramilitary units to capture the fortress. These attempts failed, however, despite the fact that Kulagrad was constantly under fire from mortars, anti- aircraft guns and tanks. The reason for this failure might be due to the apparent lack of coordination of the attacks, as well as deficiencies in the training of the infantry units involved. These settlements were captured by May.", "Around 10 or 11 April, the «ordinance on the introduction of the general work requirement», along with an extension of the deadline, was broadcast by Radio Zvornik. But this appeal was not followed, as there were still numerous paramilitary troops in town who were looting and terrorizing the locals. Therefore, the appeal was broadcast once more a few days later (approximately 15 or 16 April). The overall response to these appeals was however rather poor. The experiences of those who did follow the appeal to return to the workplace showed that the true purpose of this appeal, and of others that followed, was to monitor male Bosniak inhabitants.\nImmediately after the occupation of the town, a night curfew was imposed which remained in force until the «ethnic cleansing» was completed. During the day, men were allowed to move around only with a permit issued by the Serbian police at Zvornik. Many of the men who went to Karakaj (or later to the police office in Zvornik) in order to apply for a «permit» were suddenly deported into one of the camps in the industrial district of Karakaj. While at the camp, they were subjected to severe torture and murder, in particular by members of the paramilitary troops whose quarters were partly in the same buildings as those in which the prisoners were detained. Many of the men, therefore, did not dare to pick up their passes themselves, but remained in hiding in houses. However, even persons with a pass were not safe from random aggressions by the numerous paramilitary units in town. It was reported by some witnesses that immediately upon leaving the police station, they had their passes taken away or torn into pieces by members of a paramilitary group. Some of them were attacked and deported into camps.\nFrom the onset of the occupation, Bosniaks were prohibited from working, except for persons deemed indispensable (e.g. hospital personnel, who were not released until the end of May). Everyday life was dominated by the fact that maraudering paramilitary troops, who were not controlled by any authority, terrorized the Bosniak population of Zvornik.", "After the expulsion of the Bosniak population by means of terror, the next step was to prepare the total expulsion of the inhabitants with the support of administrative measures. The first step had already been the appeal to return. The registration of property that was mandatory for all inhabitants, including the Serbian population, served above all the purpose of registering the male Bosniak population. For this reason, only men were eligible for registration, which had to be completed before the Serbian municipality or the Serbian militia, even if a property was originally registered under the wife's name. These registrations led to arrests and deportations to camps, apparently on the basis of pre-established lists.\nAn «agency for the exchange of houses» was set up, to which the Bosniak inhabitants were to transfer their houses. In return, the Bosniaks were promised houses belonging to Bosnian Serbs (e.g. in the Tuzla region) who supposedly had also assigned their homes to the agency. In order to make this ostensible offer to exchange houses more appealing, Serbian radio stations transmitted broadcasts regarding the successful exchange of homes by prominent Bosniak inhabitants. These exchanges were, in many cases, found out to be falsified or conducted under coercion.\nDeparture from the town was only possible on the condition that property was renounced and transferred to the Serbian District of Zvornik. These transfers were executed in cooperation with the police and paramilitary units, especially the Draganovci. Documents that had to be shown upon leaving the town included:\na personal ID card, in which the date of the notice of change of address was entered by the authority.\na permit which guaranteed the holder the freedom of movement on the territory of the Serbian District of Zvornik and the access to the territory of the FR Yugoslavia.\na stub certifying the «change of address»", "", "The U.N. established International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) issued several indictments for crimes after the capture of Zvornik. In its verdicts, it found the Serb officials guilty of persecution, forcible transfer and/or deportation, murder, unlawful detention, torture (crimes against humanity) and wanton destruction, plunder of property (violations of law of war):\nRadovan Karadžić, former President of Republika Srpska, was sentenced to a life in prison.\nMićo Stanišić, Minister of the Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs in Bosnia and Herzegovina, was sentenced to 22 years in prison.\nStojan Župljanin, Chief of the Regional Security Services Centre of Banja Luka; member of the Autonomous Region of Krajina (ARK) Crisis Staff, was sentenced to 22 years.\nMomčilo Krajišnik was sentenced to 20 years.\nBiljana Plavšić was sentenced to 11 years.\nVojislav Šešelj was charged, but ultimately acquitted.\nThe ICTY found that at least 491 people were killed in Zvornik in 1992: 85 persons on 30 May 1992 at the Drinjača school; 352 persons in June 1992 at Gero’s Slaughterhouse and Karakaj Technical School; 20 persons in June 1992 at the Karakaj Technical School; and 34 men at Čelopek Dom in June 1992. It further concluded:\nThe Chamber has found that the Municipalities of Banja Luka, Bijeljina, Bileća, Bosanski Šamac, Brčko, Doboj, Donji Vakuf, Gacko, Ilijaš, Ključ, Kotor Varoš, Pale, Prijedor, Sanski Most, Teslić, Vlasenica, Višegrad, Vogošća, and Zvornik were taken over in the months of April and June 1992, in accordance with the Variant A and B Instructions through the joint action of the RS MUP and other Serb forces, sometimes by advance hostile occupation of the main features in town by police forces. What followed was the mass exodus of Muslims, Croats, and other non-Serbs from their homes, communities, villages, and towns either provoked by violent means that entailed unlawful detention at the local SJBs and improvised camps and centres created out of local schools, gymnasia, cinema halls, cultural “doms”, and factories or by the imposition of harsh, unliveable conditions and discriminatory measures by Serb Forces, including members of the RS MUP, which led to the involuntary departure of the non-Serb population.", "Vojin Vučković, commander of the Yellow Wasps, and his brother, Duško, were convicted in 1996 for killing of 17 civilians in Čelopek, a suburb of Zvornik, in 1992.\nOn 28 November 2005, the War Crimes Chamber in Belgrade began the trial of the \"Zvornik Group\" (Branko Grujić, Branko Popović, Dragan Slavković, Ivan Korać, Siniša Filipović, Dragutin Dragićević and Duško Vučković). They were accused of murdering at least 22 and forcefully deporting 1822 Bosniaks.\nOn 4 January 2010, Darko Janković was arrested in suspicion of killing at least 19 Bosniaks in Čelopek.\nIn June 2010, the Belgrade court brought a verdict and sentenced three people for war crimes in Zvornik. Dragan Slavković was sentenced to 12 years, Ivan Korać to 9 years and Siniša Filipović to three years in prison. The fourth suspect, Dragutin Dragičević, was freed of all charges. The three convicts were said to have tortured and killed at least 19 out of 162 illegally captured Bosniak civilians from Divič in the \"Dom kulture\" in Čelopek.\n\nDuring the trial, witness B-24, a police officer and member of the Crisis staff in Zvornik, described how in April 1992 a person working in Zvornik under the pseudonym \"Marko Pavlovic\" made a phone call to JNA officers and within 24 to 48 hours, weapons and ammunition shipments would arrive for the \"defense\" of Zvornik. The ICTY brought the following verdict on Zvornik:\nZvornik was a municipality with a Bosniak-majority population. The Serb crisis staff mobilized the Serb members of the Territorial Defence in early April 1992. Paramilitary forces, including Arkan’s men, Šešelj’s men, Yellow Wasps, and Red Berets, began to arrive in the municipality. They had been invited by Branko Grujić, the president of the crisis staff. The police in the municipality was divided along ethnic lines. The Serb members of the Zvornik police relocated to Karakaj, where the Serb crisis staff was located. The Serb police and the paramilitary forces erected barricades throughout the municipality. Serb forces, including members of the police, the Territorial Defence, the Yugoslav People's Army, and paramilitary groups, then launched an armed attack against Zvornik town. The Serb civilian population had left town prior to the attack. Zvornik town was taken over by the Serb forces within a day. The Serbian flag was hoisted on top of the main town mosque. Many civilians were killed during the attack, and many others fled in fear. After the attack, Arkan’s men looted the homes and piled dozens of dead bodies, including the bodies of children, women, and elderly persons, onto trucks. More dead bodies lay in the streets.\nOn 1 October 2010, at the trials of Mićo Stanišić and Stojan Župljanin, which are accused of committing crimes between 1 April and 31 December 1992, in 20 municipalities throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina including Zvornik, a former member of the Serbian Democratic Party (SDS) testified that senior Bosnian Serb officials were informed of the atrocities that were being committed in Zvornik.\nOn 22 November 2010, Branko Grujić, a municipal official, and Branko Popović, a former territorial defense commander, were sentenced to 6 and 15 years respectively for their role in the \"Zvornik group\" that \"imprisoned, inhumanely treated and killed around 700 people\" in Zvornik from May to July 1992. The verdict determined that more than 1,600 civilians were forced to leave the Zvornik area. The bodies of 352 victims have been found and identified since the war. The War Crimes Prosecutor's Office said it would appeal the verdicts, stating that the sentences were \"inadequate considering the responsibility of the accused, with regard to the number of victims, the mass and brutal character of the crimes.\"", "List of massacres in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "\"Court in Belgrade sentences Serbs for war crimes\". Independent European Daily Express. 23 February 2013. Retrieved 23 February 2013.\nJohn F. Burns (22 May 1992). \"Bosnian Strife Cuts Old Bridges of trust\". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 August 2010.\nKatharina Goetze (2008-11-17). \"Witness Says Serbs Knew Zvornik Attack Was Coming\". iwpr.net. Institute for War and Peace Reporting. Retrieved 30 August 2010.\nBassiouni, Cherif (27 May 1994). \"Final report of the United Nations Commission of Experts established pursuant to security council resolution 780 – Annex IV: The policy of ethnic cleansing\". United Nations. Archived from the original on 23 March 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2010 – via www.ess.uwe.ac.uk.\nSekularac, Ivana (12 June 2008). \"Serbia jails three for killing Muslims, prosecutor to appeal\". Reuters.\nRoger Cohen (7 March 1994). \"In a Town 'Cleansed' of Muslims, Serb Church Will Crown the Deed\". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 August 2010.\nChuck Sudetic (10 April 1992). \"Serb-Backed Guerrillas Take Second Bosnia Town\". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 August 2010.\nIvan Tučić (February 2013). \"Pojedinačan popis broja ratnih žrtava u svim općinama BiH\". Prometej.ba. Retrieved 4 August 2014.\n\"Bosnia-Herzegovina: Karadžić life sentence sends powerful message to the world\". amnesty.org. Amnesty International. 20 March 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2019.\n\"Mico Stanisic and Stojan Zupljanin; Case Information Sheet\" (PDF). www.icty.org. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. pp. 250, 262. Retrieved 19 January 2019.\n\"Momčilo Krajišnik; Case Information Sheet\" (PDF). www.icty.org. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. pp. 250, 262. Retrieved 19 January 2019.\n\"Prosecutor v. Biljana Plavšić judgement\" (PDF). www.icty.org. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.\n\"The charges against Vojislav Seselj\". news.bbc.co.uk. BBC News. 24 February 2003. Retrieved 30 August 2010.\n\"The Prosecutor vs Mico Stanisic and Stojan Zupljanin – Judgement\" (PDF). icty.org. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. 27 March 2013. pp. 250, 262. Retrieved 19 January 2019.\n\"History of Zvornik\". haverford.edu. Archived from the original on August 18, 2000. Retrieved April 15, 2015.\n\"NIN, Belgrade, article, \"St. Vitus Day Massacre\"\". ex-yupress.com. 12 July 2001. Retrieved 2 May 2010.\n\"Krajsinik Trial Chamber Judgment, Note 1750\" (PDF). icty.org. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. Retrieved 14 April 2015.\n\"First hearing in Zvornik Group trial in Belgrade\". humanrightshouse.org. Human Rights House Foundation. 2 December 2005.\n\"Serbia arrests war-crime suspect\". Deutsche Welle. 4 January 2010.\n\"Police arrest war crimes suspect\". The Washington Post. 4 January 2010.\n\"Court confirms Zvornik war crimes verdict\". B92. 25 June 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010.\n\"Weighing the Evidence\". www.hrw.org. Human Rights Watch. 13 December 2006. Retrieved 14 April 2015.\n\"Prosecutor vs. Momčilo Krajišnik – Summary of Judgement\" (PDF). icty.org. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. 27 September 2006. Retrieved 31 August 2010.\nSaric, Velma (1 October 2010). \"\"Complete Chaos\" in Zvornik\". iwpr.net. Institute for War & Peace Reporting. Retrieved 14 April 2015.\nSavic, Misha (22 November 2010). \"Serbian Court Sentences Two for War Crimes During Bosnian War\". bloomberg.com. Bloomberg.\n\"Serbia prosecutors to appeal 2 war crimes verdicts\". google.com. Associated Press. 23 November 2010.", "Video of the prosecution of crimes in Zvornik (Bosnian)\nThe Death of Yugoslavia – part 3 on Google video (includes Zvornik attack)" ]

[ "Zvornik massacre", "Background", "Attack on Zvornik", "Build-up", "The attack", "Aftermath", "Expulsion and organized deportation", "Legal proceedings", "ICTY", "Regional courts", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360698, 5360699 ]

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[ "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 0 ]

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[ "Zvotoky is a village and municipality (obec) in Strakonice District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic.\nThe municipality covers an area of 3.92 square kilometres (1.51 sq mi), and has a population of 62 (as at 28 August 2006).\nZvotoky lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) south-west of Strakonice, 59 km (37 mi) north-west of České Budějovice, and 109 km (68 mi) south-west of Prague.", "Czech Statistical Office: Municipalities of Strakonice District" ]

[ "Zvotoky", "References" ]

[ 5360700, 5360701, 5360702 ]

[ 27241180 ]

[ "Zvuki Mu before a show in Vilnius, 1988" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Zvuki_Mu_1988.jpg" ]

[ "Zvuki Mu (Russian: Зву́ки Му [ˈzvukʲɪ ˈmu], roughly translated as \"The Sound of Moo\") was a Russian alternative rock/indie/post-punk band founded in Moscow in 1983. Lead singer and songwriter Pyotr Mamonov was one of the most revered and eccentric figures of the Russian art scene, whose absurdist lyrics are as playful and disturbing as his vocal style and explosive on-stage presence.\nThe 2013 video for The National's single \"Sea of Love\", directed by Sophia Peer, was based on Zvuki Mu's video for Grubyj Zakat. In 2015, Mamonov reunited the band with new members, called \"Brand new Zvuki Mu\".", "1989 — Zvuki Mu / Звуки Му / \"Sounds of Mu\"\n1991 — Transnadyozhnost'/ Транснадёжность / \"Transreliability\"\n1992 — Mamonov I Aleksey / Мамонов И Алексей / \"Mamonov and Aleksey\"\n1994 — Krym / Крым / \"Crimea\" (recorded 1988)\n1995 — Grubiy Zakat / Грубый Закат / \"Rough Sunset\"\n1995 — Instrumental'nie Variatsii / Инструментальные Вариации / \"Instrumental Variations\"\n1996 — Zhizn' Amfibiy Kak Ona Est' / Жизнь Амфибии Как Она Есть / \"Life Of Amphibians As It Is\"\n1996 — Prostie Veshi / Простые Вещи / \"Simple Things\" (recorded 1988)\n1996 — Mamonov 84-87\n1997 — Legendy Ruskogo Roka / Легенды Русского Рока / \"Legends of Russian Rock\"\n1999 — Shkura Neubitogo / Шкура Неубитого / \" Pelt of Unkilled\"\n2000 — Nabral Khoroshih Na Odin Kompakt / Набрал Хороших На Один Компакт / \"Have Picked Good (Songs) On One Compact (Disk)\"\n2000 — Shokoladniy Pushkin / Шоколадный Пушкин / \"Chocolate Pushkin\"\n2002 — Shkura Neubitogo 2 / Шкура Неубитого 2 / \"Pelt of Unkilled 2\"\n2002 — Elektro T / Электро T / \"Electro T\"\n2003 — Myshi 2002 / Мыши 2002 / \"Mice 2002\"\n2003 — Zelyonenkiy / Зелёненький / \"(Little) Green\"\n2003 — Velikoe Molchanie Vagona Metro / Великое Молчание Вагона Метро / \"The Great Silence of Metro Wagon\"\n2005 — Skazki Bratiev Grimm / Сказки Братьев Грим / \"Tales of The Brothers Grimm\"", "\"Zvuki Mu | Biography, Albums, Streaming Links\". AllMusic. Retrieved 15 July 2021.\nJardin, Xeni (4 April 2017). \"Soviet New Wave, 1987: \"Grey Pigeon\" by Pyotr Mamonov and Zvuki Mu\". Boingboing.net. Retrieved 15 July 2021.\n\"Zvuki Mu – Biography\". AllMusic. Retrieved 23 May 2015.\n\"The National pay tribute to Russian band Zvuki Mu in Sea of Love video\". HitFix.com. 11 May 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2015.\n\"The National – \"Sea Of Love\" video\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2015.\n\"Петр Мамонов и Совершенно новые Звуки Му - Незнайка ( ч.5?)\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2021.", "Zvuki Mu at AllMusic \nZvuki Mu discography on Discogs" ]

[ "Zvuki Mu", "Discography", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360703 ]

[ 27241181, 27241182, 27241183 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Zvulun_Kalfa-Cropped.jpg" ]

[ "Zvulun Kalfa (born 28 September 1962) is an Israeli politician. He served as a member of the Knesset for the Jewish Home from 2013 until 2015.", "Born in the Sharsheret moshav, Kalfa was educated at yeshivas in Kfar Maimon and Yamit in the Sinai Peninsula. After Yamit was evacuated as part of the Egypt–Israel peace treaty, he helped establish a new yeshiva in Neve Dekalim in Gaza. After finishing his national service, he ran a boarding school in Kfar Maimon and a midrasha in Itamar. He also became a member of Hof Aza Regional Council.\nKalfa lived in the Bnei Atzmon settlement in the Gaza Strip. After it was evacuated in 2005, residents lived in tents near Netivot, and Kalfa became the community's leader, earning the nickname \"Mayor of the City of Faith\". He later helped the community move to the Shomria kibbutz, and was elected to Bnei Shimon Regional Council.\nPrior to the 2013 Knesset elections, he won third place on the Tkuma list. After its alliance with the Jewish Home, he was placed seventh on the joint list, and was elected to the Knesset after the party won 12 seats.\nHe was placed 18th on the party's list for the 2015 elections, but later announced that he was leaving the party after it was revealed that former footballer and manager Eli Ohana would be on the party's list. He attempted to re-join the list after Ohana's withdrawal, but was refused the opportunity.\nHe is married, with 6 children.", "Meet the new MK: Zvulun Kalfa The Jerusalem Post, 31 January 2013\nThe Jewish Home Central Elections Committee (in Hebrew)\nFinal Jewish Home List Released Israel National News, 16 January 2015\nIsrael election updates / Former Defense Minister Mofaz retires from politics Haaretz, 27 January 2015\n\"Bennett Refuses to Let Kalfa Back onto Jewish Home List\". Israel National News. 29 January 2015.", "Zvulun Kalfa on the Knesset website" ]

[ "Zvulun Kalfa", "Biography", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360704 ]

[ 27241184, 27241185, 27241186, 27241187 ]

[ "Station Hall" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Metro_SPB_Line2_Zvezdnaya.jpg" ]

[ "Zvyozdnaya (Russian: Звёздная) is a station on the Moskovsko-Petrogradskaya Line of the Saint Petersburg Metro. It was opened on December 25, 1972. It was designed by K.N. Afonskya, A.C. Getskin and V.P. Shuvalova. In the original blueprints, the station was called \"Imeni Lensoveta\" (Soviet of Leningrad Honorary station).", "The station is adjacent to Krylov State Research Center.", "Tramway - Route 29\nMunicipal Bus - Routes 34, 50, 59, 64, 64А, 116, 179, 192, 128\nMarshrutka - К-86, К-138, К-116, К-151, К-201, К-293, К-292, К-293а, К-296, К-296а, К-350, К-363, К-479, К-610, К-610а" ]

[ "Zvyozdnaya", "Location", "Transit Connections" ]

[ 5360705 ]

[ 27241188 ]

[ "Palace of Culture in Zvyozdny", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Cultural_center_in_closed_town_Zvezdniy.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Flag_of_Zwezdny_%28Perm_krai%29.png", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Zwezdny_%28Perm_krai%29_%282010%29.jpg" ]

[ "Zvyozdny (Russian: Звёздный), formerly Perm-76 (Пермь-76), is a closed urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Perm Krai, Russia. Population: 9,151 (2010 Census); 9,628 (2002 Census).", "A permanent military summer camp was established in place of modern Zvyozdny in 1931. Originally, the camp was use for military training of infantry, artillery, and cavalry. It was supplied with guns from nearby Perm and with horses from the stud farms in the vicinity. In 1941, when Nazi Germany attacked USSR, the camp was converted into a permanent installation which continued to be used after the war ended.", "Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the closed administrative-territorial formation of Zvyozdny—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the closed administrative-territorial formation of Zvyozdny is incorporated as Zvyozdny Urban Okrug.", "List of closed cities", "", "Law #416-67\nRussian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.\n\"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года\". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.\nDecision #6\n\"Об исчислении времени\". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.\nПочта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)\nRussian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).", "Законодательное собрание Пермской области. Закон №416-67 от 28 февраля 1996 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Пермского края», в ред. Закона №504-ПК от 9 июля 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Пермской области \"Об административно-территориальном устройстве Пермского края\"». Вступил в силу с момента опубликования. Опубликован: \"Звезда\", №38, 12 марта 1996 г. (Legislative Assembly of Perm Oblast. Law #416-67 of February 28, 1996 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Perm Krai, as amended by the Law #504-PK of July 9, 2015 On Amending the Law of Perm Oblast \"On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Perm Krai\". Effective as of the moment of publication.).\nРешение №6 от 28 июня 2005 г. «Устав городского округа закрытое административно-территориальное образование Звёздный Пермской области», в ред. Решения №60 от 2 июня 2011 г «О внесении изменений в Устав городского округа ЗАТО Звёздный Пермского края». Опубликован: \"Вестник Звёздного\", №7, 18 июля 2006 г. (Decision #6 of June 28, 2005 Charter of the Urban Okrug of the Closed Administrative-Territorial Formation of Zvyozdny of Perm Oblast, as amended by the Decision #60 of June 2, 2011 On Amending the Charter of the Urban Okrug of the Closed Administrative-Territorial Formation of Zvyozdny of Perm Oblast. )." ]

[ "Zvyozdny, Perm Krai", "History", "Administrative and municipal status", "See also", "References", "Notes", "Sources" ]

[ 5360706, 5360707, 5360708 ]

[ 27241189, 27241190, 27241191, 27241192, 27241193, 27241194, 27241195, 27241196, 27241197 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Flag_of_Zvyozdny_gorodok.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Zvyozdny_Gorodok_-_Coat_of_Arms.png" ]

[ "Zvyozdny gorodok (Russian: Звёздный городо́к) is a closed urban locality (a work settlement) in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It is home to the military research and space training facility known as Star City in English. Population: 6,332 (2010 Census).", "For most of its history, the space training center known in English as Star City was in jurisdiction of the Soviet and then Russian military. However, in August 1996, due to the changes in legislation the center became subordinated both to the Ministry of Defense and to the Roscosmos. This double status remained in effect until October 1, 2008, when the center was re-organized and subordinated directly and solely to the Roscosmos. As a result, the status of the territory of Star City was changed from military to civil. A closed administrative-territorial formation was established on the territory of the closed military townlet #1 (Star City's official designation) on January 19, 2009. On August 5, 2009, Boris Gromov, the Governor of Moscow Oblast, issued a Resolution which transformed the military townlet into an urban-type settlement. On October 29, the urban-type settlement was named \"Zvyozdny gorodok\"; however, as of 2011, this name is not yet official pending the approval by the Government of Russia.", "Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the closed administrative-territorial formation of Zvyozdny gorodok—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the closed administrative-territorial formation of Zvyozdny gorodok is incorporated as Zvyozdny gorodok Urban Okrug.", "Slovenske Konjice, Slovenia", "", "Resolution #74-PG\nLaw #11/2013-OZ\nБаза данных муниципальных образований, данные на 1.01.2011\nRussian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). \"Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1\" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.\n\"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года\". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.\nLaw #22/2009-OZ\n\"Об исчислении времени\". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.\nПочта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)\nOfficial website of Zvyozdny gorodok Urban Okrug. Historical reference (in Russian)\nDecree #68\nResolution #7/94-P", "Московская областная Дума. Закон №11/2013-ОЗ от 31 января 2013 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Московской области», в ред. Закона №72/2015-ОЗ от 5 мая 2015 г. «Об отнесении города Озёры Озёрского района Московской области к категории города областного подчинения Московской области, упразднении Озёрского района Московской области и внесении изменений в Закон Московской области \"Об административно-территориальном устройстве Московской области\"». Вступил в силу на следующий день после официального опубликования (13 января 2013 г.). Опубликован: \"Ежедневные Новости. Подмосковье\", №24, 12 февраля 2013 г. (Moscow Oblast Duma. Law #11/2013-OZ of January 31, 2013 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Moscow Oblast, as amended by the Law #72/2015-OZ of May 5, 2015 On Re-Classifying the Town of Ozyory in Ozyorsky District of Moscow Oblast as the Town Under Oblast Jurisdiction, on Abolishing Ozyorsky District of Moscow Oblast, and on Amending the Law of Moscow Oblast \"On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Moscow Oblast\". Effective as of the day following the day of the official publication (January 13, 2013).).\nМосковская областная Дума. Закон №22/2009-ОЗ от 16 марта 2009 г. «О некоторых вопросах организации местного самоуправления на территории городского округа Звёздный городок Московской области и о внесении изменений в Закон Московской области \"О статусе и границах Щёлковского муниципального района, вновь образованных в его составе городских и сельских поселений и существующих на территории Щёлковского района Московской области муниципальных образований\"». Вступил в силу через 10 дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: \"Ежедневные Новости. Подмосковье\", №52, 19 марта 2009 г. (Moscow Oblast Duma. Law #22/2009-OZ of March 16, 2009 On Various Aspects of the Organization of Local Self-Government on the Territory of Zvyozdny gorodok Urban Okrug of Moscow Oblast and on Amending the Law of Moscow Oblast \"On the Status and the Borders of Shchyolkovsky Municipal District, Newly Established Urban and Rural Settlements It Comprises, and Existing Municipal Formations on the Territory of Shchyolkovsky District of Moscow Oblast\". Effective as of the day which is 10 days after the day of the official publication.).\nГубернатор Московской области. Постановление №74-ПГ от 16 июня 2009 г. «Об образовании посёлка городского типа – рабочего посёлка на территории закрытого военного городка №1, преобразованного в закрытое административно-территориальное образование». (Governor of Moscow Oblast. Resolution #74-PG of June 16, 2009 On Establishing an Urban-Type Settlement—a Work Settlement—on the Territory of the Closed Military Townlet #1, Which Was Previously Transformed into a Closed Administrative-Territorial Formation. ).\nПрезидент Российской Федерации. Указ №68 от 19 января 2009 г. «О преобразовании закрытого военного городка №1 в закрытое административно-территориальное образование — посёлок Звёздный городок Московской области». Вступил в силу со дня подписания. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #68 of January 19, 2009 On the Transformation of Closed Military Townlet No. 1 into the Closed Administrative-Territorial Formation—the Settlement of Zvyozdny gorodok of Moscow Oblast. Effective as of the date signed.).\nМосковская областная Дума. Постановление №7/94-П от 29 октября 2009 г. «О присвоении наименования \"Звёздный городок\" географическому объекту в Щёлковском районе Московской области». (Moscow Oblast Duma. Resolution #7/94-P of October 29, 2009 On Granting the Name of \"Zvyozdny gorodok\" to the Geographical Object in Shchyolkovsky District of Moscow Oblast. )." ]

[ "Zvyozdny gorodok (urban-type settlement)", "History", "Administrative and municipal status", "Twin towns", "References", "Notes", "Sources" ]

[ 5360709, 5360710 ]

[ 27241198, 27241199, 27241200, 27241201, 27241202, 27241203, 27241204, 27241205, 27241206, 27241207, 27241208, 27241209, 27241210, 27241211, 27241212 ]

[ "Reger in 1901" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Max_Reger_%281901%29.jpg" ]

[ "Zwölf Stücke, Op. 65, is a group of twelve pieces for organ by Max Reger, composed in Munich in 1902. They were published by C. F. Peters in Leipzig in August of that year, in two books (Heft) of six pieces each.", "The pieces are character pieces of medium difficulty, as a contrast to his major organ works. Reger had written such works already as a student in Wiesbaden. He turned to the organ in Weiden. On 31 December 1901, Reger approached the publisher Henri Hinrichsen of C. F. Peters to find out if he was ready to print in 1902 piano works, songs or chamber music. Henri answered that would prefer organ works easy to play (\"leichte Spielbarkeit\"). Reger composed 15 pieces in Munich in 1902, but Peters published twelve in Leipzig in August 1902, in two books (Heft) of six pieces each. Reger dedicated the pieces of Heft 1 to Paul Homeyer, the organist at the Gewandhaus in Leipzig, and those of Heft 2 to Joseph Vockner, a pupil of Anton Bruckner and teacher at the Vienna Conservatory. Both dedicatees were established organists of an older generation, but could not be won to promote Reger's music. A reviewer of the first print wrote in the Monthly Musical Record: \"The great art of expressing thoughts simply – in other words, concealing the art – is not to be found here; the composer is still in his storm and stress period.\". The three unpublished pieces were used for the collection Zwölf Stücke, Op. 80 in 1904.\nThe pieces have been performed individually or in sequence. In Reger's lifetime, performers often combined often movements from different collections. Reger himself played Canzone for the Welte Philharmonic Organ. In the edition of Reger's complete works by the Max-Reger-Institute, they were published in volume 6.", "The titles and keys are:\nRhapsodie (Rhapsody), C-sharp minor\nCapriccio (Capriccio), G major\nPastorale (Pastorale), A major\nConsolation\nImprovisation (Improvisation), A minor\nFuge (Fugue), A minor\nPräludium (Prelude), D minor\nFuge (Fugue), D major\nCanzone (Canzona), E-flat major\nScherzo (Scherzo), D minor\nToccata (Toccata), E minor\nFuge (Fugue), E major", "Carus 2016, p. XII.\nCarus 2016, p. X.\nInstitute 2016.\nAnderson 2016.\nCarus 2016, p. XIII.\nPrestoclassical 2016.\nCarus 2016, p. 11.\nFontana 2014, p. 225.\nCarus 2016, p. I.", "Anderson, Keith (2016). \"Max Reger (1873–1916) / Organ Works Vol. 9\". Naxos Records. \nPopp, Susanne (2007). Busch, Hermann J. (ed.). Zur Quellenlage der Regerschen Orgelwerke. Zur Interpretation der Orgelmusik Max Regers (in German) (2 ed.). Kassel: Merseburger Verlag.\nFontana, Esther (2014). Sichardt, Martina (ed.). Max Regers Werke auf Notenrollen. Annäherungen an Max Reger (in German). Georg Olms Verlag. ISBN 9783487151458.\n\"Zwölf Stücke Op. 65 / für Orgel\" (in German). Max-Reger-Institute. 2016.\nPopp, Susanne; Seehof, Thomas, eds. (2016). \"Werkausgabe / Abteilung I Orgelwerke / Band 6 Orgelstücke II\" (PDF) (in German). Carus-Verlag. Retrieved 21 August 2016.\n\"Reger: Organ Pieces (12), Op. 65\". prestoclassical.co.uk. 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2016.", "12 Stücke für die Orgel, Op.65 (Reger, Max): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project\nZwölf Stücke für die Orgel, op. 65 [manuscript score] The Library of Congress\n12 Stücke op. 65 / Heft 1 Edition Peters\n12 Stücke op. 65 / Heft 2 Edition Peters\nMax Reger / 1898 Rückkehr nach Weiden (in German) max-reger-orgel.de" ]

[ "Zwölf Stücke, Op. 65", "History", "Structure", "References", "Bibliography", "External links" ]

[ 5360711 ]

[ 27241213, 27241214, 27241215, 27241216, 27241217, 27241218, 27241219, 27241220, 27241221 ]

[ "Reger in 1901" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Max_Reger_%281901%29.jpg" ]

[ "Zwölf Stücke, Op. 80, is a group of twelve pieces for organ by Max Reger. He composed them in Munich in 1902 and 1904. They were published by C. F. Peters in Leipzig in September 1904.", "The pieces are character pieces of medium difficulty, as a contrast to his major organ works. Reger had written such works already as a student in Wiesbaden. He turned to the organ in Weiden. On a request of the publisher Henri Hinrichsen of C. F. Peters, Reger composed 15 pieces in Munich in 1902. Peters published twelve in Leipzig in August 1902 as Zwölf Stücke. Reger used the three still unpublished pieces (Fughette, Gigue, Intermezzo) and composed additional nine pieces in 1904, to form a similar set of works that can be played in sequence or individually. In Reger's lifetime, performers often combined movements from different collections.\nThe twelve pieces were published by C. F. Peters in Leipzig in September 1904, in two books (Heft) of six pieces each. Reger dedicated the pieces of Heft 1 to Franz Grunicke, an organist in Berlin, and those of Heft 2 to Otto Burkert.\nThe titles and keys are:\nPräludium (Prelude), E minor\nFughette (Fugue), E minor\nCanzonetta (Canzonetta), G minor\nGigue (Gigue), D minor\nAve Maria, D-flat minor\nIntermezzo (Intermezzo), G minor\nScherzo (Scherzo), F-sharp minor\nRomanze (Romance), A minor\nPerpetuum mobile (Perpetuum mobile), F minor\nIntermezzo, D major\nToccata (Toccata), A minor\nFuge (Fugue), A minor\nIn the edition of Reger's complete works by the Max-Reger-Institute, they were published in volumes 5–7.", "The organist Hans-Jürgen Kaiser recorded ten of the twelve pieces in volume 11 of the complete organ works by Reger, along with the Chorale Preludes, Op. 79b, played on the Rieger-Sauer organ in the Fulda Cathedral, while numbers 7 and 8 were played by Martin Wetzel on the Klais organ of the Trier Cathedral and appear on volume 8.", "Carus 2016, p. X.\nCarus 2016, p. 11.\nInstitute 2016.\nInstitute works 2016.\nNaxos 11 2016.\nNaxos 8 2016.", "Popp, Susanne (2007). Busch, Hermann J. (ed.). Zur Quellenlage der Regerschen Orgelwerke. Zur Interpretation der Orgelmusik Max Regers (in German) (2 ed.). Kassel: Merseburger Verlag.\nPopp, Susanne; Seehof, Thomas, eds. (2016). \"Werkausgabe / Abteilung I Orgelwerke / Band 6 Orgelstücke II\" (PDF) (in German). Carus-Verlag. Retrieved 21 August 2016.\n\"Zwölf Stücke Op. 80 / für Orgel\". Max-Reger-Institute. 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2016.\n\"Volume I/5–7 Organ pieces\". Max-Reger-Institute. 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2016.\n\"Reger, M.: Organ Works, Vol. 8 – Chorale Fantasia on Ein' feste Burg ist unser Gott / Little Chorale Preludes, Nos. 11–30 (Welzel)\". Naxos Records. 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2016.\n\"Reger, M.: Organ Works, Vol. 11 – Chorale Preludes, Op. 79b / 12 Pieces, Op. 80: Nos. 1–6 and 9–12 (H.-J. Kaiser)\". Naxos Records. 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2016.", "12 Stücke für die Orgel, Op.80 (Reger, Max): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project\n12 Stücke op. 80 / Heft 1 Edition Peters\nMax Reger / 1898 Rückkehr nach Weiden (in German) max-reger-orgel.de\nThe Greatness of Reger—as Revealed by Paul Jacobs, Organist, at Juilliard newyorkarts.net, 26 September 2014\nUrsula Heim: \"... meine Orgelsachen sind schwer ...\" / Ein Plädoyer für den «leichten» Einstieg in die Orgelwerke Max Regers, in Form eines fiktiven Interviews rkv.ch\nReger – Organ Works Volume 11 prestoclassical.co.uk" ]

[ "Zwölf Stücke, Op. 80", "History and movements", "Recordings", "References", "Bibliography", "External links" ]

[ 5360712 ]

[ 27241222, 27241223, 27241224, 27241225, 27241226, 27241227, 27241228, 27241229, 27241230 ]

[ "Zwölfaxing parish church", "" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Zw%C3%B6lfaxing_Pfarrkirche.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/AUT_Zw%C3%B6lfaxing_COA.jpg" ]

[ "Zwölfaxing is a municipality in the district of Bruck an der Leitha in the Austrian state of Lower Austria.", "", "\"Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 10 March 2019.\n\"Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 9 March 2019." ]

[ "Zwölfaxing", "Population", "References" ]

[ 5360713, 5360714 ]

[ 27241231 ]

[ "The Zwölferkogel from the northeast", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 2, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Zw%C3%B6lferkogel_%28Stubaier_Alpen%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Austria_relief_location_map.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Sulzkogel_und_Zw%C3%B6lferkogel.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Zw%C3%B6lferkogel_im_K%C3%BChtai.jpg" ]

[ "The Zwölferkogel is a mountain, 2,988 m (AA), in the Stubai Alps in the Austrian state of Tyrol.", "The Zwölferkogel lies about 2.7 kilometres south of the winter sport resort of Kühtai. The northwest face of the Zwölferkogel falls around 500 metres into the Längental valley. To the east below the Finstertal is the Finstertalspeicher, a reservoir belonging to the Sellrain-Silz Power Station. To the south, along a sharp arête, are the Mittagsköpfe (2,934 m (AA)), the Mittagsturm tower (2,929 m (AA)) and the Sulzkogel (3,016 m (AA)).", "", "bergsteigen.com: Zwölferkogel via the Zwölferkar", "" ]

[ "Zwölferkogel (Stubai Alps)", "Topography", "Gallery", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360715, 5360716, 5360717, 5360718 ]

[ 27241232, 27241233 ]

[ "Zwönitz during Christmas time", "", "Zwönitz", "Zwönitz and its villages and the joint administration Zwönitz-Elterlein", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 1, 8, 8, 8, 9 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Erzgebirgsweihnacht_Zwoenitz.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Zw%C3%B6nitz_in_ERZ.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Blick_auf_Zwoenitz.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Zwoenitz_Administration.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/St.Trinitatis-_Kirche_in_Zw%C3%B6nitz%2C_Sachsen.IMG_1393WI.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Kirche_Hormersdorf_2.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Fachwerkhaus._Zw%C3%B6nitz._Erzgebirge._Sachsen._IMG_9963WI.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Fluorite-171939.jpg" ]

[ "Zwönitz ([ˈt͡svøːnɪt͡s] (listen)) is a town in the district Erzgebirgskreis, in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It is situated 9 km south of Stollberg, and 24 km southwest of Chemnitz.", "Zwönitz consists of:\nBrünlos\nDorfchemnitz\nGünsdorf\nHormersdorf\nKühnhaide\nLenkersdorf\nNiederzwönitz", "1542 – 570\n1697 – 741\n1780 – 863\n1800 – 1,242\n1840 – 1,883\n1890 – 2,931\n1926 – 3,760\n1933 – 3,852\n1946 – 7,500\n1950 – 10,617\n1960 – 8,307\n1965 – 9,690\n1981 – 11,362\n1990 – 13,105\n1995 – 12,318\n2000 – 12,175\n2005 – 11,696\n2010 – 11,193\n2012 – 12,519", "The elections in May 2014 showed the following results:\nCDU: 16 Seats\nThe Left: 4 Seats\nUnabhängige Wählervereinigung Zwönitz (UWZ): 3 Seats\nFreie Wähler Gemeinschaft e. V. (FWG) (Free voters): 2 Seats\nSPD: 1 Seat", "Uwe Schneider (CDU), 1990–2008\nWolfgang Triebert (CDU), since 2008", "The town was founded by Slavs. The monastery Grünhain owned the area since 1286. Zwönitz received its town charter around the turn of the 13th century. It was a customs and trading point with market rights since 1545.", "Zwönitz is twinned with:\n Heiligenhaus, Germany\n Kopřivnice, Czech Republic\n Magyarpolány, Hungary\n Myszków, Poland\n Obermichelbach, Germany\n Puschendorf, Germany", "Samuel von Pufendorf (1632–1694), natural law philosopher and historian (born in Dorfchemnitz)\nJoachim Meischner (born 1946), biathlete", "", "Bürgermeisterwahlen 2015, Freistaat Sachsen, accessed 12 July 2021.\n\"Bevölkerung des Freistaates Sachsen nach Gemeinden am 31. Dezember 2020\". Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen (in German). June 2021. \n\"Sitemap\" (in German). Zwönitz. Retrieved 9 December 2021." ]

[ "Zwönitz", "Parts of the town", "Population", "Local council", "Mayors", "History", "Twin towns – sister cities", "Notable people", "Gallery", "References" ]

[ 5360719, 5360720, 5360721, 5360722, 5360723, 5360724 ]

[ 27241234, 27241235, 27241236, 27241237 ]

[ "The river flowing through the nature reserve Wasserwerkpark in Chemnitz" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Zw%C3%B6nitz_%28river%29%2C_Wasserwerkpark_4_%28Barras%29.jpg" ]

[ "The Zwönitz is a river of Saxony, Germany. It is the right source river of the Chemnitz, which it joins near the city Chemnitz.", "List of rivers of Saxony" ]

[ "Zwönitz (river)", "See also" ]

[ 5360725 ]

[ 27241238 ]

[ "Village centre", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 3, 3, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Zwaag2.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/2010-NL-P07-Noord-Holland-positiekaart-gemnamen.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Raadhuis_Zwaag.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/NH-Kerk_Zwaag.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Zwaag3.jpg" ]

[ "Zwaag ([zʋaːx]; West Frisian: Swaegh) is a village in the Netherlands. It is located in the municipality of Hoorn, the province of North Holland and the region of West Friesland.", "Zwaag was founded in the 13th century. The church tower is dated to around 1500. Originally, the population consisted of sailors and artisans. Zwaag was a town then, but it lost its city rights after prolonged disputes with nearby Hoorn. As of the 15th century, Zwaag was village of berry growers and dairy farmers. From 1900 onwards, more and more greenhouse were built for growing flowers. In 1979 it became part of Hoorn, in order for Hoorn to expand and take up surplus population of Amsterdam. Most of the land that belonged to Zwaag is now urbanized and on places where no houses are built, industrial zones have sprung up.", "The Dorpsstraat is the main road in Zwaag.\nThe annual Carnival festival in Zwaag is one of the biggest in the northern parts of The Netherlands.\nNotable people from Zwaag include Marco Bizot, Ed Beers, Hans van Goor, Marike Groot and Richard Tol.", "", "\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021\". Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 30 April 2022.\n\"Postcodetool for 1689AA\". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 30 April 2022." ]

[ "Zwaag", "History", "Trivia", "Gallery", "References" ]

[ 5360726, 5360727, 5360728, 5360729 ]

[ 27241239, 27241240, 27241241 ]

[ "Nautical chart of Zwaanendael, 1639", "The coastline claimed by New Netherland and Swanendael in the south", "Unus Americanus ex Virginia by Wenceslaus Hollar (1645), engraving from the Rijksmuseum" ]

[ 0, 0, 1 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Delaware_Bay_Vinckeboons_14.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Nieuw_Nederland.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Hollar_-_Unus_American_ex_Virginia.png" ]

[ "Zwaanendael or Swaanendael /ˈzwɑːnəndɛl/ was a short-lived Dutch colonial settlement in Delaware. It was built in 1631. The name is archaic Dutch for \"swan valley.\" The site of the settlement later became the town of Lewes, Delaware.", "Two directors of the Amsterdam chamber of the Dutch West India Company, Samuel Blommaert and Samuel Godyn, bargained with the natives for a tract of land reaching from Cape Henlopen to the mouth of Delaware River. This was in 1629, three years before the charter of Maryland, and is the oldest deed for land in Delaware. Its water-front nearly coincides with the coast of Kent and Sussex counties. The purchase was ratified in 1630 by Peter Minuit and his council at Fort Amsterdam. The estate was further extended, on May 5, 1630, by the purchase of a tract twelve miles square (31 km²) on the coast of Cape May opposite, and the transaction was duly attested at Fort Amsterdam.\nThe Dutch West India Company was formed to colonize the tract that included Blommaert, Godyn, Kiliaen van Rensselaer (Patroon of Rensselaerswyck), Joannes de Laet (the geographer), David Pietersen de Vries and Mathijs Jansen Van Keulen. A ship of eighteen guns, The Walvis was fitted out to bring over the colonists and subsequently defend the coast, with incidental whaling to help defray expenses. A colony of twenty-eight people was planted on Blommaert's Kill (now Lewes creek), a little north of Cape Henlopen, and its governorship was entrusted to Gillis Hosset. This settlement antedated by several years any in Pennsylvania, and the colony at Lewes practically laid the foundation and defined the singularly limited area of the state of Delaware, the major part of which was included in the purchase. A palisaded fort was built, with the \"red lion, rampant,\" of Holland affixed to its gate, and the country was named Swaanendael or Zwaanendael Colony, while the water was called Godyn's Bay (now Delaware Bay).\nThe existence of the little colony was short, for the Indians came down upon it as the result of a misunderstanding and it was destroyed, with only two boys, Pierre and Hendrick Wiltsee, surviving to tell the tale. The details of the attack were later recounted to de Vries by Nanticoke Indians when he arrived with the second wave of an additional 50 colonists:\nHe then showed us the place where our people had set up a column to which was fastened a piece of tin, whereon the arms of Holland were painted. One of their chiefs took this off, for the purpose of making tobacco-pipes, not knowing that he was doing amiss. Those in command at the house made such an ado about it that the Indians, not knowing how it was, went away and slew the chief who had done it, and brought a token of the dead to the house to those in command, who told them that they wished that they had not done it; that they should have brought him to them, as they wished to have forbidden him not to do the like again. They went away, and the friends of the murdered chief incited their friends, as they are a people like the Indians, who are very revengeful, to set about the work of vengeance. Observing our people out of the house, each one at his work, that there was not more than one inside, who was lying sick, and a large mastiff, who was chained, - had he been loose they would not have dared to approach the house, - and the man who had command standing near the house, three of the stoutest Indians, who were to do the deed, bringing a lot of bear-skins with them to exchange, sought to enter the house. The man in charge went in with them to make the barter, which being done, he went to the loft where the stores lay, and in descending the stairs one of the Indians seized an axe and cleft his head so that he fell down dead. They also relieved the sick man of life, and shot into the dog, who was chained fast, and whom they most feared, twenty-five arrows before they could dispatch him. They then proceeded towards the rest of the men, who were at work, and, going amongst them with pretensions of friendship, struck them down. Thus was our young colony destroyed, causing us serious loss.\nArriving December 5, 1632, at the charred remains of the settlement, de Vries (who had received reports of the slaughter before leaving Europe) negotiated a treaty with the Indians and sailed up the Delaware River, attempting to trade for beans and corn. Failing his objective there, de Vries sailed to Virginia, where was successful in obtaining provisions for the new colonists in Zwaanendael, to which he returned. The massacre convinced the Dutch to retrench their settlements and de Vries shortly thereafter removed the new colonists to New Amsterdam (New York City). The Zwaanendael claims were then resold to the Dutch West India Company.\nLater Blommaert assisted with the fitting out of the first Swedish expedition to New Sweden in 1637 and engaged Peter Minuit (by then no longer Governor of New Netherland) to command it.\nFranciscus van den Enden had drawn up charter for a utopian society (that included equal education of all classes, joint ownership of property, and a democratically elected government. Pieter Corneliszoon Plockhoy attempted such a settlement near the site of Zwaanendael, but it soon expired under English rule.", "A monument commemorating the colony named De Vries Palisade was dedicated on September 22, 1909 on the site of the former settlement. The Zwaanendael Museum was opened in 1931.", "Patroonship\nNew Netherland settlements\nVriessendael, New Netherland\nZwaanendael Museum\nNew Sweden", "Jacobs, Jaap (2005). New Netherland: a Dutch colony in seventeenth-century America by Jaap Jacobs, p. 115. ISBN 978-9004129061. Retrieved 2012-07-26.\n\"History\". Delawareliving.com. Archived from the original on 2009-05-08. Retrieved 2012-07-26.\nJacobs, Jaap (2005). New Netherland: a Dutch colony in seventeenth-century America by Jaap Jacobs, p. 204. ISBN 978-9004129061. Retrieved 2012-07-26.\nThe Dutch Settlers Society of Albany Yearbook Volume 42 1968-1970, vol. 42, The Dutch Settlers Society of Albany, 1970, pp. 6–7\n\"Voyages of De Vries.\" New York Historical Society Collection (new series), vol. iii. page 23.\nHistory of Delaware County, Pennsylvania by Henry Graham Ashmead, published 1884\nJacobs, Jaap (2005). New Netherland: a Dutch colony in seventeenth-century America by Jaap Jacobs, p. 220. ISBN 978-9004129061. Retrieved 2012-07-26.\n*Shorto, Russell (2008). Descartes' Bones: A Skeletal History of the Conflict between Faith and Reason. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-51753-9.\nBart Plantenga. (April 2001) \"The Mystery of the Plockhoy Settlement in the Valley of Swans Archived December 21, 2010, at the Wayback Machine\". Mennonite Historical Bulletin.\n\"The De Vries Monument\". The Historical Marker Database.", "Project Gutenberg Narrative New Netherland, by J.F. Jameson, Ed - https://web.archive.org/web/20031206134310/http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext02/nwnth10.txt - includes a footnote about Blommaert.\nAmerica's Historylands: Landmarks of Liberty, National Geographic Press, 1967\nDelaware: A Guide To The First State, ed. Jeanette Eckman, Hastings House Press; New York, 1955\n\"Zwaanendael\". Archived from the original on 2005-03-12.\nThe Zwaanendael Museum" ]

[ "Zwaanendael Colony", "History", "Legacy", "See also", "References", "Sources" ]

[ 5360730, 5360731, 5360732 ]

[ 27241242, 27241243, 27241244, 27241245, 27241246, 27241247, 27241248, 27241249, 27241250, 27241251, 27241252, 27241253, 27241254, 27241255, 27241256, 27241257, 27241258, 27241259 ]

[ "Based on the State House in Hoorn, The Netherlands" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Zwaanendael_Club_Lewes_DE_1898.JPG" ]

[ "In Lewes, Delaware the Zwaanendael Museum was created to honor the 300th anniversary of Delaware's first European settlement, Zwaanendael, founded 1631. The museum models the former City Hall in Hoorn, Netherlands. It has 17th century Dutch elements such as stepped facade gable, terra cotta roof tiles, carved stonework, and decorated shutters. The top of the building's front features a statue of David Pietersen de Vries, leader of the expedition that founded Swanendael.\nThe museum's exhibits represent the history of Sussex County by revealing the history of those who lived in Delaware's southeastern coast. Exhibits include local history, shipwrecks and lighthouses, Cape Henlopen Lighthouse, the bombardment of Lewes by the British in the War of 1812, pilots of the Delaware River and Bay, and the ever-changing Delaware coastline. It also has a feejee mermaid on display, originally from China but purchased by a local family and donated on loan before", "History of the Netherlands\nNew Netherland\nZwaanendael Colony\nDe Vries Palisade\nList of museums in Delaware", "Meszaros, John (September 10, 2016). \"Zwaanendael Mermaid- Delaware\". Cryptids State-by-State. Retrieved July 6, 2022.\n\"The Zwaanendael Museum\". Division of Historical and Cultural Affairs. State of Delaware. Retrieved May 22, 2006." ]

[ "Zwaanendael Museum", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5360733 ]

[ 27241260 ]

[ "HNLMS Zwaardvis (at front) and HNLMS Tijgerhaai, the two Zwaardvis-class submarines" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Zwaardvis-class_submarines.jpg" ]

[ "The Zwaardvis-class submarine (\"Swordfish\") is a class of conventional attack submarines that were built to strengthen the Royal Netherlands Navy. The Dutch government opted for the choice to not replace the two Zwaardvis-class submarines with either more Walrus-class submarines, or submarines of a new design.", "On 24 December 1965 the Royal Netherlands Navy gave Rotterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappij the order to build two submarines. At the time of this order the Royal Netherlands Navy believed that these two submarines could possibly make use of nuclear propulsion. Like many other navies around the world the Netherlands got interested in nuclear propulsion after the United States had put USS Nautilus into active service in 1955. The performance of this and succeeding nuclear submarine, such as the Skate-class submarines, were very promising at the time. It made the Dutch navy believe that nuclear submarines would play a crucial role in the future and not developing one would mean to be left behind by other navies who were focusing on nuclear submarines.\nIn addition, the Royal Netherlands Navy was afraid that the diesel-electric Dolfijn-class submarines which had just entered service were no match for nuclear submarines. This would be problematic since the Dolfijn-class submarines were the most modern submarines the Dutch navy had at the time in their inventory. Furthermore, it was also a blow to the Dutch navy because their submarine fleet were just getting into the shape the navy had envisioned after the devastating Second World War. Besides Royal Netherlands Navy, Dutch naval experts at the time also stressed in numerous articles how important nuclear submarines were and that there would not be such a big technological leap forward again in at least a decade. These kind of statements and recommendations also encouraged the Royal Netherlands Navy to start thinking about acquiring nuclear submarines. In the meanwhile the keel laying of the two submarines that the Dutch navy had ordered took place on 14 July 1966. Zwaardvis was assigned building number 320, while Tijgerhaai was assigned building number 321. The two names were awarded by Queen Juliana of the Netherlands, on 7 September.\nThe Royal Netherlands Navy, together with research institute TNO, the Reactor Center of the Netherlands and Nevesbu, devoted itself during this time entirely on nuclear propulsion for submarines. However, the construction of Dutch nuclear submarines would never become a reality. There was simply not enough money, since the defence budget in this period could not cover the costs of both constructing nuclear submarines and maintaining all the ships in the Dutch fleet at the same time. Furthermore, already during the negotiations with the United States, it appeared that any nuclear submarines would not be built anytime soon.\nThe United States was not eager about the idea of the Netherlands building nuclear submarines, they rather had the Dutch navy focus on other areas within the NATO alliance, the negotiations therefore stopped in 1969. Paradoxically NATO did support the Dutch nuclear desire, but added that if the Dutch navy did not succeed in the short term, then two conventional submarines would have to be built. This is exactly what happened eventually with the Zwaardvis-class submarines being conventional diesel-electric submarines, with their hulls and general arrangement being based on the teardrop design of the last non-nuclear American submarine class, the Barbel class.", "The Zwaardvis-class submarines were designed by the Royal Netherlands Navy and further worked out by the four biggest Dutch yards at the time, namely RDM, Wilton-Fijenoord, De Schelde and NDSM, and also by Werkspoor N.V. and N.V. Nederlandsche Vereenigde Scheepsbouw Bureaux. In comparison to the three-cylinder design of the Dolfijn-class submarines, the Zwaardvis-class submarines are based on one cylinder. The reasons why the Royal Netherlands Navy and its partners choose for this design was because it resulted in more space within the submarines, which would give the crew a more spacious accommodation and make it also easier to set up machines within the submarines.\nIn addition, the submarines are based on the U.S. Navy Barbel class with the teardrop hull design, which results in the submarines producing less noise. The propulsion of the Zwaardvis class is also different from the Dolfijn-class submarines, for example, it has a single propeller instead of the two propellers the latter has. Furthermore, it has more diesel engines, the batteries require less charging time, it can launch missiles and torpedoes from greater depths, the diving depth has increased substantially, and lastly it can stay longer submerged. The introduction of the Zwaardvis-class submarines also led to the Royal Netherlands Navy using the Mark 37 torpedoes. In 1988 the Mark 37 torpedoes for the Zwaardvis-class submarines were replaced with the newer Mark 48 torpedoes.", "In September 1981 the Republic of China (Taiwan) ordered two modified Zwaardvis-class submarines, the Chien Lung/Hai Lung class. In 1992 a repeat order for another four boats was turned down by the Netherlands government because of pressure from the People's Republic of China.\nThe two decommissioned Dutch boats, Zwaardvis and Tijgerhaai, were loaded onto a ship and transported to PSC-Naval Dockyard, Lumut, Malaysia in anticipation of purchase by the Malaysian Navy in 1997. However, the Malaysian Navy declined the offer and chose the French Scorpène class instead. As a result, the two boats stayed for a long time in Lumut awaiting a buyer and possible refurbishment. In 2005 a Dutch judge ordered on 17 Augustus 2005 that Rotterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappij must start with demolishing the two boats before 1 September 2005, or bring the boats back to the Netherlands before 1 October 2005, else they would have to face penalties, such as a payment penalty. Since Rotterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappij went broke, the Dutch Ministry of Defence eventually paid for the demolishing and scrapping of the two submarines. The costs of this were estimated at €2.8 million and the scrap was sold for €1.4 million.", "", "List of submarine classes in service", "Karremann, \"Zwaardvisklasse niet vervangen: hoe Nederland belangrijke onderzeebootbouwkennis verloor\".\nA.H.A.P. van den Enden, A. Goedhart en P. Hamaker, Herinneringsboek Hr. Ms. Zwaardvis (PDF) (in Dutch), RDM-collectie Johan Journée, p. 4, retrieved 23 April 2018\nW. Vinke, \"De voortstuwing van schepen door middel van kernenergie\" in: Militaire Spectator - Wetenschappelijke jaarberichten 127 (1958) p.21-22.\nKarremann, \"Zwaardvisklasse onderzeeboten\".\nde Bles, Boven and Homburg, p. 95.\nF.B. Hamilton, \"De ontwikkeling van het Onderzeeboot-wapen\" in: Militaire Spectator - Wetenschappelijke jaarberichten 132 (1963) p.37.\nSchoonoord, p.151\nOpdracht voor twee onderzeeboten (PDF), bedrijfsblad \"Nieuws van de RDM\", February 1966, pp. 4–5, retrieved 25 April 2018\nZwaardvis, Global Security, retrieved 23 April 2018\nOnderzeeboten \"Zwaardvis\" en \"Tijgerhaai\" krijgen gestalte (PDF), bedrijfsblad \"Nieuws van de RDM\", November 1968, pp. 8–9, retrieved 25 April 2018\nde Bles, Boven and Homburg, pp. 104.\nHai Lung [Sea Dragon]-class [Zwaardvis] Submarine, Global Security, retrieved 24 April 2018\nJelle Brandsma (1 September 2004), Den Haag boort RDM orders door de neus (in Dutch), Trouw, retrieved 24 April 2018\nRDM verplicht tot sloop duikboten (in Dutch), Rechten Nieuws, 18 August 2005, retrieved 25 April 2018\nECLI:NL:RBSGR:2005:AU1158 (in Dutch), Rechtspraak.nl, 17 August 2005, retrieved 25 April 2018\nStaat vordert sloopkosten onderzeeboten op RDM (in Dutch), Trouw, 8 February 2007, retrieved 25 April 2018", "", "Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995\nde Bles, Harry; Boven, Graddy; Homburg, Leon (2006). Onderzeeboten!. Zaltbommel/Den Helder: Aprilis/Marinemus eum. ISBN 978-9059941304.\nJalhay, P.C.; Wijn, J.J.A. (1997). Ik nader ongezien! De onderzeeboten van de Koninklijke Marine. Amsterdam: De Bataafsche Leeuw. ISBN 978-9067074629.\nSchoonoord, D.C.L. (2012). Pugno Pro Patria: De Koninklijke Marine tijdens de Koude Oorlog. Steenwijk: Van Wijnen-Franeker.", "page from Dutch submarines\nvan den Enden, A.H.A.P.; Goedhart, A.; Hamaker, P. \"Herinneringsboek Hr. Ms. Zwaardvis\" (PDF). RDM-collectie Johan Journée.\nKarremann, Jaime (June 29, 2017). \"Zwaardvisklasse onderzeeboten\". marineschepen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved April 23, 2018.\nKarremann, Jaime (February 16, 2016). \"Zwaardvisklasse niet vervangen: hoe Nederland belangrijke onderzeebootbouwkennis verloor\". marineschepen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved April 23, 2018.\n\"425 Rotterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappij (RDM)\" (in Dutch). Stadsarchief Rotterdam. May 19, 2012. Retrieved April 23, 2018." ]

[ "Zwaardvis-class submarine", "History", "Design", "Export", "Boats", "See also", "Citations", "Sources", "Books", "Web sources" ]

[ 5360734 ]

[ 27241261, 27241262, 27241263, 27241264, 27241265, 27241266, 27241267, 27241268, 27241269, 27241270, 27241271, 27241272, 27241273, 27241274, 27241275, 27241276, 27241277, 27241278, 27241279 ]

[ "", "" ]

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[ "Zwack is a Budapest, Hungary based company that makes liqueurs and spirits. The company produces an 80 proof (40% alcohol) herbal liqueur known as Unicum from a secret blend of more than forty different herbs and spices. Unicum is known as one of the national drinks of Hungary.\nThe company is also a distributor of a range of international brands such as Johnnie Walker, Baileys, Smirnoff, Hennessy and Gordons. Zwack has been listed on the Budapest Stock Exchange since 1993.", "According to the company, Unicum was created by Dr. József Zwack, the Royal Physician to the Habsburg Court, for Emperor Joseph II in 1790. In 1840 the family founded J. Zwack & Co., the first Hungarian liqueur manufacturer. By the early 1900s, the Zwack company had become one of the largest distilleries in central Europe, producing and exporting over 200 liqueurs and spirits.\nDuring World War II, the Zwack factory was damaged and production stopped. After the war the factory was nationalized in 1948 by the communist Hungarian Working People's Party. The Zwack family fled the country. János Zwack with his son Péter Zwack, great grandson of József, was able to escape with the original Zwack recipe. Béla Zwack remained behind to give the communist government a fake Zwack recipe and went on to become a regular factory worker. Meanwhile, János and Péter migrated to the United States, eventually settling in the Bronx in 1949 when Péter was 22 years old.\nIn 1988, just one year before the fall of Communism, Péter Zwack returned to Hungary and resumed production with the original Zwack formula. He repurchased his family business from the State in the summer of 1989, and by the spring of 1990, the original Zwack product was reintroduced to the Hungarian market. That same year, Péter was named Hungarian Ambassador to the United States.\nIn 2008, Péter Zwack handed over the company's leadership to the family's 6th generation, his own children, Sándor and Izabella Zwack. One of their first initiatives was to launch Zwack in the US. In 2013, the Zwack Company has also launched Unicum and Unicum Plum in the US.", "Unicum is made from a blend of more than 40 different herbs and spices. Some of the herbs and spices are distilled, some are macerated, then blended together and aged in oak casks at the factory in Budapest for over 6 months. The dark amber hue is achieved with added caramel color.\nThis bitter, bold taste herbal liqueur is mainly consumed as an apéritif before meals or a digestif after meals. The company also produces a slightly different version of the liqueur known as Unicum next, it is made from the same recipe and shares Unicum’s bold character but is slightly less bitter and leaves a hint of citrus finish on the palate.", "", "Vilmos is a product range of spirit drinks made by mixing pear pálinka, neutral spirits and added flavorings with or without the addition of honey. There's also a genuine pear pálinka in the range, aged 3 years.", "St. Hubertus is a traditional, herbal liqueur, St. Hubertus 33 gets its name from the 33 different herbs used to make this drink and because it is 33% alcohol. St. Hubertus 33 is marketed more towards younger people, because of its lighter flavor.", "This product family consists of real palinkas and some spirits that although are made 100% from distilled fruit, they are sweetened with honey, thus they cannot be sold under the label of pálinka, so they are marketed under the Hírös Kecskeméti label. These are a lighter, sweeter, pálinka based liqueur.", "Contains one vodka and two vodka-based alcoholic beverages. Kalinka Samovar is a 30% drink flavored with honey and tea. Carbonated Kalinka, or \"Fény\" is a flavored, 21% drink with carbon dioxide added.", "This product family was based on Fütyülős Barack, a spirit drink made by mixing apricot pálinka, neutral spirits and flavorings. The range initially has been broadened with six different fruit liqueurs produced alike, but mellowed with sugar and honey. Finally, it was completed with six different kinds of pure pálinka. Fütyülős Barack is not to be confused with its 20th century predecessor, Fütyülős Barackpálinka, which was an authentic apricot pálinka, aged in wooden barrels. Modern Fütyülős Barack was described by a professional Hungarian jury as having “a taste and flavour of petroleum; cannot be recommended to anyone [...]”", "The noble pálinka family consisting of genuine fruit pálinkas.", "\"The Zwack Unicum History\". Unicum.hu. Retrieved 3 November 2015.\n\"Chronicle\" by Susan Heller Anderson, The New York Times, 15 June 1990\n\"Apricot pálinka tasting of Hungarian Gastronomy Association\" (in Hungarian). gaultmillau.hu.", "Official website" ]

[ "Zwack", "History", "Details", "Other Zwack products", "Vilmos product family", "St. Hubertus product family", "Hírös Kecskeméti product family", "Kalinka product family", "Fütyülős", "Zwack Sándor Nemes Pálinka Family", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360735 ]

[ 27241280, 27241281, 27241282, 27241283, 27241284, 27241285, 27241286, 27241287, 27241288, 27241289 ]

[ "Farm at Zwagerbosch", "Location in the former Kollumerland municipality", "" ]

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[ "Zwagerbosch (West Frisian: Sweagerbosk) (Low Saxon: Swoagerbosk) is a village in Noardeast-Fryslân municipality in the province Friesland of the Netherlands. It had a population of around 638 in January 2017. Before 2019, the village was part of the Kollumerland en Nieuwkruisland municipality.\nIts people speak a dialect of the standard Wood Frisian: Westereendersk dialect.\nThe village was first mentioned in 1861 as het Bosch, and means forest belonging to Kollumerzwaag. Settlement started in the 18th century. The region around Zwagerbosch consisted mainly of heath. In 1940, it was officially listed as a village.", "\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021\". Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 1 April 2022.\n\"Postcodetool for 9299HA\". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 1 April 2022.\nInwonertal en info 2017 - Kollumerland\n\"Zwagerbosch - (geografische naam)\". Etymologiebank (in Dutch). Retrieved 1 April 2022.\n\"Zwagerbosch\". Plaatsengids (in Dutch). Retrieved 1 April 2022.", "Media related to Zwagerbosch at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Zwagerbosch", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360736, 5360737 ]

[ 27241290 ]

[ "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Zwagg_Island_%28Brookings%2C_Oregon%29.jpg" ]

[ "Zwagg Island, also known as Grand Island, is a non-populated island near Brookings in Curry County, Oregon, United States. The island is approximately 5 acres (2.0 ha) in size and about ¹⁄₂ mile (0.80 km) southwest of the intersection of Mill Beach Road and highway 101.\nA 1988 report by the United States Geological Survey found no resources on the island.\nZwagg Island was named after Folker Von Der Zwaag, an 1889 Oregon pioneer born in the Netherlands. Von Der Zwaag lived a hermit life on the island with his dog, Sniff.", "\"Zwagg Island\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. November 28, 1980. Retrieved October 23, 2011.\nBergquist, King, McHugh; Mineral Resources of the Zwagg Island Study Area, Curry County, Oregon, pp. 1–4\nMcArthur, Lewis A.; Lewis L. McArthur (1982) [1928]. Oregon Geographic Names (Fifth ed.). Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society Press. p. 820. ISBN 0-87595-114-7." ]

[ "Zwagg Island", "References" ]

[ 5360738 ]

[ 27241291 ]

[ "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

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[ "Zwalm ([ˈzʋɑl(ə)m]) is a municipality located in Flanders, in the Flemish province of East Flanders, in Belgium. The municipality comprises the villages of Beerlegem, Dikkele, Hermelgem, Hundelgem, Meilegem, Munkzwalm, Nederzwalm, Paulatem, Roborst, Rozebeke, Sint-Blasius-Boekel, Sint-Denijs-Boekel and Sint-Maria-Latem. In 2021, Zwalm had a total population of 8,244. The total area is 33.82 km².", "", "\"Wettelijke Bevolking per gemeente op 1 januari 2018\". Statbel. Retrieved 9 March 2019.\n\"Bevolking per statistische sector - Sector 45065\". Statistics Belgium. Retrieved 8 May 2022.", "Media related to Zwalm at Wikimedia Commons\nOfficial website (in Dutch)" ]

[ "Zwalm", "Gallery", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360739, 5360740, 5360741, 5360742 ]

[ 27241292 ]

[ "Centre of Zwammerdam", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

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[ "Zwammerdam is a village in the Dutch province of South Holland along Oude Rijn river. It is a part of the municipality of Alphen aan den Rijn, and lies about 6 km southeast of Alphen aan de Rijn. The name derives from a dam built in the Rhine river in 1165 AD by Count Floris III of Holland, to protect the land stream downwards from floods.\nIn 2020, the village of Zwammerdam had 1850 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 62 km², and contained 484 residences.\nThe statistical area \"Zwammerdam\", which also can include the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 1810.\nZwammerdam was a separate municipality until 1964, when it was divided between Alphen aan den Rijn and Bodegraven. The town is the current home of the Jostiband Orchestra.\nThe ancient Romans did build fortress (castrum) Nigrum Pullum as part of the defence system of the Roman Empire northern frontier (Limes Germanicus) close to what now Zwammerdam is. In the 1970s during groundwork for the building of a new caregiving residence, remains were found of wooden ships from the Roman period. Extensive archeological excavations brought up six ships of different sizes, known as Schepen van Zwammerdam, now exhibited at the nearby open-air museum Archeon.", "", "\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021\". Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2 May 2022.\n\"Postcodetool for 2471AA\". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 2 May 2022.\nStatistics Netherlands (CBS), Bevolkingskernen in Nederland 2001 . (Statistics are for the continuous built-up area).\nStatistics Netherlands (CBS), Gemeente Op Maat 2004: Alphen aan den Rijn .\nAd van der Meer and Onno Boonstra, \"Repertorium van Nederlandse gemeenten\", KNAW, 2006. \"Repertorium van Nederlandse gemeenten 1812-2006\". Archived from the original on February 20, 2007. Retrieved December 3, 2009.\nNigrum Pullum, Zwammerdam livius.org\n(in Dutch) F. den Houter, 'Zwammerdam - kerkhof van schepen uit Romeinse tijd' NRC Handelsblad, 24th of January 1973, page 9\nBoats from Zwammerdam, wealth of knowledge, Leiden University, 2nd November 2016\nZwammerdam ships restoration yard, website Archeon" ]

[ "Zwammerdam", "Gallery", "References" ]

[ 5360743, 5360744, 5360745, 5360746 ]

[ 27241293, 27241294, 27241295 ]

[ "", "", "" ]

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[ "Zwanegat is a hamlet in the Dutch province of South Holland and is part of the municipality Hoeksche Waard. Zwanegat lies between Westmaas and Sint Anthoniepolder.\nZwanegat is not a statistical entity, and considered part of Maasdam and Strijen. It has no place name signs, and consists of about 40 houses.", "", "Wet samenvoeging gemeenten Binnenmaas, Cromstrijen, Korendijk, Oud-Beijerland en Strijen, 11 July 2018, accessed at overheid.nl\n\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021\". Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 3 May 2022. not found\n\"Zwanegat\". Plaatsengids (in Dutch). Retrieved 3 May 2022." ]

[ "Zwanegat", "Gallery", "References" ]

[ 5360747, 5360748, 5360749 ]

[ 27241296 ]

[ "View from Zwanenburg to Halfweg", "", "", "", "", "" ]

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[ "Zwanenburg ([ˈzʋaːnə(m)bʏr(ə)x]) is a town in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Haarlemmermeer, and lies about 11 km west of Amsterdam.\nZwanenburg has a population of around 7,670.", "Zwanenburg takes its name from Gemeenlandshuis Zwanenburg, the former headquarters of the Hoogheemraadschap Rijnland, a water board that used to have its headquarters in Halfweg, on the other side of the canal known today as the Ringvaart. Up until the 19th century, Zwanenburg was under water. When the pumping station at Halfweg had succeeded in making the land ripe for building, the workers who had settled at Halfweg purchased this cheap land below the dike for their homes. The infrastructure linking Halfweg to Haarlem and Amsterdam was already quite good, so Zwanenburg became a true commuter town. Halfweg was also the site of a large sugar factory, first opened in 1863, that served as an employer for Zwanenburg residents for more than a century. For this reason, the history of Zwanenburg cannot be seen separately from the history of Halfweg.", "", "\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021\". Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 30 April 2022.\n\"Postcodetool for 1161AA\". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 30 April 2022.\nStatistics Netherlands (CBS), Gemeente Op Maat 2004: Haarlemmermeer ." ]

[ "Zwanenburg", "History", "Halfweg buildings important to Zwanenburg history", "References" ]

[ 5360750, 5360751, 5360752, 5360753, 5360754 ]

[ 27241297, 27241298, 27241299 ]

[ "The Zwanenburgwal, looking south towards the Amstel", "The Zwanenburgwal, looking north", "" ]

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[ "The Zwanenburgwal is a canal and street in the center of Amsterdam. During the Dutch Golden Age the canal was home to painter Rembrandt van Rijn, as well as philosopher Spinoza lived here. In 2006 it was voted one of the most beautiful streets in Amsterdam by readers of Het Parool, a local daily newspaper.\nThe Zwanenburgwal flows from the Sint Antoniessluis sluice gate (between the streets Sint Antoniesbreestraat and Jodenbreestraat) to the Amstel river. The canal was originally named Verversgracht (\"dyers' canal\"), after the textile industry that once dominated this part of town. Dyed textiles were hung to dry along the canal.\nWaterlooplein, a market-square popular among city visitors, sits along the Zwanenburgwal. The combined city hall and opera house structure, the Stopera, lies at the intersection of the Zwanenburgwal and the river Amstel. Also on this corner lies the Joods Verzetsmonument, a monument to the Jewish resistance during World War II, where a ceremony in remembrance of the Kristallnacht massacre is held each year.\nWell-known inhabitants of the Zwanenburgwal include the following painters: Rembrandt, Karel Appel, Nicolaes Eliasz. Pickenoy, Salomon Meijer, and Cornelis van der Voort, the philosopher Baruch de Spinoza, the architect Michel de Klerk, the writer Arend Fokke Simonsz, and the communist leader Paul de Groot. From 1631 to 1635, Rembrandt lived and worked at the home of Hendrick van Uylenburgh at the corner of Zwanenburgwal and Jodenbreestraat. In 1639 he bought the adjacent house, now the Rembrandthuis museum. Rembrandt was able to leave his house via an exit onto the Zwanenburgwal, running underneath the adjacent corner house, which enabled him to move the giant canvas of the Night Watch out of his studio.\nThe Zwanenburgwal was originally an arm of the Amstel delta which was dug into a canal at the start of the 17th Century. In 1602 the Sint Antoniesdijk, a dike along the eastern edge of the city, was breached to construct a sluice gate, the Sint Antoniessluis. The inner section came to be known as the Zwanenburgwal and the outer section, beyond the sluice gate, became known as the Oude Schans. During construction of the canal, a part of the Amstel river was reclaimed to form two new neighborhoods, Zwanenburg (west of the Zwanenburgwal) and Vlooienburg (east of the canal).\nWith the arrival in Amsterdam of large numbers of Jews from all over Europe in the late 16th and early 17th Century, the Zwanenburgwal became part of the Jewish neighborhood of Amsterdam. A synagogue was located on the Zwanenburgwal until 1936. During World War II, the neighborhood was emptied of its residents as most were deported to the Nazi concentration camps. The deserted houses were used for firewood and left derelict. After the war, the Vlooienburg district was demolished to make way for a new city hall, which however was not built until the 1980s.", "Het Parool: Mooiste Amsterdamse straat (Dutch)\nTheo Bakker's Domein: Vlooienburg & Zwanenburg Archived January 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine (Dutch)" ]

[ "Zwanenburgwal", "References" ]

[ 5360755, 5360756, 5360757 ]

[ 27241300 ]

[ "Zwankendamme: church" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Zwankendamme_Kerk_R03.jpg" ]

[ "Zwankendamme is a village in the municipality of Bruges, West Flanders, Belgium." ]

[ "Zwankendamme" ]

[ 5360758 ]

[]

[ "Palace" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/SM_Zwanowice_Pa%C5%82ac_%282%29_ID_610179.jpg" ]

[ "Zwanowice [zvanɔˈvit͡sɛ] (German: Schwanowitz) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Skarbimierz, within Brzeg County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) east of Skarbimierz, 9 km (6 mi) south-east of Brzeg, and 30 km (19 mi) north-west of the regional capital Opole.", "Udo von Woyrsch (1895–1983), SS Obergruppenführer", "\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\" (in Polish). 2008-06-01." ]

[ "Zwanowice, Brzeg County", "Notable residents", "References" ]

[ 5360759 ]

[ 27241301 ]

[ "A hand in Zwanzigerrufen", "" ]

[ 0, 9 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Tarockkarten_in_der_Hand_eines_Spielers.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Taroky_trul.JPG" ]

[ "Zwanzigerrufen or Zwanz'gerrufen is the leading trick-taking card game of the Tarock family in many regions of eastern Austria. Its rules are simpler than the game of Königrufen which is more widely played in the whole of Austria. As is common in Tarock games, the cards have various point values – the primary goal in an individual game is to win the majority of points.", "Zwanzigerrufen is played with 40 cards taken from the 54-card deck used for Königrufen (the so-called Industrie und Glück deck). The resulting deck consists of 20 tarocks as trumps and 20 plain suit cards.\nThe tarocks are numbered with Roman numerals from I to XXI, in addition there is the unnumbered Sküs or Gstieß. Tarocks II and III are removed in Zwanzigerrufen. The tarocks each count as 1 point; only the Trull cards - I (Pagat), XXI (Mond) and Sküs - each count as 5.\nIn the suit cards are the King (5 points), Queen (4), Knight (3), Jack (2) and a so-called Baldy (Glatze) as a set in each suit. The Glatzen usually comprise the 10 of Spades, 10 of Clubs, the Ace of Hearts and the Ace of Diamonds; these score 0 points. Other cards may be used as Glatzen - the 4 of Hearts and 4 of Diamonds have the advantage of being easier to recognise.\nIn scoring at the end of the game the values of the cards won (in tricks) are simply added. There is no splitting of the points into thirds or deducting/adding of points per trick as in Königrufen. The total value of all the cards is 88. To win the game, a team or player must score more than half the total, to wit: 45 points.", "The dealer shuffles the cards and the player to his left cuts the deck. Then each player is dealt 10 cards in two packets of five, starting with forehand to the right of the dealer. There is no talon. Instead of cutting, the cutter may 'knock' - in this case the dealer places 4 stacks of 10 cards each on the table. Players can then choose one stack at a time, starting with forehand.\nWhen all the players have picked up their cards, forehand begins the auction. For a normal game (see below) she calls for \"den Zwanziger\" (in Vienna also called der Oide), the Tarock XX, whereupon the player holding the XX in his hand becomes her partner. If forehand herself has the XX, she can call for the XIX (vulgo Gartenzaun = \"Garden fence\"), if she also has this, the XVIII and so on up to the XVI. If forehand has all the tarocks from the XX to the XVI in her hand, she cannot announce a normal game, but must play a solo. The called player does not have to declare his possession of the called card, but may reveal himself as a partner by various game declarations.\nForehand must at least call for a Tarock held by another player who then becomes her partner. If she doesn't want to make any more bids, she says \"next\" or \"pass\" (Weiter), and the other players may bid in turn. Further declarations may be made in turn until all players in a hand have just said \"next\".\nForehand always leads. Players must follow suit (Farbzwang) and, failing that, play a trump (Trumpfzwang or Tarockzwang), but do not have to head the trick even if they could (i.e. there is no Stichzwang). When a suit card is played, all players must follow this suit. If a player does not have a matching suit card (any more), he must play a tarock. If he does not have a tarock either, he can discard any other suit card. Tarocks can be played at any time, except in Suit Solo, when a tarock may only be played if a player no longer has any suit cards in his hand. A tarock must be followed by a tarock, as long one is still held - if no tarock is held, it must be followed with a suit card.\nThe tarocks are permanent trumps and always trump the suit cards, except in Suit Solo. A higher numbered tarock beats a lower one. As in Königrufen, there is also the rule that when the Sküs, Mond (XXI) and Pagat (I) meet, the Pagat wins the trick (the so-called Fairy Tale Trick or Märchenstich).", "In some tarock circles there are rules allowing the game to be stopped immediately after dealing by returning all the cards to the table, known as Zusammenwerfen. The game does not count and the same dealer deals a new hand: if you don't have a single tarock in your hand, you must do this; if the only tarock card you have is one of the trulls you may end the hand this way. It is advisable to discuss the validity of these rules with one's playing partners.", "In Zwanzigerrufen, the following contracts may be played and are worth the game points shown:\nNormal game (1 point)\nSuit Solo (Faberln, 4 points)\nSolo (Schwarzer, 4 points - sometimes 5 points)\nSolo overrides Suit Solo in the auction, which means that if one player announces a Suit Solo and another player announces a Solo, the latter is played.\nIn addition, there are a number of bonuses that can either be declared or played or won without advance notice:\nAbsolute (1 point; 2 if declared)\nPagat Ultimo (1 point; or 2 if declared)\nValat (6 points; 6x game value or 12x game value on declaration)\nAll bonuses can be declared by all players, whereby dazu (\"in addition\") or dagegen (\"against\") must be declared, i.e. whether the game is played with or against the forehand. When a \"Pagat Ultimo dagegen\" is declared, a Kontra must also be announced for the game (with \"Absolute dagegen\" or \"Valat dagegen\", one will automatically also always announce Kontra).\nAnnounced bonuses count double. If an announced bonus is not reached, it counts for the opponent. Silently played and lost bonuses are not counted for obvious reasons; any game in which one team loses but scores more than 32 points would otherwise be counted as 0 points due to the lost silent Absolute. The exception is the Pagat Ultimo. If the Pagat is played and beaten in the last trick, this is counted as a lost silent Pagat Ultimo.\nFinally there are the card bonuses of the Trull (1 point if a player has Sküs, Mond and Pagat in his hand) and \"4 Kings\" (2 points), as well as the game bonus \"Mond captured\" (Mondfang, 1 point) if the Mond has been tricked by the Sküs (even if the partner has won it, it counts against the team that lost the Mond). The Fairy Tale Trick is not considered a Mondfang.\nThe card bonuses are won by holding the cards in one's opening hand, not by holding them in the tricks at the end of the game. They do not have to be declared because they give information about your hand to your opponent, but they should be claimed after the game when scoring. After the Mond is captured, a \"double round\" is played, the next four games are scored double.", "In a Normal Game, forehand plays with his partner against the other two players, the 'defenders'. Forehand leads to the first trick, after which the player who won the previous trick leads. The team that scores at least 45 points wins.\nIn Suit Solo, one player (the caller) plays against the other three and must also score at least 45 points. The tarocks do not count as trumps in this game, but beat each other in the usual way. The caller must have at least 5 suit cards to be able to call a Suit Solo. The player who leads must play a suit card if he still has one in his hand. All players are must follow suit (Farbzwang). The only bonuses used in Suit Solo are Valat, Absolute and \"4 Kings\". Pagat Ultimo, Trull and Mondfang are not counted. The Fairy Tale Trick, on the other hand, applies when a tarock is played.\nIn Solo, the caller plays against the other three and must score 45 points, with tarocks being the trump card, as in normal play. In Solo, all bonuses are doubled when working out the score.\nAbsolute means that one team has not scored more than 32 points. This can either be declared or simply occur during the course of the game. However, if the other team is not \"absolute\", the calling team loses.\nIn Pagat Ultimo the caller commits himself to take the last trick with the Pagat. The Pagat Ultimo is only considered to be won if the Pagat is played in the last trick and itself takes the trick - if the partner beats the Pagat the game is lost. Likewise, the Pagat Ultimo is lost if the Pagat has to be played before the last trick, regardless of whether it is beaten or wins the trick. A Pagat Ultimo is not permitted in Suit Solo and does not count if not declared.\nValat means that one team takes all the tricks. According to some rules and regulations, Valat cancels everything else, i.e. no other bonus will be awarded.\nKontra and all raises (Retour/Rekontra, Supre, Resupre) may be bid regardless of the game and on all declared bonuses. It is therefore possible, for example, to say Kontra in a Normal Game in response to a declared Pagat Ultimo in order to double the stakes against that bonus, but not to double the stakes for the game itself.", "All contracts and bonuses are calculated separately. For example, a game might proceed as follows:\nForehand: XIX continue! (XIX weiter!)\nPlayer 2: Kontra Absolute!\nPlayer 3: Kontra on Absolute!\nPlayer 4: Pagat against! (Pagat dagegen!)\nForehand: Kontra on Pagat!\nAll players then say \"continue\" (weiter) and the game starts.\nPlayer 4 has signed up for the Pagat Ultimo, which counts as a double bonus. Players 2 and 4 must also prevent the forehand and player 3 from scoring more than 32 points.\nThe game ends with the forehand and player 3 scoring 40 points, and player 4 takes the last trick with the Pagat.\nThe lost game now counts twice because of Kontra (2 points), the lost Absolute also twice because of Kontra on Absolute (4 points) and the declared, countered and won Pagat 4 points. Forehand and Player 3 win 4 points because of the failed Absolute declaration by Player 2, but lose the game with 2 points and the Pagat with 4 points. The game ends with a net score of 2 points for Players 2 and 4.\nSince each player settles for himself, both winners are credited 2 points each and 2 points are deducted from both losers. In a Solo game, the soloist plays alone against the three defenders; he receives the value of the game from or pays to all three.\nEvery declaration by a player is also valid for his partner(s). If one player plays a Solo and one of the others says Kontra, the game also counts double for the other two defenders.", "Zwanzigerrufen is played with significantly fewer (14) cards and no talon. This makes the game faster and the odds on a bid are easier to estimate. So the presence or absence of the talon makes no practical difference.\nForehand cannot declare any special forehand contracts in Zwanzigerrufen, except for the Normal Game (in Königrufen there are also Trischaken and Sechserdreier contracts).\nThere are no negative games in classic Zwanzigerrufen (in Königrufen there are Bettel and Piccolo and their 'ouvert' variants). In some game variants, however, for example, the Trischaken is an option in Zwanzigerrufen.\nOnly the Pagat Ultimo can be used as a Besserrufer (in Königrufen, II, III and IIII may be used to take the second, third and fourth last trick).\nSimplified counting of trick values.", "", "Zwanzigerrufen at www.pagat.com." ]

[ "Zwanzigerrufen", "Cards", "Playing", "Zusammenwerfen", "Auction", "Contracts and bonuses", "Scoring", "Significant differences from Königrufen", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360760, 5360761 ]

[ 27241302, 27241303, 27241304, 27241305, 27241306, 27241307, 27241308, 27241309, 27241310, 27241311, 27241312, 27241313, 27241314, 27241315, 27241316, 27241317, 27241318, 27241319, 27241320, 27241321, 27241322, 27241323, 27241324, 27241325, 27241326, 27241327, 27241328, 27241329 ]

[ "General view" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Zwardo%C5%84.jpg" ]

[ "Zwardoń [ˈzvardɔɲ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rajcza, within Żywiec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in the Żywiec Beskids mountain range in southern Poland, on the border with Slovakia. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) west of Rajcza, 25 km (16 mi) south-west of Żywiec, and 82 km (51 mi) south of the regional capital Katowice. The village is mostly known for mountain tourism and as a border crossing point. In 1884, a railway line to Čadca was opened. Although Zwardoń belongs nowadays to the Silesian Voivodeship, historically it lied in Lesser Poland. The village has a population of approximately 1,000.", "Zwardoń, located at the elevation of 690 meters above sea level, is placed between three mountain passes - Przysłop, Zwardońska and Graniczne. Until 1975, the village was administratively tied with Kraków and Lesser Poland. In 1975 - 1999, it belonged to Bielsko-Biala Voivodeship, and after the territorial reform of Poland in 1999, it became part of the Silesian Voivodeship, even though historically it does not belong to Silesia. Zwardoń has a rail station along the historic Galician Transversal Railway, which connects Żywiec and other Polish cities with Slovak town of Zilina, and further on, Vienna. Since the construction of the line, Zwardoń has been a border station, and the crossing was closed down in 2007, due to Schengen Agreement. The village is also located on the Expressway S69, which goes from Bielsko-Biała to Slovakia.", "Zwardoń is a relatively young village. It is not known exactly when it was established, most probably some time in the 17th century. Its oldest district is the settlement called Myto, which was probably established by shepherds, who came to this area from the overcrowded villages around Węgierska Górka. The name Zwardoń appears on the maps for the first time in the late 18th century. The village belonged to Lesser Poland, in its extreme southwest corner, near the border with the Kingdom of Hungary. In the late 18th century, after the Partitions of Poland, and the creation of Galicia, Emperor Joseph II ordered the construction of a road along the Przysłop mountain pass. Zwardoń belonged to Żywiec County, and it remained a small village until 1884, when the rail line was opened from Żywiec to Cadca. By 1889, the population grew to 124, in 1891 a post office was opened here, and in 1901, an elementary school.\nIn the 1930s Zwardoń, which belonged to Kraków Voivodeship, became a popular skiing location. Enjoying good climate, snowy winters, treeless slopes and good rail connections, the village prospered. New houses were built, in winter, special trains from Warsaw would bring tourists and skiers. In 1930, a ski jumping hill was opened. During World War II Zwardoń was directly annexed by the Third Reich. Its 356 Polish residents were expelled, and replaced by the Germans. After the war, Zwardoń remained a popular tourist center, due to well-developed skiing infrastructure, guest houses and several trails.", "\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\" (in Polish). 2008-06-01." ]

[ "Zwardoń", "Location and transport", "History", "References" ]

[ 5360762 ]

[ 27241330, 27241331, 27241332, 27241333, 27241334, 27241335 ]

[ "Zwaring", "Location within Graz-Umgebung district" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Zwaring-P%C3%B6ls_Ansicht-4947.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Zwaring-Poels_in_GU.png" ]

[ "Zwaring-Pöls was a municipality in Austria which merged in January 2015 into Dobl-Zwaring in the Graz-Umgebung District of Styria, Austria.", "", "Steiermärkisches Gemeindestrukturreformgesetz – StGsrG, Landesgesetzblatt des Landes Steiermark. Nr. 31/2014 (Styria State Official Gazette, in German)." ]

[ "Zwaring-Pöls", "Population", "References" ]

[ 5360763, 5360764 ]

[ 27241336 ]

[ "A Zwartbles Ewe", "" ]

[ 0, 6 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Zwartbles_Ewe.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Sheep_%28PSF%29.png" ]

[ "The Zwartbles is a breed of domestic sheep originating in the Friesland region of the north Netherlands. There it was primarily used for the production of sheep milk as well as lamb and mutton. They were often kept alongside dairy cattle herds.", "The Zwartbles has a striking appearance: a black/brown fleece, a white blaze on the face, 2 - 4 white socks, and a white tail tip (which is traditionally left undocked). Both rams and ewes are polled. \nThe Zwartbles are relatively large sheep: ewes weigh an average of 85 kg (187 lb), and rams 100 kg (220 lb). \nThe dense fleece ranges from black to brown with sun bleached tips, some silvering may be present in older animals. The wool is medium to fine with excellent crimp and fibre length, a Bradford count of 54-56 and a micron count of 27 making it popular for spinning and felting.\nZwartbles are known for being docile, friendly, easy lambing, prolific, milky and being excellent mothers.", "Traditionally used for both milk and meat in the Netherlands, they declined significantly in use until listed as critically rare by the Dutch Rare Breed Survival trust in the mid-1970s. \nThe first Zwartbles were imported to the United Kingdom in the early 1990s. The UK Zwartbles Sheep Association was formed in 1995.", "Zwartbles are now mainly used to produce breeding stock, meat and wool. Being from a cold, wet, windy area of the Netherlands, the breed has easily adapted to the UK climate and can thrive at various altitudes. They are increasingly popular with both smallholders and commercial farmers. As of June 2011 there are over 750 Zwartbles flocks registered with the UK breed society plus many unregistered flocks in the UK. \nIn the UK, Zwartbles rams are also crossed with ewes of other breeds to produce butchers lambs. Lambs from these crosses are always black but sometimes will have a little white on the head. Zwartbles rams and ewes cross well with other breeds. Many UK agricultural shows now hold classes for Zwartbles. The wool of these show animals is often trimmed to remove the sunbleached (brown) wool tips revealing a tight black fleece.", "Balwen Welsh Mountain sheep, an unrelated breed with a similar colour pattern.", "Susan Schoenian Sheep & Goat Specialist University of Maryland. \"Sheep Breeds V-Z\". sheep101.info.\n\"About the Breed\". zwartbles.org. Zwartbles Sheep Association.\n\"Zwartbles\". nationalsheep.org.uk. National Sheep Association.", "Zwartbles Sheep Association, UK Zwartbles Sheep Association\nNederlands Zwartbles Schapenstamboek, Dutch Zwartbles flockbook\nZwartbles Ireland, Irish hub on Zwartbles" ]

[ "Zwartbles", "Breed characteristics", "History", "In the UK", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360765, 5360766 ]

[ 27241337, 27241338, 27241339, 27241340, 27241341, 27241342 ]

[ "Terrain of Zwarte Cross, 28 July 2007", "Aunt Rikie", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Zwartecross.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Tante_Rikie_%28Zwarte_Cross%29.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Papa_Roach_ZC10.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Blondie_-_Debbie_Harry_-_Zwarte_Cross_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Ilse_DeLange_op_Zwarte_Cross_2011.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Jack_parow-1438331092.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/ZC16_The_Darkness.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/ZC22_HENGE_%284%29.jpg" ]

[ "The Zwarte Cross Festival is the largest paid festival in the Netherlands, and the largest motor event in the world. The 19th edition in 2015 had 197,450 visitors and the 20th edition in 2016 numbered 220,000 visitors. The festival is a combination of motorcross, music, theatre and stunts.\n'Zwarte Cross' literally means 'black cross'; it is a reference to the illegal motocross races in the 1960s.", "The first edition of the Zwarte Cross took place in 1997. It was a motorcross in which anyone could compete on a motorcycle, moped or scooter. About 150 people competed, and there were 1000 visitors. The day was concluded with a concert of the organizing rock band, Jovink en de Voederbietels. Although the name suggested the race was illegal, the organisation had all the needed permits.\nThe festival proved to be successful, and the second edition had 350 competitors, and 4000 visitors, but a lot of people got injured. Therefore, the organisation decided to cooperate with a professional motorcross-club, HALMAC in Halle. The third edition was held on their official Grand Prix circuit.\nIn 2007, the festival moved to Lichtenvoorde.\nThe mascot and logo of the Zwarte Cross is 'Tante Rikie', Rikie Nijman, the mother of Jovink's manager, André Nijman. She is the unofficial festival CEO and is well-known by the visitors. During the festival, she is carried around in a sedan chair, and visitors kneel for her.", "", "The 14th edition took place 15 July - 18 July. Performing bands were: Airbourne, Band Zonder Banaan, The Baseballs, Big Shampoo and the Hairstylers, Black Spiders, Caro Emerald, Coparck, DeWolff, Di-rect, Jon Oliva's Pain, Guus Meeuwis, Kamelot, K's Choice, Mala Vita, Marike Jager, Moss. 148,000 people visited the festival.\nOn 12 July, only a few days before the festival, a storm hit the festival-terrain. 4 people were injured. All of the already built tents were blown over, some destroyed. The damage was over 1 million euro. The scenery of the mega-tent (the biggest on the terrain, was replaced by an outdoor-stage.\nSaturday 17 July, an employee of a fairground attraction was killed in an accident, while testing the ride.", "The 15th edition had 152,500 visitors. Some of the bands performing were: Blondie, Anthrax, Disabuse, Ilse de Lange, Jacqueline Govaert, Life of Agony, Miss Montreal, The Black Crowes, Helloween, Sepultura, Vanderbuyst, De Staat, Go Back to the Zoo and Annihilator. About 150 bands played on 20 stages.", "The 16th edition took place from 20 July - 22 July. The registration for competitors was closed in a record time, within ten minutes. Some of the bands were: Kaiser Chiefs, Within Temptation, DeWolff and Direct.", "Editions 2020 and 2021 were not held because of the Covid pandemic.", "The 2022 edition was held from 15 to 17 July. Main acts at this 24th edition were Dropkick Murphys, Kensington, Claw Boys Claw and Katchafire.", "" ]

[ "Zwarte Cross", "History", "Editions", "2010", "2011", "2012", "2020-2021", "2022", "References" ]

[ 5360767, 5360768, 5360769, 5360770, 5360771, 5360772 ]

[ 27241343, 27241344, 27241345, 27241346, 27241347, 27241348, 27241349 ]

[ "Zwarte Piet", "Strooigoed and kruidnoten mix for scattering", "Illustration from Jan Schenkman's book Sint Nikolaas en zijn Knecht", "Josephine Baker meeting Sinterklaas and Zwarte Piet (V&D Amsterdam, 22 November 1957)", "Several performers in Sooty Piet costumes during a 2016 celebration in Amsterdam", "Demonstrators at an anti-Zwarte Piet protest in Amsterdam in November 2013", "Sign about Zwarte Piet at a Black Lives Matter demonstration in Leeuwarden in 2020" ]

[ 0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 7 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Piet_Sancho.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Strooigoed.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/08_St._Nikolaas_bij_een_Snoeper.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/JosephineBaker1957NL.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Piets_Singing_2017.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Pietprotest.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Black_lives_matter_and_Black_Pete_demonstration_Leeuwarden_Netherlands_.jpg" ]

[ "Zwarte Piet (Dutch: [ˈzʋɑrtə ˈpit]; Luxembourgish: Schwaarze Péiter, Indonesian: Pit Hitam, West Frisian: Swarte Pyt), also known in English by the translated name Black Pete, is the companion of Saint Nicholas (Dutch: Sinterklaas, West Frisian: Sinteklaas, Luxembourgish: Kleeschen, Indonesian: Sinterklas) in the folklore of the Low Countries. The earliest known illustration of the character comes from an 1850 book by Amsterdam schoolteacher Jan Schenkman in which he was depicted as a black Moor from Spain.\nThose portraying the traditional version of Zwarte Piet usually put on blackface and colourful Renaissance attire in addition to curly wigs and bright red lipstick. The character has been increasingly controversial since the early 2010s and decreasingly prevalent at municipal holiday celebrations in the years that have followed. As of 2021, a revised version, dubbed Sooty Piet (Dutch: Roetveegpiet), has become more common than the traditional variant at public events, in addition to in television specials, films, social media, and advertising. Sooty Piet features the natural skin tone of the actors playing the character with soot marks created by streaks of dark makeup on their faces.", "The Zwarte Piet character is part of the annual Feast of St. Nicholas that is celebrated on the evening of 5 December (Sinterklaasavond, which is known as St. Nicholas' Eve in English) in the Netherlands and Aruba. This is when presents and sweets are traditionally distributed to children. The holiday is celebrated on 6 December in Belgium. The Zwarte Piet characters appear only in the weeks before the Feast of Saint Nicholas, first when the saint is welcomed with a parade as he arrives in the country (generally by boat, having traveled from Madrid, Spain). The tasks of the various Zwarte Piets (Zwarte Pieten in Dutch) are mostly to amuse children and to distribute kruidnoten and pepernoten in the Netherlands, tangerines and speculoos in Belgium, and other strooigoed (special Sinterklaas-themed sweets) to those who come to meet the saint as he visits schools, stores, and other places.", "", "According to Hélène Adeline Guerber and other historians, the origin of Sinterklaas and his helpers have been linked by some to the Wild Hunt of Odin. While riding the white horse Sleipnir, he flew through the air as the leader of the Wild Hunt. He was always accompanied by two black ravens, Huginn and Muninn. These helpers would listen, just like Zwarte Piet, at the chimneys of the homes they visited to tell Odin about the good and bad behavior of the mortals below.\nThe Saint Nicholas tradition contains a number of elements that are not ecclesiastical in origin. In medieval iconography, Saint Nicholas is sometimes presented as taming a chained demon, who may or may not be black. However, no hint of a companion, demon, servant, or any other human or human-like fixed companion to the Saint is found in visual and textual sources from the Netherlands from the 16th until the 19th century. According to a long-standing theory first proposed by Karl Meisen, Zwarte Piet and his equivalents in Germanic Europe were originally presented as one or more enslaved demons forced to assist their captor. These chained and fire-scorched demons may have been redeveloped as black-skinned humans during the early 19th-century in the Netherlands in the likeness of Moors who work as servants for Saint Nicholas. Others believe Zwarte Piet to be a continuation of a custom in which people with blackface appeared in winter solstice rituals.\nOne or more demons working as helpers for the saint can still be found in various Austrian, German, Swiss, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, and Polish Saint Nicholas traditions in the characters of Krampus, Père Fouettard, Schmutzli, Perchta, Knecht Ruprecht, Rubbels, Hanstrapp, Little Babushka, Pelzebock, Klaubauf, and Belsnickel. These companions of Saint Nicholas are often depicted as a group of closely related figures who accompany Saint Nicholas through the territories formerly controlled by the Holy Roman Empire. The characters act as foils to the benevolent gift-giver, or strict disciplinarians who threaten to thrash or abduct disobedient children. Mythologist Jacob Grimm associated the character with the pre-Christian spirit kobold, who could be either benevolent or malicious.\nThe introduction of Zwarte Piet did coincide, by and large, with a change in the depiction of the Sinterklaas character. Prior to this change, he was often quite strict toward poorly behaved children and often presented as a sort of bogeyman. Many of the terrifying characteristics that were later associated with Zwarte Piet were often attributed to him. The presentation of a holy man in this light was troubling for both teachers and priests. After the introduction of Zwarte Piet as Sinterklaas' servant, both characters adopted more gentle personas.\nThe lyrics of older traditional Sinterklaas songs, still sung today, warn that Sinterklaas and his assistant will leave well-behaved children presents but punish those who have been naughty. They might even take very poorly behaved children to their homeland of Spain in burlap sacks where, according to legend, they'll be forced to assist them in their workshop for an entire season or longer. These songs and stories also warn that a child who has been only slightly naughty will receive a bundle of birch twigs or a lump of coal instead of gifts.", "In 1850, the Amsterdam-based primary school teacher Jan Schenkman published the book Sint Nikolaas en zijn Knecht (\"Saint Nicholas and his Servant\" in English). It's widely considered the first time a servant character was included in a printed version of the Saint Nicholas narrative. The servant is depicted as a page who appears as a dark-skinned person wearing clothes associated with Moors. The book also established another mythos that would become standard: the intocht or \"entry\" ceremony of Saint Nicholas and his servant (then still nameless) involving a steamboat. Schenkman has the two characters arrive from Spain with no reference made to Nicholas' historical homeland of Myra (Lycia, which was located in what is now modern-day Turkey). In the 1850 version of Schenkman's book, the servant is depicted in simple white clothing with red hems. Beginning with the second edition in 1858, the page is illustrated in a much more colorful page costume.\nThe book remained in print until 1950 and has had considerable influence on the current celebration. Although in Schenkman's book the servant was nameless, author Joseph Albert Alberdingk Thijm provided him with the name \"Pieter-me-knecht\" in a handwritten note to E.J. Potgieter in 1850. In 1884, Alberdingk Thijm recalled that, when he was a child in 1828, he had attended a Saint Nicholas celebration in the house of Dominico Arata, an Italian merchant and consul living in Amsterdam. On this occasion, a man portraying Saint Nicholas had been accompanied by another described as \"Pieter de Knecht ..., a frizzy haired Negro\" who brought a large basket filled with presents.\nIn 1833, an Amsterdam-based magazine printed a humorous reference to \"Pietermanknecht\" while describing the fate that those who had sneaked out of their houses to attend that year's St. Nicholas celebrations were supposed to have endured after returning home. In 1859, the Dutch newspaper De Tijd noticed that Saint Nicholas was often accompanied by \"a Negro, who, under the name of Pieter, mijn knecht, is no less popular than the Holy Bishop himself\". In the 1891 book Het Feest van Sinterklaas, the servant is named Pieter. However, up until 1920, several additional publications gave the character other names and depictions that varied considerably.\nAccording to a story from the Legenda Aurea, retold by Eelco Verwijs in his 1863 monograph Sinterklaas, one of the miraculous deeds performed by Saint Nicholas after his death consisted of freeing a boy from slavery at the court of the \"Emperor of Babylon\" and delivering him back to his parents. No mention is made of the boy's skin color. However, over the course of the 20th century, narratives started to surface that claimed Zwarte Piet was a former slave who had been freed by the saint and had subsequently become his lifelong companion.\nOne version of the folklore surrounding the character suggests that Zwarte Piet's blackness is due to a permanent layer of soot on his body acquired during his many trips down the chimneys of the homes he visits.", "Because of ongoing controversies surrounding the character, many schools, businesses, and other organizations across the Netherlands have begun changing Zwarte Piet's clothing and makeup or phasing the character out entirely. The most common variation has been dubbed Sooty Piet (in Dutch: roetveegpiet). This version features the page outfit but without the curly wig, earrings, or lipstick. Smeared on makeup simulates soot smudges and an actor portraying the character retains their own natural skin tone.\nThe portrayals of both Sinterklaas and Zwarte Piet can also further vary from region to region. Until 2020, the holiday was celebrated in the Netherlands Antilles where Sinterklaas was often played by a white-painted actor who was accompanied by several others dressed as Zwarte Piet.", "Throughout the latter half of the 2010s, communities and various organizations across the Netherlands and elsewhere opted to use either the traditional version of Zwarte Piet in celebrations or variations, most commonly the sooty version. Some have included both. These decisions have resulted in protests and violent incidents involving pro-Piet demonstrators (those who endorse the traditional version of the character) and anti-Piet demonstrators (those who endorse a revised version of the character or doing away with him altogether).\nIn 2015, the Bijenkorf department store chain opted to replace holiday displays featuring Zwarte Piet with a golden-skinned version instead. Elsewhere, one in three Dutch primary schools announced plans to alter the character's appearance in their celebrations. Nickelodeon in the Netherlands also decided to use a racially mixed group of actors to portray Piet in their holiday broadcasts instead of people in blackface. RTL Nederland made a similar decision in the autumn of 2016 and replaced the characters with actors with soot on their faces.\nIn 2016, an unspecified company in the Netherlands that organized its own annual Sinterklaas celebration replaced a person of color who enjoyed playing Zwarte Piet with the sooty version because she looked too much like dark-skinned Zwarte Piet.\nHowever, in 2018, several members of a production crew refused to work on Dutch broadcaster NTR's nationally televised celebration because of a decision to alter the character.\nSeveral Dutch entertainers have also continued to use the traditional version of the character. Among them are the singers Leon Krijgsman and Herman van Doorn who released songs promoted with music videos featuring Piets in blackface.\nIn November 2017, a group of anti-Piet demonstrators were prevented from attending a demonstration during a nationally televised celebration in the town of Dokkum after their vehicles were blocked on the A7 motorway by pro-Piet demonstrators, 34 of whom were later charged and found guilty of obstructing traffic. During intocht celebrations throughout November 2018, violent incidents took place in the cities and towns of Nijmegen, The Hague, Leeuwarden, Den Helder, Rotterdam, and elsewhere. In Eindhoven, anti-Piet demonstrators were surrounded by an estimated group of 250 people described as \"football hooligans\" who attacked them with eggs and shouted racist insults. A similar protest in Tilburg led to the arrest of 44 pro-Piet demonstrators.\nIn 2019, it was decided that the nationally televised arrival of Sinterklaas hosted by Apeldoorn would feature only sooty versions. That November, a group called Kick Out Zwarte Piet were attacked during a meeting. Windows were smashed, nearby vehicles were vandalized, and fireworks were shot into the building where the group was planning protests in 12 communities that still feature traditional versions of the character. In June 2020, American broadcaster NBC and Netflix opted to remove footage of a character dressed as Zwarte Piet from an episode of The Office. Series creator Greg Daniels released a statement saying that \"blackface is unacceptable and making the point so graphically is hurtful and wrong. I am sorry for the pain that caused.\"\nPrime Minister Mark Rutte stated in a parliamentary debate on 5 June 2020 that he had changed his opinion on the issue and now better understands why many people consider the character's appearance to be racist. In August 2020, Facebook updated its policies to ban depictions of blackface on its Facebook and Instagram platforms, including traditional blackface depictions of Zwarte Piet. In October 2020, Google banned advertising featuring Zwarte Piet, including soot versions without blackface.\nAdditional companies followed suit, among them Bol, Amazon, and Coolblue, who each decided to remove traditional Zwarte Piet products and promotions from their services. In November 2020, Vereniging van Openbare Bibliotheken, a national association of public libraries, also announced that they were in the process of removing books featuring Zwarte Piet from library shelves.", "Owing to the character's depiction, which often involves actors and volunteers dressing up in blackface while wearing black wigs and large earrings, the traditions surrounding Zwarte Piet became increasingly controversial beginning in the late 20th century. The public debate surrounding the figure can be described as polarized, with some protesters considering the figure to be an insult to their ancestry and supporters considering the character to be an inseparable part of their cultural heritage.\nOutside of the Netherlands, the character has received criticism from a wide variety of international publications and organizations. In 2015, the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination wrote in a report that “the character of Black Pete is sometimes portrayed in a manner that reflects negative stereotypes of people of African descent and is experienced by many people of African descent as a vestige of slavery,” and urged the Netherlands to “actively promote the elimination” of racial stereotyping. American essayist David Sedaris has written about the tradition, and British comedian and activist Russell Brand has spoken negatively of it, the latter dubbing Zwarte Piet \"a colonial hangover.\" In 2019, media personality Kim Kardashian described Zwarte Piet as \"disturbing\" in a tweet to her over 62 million followers on Twitter.\nIn 2012 in Amsterdam, most opposition toward the character was found among the Ghanaian, Antillean and Dutch-Surinamese communities, with 50 percent of the Surinamese considering the figure to be discriminatory to others, whereas 27 percent consider the figure to be discriminatory toward themselves. The predominance of the Dutch black community among those who oppose the Zwarte Piet character is also visible among the main anti-Zwarte Piet movements, Zwarte Piet Niet and Zwarte Piet is Racisme which have established themselves since the 2010s. Generally, adherents of these groups consider Zwarte Piet to be part of the Dutch colonial heritage, in which black people were subservient to whites or are opposed to what they consider stereotypical black (\"Black Sambo\") features of the figure including the red lips, curly hair and large golden earrings.\nIn the early 2010s, a large majority of the overall populace in both the Netherlands and Belgium was in favor of retaining the traditional Zwarte Piet character. Studies have shown that the perception of Zwarte Piet can differ greatly among different ethnic backgrounds, age groups and regions. According to a 2013 survey, upward of 90 percent of the Dutch public do not perceive Zwarte Piet to be a racist character or associate him with slavery and are opposed to altering the character's appearance. This correlated to a 2015 study among Dutch children aged 3 to 7 which showed that they perceive Zwarte Piet to be a fantastical clownish figure rather than a black person. However, the number of Dutch people who are willing to change certain details of the character (for example his lips and hair) is reported to be growing. By 2018, studies showed that between 80 and 88 percent of the Dutch public did not perceive Zwarte Piet as racist, and between 41 and 54 percent were happy with the character's modernized Sooty Piet style. Others continued to make the case that Zwarte Piet is racist due to extreme undertones, among them that Zwarte Piet is a subservient slave and that the tradition enforces racial stereotypes.\nThe George Floyd protests and subsequent Black Lives Matter demonstrations in the Netherlands in 2020 appear to have had a significant effect on the acceptance of Zwarte Piet's traditional (blackface) appearance among the Dutch public. A June 2020 survey saw a drop in support for leaving the character's appearance unaltered. 47 percent of those surveyed supported the traditional appearance, compared to 71 percent in a similar survey held in November 2019. A December 2020 survey by EenVandaag revealed that 55 percent of those surveyed supported the traditional appearance of Zwarte Piet, 34 percent supported changing the character's appearance, and 11 percent were unsure. The survey reported that 78 percent did not see Zwarte Piet as a racist figure while 17 percent did. The most frequently mentioned reason of those who were in favor of changing the character was to put an end to the discussion.", "A character named Nate dressed as Zwarte Piet during a scene in a December 2012 episode of The Office. It was later removed from Netflix and the NBC streaming service Peacock.\nCharacterizations of Zwarte Piet were featured in the third season of the American comedy-drama television series Atlanta in 2022. While Alfred (Brian Tyree Henry) and Earn (Donald Glover) are on tour in Amsterdam, they encounter multiple people dressed in blackface and celebrating the Feast of St. Nicholas.", "Companions of Saint Nicholas – Folkloric figures who accompany the gift-bringer\nBorder Morris – Collection of individual local dances from Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Shropshire\nTattamangalam Kuthira Vela\nHajji Firuz – Character in Iranian folklore who appears in the streets by the beginning of Nowruz\nSiuda Baba – Old Polish folk custom, celebrated on Easter Monday", "Forbes, Bruce David (2007). Christmas: A Candid History. University of California Press. p. 54. With Arab influence remaining among the Spanish population, Sinter Klaas had a Moorish assistant named Zwarte Piet, or Black Peter, an orphan who was pictured at times wearing a turban and a golden earring. Alternative explanations for his dark skin were that it was soot from sliding down chimneys or that he was a representation of the devil, who Saint Nicholas was able to conquer and force into his service. In annual observances over the years, Zwarte Piet was portrayed by a person in black face, and today some cultural commentators have criticized the legends and representations of Black Peter for racial stereotyping.\nCarleton, Marie-Helene. \"Zwarte Piet: Black Pete is 'Dutch racism in full display'\". www.aljazeera.com. Protesters have rallied against the Dutch blackface tradition\n\"Dutch Zwarte Piet reignites blackface debate | DW | 16.11.2019\". DW.COM. Zwarte Pieten ... who are played by white people in full blackface\n\"This notorious Christmas character is dividing a country\". National Geographic News. 6 December 2018. Zwarte Piet ... who usually appears as a blackface character\nHenley, Jon (18 September 2019). \"Dutch Saint Nicholas parade to replace blackface with 'sooty faces'\" – via www.theguardian.com. Zwarte Piet, Sinterklaas’s helper, has traditionally been portrayed by adults wearing gaudy costumes, large gold earrings, afro-style wigs, red lipstick and full blackface makeup\n\"So Long, Black Pete : Rough Translation\". NPR.org.\nLeopold, Todd (30 November 2015). \"'Blackface': Dutch holiday tradition or racism?\". CNN. Black Peter, a goofy, singing, candy-giving Renaissance-clad figure in blackface\n\"Sooty Piets take over, blackface out of favour in most towns and cities\". DutchNews. 9 November 2021.\nRedactie, Door (11 August 2020). AT5 [Facebook en Instagram verbieden afbeeldingen van Zwarte Piet Facebook en Instagram verbieden afbeeldingen van Zwarte Piet]. ; \n\"Netherlands\". St. Nicholas Center.\nDoor Ernie Ramaker (3 December 2011). \"Wat heeft Sinterklaas met Germaanse mythologie te maken?\" (in Dutch). Historianet.nl. Retrieved 18 November 2013.\n\"American Christmas Origins\". Arthuriana.co.uk. Retrieved 18 November 2013.\nHélène Adeline Guerber (d. 1929). \"huginn and muninn \"Myths of the Norsemen\" from\". gutenberg.org. Retrieved 26 November 2012.\nBooy, Frits (2003). \"Lezing met dia's over 'op zoek naar zwarte piet' (in search of Zwarte Piet)\" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2007. Almekinders, Jaap (2005). \"Wodan en de oorsprong van het Sinterklaasfeest (Wodan and the origin of Saint Nicolas' festivity)\" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2011. Christina, Carlijn (2006). \"St. Nicolas and the tradition of celebrating his birthday\". Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2011.\n\"Artikel: sinterklaas and Germanic mythology\" (in Dutch). historianet.nl. 3 December 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2012.\n\"Piet en Sint - veelgestelde vragen\". Meertens Instituut. Retrieved 19 November 2013.\n\"Sinterklaas rituelen en tradities\". jefdejager.nl. Retrieved 19 November 2013.\nE. Boer-Dirks, \"Nieuw licht op Zwarte Piet. Een kunsthistorisch antwoord op de vraag naar de herkomst\", Volkskundig Bulletin, 19 (1993), pp. 1-35; 2-4, 10, 14.\nIn Nikolauskult und Nikolausbrauch im Abendlande: Eine kultgeographisch-volkskundliche Untersuchung (Düsseldorf, 1931).\n\"Jan Schenkman\" (in Dutch). dbnl.nl. Retrieved 28 November 2010.\nBas 2013, pp. 32, 34, 42–50\nFor example: J. ter Gouw, in De volksvermaken (Haarlem, 1871), p. 256, describes an ancient tradition of \"Zwarte Klazen\" in Amsterdam; A.B. van Meerten, in Reisje door het Koningrijk der Nederlanden en het Groot-Hertogdom Luxemburg, voor kinderen (Amsterdam, 1827), describes a (fictional?) St. Nicholas celebration in which the Saint appears \"with a black face ... with a whip and a rod in his hands\"; and in De Nederlandsche Kindervriend, in gedichtjes voor de welopgevoede jeugd (Amsterdam, 1829), pp. 72-74, \"Sinterklaas\" is referred to as \"a black man\" who was said to descend down the chimney \"with a great noise of chains\" which he used for fettering naughty children. Respondents to a 1943 survey of the Meertens Instituut wrote that they had known Saint Nicholas \"as a bishop or as a black man with a chain on his foot\" and \"in the shape of a black man. The bishop was unknown in my youth\" (J. Helsloot, \"Sich verkleiden in der niederländischen Festkultur. Der Fall des 'Zwarte Piet'\", Rheinisches Jahrbuch für Volkskunde 26 (2005/2006), pp. 137-153; 141).\nBooy, Frits (2003). \"Lezing met dia's over 'op zoek naar zwarte piet' (in search of Zwarte Piet)\" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2007.\n\"\"St Nicholas en zijn knecht\" by Jan Schenkman\". Librivox.org. 12 October 2010. Retrieved 26 November 2012.\nvan Duinkerken, A. (5 December 1931). \"Sint Niklaasgoed 1850 (Een surprise van Thijm aan Potgieter)\". De Tijd. pp. 21–22.\n\"Zij echter, die ter sluik op het St. Nicolaas feest hadden rondgewandeld, vonden, te huis komende, de Pietermanknecht te hunnent; de zoons in hunne vaders, de mannen in hunnen vrouwen en de dienstmeisjes in hunne gebiedsters.\" (\"St. Nikolaas\", De Arke Noach's, 7, 10 (December 1833), pp. 294-299; p. 296)\nHelsloot, J. (November 2011). \"De oudst bekende naam van Zwarte Piet: Pieter-mê-knecht (1850)\". Digitale nieuwsbrief Meertens Instituut.\nEelco Verwijs, Sinterklaas (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1863), p. 13. The slave is a young Alexandrian named Adeodatus.\nSee, for instance, the story of the Ethiopian slave \"Piter\" in Anton van Duinkerken, \"De Geschiedenis van Sinterklaas\", De Tijd, 21 November 1947, p. 3; \"Sint Nicolaas bevrijdde een slaaf. Uit dankbaarheid ging deze vrijwillig de Sint dienen; hij heet Zwarte Piet\", De Nieuwsgier, 3 December 1954, p. 3; and also, from a slightly different angle, Puck Volmer, \"Hoe Zwarte Piet het knechtje van Sinterklaas werd\", De Indische Courant, 29 November 1941, p. 19.\n\"Geen Sinterklaas meer op Curaçao, maar alternatief kinderfeest\". Parool.nl. 20 September 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2021.\n\"Zwarte pieten willen niet meer\". NRC. 7 November 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019.\n\"Door de ervaringen in Friesland denken voorstanders van Zwarte Piet dat dreigen met geweld loont\". Volkskrant. 18 November 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2019.\n\"Zwarte Pieten in Bijenkorf worden goud\". RTL. 10 August 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.\n\"Hema Reportedly Phasing Out Zwarte Piet\". DutchNews. 26 August 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2014.\n\"Nickelodeon presenteert ongeschminkte pieten\". NRC. 4 November 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.\n\"RTL stopt met Zwarte Piet, voortaan alleen pieten met roetvegen\". RTL. 24 October 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2016.\n\"Alicia 'te zwart' om roetveegpiet te spelen\".\n\"Sintcomite Zaanstad trekt zich terug uit intocht\". De Telegraaf. 4 October 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2019.\n\"1 Miljoen Schoenen\". YouTube. 4 November 2018. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2019.\n\"A7-blokkeerders wilden anti-Zwarte Piet-betogers 'alleen vertragen'\". AD. 9 October 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2019.\n\"Amnesty International, MPs call on PM to condemn pro-Piet violence\". DutchNews. 19 November 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2019.\n\"Netherlands Christmas parade to replace blackface make-up with soot\". The Irish Times. 18 September 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2019.\n\"Zwarte Piet protest group accuses police of failing to protect safety\". DutchNews. 11 November 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019.\n\"The Office: NBC and Netflix Remove Blackface Scene from \"Dwight Christmas\" Episode\". Den of Geek. 29 June 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.\n\"Rutte: ik ben anders gaan denken over Zwarte Piet\". NOS Nieuws. 5 June 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.\n\"Facebook is banning controversial Dutch character 'Zwarte Piet'\". The Next Web. 11 August 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020.\n\"Google to ban Zwarte Piet's sooty replacement as a 'racial stereotype'\". DutchNews.nl. 28 October 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.\n\"Bol.com doet Zwarte Piet helemaal weg\". DutchNews.nl. 18 August 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2021.\n\"Amazon also bans blackface Zwarte Piet products\". DutchNews.nl. 18 August 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2021.\n\"Bibliotheken verwijderen boeken met Zwarte Piet: 'Smaldeel bepaalt niet ons beleid'\". DutchNews.nl. 12 November 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2021.\nBlakely, Allison (2001). Blacks in the Dutch World: The Evolution of Racial Imagery in a Modern Society. Indiana University Press. pp. 48–49. ISBN 9780253214331.\n\"Cookies op Trouw.nl\". trouw.nl. 18 October 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2015.\nFelicity Morse. \"Zwarte Piet: Opposition Grows To 'Racist Black Pete' Dutch Tradition\". UK: Huffington Post. Retrieved 27 October 2012.\n\"U.N. Urges the Netherlands to Stop Portrayals of 'Black Pete' Character\". New York Times. 28 August 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2020.\n\"Don't They Know It's Christmas After All\". This American Life. 7 December 2001. Retrieved 7 December 2001.\n\"Russell Brand Over Zwarte Piet\". De Morgen. Retrieved 17 November 2014.\n\"Wat betekent de tweet van Kim Kardashian voor het imago van Nederland?\". RTL Nieuws. Retrieved 21 November 2014.\n\"Hoe denken Amsterdammers over Zwarte Piet?\" [What do Amsterdammers think about Zwarte Piet?] (in Dutch). 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2018.\n\"De argumenten voor Zwarte Piet zijn op\". HP/De Tijd. 4 December 2015. Retrieved 6 December 2015.\n\"Onderzoek RTL Nieuws: Zwarte Piet moet zwart blijven\". RTL Nieuws. Retrieved 6 December 2015.\nIn a poll of RTL Nieuws, 81 percent only supported a solely black Zwarte Piet with an additional 10 percent supporting a majority of Zwarte Piets with a few soot-covered ones.\nA 2015 research project conducted by the national newspaper Algemeen Dagblad showed that in the overwhelming majority of Dutch municipalities no changes would be made to the traditional appearance of the Zwarte Piet character. Only 6 percent of the municipalities approached mentioned (further unspecified) changes to the character.\nA 2013 inquiry by Dutch public news program EenVandaag showed that in every Dutch province, the overwhelming majority did not support changes in the Zwarte Piet characters appearance. The largest percentage in support of changing the character's appearance (nine percent) was found in North Holland.\n\"In a 2012 study by the municipality of Amsterdam, shows that majority of respondents do not consider the Zwarte Piet character to be racist or that the character is racists toward others, but this differs greatly when comparing ethnic groups\" (PDF). Ois.amsterdam.nl. Retrieved 14 January 2019.\n\"VN wil einde Sinterklaasfeest - Binnenland | Het laatste nieuws uit Nederland leest u op Telegraaf.nl [binnenland]\". Telegraaf.nl. 22 October 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.\n2015 enquiry shows children perceive Zwarte Piet as a clown rather than black. NRC Handelsblad 3 December 2015.\n\"Black Pete: Cheese-Face to Partially Replace Blackface During Dutch Festivities\". The Independent. 15 October 2014. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2014.\n\"Onderzoek: Zwarte Piet is genoeg aangepast\". Een Vandaag. 16 November 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.\n\"Onderzoek: Rapportage Zwarte Piet\" (PDF). Een Vandaag. 15 November 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2019.\nLemmens, Koen (12 February 2017). \"The dark side of 'Zwarte Piet': A misunderstood tradition or racism in disguise? A legal analysis\". The International Journal of Human Rights. 21 (2): 120–141. doi:10.1080/13642987.2016.1276448. S2CID 151883117 – via Taylor and Francis+NEJM.\n\"Black Pete: Analyzing a Racialized Dutch Tradition Through the History of Western Creations of Stereotypes of Black Peoples\".\nMesman, Judi; Janssen, Sofie; van Rosmalen, Lenny (20 June 2016). \"Black Pete through the Eyes of Dutch Children\". PLOS ONE. 11 (6): e0157511. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1157511M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157511. PMC 4913949. PMID 27322583.\nPijl, Yvon van der; Goulordava, Karina (1 January 2014). \"Black Pete, \"Smug Ignorance,\" and the Value of the Black Body in Postcolonial Netherlands\". New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. 88 (3–4): 262–291. doi:10.1163/22134360-08803062 – via brill.com.\n\"Niet alleen Rutte is van mening veranderd: de steun voor traditionele Zwarte Piet is gedaald - weblog Gijs Rademaker\". Een Vandaag. 17 June 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.\nLubbe, Rozemarijn. \"Eenvandaag 'Sinterklaas in coronatijd'\" (PDF). Retrieved 24 February 2021.\nSepinwall, Alan (25 March 2022). \"'Atlanta' Kicks Off Season 3 With a Dark and Twisted Doubleheader\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 29 April 2022.\nD'Addario, Daniel (20 March 2022). \"'Atlanta' Season 3 Is a Startling, Stunning Master Class: TV Review\". Variety. Retrieved 29 April 2022.", "Bas, Marcel (2013). Zwarte Piet: discriminerend of fascinerend?. Aspekt Uitgeverij. ISBN 978-9461534095." ]

[ "Zwarte Piet", "Traditions", "History", "Origins", "Development and depiction in the 19th and 20th centuries", "Development and depiction in the 21st century", "Notable events during the 21st century", "Public opinion in the Low Countries and worldwide", "In popular culture", "See also", "References", "Bibliography" ]

[ 5360773, 5360774, 5360775, 5360776, 5360777, 5360778 ]

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[ "Zwarte Water through Hasselt", "Location of the Zwarte Water river within the Netherlands." ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Hasselt.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Location_Zwarte_Water.PNG" ]

[ "The Zwarte Water (\"Black Water\") is a river in the Dutch province of Overijssel. It is formed just south of the city of Zwolle when two streams, the Soestwetering and the Nieuwe Wetering, merge. The Zwarte Water then flows north through Zwolle, bends to the northeast, takes in the Vecht near Hasselt and flows past the town of Zwartsluis to discharge itself in the Zwarte Meer (\"Black Lake\", connected to the IJsselmeer lake) near Genemuiden.\nContrary to popular belief, the Zwarte Water is not an IJssel branch, nor is it another name for the Vecht. The river is, however, connected to the IJssel by two canals, the Willemsvaart (dug in the early nineteenth century, now disused) and the Zwolle-IJssel Canal." ]

[ "Zwarte Water" ]

[ 5360779, 5360780 ]

[]

[ "De Turfsteker, famous statue in Zwartebroek", "" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Zwartebroek_-_Beeld_%27Turfsteker%27_van_Ton_Mooy_op_de_hoek_van_de_Damweg_en_de_Platanenstraat.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/2010-NL-P05-Gelderland-positiekaart-gemnamen.jpg" ]

[ "Zwartebroek is a village in the municipality of Barneveld in the Dutch province of Gelderland.\nThe village is situated on the Veluwe. It lies north of Terschuur and east of Hoevelaken. Like its neighbour Nijkerkerveen, Zwartebroek was founded as a result of the peat extraction in the area.\nIn 1840, it was home to 596 people. In 1850, a church was built in the village.", "The name Zwartebroek is a combination of the words zwart and broek. Broek is the Dutch term for wet or swampy land. Zwart is the Dutch word for black and might be a reference to the dark color of the land. Broek is also the Dutch word for trousers, but this common translation is incorrect.", "\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021\". Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 19 March 2022.\n\"Postcodetool for 3785KD\". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 19 March 2022.\nZwartebroek, Plaatselijk Belang Zwartebroek Terschuur, retrieved: 27 February 2019\n\"Zwartebroek\". Plaatsengids (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 March 2022.\nEtymologie Zwartebroek, Etymologiebank, retrieved: 27 February 2019" ]

[ "Zwartebroek", "Etymology", "References" ]

[ 5360781, 5360782 ]

[ 27241421, 27241422 ]

[ "Church in Zwartemeer", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 4, 4, 4 ]

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[ "Zwartemeer ([ˈzʋɑrtəˌmeːr]) is a village in the Netherlands and it is part of the Emmen municipality in Drenthe. It is located on the border with Germany.", "Zwartemeer is a linear settlement along a canal which was established in 1871 as a buckwheat settlement. It was named after the black water of the moor lake which was the source of the Runde River. The colonist were mainly from Twente and Germany and were mainly Catholic. In 1932, it was home to 2,419 people. Since 1974, a carnival is organised in Zwartemeer which attracts large crowds.", "HV Hurry-Up is a men's handball club from Zwartemeer.", "Jeroen Lambers (born 1980), footballer", "", "\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021\". Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 10 March 2022. Two listings\n\"Postcodetool for 7894AA\". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 10 March 2022.\nRonald Stenvert (2001). Zwartemeer (in Dutch). Zwolle: Waanders. ISBN 90 400 9454 3. Retrieved 11 March 2022.\n\"Zwartemeer - (geografische naam)\". Etymologiebank (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 March 2022.\n\"Zwartemeer\". Plaatsengids (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 March 2022.\nJan Harm Tuntler (1935). In en om de gemeente Emmen (in Dutch). Ten Kate. p. 89.\n\"SG-Team steht vor erstem Härtetest\". NWZ Online (in German). Retrieved 11 March 2022.\n\"Jeroen Lambers\". World Football (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 March 2022.", "Media related to Zwartemeer at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Zwartemeer", "History", "Sports", "Notable people", "Gallery", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360783, 5360784, 5360785 ]

[ 27241423, 27241424, 27241425 ]

[ "Warehouse in Zwartewaal", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 2, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Zwartewaal_Bernissedijk_22-07-2010.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/P08-ZH-positiekaart2-gemlabels.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Zwartewaal_NH_kerk_22-07-2010.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Zwartewaal_1867.png" ]

[ "Zwartewaal is a village in the Dutch province of South Holland, The Netherlands. It is a part of the municipality of Brielle and lies about 5 km south of Maassluis.", "The village was first mentioned in the middle of the 13th century as \"ten Zwarten Wale\", and means \"black (water) pond created after a dike breech\". Zwartewaal is dike village which developed after 1180 when the Zwartewaal polder was created. A fishing harbour was constructed outside the dike. On 5 July 1351. the Battle of Zwartewaal was fought where William I, Duke of Bavaria defeated his mother and became count of Holland. Mother and son made peace in 1354.\nThe Dutch Reformed church is a single aisled church from the 15th century. The tower was built in 1597. The church is built on a terp (artificial hill) and is located outside of the village centre, because the village relocated due to flooding.\nZwartewaal was home to 1,006 people in 1840. It was a separate municipality between 1817 and 1980, when it became part of Brielle.", "", "\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021\". Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 3 May 2022.\n\"Postcodetool for 3238AA\". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 3 May 2022.\n\"Zwartewaal - (geografische naam)\". Etymologiebank (in Dutch). Retrieved 3 May 2022.\nRonald Stenvert & Sabine Broekhoven (2004). \"Zwartewaal\" (in Dutch). Zwolle: Waanders. ISBN 90 400 9034 3. Retrieved 3 May 2022.\n\"Zwartewaal\". Plaatsengids (in Dutch). Retrieved 3 May 2022.\nAd van der Meer and Onno Boonstra, \"Repertorium van Nederlandse gemeenten\", KNAW, 2006. \"Repertorium van Nederlandse gemeenten 1812-2006\". Archived from the original on February 20, 2007. Retrieved December 3, 2009." ]

[ "Zwartewaal", "History", "Gallery", "References" ]

[ 5360786, 5360787, 5360788 ]

[ 27241426, 27241427, 27241428, 27241429 ]

[ "Harbour of Genemuiden", "Dutch Topographic map of Zwartewaterland, Sept. 2014", "Afke Schaart, 2006", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 4, 6, 6, 6 ]

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[ "Zwartewaterland ([ˌzʋɑrtəˈʋaːtərlɑnt] (listen)) is a municipality in the province Overijssel in the eastern Netherlands.", "This mainly rural municipality lies south of Steenwijkerland on the Zwarte Water (Black Water). This is a short tributary of the river IJssel from Zwolle to the Zwarte Meer (Black Lake). Before 1931 this lake was a part of the Zuiderzee. The Vecht also flows into the Zwarte Water. \nHasselt lies about 5 km (3.1 mi) north of Zwolle.\nGenemuiden and Zwartsluis lie 5 km further north, almost opposite one another, near the Zwarte Water. Aquatic sport tourism is important to the local economy.", "The most important places are printed in bold type.\nCellemuiden\nDe Velde\nGenemuiden (population on 1 January 2007: 9,985)\nHasselt, Overijssel, Netherlands (pop. 6,963)\nKamperzeedijk-Oost\nKamperzeedijk-West\nKievitsnest\nMastenbroek\nZwartewatersklooster\nZwartsluis (pop. 4,810).\nHasselt and Zwartsluis have small ports with some industry. Genemuiden is the biggest of the three towns, and is home to the majority of Zwartewaterland's population and industry.", "A small part of the wetland area and National Park \"De Wieden\" (see Steenwijkerland) lies here, immediately north of Zwartsluis\nGenemuiden has a big yacht basin, Zwartsluis a smaller one.\nThe centre of Hasselt is picturesque, with a town hall built between 1550 and 1615 and several old houses (1650-1800).\nSaint Stephen's Church in the centre of Hasselt is interesting. This church, Late Gothic, built in 1466, has frescoes on the ceilings and a remarkable church organ. Every year on the feast of Corpus Christi a Roman Catholic pilgrimage to Hasselt is held, with a procession. For that purpose a special church was built in 1933.", "Kiliaen van Rensselaer (1586 in Hasselt – ca.1643) diamond and pearl merchant, co-founder of the Dutch West India Company\nJan de Koning (1926 in Zwartsluis – 1994) politician\nJaap Drupsteen (born 1942 in Hasselt) graphic designer\nEelco Gelling (born 1946 in Zwartsluis) blues guitarist\nAfke Schaart (born 1973 in Zwartsluis) former politician", "Gerard Nijboer (born 1955 in Hasselt) former long-distance runner, competed in three consecutive Summer Olympics\nWilleke Knol (born 1991 in Hasselt) racing cyclist\nPascal Eenkhoorn (born 1997 in Genemuiden) cyclist", "", "\"Gemeentelijke indeling op 1 januari 2001\" [Municipal divisions on 1 January 2001]. cbs.nl (in Dutch). CBS. Retrieved 2 April 2014.\n\"Samenstelling college\" [Members of the board] (in Dutch). Gemeente Zwartewaterland. Retrieved 3 April 2014.\n\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2020\" [Key figures for neighbourhoods 2020]. StatLine (in Dutch). CBS. 24 July 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.\n\"Postcodetool for 8061CB\". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 2 April 2014.\n\"Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand\" [Population growth; regions per month]. CBS Statline (in Dutch). CBS. 1 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019.\nIMDb Database retrieved 2 May 2019", "Media related to Zwartewaterland at Wikimedia Commons\nOfficial website" ]

[ "Zwartewaterland", "Geography", "Population centres", "Sights", "Notable people", "Sport", "Gallery", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360789, 5360790, 5360791, 5360792, 5360793 ]

[ 27241430, 27241431, 27241432, 27241433, 27241434, 27241435, 27241436 ]

[ "A view from Duiker Ave in Zwartkop", "" ]

[ 0, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/DuikerAveZwartkop.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/South_Africa_Provinces_showing_GT.png" ]

[ "Zwartkop is a residential suburb next to the Centurion lake of Centurion, South Africa. Historically the suburb was part of the town of Centurion. The suburb is located on a cluster of hills south-west of the Centurion lake. The suburb contains multiple security areas which have been closed off and is monitored by independent security companies. All residential properties in Zwartkop remains free-standing houses with the exception of Zwartkop Extension 7 which has multiple apartments and town-house complexes.\nThere is a large shopping complex in the suburb called Centurion gate which can be found on the corner of the N1 highway and the M19 national road (John Vorster Drive). The headquarters for OUTsurance, a large well-known short term insurance company is located in the north of Zwartkop.", "A prominent family living in the area, the Erasmus family purchased the land in 1841 which is today the greater Centurion and three different farms were established. Daniel Jacobus Erasmus settled on the farm Zwartkop, Daniel Elardus Erasmus on the farm Doornkloof and Rasmus Elardus Erasmus developed the farm Brakfontein. Several of the suburbs like Erasmia, Elardus Park, Zwartkop and Doornkloof were named after the original owners of the land and their properties. The suburb of Zwartkop lies within the boundaries of the original farm by the same name.", "Zwartkop is bordered by both the N1 and N14 highways allowing quick access by car. The suburb is also serviced by Gautrain bus feeder routes (C2 as well as C3 runs through the suburb).", "", "\"Sub Place Zwartkop\". Census 2011.\n\"History\".\n\"Gautrain | for people on the move\"." ]

[ "Zwartkop", "History", "Transport", "Geographic location", "References" ]

[ 5360794, 5360795 ]

[ 27241437, 27241438 ]

[ "The Arembergersluis [nl]' of Zwartsluis", "", "1649 map of Zwartsluis in Willem and Joan Blaeu's \"Toonneel der Steden\"" ]

[ 0, 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Arembergersluis_%2801%29.JPG", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/2010-NL-P04-Overijssel-positiekaart-gemnamen.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Zwartsluis_1649_Blaeu_%C2%BF.JPG" ]

[ "Zwartsluis is a small city in the Dutch province of Overijssel. It is located in the municipality of Zwartewaterland, at the mouth of the Zwarte Water river and the Meppelerdiep canal.", "Zwartsluis's history started in the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648): it developed around the Swartersluys fortress, which controlled traffic on the Zwartewater inlet leading to Hasselt and Zwolle. Zwartsluis attracted some trade and a fishing fleet in later centuries. Zwartsluis also served as a consolidation point for the peat-fuel trade, but was surpassed in importance by its neighbours, especially downstream Genemuiden.\nThe Dutch Reformed Church of Zwartsluis is a historic Dutch Reformed church building located on the Kerkstraat and the organ in the church is a designated Rijksmonument.", "The town is home to many recreational boats, as well as a heritage fleet of fishing and cargo vessels. The Arembergergracht canal links the town with the Beulaker and Belter lakes and a multitude of smaller bodies of water just north, created by peat digging.", "Zwartsluis was a separate municipality until 2001, when it became a part of Zwartewaterland.", "Stieneke van der Graaf (born 1984), politician (MP)", "\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021\". Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 18 March 2022.\n\"Postcodetool for 8064AA\". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 18 March 2022.\n\"Gehonoreerde subsidie aanvragen in het najaar van 2017\" (PDF). Nieuwsbrief Stichting tot behoud van het Nederlandse orgel. 1801: 2. 2018.\n\"Herdenking 500 Jaar Reformatie in Hervormde Kerk\". de Stads koerier: 5. Jan 17, 2017 – via issuu.\nAd van der Meer and Onno Boonstra, Repertorium van Nederlandse gemeenten, KNAW, 2011.", "Media related to Zwartsluis at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Zwartsluis", "History", "Recreation", "Government", "Notable people", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360796, 5360797, 5360798 ]

[ 27241439, 27241440, 27241441, 27241442 ]

[ "Grand Gedeh County soccer team at the Albert T. White sports stadium in Zwedru" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Zwedru%2C_Liberia_-_panoramio_%284%29.jpg" ]

[ "Zwedru is the capital of Grand Gedeh County, one of the 15 counties in Liberia. Zwedru is located in Tchien District of Grand Gedeh County, near the Cavalla River in the country's south-eastern region and near the border with Côte d'Ivoire. It is located 350 miles southeast from the capital city of Monrovia. The town is a stronghold of the Krahn tribe.\nThe town gets its name after the head of a local anteater creek. Zwedru is surrounded by a lot of forests, and lies in a tropical region. The north-western section of Zwedru has an important forest region with rare bird species.\nBefore the Liberian Civil War, Zwedru was known for timber production and its wood products industry. As of the 2008 census, Zwedru has a population of 23,903 making it the largest settlement east of Cestos River. Of this, 11,828 were male and 12,075 female.\nZwedru residents are mainly Krahn, Mandingo, Fulani and Gio and Mano tribes.\nZwedru is the largest metropolis in the southeast and is the key inland transportation point in the region. The intersection of the two main highways linking the 5 counties in the region lies some 7 miles southwest of the city. The William D.Coleman Airfield with its gravel surfaced runway, lies within the city limits and provides only domestic services. Zwedru, like its host county, is landlocked and has no form of water transport. The city is well planned, with some claiming it to have the best road system outside Montserrado County. Motorcycles, locally called penpen provide transport for most of the people. Trucks transport bulk of the goods that enter the city from Monrovia or Guinea.\nCommunication in the city has made significant progress as seen in the media sector where few radio stations have erected in post war era. There are 3 FM radio stations that serve the city and there is no domestic Television service. Smile FM is the oldest radio station in Zwedru and is the only community run media institution. Top FM and Flash FM are the other two and are under private operations. The state own broadcasting TV network does not reach the city due to its low range coverage. A newspaper recently began publishing in the area. Liberia's two main GSM companies_Lonestar and Orange_ all have steel towers in Zwedru.\nAs the main population center in the county and the region as a whole, Zwedru has many entertainment centers, Hotels, Motels and Guest Houses. The now nonoperational 'First Step' Bar and Restaurant used to be the leader of night life in the city. But today, the Cash Bar and Restaurant has gained huge prominence in the whole county. Other important clubs are the Florida Bar and Restaurant which also operates a Guest house, Ottar Green village, Moon Light and King Lodge. Faith Restaurant, which sits opposite the Tubman palace, home of the county's superintendent, is a renowned food center. Monjue Hotel, located few kilometers from the city center also offers 24 hours middle class services.\nThere are 7 high schools_3 public and 4 private_ in the city and several primary schools mainly operated by churches and other private groups. The 7 diploma and examination certificate offering institutions are (public): the Zwedru Multilateral High School, Tubman Wilson Institute, Suah Memorial High school; (private): Richardson Baptist High School, M.Nixon Garlo Lutheran High school, Bishop Juwle High school, Zwedru United Methodist High school and Solid Foundation High School recently established in 2009. The only campus of the Grand Gedeh County Community College is situated on the outskirts of the city in the Garloville area.", "Zwedru is best known for the birthplace of former 21st president of Liberia, Samuel Doe. After taking power in a bloody coup d’état in 1980, he installed a number of pavements and also constructed a mansion on the edge of town where he lived until 9 September 1990, when he was finally captured, tortured and murdered by rebels at a military base in Monrovia.", "Sherman, Frank (Jan 31, 2010). Liberia: The Land, Its People, History and Culture. New Africa Press. p. 88. ISBN 9789987160259.\n\"2008 National Population and Housing Census: Preliminary Results\" (PDF). Liberia Institute of Statistics and Geo-Information Services. Government of the Republic of Liberia. June 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-15." ]

[ "Zwedru", "History", "References" ]

[ 5360799 ]

[ 27241443, 27241444 ]

[ "Reformed church", "" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

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[ "Zweeloo is a village in the municipality of Coevorden, located in the province of Drenthe, The Netherlands.\nZweeloo was a separate municipality from 1819 to 1998, when it was merged with Coevorden. Zweeloo is known for its Reformed Church that was built back in 13th century.", "The rural church of Zweeloo was erected in 1252. On a one-day trip from Veenoord, in November 1883, Vincent van Gogh brushed a well-known sketch of this church with a shepherd with his flock in the foreground.\nIn 1952 sand extraction revealed an early medieval cemetery near the village, where archaeologists found the grave of an apparent noblewoman known as the Princess of Zweeloo, with glass and amber beads.", "Ad van der Meer and Onno Boonstra, \"Repertorium van Nederlandse gemeenten\", KNAW, 2006. \"Repertorium van Nederlandse gemeenten 1812-2006\". Archived from the original on February 20, 2007. Retrieved December 3, 2009.\n\"The Zweeloo princess\". Drents Museum. Retrieved 1 June 2019.\nVan Es, W.A. (1996). \"Zweeloo and Montaillou\". In Lodewijckx, Marc (ed.). Archaeological and historical aspects of West-European societies. Leuven UP. p. 263. ISBN 9789061867227.", "Media related to Zweeloo at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Zweeloo", "Monuments", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360800, 5360801 ]

[ 27241445, 27241446, 27241447 ]

[ "Reger in 1901" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Max_Reger_%281901%29.jpg" ]

[ "Zwei Choralphantasien (two chorale fantasias), Op. 40, are fantasias for organ by Max Reger. He composed the fantasias in 1899 on two chorales: \"Wie schön leucht't uns der Morgenstern\" and \"Straf mich nicht in deinem Zorn\" They were published by Musikverlag Josef Aibl in Munich in May 1900.", "Reger was raised Catholic but was fascinated by the variety of melodies of Protestant hymns, and used quotations from them throughout his life. He composed seven chorale fantasias in Weiden between 1898 and 1900, inspired by a fantasia on \"Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern\", Op. 25 (1895) of his teacher Heinrich Reimann. Reger's fantasias follow Reimann's model of setting individual stanzas, connected by interludes. Reger's works often end in a culminating fugue.", "The text of the first chorale was written and composed by Philipp Nicolai, published in 1599. Reger composed the fantasia in Erbendorf and Weiden, in September and October 1899, and dedicated it to Friedrich Spitta. It was first performed in Wesel on 24 October 1899 by Karl Straube. Reger described his fantasia as a program music work (Programmmusikwerk). It was the Reger's first chorale fantasias to end with a Choralapotheose (chorale apotheosis), following 19th-century symphonic conclusions.", "The text of the second chorale is a paraphrase of Psalm 6 by Johann Georg Albinus. Reger composed the fantasia in Weiden in November and December 1899, dedicated to Paul Gerhardt. It was first performed in Brünn on 24 June 1900 by Otto Burkert.", "The Max-Reger-Institute holds the autographs of both fantasias.", "Reger, Max. Sämtliche Orgelwerke. Vol. Band 6. Choralfantasien. Wiesbaden/Leipzig/Paris: Breitkopf & Härtel. pp. 91–147.", "Institute 2016a.\nInstitute 2016d.\nInstitute 2016b.\nThissen 2016.\nInstitute 2016c.\nInstitute 2016e.", "Popp, Susanne (2007). Busch, Hermann J. (ed.). Zur Quellenlage der Regerschen Orgelwerk. Zur Interpretation der Orgelmusik Max Regers (in German) (2 ed.). Kassel: Merseburger Verlag.\nRahner, Hugo Ernst (1936). Max Regers Choralfantasien für die Orgel. Eine Studie über Grundlagen und Werden des Regerschen Orgelstils (in German). Kassel. pp. 46 sqq.\nStraube, Karl, ed. (1952). Briefe eines Thomaskantors. Stuttgart. p. 236.\nThissen, Paul (2016). \"Anmerkungen zu Max Regers Orgelmusik (Teil 1)\" (PDF) (in German). Diocese of Paderborn.\n\"Zwei Choralphantasien Op. 40\". Max-Reger-Institute. 2016a.\n\"Phantasie über den Choral \"Wie schön leucht't uns der Morgenstern\"\". Max-Reger-Institute. 2016b.\n\"Phantasie über den Choral \"Straf mich nicht in deinem Zorn!\"\". Max-Reger-Institute. 2016c.\n\"Band I/1 Choralphantasien\". Max-Reger-Institute. 2016d.\n\"Music manuscripts\". Max-Reger-Institute. 2016e.", "2 Choralfantasien, Op. 40: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project\nMax Reger / 1898 Rückkehr nach Weiden (in German) max-reger-orgel.de\nChorale Melodies used in Bach's Vocal Works / Straf mich nicht in deinem Zorn, Bach-Cantatas.com\nMax Reger Phantasie über den Choral \"Straf' mich nicht in deinem Zorn\", Universal Edition\n\"Wie schön leucht uns der Morgenstern\", Op. 40, Nr. 1 on YouTube, Bernhard Schneider, Aegidienkirche, Braunschweig\n\"Straf mich nicht in deinem Zorn\", Op. 40, Nr. 2 on YouTube, Brian Runnett, Norwich Cathedral" ]

[ "Zwei Choralphantasien, Op. 40", "Background", "No. 1", "No. 2", "Autographs", "Editions", "References", "Bibliography", "External links" ]

[ 5360802 ]

[ 27241448, 27241449, 27241450, 27241451, 27241452, 27241453, 27241454, 27241455 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Christian_Daniel_Rauch_-_Zwei_Friedenss%C3%A4ulen_02.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Berlin_Siegess%C3%A4ule_8245.jpg" ]

[ "Zwei Friedenssäulen (English: Two Peace Columns) is a pair of outdoor columns surmounted by bronze statues of Victoria, the goddess of victory. They were made in 1840 by the German sculptor Christian Daniel Rauch and installed outside the Charlottenburg Palace in Berlin, Germany.", "1840 in art" ]

[ "Zwei Friedenssäulen", "See also" ]

[ 5360803, 5360804 ]

[ 27241456 ]

[ "Portrait of Arnold Schoenberg, 1927, by Man Ray", "" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Arnold_sch%C3%B6nberg_man_ray.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Schoenberg_-_Piano_Piece_op.33a_tone_row.png" ]

[ "Zwei Klavierstücke, Op. 33, also known as Zwei Stücke, or in English as Two Piano Pieces and Two Pieces, is a composition for piano by Austrian composer Arnold Schoenberg. They were composed between 1928 and 1931 and were Schoenberg's last works for solo piano.", "Schoenberg's Piano Pieces were just some of the smaller compositions that he made after finishing Von heute auf morgen and Moses und Aron. He started composing the first movement, Op. 33a, when the director of Universal Edition contacted him to publish the first piece in Op. 11 in an anthology of piano compositions. Schoenberg then decided to write a new piece on December 25, 1928, and finished it on April 25, 1929. The composition of the second movement, however, took only three days, from October 8 to 10, 1931, while he was staying in Barcelona. They were composed separately, but it is still unknown if Schoenberg had conceived them to be a full-length composition in itself.\nBoth movements were also premiered separately. The first movement was published by Universal Edition in July, 1929, and premiered in Berlin, on January 30, 1931, by Else C. Klaus. The second movement was published by The New Music Society of California Publisher, in April, 1932, and premiered in San Francisco's New Music Society on January 11, 1934, by Douglas Thompson. Since then, it has also been published by Belmont Music Publishers and by Schott Music.", "The two movements of this composition show the development of Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique, from its initial conception until its culmination in 1936. It takes approximately five minutes to perform both movements, and neither movement has a title. In some recordings, the movements are titled according to their tempo markings:\nMässig\nMässig langsam\nBoth movements follow the principles of the twelve-tone technique, according to which a row of twelve tones is selected in order to construct the composition. The row of Op. 33a is 0 7 2 1 11 8 3 5 9 10 4 6.\nIn order to compose the piece, Schoenberg uses inverted and retrograde versions of the row in various forms. The first movement starts with six chords, which show the row used in the piece.", "Takatoshi Naitoh arranged this composition for computer and synthesizer in 1991. It was recorded at the Polydor KK Studio in Tokyo, in June, 1991, and was released by Deutsche Grammophon in Japan.", "\"Schoenberg Piano Piece op. 33b\". Kristal KM Music. Retrieved 24 June 2014.\n\"Klavierstücke [Piano Pieces] op. 33a & 33b\". schoenberg.at. Arnold Schoenberg Center. Retrieved 24 June 2014.\nPalmer, John. \"Arnold Schoenberg Pieces (2) for piano, Op. 33\". allmusic.com. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 24 June 2014.\n\"2 Stücke [2 Pieces], op. 33a & 33b (1928 & 1931) (piano)\". schoenberg.at. Arnold Schoenberg Center. Retrieved 24 June 2014.\nBrinkman, Aleck. \"Schoenberg Klavierstück Op. 33a\" (PDF). Temple University. Retrieved 24 June 2014.\nGraebner, Eric. \"An Analysis of Schoenberg's Klavierstuck, Op. 33a\" (PDF). PNM. Retrieved 24 June 2014.\nLeong, Daphne. \"Schoenberg Piano Piece, Op.33a\". University of Colorado. Retrieved 24 June 2014.\n\"2 Stücke [2 Pieces], op. 33a & 33b (1928 & 1931) (arr. Takatoshi Naitoh (1991) (computer & synthesizer))\". schoenberg.at. Arnold Schoenberg Center. Retrieved 24 June 2014.", "Klavierstücke, Op. 33: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project" ]

[ "Zwei Klavierstücke (Schoenberg)", "Composition", "Analysis", "Arrangements", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360805, 5360806 ]

[ 27241457, 27241458, 27241459, 27241460, 27241461, 27241462, 27241463, 27241464 ]

[ "The house in 2016" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/ZWIEBEL_FARMSTEAD%2C_SARPY_COUNTY%2C_NE.jpg" ]

[ "The Zweibel Farmstead is a historic estate with a farm house and several outbuildings in Papillion, Nebraska. It was established by George Zweibel and his wife Sophia. The house was built with limestone in 1867, followed by a barn, also built with limestone, in 1871. The property was inherited by their descendants, who lived in the house until the 1960s. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since November 30, 2000.", "\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. November 2, 2013.\nJill M. Ebers (August 23, 2000). \"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Zweibel Farmstead\". National Park Service. Retrieved May 24, 2019. With accompanying pictures" ]

[ "Zweibel Farmstead", "References" ]

[ 5360807 ]

[ 27241465 ]

[ "Zweibrücken Castle", "Panorama of modern Zweibrücken", "Lustschloss Tschifflik, built in early 18th century by Polish King Stanisław Leszczyński", "Alexanderskirche, built in late 15th century by Alexander, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken", "Alert crew at RCAF Station Zweibrücken waiting to scramble as Sabres fly overhead.", "Stanisław Leszczyński", "Nicolas Appert 1841", "Hermann Dingler around 1910" ]

[ 0, 4, 9, 9, 10, 14, 14, 14 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Zweibr%C3%BCcken_castle_front_April_2010_darker.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Zweibr%C3%BCcken-Pan.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Tschifflik_Zweibrucken_residence-outside.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Zweibr%C3%BCcken_Alexanderskirche_06.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Sabrecrew.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Stanis%C5%82aw_Leszczy%C5%84ski.PNG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Appert_Nicolas.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Hermann_Dingler_ca1910.jpg" ]

[ "Zweibrücken ([ˈtsvaɪˌbʁʏkŋ̍] (listen); French: Deux-Ponts, [dø pɔ̃]; Palatinate German: Zweebrigge, IPA: [ˈtsʋeːbʁɪgə]; literally translated as \"Two Bridges\") is a town in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, on the Schwarzbach river.", "The name Zweibrücken means 'two bridges'; older forms of the name include Middle High German Zweinbrücken, Latin Geminus Pons and Bipontum, and French Deux-Ponts, all with the same meaning.", "The town was the capital of the former Imperial State of Palatine Zweibrücken owned by the House of Wittelsbach. The ducal castle is now occupied by the high court of the Palatinate (Oberlandesgericht). There is a fine Gothic Protestant church, Alexander's church, founded in 1493 and rebuilt in 1955.\nFrom the end of the 12th century, Zweibrücken was the seat of the County of Zweibrücken, the counts being descended from Henry I, youngest son of Simon I, Count of Saarbrücken (d. 1182). The line became extinct on the death of Count Eberhard II (1394), who in 1385 had sold half his territory to the Count Palatine of the Rhine, and held the other half as his feudal domain. Louis (d. 1489), son of Stephen, founded the line of the House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken. In 1533, Wolfgang, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken converted Palatine Zweibrücken to the new Protestant faith. In 1559, Wolfgang founded the earliest grammar school in the town (Herzog-Wolfgang-Gymnasium), which lasted until 1987.\nWhen Charles X Gustav, the son of John Casimir, Count Palatine of Kleeburg, succeeded his cousin, Queen Christina of Sweden, on the Swedish throne, Palatinate-Zweibrücken was in personal union with Sweden, a situation that lasted until 1718.\nStarting in 1680, Louis XIV's Chambers of Reunion awarded Zweibruecken and other localities to France, but under the 1697 Treaty of Rijswijk, \"The Duchy of Zweibruecken was restored to the King of Sweden, as Count Palatine of the Rhine.\"\nIn 1731, Palatinate-Zweibrücken passed to the Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Zweibrücken branch of the counts palatine, from where it came under the sway of Bavaria in 1799. It was occupied by France in 1793 and on 4 November 1797, Zweibrücken became a canton centre in department of Mont Tonnerre. At the Peace of Lunéville in 1801, the French annexation of Zweibrücken was confirmed; on its reunion with Germany in 1814 the greater part of the territory was given to Bavaria, the remainder to Oldenburg and Kingdom of Prussia. The town of Zweibrücken became part of the Palatine region of the Kingdom of Bavaria.\nAt the ducal printing office at Zweibrücken the fine series of the classical editions known as the Bipontine Editions was published (1779 sqq.).\nThe last prominent social event before the First World War was the inauguration of the Rosengarten (rose garden) by Princess Hildegard of Bavaria in June 1914. As a consequence of the First World War, Zweibrücken was occupied by French troops between 1918 and 1930. In the course of the Kristallnacht in 1938, Zweibrücken's synagogue was destroyed. On the outbreak of the Second World War the town was evacuated in 1939–1940, as it lay in the ‘Red Zone’ on the fortified Siegfried Line. Shortly before the end of the war, on 14 March 1945, the town was nearly completely destroyed in an air raid by the Royal Canadian Air Force, with the loss of more than 200 lives. On 20 March, American ground troops reached Zweibrücken. The town became part of the new state of Rhineland-Palatinate after the war.\nIn 1993, the town underwent a major change. With the departure of the Americans, the military area became free, which corresponded altogether to a third of the entire urban area. Unemployment increased to approximately 21%, leading to a decrease in demand in the retail trade of approximately 25%.", "1895–1904 Wolff\n1905–1905 Freudenberg\n1905–1932 Roesinger\n1932–1945 Karl Ernst Collofong (SDAP)\n1945–1959 Ignaz Roth (1894–1972) (SPD)\n1959–1969 Oskar Munzinger (1911–1983) (SPD)\n1969–1979 Helmut Fichtner (SPD)\n1980–1992 Werner von Blon (1929–2009) (SPD)\n1993–1999 Hans Otto Streuber (born 1949) (SPD)\n1999–2004 Jürgen Lambert (born 1936) (CDU)\n2004–2012 Helmut Reichling (CDU)\n2012–2018 Kurt Pirmann (1955–2018) (SPD)\nsince 2018 Marold Wosnitza (born 1965) (SPD)", "Weaving, brewing and the manufacture of machinery, chicory, cigars, malt, boots, furniture and soap were the chief industries before World War II. Nowadays Terex cranes and bulldozers and John Deere harvesting equipment are the chief industries.\nThe Hochschule Kaiserslautern , one of the largest universities in the Rhineland-Palatinate, with more than 6,000 students is also located in Zweibrücken.", "The city of Zweibrücken is represented at various cultural events by the Rose Queen, who is elected every two years.", "Zweibrücken has one of the largest Rosariums in the World with 45000 Plants and 1500 Species. It consists of 2 gardens with the main garden having a area of 50.000 square meters. The second, smaller garden is accessible without entry fee and is located at the Fasanerie and contains Wild Rose plants. Due to this the city is allowed to have the title of \"Rose City\".", "The Zweibrücken City Museum has a permanent exhibition in the former residence of court gardener Ernst August Bernhard Petri, documenting the eventful history of Zweibrücken. In addition, special exhibitions take place regularly, e.g. on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the State Stud.", "The Bibliotheca Bipontina is a scientific regional library in Zweibrücken, whose holdings mainly go back to rescued parts of the ducal libraries and therefore partly houses very valuable first editions from the 16th century. It is part of the Landesbibliothekszentrum Rheinland-Pfalz (Rhineland-Palatinate State Library Centre) and one of the most important old holdings libraries in the state. The Bibliotheca Bipontina is housed in the building of the Helmholtz-Gymnasium Zweibrücken. The Zweibrücken City Library, which has existed since 1903, is housed in an adjoining building of the town hall and has a stock of around 50,000 volumes. Branches are the youth library and the Rimschweiler branch.", "Das Schloss Zweibrücken – the Zweibrücken Castle, built in its present form in 1725, is the largest Palatine secular building in the Baroque style of Nordic coinage. It was built in 1720-1725 by master builder Jonas Erikson Sundahl and is the former residence of the Dukes of Zweibrücken. Destroyed in World War II, it was rebuilt in 1965 and is now the seat of the Palatinate Higher Regional Court.\nHerzogvorstadt – The so-called Herzogvorstadt consists of several baroque buildings built between 1762 and 1772. The entire complex is based on plans by Christian Ludwig Hautt. The buildings, which were not destroyed during the last war, house the city administration, the district court, the city archive and the city museum.\nAlexanderskirche – Alexander's Church (Alexanderskirche) is the oldest church in Zweibrücken, whose crypt is the burial place of numerous counts/dukes of the House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken. A late-Gothic Protestant hall church, construction began in 1493, as a gift from Alexander, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken on his return from a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.\nKarlskirche – The Karlskirche was built between 1708 and 1711 by the architect Haquinus Schlang from Sweden on behalf of the Swedish King Charles XII in his capacity as Duke of Zweibrücken. After its destruction in the Second World War, it was rebuilt as a community centre on the basis of the original plans and reopened on 1 November 1970.\nHeilig Kreuz Kirche – The third church in the inner city is the Heilig-Kreuz-Kirche, which was built much later than the other two churches.\nGasthaus „Zum Hirsch“ – The former guesthouse is the oldest building in the city centre.\nVilla Ipser – Built in 1908 for a shoe manufacturer, Villa Ipser is situated on the Rothenberg and features typical late historicist architecture with clear Art Nouveau influences.\nZweibrücker Stollen und Felsenkeller\nHimmelsbergstollen – The Himmelsbergstollen is a cellar complex carved into the sandstone on the Himmelsberg, in the southern part of the city centre.\nZweibrücken Observatory - an observatory at the university\nLustschloss Tschifflik/Fasanerie - built by Polish King Stanisław Leszczyński. The complex is inspired by time the monarch spent in Bessarabia, hence the Turkish name Tschifflik. The paintings of King Stanisław, his wife Katharina as well as his two daughters Anna and Maria adorn the walls of the fireplace room.", "On the outskirts of the town, Zweibrücken Air Base was home during the Cold War to the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) until early 1969, then to the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) from 1969. The RCAF stationed No. 3 Fighter Wing of No.1 Canadian Air Division at Zweibrücken AB. During the years 1953 to 1968, it was the home to the RCAF's 413, 427 and 434 Fighter Squadrons flying F-86 Sabre jets, and 440 Squadron, which flew the CF-100 Canuck, then the CF-104 Starfighter. When the RCAF transferred the wing 100 km (62 mi) southeast to CFB Baden–Soellingen, the USAFE moved onto the base with Phantom RF-4C aircraft, under the 38th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron of the 26th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing. These were photo-reconnaissance aircraft with missions all over Europe and used in Operation Desert Storm.\nThe Short C-23 Sherpa, a small prop-driven transport plane, also flew out of the base in the 1980s under the 10th Military Airlift Squadron, a tenant Military Airlift Command unit. The squadron's mission was to deliver high-priority aircraft parts to bases in USAFE to ensure a maximum number of aircraft were combat-ready. Today Zweibrücken Air Base has been transformed into the modern Zweibrücken Airport, an international airport with flights to Palma de Mallorca, Antalya, Gran Canaria, Teneriffe, Rhodos, Heraklion and Fuerteventura (TUIfly), Istanbul (Pegasus Airlines).\nOn the other side of the town was Kreuzberg Kaserne, home to various units of the United States Army. Only one combat unit was located there: Battery A, 2nd Battalion, 60th Air Defense Artillery, with its Headquarters and Headquarters Battery (HHB) at Ramstein Air Base. The 3d Battalion, 60th ADA was a subordinate unit of the 32nd Army Air Defense Command. Major tenants at Kreuzberg Kaserne were USAISEC-EUR (Information Systems Engineering Command - Europe) and the USA MATCOMEUR (Material Command, Europe), later renamed the US Army Material Management Agency, Europe. During the US military draw down in the 1990s, control of the Air Base was transferred to the Bundeswehr. The base's housing toward the center of the city and Kreuzberg itself were eventually also transferred to the German government by the mid-1990s.", "Zweibrücken is situated at the Landau-Rohrbach railway and offsets hourly connections to Saarbrücken. This line is operated by DB Regio Mitte with currently DMU's of the Class 642 (Siemens Desiro Classic).\nThe public transport is operated by Stadtbus Zweibrücken GmbH, a Transdev Germany company, with currently eight bus lines (221-226, 228 and 229 on saturday from 2 p.m. and sundays). The company is integrated in the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Neckar (VRN). The bus service operates from 5:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. on weekdays, on weekends the times are changed depending on the requirements. On Sunday, the bus service does not start until 2:00 p.m. and is then only provided with lines 225 and 229. The end of operations is then 7:30 p.m. The fleet consists of 10 MAN Lion's City city buses from 2020, and 4 articulated buses Mercedes-Benz Citaro G and a further 3 MAN Lion's City buses are available for school buses and booster traffic in the rush hour.", "Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is \"Cfb\" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).", "Zweibrücken is twinned with:\n Barrie, Canada (1997)\n Boulogne-sur-Mer, France (1959)\n Yorktown, United States (1978)", "Stanisław Leszczyński (1677–1766), King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania, Duke of Lorraine and a count of the Holy Roman Empire\nJonas Erikson Sundahl (1678–1762), Swedish-born architect who designed Zweibrücken Castle\nGeorg Christian Crollius (1728–1790), historian and librarian\nJohan Ludvig Mansa (1740–1820), Danish gardener and castellan\nFriedrich Wilhelm Schultz (1804–1876), pharmacist and botanist\nCarl Heinrich Schultz (1805–1867), physician and botanist\nPhilipp Ludwig von Seidel (1821–1896), mathematician and astronomer\nEugene W. Hilgard (1833–1916), soil scientist, geologist and agronomists\nCarl Bersch (1834–1914), artist\nHermann Dingler (1846–1935), botanist\nGustav Aschaffenburg (1866–1944), psychiatrist\nMaximilian Schuler (1882–1972), engineer, mechanical engineer and physicist\nEmil Oberholzer (1883–1958), Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst\nJohann Fortner (1884–1947), officer of the Armed Forces\nAugust Heinrich Bruinier (1897–1970), violinist\nOtto Bradfisch (1903–1994), economist, jurist and SS-Obersturmbannführer\nOtto Carius (1922–2015), pharmacist, tank-commander in WW II\nPeter Fleischmann (1937–2021), film director\nCharlotte Lehmann (born 1938), concert singer and singing teacher\nRon MacLean (born 1960), Canadian sportswriter\nRainer Schönborn (born 1962), ice dancer\nLarry Mitchell (born 1967), ice hockey player\nJulia Wilhelm (born 1980), author and journalist\nNico Zimmermann (born 1985), footballer\nChristin Hussong (born 1994), javelin thrower", "Hieronymus Bock (1498–1554), significant physician and botanist\nPantaleon Candidus (1540–1608), reformed theologian, historian and author\nNicolas Appert (1749–1841), confectioner and inventor\nJakob Weis (1879–1948), prison pastor in Zweibrücken 1909–1921, divisional chaplain in World War I, an author, 1925–1940 study professor at the secondary school or at school, 1940–1948 Emeritus in Zweibrücken, there he also died", "Palatine Zweibrücken#List of Counts Palatine Zweibrücken\nBipont Editions\nKaiserslautern Military Community", "Wahl der Oberbürgermeister der kreisfreien Städte, Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 30 July 2021.\n\"Bevölkerungsstand 2020, Kreise, Gemeinden, Verbandsgemeinden\". Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz (in German). 2021. \nOne or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Zweibrücken\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 1060–1061.\nCrane Brinton, \"France\", in William L. Langer, ed., (1948), An Encyclopedia of World History, Rev. Edition, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, pp. 443-445.\n\"Information page about the Rosarium (German)\". www.rosengarten-zweibruecken.de. Retrieved 2021-05-26.\nHudlet, Richard B. (1993). 500 Jahre Alexanderskirche Zweibrücken, 1493-1993 : Betrachtungen zur Geschichte einer Kirche und einer Stadt [500 years of Alexander's Church Zweibrücken, 1493-1993: Reflections on the history of a church and a city] (in German). Zweibrücken: Protestantische Kirchengemeinde Zweibrücken-Mitte [Protestant parish of Zweibrücken-Mitte]. ISBN 9783924171186. OCLC 34658300.\n\"Flughafen Zweibrücken ...da heb' ich ab!\" [Zweibrücken Airport ...where you'll take off!] (in German). Archived from the original on 2007-01-12. Retrieved 2007-01-14.\nWebsite of the Stadtbus Zweibrücken GmbH: https://www.stadtbus-zw.de\nClimate Summary for Zweibrücken\n\"Weatherbase.com\". Weatherbase. 2013.\nRetrieved on July 6, 2013.\n\"Partnerstädte\". zweibruecken.de (in German). Zweibrücken. Retrieved 2021-02-18.", "", "(in German) Official website \n(in German) Information Portal about Zweibrücken" ]

[ "Zweibrücken", "Name", "History", "Mayors and Lord Mayors", "Economy", "Culture and sights", "Parks", "Museums", "Libraries", "Buildings", "Zweibrücken Air Base", "Transportation", "Climate", "Twin towns – sister cities", "Notable people", "Worked in Zweibrücken", "See also", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 5360808, 5360809, 5360810, 5360811, 5360812, 5360813, 5360814 ]

[ 27241466, 27241467, 27241468, 27241469, 27241470, 27241471, 27241472, 27241473, 27241474, 27241475, 27241476, 27241477, 27241478, 27241479, 27241480, 27241481, 27241482, 27241483, 27241484, 27241485, 27241486, 27241487, 27241488, 27241489, 27241490, 27241491, 27241492, 27241493, 27241494, 27241495, 27241496, 27241497 ]

[ "", "Counties of Zweibrücken-Zweibrücken (dark green) and Zweibrücken-Bitsch (light pink) around 1400" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Wappen_nuenschweiler.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Zweibruecken_1400.png" ]

[ "The County of Zweibrücken-Bitsch (German: Grafschaft Zweibrücken-Bitsch, French: comté de Deux-Ponts-Bitche) was a territory of the Holy Roman Empire that was created between 1286 and 1302 from the eastern part of the County of Zweibrücken and the Barony of Bitche (German: Bitsch) in Lorraine. It continued to exist until 1570 and was then divided amongst its heirs when the counts died out.", "When the land of Zweibrücken was divided amongst the sons of Count Henry II of Zweibrücken, the district (Amt) of Lemberg and Lemberg Castle went to the elder son, Eberhard I from 1286. His portion also included Morsberg, Linder and Saargemünd. In 1297 he swapped these three castles with Duke Frederick III of Lorraine and received in return the castle and lordship of Bitsch as a fief. This exchange of territory was further defined in 1302. From then on, Eberhard called himself the Count of Zweibrücken and Lord of Bitsch. Because he and his descendants bore the comital title, the new territory was called the County of Zweibrücken-Bitsch.\nOther lands were initially managed jointly by Eberhard I and his younger brother, Walram I, who had been given the Amt of Zweibrücken. These were not finally apportioned until 1333. Walram inherited Stauf Castle, Bergzabern and the town and abbey of Hornbach. Eberhard received Thaleischweiler, Pirmasens and part-ownership of the castles of Landeck and Lindelbronn. In the period that followed the counts of Bitsch succeeded in acquiring a few other properties, but only in the immediate vicinity. When their Zweibrücken cousins died out in 1394, they did receive parts of the inheritance, but not the County of Zweibrücken because the last count had sold his county in 1385 to Electoral Palatinate.\nIn the 16th century, Count James succeeded for the last time in establishing a clear concentration of power in northern Alsace and southern Palatinate: in 1559 he obtained the Barony of Ochsenstein because the side line of Zweibrücken-Bitsch-Ochsenstein, that had existed since 1485, had died out. Because, however, James as well as his brother Simon V Wecker (died 1540) had each only produced a daughter, a dispute broke out in 1570 after James' death between the husbands of the two cousins, Count Philip I of Leiningen-Westerburg and Count Philip V of Hanau-Lichtenberg. Whilst Philip V of Hanau-Lichtenberg was able to overpower Philip I, his immediate introduction of Lutheranism in the course of the Reformation made himself an enemy of the powerful, Roman Catholic Duchy of Lorraine under Duke Charles III, who had the suzerainty of Bitsch. In July 1572 troops of Lorraine occupied the county. Because Philip V could not match Lorraine's military might, he sought legal redress.\nDuring the subsequent trial before the Reichskammergericht, Lorraine was able to point both to the exchange agreement of 1302 as well as the fact that, in 1573, it had purchased the hereditary rights of the counts of Leiningen.\nIn 1604 there was a contractual agreement between Hanau-Lichtenberg and Lorraine. This saw the Amt of Lemberg going to the County of Hanau-Lichtenberg and the Amt of Bitsch to the Duchy of Lorraine.", "13 May 1297 – 1321: Eberhard I\nhis grandparents were Count Henry I and his wife, Hedwig of Lorraine, a daughter of Frederick of Bitsch.\n1321–1355: Simon I m Agnes of Lichtenberg\n1355–1400: John (Hanemann) I\n1400–1418: John (Hanemann) II\ninitially ruled jointly with his brother, Simon III Wecker (d 1407)\n1418–1474: Frederick\nhis brother, Henry I, married Cunigunde of Ochsenstein and founded the side line of Zweibrücken-Bitsch-Ochsenstein\n1474–1499: Simon IV Wecker m Elisabeth of Lichtenberg: b 1444, d 1495, daughter-heir\n1499–1532: Reinhard, Lord of Lichtenberg and Bitsch, Count of Zweibrücken m Anna of Dhaun, daughter of John VI, Wild-Rhine Count of Dhaun and Kirburg (b 1470; d 25 December 1499) and Joanna of Salm; they had four children:\nWilliam (b 8 December 1507)\nElizabeth m John Louis I of Sulz\nJames (b 19 July 1510) m Catharine of Honstein-Klettenberg\nJoanna (b 10 June 1517) m Conrad V of Tübingen-Lichteneck\n1532–1540: Simon V Wecker\nonly had a daughter, Amalia (b 1537; d 1577, m 1551 Philip I of Leiningen-Westerburg); as a result followed by his brother\n1540–1570: James (b 19 July 1510, d 24 March 1570 in Stürzelbronn)\nalso had only a daughter, Ludovica Margareta of Zweibrücken-Bitsch (b 1540; d 1569), m Count Philip V of Hanau-Lichtenberg", "Blazon: Or, a lion rampant gules, armed and langued azure.", "Zimmerische Chronik, Vol. 2, p. 251 .", "Hans-Walter Herrmann: Die Grafschaft Zweibrücken-Bitsch. In: Kurt Hoppstädter, Hans-Walter Herrmann (ed.): Geschichtliche Landeskunde des Saarlandes. Vol. 2: Von der fränkischen Landnahme bis zum Ausbruch der französischen Revolution. Saarbrücken, 1977, pp. 323–332. ISBN 3-921870-00-3\nJohann Georg Lehmann: Urkundliche Geschichte der Grafschaft Hanau-Lichtenberg. Mannheim, 1862.\nDetlev Schwennicke: Europäische Stammtafeln, Vol. XVII – Zwischen Maas und Rhein. Frankfurt, 1998, pp. 148–149." ]

[ "Zweibrücken-Bitsch", "History", "List of the counts of Zweibrücken-Bitsch", "Coat of arms", "References", "Literature" ]

[ 5360815, 5360816 ]

[ 27241498, 27241499, 27241500, 27241501, 27241502, 27241503, 27241504, 27241505, 27241506, 27241507, 27241508 ]

[ "38th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron RF-4C photo of Zweibrücken Air Base, photographed on September 18, 1979.", "Alert crew at RCAF Station Zweibrücken waiting to scramble as Sabres fly overhead.", "86th TFW 17th TRS McDonnell Douglas RF-4C-38-MC Phantom 68-0562, 1970", "38th TRS McDonnell Douglas RF-4C-37-MC Phantom 68-0553 in late 1980s Air Superiority Gray motif.", "The last RF-4Cs leave Zweibrücken on 12 April 1991." ]

[ 0, 5, 6, 7, 11 ]

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[ "Zweibrücken Air Base was a NATO military air base in West Germany (ICAO: EDAM). It was located 35 miles SSW of Kaiserslautern and 2 miles mi SE of Zweibrücken. It was assigned to the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) and the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) during its operational lifetime. It was a constituent member of the Kaiserslautern Military Community.\nThe military facility was closed in 1991 after the Cold War ended, the site now serving as the civilian Zweibrücken Airport.", "", "Royal Canadian Air Force, January 6, 1953 – August 29, 1969\nUnited States Air Force in Europe, August 29, 1969 – July 31, 1991", "7181st Combat Support Squadron, August 29 – November 1, 1969\n86th Tactical Fighter Wing, November 1, 1969 – January 31, 1973\n26th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, January 31, 1973 – July 31, 1991\n10th Military Airlift Squadron, November 9, 1983 – July 31, 1991\n609th Contingency Hospital, October 15, 1984 – July 31, 1991\n601st Tactical Control Squadron, June 1, 1989 – July 31, 1991\n612th Tactical Control Flight, June 1, 1989 – July 31, 1991\n2143rd Communications Squadron, December 1, 1969 - July 31, 1991", "Construction of the base was initiated by French Army engineers and German contractors in 1950 on a section of the former Siegfried Line. The crumpled remains of many of the bunkers of the old line are still in evidence. It was designed by French engineers and completed by German contractors in late 1952. Construction was funded from USAF sources; however, the RCAF assumed control of the Zweibrücken base on January 6, 1953.", "RCAF Station Zweibrücken, also known as 3 Wing or 3 (F) Wing was one of four RCAF wings, consisting of three fighter squadrons each, established in Europe at the beginning of the Cold War. These four wings were part of the RCAF's No. 1 Air Division, which was formed as part of Canada's air defence commitment to NATO during the Cold War. Other bases were located in Marville, France; Grostenquin, France; and Baden-Soellingen, West Germany.\nThree squadrons flying F-86 Sabres were located at Zweibrücken: 413, 427, and 434. Command was in place March 1953, with the three Squadrons of Canadair F86 Sabres arriving at Zweibrücken April 7 1953, crossing from Canada on Operation \"Leapfrog III\", a month long crossing due to weather. No. 413 Squadron was replaced in 1957 by 440 Squadron flying the new CF-100 all-weather interceptor.\nIn 1959 Canada adopted a new and controversial nuclear strike role in accordance with NATO's doctrine of \"limited nuclear warfare\" and began re-equipping with the new CF-104 Starfighter that could handle the delivery of nuclear weapons. This aircraft also had a reconnaissance role.\nIn the fall of 1962 the Sabre squadrons of the Air Division, including those at 3 Wing, began flying Starfighters. No. 440 Squadron was disbanded in December 1962. No. 430 Squadron moved to Zweibrücken from Grostenquin when 2 Wing closed down in 1964.\nThe RCAF left Zweibrücken August 27, 1969 as an austerity measure following unification of the Canadian Armed Forces. Its units consolidated at CFB Lahr and CFB Baden-Soellingen. Before leaving, they erected a west coast Indian totem pole as a token of their friendship with the local German citizens. At the top of the pole was the Thunderbird, the god who watches over all creation. Below it was a double headed sea monster, the warrior's symbol; the third figure was of a little man who had grown from boyhood to become a warrior, and the fourth figure was that of the same warrior, grown to maturity as a tribal chief.\nUpon the departure of the RCAF, control of the station was transferred to the United States Air Force Sixteenth Air Force, USAFE.\nUpon taking control of Zweibrücken Air Base, the United States Air Force either renovated or enlarged all base facilities, and procured off-base housing for most base personnel. The base was assigned to USAFE as an off-base installation of Ramstein AB on August 29, 1969, and the facility assumed primary installation status on May 1, 1970.", "The 86th Tactical Fighter Wing was reactivated at Zweibrücken on November 1, 1969. It received its first flying unit, the 17th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, on January 12, 1970. The 17th TRS and its McDonnell Douglas RF-4C Phantom IIs came to Zweibrücken from the inactivating 66th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing at RAF Upper Heyford, England. Squadron tail code for the 17th TRS was initially \"ZS\", then was recoded to \"ZR\" in 1971.\nFor 18 months the 17th was the only operational squadron on the base. On June 12, 1971, the 81st Tactical Fighter Squadron with its Electronics Counter-Measures (ECM) equipped McDonnell EF-4C Phantom II \"Wild Weasel\" fighters was transferred to Zweibrücken from the 50th TFW at Hahn AB when the 50th switched to a strike-attack role, with air defense as a secondary mission. (Note: The EF-4C designation was not official. The aircraft were officially F-4C models).\nThe 81st TFS, however remained a part of the 50th TFW but was detached from the wing's operational control and attached to the 86th Tactical Fighter Wing for support. Squadron tail code for the 81st TFS was \"ZS\".\nIn 1972, tail codes for all 86th TFW aircraft at Zweibrücken were standardized as \"ZR\", per AFM 66-1, when squadron tail codes were eliminated.\nOn January 15, 1973, the 81st TFS was reassigned to Spangdahlem Air Base under operation \"Battle Creek\". The last of this variant of the Phantom returned to the USA in 1979/1980 and was replaced by the F-4G Wild Weasel at Spangdahlem.\nOn the northern side of Zweibrücken was Kreuzberg Kaserne (Kreuzberg Barracks), home to the United States Army Materiel Command, Europe.", "As part of operation \"Creek Action\", a command-wide effort to realign functions and streamline operations, HQ USAFE transferred the 26th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing from Ramstein Air Base to Zweibrücken, and the 86th Tactical Fighter Wing from Zweibrücken to Ramstein on January 31, 1973. Operational squadrons of the 26th TRW were:\n7th Special Operations Squadron (C-130 Hercules, UH-1)\n17th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron (RF-4C) (Red tail fin stripe)\n38th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron (RF-4C) (Yellow tail fin stripe)\nNote: 7th SOS reported directly to HQ USAFE. 17th & 38th RF-4Cs carried tail code \"ZR\".\nFor nearly five years the wing remained stable at Zweibrücken. Then on October 1, 1978, the 417th Tactical Fighter Squadron was activated with a single F-4D aircraft and assigned to the 26 TRW. USAFE planned on equipping the squadron with F-4Es, however, inadequate munitions storage compelled the command to reverse its decision and consequently reassigned the 417th TFS without personnel or equipment to the 86th TFW at Ramstein AB on November 1, 1978, being placed in not operational status.\nLater that month, on November 20, the 17 TRS was inactivated due to budgetary cutbacks leaving the 38 TRS as the wing's only in-place operational squadron. High-hour RF-4C aircraft were sent to AMARC, others were reassigned to the 38th TRS or to existing Bergstrom, Shaw, RAF Alconbury or Air National Guard squadrons.\nThe mission of the 38 TRS was to collect tactical aerial imagery using an array of sensors mounted aboard the RF-4C aircraft and to then report the findings from the imagery to commanders in the field during exercises that simulated real world operations. A variety of cameras and other sensors were exploited by Air Photo Interpreters (later Imagery Interpreters and Imagery Analysts), including low and high panoramic, nose vertical and Infra red cameras. The RF-4C was also utilized as the test bed for the then cutting edge prototype radar system known as Side-Looking Airborne Radar, or SLAR. During exercises, the planes would be tasked to collect imagery and return to base where the film would be quickly downloaded from the aircraft, processed, then interpreted, with the results sent up the chain of command, under strict time lines. Included in this process were photo processors, computer maintenance personnel, facility maintenance personnel and coordinating personnel. In the beginning, intelligence reports were hand written and sent to the communications center for dissemination to the higher headquarters; the process evolved when report writers manned a variety of computer based work stations to disseminate the reports themselves. Systems developed by both Texas Instruments and Goodyear Aerospace were used as prototypes to hone the process.\nDeployments from the United States included EB-57E aircraft from 17 DSES, based at Malmstrom AFB, Montana in April/May 1976 and September 1977. RF-4C Phantom aircraft from 67 TRW (Tactical Reconnaissance Wing) in July 1981 and RF-4C from 123 Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, Kentucky Air National Guard arriving on Saturday June 28, 1986 for a two-week deployment.\nIn 1976/1977 a US Army unit, the 2d Military Intelligence Battalion (Aerial Reconnaissance and Surveillance) (MIBARS) flew the U-21A Ute twin turbo-prop airplane (around 6 airplanes) for a short period. The Combat Intelligence Company (Imagery Interpretation)(CBTI Co(II)) was the parent unit of the U-21's. The CBTI Co(II) was a component of the 2d MI Bn.\nFrom April 5 to July 7, 1979 the base also hosted the 86th TFW while Ramstein AB's runways were closed for extensive repairs.\nOn August 10, 1987, the 26 TRW became the only tactical reconnaissance wing in USAFE, when the 10 TRW at RAF Alconbury was redesignated the 10th Tactical Fighter Wing and assigned to fly A-10 attack aircraft. This left NATO and US Forces in Europe the services of just one US tactical reconnaissance unit and one squadron of RF-4Cs.\nThe wing continued to conduct reconnaissance operations in support of NATO, USAFE, and the US Army in Europe (USAREUR). The wing also engaged in operational employment and development of advanced reconnaissance systems to further enhance the military posture of NATO in Europe.", "On November 9, 1983, the Military Airlift Command (MAC) activated the 10th Military Airlift Squadron (MAS). The 10 MAS flew the C-23 \"Sherpa\", a small cargo plane that needed only a little bit of runway and less fuel than larger cargo aircraft. A total of 18 C-23A Sherpa aircraft were delivered to the 10 MAS.\nThe 10 MAS though under the direction of the 322nd Air Division (MAC) at Rhein-Main AB, became an associated unit of the 26th drawing support from it. The 26 TRW provided the 10 MAS all of its facilities and logistical support required to operate the European Distribution System (EDS). The EDS was organized to give the units in Europe a quicker way to receive small equipment items or supplies on a round-the-clock basis, without the expense of the larger cargo aircraft.", "In 1985, another role was added to the wing's mission. On October 15, 1984, the 609th Contingency Hospital was activated by HQ USAFE. The mission of the 609th was to provide a turnkey hospital operation, where the equipment, and supplies were already in place and all the organization needed was the people to operate it, when called upon.\nThis hospital, an old \"krankenhaus\" was activated in January 1991 in support of Operation Desert Storm and was used at least through March 1991. Some victims of the Scud missile attack in Saudi Arabia received interval medical care at the 609th en route back to the U.S. Note that the Hospital was in the nearby city of Zweibrücken, and not on the Air Base.", "In the fall of 1988, HQ USAFE began planning to move two more units to Zweibrücken and increase the support mission of the 26th TRW. HQ USAFE planned to move the 601st Tactical Control Squadron (TCS) and the 612th Tactical Control Flight (TCF) from Prüm Air Station, Germany to Zweibrücken . The mission of the 601st and the 612th was to provide a line of radar detection systems wherever USAFE or NATO needed them. The two units arrived in June 1989, increasing the number of associate units on the base and diversifying the mission even more.", "Dormitories for single or unaccompanied service members were provided on base. Those service members who had families could get into family housing (there was a very long waiting list for the limited number of apartments), and had a choice between two areas, Canadian housing and French housing. Both areas were located in the city of Zweibrücken, the Canadian being closer to the air base (between the base and the \"krankenhaus\") and the French being closer to the US Army's Kreuzberg Kaserne. Many service members chose to live on the German Economy their entire tour, because of both the limited number of apartments and the limited floor space in Canadian and French Housing.", "With the end of the Cold War, the USAF presence at Zweibrücken was gradually phased out. In addition, the 1960s-era RF-4C Phantoms were costing more and more to maintain. Tactical reconnaissance was being handled more and more by other means, and the need for the 26th TRW was becoming less and less critical to USAFE planners. As a result, the RF-4Cs of the 38th TRS were sent to 309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group 1 April 1991 and the squadron was inactivated.\nThe 26th TRW was inactivated on 31 July 1991, and Zweibrücken Air Base was closed. The facility was turned over to the German government civil authorities.", "Today, Zweibrücken Airport (IATA: ZQW, ICAO: EDRZ), or Flughafen Zweibrücken is used as a regional airport. Along with the civil airport, a private industrial park has been developed for commercial businesses. Most of the buildings such as the TabVees are still standing and are being used for purposes ranging from storage to industry. In the front of the air base, where the fuel depot was formerly located, now stand groups of factory outlet stores. The commercial airport was shut down permanently in 2014. Since then, it was sold to private aircraft manufacturer Triwo.\n\nAt the time the base closed in 1991, the only visible reminders of 3 Wing RCAF was the totem, the stained glass windows of the Protestant Chapel, and the Peter Cunningham Memorial Arena.\nAs of 2007 the stained glass in the Protestant chapel has been removed and the totem relocated to the \"Rose Garden\" in the city of Zweibrücken. Only the Peter Cunningham Memorial Arena remains.", "Royal Canadian Air Force\nZweibrücken Airport", " This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website https://www.afhra.af.mil/.\nFletcher, Harry R. (1989). Volume 2: Air bases outside the United States of America on 17 September 1982. USAF Reference Series, Office of Air Force History, United States Air Force, Washington, D.C. ISBN 0-912799-53-6, ISBN 0-16-002261-4\nEndicott, Judy G. (1999) Active Air Force wings as of 1 October 1995; USAF active flying, space, and missile squadrons as of 1 October 1995. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. CD-ROM.\nMartin, Patrick (1994). Tail Code: The Complete History of USAF Tactical Aircraft Tail Code Markings. Schiffer Military Aviation History. ISBN 0-88740-513-4.\nRavenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947–1977. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9.\nRogers, Brian (2005). United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978. Hinkley, England: Midland Publications. ISBN 1-85780-197-0.\nBaugher, Joe USAAS-USAAC-USAAF-USAF Aircraft Serial Numbers—1908 to Present\nMilberry, Larry, ed. Sixty Years—The RCAF and CF Air Command 1924–1984. Toronto: Canav Books, 1984. ISBN 0-9690703-4-9.\nRoberts, Leslie. There Shall Be Wings. Toronto: Clark, Irwin and Co. Ltd., 1959. No ISBN.", "Royal Canadian Air Force squadrons at RCAF Station Zweibrücken\n413 Squadron History\n427 Squadron History\n434 Squadron History\n440 Squadron History\nThe 26th SPS The online home of the 26th Security Police Squadron\nZweibrücken Air Base at GlobalSecurity.org\nThe Sherpa Society Archived 2021-01-18 at the Wayback Machine (10th Military Airlift Squadron)\nBaugher, Joe McDonnell RF-4C Phantom II\nBaugher, Joe McDonnell EF-4C Phantom II\nrrjohnsonjr.com" ]

[ "Zweibrücken Air Base", "Units", "Major commands to which assigned", "Major USAF units assigned", "Construction", "RCAF Station Zweibrücken", "86th Tactical Fighter Wing", "26th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing", "Military Airlift Command activities", "609th Contingency Hospital", "601st Tactical Control Squadron", "Military housing", "USAFE closure", "Current uses", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360817, 5360818, 5360819, 5360820, 5360821 ]

[ 27241509, 27241510, 27241511, 27241512, 27241513, 27241514, 27241515, 27241516, 27241517, 27241518, 27241519, 27241520, 27241521, 27241522, 27241523, 27241524, 27241525, 27241526, 27241527, 27241528, 27241529, 27241530, 27241531, 27241532, 27241533, 27241534, 27241535, 27241536, 27241537, 27241538, 27241539, 27241540, 27241541, 27241542, 27241543, 27241544, 27241545 ]

[ "", "A Piper Aerostar general aviation aircraft at Zweibrücken Airport", "" ]

[ 0, 6, 10 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Flughafen_Zweibr%C3%BCcken_Terminal.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/D-ICEL%2C_Piper_Aerostar_601P_at_Zweibruecken_airport.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Aviacionavion.png" ]

[ "Zweibrücken Airport (IATA: ZQW, ICAO: EDRZ), or Flughafen Zweibrücken in German, is a regional airport and former minor international airport in Zweibrücken, Germany. It was the smaller of the two passenger airports in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, the other being Frankfurt-Hahn Airport. Zweibrücken currently only features general aviation, since scheduled air services ceased in November 2014 due to the airport's financial difficulties.", "", "Zweibrücken Airport is located on the site of the former Zweibrücken Air Base which was closed in 1991 following the end of Operation Desert Storm. The former site was reopened as a converted commercial airport on 1 September 1994.\nIn 2006, Germanwings began twice-daily service to Berlin Schönefeld Airport, but ceased them in 2011 due to expensive airports taxes. The airport also used to have regular scheduled service operated by Ryanair to London Stansted Airport. The service was announced on 27 May 2008, but ceased already one year later in May 2009. 264,247 passengers used the airport in 2010, decreasing to 242,880 passengers in 2012.\nA twice per week service was operated between Zweibrücken and Antalya by Sky Airlines until the airline ceased operations due to financial problems in 2013. These flights were replaced by Atlasjet during summer 2013 season, and were taken over by Freebird Airlines for summer 2014. On 3 November 2013, Air Berlin stopped its weekly summer seasonal route to Palma de Mallorca on behalf of TUI, and were replaced by TUIfly and Germania for the 2014 summer season. In July 2014, TUIfly inaugurated the new seasonal route to Ankara, the airport's third destination in Turkey after Antalya and Istanbul. TUIfly operated eight routes out of Zweibrücken Airport, making it one of their focus cities.", "In July 2014, it was reported that the European Commission decided that up to 56 million Euros of subsidies for the airport were illegal and needed to be paid back. Due to this decision, on 24 July, Zweibrücken Airport filed for bankruptcy. One of the reasons for the Commission's decision is the close proximity to Saarbrücken Airport, which exists much longer.\nWhile it was planned to keep the airport operating for general aviation operations, all commercial passenger operations were expected to cease by the end of the 2014 summer schedule. TUIfly decided to provide financial support for the airport to guarantee uninterrupted operations until the end of their summer schedule in November 2014.\nHowever, in September 2014, TUIfly announced the closure of their Zweibrücken base as of 8 November 2014. As a replacement, several of their eight scheduled leisure routes, for example to Palma de Mallorca and Gran Canaria, will be relocated to nearby Saarbrücken Airport. Additionally, Pegasus Airlines' scheduled seasonal service to Istanbul ceased by 29 September 2014 without resumption in 2015. The few other remaining summer seasonal charter flights, for example those of Air VIA to Burgas, moved to Saarbrücken for the 2015 summer season as well.\nThe last scheduled flight took off from Zweibrücken at 13:40 p.m. on 3 November to Fuerteventura, also remaining as the last TUIfly operation at the airport and marking the closure of its focus city. Since that day, all scheduled operations at the airport ceased for the then upcoming entire winter season while most of the staff has been laid off due to a lack of funding to keep operations running.", "Zweibrücken Airport features a small terminal building equipped with three aircraft stands next to it. As there are no jet bridges, walk-boarding is used. Before bankruptcy, the airport could handle mid-sized aircraft such as the Boeing 737 and the Airbus A320 family.", "All scheduled operations at Zweibrücken Airport ceased by 3 November 2014 due to a lack of funding for the upcoming winter season. The airport used to feature scheduled and charter flights to leisure destinations around the Mediterranean. There was no resumption of services for the 2015 summer season as all former airlines at Zweibrücken either terminated their services to the area, such as Pegasus Airlines, or relocated their routes to Saarbrücken instead.\nThe nearest other minor international airport is Saarbrücken Airport, approximately 40 km (25 mi) away.", "", "Zweibrücken Airport is only accessible by road. It can be reached via motorway A8 (exit Contwig, Flughafen, Bitche (F)) which leads to Saarbrücken and Luxembourg and from France directly via federal highway L700. Additionally, the local bus route 226 connects the airport with Zweibrücken city centre including Zweibrücken station.", "Transport in Germany\nList of airports in Germany", "\"Zweibrücken mit deutlichem Passagierrückgang\". aero.de. Jan 10, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2020.\n\"Flughafen Zweibrücken droht das endgültige Aus\". aero.de. Oct 31, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2020.\n\"Welcome to the Zweibrücken AB Page\". USAFGermany. Retrieved 10 February 2017.\n\"20 Prozent weniger Passagiere\". Archived from the original on Jul 19, 2011. Retrieved May 17, 2020.\nSPIEGEL, DER (22 July 2014). \"Flughafen Zweibrücken droht Insolvenz - kurz vor der Pleite - DER SPIEGEL - Wirtschaft\". Der Spiegel. Retrieved May 17, 2020.\n\"Insolvenzantrag für Flughafen Zweibrücken gestellt\". aero.de. Jul 24, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2020.\n\"Flughafen Zweibrücken stellt Insolvenzantrag\". airliners.de. Retrieved May 17, 2020.\n\"Alle Meldungen des Livetickers - Nachrichten | SWR.de\". www.swr.de. Archived from the original on 2014-07-22. \nGmbH, Euro Business Communication Verlag (Apr 23, 2020). \"News\". www.touristik-aktuell.de. Retrieved May 17, 2020.\n\"Germany's TUIfly to close Zweibrücken base in November\". ch-aviation. Retrieved May 17, 2020.\nhttps://book.flypgs.com/Common/ScheduledFlightList.jsp?activeLanguage=DE&\nflughafen-zweibrücken.de - Ihr Weg zu uns Archived December 13, 2013, at the Wayback Machine", "Media related to Zweibrücken Airport at Wikimedia Commons\nOfficial website\nCurrent weather for EDRZ at NOAA/NWS\nAccident history for ZQW at Aviation Safety Network" ]

[ "Zweibrücken Airport", "History", "Development into a civil airport", "Bankruptcy", "Facilities", "Airlines and destinations", "Statistics", "Ground transportation", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360822, 5360823, 5360824 ]

[ 27241546, 27241547, 27241548, 27241549, 27241550, 27241551, 27241552, 27241553, 27241554, 27241555, 27241556, 27241557, 27241558 ]

[ "", "Platforms", "Station hall" ]

[ 0, 2, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Hbf_zbn.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Bahngleise_hbf_zbn.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Bahnhofshalle_zweibrucken.jpg" ]

[ "Zweibrücken Hauptbahnhof is a through station with two platforms and three platform tracks in the city of Zweibrücken in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. It is located not far from the city centre, on the single-track, non-electrified, Queich Valley Railway, over which Regionalbahn trains operate between Saarbrücken Hauptbahnhof and Pirmasens Hauptbahnhof. It also connects with Landau, although this requires a change of trains at Pirmasens Nord.", "On 7 May 1857, the Blies Valley Railway (Bliestalbahn) was opened to neighbouring Homburg, now in the Saarland. On 25 November 1875, the extension of the Queich Valley Railway from Annweiler was opened to traffic. The extension of the Blies Valley Railway to Bierbach and Reinheim was opened in 1879. The link from Hornbach opened on 15 December 1913. Three years later, on 1 October 1916, the Hornbach railway was extended to Brenschelbach. After the Second World War, a series of closures and dismantlings were carried out. Until the 1980s the station was served by long-distance traffic of Deutsche Bundesbahn. Up to the station's reconstruction in 1991, when the number of track was reduced from 13 to four, the station was also served by freight traffic. In 2006, the platforms were modernised; this work included the installation of lifts.", "The station is located west of the city of Zweibrücken at the southwest corner of Poststraße. The A 8 autobahn runs parallel and south of the station area. The station building has lockers, vending machines and toilets; there is also a bistro and a bar. The station forecourt has car parking and bike racks.", "Zweibrücken station is served each hour by Regionalbahn line 68 operated by DB Regio Südwest.\nThere are also bus services from the station to Zweibrücken Airport and to Homburg. The latter serves as a replacement for the Blies Valley Railway closed in 1991.", "\"Stationspreisliste 2021\" [Station price list 2021] (PDF) (in German). DB Station&Service. 16 November 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.\nEisenbahnatlas Deutschland (German railway atlas) (2009/2010 ed.). Schweers + Wall. 2009. ISBN 978-3-89494-139-0.\n\"Wabenplan\" (PDF). Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Neckar. February 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.", "\"Die Eisenbahn in Zweibrücken in Kürze\" (in German). Retrieved 6 June 2012.\n\"Track plan of Zweibrücken Hauptbahnhof\" (PDF, 280.7 kB) (in German). Deutsche Bahn. Retrieved 6 June 2012." ]

[ "Zweibrücken Hauptbahnhof", "History", "Location and infrastructure", "Rail services", "Notes", "External links" ]

[ 5360825, 5360826, 5360827 ]

[ 27241559, 27241560, 27241561, 27241562, 27241563 ]

[ "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Volkssternwarte_Zweibr%C3%BCcken.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/He1523a.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Solar_system.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Diploma_icon.png" ]

[ "Zweibrücken Observatory (German: Volkssternwarte Zweibrücken), or the Zweibrück Observatory of the Natural Science Association, is a public observatory in Zweibrücken, Germany. Its dome was painted to resemble the Star Wars character R2-D2 in 2018.", "The observatory is located on a hill in the Zweibrücken campus of the University of Applied Sciences, Kaiserslautern. In 1999, the Zweibrücken scientific association was founded, with plans to construct an observatory. In 2002 the 4.57 metres (15.0 ft) diameter dome was erected. The construction was an initiative of Professor Peter Pokrowsky.\nThe dome houses a Celestron C14 optical telescope, with a diameter of 14 inches (36 cm), as well as a Coronado SolarMax solar telescope with a diameter of 4 centimetres (1.6 in) and a focal length of 40 centimetres (16 in).", "In September 2018, the telescope dome was painted to resemble the R2-D2 robot from Star Wars by a team led by Hubert Zitt. It was the second observatory dome to be painted in such a way, following from Goodsell Observatory in 2010. The repainting took 120 man-hours. It gained internet fame after a post on Twitter by Star Wars actor Mark Hamill.", "List of astronomical observatories", "\"Sternwarte Zweibrücken\". www.sternwarte-zw.de (in German).\n\"Sternwarte Zweibrücken\". www.sternwarte-zw.de (in German).\n\"German Professor Who Is A Hardcore Star Wars Fan Has Just Repainted An Observatory Into R2-D2\". Bored Panda.\n\"This German professor repainted his observatory into R2-D2\". A Science Enthusiast. 25 March 2019.\nMack, Markus. \"Wie ein Professor aus einem Observatorium einen gigantischen R2-D2 machte\". ze.tt (in German).\nHamill, Mark (22 March 2019). \"R2-D2 Observatory Transformed Germans Into Giant Nerds\". @HamillHimself." ]

[ "Zweibrücken Observatory", "Construction", "R2-D2", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5360828, 5360829, 5360830, 5360831 ]

[ 27241564, 27241565, 27241566, 27241567 ]

[ "House Zweibrückenstraße 8 in Munich", "Commemorative plaque for Fritz Rosenthal", "Wall painting as a souvenir of the Gasthaus Zum Postgarten", "", "", "", "" ]

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[ "The house Zweibrückenstraße 8, in the district of Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt in Munich, was built in 1903. The residential and commercial building is a historically protected architectural building (file number D-1-62-000-7788 in the list of historical buildings for Munich at the Bavarian State Office for Monument Protection).", "The building, in the style of the Neo-Renaissance, was designed by the architect Hans Hartl, who was also the client. The house, with double gable and sculpted Steinerker (stone oriel), has a mural painted on the northern side of the façade, referring to the former Restaurant zum Postgarten which was located on the ground floor. This small piece of art stretches from the second floor to the third floor between the two by two rows of windows. The drawing was done by Gottfried Gottlieb Klemm. The artwork is signed with G.G.K., with the year of completion of the building and with the year of restoration of the drawing. A rider on a horse, representing a mailman dressed in the costume of the time riding high on horseback between an espalier in the direction of the road can be seen. The drawing was made in 1903. The tavern found a new home in the new building and remained there until the year 1971. Another historical facade decoration is located between the first and second floor on the left wall side of the house. It is that of a cannonball that protrudes half its diameter out of the wall plaster. Below the ball is a commemorative plaque which describes in compact text of their history; the inscription on the board reads as follows: Nach der Beschiessung des roten Tores durch Marschall Conde am 8 Sept. D.J. 1796 hier gefunden (After the Red Gate shots by Marschall Conde at 8 Sept. D.J. 1796 found here). The cannonball found on the grounds of the Postgarten in 1796 was already embedded in the façade of the predecessor building of the old Postgarten.\nThe architect of the building, as a complete figure in a sitting pose, is incorporated above the right-hand window on the ground floor in a natural stone slab as a half-relief.\nThe house has survived the Second World War with almost no damage. As early as 1933, the original tops of the two gables, which were richer in design, were replaced by simpler ones. In 1984/85, the building was converted into a condominium.", "A commemorative plaque recalls that Shalom Ben-Chorin, born Fritz Rosenthal, on July 20, 1913 saw the light of day in this house.", "", "\"Zweibrückenstraße 8\" (PDF) (in German). Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege. Retrieved 11 October 2018.\n\"Mietshaus Zweibrückenstraße 8\" (in German). Stadtportal München. Retrieved 11 October 2018.\nZauner, Paul (1914). München in Kunst und Geschichte (in German). Munich: J. Lindauer-Verlag. pp. 197–208.\nBauer, Richard (1982). Zu Gast im alten München (in German). Munich: Hugendubel. ISBN 3880341834.\nHable, Heinrich (1974). Münchener Fassaden: Bürgerhäuser d. Historismus u. d. Jugendstils (in German). Munich: Prestel. p. 264. ISBN 9783791300481.\n\"Gedenktafel - Kanonenkugel\" (in German). Stadtportal München. Retrieved 11 October 2018.\nBauer, Richard (1987). Fliegeralarm : Luftangriffe auf München, 1940-1945 (in German). Munich: Hugendubel. p. 176. ISBN 978-3880349636.\n\"Schalom Ben-Chorin wurde am 20. Juli vor 100 Jahren geboren\" (in German). Heidelberger Katechismus. July 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2018." ]

[ "Zweibrückenstraße 8", "History and design", "Shalom Ben-Chorin", "Facade decoration on the ground floor", "References" ]

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[ "", "The State Stud of Zweibrücken", "A Zweibrücker horse performing show jumping", "" ]

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[ "The Zweibrücker (pl. Zweibrücken) is a type of German warmblood horse bred in Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland. Traditionally, the breeding of Zweibrücken was centered on the onetime Principal Stud of Zweibrücken but since 1977 has been under the jurisdiction of the Horse Breeders' Association of Rhineland-Palatinate-Saar (PRPS). The modern Zweibrücker is an elegant, large-framed, correct sport horse with powerful, elastic gaits suitable for dressage, show jumping, eventing and combined driving.", "The Rhineland-Palatinate state-owned stud facilities of Zweibrücken house the smallest number of state stallions in Germany, but the region's horse-breeding history is rich. The modern city of Zweibrücken, meaning \"two bridges\", was a county throughout the Middle Ages and then later on became a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire. The state stud was founded in 1755 by Duke Christian IV following a visit to England. While abroad he admired the refined, spirited English Thoroughbreds, as a breed less than 100 years old at the time. When Christian IV returned to Zweibrücken, he financed the establishment of \"royal facilities\" throughout the region, populating them with noble stallions and mares.\nChristian IV's successor, Charles II August, continued to improve horse-breeding in politically influential Zweibrücken by decreeing that the horses bred there ought to be \"good, handsome and useful\". This goal was achieved to the effect of gaining the admiration of the King of Prussia, who purchased over 150 Zweibrücken stallions. These sires were sent to the Principal Stud of Trakehnen where the Trakehner was bred for use by the Prussian nobles.\nIn 1801, Zweibrücken was annexed by France, and the noble horses were moved to Rosiers aux Salines. However, Napoleon saw the stallion and mare herds at Zweibrücken Principal Stud re-established in 1806. The central facility and its many outposts and stallion depots were populated with more than 250 stallions and a herd of over 100 mares purchased from notable German breeding outfits, as well as fashionable Spanish horses and products of the formidable Austro-Hungarian empire. Less than a decade later, Zweibrücken was given to Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria, and Zweibrücken was retitled in 1890 as the Principal Royal Bavarian State Stud. During this period, large numbers of Anglo-Normans - Thoroughbred-influenced agricultural horses from France - and Arabians were stationed in Zweibrücken. The first organized breeding of Anglo-Arabian horses occurred at Zweibrücken during this time period. The region became widely known for its refined cavalry horses which combined the size and speed of the Thoroughbred with the more tractable temperament of the Arabian. By 1900, the Principal Stud of Zweibrücken comprised more than 250 head of breeding stock and young horses, 74 of which were state-owned stallions.\nThe first half of the 20th century was marked by increasing demands for a heavier all-purpose farm horse, which were used extensively in the first World War for pulling artillery wagons. Consequently, the refined riding horses were replaced by heavy warmbloods from Oldenburg. During World War II, the entire city was evacuated and the horses brought to Bavaria. Much of the city was destroyed, and the state stud facilities came under the jurisdiction of the newly formed German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate. Nearly a quarter of the 58 stallions standing at Zweibrücken were draft horses.\nZweibrücken lost the status of Principal Stud - which keeps a herd of mares in addition to standing stallions - in 1960. As the demand for an athletic riding horse blossomed, the draft horse stallions were replaced by Trakehners. From 1966 to 1976, Trakehner stallions comprised half the stallion roster. Unlike most of the State Studs of Germany, the period for which Zweibrücken stood heavy warmblood stallions was brief; the chief focus of this region has been steadily focused on an elegant riding horse since its construction. Gradually, sires from Hanoverian and Holsteiner bloodlines joined the noble Trakehners, accelerating the local horse-breeding efforts towards the production of a warmblood riding horse.\nToday many of the stallion depots and outposts lie in France, while others were purchased by separate entities. Most notable among these was the facility at Birkhausen, which was bought by the Trakehner verband and from which Abiza, dam of the Canadian-born Trakehner Abdullah, was sold. The grounds of the state stud host stallion parades and the month-long stallion performance test for the regional breeding association.", "Organized breeding through much of the history of Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland was managed by the State Stud. The Horse Breeders' Association of Rhineland-Palatinate-Saar (PRPS) was formed in 1977 and directs the breeding of almost all horse breeds within the region. The breed with the largest population within the studbooks is the German Riding or Sport Horse, called the Zweibrücker. The PRPS cooperates with similar associations in Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg, Saxony and Thuringia, collectively licensing and approving breeding stock.\nLike other German Warmbloods, the breeding of Zweibrücken is characterized by stringent inspection criteria. Foals do not receive their papers until they are presented at a local foal show, at which judges may exclude any foal if it is markedly off-type. Along with their papers, the foals receive a brand on the left hind leg, just behind the stifle. Foal inspections also give an early indication of the quality of the sire, as well as which mares match best with him. At the age of 3, fillies may be upgraded from the foal register to the herd book through a process called Stutbuchaufnahmen or \"Marebook Recording\". There are several levels of mare book based on the quality of the mare and the completeness of her pedigree, which allows mares of unorthodox breeding to eventually become part of the breeding program. To be written into the herd book and thereby have registered foals, the mare is evaluated on her conformation and gaits. Mares which fail to meet the criteria may be placed in a lower mare book, or be denied altogether. Only mares in the highest mare books can produce breeding stallion sons.\nWhile mares can be entered into the studbook at local shows, the process of having a young stallion approved for breeding is lengthy. Stallion candidates are often identified as foals, and at the age of 2 and a half the best colts attend the licensing in Munich, Bavaria. There they are evaluated along with stallion hopefuls - köraspirants - branded Bavarian Warmblood, Württemberger and Saxony-Thuringian, along with some representatives from other regions. As all of these regions have a common goal in warmblood breeding, they are judged to the same standard. They are evaluated in terms of their conformational correctness, type, gaits and ability free-jumping. The best young stallions receive a temporary license which is accepted by all of the south-German breeding associations. The stallion has a period of a few years during which he must prove himself in performance, and in this way he earns full approval.\nThis process is common to all German Warmbloods, and is quite similar to the studbook selection process used for other Warmbloods, as well.", "The best way to identify a Zweibrücker is by the brand on the left hind leg. It features the two bridges of the city of Zweibrücken topped by a representation of the duke's crown. Otherwise, it is not possible to distinguish a Zweibrücker from a German Warmblood bred elsewhere based solely on appearance. All German Warmblood registries exchange genetic material in an effort to continuously improve their own horses.\nMost Zweibrücken are middle-weight horses with \"old style\" examples heavier set than those deemed \"modern\" in type. The ideal height is 160 to 170 cm or 15.3 to 16.3hh at the age of 3, but deviations in either direction are not uncommon nor are they disqualifying. The most common colors are bay, chestnut, gray, and black, however several breeders of colored warmbloods have chosen to register their horses as Zweibrücken, so there are tobiano pintos and colors such as palomino, buckskin, and cremello. \nThe Anglo-Arabian ancestry of the Zweibrücker is found primarily in what remains of its old female families. Today, the Horse Breeders' Association of Rhineland-Palatinate-Saar is known for its liberal pedigree policies, accepting breeding stock from most other warmblood studbooks which are members of the World Breeding Federation for Sport Horses.\nThe breeding objective, based on market demands, is currently a horse suitable for dressage, jumping, and eventing, though combined driving is also mentioned. In North America, the breeding objective includes suitability for show hunter competition, as well.\nZweibrücken share the standard of German Riding or Sport Horse with their parallels in other regions. Ideally, the horse is characterized by a noble expression, with long-lined and correct conformation. The head is dry, expressive, and aesthetically appealing though need not have out of the ordinary refinement. The topline is long, generous, and slightly curved featuring a medium-length neck set on rather high, a stark, laid-back wither and long sloping shoulder. The loin is well-muscled, the croup is long, slightly tilted, and muscular. The horse stands on a foundation of dry, large joints and correct limbs ending in correct, hard hooves of sufficient size.\nIn motion the gaits are correct - no deviations when viewed from the front or rear - and expansive with a pure rhythm and suggestive of great work ethic. The qualities of freedom, elasticity, and power are paramount. The walk swings through the neck and back, while the trot is cadenced and powerful. Suspension and elasticity are effects of the ability of the horse's joints to store energy and absorb shock, thus are influential in soundness. The canter is important as an indicator of jumping suitability, and should be cadenced, balanced and powerful.\nZweibrücken, especially stallions, are typically evaluated over fences through free jumping, where the horse is let loose in a chute with specifically measured obstacles. This allows judges to draw conclusions about the horse's jumping abilities without pushing them too fast under saddle. Judges look for a horse which is capable of jumping, having an appearance of ease and confidence as he jumps, without any carelessness. The rhythm of the canter should remain unchanged while the horse adjusts his stride length to leave the ground from the correct place. The fore and hind limbs should be drawn up close to the body, which should pass close to the obstacle, while the spine forms a convex arc over the jump called \"bascule\".\nAs part of the approval process, stallions and often mares are evaluated in controlled conditions on their personality traits or \"interior qualities\". This information allows breeders to choose mates properly. The horses with the best marks for interior qualities have kind, personable temperaments, are uncomplicated to ride, strong-nerved and reliable but alert and intelligent. Another quality, called \"rideability\", is a measure of how comfortable and simple the horse is to ride. High rideability is coveted by amateur riders in particular.", "Warmblood\nList of horse breeds", "\"Rheinland Pfalz-Saar International\". RHPSI. Retrieved 2008-02-18.\n\"Pferdezuchtverband Rhineland-Pfalz-Saar e.V.\" (in German). Retrieved 2008-02-18.\n\"Rhineland-Palatinate State Stud of Zweibruecken\". State Studs of Germany. Eylers. Archived from the original on October 15, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-18.\n\"Statutes and Bylaws\" (PDF). Rheinland Pfalz-Saar International. RHPSI. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 November 2006. Retrieved 2008-02-18." ]

[ "Zweibrücker", "State Stud of Zweibrücken", "Breeding", "Characteristics", "See also", "References" ]

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[ "The station in 2011", "", "" ]

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[ "Zweidlen railway station (German: Bahnhof Zweidlen) is a railway station in the Swiss canton of Zürich and municipality of Glattfelden. It is located on the Winterthur to Koblenz line, and is served by Zürich S-Bahn line S36.\nThe station is also the loading point for trains carrying gravel from the nearby works of Weiacher Kies AG.", "As of the December 2020 timetable change, the following services stop at Zweidlen:\nZürich S-Bahn S36: hourly service between Waldshut and Bülach.", "", "Eisenbahnatlas Schweiz. Cologne: Schweers + Wall. 2012. p. 4. ISBN 978-3-89494-130-7.\n\"Regionalnetz | Regional network\" (PDF) (in German). Zürcher Verkehrsverbund. 13 December 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2021.\n\"Tarifzonen\" (PDF) (in German). Zürcher Verkehrsverbund. 13 December 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2021.\n\"Passagierfrequenz\". Swiss Federal Railways. September 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2021.\nmap.geo.admin.ch (Map). Swiss Confederation. Retrieved 2012-01-17.\n\"S-Bahn trains, buses and boats\" (PDF). ZVV. 9 December 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2019.\n\"Baden - Koblenz - Bad Zurzach | Baden - Koblenz - Waldshut\" (PDF) (in German). Bundesamt für Verkehr. 12 October 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2021.\n\"Waldshut - Koblenz - Bad Zurzach - Bülach - Winterthur\" (PDF) (in German). Bundesamt für Verkehr. 7 October 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2021.", "Media related to Zweidlen railway station at Wikimedia Commons\nZweidlen railway station – SBB" ]

[ "Zweidlen railway station", "Services", "Gallery", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Front and side" ]

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[ "The Zweig Building is a historic commercial building in downtown Bellaire, Ohio, United States. Constructed in 1912, it is an early example of the Chicago school. Constructed of brick, the building sits on a stone foundation and is covered with an asphalt roof. Four stories tall, the facade is four bays wide and the side eight bays wide, with two windows in each bay on each floor. Prominent pilasters separating the bays, in which are placed glass display windows on the first floor, both front and side. To the rear, part of the basement is exposed, due to sloping ground. The Windsor Hotel, established to serve travellers on the Pennsylvania Railroad, was formerly located behind the Zweig. During the early twentieth century, the building was used by small businesses, such as dentists and jewellers.\nBy the early twenty-first century, much of Bellaire's downtown built environment had been lost to destruction or extensive modifications. The Zweig Building presents a radically different appearance: few changes have been made, and the building retains original features such as prism-like transom lights on the exterior and metal ceilings and hardwood flooring on the interior. Due to its well-preserved historic architecture, the Zweig was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. It is currently one of five Bellaire locations on the Register, along with the Imperial Glass Company, a house known as Belleview Heights, part of the B & O Railroad Viaduct over the Ohio River, and the towboat Donald B.\nIn 2001, more than $2.2 million in historic preservation tax credits was given to the building's owner, Bellaire Housing Partners, which used the money in an adaptive reuse project to convert the Zweig Building into elder housing apartments. Their project won recognition from the Ohio Historical Society, which praised the group for retaining the building's architecture during a worthy renovation project.", "\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.\nZweig Building, Ohio Historical Society, 2007. Accessed 2014-02-18.\nBruno, Holly, and Andrew Ehritz. Bellaire. Charleston: Arcadia, 2009, 60.\n\"Two Dentists Archived February 28, 2014, at the Wayback Machine\", Martins Ferry Times Leader, 2010-04-09. Accessed 2014-02-18.\nThe Jewelers' Circular. 83.1 (1921): 117.\nAwards: Bellaire Housing Partners, Ltd., Bellaire, Ohio Archived February 23, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Ohio Historical Society, 2002. Accessed 2014-02-18.\nOhio Historic Tax Credit Projects Archived February 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, National Trust for Historic Preservation, n.d. Accessed 2014-02-18." ]

[ "Zweig Building", "References" ]

[ 5360846 ]

[ 27241603, 27241604 ]

[ "Zweigelt grapes with signs of withering", "Zweigelt from Hungary", "Zweigelt cluster at Perennial Vintners, Puget Sound AVA, USA" ]

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[ "The Zweigelt, also known as Rotburger, is a new Austrian grape created in 1922 by Friedrich Zweigelt (1888–1964), who later became Director of the Federal Institute and Experimental Station of Viticulture, Fruit Production and Horticulture (1938–1945). It comprises a crossing between St. Laurent and Blaufränkisch.", "Widely planted in Austria, Zweigelt vines have made inroads in the Canadian wine regions of Ontario's Niagara Peninsula and of British Columbia, with limited plantings in Hungary and New Zealand. In the Czech Republic it is known as Zweigeltrebe and is the third-most widely planted red-grape variety, comprising approximately 4.7% of total vineyards. It grows in most of the wine regions in Slovakia. As of 2010, newly established Belgian and Polish vineyards have also started to plant Zweigelt. As of 2014, Washington state has several small plantings (only a few acres) of Zweigelt, including Wilridge Winery and Perennial Vintners.", "Zweigelt is also known as Rotburger (not to be confused with Rotberger), Zweigeltrebe, and Blauer Zweigelt.\nLenz Moser recognised the suitability of the “St. Laurent x Blaufränkisch” variety for high-trained vines as early as the 1950s. Moser considered the designation “St. Laurent x Blaufränkisch” to be too long, and from this point onwards argued that the crossing should be named after its original grower, Friedrich Zweigelt. By 1958, the naming process had reached a stage at which it could no longer be stopped.\nThe official designation “Zweigeltrebe Blau” appeared for the first time in 1972, when the new Grape Variety Index for Qualitätsweine (Quality Wines) was launched. The name of the variety was altered to “Blauer Zweigelt” in 1978, and the synonym “Rotburger” was created at the same time. The aim here was to make it clear that the new cultivations of Blauburger, Goldburger and Rotburger/Blauer Zweigelt all shared a common origin. No evidence can be found to support the widespread assertion that Zweigelt himself had applied the designation “Rotburger” to his new variety.\n“Rotburger” remains a valid synonym and continues to be used as a label designation by Austrian vintners, although most producers prefer the name Zweigelt. The problem of naming the variety after a committed National Socialist was first addressed publicly in December 2018.", "In the Puget Sound AVA it tends to ripen 1–2 weeks earlier than Pinot Noir, and has very large heavy clusters of dark blue-almost-black grapes. The wine tends to be darker in color than Pinot Noir grown in the same area, and produces a larger crop than Pinot Noir.", "Blauburger – red grape created by Zweigelt the following year", "Wine of Czech Republic ; see chart at \"STATISTICS&CHARTS\". Archived from the original on June 11, 2008. Retrieved July 1, 2011.\n\"Wilridge Vineyard, Winery & Distillery\". Wilridge Vineyard, Winery & Distillery. Retrieved May 17, 2020.\n\"Perennial Vintners -- Introduction/Home\". www.perennialvintners.com. Retrieved May 17, 2020.\nCf. Daniel Deckers: Friedrich Zweigelt as reflected by contemporary sources. In: Wine in Austria. The History. Brandstätter Verlag, Vienna 2019, ISBN 978-3-7106-0404-1, p. 179.\nDaniel Deckers: Friedrich Zweigelt as reflected by contemporary sources. In: Wine in Austria. The History. Brandstätter Verlag, Vienna 2019, ISBN 978-3-7106-0404-1, p. 190.\nCf. Daniel Deckers: Friedrich Zweigelt as reflected by contemporary sources. In: Wine in Austria. The History. Brandstätter Verlag, Vienna 2019, ISBN 978-3-7106-0404-1, p. 191.\nOrdinance of the Federal Minister of Agriculture and Forestry of 20 September 1978 (Federal Law Gazette No. 517/1978).\nVerbal explanation provided by Josef Weiss, Director of the Federal Institute of Viticulture and Fruit Production in Klosterneuburg for many years.\nJohann Werfring: Der Rote von der Burg. In: “Weinherbst 2013”, supplement to the “Wiener Zeitung” of 2 November 2013, p. 8.\nAktion „Abgezweigelt“ – Zweigelt soll in „Blauer Montag“ umbenannt werden. In: Niederösterreichische Nachrichten. 10 December 2018.\nMagdalena Pulz: Der Geist in der Flasche. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. 13 December 2018, p. 1 (online: Wein in Österreich –Zwielichtiger Zweigelt)." ]

[ "Zweigelt", "Wine regions", "Naming and synonyms", "Viticultural characteristics", "See also", "References" ]

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[ "", "Zweigle's headquarters in Rochester, New York" ]

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[ "Zweigles, Inc., is a food manufacturer of hot dogs, sausages, and deli products. The company is based in Rochester, New York, and was founded in 1880 by C. Wilhelm Zweigle. It is most well known for its brand of white hots.", "\"Top Food and Beverage Manufacturers in Greater Rochester, 2008\" (PDF). 2008. Rochester, New York: Rochester Business Journal. Retrieved 2010-06-12.\nZweigle's Inc. Company Profile - Yahoo! Finance Archived May 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine\nRed or White?, Washington Post, May 24, 2006", "Official website" ]

[ "Zweigle's", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360850 ]

[ 27241614 ]

[ "Zweihänders with and without Parierhaken", "1548 depiction of a Zweihänder used against pikes in the Battle of Kappel", "" ]

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[ "The Zweihänder ([t͡svaɪhɛndɐ] (listen)) (German 'two-hander'), also Doppelhänder ('double-hander'), Beidhänder ('both-hander'), Bihänder or Bidenhänder, is a large two-handed sword primarily in use during the 16th century.\nZweihänder swords developed from the longswords of the Late Middle Ages and became the hallmark weapon of the German Landsknechte from the time of Maximilian I (d. 1519) and during the Italian Wars of 1494–1559. The Goliath Fechtbuch (1510) shows an intermediate form between longsword and Zweihänder.\nThese swords represent the final stage in the trend of increasing size that started in the 14th century. In its developed form, the Zweihänder acquired the characteristics of a polearm rather than a sword due to their large size and weight and therefore increased range and striking power. Consequently, it was not carried in a sheath but across the shoulder like a halberd.\nBy the second half of the 16th century, these swords had largely ceased to have a practical application, but they continued to see ceremonial or representative use well into the 17th century. Some ceremonial zweihänder, called \"bearing-swords\" or \"parade-swords\" (Paradeschwert), were much larger and weighed about 10 pounds (4.5 kilograms).", "Due to their size and weight—typically at least 1.4 m (4 ft 7 in) long and with a mass/weight of over 2 kg (4.4 lb)—Zweihänders require two hands, as the name implies; as such they require at least 25 cm (9.8 in) for the grip. Zweihänders above 4 kg (8.8 lb) were confined to ceremonial use.\nEarly Zweihänders were simply larger versions of longswords. Later examples had Parierhaken (\"parrying hooks\") at the top of the ricasso as well as side rings on the hilt. Swords continued to be made without one or both features. Some Zweihänders had wavy blades and were called Flammenschwert.", "The weapon is mostly associated with either Swiss or German mercenaries known as Landsknechte, and their wielders were known as Doppelsöldner. However, the Swiss outlawed their use, while the Landsknechte kept using them until much later. The Black Band of German mercenaries (active during the 1510s and 1520s) included 2,000 two-handed swordsmen in a total strength of 17,000 men. Zweihänder-wielders fought with and against pike formations. Soldiers trained in the use of the sword were granted the title of Meister des langen Schwertes (lit. Master of the Long Sword) by the Mark Brotherhood.\nFrisian hero Pier Gerlofs Donia is reputed to have wielded a Zweihänder with such skill, strength and efficiency that he managed to behead several people with it in a single blow. The Zweihänder ascribed to him is, as of 2008, on display in the Fries Museum. It has a length of 213 cm (84 in) and a mass/weight of about 6.6 kg (15 lb).", "Some modern historical European martial arts groups, specifically ones focusing on the German longsword styles, use some Zweihänders with less pronounced Parierhaken for training and tournament purposes. These less pronounced parrying hooks are sometimes colloquially referred to as \"Schilden,\" or literally \"shields\" in German, as they are used to catch incoming opposing blades. These Schilden often also act as ricassos by smoothing out, and thickening, after the blade-catchers have been passed. These are specifically the Zweihänders called feders, or federn in German, and are historically training weapons; there is no concrete evidence suggesting wooden longswords were ever actually used, even for training purposes. Even today, most modern training weapons are metal, as wood does not have as much give under blade pressure as real steel, although some synthetic plastic weapons are used for cost-efficiency. Additionally, some modern adjustments to certain weapons extend the crossguards of the blades; this is in part because certain HEMA schools follow manuscripts pertaining to Kreutz attacks – i.e., attacks performed with one's crossguard, specifically, and some persons also choose to use their Zweihänders as rapiers, so a basket hilt may be designed atop this extension.", "Claymore\nGreat sword\nŌdachi", "Oakeshott, Ewart (November 2000). European Weapons and Armour: From the Renaissance to the Industrial Revolution. Boydell Press. p. 148. ISBN 9781843837206.\nClements, J. \"The Weighty Issue of Two-Handed Greatswords\". ARMA. Retrieved 11 May 2012.\nMelville, Neil H. T. (January 2000). \"The Origins of the Two-Handed Sword\". Journal of Western Martial Art.\n\"Greate Pier fan Wûnseradiel\" (in Western Frisian). Gemeente Wûnseradiel. Retrieved 4 January 2008.", "Essay by Anthony Shore (Journal of Western Martial Art)\nThe Weighty Issue of Two-Handed Greatswords, by John Clements" ]

[ "Zweihänder", "Morphology", "Application", "Modernity", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360851, 5360852, 5360853 ]

[ 27241615, 27241616, 27241617, 27241618, 27241619, 27241620, 27241621, 27241622 ]

[ "The station in 2007", "A historic coach outside the depot." ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/BOB_Zweiluetschinen_Station.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Zweil%C3%BCtschinen20070816S648_203.jpg" ]

[ "Zweilütschinen railway station (German: Bahnhof Zweilütschinen) is a railway station in the municipality of Gündlischwand in the Swiss canton of Bern. The station is on the Berner Oberland Bahn, whose trains operate services to Interlaken Ost, Grindelwald and Lauterbrunnen. It takes its name from the hamlet of Zweilütschinen, which itself is named after the nearby confluence of the White and the Black branches of the Lütschine river.\nThe depot and workshops of the Berner Oberland Bahn are located beside the station. The railway's two branches, to Grindelwald and Lauterbrunnen, diverge to the south of the station, following the valleys of the Black and White Lütschine rivers respectively. 17 March 2014 marked the 100th anniversary of the electrification of the line, an event marked with a celebration at the Bahnhof buffet.", "As of the December 2020 timetable change, the following rail services stop at Zweilütschinen:\nRegio: half-hourly service between Interlaken Ost and Lauterbrunnen or Grindelwald; trains operate combined between Interlaken Ost and Zweilütschinen.", "Eisenbahnatlas Schweiz. Cologne: Schweers + Wall. 2012. p. 82. ISBN 978-3-89494-130-7.\n\"Zonenplan\" (PDF) (in German). Libero. 13 December 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2021.\nmap.geo.admin.ch (Map). Swiss Confederation. Retrieved 2013-01-28.\n\"Interlaken - Lauterbrunnen - Wengen - Kleine Scheidegg - Jungfraujoch\" (PDF) (in German). Bundesamt für Verkehr. 9 November 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2021.", "Media related to Zweilütschinen railway station at Wikimedia Commons\nZweilütschinen station page on the Jungfraubahnen web site\nZweilütschinen railway station – SBB" ]

[ "Zweilütschinen railway station", "Services", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360854 ]

[ 27241623, 27241624 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Wappen_Zweimen.png" ]

[ "Zweimen is a village and a former municipality in the district Saalekreis, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 31 December 2009, it is part of the town Leuna." ]

[ "Zweimen" ]

[ 5360855 ]

[]

[ "Regina church (1968)", "Location in the Franekeradeel municipality", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Exterieur_aanzicht_-_Zweins_-_20228288_-_RCE.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Map_NL_Frjentsjerteradiel_Sweins.png", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/2010-NL-P02-Fryslan-positiekaart-gemnamen.jpg" ]

[ "Zweins (West Frisian: Sweins) is a village in Waadhoeke municipality in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 116 in January 2014. Before 2018, the village was part of the Franekeradeel municipality.", "The village was first mentioned in the 13the century as Sueninghe, and means \"settlement of the people of Sween (person)\". Zweins is a terp (artificial living hill) village. The Dutch Reformed church was built in 1783 as a replacement of a medieval church, and was restored in 2000.\nThe stins Kingma State was first mentioned in the early 17th century, but was of an earlier date. The van Beyma family who lived at the estate had tried several times to become grietman (predecessor of mayor/judge) in multiple places by buying votes, but failed to get elected mainly due to opposition of the stadtholder. Unable to get elected, Coert Lambertus van Beyma became a leader of the patriots in 1787. The patriots wanted to establish a democratic country, and abolished the stadtholder and noble privileges. The estate was demolished in 1864, and only a 2 hectares (4.9 acres) forest remains.\nZweins was home to 113 people in 1840. Much of the terp was excavated.", "\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021\". Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 3 April 2022.\n\"Postcodetool for 8814JV\". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 3 April 2022.\nAantal inwoners per buurt/dorp - Franekeradeel\n\"Zweins\". Plaatsengids (in Dutch). Retrieved 3 April 2022.\n\"Zweins - (geografische naam)\". Etymologiebank (in Dutch). Retrieved 3 April 2022.\n\"Zweins\". Friesland Wonderland (in Dutch). Retrieved 3 April 2022.\n\"Kingma State te Zweins\". Stinsen in Friesland (in Dutch). Retrieved 3 April 2022." ]

[ "Zweins", "History", "References" ]

[ 5360856, 5360857, 5360858 ]

[ 27241625, 27241626, 27241627, 27241628 ]

[ "The railway station with the Rinderberg in background", "", "Blankenburg Castle, seat of the Bernese administrator 1386-1798", "Ruins of the Lower Mannenberg Castle", "Seehorn Mountain and Seeberg Lake in the eastern side of the municipality", "A village in Zweisimmen", "", "", "", "Interior of the Swiss Reformed church in Zweisimmen" ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 4, 5, 5, 5, 9 ]

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[ "Zweisimmen is a municipality in the Obersimmental-Saanen administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.", "Zweisimmen is first mentioned in 1228 as Duessimenes. In 1257 it was mentioned as Zweinlixhenun.\nThe oldest trace of a settlement in the area are some scattered mesolithic artifacts from Mannenberg-Riedli. The remains of a Roman era settlement were found at Mannried.\nDuring the Middle Ages a significant trade route over the Alps to Valais and Lake Geneva passed through the Zweisimmen region. A number of farming villages probably existed in the area during the Middle Ages. In the 13th and 14th centuries, local nobles built several castles, Upper Mannenberg and Lower Mannenberg, Reichenstein-Terenstein, Blankenburg and Steinegg Castles, to protect and collect taxes from the roads. The villages and castles passed through several noble families until 1378 when the Lord of Düdingen sold the lands to Fribourg following an uprising. After the Battle of Sempach in 1386, Bern conquered the Simmen river valley (Simmental) and acquired Zweisimmen. The Bernese administrator over the upper Simmen valley was installed at Blankenburg Castle. Reichenstein-Terenstein Castle and estates were acquired by the Bubenberg family in 1456, and sold to Bern in 1493. Blankenburg village remained the political center of the Obersimmental district through the 1798 French invasion and the Act of Mediation in 1803. It remained the capital until the district was dissolved in 2009.\nThe village St. Mary's Church was probably built in the Early or High Middle Ages. It first appears in a historical record in 1228. It was rebuilt and expanded several times in the 13th to 15th centuries. The murals and stained glass date from the same period. The carved wooden ceiling was added around 1456. An ossuary was built under the church in 1481. In 1528 Bern adopted the new faith of the Protestant Reformation and spread it throughout its land. Zweisimmen, along with much of the Bernese Oberland initially resisted the new faith, but were forced to convert in the same year. The church was secularized and used for storage and meetings. In 1866 it became the Blankenburg village school.\nDuring the Middle Ages Zweisimmen grew into a local center for trade and government. In 1644 the annual fair was moved to Zweisimmen and brought cattle and cheese buyers from Italy and Germany to the municipality. In the 1750s a trade route from Thun to Montreux was built into Zweisimmen. The Simmental road was built from Saanen into the Simmen valley in 1816-45. The new road brought additional trade and eventually tourists to the municipality. A hotel was built in 1881. The completion of the Spiez-Zweisimmen-Montreux railroad in 1905 opened the villages up to many additional tourists. The hotel became a spa and resort in 1912 and included winter sports in 1920. The municipal tourism industry was devastated by the Great Depression and World War II. However, it began to recover in the 1950s with many new cable cars and ski lifts. Zweisimmen cooperated with the neighboring tourist municipalities of Gstaad, Lenk im Simmental and Adelboden to build extensive ski resorts along with an airfield.\nA regional hospital opened in 1908 and today provides a number of jobs. A federal armory operated in the village until 2002. One of the major employers in the municipality is the Center Air Defence facility of RUAG Aviation which maintains and develops air defense systems for the Swiss military.", "Zweisimmen has an area of 73 km² (28.19 sq mi). As of 2012, a total of 40.15 km² (15.50 sq mi) or 55.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while 24.64 km² (9.51 sq mi) or 33.7% is forested. The rest of the municipality is 2.48 km² (0.96 sq mi) or 3.4% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.56 km² (0.22 sq mi) or 0.8% is either rivers or lakes and 5.33 km² (2.06 sq mi) or 7.3% is unproductive land.\nDuring the same year, housing and buildings made up 1.5% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.4%. A total of 27.8% of the total land area is heavily forested and 5.3% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 12.8% is pasturage and 42.2% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water. Of the unproductive areas, 4.5% is unproductive vegetation and 2.8% is too rocky for vegetation.\nIt is formed from the smaller communities of Blankenburg, Mannried and Oeschseite. Blankenburg with its castle (Blankenburg Castle) is the principal community of Zweisimmen. It is located at the confluence of the Gross and Klein Simme rivers.\nOn 31 December 2009 Amtsbezirk Obersimmental, of which it was the capital, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Verwaltungskreis Obersimmental-Saanen.", "The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Or a Semi Bear rampant couped Sable langued Gules.", "Zweisimmen has a population (as of December 2020) of 3,032. As of 2011, 9.6% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last year (2010-2011) the population has changed at a rate of 0.9%. Migration accounted for 1.6%, while births and deaths accounted for -0.4%.\nMost of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (2,813 or 94.7%) as their first language, Albanian is the second most common (36 or 1.2%) and Serbo-Croatian is the third (35 or 1.2%). There are 29 people who speak French, 4 people who speak Italian and 1 person who speaks Romansh.\nAs of 2008, the population was 48.8% male and 51.2% female. The population was made up of 1,294 Swiss men (44.3% of the population) and 131 (4.5%) non-Swiss men. There were 1,357 Swiss women (46.4%) and 140 (4.8%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 1,139 or about 38.4% were born in Zweisimmen and lived there in 2000. There were 1,099 or 37.0% who were born in the same canton, while 359 or 12.1% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 256 or 8.6% were born outside of Switzerland.\nAs of 2011, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 18.1% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 58.1% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 23.8%.\nAs of 2000, there were 1,112 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 1,521 married individuals, 233 widows or widowers and 104 individuals who are divorced.\nAs of 2010, there were 404 households that consist of only one person and 81 households with five or more people. In 2000, a total of 1,225 apartments (63.8% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 622 apartments (32.4%) were seasonally occupied and 74 apartments (3.9%) were empty. As of 2010, the construction rate of new housing units was 16.4 new units per 1000 residents. In 2011, single family homes made up 37.5% of the total housing in the municipality.\nThe historical population is given in the following chart:", "The village church and its rectory, the ruins of Oberer Mannenberg Castle and the ruins of Unterer Mannenberg Castle are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance.", "In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 47.7% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) (18%), the Social Democratic Party (SP) (10.2%) and the FDP.The Liberals (7.6%). In the federal election, a total of 1,269 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 55.5%.", "As of  2011, Zweisimmen had an unemployment rate of 1.12%. As of 2008, there were a total of 1,558 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 255 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 102 businesses involved in this sector. 262 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 36 businesses in this sector. 1,041 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 132 businesses in this sector. There were 1,530 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 43.9% of the workforce.\nIn 2008 there were a total of 1,227 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 168, of which 161 were in agriculture, 6 were in forestry or lumber production and 1 was in fishing or fisheries. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 244 of which 121 or (49.6%) were in manufacturing, 1 was in mining and 111 (45.5%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 815. In the tertiary sector; 190 or 23.3% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 136 or 16.7% were in the movement and storage of goods, 89 or 10.9% were in a hotel or restaurant, 37 or 4.5% were the insurance or financial industry, 43 or 5.3% were technical professionals or scientists, 23 or 2.8% were in education and 219 or 26.9% were in health care.\nIn 2000, there were 466 workers who commuted into the municipality and 420 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 1.1 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. A total of 1,110 workers (70.4% of the 1,576 total workers in the municipality) both lived and worked in Zweisimmen. Of the working population, 8.3% used public transportation to get to work, and 47.3% used a private car.\nIn 2011 the average local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident, with two children, of Zweisimmen making 150,000 CHF was 13.1%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 19.3%. For comparison, the average rate for the entire canton in the same year, was 14.2% and 22.0%, while the nationwide average was 12.3% and 21.1% respectively.\nIn 2009 there were a total of 1,295 tax payers in the municipality. Of that total, 334 made over 75,000 CHF per year. There were 17 people who made between 15,000 and 20,000 per year. The greatest number of workers, 373, made between 50,000 and 75,000 CHF per year. The average income of the over 75,000 CHF group in Zweisimmen was 116,602 CHF, while the average across all of Switzerland was 130,478 CHF.\nIn 2011 a total of 1.5% of the population received direct financial assistance from the government.", "Zweisimmen is the location of a railway gauge changer kit, made by Prose AG. \nIt is at the junction of the narrow gauge MOB and standard gauge BLS railways.", "From the 2000 census, 2,354 or 79.3% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 263 or 8.9% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 32 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.08% of the population), there were 6 individuals (or about 0.20% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 105 individuals (or about 3.54% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 2 individuals (or about 0.07% of the population) who were Jewish, and 35 (or about 1.18% of the population) who were Muslim. There was 1 person who was Buddhist, 1 person who was Hindu and 1 individual who belonged to another church. 69 (or about 2.32% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 101 individuals (or about 3.40% of the population) did not answer the question.", "Between 1981 and 2010 Zweisimmen had an average of 139.4 days of rain or snow per year and on average received 1,352 mm (53.2 in) of precipitation. The wettest month was July during which time Zweisimmen received an average of 153 mm (6.0 in) of rain or snow. During this month there was precipitation for an average of 13.1 days. The month with the most days of precipitation was June, with an average of 14.3, but with only 140 mm (5.5 in) of rain or snow. The driest month of the year was April with an average of 88 mm (3.5 in) of precipitation over 11.3 days.", "In Zweisimmen about 56.9% of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 11.9% have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 236 who had completed some form of tertiary schooling listed in the census, 62.7% were Swiss men, 23.3% were Swiss women, 6.4% were non-Swiss men and 7.6% were non-Swiss women.\nThe Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.\nDuring the 2011-12 school year, there were a total of 307 students attending classes in Zweisimmen. There were 2 kindergarten classes with a total of 44 students in the municipality. Of the kindergarten students, 13.6% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 18.2% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality had 8 primary classes and 139 students. Of the primary students, 5.0% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 3.6% have a different mother language than the classroom language. During the same year, there were 6 lower secondary classes with a total of 124 students. There were 7.3% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 1.6% have a different mother language than the classroom language.\nAs of  2000, there were a total of 385 students attending any school in the municipality. Of those, 322 both lived and attended school in the municipality, while 63 students came from another municipality. During the same year, 34 residents attended schools outside the municipality.\nZweisimmen is home to the Schul- und Gemeindebibliothek Zweisimmen (municipal library of Zweisimmen). The library has (as of 2008) 9,805 books or other media, and loaned out 32,361 items in the same year. It was open a total of 312 days with average of 12 hours per week during that year.", "\"Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen\". Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 13 January 2019.\n\"Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeitskategorie Geschlecht und Gemeinde; Provisorische Jahresergebnisse; 2018\". Federal Statistical Office. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019.\nZweisimmen in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.\nArealstatistik Standard - Gemeindedaten nach 4 Hauptbereichen\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office-Land Use Statistics 2009 data (in German) accessed 25 March 2010\nNomenklaturen – Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz Archived 2015-11-13 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 4 April 2011\nFlags of the World.com accessed 5 March 2014\n\"Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit\". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office Archived January 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine accessed 5 March 2014\nSTAT-TAB Datenwürfel für Thema 40.3 - 2000 Archived April 9, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 2 February 2011\nStatistical office of the Canton of Bern (in German) accessed 4 January 2012\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office - Haushaltsgrösse Archived October 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 8 May 2013\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB - Datenwürfel für Thema 09.2 - Gebäude und Wohnungen Archived September 7, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 28 January 2011\nStatistischer Atlas der Schweiz - Anteil Einfamilienhäuser am gesamten Gebäudebestand, 2011 accessed 17 June 2013\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Bevölkerungsentwicklung nach Region, 1850-2000 Archived September 30, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 29 January 2011\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office - Ständige Wohnbevölkerung in Privathaushalten nach Gemeinde und Haushaltsgrösse Archived July 18, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 12 August 2013\n\"Kantonsliste A-Objekte\". KGS Inventar (in German). Federal Office of Civil Protection. 2009. Archived from the original on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2011.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office 2011 Election Archived November 14, 2013, at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 8 May 2012\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Betriebszählung: Arbeitsstätten nach Gemeinde und NOGA 2008 (Abschnitte), Sektoren 1-3 Archived December 25, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 28 January 2011\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office - Statweb (in German) accessed 24 June 2010\nStatistischer Atlas der Schweiz - Steuerbelastung, 2011 Politische Gemeinden (in German) accessed 15 May 2013\nSwiss Federal Tax Administration - Grafische Darstellung der Steuerbelastung 2011 in den Kantonen (in German and French) accessed 17 June 2013\nFederal Tax Administration Report Direkte Bundessteuer - Natürliche Personen - Gemeinden - Steuerjahr 2009 Archived October 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (in German and French) accessed 15 May 2013\nStatistischer Atlas der Schweiz - Bezüger/-innen von Sozialhilfeleistungen (Sozialhilfeempfänger/-innen), 2011 accessed 18 June 2013\nGC EV09 kit \n\"Norm Values Tables, 1981-2010\" (in German, French, and Italian). Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology - MeteoSwiss. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2013., the Zweisimmen weather station elevation is 940 meters above sea level.\nEDK/CDIP/IDES (2010). Kantonale Schulstrukturen in der Schweiz und im Fürstentum Liechtenstein / Structures Scolaires Cantonales en Suisse et Dans la Principauté du Liechtenstein (PDF) (Report). Retrieved 24 June 2010.\nSchuljahr 2011/12 pdf document(in German) accessed 9 May 2013\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office, list of libraries Archived 2015-07-06 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 14 May 2010" ]

[ "Zweisimmen", "History", "Geography", "Coat of arms", "Demographics", "Heritage sites of national significance", "Politics", "Economy", "Transport", "Religion", "Climate", "Education", "References" ]

[ 5360859, 5360860, 5360861, 5360862, 5360863, 5360864, 5360865, 5360866, 5360867 ]

[ 27241629, 27241630, 27241631, 27241632, 27241633, 27241634, 27241635, 27241636, 27241637, 27241638, 27241639, 27241640, 27241641, 27241642, 27241643, 27241644, 27241645, 27241646, 27241647, 27241648, 27241649, 27241650, 27241651, 27241652, 27241653, 27241654, 27241655, 27241656, 27241657, 27241658, 27241659, 27241660, 27241661, 27241662, 27241663, 27241664, 27241665, 27241666, 27241667, 27241668, 27241669 ]

[ "The station building in 2014", "" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Bahnhof_Zweisimmen_BLS_-_MOB.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Reliefkarte_Bern_blank.png" ]

[ "Zweisimmen railway station (German: Bahnhof Zweisimmen) is a railway station in the municipality of Zweisimmen, in the Swiss canton of Bern. It is the terminus of the standard gauge Spiez–Zweisimmen line and an intermediate stop on the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) Montreux–Lenk im Simmental line. The station is across the street from the valley station of the gondola to the top of the Rinderberg.", "The following services stop at Zweisimmen:\nPanorama Express/Regio: hourly or better service to Montreux.\nRegioExpress: eight trains per day to Spiez, with four trains continuing from Spiez to Interlaken Ost.\nRegio:\nhourly service to Bern.\nhourly service to Lenk im Simmental.", "Eisenbahnatlas Schweiz. Cologne: Schweers + Wall. 2012. p. 31. ISBN 978-3-89494-130-7.\n\"Boltigen - Zweisimmen (Linie 270)\" (PDF) (in German). Bundesamt für Verkehr. 30 October 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2020.\n\"Zonenplan\" (PDF) (in German). Libero. 15 December 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2020.\n\"Montreux - Château-d'Oex - Gstaad - Zweisimmen - Lenk im Simmental\" (PDF). Bundesamt für Verkehr. 3 October 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2020.\n\"Spiez - Zweisimmen\" (PDF). Bundesamt für Verkehr. 21 October 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2020.", "Media related to Zweisimmen railway station at Wikimedia Commons\nZweisimmen railway station – SBB" ]

[ "Zweisimmen railway station", "Services", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360868 ]

[ 27241670, 27241671, 27241672 ]

[ "View of Zweitina", "", "" ]

[ 0, 3, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Zweitina.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Humus_Valili%C4%9Fi.PNG", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Homs_blank_districts.png" ]

[ "Zweitina or Zuwaytinah (Arabic: زُويتينة / ALA-LC: Zūwaytīnah) is a small Greek Orthodox Christian village located in Western Syria close to the Lebanese borders and administratively belonging to the Homs Governorate. Its location in the midst of a coniferous mountain makes it a popular and favored summer destination. Its altitude ranges between 400 and 450 meters. It is situated in the area known as Wadi al-Nasara ('valley of the Christians'). Nearby localities include Marmarita to the north, al-Huwash to the east, al-Huwash to the east, al-Husn to the southeast, al-Zarah to the south, Naarah and Tell Hawsh to the southwest, al-Mitras to the west and al-Bariqiyah to the northwest.\nZweitina is perhaps most famous for its al-Fawwar spring (Arabic: نبع الفوار), which is named so because it flows sporadically; this spring was called Sabte during the reign of the Roman emperor Titus in Syria. The village is also very close to the Krac des Chevaliers, or Qal'at al-Ḥiṣn. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CNS), Zweitina had a population of 697 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Christians. The village has a Greek Orthodox Church and a Greek Catholic Church.", "The name Zweitina is derived from the word zeitoun which is Arabic for olive. Zweitina is Arabic for a single olive fruit. Olive trees dominate the forests of Zweitina and are considered the most important crops in the village which produces large amounts of olive product, thus justifying the name.\nOthers argue that the name was derived from the Aramaic language and means \"the land where silkworms grow\" and refers to the silkworms which live and grow on berry trees found in the village's forests.", "Zweitina has a fixed population during most of the year, but reaching approximately 5,000 inhabitants in summer. It is a village where Christianity dominates. Almost 75% of the original population live outside the village. The US state of Pennsylvania, is home to the largest diaspora of immigrants from the village, approximately 500 families. Zweitina is situated very close to the neighboring village of Marmarita, another Christian village.", "René Dussaud. TOPOGRAPHIE HISTORIQUE DE LA SYRIE ANTIQUE ET MÉDIÉVALE.\n\"Information\" (in Arabic). Marmarita. Retrieved 2006-11-29.\n\"الموسوعة المسيحية العربية الإلكترونية\".\n\"الموسوعة المسيحية العربية الإلكترونية\".\n\"Immigrants in USA\" (in Arabic). Marmarita. Retrieved 2006-11-29." ]

[ "Zweitina", "Etymology", "Demographics", "References" ]

[ 5360869, 5360870 ]

[ 27241673, 27241674, 27241675 ]

[ "Zweizz live 2007" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Zweizz_live.jpg" ]

[ "Zweizz is the primary performing alias of Norwegian musician and composer Svein Egil Hatlevik (born May 27, 1977).", "Hatlevik started using the Zweizz alias in 2003 after leaving the Norwegian black metal group Dødheimsgard. According to Hatlevik, Zweizz should be considered a one-man band, not a solo project. Hatlevik defines the musical style of Zweizz as a mixture of IDM, noise, electroacoustic music and black metal.\nHatlevik also uses the pseudonym Zweizz in other bands which he is also a member of, such as Umoral and Pronounced \"Sex\". As a member of Dødheimsgard he used the aliases \"Hologram\" and \"Magic/Logic\".\nThe first Zweizz release was the 7\" EP Black Necrotic Obfuscation, issued through Vendlus Records in 2004. On March 24, 2007 Zweizz released his debut album The Yawn of the New Age, also through Vendlus Records. Later the same year Epicene Sound Systems released an untitled Zweizz cassette EP in a limited quantity of 30 copies. Side B of this release is built entirely from recordings of the Soviet ANS synthesizer.\nIn 2011, the Norwegian record company Jester Records released the album Zweizz & Joey Hopkins that Hatlevik had been making with the late US composer and musician Joey Hopkins before the death of the latter in 2008.\nHatlevik is also a founding member of the avant-garde metal group Fleurety.", "", "Black Necrotic Obfuscation (EP, Vendlus Records) – (2004)\nThe Yawn of the New Age (Full length, Vendlus Records) – (2007)\nUntitled (Cassette, Epicene Sound Systems) – (2007)", "Kringsatt av fiender (Split with RU-486, Cassette, Destructive Industries) – (2009)", "\"Shiva Gives Me a Hand Whenever I Need One, Then I Fuck the Bitch\" on an untitled EP in cooperation with Winters in Osaka (2008)\nZweizz & Joey Hopkins (Full length, Jester Records) – (2011)", "\"Cynic\" and \"Whore\" on Demo I by Dementia Absurda (2007)\n\"Satyr's Birth\" on the EP Red Tooth, Red Claw by Winters in Osaka (2008)\n\"The Shift\" on the album Zoom Code by ThanatoSchizO (2008).\n\"He Came as Swarms\" on the album The Silver Hour by Swarms (2008).\n\"Swarming Locusts\" and \"Submission to Falsities\" on the album Syndicate of Lethargy by Execration (2008).", "\"Kledt i nattens farget\" from the tribute album My Own Wolf: A New Approach (2007)\n\"There Is Need – The Extreme Zweizz Fuckover\" featured on the remix album The Circular Drain by Solefald (2008).", "Satanic Art (Mini CD) (1998)\n666 International (1999)", "Black Snow (Demo) – (1993)\nA Darker Shade of Evil (EP) – (1994)\nMin Tid Skal Komme (Full length) – (1995)\nLast-Minute Lies (EP) – (1999)\nDepartment of Apocalyptic Affairs – (2000)\nMin Tid Skal Komme (Reissue) – (2003)\nIngentes Atque Decorii Vexilliferi Apokalypsis – (2009)\nEvoco Bestias – (2010)\nEt Spiritus Meus Semper Sub Sanguinantibus Stellis Habitabit – (2013)\nFragmenta Cuinsvis Aetatis Contemporaneae – (2017)\nThe White Death – (2017)", "XXX (Interregnum Records) – (2008)", "Stagnant Waters (Adversum) – (2012)", "Black Pizza (Handmade Records) - (2016)", "Untitled (EP, Vendlus Records) – (2007)", "Svein Egil Hatlevik – Computer, Vocals (Fleurety, Umoral, Pronounced \"Sex\", ex-Dødheimsgard)", "Sharpe-Young, Garry. \"Zweizz\". MusicMight. Archived from the original on July 19, 2009. Retrieved May 23, 2010.\nepicenesound.com Archived November 15, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 26, 2008.", "Vendlus Records \nZweizz official homepage (Currently redirects to MySpace)\nInterview 2007 \nInterview 2007 \nZweizz on Allmusic.com" ]

[ "Zweizz", "History", "Discography", "As Zweizz", "Split releases", "Cooperation projects", "Guest appearances", "Remixes", "With Dødheimsgard", "With Fleurety", "With Pronounced \"Sex\"", "With Stagnant Waters", "With Succuba", "With Umoral", "Line-up", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360871 ]

[ 27241676, 27241677, 27241678, 27241679, 27241680, 27241681, 27241682 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Zweli_Mkhize_Willowfontein_and_Muzi_Thusi_School_visit.jpg" ]

[ "Zwelini Lawrence Mkhize (born 2 February 1956) is a South African doctor, legislator and politician who served as the Minister of Health from May 2019 until his resignation on Thursday 5 August 2021. In this role, he was prominent in South Africa's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. He previously served as the Minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs from 2018 to 2019. He was the 5th Premier of KwaZulu-Natal from 2009 to 2013. Mkhize is a member of the African National Congress and was the party's Treasurer-General between 2012 and 2017.", "Zwelini Mkhize was born on 2 February 1956 in Willowfontein, Pietermaritzburg. \nHe is the fifth child in a family of seven children. He completed his degree in medicine at the University of Natal at the age of 26. He completed his internship at the McCord Hospital in 1983. Mkhize found employment at the Edendale Hospital in Pietermaritzburg the following year. He was forced into exile in Swaziland but later settled in Zimbabwe. He returned to South Africa in 1991 and soon worked for the Themba Hospital in the former Eastern Transvaal.", "Upon his return to South Africa in 1991, Mkhize began serving the African National Congress as a member of its national health secretariat.", "After the 1994 election, Mkhize was appointed as the KwaZulu-Natal MEC for health in 1994. He held the post for a decade, consequently becoming longest-serving health MEC in the country.\nIn 2004, Mkhize was appointed the MEC for Finance and Economic Development in KwaZulu-Natal, whilst serving as the chairperson of the ANC's National Education and Health subcommittee.\nHe was chosen on 30 April 2009 to be the ANC candidate for Premier of KwaZulu-Natal. The provincial legislature elected him on 6 May after he defeated the DA's John Steenhuisen for the post. Mkhize received 68 votes compared to Steenhuisen's 7.\nHe was elected the provincial chairperson of the ANC in KwaZulu-Natal in 2008. He was re-elected to a second term as chair in 2012.\nHe served as the chancellor of the University of KwaZulu-Natal since 2009 until 2017.", "Mkhize was elected as Treasurer General of ANC at the party's 53rd National Conference in December 2012. This post required the officeholder to work out of \"Luthuli House,\" the ANC Headquarters as stated in the ANC Constitution 12.11 \"Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Secretary-General, the Deputy Secretary-General and the Treasurer General shall be full-time functionaries of the ANC.\"\nOn 22 August 2013 Zweli Mkhize stepped down as Premier of KwaZulu-Natal stating, \"After considering the workload associated with my two responsibilities, I have come to the conclusion that I need to spend more time fulfilling my responsibilities as the treasurer-general of the African National Congress.\" Mkhize would be based at ANC headquarters Luthuli House in Johannesburg full-time as from 1 September.\nOn 18 December 2017, ANC Gauteng secretary Paul Mashatile was elected the new Treasurer General of the African National Congress at the 54th National conference.", "On 27 February 2018, Mkhize became the new minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs, succeeding Des van Rooyen. He assumed the post of Health minister on 30 May 2019.", "In September 2017, Zweli Mkhize announced that he will accept the nomination to be the next President of the African National Congress at their December conference.\nHe is known to play a unifying role in the party and has been vocal against factionalism in the ANC. Mkhize was not on the final ballot for the ANC Presidency and declined to stand for the Deputy Presidency. \nIn June 2022, Mkhize announced he would seek the ANC Presidency for a second time.", "Since the first case in South Africa was detected in March 2020, Mkhize has provided leadership over the country's response to the COVID-19 pandemic.", "On 23 May 2021, Daily Maverick reported that communications company Digital Vibes, a firm headed by Tahera Mather, a friend of Mkhize, and Naadhira Mitha, Mkhize's former personal assistant, received a tender worth R150 million through a closed tender process in 2019 to provide communications services for the national government's National Health Insurance rollout and later the COVID-19 pandemic. R90 million of the R150 million was allegedly channelled to organisations set up by Mather and Mitha, to personal bank accounts and businesses of Mather's family, and to other third parties. Only R40 million was paid to legitimate service providers, while the last R20 million is reportedly unaccounted for.\nMather and Mitha had worked on Mkhize's campaign for ANC president in 2017 and Mkhize is reported to have had a key role in Digital Vibes' alleged scheme. Digital Vibes charged the national health department millions of rands to coordinate Mkhize's press briefings, media interviews and other events during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to set up Mkhize's official announcement that South Africa had entered the second wave of COVID-19 infections in December 2020. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, Digital Vibes reportedly charged the health department for NHI-projects at overinflated prices. Daily Maverick had reported in February 2021 that Digital Vibes had received R82 million, but this figure excluded payments that were made for Digital Vibes' work on the NHI and other transfers.\nMkhize distanced himself from the allegations and denied having a conflict of interest. The acting Minister in the Presidency, Khumbudzo Ntshavheni, said that the Special Investigative Unit (SIU) had been instructed to investigate allegations. On 28 May, Daily Maverick reported that Digital Vibes had allegedly paid for maintenance work at a property owned by Mkhize's family trust and gave R300,000 to a business owned by Mkhize's son, Dedani.\nOn 1 June 2021, Daily Maverick reported that Digital Vibes had allegedly bought a second-hand Toyota Land Cruiser for Mkhize's son, Dedani.\nOn 9 June 2021, President Cyril Ramaphosa put Zweli Mkhize on special leave, after allegations that his ministry improperly awarded contracts related to the fight against the coronavirus to a communications company controlled by his former associates.\nOn 29 July 2021, the Special Investigative Unit's report was released and it was revealed that Mkhize's son Dedani had allegedly received \"boxes of cash\" from a key figure in the corruption scandal. Dedani met with Radha Hariram, the director of Digital Vibes, at a petrol station in Stanger in KwaZulu-Natal, where he allegedly received money from the contract. The SIU accused Mkhize of improper conduct for his role and wants to reclaim about R3,8 million from Dedani. The SIU argued that the contract was unlawfully awarded and the unit is now seeking that it be reviewed and set aside by a court. The SIU also seeks to reclaim R150-million from multiple recipients of the alleged looting scheme.\nMkhize resigned as minister of health on 5 August 2021.", "\"Zweli Lawrence Mkhize, Dr\". gov.za. Retrieved 16 April 2020.\nSingh, Kaveel. \"'It has been a rough journey' – Health Minister Zweli Mkhize reflects on a year of Covid-19\". News24. Retrieved 2 June 2021.\n\"MEC: Dr Z L Mkhize\". KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Treasury. Retrieved 1 May 2009.\n\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017.\nIndependent Newspapers Online. \"McCord Hospital handed over\". Independent Online.\n\"Mkhize the man to watch as stalwarts in the ANC age\". Business Day Live.\n\"Total Exposure -\".\n\"Government Leaders | South African Government\".\n\"Mkhize takes the reins in KZN\". IOL news. 6 May 2009. Retrieved 19 April 2020.\n\"SABC News.com - Mkhize re-elected as ANC chair in KZN:Saturday 12 May 2012\". www.sabc.co.za. Archived from the original on 7 June 2013.\ndu Plessis, Carien (30 April 2009). \"ANC announces its premier candidates\". IOL. Retrieved 1 May 2009.\n\"African National Congress\".\n\"African National Congress\".\n\"News 24\". Zweli Mkhize resigns as KZN premier. 22 August 2013.\n\"Zweli Mkhize resigns as KZN premier\". News 24. News 24. 22 August 2013.\n\"Paul Mashatile gets set to leave Gauteng after being named ANC treasurer-general\".\n\"IN FULL l Ramaphosa hires and fires - read his Cabinet reshuffle speech\". TimesLIVE. 26 February 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2020.\nPilane, Pontsho (29 May 2019). \"Ramaphosa announces Zweli Mkhize as the next health minister\". health-e.org.za. Retrieved 19 April 2020.\n\"Zweli Mkhize ready to run for ANC president\".\n\"'It's time to forge unity in the ANC'\".\n\"Zweli Mkhize says he's ready to stand as ANC president\".\nMyburgh, Pieter-Louis (23 May 2021). \"Exposed: DoH's R150m Digital Vibes scandal – Zweli Mkhize associates charged millions for Covid-19 media briefings\". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 5 June 2021.\nBhengu, Cebelihle (28 May 2021). \"Zweli Mkhize and Digital Vibes: five things you need to know about the scandal\". TimesLIVE. Retrieved 5 June 2021.\nMyburgh, Pieter-Louis (28 May 2021). \"Exposed: Digital Vibes bankrolled maintenance work at Zweli Mkhize property; R300k paid to minister's son\". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 5 June 2021.\nMyburgh, Pieter-Louis (1 June 2021). \"Exposed: Digital Vibes bought a Land Cruiser bakkie for Health Minister Zweli Mkhize's son\". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 5 June 2021.\nDavid McKenzie and Schams Elwazer. \"South African health minister placed \"on special leave\" pending investigation into awarding of contracts\". CNN. Retrieved 9 June 2021.\nMkentane, Luyolo (29 July 2021). \"SIU makes damning finding against Zweli Mkhize in Digital Vibes contract probe\". BusinessDay. Retrieved 1 August 2021.\nMyburgh, Pieter-Louis (31 July 2021). \"Zweli Mkhize's son collected bags of Digital Vibes cash\". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 1 August 2021.\nTandwa, Lizeka (5 August 2021). \"Mkhize tenders resignation as Ramaphosa calls top six meeting, fueling cabinet reshuffle speculation\". Mail & Guardian. Retrieved 5 August 2021." ]

[ "Zweli Mkhize", "Early life", "Political career", "KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Government", "Treasurer General of the ANC", "National government", "Presidential aspirations", "COVID-19 pandemic", "Digital Vibes scandal and resignation", "References" ]

[ 5360872 ]

[ 27241683, 27241684, 27241685, 27241686, 27241687, 27241688, 27241689, 27241690, 27241691, 27241692, 27241693, 27241694, 27241695, 27241696, 27241697, 27241698, 27241699, 27241700, 27241701, 27241702, 27241703, 27241704 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Zwemer_Hall.jpg" ]

[ "Zwemer Hall, is a historic building located on the campus of Northwestern College in Orange City, Iowa, United States. It was built in 1894 to house what was then called the Northwestern Classical Academy. Mankato architect George Pass, Sr. was responsible for designing the Romanesque Revival building. It is named after the Rev. James F. Zwemer, a Reformed Church in America clergyman, professor and college administrator. The 2½-story brick structure is built on a raised limestone basement. The building measures 68 by 72 feet (21 by 22 m) and the tower on the north side rises 90 feet (27 m). While utilized for a variety of academic purposes over the years, it is now used as the college's administration building. Zwemer Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, and extensively renovated in 1995.", "\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.\nAlfred E. Drake. \"Zwemer Hall, Northwestern College\" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-01-27.\n\"Zwemer Hall\". Council of Independent Colleges. Retrieved 2016-01-27." ]

[ "Zwemer Hall, Northwestern College", "References" ]

[ 5360873 ]

[ 27241705 ]

[ "Aerial view", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 7, 7, 7, 7 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Zwenkau_1.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Wasserturm_Zwenkau_03.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Lebenswelt_Grundschule_in_D%C3%B6hlen_%28Zwenkau%29_2014.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/ZwenkauBf1.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Rathaus_Zwenkau_01.JPG" ]

[ "Zwenkau is a town in the district of Leipzig, in Saxony, Germany. Situated between the White Elster and Pleiße rivers, it nestles in the Leipzig Bay and includes parts of the conservation area Elsteraue and Central Germany's Street of Lignite. It is situated within the Central German Metropolitan Region.", "The town lies about 15 km south of Leipzig and 3 km northwest of the industrial site Böhlen / Lippendorf with its landmark, Lippendorf Power Station. A former open-cast mine extending from the northeast of Zwenkau to its northwest was set on September 30, 1999 and is currently being rehabilitated and converted to Lake Zwenkau. Several smaller towns and hamlets belong to Zwenkau, being\nthe suburbs Kötzschbar, Imnitz and Löbschütz\nthe rural towns Großdalzig, Mausitz, Kleindalzig, Tellschütz, and Zitzschen (since October 1, 1993)\nthe town Rüssen-Kleinstorkwitz and its hamlet Döhlen (since October 1, 1996)\nThe rural areas of the historic town Eythra and parts of Bösdorf, both abandoned in favor of lignite deposits in the 1980s, are also administered by the town of Zwenkau and bordered in the west.", "", "Prehistoric colonization in the area of Zwenkau was affirmed by archaeological finds dated around 6000 BC.\nZwenkau is one of the oldest cities in what is now Saxony. As a Slavic settlement, the earliest documentary mention known is in 974 where it is described as Civitas in Gau Chutizi.\n[...]\nIn 1929 the towns Imnitz and Kotzschbar which immediately connected to the south of Zwenkau's urban area were amalgamated.", "In the shadow of Leipzig's development Zwenkau grew slowly. In 1748 almost 90 households were counted, this is equivalent to 450 to 500 inhabitants. After the Seven Years' War the town experienced a commercial boom and the population increased fivefold in less than one-hundred years. So before industrialization in Europe started, 2419 residents were counted in 1834. In the first half of the 20th century Zwenkau developed quickly due to the lignite mining industry and dependent business. From 1950 to 1990 the town lost forty percent of its residents. Since then the population increased mainly as a result of amalgamation of nearby rural towns and hamlets.", "The elections in May 2014 showed the following results:\nCDU: 9 Seats\nFreie Wählergemeinschaft „Gemeinsam für Zwenkau“ e. V. (GfZ) (Together for Zwenkau): 5 Seats\nSPD: 2 Seats\nThe Left: 2 Seats", "Adolf Ferdinand Weinhold (1841-1917), professor for physics in Chemnitz, pioneer of the electrification of Saxony and (co-) inventor of the Dewar vessel, from which the principle of the Vacuum flask derives\nFrank Baum (born 1956,) GDR football national player and winner of a silver medal at the 1980 Olympic Games\nUwe Zötzsche (born 1960), GDR football national player and finalist in the UEFA Cup final in Athens 1987\nRüdiger Selig (born 1989), cyclist", "", "Bürgermeisterwahlen 2015, Freistaat Sachsen, accessed 12 July 2021.\n\"Bevölkerung des Freistaates Sachsen nach Gemeinden am 31. Dezember 2020\". Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen (in German). June 2021. \n\"Digital Historic Directory of Locations in Saxony\". Retrieved 12 August 2008.", "Official website (in German)" ]

[ "Zwenkau", "Geography", "History", "Pre-industrial period", "Demography", "Local council", "Sons and daughters of the city", "Pictures", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360874, 5360875, 5360876 ]

[ 27241706, 27241707, 27241708, 27241709, 27241710, 27241711, 27241712 ]

[ "Zwenkauer See (2015)" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Zwenkauer_See%2C_1902271405%2C_ako-2.jpg" ]

[ "The Zwenkauer See (German: Lake Zwenkau) is the largest lake in the Neuseenland situated 12 km south of Leipzig. It is on the site of a former lignite open cast mine.", "Media related to Zwenkauer See at Wikimedia Commons\nLake facts overview (German)" ]

[ "Zwenkauer See", "External links" ]

[ 5360877 ]

[ 27241713 ]

[ "Nuclear power station at Zwentendorf", "", "Limes Norici" ]

[ 0, 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Zwentendorf_-_Kraftwerk_%282%29.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/AUT_Zwentendorf_an_der_Donau_COA.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Limes3.png" ]

[ "Zwentendorf an der Donau is a small market municipality in the Austrian state of Lower Austria. It is located at 48°21′N 15°54′E, in the Tulln Basin on the southern bank of the Danube. The place attained public attention as the site of the only Austrian nuclear power station, which was completed but never went into operation. In a referendum on 5 November 1978, a narrow majority of 50.5% voted against putting the Zwentendorf nuclear plant into operation.", "", "Near Zwentendorf was from 1 to the 5th century a.d. a Roman fort (Asturis). It was a part from Limes Norici of the Roman province Noricum.", "Anti-nuclear movement in Austria\nFreda Meissner-Blau\nHildegard Breiner\nZwentendorf Nuclear Power Plant", "\"Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 10 March 2019.\n\"Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 9 March 2019.\nZwentendorf, a Nuclear Plant That Will Never Be Turned on Archived May 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine", "Google Maps: HVDC-back-to-back station" ]

[ "Zwentendorf", "Population", "History", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360878, 5360879 ]

[ 27241714, 27241715 ]

[ "The Zwentendorf Nuclear Power Plant", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Zwentendorf_-_Kraftwerk_%281%29.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Save_The_World_Awards_2009_show15_-_Zwentendorf.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/AKW_Zwentendorf_inside_1.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/AKW_Zwentendorf_inside_2.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/AKW_Zwentendorf_inside_3.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/AKW_Zwentendorf_inside_4.jpg" ]

[ "The Zwentendorf Nuclear Power Plant was the first commercial nuclear plant for electric power generation built in Austria, of 3 nuclear plants originally envisioned. Construction of the plant at Zwentendorf, Austria was finished but the plant never entered service. The start-up of the Zwentendorf plant, as well as the construction of the other 2 plants, was prevented by a referendum on 5 November 1978, in which a narrow majority of 50.47% voted against the start-up.\nConstruction of the plant began in April 1972, as a boiling-water reactor rated at 692 megawatts electric power output. It was built by a joint venture of several Austrian electric power companies. The initial cost of the plant was around 5.2 billion Austrian schilling, approximately 1.4 billion Euro adjusted for inflation. The ventilation stack chimney of the plant is 110 metres tall. Since the plebiscite, the plant has been partially deconstructed. The Dürnrohr Power Station was built nearby as a replacement thermal power station.\nFollowing the 1978 referendum, no commercial nuclear power plant (built for the purpose of producing electricity) ever went into operation in Austria. In 1978, Austria enacted a law prohibiting the construction and operation of fission reactors for electrical power generation, hence the plant nowadays is used for research purposes. Three small nuclear reactors for scientific purposes were built in the 1960s, and only one of these plants is still being operated.", "The plant was purchased by Austrian energy company EVN Group in 2005; it is used as a security training centre and leased for filming, photography, and other events.\nA Solar Power Plant has been constructed on the premises, which went into operation on June 25, 2009. After completion, 1000 solar panels on the site provided approximately 180 MWh of electricity per year. In comparison, the nuclear power plant could theoretically have produced up to 5,455,728 MWh of electricity per year (assuming a 90% capacity factor).\nIn association with the Technical University Vienna, a research center (the Photovoltaik-Forschungszentrum Zwentendorf) was founded at the site. The research center is equipped with a 190 kW photovoltaic system consisting of two modules with solar tracking assemblies.\nThe plant is used for operator training by Kraftwerksschule e.V. The current operator of the plant also allows visits to the complex.", "The Zwentendorf Nuclear Power Plant has been leased out over the years as a film location for films including Grand Central, Tag der Wahrheit, and Restrisiko", "", "Anti-nuclear movement in Austria\nFreda Meissner-Blau\nFrieda Berryhill\nNuclear power phase-out", "Austria's no to nuclear power Peter Weish\nAustria‘s Anti-Nuclear Crusade Euro Nuclear\n\"Nuclear Power Reactor Details - Zwentendorf\". International Atomic Energy Agency. 1971. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2022.\nZwentendorf atomic power plant Archived July 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine AKW Zwentendorf\nGeneral Atomics TRIGA Mark-II Archived January 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Scientific reactor operated by the Technical University Vienna\n\"Snakes on a plant\". World Nuclear News. 10 July 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2013.\n\"The nuclear power plant Zwentendorf - A unique location for television, film, and photography\". EVN AG & PRIMA VISTA Media & Consulting GmbH. 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2016.\n\"Filming Location Matching \"Zwentendorf, Austria\"\". IMDb. Retrieved 12 April 2020.", "Nuclear power plant Zwentendorf website\nVirtual 3D tour through the plant, Foto360.at\nReact!Reactor! Martin Küchen at NPP - saxophone play in the power plant, 10th Oct 2013, YouTube video" ]

[ "Zwentendorf Nuclear Power Plant", "Current use", "Use in film", "Gallery", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360880, 5360881, 5360882, 5360883, 5360884, 5360885 ]

[ 27241716, 27241717, 27241718, 27241719, 27241720 ]

[ "Zwentibold dux Lotharingiae, from the Chronicon Universale, a 12th-century manuscript by Ekkehard of Aura", "Zwentibold fountain in Münstereifel", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 3, 9, 9, 9, 9 ]

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[ "Zwentibold (Zventibold, Zwentibald, Swentiboldo, Sventibaldo, Sanderbald; c. 870 – 13 August 900), a member of the Carolingian dynasty, was the illegitimate son of Emperor Arnulf. In 895, his father, then king of East Francia, granted him the Kingdom of Lotharingia, which he ruled until his death.", "", "Zwentibold was born during the long reign of his great-grandfather, King Louis the German in East Francia. He was the first-born, yet illegitimate, son of Arnulf of Carinthia (d. 899) and his concubine Vinburga. Zwentibold's father himself was an illegitimate son of Carloman of Bavaria, the eldest son of King Louis. After the king's death in 876, Carloman ruled over the East Frankish territory of Bavaria and ceded the adjacent marches of Pannonia and Carinthia (former Carantania) to his son Arnulf. In 887 Arnulf succeeded the incapable King Charles the Fat as King of East Francia. He was named \"Zwentibold\" after his godfather Svatopluk, ruler of Great Moravia.\nWhen Zwentibold came of age, he intervened in the scramble for the throne in West Francia (France) between Count Odo of Paris and Charles the Simple, but they began to cooperate against Zwentibold, when it became apparent that he intended to become king of West Francia himself. The eldest son of Arnulf was at first marked out for his succession in East Francia. According to the 870 Treaty of Meerssen and the 880 Treaty of Ribemont, the Lotharingian kingdom of former Middle Francia had fallen to the East Frankish realm. When in 893 King Arnulf's wife Ota gave birth to his legitimate son and successor Louis the Child, Zwentibold in compensation received the Lotharingian royal title, which last had been held by Lothair II.", "In the summer of 893 Arnulf received pleas of intervention against Wido of Spoleto from pope Formosus and Berengar of Friuli, king of Italy. He sent Zwentibold down the Brenner Pass with an army who joined forces with Berengar in Verona. The two marched to Wido's capital, Pavia, and besieged it unsuccessfully, finally abandoning the siege. According to Liutprand of Cremona, Zwentibold accepted money from Wido in order to leave, although it is not clear if it was in the form of a personal bribe or a tribute to his father. Zwentibold's retreat was nonetheless seen as a failure, but after learning details of the campaign, Arnulf summoned a stronger army and personally led it to Italy and took Pavia a few months later.\nAs a part of the plans to integrate Lotharingia into the East Frankish realm, the rule of King Zwentibold was enforced by his father, supported by the archbishops Herman I of Cologne and Ratbod of Trier, against the resistance of the local nobility. As he helped the common population too much, he began to be hated in a few years. He was fighting unruly nobles when his father Arnulf died in 899 and the legitimate son Louis the Child became king of East Francia at the age of six.", "Zwentibold attempted to take advantage of the succession of his minor half-brother to establish complete independence for his Lotharingian kingdom. However, after he had lost his father's backing, the entire nobility supported Louis and asked him to intervene. In 900, Count Reginar I of Hainault rose against Zwentibold and slew him near present-day Susteren.\nAfter Zwentibold's death, his half-brother King Louis the Child of East Francia also ruled over Lotharingia. However, under his reign the East Frankish realm disintegrated and from 903 Zwentibold's kingdom was administered by the Lahngau Count Gebhard, a scion of the Conradine dynasty, who received the title of a Duke of Lorraine.", "Zwentibold was named after his godfather, King Svatopluk I of Great Moravia (Zwentibold being a Frankish transcription of Svatopluk). In 897, he married Oda, a daughter of Duke Otto I of Saxony. His mortal remains are buried at Susteren Abbey. He had three daughters, who are mentioned in the Gesta episcoporum Leodensium:\nBenedetta (born c. 898), abbey of Susteren\nCecilia (born c. 899), abbey of Susteren\nRelenda (born c. 900)", "", "Collins 1999, p. 360", "Bauer, Thomas (2005). \"Zwentibold (870–900), König von Lotharingien: Ein merkwürdiger Heiliger\". In Irsigler, Franz; Minn, Gisela (eds.). Porträt einer europäischen Kernregion: Der Rhein-Mass-Raum in historischen Lebensbildern (in German). Trier: Kliomedia. pp. 16–38. ISBN 3-89890-087-8.\nCollins, Roger (1999). Early Medieval Europe 300–1000, 2nd edition. Palgrave Macmillan\nAnnales Fuldenses, sive Annales regni Francorum orientalis, 10th century.\nLiutprand of Cremona, Antapodosis, 10th century", "\"Zwentibold\". Germania Sacra people index (in German). Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities.\nLiterature on Zwentibold in the OPAC of the Regesta Imperii" ]

[ "Zwentibold", "Life", "Early life", "King of Lotharingia", "Death", "Family", "Ancestry", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360886, 5360887, 5360888, 5360889 ]

[ 27241721, 27241722, 27241723, 27241724, 27241725, 27241726, 27241727, 27241728, 27241729, 27241730, 27241731 ]

[ "", "De Zwethheul, at the bridge. Note the two different spellings of the hamlet's name on the official signs." ]

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[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/2010-NL-P08-Zuid-Holland-positiekaart-gemnamen.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/De_Zweth_%28Netherlands%29_1.JPG" ]

[ "Zweth or De Zweth is a hamlet in the western Netherlands. It is located about halfway between Delft and Rotterdam, where the small river Berkelsche Zweth joins the Schie river, around a bridge across the Berkelsche Zweth.\nThe hamlet has always been divided between the historical areas of Delfland (north) and Schieland (south). The part north of the bridge is located in the historical municipality of Ackersdijk en Vrouwenregt, currently part of Midden-Delfland, while the southern part is located in the historical municipality of Overschie, since 1941 part of Rotterdam. The two municipalities use two different spellings of the name: the official name for the northern part is \"De Zweth\", while the southern part is called just \"Zweth\".\nThe restaurant De Zwethheul, a restaurant with two Michelin stars, is located there." ]

[ "Zweth" ]

[ 5360890, 5360891 ]

[]

[ "A piece of Zwetschgenkuchen", "Augsburger Zwetschgendatschi" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Plum_cake2_ies.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Zwetschgendatschi.jpg" ]

[ "Zwetschgenkuchen, Pflaumenkuchen, Zwetschgendatschi (southern Bavaria) or Zwetschgenplootz (Franconia) is a sheet cake or pie made from yeast dough or shortcrust dough that is thinly spread onto a baking sheet or other baking mold and covered with pitted zwetschgen plums.\nIt is popular as a summer cake and has different local labelings throughout Germany, Austria and Switzerland.\nIn Hessen, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland and Moselle it is known as Quetschekuche, in Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg and parts of Austria it is called Zwetschgendatschi and in Rhineland and the Eifel Prummetaat.\n\"Datschi\" is thought to be derived from the dialect word \"detschen\" or \"datschen\" that can be translated as \"pinching\" (as the plums are pinched into the dough). Made with shortcrust pastry, it is common to serve it with Streusel (a crumbly mixture of butter, sugar and flour) although the original recipe serves it plain without any toppings.\nThere are claims that the cake was invented in Augsburg where it is considered the city's signature dish. It is said that it resembles the \"Zirbelnuss\", the city's coat of arms, and from this association Augsburg is also nicknamed \"Datschiburg\".\nIn the Palatinate and Rhenish Hesse it is eaten with potato soup or vegetable soup as a main dish for lunch. In contrast the people in Saarland eat it with bean soup and call this dish \"Bibbelschesbohnesup un Quetschekuche\".", "German cuisine\nAustrian cuisine\nCake\nList of German desserts\n Food portal", "Article in German" ]

[ "Zwetschgenkuchen", "See also", "References" ]

[ 5360892, 5360893 ]

[ 27241732 ]

[ "Old Town Hall", "Railway Viaduct over Zwettl and the Kamp river" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Zwettl-rathaus-viennaphoto-at.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Zwettl-viadukt-kamp-viennaphoto-at.jpg" ]

[ "Zwettl ([ˈt͡svɛtl̩]; Central Bavarian: Zwedl; Czech: Světlá) is a town and district capital of the Austrian state of Lower Austria. It is chiefly known as the location of Zwettl Abbey, first mentioned in October 1139.", "The name originates from Slavic \"svetla\" meaning \"glade\". Although the etymology suggests an early population of Slavic people no archeological evidence has been found yet. Zwettl was founded by the knights of Kuenring and was first mentioned in a monastery record in 1139. It was granted town privileges on December 28, 1200. Today, the Cistercian convent in Zwettl houses the only remaining manuscript of the life of the beguine mystic Agnes Blannbekin.", "Zwettl has a total area of 98.9 square miles (256.7 km²). The town is found in the middle of Waldviertel at the confluence of the Kamp and Zwettl rivers at the upper part of Kamptal. After Vienna and Wolfsberg in Carinthia, it is the third largest municipality in Austria by area.", "", "(Johann) Michael von Puchberg (1741–1822), promoter and estate administrators of Mozart, merchant, philanthropist, born here\nGeorg Ritter von Schönerer, (1842-1921), died here\nHugo Jury, (1887-1945), physician and National Socialist politician, lived here\nBenno Mengele (1898–1971), electrical engineer, born here\nWalter Nowotny, (1920-1944), Luftwaffe officer, lived here\nPeter Härtling, (born 1933), writer and poet, lived here\nJosef Haslinger (born 1955), writer, born here (de)\nChristoph Jank (born 1973), footballer\nFlorian Metz, (born 1985), footballer, born here\nAndreas Haider-Maurer (born 1987), tennis player\nAndreas Onea (born 1992), Paralympic swimmer, born here", "\"Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 10 March 2019.\n\"Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 9 March 2019.\n\"Der Name Zwettl\" (in German). Municipal council of Zwettl. Retrieved 2009-02-18.", "Zwettl Town website (in German)\nFacts about Zwettl provided by the Austrian Statistical Central Office (in German)" ]

[ "Zwettl", "History", "Geography", "Population", "People", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360894, 5360895 ]

[ 27241733, 27241734, 27241735, 27241736 ]

[ "Zwettl Abbey Church in Zwettl, Austria", "The buildings of Zwettl Abbey", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

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[ "Zwettl Abbey (German: Stift Zwettl) is a Cistercian monastery located in Zwettl in Lower Austria, in the Diocese of St. Pölten.", "Zwettl Abbey was founded in 1137 by Hadmar I of Kuenring, with Herrmann, a monk of Heiligenkreuz Abbey, as its first abbot (1137–47). It was a daughter house of Heiligenkreuz, of the line of Morimond. The foundation was confirmed by Pope Innocent II (1140) and over the course of time by several other popes and emperors. Several members of the family of the founder were buried here.\nThe monastery was constructed, as Cistercian houses often were, in a river valley, in this case in a bend of the River Kamp. Extensive buildings were erected, and the church, chapter-room, and dormitory were blessed in 1159, though the entire monastery was not completed until 1218. Zwettl Abbey soon became one of the most important monasteries in the order.\nTowards the end of the fourteenth century, the abbey was repeatedly plundered, especially in 1426, when 4,000 Hussites sacked and burned it down. It was rebuilt under Abbot John (1437–51). Near the end of the fifteenth century, over forty monks lived in Zwettl Abbey. Under the Protestant Reformation the community was reduced to six monks and one secular priest. By an imperial rescript the monastery was forced to sell one quarter of its large possessions. It flourished again under Abbot Erasmus (1512-1545) and his successors during the Baroque period, notwithstanding the Thirty Years' War and the Turkish invasion, during which it was saved from destruction by the friendship of the Count of Thurn for Abbot Siegfried. \nDuring the administrations of Abbot Linck (1646–71), author of the Annales Austrio Claravallenses, and Abbot Melchior (1706-1747), who rebuilt a great part of the abbey and enriched it with many precious vessels and vestments, it reached its zenith. Abbot Melchior encouraged study and opened schools of philosophy, theology and so on in the monastery. During the period of Josephinism Abbot Rainer was obliged to resign, to be succeeded by a commendatory abbot (1786), but after 1804 the community was allowed to elect its own abbot. From 1878 the abbey was administered by Abbot Stephen Roessler, the sixty-first from its foundation. Besides him two other noted historians were members of Zwettl during the nineteenth century: Johann von Frast (d. 1850) and Leopold Janauschek, the author of Originum Cisterciensium.", "The monastery contains buildings of all architectural styles from Romanesque to Baroque. \nThe modern form of the premises is the result of the Baroque refurbishment in the 18th century, which involved the reconstruction of the principal buildings. Among other parts the western tower was constructed by Josef Munggenast to plans by Matthias Steinl. Only one other tower in Lower Austria is higher than this building's 82 meters. Another part of this construction period is the library, which contains frescoes by Paul Troger.\nFrom 1728 to 1731 Johann Ignaz Egedacher from Passau constructed the famous Egedacher Organ, one of the biggest and most expensive organs of the region of Vienna and Lower Austria.", "The abbey's library contains over 60,000 volumes, 500 incunabula, and 420 manuscripts, the most famous of which is the Zwettl Stiftungsbuch (\"cartulary\"). \nThe community now consists of 23 monks, who have care of fourteen incorporated parishes and four others. The monastery makes its living from a forest of about 2,500 hectares, a fish farm of 90 hectares, a farm of 110 hectares and the vineyards of Schloss Gobelsburg with about 35 hectares. \nThe monastery buildings now contain a school.\nEvery year since 1983 an organ festival has been held here.", "", "\"Zwettl Abbey\". Allegro Vivo. Retrieved 2007-02-19.", "Exner, Walter: Der Bernhardi-Altar im Stift Zwettl. Siebenberg-Verlag, Bad Wildungen, 1981\nKubes, Karl, Rössl, Joachim, Fasching, Herbert: Stift Zwettl und seine Kunstschätze . Verlag Niederösterreichisches Pressehaus, St. Pölten, Wien 1979, ISBN 3-85326-481-6\nOrbrechtv, Edmond M. (1913). \"Cistercian Abbey of Zwettl\" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.\nPechloff, Ursula: Stift Zwettl, Zusatz zum Titel English, italiano, česky. Kunstverlag Peda, Passau, 1995, ISBN 3-930102-71-4\nWalli, Stefan: Evaluierung der Dauerausstellung \"Wer’s glaubt, wird selig?\" im Stift Zwettl. Hochschulschrift, Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien, Diplom-Arbeit, 2004", "Zwettl Abbey official website" ]

[ "Zwettl Abbey", "History", "Buildings", "Present day", "Gallery", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360896, 5360897, 5360898, 5360899, 5360900, 5360901, 5360902, 5360903, 5360904 ]

[ 27241737, 27241738, 27241739, 27241740, 27241741, 27241742, 27241743, 27241744, 27241745, 27241746 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Zwettl_ad_Rodl_Pfarrkirche.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Wappen_at_zwettl_an_der_rodl.jpg" ]

[ "Zwettl an der Rodl (Central Bavarian: Zwe'l aun da Ro'l) is a municipality in the district of Urfahr-Umgebung in the Austrian state of Upper Austria.", "", "\"Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 10 March 2019.\n\"Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 9 March 2019." ]

[ "Zwettl an der Rodl", "Population", "References" ]

[ 5360905, 5360906 ]

[ 27241747 ]

[ "", "", "", "" ]

[ 3, 3, 3, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Zwevezele_-_Sint-Aldegondiskerk_3.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Koetsenhuis_Kasteelpark_Zwevezele.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Zwevezele-Carnavalvierders.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Hille_-_Sint-Jozefskerk_1.jpg" ]

[ "Zwevezele (Pronunciation: [zweːvəzeːlə] ) is a town in the Belgian province of West Flanders. It has been part of the Wingene municipality since 1 January 1977. Zwevezele has over 5,000 inhabitants. Between Zwevezele and Wingene there is a hamlet called Hille, with its St. Joseph Parish. The hamlet has since grown with Zwevezele itself.", "The name Sweveseele is probably derived from the root, the Sueves, which was already mentioned by Julius Caesar. In 1949. the name Sweveseele changed officially in Zwevezele. Although there is no official source to prove this, as the name \"Zwevezele\" was used in birth records stemming back to the 1700s. In fact, a map dating from the 1750, has the spelling \"zwevefeele\". A map from 1630 has the spelling \"Zwevele\". It is safe to say that the origin of the name came from Sweveseele, which the root was Sueves. This city has 1000 years of history.\nDuring the First World War, several bomb attacks were committed by the Germans in Zwevezele, in which dozens of civilians died. At the Hille was a German airfield.\nDuring the Second World War, Zwevezele was occupied again by the Germans. The first Polish armored division had landed on the beaches of Normandy in June 1944. Under the capable leadership of General Maczek they advanced via Ypres, Roeselare to reach Zwevezele. The church was taken without bloodshed. After all, the Germans had fled to Ruiselede via Wingene. On this retreat they were heavily attacked by a group of 'Typhoon' aircraft in which there were many deaths among the German soldiers. To commemorate the Zwevezeel victims, a monument for the fallen soldiers is on the Markt. There is also a Polish Sherman tank and a Canadian Halifax to honor the foreign liberators.", "The Sint-Aldegondis Church is located in the village center. The church has an eight-sided gothic 15th-century lantern tower and a choir in 1768. The five-aisled nave from the 15th century was demolished in 1964 and rebuilt in a modern style.\nThe Castle Park in Zwevezele, with the coach house and bathhouse. The castle itself was demolished.\nThe statue of the Carnavalvierders made by Jef Claerhout in honor of the annual event 'Carnaval Zwevezele' since 1968, on the Market Square\nWar memorial commemorating the victims of the First World War and the Second World War, on the corner of Bruggestraat and Marktplein.\nThe restored old town hall of Zwevezele on the Market Square.\nMunkebossen, north of the Hille, including Castle Munkegoed, and Castle Raepenburg and Castle Lakenbossen (Red Castle) just outside the border of Zwevezele.", "", "\"Wingene (Municipality, Province of West Flanders, Belgium)\". fotw.info. Retrieved 9 April 2019." ]

[ "Zwevezele", "History", "Sights", "Gallery", "References" ]

[ 5360907 ]

[ 27241748, 27241749, 27241750, 27241751, 27241752, 27241753 ]

[ "", "Raquel Liberman in the 1930s." ]

[ 0, 6 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Cuatro_Famosos_Tenebrosos.JPG", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Raquel_Liberman.PNG" ]

[ "Zwi Migdal (Yiddish: צבי מגדל, IPA: [ˈtsvɪ mɪɡˈdal] Polish: Cwi Migdał) was an organized-crime group by Polish Jewish individuals, founded in Poland and based mainly in Argentina, that trafficked in Jewish women from Central Europe for sexual slavery and forced prostitution.", "Zwi Migdal was an organized-crime group, founded in Poland and based mainly in Argentina, that trafficked in Jewish women from Central Europe (mainly from Warsaw, Poland) for sexual slavery and forced prostitution. The organization, whose operators were Jewish, functioned from the 1860s to 1939. After the First World War, it had four hundred members in Argentina. Its annual turnover was fifty million dollars at the turn of the century. Its center was Buenos Aires, with branch offices in Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Santos), United States (New York City), Poland (Warsaw), South Africa, India and China. \nThe Zwi Migdal Organization reached its peak in the 1920s: 430 ruffians, or pimps, controlled 2,000 brothels with 4,000 women in Argentina alone. The organization's success stemmed from the fact that its members were bound by rules that were \"based on order, discipline, and honesty.\" The network was well-organized and members cooperated closely to protect their interests.", "The crime-organization founders, having originated from Warsaw, legally registered as the Varsovia Jewish Mutual Aid Society, which facilitated easy operations. In 1927, after the Polish envoy to Argentina filed an official complaint regarding the organization's use of \"Warsaw\" in the name (Varsovia in Spanish), they renamed it to Zwi Migdal in recognition of Luis Zvi Migdal, a founder. It was rendered in Polish as Cwi Migdał.", "The organization lured girls and young women from Europe in several ways. For instance, a well-mannered and elegant-looking man would appear in a poor Jewish village in Poland or Russia. He would advertise his search for young women to work in the homes of wealthy Jews in Argentina by posting an ad in the local synagogue. Fearful of pogroms and often in desperate economic circumstances, the parents would send their daughters away with these men, hoping to give them a fresh start. Another popular ruse was to find pretty girls and marry them, usually in a ceremony known as a \"shtille chupah\" (Yiddish expression, meaning a quick wedding ceremony). The girls bade their families farewell and boarded ships to Argentina, believing that they were on their way toward a better future. The rape of the girls and abuse as sex slaves often started on the ship. Some of them were married off to local men so that they could obtain entry visas.\nProstitutes who failed to satisfy their clients were beaten, fined or sent to work in rural houses. Every business transaction was logged. The rufianes held a \"meat market\" where newly arrived girls were paraded naked in front of traders in places such as Hotel Palestina and Cafe Parisienne. These activities went on undisturbed because government officials, judges and journalists frequented the brothels. City officials, politicians and police officers were bribed. The pimps had powerful connections everywhere. The largest brothels in Buenos Aires housed as many as 60 to 80 sex slaves. Although there were brothels all over Argentina, most were in Buenos Aires, in the Jewish quarter on Junin Street.", "The organization had arms in several countries and was a controversial presence in South America's Jewish community. It was a supporter of Yiddish theatre in Brazil but was attacked by Jews in Rio de Janeiro for presenting Torah scrolls. A significant number of Jews who had come to Brazil did so as families and viewed prostitution as immoral and \"impure\" influences. Zwi Migdal's attempt to relocate to Rio, after events in Buenos Aires (discussed below), caused an increased battle against the group among Brazilian Jews.\nIn Argentina, the group's activities were at times used to bolster antisemitism, a use that also occurred in Brazil, where the Jewish community also often opposed the organization. More specifically the group was cited in relation to negative views of Eastern European Jews, who were at times seen as more prone to criminality and/or political radicalism within Argentinian society, as opposed to German Jews. The Chilean Nicolás Palacios used their crimes in claims Jews \"dominated\" Argentina's women and were \"polluting\" that nation.", "Zwi Migdal later split and a splinter group led by Simon Rubinstein established its own society named Ashkenazum. Once officially recognized, both associations bought plots of land on the outskirts of Buenos Aires and established their own cemeteries there.", "The organization worked to force Raquel Liberman, a former prostitute, to return to prostitution. Liberman had emigrated to Argentina after her husband, who died a year after her arrival, leaving her with two small sons. To support them she worked as prostitute, until saving enough money to open an antique shop, which was later raided by local pimps who robbed her of her savings and forced her back to prostitution. There Liberman contacted the police superintendent, Julio Alsogaray, whom she had heard would not accept bribes from Zwi Migdal, and was looking for ways to destroy the organization. Slipping into his office one day, she gave detailed testimony on the workings of Zwi Migdal, thus enabling the police to launch an extensive investigation. The case was handled by an investigative judge, Rodriguez Ocampo, who also refused to be bribed. The lengthy trial ended in September 1930, with 108 criminal convictions. \"The very existence of the Zwi Migdal Organization directly threatens our society,\" wrote Ocampo in his verdict, handing down long prison sentences. The pimps appealed their sentences from prison in January 1931, and senior Justice Ministry officials released all but three of them. After this was reported in the media, public outrage convinced the authorities to rescind the releases. Later, hundreds of pimps were deported to Uruguay, but slowly returned over the years, one by one.", "The first boatload of young Jewish women arrived in Brazil in 1867. In 1872, the Imperial Brazilian government extradited some Jewish pimps and prostitutes, but the criminal activities continued. The brothels were concentrated in a few streets near downtown, in the Mangue neighborhood, a city zone where prostitution was segregated and legally authorized. As most of the prostitutes came from Poland, they were called \"polacas\" (\"Polish women\") and this word acquired a scornful meaning in Brazilian Portuguese language.\nBy 1913, there were 431 brothels controlled by the Zwi Migdal in Rio de Janeiro. They were concentrated in a few streets near downtown, in the Mangue neighborhood, a city zone where prostitution was commonplace and tolerated.\nThe prostitutes, largely illiterate, poor and despised by the mainstream Jewish community, banded together to form their own self benevolent societies. In 1906 they formed in Rio de Janeiro their own Chesed Shel Emes (lit. Society of True Charity), formally registered as \"Associação Beneficente Funerária e Religiosa Israelita\" - ABFRI (Jewish Benevolent Association for Burial and Religion). Note that this organization was created and run by women exploited by Zwi Migdal and other Jewish crime syndicates, but they had no connection with criminal activities.\nThat social and religious organization was created and managed mainly by the Polish-Jewish prostitutes (\"polacas\") exploited by Jewish crime syndicates. Their main goals, they wrote in the founding charter, were: \"to set up a synagogue, and there practice all the ceremonies of the Jewish religion; to grant sick members in need of treatment outside the city a third-class train ticket and three pounds sterling; to grant members a third-class funeral.\"\nUsing their association savings, they purchased real-state properties and founded their own cemetery in 1916 and their own synagogue in 1942. In its heyday, several Brazilian cities had its own Chesed Shel Emes associations and several rabbis, all since deceased, were employed by the communities. Rio de Janeiro's Chesed Shel Emes association was the largest one. It was led by one of their own elected freely and called \"Irmã Superiora\" (\"superior sister\"), who used a large blue ribbon across her chest during reunions and feasts.\nThe Buenos Aires police enforcement, led by Julio Alsogaray, gave a deep blow in Jewish crime syndicates that affected their activities even in Brazil. The destruction of the Jewish communities in Eastern Europe during the World War II eliminated the last links between South American and European Jewish crimes syndicates. After 1939, the Jewish women traffic ceased, but Jewish women could be found in the Brazilian prostitution zones until the end of the 1950s.\nRio de Janeiro's Chesed Shel Emes had four \"Irmãs Superioras\" (\"superior sisters\"); the last one was Rebeca Freedman, also known as Rebeka Fridman or \"dona Beka\" (Ms. Beka). The other women used to refer to her as their queen. Although born in Poland, she came to Brazil around 1916 from the United States when she was about 35 years old. Certainly she followed some connections between New York and Rio de Janeiro crime syndicates. Deeply religious, she made her mission to perform the sacred tahara ceremony of washing the dead and provide a proper Jewish burial for all her \"sisters\". She died in 1984 at the age of 103.\nThe Jewish women benevolent organizations ceased to exist when all their members died, married or moved to other cities. As no new member joined, the number of \"sisters\" dwindled and their association assets were eventually donated to or purchased by the \"respectable\" Jewish associations. As part of the bargain, some women were accepted in their final days in Jewish rest homes for elderly people, but many of them died in deep poverty in public rest home with beggars. Some of them married Jews or non-Jewish men and were absorbed by \"respectable\" Brazilian society. Most of the reluctance to speak about the history of Zwi Migdal can be attributed to the fact that the prostitutes' descendants are today living a very comfortable and prominent life.", "The cemeteries created by the Jewish prostitutes associations were the starting point in the recognition and interest in those women's history. They are being restored and preserved by members of the Brazilian Jewish community despite the heavy opposition of other members who feel uneasy or ashamed about the past of their friends, fellows or ancestors. In Cubatão City, São Paulo State, there is a Jewish cemetery that was recently restored. In São Paulo City, due to municipal ordinances, almost all the Jewish women's tombs were removed in 1971 from their original place in Chora-Menino Cemetery to anonymous tombs close to the walls of the Butantã Jewish Cemetery. Recently, some members of the Jewish community respectfully engraved on each tombstone the name of each woman there buried. In Rio de Janeiro, the Chesed Shel Emes' Cemetery, located close to the Inhaúma Cemetery, with almost 800 tombs, is abandoned, but some social organizations work to protect, restore and preserve it.", "The word \"cafetão\" (pimp) is derived from caftan, the long coat traditionally used by Eastern Europe Jews. The word \"polaca\" (Polish woman) is commonly used in countries where Portuguese is spoken, but in Brazil it became extremely offensive to Polish people because it was used as synonymous to prostitute. So the words \"polonesa\" and \"polonês\" (Polish woman and Polish man) were created and are the only socially accepted in Brazil to name people from Poland. As French pimps mainly from Marseille also bought women from to work as prostitutes in Brazil, the word \"francesa\" (Frenchwoman) also had the same fate, but it is still used in Brazilian Portuguese without a pejorative meaning. The word \"encrenca\", nowadays meaning trouble, derived from the Yiddish \"en krenk\" (a sick one, similar to the German \"ein Kranker\"), and originally referred to a man with venereal diseases.", "The trafficking of women for sex work found mention in Yiddish literature. Among theater plays which raised the subject were Peretz Hirschbein's “Miriam” (1905-1908) and the directly focused Leib Malach's \"Ibergus\" (1927), as well as Sholem Asch's controversial 1906 play, Got fun Nekome (God of Vengeance), first presented in English in New York in 1923, causing a great scandal. Among Yiddish prose, the subject featured in Sholem Aleichem's The Man from Buenos Aires (Yiddish: “Der Mentsch fun Buenos Aires,” 1909, English: 1987) and more recently in Isaac Bashevis Singer's \"Scum\" (Yiddish: \"Shoym\", year?; English: 1991).\nThe 1979 movie Last Embrace by Jonathan Demme (based on the novel The Thirteenth Man by Murray Teigh Bloom and a screenplay by David Shaber) features a woman who, taking the role of the biblical avenger Goel Hadam, serially kills descendants of members of the New York Lower East Side Zwi Migdal who had enslaved her grandmother.\nThe 1991 movie Naked Tango by Leonard Schrader alludes to the activities of Zwi Migdal. The film's heroine assumes the identity of an Eastern European woman traveling to Buenos Aires to meet a prospective husband and in the process gets herself caught up in the prostitution network. The film, however, is motivated more by sensationalism than by indignation.\nThe 2001 movie Sonhos Tropicais (\"Tropical Dreams\"), directed by André Sturm, also deals with the same topic, following Esther, a Jewish girl from Poland lured into a false promise of marriage, who finds herself enslaved in brothels in Rio de Janeiro from 1899 to 1904. As a background, the film shows the Vaccine Revolt in the city.\nThe 2019 novel The Third Daughter by Talia Carner is a penetrating look into early 20th-century sex-trafficking. In a nod to Sholem Aleichem's The Man from Buenos Aires, Carner brings us Batya, the third daughter of a dairyman in the Russian countryside, a fourteen-year-old fleeing anti-Semitic pogroms with her family. Desperate, her father leaps at the opportunity to marry Batya to a worldly, wealthy stranger who guarantees his daughter a comfortable life and passage to America. But innocent Batya soon discovers her father has been duped as she is shipped as a sex-slave to Buenos Aires, a city where Zwi Migdal operates with impunity as prostitution is not only legal, but a pillar of the growing Argentinian economy.", "History of the Jews of Argentina\nAlfonse Pogrom\nSexual slavery", "Lesser, Jeffrey (1995-01-06). Welcoming the Undesirables: Brazil and the Jewish Question. University of California Press. p. 35. ISBN 9780520914346. Jewish prostitution was usually controlled by a multinational crime syndicate founded in Poland, the Zwi Migdal.\nReinares, Laura Barberán (2014-08-27). Sex Trafficking in Postcolonial Literature: Transnational Narratives from Joyce to Bolaño. Routledge. ISBN 9781317667926. ..the Zwi Migdal mainly imported Jewish woman (especially from Warsaw)..\nYarfitz, Mir (February 8–9, 2009). \"Caftens, Kurvehs, and Stille Chuppahs: Jewish Sex Workers and their Opponents in Buenos Aires, 1890-1930\". Perush: An Online Journal of Jewish Scholarship and Interpretation. Volume 2. Retrieved 15 February 2014.\nAarons, Victoria (2019-04-30). The New Jewish American Literary Studies. Cambridge University Press. p. 252. ISBN 9781108426282. The Jewish crime organization known as the Zwi Migdal.\nKushnir, Beatriz; Baile de Máscaras, Imago Editora, São Paulo. ISBN 85-312-0485-2\nKupferboim, Rona (May 25, 2007). \"Argentine Jewry's dark secret\". Ynetnews.\nReinares, Laura Barberán (2014-08-27). Sex Trafficking in Postcolonial Literature: Transnational Narratives from Joyce to Bolaño. Routledge. ISBN 9781317667926.\nGuy, Donna J (1992). Sex and Danger in Buenos Aires: Prostitution, Family, and Nation in Argentina. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 120–125. ISBN 0803221398.\n\"Polona\". polona.pl. Retrieved 2019-03-21.\nPindel, Tomasz (2018-07-09). Za horyzont [Beyond the horizon] (in Polish). Otwarte. ISBN 9788324055180. .. the acquisition method (women) was simple. A fancy man would appear, for example, in some small Galician town, presenting himself as a well-situated emigrant from behind the Ocean, who came to find a wife ... (pl.:..metoda pozyskiwania (kobiet) byla prosta. Sutener zjawiał się na przykład w małej Galicyjskiej miejscowości podając się za dobrze usytuowanego emigranta z za Oceanu który przyjechał znaleść sobie żone..) - see book for more.\nKopciowski, Adam. \"Przedwojenny gang handlarzy kobietami. Kończyły w Ameryce Płd\" [Pre-war gang of women traffickers. They ended up in South America.]. Retrieved 2019-03-20. The promise of marriage was a trick used by traffickers.\nLesser, Jeff (January 26, 1995). Welcoming the Undesirables: Brazil and the Jewish Question. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520084124 – via Google Books.\nMoser, Benjamin (August 4, 2009). Why This World:A Biography of Clarice Lispector: A Biography of Clarice Lispector. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 9780195385564 – via Google Books.\nAgosín, Marjorie (August 17, 2009). Memory, Oblivion, and Jewish Culture in Latin America. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292784437 – via Google Books.\nNewton, Ronald C. (January 26, 1992). The \"Nazi Menace\" in Argentina, 1931-1947. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804719292 – via Google Books.\nDeutsch, Sandra McGee (January 26, 1999). Las Derechas: The Extreme Right in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, 1890-1939. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804745994 – via Google Books.\nKupferboim, Rona. Argentine Jewry's Dark Secret. Article in Ynetnews.com about Ilan Sheinfeld's book. Published May 25th, 2007 (Visited December 3rd, 2011).\nCunha, Antonio Geraldo da. Dicionário Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa. Editora Nova Fronteira, Rio de Janeiro, 1982.\nMiron, Dan (2000). Journey to the Twilight Zone: on Shalom Aleichem's Railroad Stories. The Image of the Shtetl and Other Studies of Modern Jewish Literary Imagination. Syracuse University Press. p. 268.\nAleichem, Sholem; Halkin, Hillel (1987). \"The Man from Buenos Aires\". Tevye the Dairyman and The Railroad Stories. New York: Schocken Books.\nThe Jewish White Slave Trade and the Untold Story of Raquel Liberman, page 51, Nora Glickman, Latin American Studies, Volume 14, Garland Reference Library of Social Science, Volume 2130. ISBN 0-203-90512-1, ISBN 0-203-90605-5\nGlickman, Nora. The Jewish White Slave Trade and the Untold Story of Raquel Liberman. Routledge, 1999. ISBN 0-203-90512-1 / ISBN 978-0-203-90512-8. (online)", "Schalom, Myrtha. \"La Polaca. Inmigraciòn, rufianes y esclavas a comienzos del siglo XX\". Buenos Aires: Grupo Editorial Norma, 2003 (out of print). Republished: Buenos Aires: Galerna, 2013. ISBN 978-950-556-588-7.\nVincent, Isabel. Bodies and Souls, Harper Collins ed., New York. ISBN 0-06-009023-5 / ISBN 978-0-06-009023-4.\nThe Case of the Zwi Migdal Society.\nCarner, Talia (2019). The Third Daughter. HarperCollins. ISBN 9780062896889." ]

[ "Zwi Migdal", "History", "Origin of the name", "Modus operandi", "Influence of the organization", "Splinter groups", "Downfall", "Zwi Migdal in Brazil", "Legacy", "Brazilian Portuguese vocabulary", "Cultural and literary references", "See also", "References", "Further reading" ]

[ 5360908, 5360909 ]

[ 27241754, 27241755, 27241756, 27241757, 27241758, 27241759, 27241760, 27241761, 27241762, 27241763, 27241764, 27241765, 27241766, 27241767, 27241768, 27241769, 27241770, 27241771, 27241772, 27241773, 27241774, 27241775, 27241776, 27241777, 27241778, 27241779, 27241780, 27241781, 27241782, 27241783, 27241784, 27241785, 27241786, 27241787, 27241788, 27241789, 27241790, 27241791, 27241792, 27241793, 27241794, 27241795, 27241796, 27241797 ]

[ "Zwi Perez Chajes's grave", "Grave of Zwi Perez Chajes" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Tzvi-Peretz_Hayot.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Zvi_Perez_Haiut_tomb.JPG" ]

[ "Zwi Perez Chajes, also Tzvi-Peretz Hayot, (13 October 1876 – 13 December 1927) was a rabbi, historian, biblical scholar and a notable Zionist leader.", "Zwi Perez Chajes was born in 1876 in Brody, then part of Austria-Hungary, now in Ukraine. He was the grandson of the Zvi Hirsch Chajes. Hayot learned in a Yeshiva and was ordained as a rabbi and also studied at a university.\nChajes died in Vienna in 1927. His remains were later taken to Israel and he was reburied in the Trumpeldor cemetery in Tel Aviv.", "Chajes served as the rabbi of the Jewish community in Florence, Italy from 1901 and also headed the rabbinical school in Florence. Until 1918, he served as a rabbi in the city of Trieste.\nFrom 1918 to his death, Chajes served as the chief rabbi of the Jewish community of Vienna. In addition, he was Chairman of the Zionist General Council from 1921 to 1925", "The main Jewish school in Vienna is named after him. When it reopened in 1984, it was first Jewish high school in the post-Holocaust German-speaking world.", "Encyclopedia of Zionism and Israel, ed. Raphael Patai, vol. 1, p. 181, New York 1971\nUnwanted Beauty: Aesthetic Pleasure in Holocaust Representation, Brett Ashley Kaplan\nContemporary Jewish Writing: Austria After Waldheim, Andrea Reiter" ]

[ "Zwi Perez Chajes", "Biography", "Rabbinic career", "Commemoration", "References" ]

[ 5360910, 5360911 ]

[ 27241798, 27241799, 27241800 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/2011-10_Zwiastowice_02.jpg" ]

[ "Zwiastowice [zvjastɔˈvit͡sɛ], German Schwesterwitz, is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Głogówek, within Prudnik County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland, close to the Czech border. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) east of Głogówek, 28 km (17 mi) east of Prudnik, and 37 km (23 mi) south of the regional capital Opole.", "\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\" (in Polish). 2008-06-01." ]

[ "Zwiastowice", "References" ]

[ 5360912 ]

[ 27241801 ]

[ "", "", "", "", "", "", "The river Zwickauer Mulde in Zwickau by autumn, seen in October 2004.", "St. Mary's church, at dusk.", "St. Catharine's church", "Memorial at the resting place of 325 victims of Nazi Germany", "The Brückenberg I Hard coal mine (later named Karl-Marx), here in 1948", "Production of the last Trabant in 1990", "Main railway station", "House where Robert Schumann was born 1810, museum at Hauptmarkt 5", "Robert Schumann", "Janus Cornarius", "Jacob Leupold", "Gerhard Schürer in 1982" ]

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[ "Zwickau ([ˈtsvɪkaʊ]; Upper Saxon also: Zwigge) is, with around 89,000 inhabitants, the fourth-largest city of the Free State of Saxony after Leipzig, Dresden and Chemnitz and it is the seat of the Zwickau District. The West Saxon city is situated in the valley of the Zwickau Mulde (German: Zwickauer Mulde; progression: Mulde→ Elbe→ North Sea), and lies in a string of cities sitting in the densely populated foreland of the Elster and Ore Mountains stretching from Plauen in the southwest via Zwickau, Chemnitz and Freiberg to Dresden in the northeast. From 1834 until 1952, Zwickau was the seat of the government of the south-western region of Saxony.\nThe name of the city is of Sorbian origin and may refer to Svarog, the Slavic god of fire and of the sun. Zwickau is the seat of the West Saxon University of Zwickau (German: Westsächsische Hochschule Zwickau) with campuses in Zwickau, Markneukirchen, Reichenbach im Vogtland and Schneeberg (Erzgebirge). The city is the birthplace of composer Robert Schumann.\nAs cradle of Audi's forerunner Horch and as seat of the Sachsenring company which produced (then still as VEB Sachsenring Automobilwerke Zwickau) East Germany's most popular car, the Trabant, Zwickau has historically been one of the centres of the German automotive industry, with a tradition over one hundred years old, including other car makers like Auto Union and Volkswagen.\nThe valley of the 166-kilometre (103-mile) long Zwickau Mulde River stretches from the Vogtland to Colditz Castle at the other end. The Silver Road, Saxony's longest tourist route, connects Dresden with Zwickau.\nZwickau can be reached by car via the nearby Autobahns A4 and A72, the main railway station (Zwickau Hauptbahnhof), via a public airfield which takes light aircraft, and by bike along river the Zwickau Mulde River on the so-called Mulderadweg.", "The region around Zwickau was settled by Sorbs as early as the 7th century AD. The name Zwickau is probably a Germanization of the Sorbian toponym Šwikawa, which derives from Svarozič, the Slavic Sun and fire god. In the 10th century, German settlers began arriving and the native Slavs were Germanized. A trading place known as terretorio Zcwickaw (in Medieval Latin) was mentioned in 1118. The settlement received a town charter in 1212, and hosted Franciscans and Cistercians during the 13th century. Zwickau was a free imperial city from 1290 to 1323, but was subsequently granted to the Margraviate of Meissen. Although regional mining began in 1316, extensive mining increased with the discovery of silver in the Schneeberg in 1470. Because of the silver ore deposits in the Erzgebirge, Zwickau developed in the 15th and 16th centuries and grew to be an important economic and cultural centre of Saxony.\nIts nine churches include the Gothic church of St. Mary (1451–1536), with a spire 285 ft (87 m) high and a bell weighing 51 tons. The church contains an altar with wood carvings, eight paintings by Michael Wohlgemuth and a pietà in carved and painted wood by Peter Breuer.\nThe late Gothic church of St. Catharine has an altar piece ascribed to Lucas Cranach the elder, and is remembered because Thomas Müntzer was once pastor there (1520–22). The city hall was begun in 1404 and rebuilt many times since. The municipal archives include documents dating back to the 13th century.\nEarly printed books from the Middle Ages, historical documents, letters and books are kept in the City Archives (e.g. Meister Singer volumes by Hans Sachs (1494–1576)), and in the School Library founded by scholars and by the city clerk Stephan Roth during the Reformation.\nIn 1520 Martin Luther dedicated his treatise \"On the Freedom of the Christian Man\" to his friend Hermann Muehlpfort, the Lord Mayor of Zwickau. The Anabaptist movement of 1525 began at Zwickau under the inspiration of the \"Zwickau prophets\". After Wittenberg, it became the first city in Europe to join the Lutheran Reformation. The late Gothic Gewandhaus (cloth merchants' hall), was built in 1522–24 and is now converted into a theatre. The city was seriously damaged during the Thirty Years' War.\nThe old city of Zwickau, perched on a hill, is surrounded by heights with extensive forests and a municipal park. Near the city are the Hartenstein area, for example, with Stein and Wolfsbrunn castles and the Prinzenhöhle cav, as well as the Auersberg peak (1019 meters) and the winter sports areas around Johanngeorgenstadt and the Vogtland.\nIn the Old Town the Cathedral and the Gewandhaus (cloth merchants' hall) originate in the 16th century and when Schneeberg silver was traded. In the 19th century the city's economy was driven by industrial coal mining and later by automobile manufacturing.\nDuring World War II, in 1942, a Nazi show trial of the members of the Czarny Legion Polish underground resistance organization from Gostyń was held in Zwickau, after which 12 members were executed in Dresden, and several dozen were imprisoned in Nazi concentration camps, where 37 of them died. In May 1942, five Polish students of the Salesian Oratory in Poznań, known as the Poznań Five or five of the 108 Blessed Polish Martyrs of World War II, were imprisoned in Zwickau, before being executed in Dresden. A subcamp of the Flossenbürg concentration camp was located in Zwickau, whose prisoners were mostly Poles and Russians, but also Italians, French, Hungarians, Jews, Czechs, Germans and others.\nOn 17 April 1945, US troops entered the city. They withdrew on 30 June 1945 and handed Zwickau to the Soviet Red Army. Between 1944 and 2003, the city had a population of over 100,000.\nA major employer is Volkswagen which assembles its ID.3, ID.4 and ID.5 models, as well as Audi and Cupra EV's in the Zwickau-Mosel vehicle plant.", "", "Coal mining is mentioned as early as 1348. However, mining on an industrial scale first started in the early 19th century. The coal mines of Zwickau and the neighbouring Oelsnitz-Lugau coalfield contributed significantly to the industrialisation of the region and the city.\nIn 1885 Carl Wolf invented an improved gas-detecting safety mining-lamp. He held the first world patent for it. Together with his business partner Friemann he founded the \"Friemann & Wolf\" factory. Coal mining ceased in 1978. About 230 million tonnes had been mined to a depth of over 1,000 metres. In 1992 Zwickau's last coke oven plant was closed.\nMany industrial branches developed in the city in the wake of the coal mining industry: mining equipment, iron and steel works, textile, machinery in addition to chemical, porcelain, paper, glass, dyestuffs, wire goods, tinware, stockings, and curtains. There were also steam saw-mills, diamond and glass polishing works, iron-foundries, and breweries.", "In 1904 the Horch automobile plant was founded, followed by the Audi factory in 1909. In 1932 both brands were incorporated into Auto Union but retained their independent trademarks. The Auto Union racing cars, developed by Ferdinand Porsche and Robert Eberan von Eberhorst, driven by Bernd Rosemeyer, Hans Stuck, Tazio Nuvolari, Ernst von Delius, became well known all over the world. During World War II, the Nazi government operated a satellite camp of the Flossenbürg concentration camp in Zwickau which was sited near the Horch Auto Union plant. The Nazi administration built a hard labour prison camp at Osterstein Castle. Both camps were liberated by the US Army in 1945. On 1 August 1945 military administration was handed over to the Soviet Army. The Auto Union factories of Horch and Audi were dismantled by the Soviets; Auto Union relocated to Ingolstadt, Bavaria, evolving into the present day Audi company. In 1948 all large companies were seized by the East German government.\nWith the founding of the German Democratic Republic in 1949 in East Germany, post-war reconstruction began. In 1958 the Horch and Audi factories were merged into the Sachsenring plant. At the Sachsenring automotive plant the compact Trabant cars were manufactured. These small cars had a two-cylinder, two-stroke engine. The car was the first vehicle in the world to be industrially manufactured with a plastic car body. The former VEB Sachsenring manufacturing site was acquired by Volkswagen in 1990 and has since been redeveloped as an engine and transmission manufacturing facility.\nAudi-AG together with the city of Zwickau operates the August Horch Museum in the former Audi works.", "Two major industrial facilities of the Soviet SDAG Wismut were situated in the city: the uranium mill in Zwickau-Crossen, producing uranium concentrate from ores mined in the Erzgebirge and Thuringia, and the machine building plant in Zwickau-Cainsdorf producing equipment for the uranium mines and mills of East Germany. Uranium milling ended in 1989, and after the unification the Wismut machine building plant was sold to a private investor.", "Zwickau is bounded by Mülsen, Reinsdorf, Wilkau-Hasslau, Hirschfeld (Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Kirchberg), Lichtentanne, Werdau, Neukirchen, Crimmitschau, Dennheritz (Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Crimmitschau) and the city of Glauchau.", "1895: Pölbitz\n1902: Marienthal\n1905: Eckersbach\n1922: Weissenborn\n1923: Schedewitz\n1939: Brand and Bockwa\n1944: Oberhohndorf and Planitz\n1953: Auerbach, Pöhlau and Niederhohndorf\n1993: Hartmannsdorf\n1996: Rottmannsdorf\n1996: Crossen (with 4 municipalities on January 1, 1994, Schneppendorf)\n1999: Cainsdorf, Mosel, Oberrothenbach and Schlunzig along with Hüttelsgrün (Lichtentanne) and Freiheitssiedlung", "", "The production of the Trabant was discontinued after German reunification, but Volkswagen built a new factory, and Sachsenring is now a supplier for the automobile industry. Nowadays the headquarters of the Volkswagen-Saxony Ltd. (a VW subsidiary) is in the northern part of Zwickau.", "Zwickau is home to the University of Applied Sciences Zwickau with about 4700 students and two campuses within the boundaries of Zwickau.\nDr. Martin Luther School (German: Dr. Martin Luther Schule) is a grade 1-4 school of the Evangelical Lutheran Free Church in Zwickau.", "", "The first freely elected mayor after German reunification was Rainer Eichhorn of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), who served from 1990 to 2001. The mayor was originally chosen by the city council, but since 1994 has been directly elected. Dietmar Vettermann, also of the CDU, served from 2001 until 2008. He was succeeded by Pia Findeiß of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), who was in office until 2020. The most recent mayoral election was held on 20 September 2020, with a runoff held on 11 October, at which Constance Arndt (Bürger für Zwickau) was elected.\nThe most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019, and the results were as follows:", "1501–1518: Erasmus Stella\n1518–1530: Hermann Mühlpfort\n1800, 1802, 1804, 1806, 1808, 1810, 1812, 1814: Carl Wilhelm Ferber\n1801, 1803, 1805, 1807, 1809, 1811, 1813, 1815, 1817, 1819: Tobias Hempel\n1816, 1818, 1820, 1822: Christian Gottlieb Haugk\n1821, 1823, 1825, 1826: Carl Heinrich Rappius\n1824 – Christian Heinrich Pinther\n1827–1830: Christian Heinrich Mühlmann, Stadtvogt\n1830–1832: Franz Adolf Marbach\n1832–1860: Friedrich Wilhelm Meyer\n1860–1898: Lothar Streit, from 1874 Lord Mayor\n1898–1919: Karl Keil\n1919–1934: Richard Holz\n1934–1945: Ewald Dost\n1945: Fritz Weber (acting Lord Mayor)\n1945: Georg Ulrich Handke (1894-1962) (acting Lord Mayor)\n1945–1949: Paul Müller\n1949–1954: Otto Assmann (1901-1977)\n1954–1958: Otto Schneider\n1958–1969: Gustav Seifried\n1969–1973: Liesbeth Windisch\n1973–1977: Helmut Repmann\n1977–1990: Heiner Fischer (1936-2016)\n1990–2001: Rainer Eichhorn (born 1950)\n2001–2008: Dietmar Vettermann (born 1957)\n2008 – until now Pia Findeiss (born 1956)", "The city is close to the A4 (Dresden-Erfurt) and A72 (Hof-Chemnitz) Autobahns.\nZwickau Hauptbahnhof is on the Dresden–Werdau line, part of the Saxon-Franconian trunk line, connecting Nuremberg and Dresden. There are further railway connections to Leipzig as well as Karlovy Vary and Cheb in the Czech Republic. The core element of Zwickau's urban public transport system is the Zwickau tramway network; the system is also the prototype of the so-called Zwickau Model for such systems.\nThe closest airport is Leipzig-Altenburg, which has no scheduled commercial flights. The nearest major airports are Leipzig/Halle Airport and Dresden Airport, both of which offer a large number of national and international flights.", "In the city centre there are three museums: an art museum from the 19th century and the houses of priests from 13th century, both located next to St. Mary's church. Just around the corner there is the Robert-Schumann museum. The museums offer different collections dedicated to the history of the city, as well as art and a mineralogical, palaeontological and geological collection with many specimens from the city and the nearby Ore Mountains.\nZwickau is the birthplace of the composer Robert Schumann. The house where he was born in 1810 still stands in the marketplace. This is now called Robert Schumann House and is a museum dedicated to him.\nThe histories of the Audi and Horch automobile factories are presented at the August Horch Museum Zwickau. The museum is an Anchor Point of the European Route of Industrial Heritage (EIRH).", "", "Nicholas Storch (before 1500 – after 1536), weaver and lay preacher (Zwickau Prophets)\nJanus Cornarius (c. 1500–1558), philologist and physicians\nGregor Haloander (1501–1531), jurist\nDavid Köler (1532–1565), musician, organist, choirmaster, composer\nJacob Leupold (1674–1727), mechanic and instrument maker\nRobert Schumann (1810–1856), composer of the romantic era\nHeinrich Schurtz (1863–1903), ethnologist and historian\nAugust Horch (1868–1952), automotive engineer\nHeinrich Waentig (1870–1943), economist and politician (SPD)\nHans Dominik (1872–1945), writer, journalist and engineer\nFritz Bleyl (1880–1966), expressionist painter and architect\nMax Pechstein (1881–1955), expressionist painter\n\"Margaret Scott\" (1888–1973), militant suffragette in London\nPaul Langheinrich (1895–1979), genealogist", "Robert Eberan von Eberhorst (1902–1982), Austrian automotive engineer\nGershom Schocken (1912–1990), Israeli journalist and politician\nGert Fröbe (1913–1988), actor\nGerhard Schürer (1921–2010), politician (SED)\nRolf Hädrich (1931–2000), film director and screenwriter\nDieter F. Uchtdorf (born 1940), Second Counselor in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, lived here following World War II\nHarald Fritzsch (born 1943), theoretical physicist (quantum theory)\nVolkmar Weiss (born 1944), geneticists, social historian and genealogist\nJürgen Croy (born 1946), footballer\nChristoph Bergner (born 1948), politician (CDU), 1993-1994 Prime Minister of Saxony-Anhalt\nEckart Viehweg (1948–2010), mathematician\nHagen von Ortloff (born 1949), TV-journalist\nWerner Schulz (born 1950), politician (Alliance 90/The Greens)\nFrank Petzold (born 1951), composer and conductor\nChristoph Daum (born 1953), football player and coach\nLutz Dombrowski (born 1959), athlete and Olympic champion\nLars Riedel (born 1967), discus thrower\nSven Günther (born 1974), footballer\nCathleen Martini (born 1982), bobsledder, world champion\nMarie-Elisabeth Hecker (born 1987), classical cellist\nKristin Gierisch (born 1990), triple jumper", "Zwickau is twinned with:\n Jablonec nad Nisou, Czech Republic (1971)\n Zaanstad, Netherlands (1987)\n Dortmund, Germany (1988)\n Volodymyr, Ukraine (2014)\n Yandu (Yancheng), China (2014)", "SV Cainsdorf", "Wahlergebnisse 2020, Freistaat Sachsen, accessed 10 July 2021.\n\"Bevölkerung des Freistaates Sachsen nach Gemeinden am 31. Dezember 2020\". Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen (in German). June 2021. \n\"Wirtschaft & Standort\" [Industry & Location]. zwickau.de (in German). Retrieved September 20, 2019.\n\"How to find us\". horch-museum.de. Retrieved September 20, 2019.\nADAC Travel Guide, Towns and Cities from A to Z – City Guide Germany Travel Information, first edition June 2005, 368 pages, ISBN 3-89905-233-1\n\"Mulderadweg\" [Mulde bike lane] (in German). Retrieved February 1, 2019.\nZwickau by Stadtbaurat Ebersbach in: Deutschlands Städtebau (Germany's Urban Development), Deutscher Architektur und Industrieverlag Berlin 1921\nOne or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Zwickau\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1061.\nWojciech Königsberg (August 20, 2015). \"Czarny Legion - polska organizacja podziemna rozbita przez Niemców\". WP Opinie (in Polish). Retrieved March 8, 2020.\n\"Poznańska piątka\". Gosc.pl (in Polish). August 24, 2019. Retrieved March 8, 2020.\n\"Zwickau Subcamp\". KZ-Gedenkstätte Flossenbürg. Retrieved March 8, 2020.\n\"Evangelical Lutheran Free Church—Germany\". Retrieved February 7, 2021.\n\"Stabsstelle Stadtentwicklung\". zwickau.de (in German). Zwickau. Retrieved February 18, 2021.", "Zwickau Official website (in German)\nAugust-Horch Museum at Audi Works (in German)" ]

[ "Zwickau", "History", "Economic history", "Coal mining", "Automotive industry", "Uranium mining", "Boundaries", "Incorporations", "Population", "Economy", "Education", "Politics", "Mayor and city council", "Historical mayors", "Transport", "Museums", "Notable people", "Born before 1900", "Born after 1900", "Twin towns – sister cities", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 5360913, 5360914, 5360915, 5360916, 5360917, 5360918, 5360919, 5360920, 5360921, 5360922, 5360923, 5360924, 5360925, 5360926, 5360927, 5360928 ]

[ 27241802, 27241803, 27241804, 27241805, 27241806, 27241807, 27241808, 27241809, 27241810, 27241811, 27241812, 27241813, 27241814, 27241815, 27241816, 27241817, 27241818, 27241819, 27241820, 27241821, 27241822, 27241823, 27241824, 27241825, 27241826, 27241827, 27241828, 27241829, 27241830, 27241831, 27241832 ]

[ "Aue station" ]

[ 5 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Aue_Bahnhof.jpg" ]

[ "The Zwickau–Schwarzenberg railway is a main line railway in the German state of Saxony. It extends from Zwickau through the valleys of the Zwickauer Mulde and the Schwarzwasser via Bad Schlema and Aue to Schwarzenberg. It opened in 1858 and it is one of the oldest railways in Germany. It is now served by Regionalbahn trains, operated by Erzgebirgsbahn (a subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn) between Zwickau and Johanngeorgenstadt.", "The Zwickau–Schwarzenberg line originated as the Zwickau–Bockwa coal railway, which was built by the Saxon State Railways in 1854 to connect the coal mines near Zwickau with markets. To transport coal and supply the mining operations in the Erzgebirge (Ore Mountains), the line was soon extended along the Mulde and the Schwarzwasser valleys to Schwarzenberg.\nOn 15 October 1855, construction began on the line known as the Upper Ore Mountain Railway (German: Obererzgebirgische Bahn) and it opened 15 May 1858, after almost three years of work.", "By 1900, parts of the line had been rebuilt for two-track operations. Between Hartenstein and Aue the old single-track line was abandoned completely and replaced by a new straightened realignment.\nThe second track was dismantled in 1946 for reparations to the Soviet Union as a result of World War II. In 1946, the Soviet Wismut company started uranium mining in the Ore Mountain and the line quickly achieved a prominent role for the removal of milled uranium ores and in carrying commuter traffic to the newly established mine shafts. The line was a single-track until 1948, when the second track was restored.\nUntil 1990, express trains operated on the line. Notably there was a daily service between Aue and Berlin. In the 1960s, there was a fast train service with through coaches from Berlin to Cranzahl on the line.\nToday the line is mainly served by Regionalbahn trains of the Erzgebirgsbahn on the Zwickau–Johanngeorgenstadt route. Freight transport still operates, but is insignificant in contrast to the past.", "Despite falling market share in the 1990s, the importance of the route for transport in the western Erzgebirge was undisputed. In 1999/2000 a comprehensive rehabilitation program began with the goal of significantly increasing operating speeds. Between Aue and Schwarzenberg, the line was rebuilt as a single-track line on the two-track subgrade in order to widen the narrow curves. As the enlargement of the Schlema tunnel to meet modern clearances would have been very expensive, the track on this section was also singled. Original plans called for a single track between Zwickau and Schlema. This was not realized for operational reasons, however, especially since the establishment of stations with crossing loops would have been very expensive.", "A line opened in 1859 serving the mountain town of Schneeberg from Schlema unterer (lower) station. Because of the mining of uranium under the line by the Soviet Wismut company, the branch line closed about 1950 for safety reasons. The remainder of the line to Oberschlema closed in 1990 and was subsequently demolished.\nSince 1872, the line has connected to the Chemnitz–Aue–Adorf line via Aue station. The line from Chemnitz to Aue is line now integrated as the Zwönitz Valley Railway (Zwönitztalbahn) in the network of the Erzgebirgsbahn company. Construction of the Eibenstock dam in 1975 severed the line to Adorf and since the mid-1990s the remainder of the line to Blauenthal has not operated.\nThe line was extended from Schwarzenberg to Johanngeorgenstadt (Schwarzenberg–Johanngeorgenstadt line) in 1883 and to Annaberg in 1889 (Annaberg-Buchholz–Schwarzenberg line). Both lines are still in operation. However, the line to Annaberg-Buchholz has had no scheduled passenger traffic since 1997 and only freight traffic to Grünstädtel.\nA narrow gauge line opened in 1881 from Wilkau-Haßlau to Kirchberg, which was later extended through the ridges of the Erzgebirge mountains to Carlsfeld. This was longest narrow gauge railway in Saxony until it ceased operation in 1973.", "The route begins on the south side of Zwickau Hauptbahnhof and leaves the station to the south with a curve to the west. Soon after, a line runs to the left that connects to the tram track (which has been converted to mixed gauge with three rails) and extends to central Zwickau, which is used by the trains of Vogtlandbahn on the Zwickau Zentrum–Kraslice route. An almost straight track leads south through the Zwickau suburbs of Schedewitz and Cainsdorf to Wilkau-Haßlau. From 1881 to 1973, a narrow gauge line ran from Wilkau-Haßlau to Kirchberg and later Carlsfeld. Shortly after Wilkau Haßlau the line passes under the former narrow gauge line and then under the huge valley-spanning viaduct of the A72 autobahn (Leipzig–Hof). The line passes through Silberstraße, Wiesenburg and Fährbrücke along the narrow valley of the Zwickauer Mulde. Near Hartenstein station, the line passes Burg Stein castle then runs through a narrow wooded valley. Shortly after, it passes the railway buildings of the former Shaft 371 uranium mine, once the deepest mine in Europe. A platform operated until the early 1990s for Wismut mine passenger traffic. After the next station, Schlema unter (lower), the line passes through the only tunnel en route to Aue. In Aue, the line crosses the route of the former Chemnitz–Aue–Adorf line then leaves the Mulde valley. The route has several extremely tight curves, climbing the Schwarzwasser valley then reaches Lauter. Finally, it passes through Schwarzenberg Neuwelt and terminates at the Schwarzenberg station.", "Eisenbahnatlas Deutschland (German railway atlas). Schweers + Wall. 2009. ISBN 978-3-89494-139-0.", "Preuß, Erich; Preuß, Rainer (1991). Sächsische Staatseisenbahnen (in German). Berlin: transpress Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. ISBN 3-344-70700-0.", "\"Descriptions of Saxon railways\" (in German). Retrieved 3 December 2010.\n\"Photographs of tunnel portals\" (in German). Tunnelportale. Retrieved 3 December 2010." ]

[ "Zwickau–Schwarzenberg railway", "History", "Operations", "Rehabilitation", "Connecting lines", "Route", "References", "Sources", "External links" ]

[ 5360929 ]

[ 27241833, 27241834, 27241835, 27241836, 27241837, 27241838, 27241839, 27241840, 27241841, 27241842, 27241843, 27241844 ]

[ "The station building", "Entrance hall with communist-era statues (2014)." ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Zwickau_Hauptbahnhof_2009-05-26.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Zwickau_%28Sachs%29_Main_Station_%28Hbf%29-Entrance_hall-Pano.jpg" ]

[ "Zwickau Hauptbahnhof is the main railway station of Zwickau in the German state of Saxony.", "On 18 September 1845 Zwickau was connected by a branch line to the Leipzig–Reichenbach railway line. This was followed on 11 May 1858 by the line to Schwarzenberg, on 15 November 1858 by the line to Chemnitz and on 29 November 1875 by the line to Falkenstein.\nThe first station building was a wooden structure built in 1845. This soon no longer met increasing requirements and had to be replaced by a new building, which was completed in 1858.\nThe current station building was designed by Deutsche Reichsbahn architect Otto Falk, built from 1933 to 1936 and opened on 17 December 1936.", "The station is separated from the inner city and the Neumarkt and Zentralhaltestelle bus interchanges located there. Lines 5 and 7 of the Zwickau tramway network and bus lines 16 and 19 of the Zwickau Municipal Transport Authority (Städtische Verkehrsbetriebe Zwickau) connect the station with the city centre. In addition, many regional bus services begin at the station, which are mainly operated by the West Saxony Regional Transport Authority (Regionalverkehrsbetriebe Westsachsen).", "A special feature is the Zwickau model of tram-train operations. BOStrab-compliant RegioSprinters of the Vogtlandbahn run over tram tracks to the Zwickau central (Zentrum) tram stop. Tram-trains run from the Zwickau–Schwarzenberg line at street level to the Stadthalle tram stop. The metre-gauge line has a third rail fitted to allow standard gauge vehicles to continue to the Zentrum tram stop. The RegioSprinters are diesel-powered as most of the Vogtlandbahn network is not electrified and the vehicles are slightly narrower than normal because the tram line does not have sufficient clearance for full-width standard gauge vehicles.", "The following services operate through Zwickau:", "\"Stationspreisliste 2022\" [Station price list 2022] (PDF) (in German). DB Station&Service. 7 February 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.\nEisenbahnatlas Deutschland (German railway atlas) (2009/2010 ed.). Schweers + Wall. 2009. ISBN 978-3-89494-139-0.\n\"Tarifzonenplan und Ortsverzeichnis\" (PDF). Verkehrsverbund Mittelsachsen. 1 January 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.\nKlaus Reichenbach: Straßenbahn in Zwickau, Verlag Kenning, Nordhorn 1997, p. 6.\nKlaus Reichenbach: Straßenbahn in Zwickau, Verlag Kenning, Nordhorn 1997, p. 50.", "Zwickau (Sachs) Hbf bei www.sachsenschiene.de" ]

[ "Zwickau Hauptbahnhof", "History", "Location", "Zwickau model", "Rail services", "Notes", "External links" ]

[ 5360930, 5360931 ]

[ 27241845, 27241846, 27241847, 27241848, 27241849 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Zwickau_TrainTram.jpg" ]

[ "The Zwickau model is an inversion of the Karlsruhe model, with diesel main-line trains extended through city streets on tram track. It is so called because the German city of Zwickau was the first to introduce it.\nZwickau uses dual-gauge track, but that is not an essential feature of the model.", "Weymouth Harbour Tramway" ]

[ "Zwickau Model", "See also" ]

[ 5360932 ]

[ 27241850 ]

[ "U-Bahn station Zwickauer Damm", "Platform of the station" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/U-Bahn_Berlin_Zwickauer_Damm.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/U-Bahnhof_Zwickauer_Damm.jpg" ]

[ "Zwickauer Damm is a Berlin U-Bahn station located on the .\nFinished in 1970 by R. G. Rümmler it was the end of the line U7 (until 1972 when Rudow station was opened). The next station is Rudow.", "J. Meyer-Kronthaler, Berlins U-Bahnhöfe, Berlin: be.bra, 1996" ]

[ "Zwickauer Damm (Berlin U-Bahn)", "References" ]

[ 5360933, 5360934 ]

[ 27241851 ]

[ "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Wappen_Landkreis_Zwickauer_Land.png", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Saxony_z.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/De_zwickau_coat.png" ]

[ "Zwickauer Land is a former Kreis (district) in the south-west of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. Neighboring districts were (from north-east clockwise) Chemnitzer Land, Stollberg, Aue-Schwarzenberg, Vogtlandkreis, and the districts Greiz and Altenburger Land in Thuringia. The district-free city of Zwickau was located in the center of the district and nearly completely surrounded by it.", "In early days Zwickau was the starting point for the settlement of a whole region. The first official document of the ”territorim zwickaw” dates from May 1, 1118. The settlement by German farmers took mainly place in the second half of the 12th century. At the same time castles were built. A special area was administered by a bailiff, as a representative of the governor. The Wettiners were the most powerful rulers in Saxony in the 13th century. In the region of Zwickau the sovereign of Schönburg and Wildenfels were given the rule over their comparatively small territories.\nWith the division of the Saxon country the administrative structures became unclear in Leipzig in 1485. The borderline between albertinian and ernestinian possession was tangent to the Zwickauer city boundary. With the development of the Saxon state uniformed administrative structures began gradually to develop. In the Middle Ages the Saxon area was divided into governor’s residence, apart from the central administration. Out of this new jobs developed in the 15th century. The “administrators” (Amtsmann) practised the jurisdiction, and were responsible for the military quantity and public security.\nThe administrators came from the rural aristocracy. The noble administrator was promoted to the “chief administrator” (Amtshauptmann) during the following century, who usually supervised two to four offices. At the same time the “Kursaxon” territory was divided into districts for a better administration. The district was headed by a “county administrator” (Kreishauptmann or Oberhauptmann).\nDuring the whole Middle Ages and afterwards – even until our century - the city Zwickau with their surrounding area was regarded as a unit, concerning administrative matters.\nOngoing conflicts, for example the Thirty Years' War and the Seven Years' War, influenced the administration negatively.\nZwickau was the seat of the chief administrator. Since 1828, additionally the county administrators ruled from there the Southwest and the middle “Erzgebirge” and the suburbs.\nOnly in 1835, became the regional administration a new structure. The county administrators were replaced by “district directions” (Kreisdirektion) in Dresden, Leipzig, Bautzen and Zwickau. The chief administrators in Zwickau, Chemnitz, Wolkenstein, Plauen and in the territory of the sovereign of Schönburg belonged to the district direction Zwickau.\nThe following offices were headed by the chief administrator in Zwickau: Kirchberg, Werdau, Schwarzenberg, Eibenstock and of course Zwickau. Hartenstein, Lichtenstein, Stein, Waldenburg and Glauchau were controlled by the sovereign of Schönburg.\nIn 1856 an important step toward modern administration was done with the establishment of new administration offices, the “offices of court” (Gerichtsamt). Thereby the old office organization could be overcome.\nIn 1873 justice and administration were separated. Now the offices of court were only responsible for the law. The “administration crews” (Amtshauptmannschaft) were responsible for the administration. There were four “county administration crews” (Kreishauptmannschaften), which were created as organs of the Saxon government. The county administration crew of Zwickau consisted of the administration crews in Annaberg, Auerbach, Chemnitz, Flöha, Marienberg, Oelsnitz, Plauen, Schwarzenberg and Zwickau.\nIn 1919 a branch office of Zwickau was opened in Werdau. It became an independent office in 1920, but in 1933 it was affiliated to Zwickau again.\nThe rural constitution of 1946 as well as the Saxon constitution of 1947 established democratic values in Saxony again, like they had existed before the beginning of the Third Reich.\nNow part of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), the federal state of Saxony was liquidated as part of the administration reforms implemented from July 23, 1952. At the same time the former district Zwickau was divided into the districts Werdau and Zwickau. The area of the district Zwickau received a strong reduction. A considerable part turned into the district Werdau; furthermore, parts of the Zwickauer area were added to the district of Reichenbach. On the other hand the \"Mülsengrund\" was extracted from the district Glauchau and was affiliated to the district Zwickau.\nWith the dramatic events in autumn 1989, the Berlin Wall came down. The German Democratic Republic ceased to exist as Germany was re-united. With Saxon parliamentary elections on October 14, 1990, the federal state of Saxony was re-established. On May 6, 1990 local elections took place. At the constituent meeting of district assembly Christian Otto was elected head of the administration of the district Zwickau. In the district Werdau the citizens elected Georg Hamburg to head of the administration.\nWith the district reform on August 1, 1994, the rural district “Zwickauer Land” was created, seated in Werdau. With the termination of the municipality regional reorganization on January 1, 1999, the district changed its geographical face again. The places Cainsdorf, Mosel, Oberrothenbach and Schlunzig were affiliated to Zwickau against the will of the people living there.\nIn August 2008, as a part of the district reform in Saxony, the districts of Zwickauer Land, Chemnitzer Land and the urban district Zwickau were merged into the new district Zwickau.", "The district is located in the Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge), with the main river s being the Zwickauer Mulde and the Pleiße.", "", "Official website (German, English)" ]

[ "Zwickauer Land", "History", "Geography", "Towns and municipalities", "External links" ]

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[ "Zwickauer Mulde in Zwickau", "", "The Zwickau Mulde in Wilkau-Haßlau", "Stein Castle on the rocky river bank near Hartenstein", "The castle ruins of Isenburg", "Outcrop on the left bank of the Rußkohlenflöz near Cainsdorf railway station" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Mulde_in_Zwickau_-_big.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Zwickauer_Mulde.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Wilkau-Ha%C3%9Flau_Mulde_%28aka%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Burg_Stein2.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Ruine_Isenburg1.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Russkohlenfloez02.JPG" ]

[ "The Zwickauer Mulde ([ˈtsvɪkaʊɐ ˈmʊldə]) is a river in Saxony, Germany. It is the left tributary of the Mulde and 166 km (103 mi) in length.\nThe source of the river is in the Ore Mountains, near Schöneck, in the Vogtlandkreis. It runs northeast to Aue, then northwest to Zwickau (hence the name), and further north through Glauchau, Rochlitz and Colditz. A few kilometers north of Colditz, the Zwickauer Mulde is joined by the Freiberger Mulde to form the united Mulde. The Mulde is a tributary of the Elbe.", "", "The valleys in the catchment area of the Mulde were presumably used from the end of the last cold stage as access routes into the Ore Mountains that was covered in dense, ancient forests. This is evinced by the remains of artifacts left behind by Old Stone Age hunters, as well as Bronze Age and Iron Age discoveries as far as the higher regions of the Ore Mountains.\nLater, the western Ore Mountains became the territory of Germanic and Slavic tribes. Paths, trade routes and military roads, linked the old settlement areas around Leipzig and Altenburg with Bohemia. The mule tracks, however, avoided the rivers in favour of the ridges. At unavoidable river crossings, (fords, later ferries and bridges) and at intersections castles, villages and monasteries were established. Of the palaces and manor houses, Rochsburg, Rochlitz, Wolkenburg, Waldenburg, Forderglauchau, Hinterglauchau and Osterstein have survived. Of the castles, Wiesenburg, Stein Castle and the Isenburg remain. Fortifications constructed in the side valleys include Hartenstein, Wildenfels and Schwarzenberg. With the discovery of the rich silver deposits in the late Middle Ages, settlements grew up around the source streams in the upper Ore Mountains and the mining towns emerged.", "Eibenstock Dam\nPrince's Cave in the side of the valley below Bad Schlema (Poppenwald)\nStein Castle and\nSchloss Wolfsbrunn in Hartenstein\nAnnual demonstration timber rafting on the Muldenberg rafting waterway system\nAbove Zwickau, in Cainsdorf, the Mulde cuts the Rußkohlenflöz (soot coal seam). This outcrop of a permanently exposed coal seam is unique in Saxony. It is also a rare example in Europe of an outcrop representing three geological time periods (the Silurian, the Devonian and the Upper Carboniferous). It is protected as a geotope and geological natural monument.\nOsterstein Castle in Zwickau", "List of rivers of Saxony", "Ordinance of the independent town of Zwickau to establish the geological natural monument (#5)Steinkohlenausbiss (Rußkohlenflöz) on the banks of the Mulde by the Cainsdorf Bridge dated 27 January 2000 (iaw § 21 of the Saxon Nature Conservation Act (SächsNatSchG)" ]

[ "Zwickauer Mulde", "History", "Cultural landscape development", "Sights and structures", "See also", "References" ]

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[ "A pack of Zwicker cards with its 6 Jokers", "The ♦10 or Cardinale brings in the most points in classic Zwicker" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Zwicker.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Carte_fran%C3%A7aise_carreau_10.png" ]

[ "Zwickern or Zwicker, is a German fishing card game for two to eight players played in Schleswig-Holstein in North Germany. It is an old game whose rules first appeared in 1930. It has been described as \"a simpler and jollier version of Cassino\", which is \"exciting and entertaining\" and easy to learn. German author, Hans Fallada, who learned it in while in gaol at Neumünster, called it \"a rather cunning farmer's game from Holstein.\" The feature that distinguishes it from all other fishing games is its use of up to 6 Jokers.", "Zwickern is the primary or only name given in most book sources, with only Mensing calling it Zwickeln and Grupp calling it Zwicker, while acknowledging Zwickern and Zwickeln as alternatives. Meanwhile pagat.com, describing the game as actually played from several sources, follows Grupp in giving the primary name as Zwicker. The card packs produced for the game were also labelled Zwicker (see illustration). Another name is Zwick, named after the eponymous feat of sweeping the table, while Zwickel is also known. The names ending in \"-n\" are verbal nouns i.e. zwickern simply means \"playing [the game of] Zwicker\" and zwickeln means \"playing [the game of] Zwickel.\"", "Zwicker's origins lie in the old English game of Cassino which is first recorded in a 1792 treatise, but spread rapidly to Germany and America. Cassino faded into obscurity in Europe in the late 19th century, but experienced a brief renaissance in America as new variants appeared. Zwicker probably emerged around the turn of the century, but is first recorded in 1928 as \"a rather cunning farmer's game from Holstein played with 52 cards and a Joker\". The earliest set of rules appeared in 1930 in Robert Hülsemann's Das Buch der Spiele where the game is much as described below in the variant without Jokers and looks very much like an elaboration of Royal Cassino. Originally, it was played with just a standard 52-card pack but now it is commonly played with 3, 4 or even 6 jokers. Bespoke 58-card packs have been in production since at least the 1950s, but they now appear to be discontinued, the last manufacturer, NSV, no longer offering them in its range. \nIn 1935, the 52-card game (presumably without Jokers) was described as popular in Schleswig-Holstein, especially in the Holsteinish regions of Krempermarsch, Wilstermarsch and Dithmarschen as well as the Schleswigian regions of North Frisia and the Eiderstedt peninsula. It was almost never played for money, but usually for a glass of beer or a Grog. Dithmarschen may be where the game originated, but it must have spread and become widely popular in the region in order for special packs to be made for it.\nIn recent times, it has been played in North Frisia – for example, in Neukirchen, Leck and on the island of Sylt – as well as further east in the county of Schleswig-Flensburg at Sieverstedt Sillerup, Großenwiehe and Schafflund. It is still recorded in Holstein at Tappendorf and Windbergen, near its place of origin in Dithmarschen.", "Jokers were not originally used in this game, but it is now one of few games that is played with up to six in a single pack. From the 1950s, special Zwicker packs were manufactured for this purpose, initially by ASS Altenburger and, later, also by NSV. The latter firm made them until around 2020. Today they are no longer available. Where the rules allow Jokers, they play a major role in the game and are usually the most valuable counting cards. Much of the literature follows Hülsemann in allowing no Jokers; in Grupp and Parlett they are optional; but in practice, all accounts by real players include the use of Jokers, albeit their values vary.\nAccording to Grupp (1975), the normal rule is that, whether on the table or played from the hand, they are wild and represent any card chosen by the player. Optional rules to limit these powers include: if a Joker is the only card on the table, it may only be taken by another Joker; if a Joker is used in sweeping all cards from the table, it does not count as a zwick; or even that Jokers may never be picked up from the table, which effectively prevents any more zwicks being made. Parlett follows Grupp, but McLeod points out that no players in Schleswig-Holstein treat the Jokers as wild and believes that Grupp invented the wild Joker rule to explain the Jokers in the pack.\nIn practice, players use 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 Jokers with uniform or varied matching and scoring values – see below.", "Zwicker was originally played without Jokers and this classic version is still widely published albeit rarely played. Originally described by Hülsemann (1930), the following rules are based on Danyliuk (1972, 2017) supplemented by Parlett.", "King: 14\nQueen: 13\nJack: 12\nAce: 11\nPip cards: face value", "The aim is to capture Aces and Honours (Honneurs i.e. ♦7, ♠7, ♦10) and to make 'sweeps' usually known as zwicks but occasionally as zwickers. The ♦10 is sometimes called the 'cardinal' (Cardinale).", "There may be from two to eight players, each playing alone. Each player receives four cards and four are dealt face up to the layout (Bild) on the table. The rest form the stock which is placed face down on the table to one side. In turn each player plays a hand card and may use it to capture cards from the table. A player may capture table cards either by 'pairing', if the value of a hand card is equal to one on the table, or by \"summing\" if the value of a hand card equals that of two or more cards on the table. For example, a King (card value 14) may capture a 9 and a 5 (together worth 14). A played card may make as many captures as possible. So a Queen can be used to take two Queens from the table and, if the two remaining cards together add up to 13 (the value of a Queen), they may also be collected. If a player clears all the cards on the table, as in the last example, it is a zwick and counts more when it comes to scoring. The cards captured, including the hand card, are placed face up in front of the player (Danyliuk) or in a face down pile with the exception of any zwicks which are turned face up (Parlett). When all the players have used up their hand cards, the dealer deals four new cards to each player. A player who cannot capture a card or cards from the table, must 'trail', by adding a hand card to the table, or 'build', by placing it half over one on the table. The values laid on top of each other must not exceed 14. Cards placed one on top of the other can only be taken using their combined value.", "Once all the cards have been used up, the round ends. The winner is the player who has the most points or reached the previously agreed total of points. Points are awarded for the capture of certain cards or method of capture. Scoring is as follows:\n♦10 = 10 points\nZwick(er) = 3 points\nAce = 2 points\n♦7 = 1 point\n♠7 = 1 point\nMost cards taken = 1 point", "Accounts of people actually playing Zwicker, as opposed to rule books, invariably involve Jokers. This feature is known even in the 1930s and distinguishes Zwicker from all other games of the fishing family. Zwicker with Jokers is more complex and challenging than its classic predecessor. The following two versions are recorded by John McLeod and are known to have been actually played. In both cases cards may be built up or down e.g. a player may play a 3 onto a 7 and say \"4\" or \"10\". Otherwise the 2 variants have the following differences in matching values and scoring:", "In this variant for four players in 2 teams of two, 6 Jokers are used with three different matching and scoring levels. Which pattern of Joker represents which level (large, medium or small) must be pre-agreed. The value of the ♦10 is scaled down. Aces and court cards may have either of two matching values chosen by the player when a card is used in a build or capture.\nMatching values\nKing – 4 or 14, Queen – 3 or 13, Jack – 2 or 12, Ace – 1 or 11. Remainder: face value.\nJokers: small jokers – 15, middle jokers – 20, large jokers – 25.\nDeal and play\nThe game is played clockwise. The first dealer, after being selected at random, shuffles and offers to the right for cutting, before dealing four cards each and three to the table, face up. Forehand (left of dealer) opens by playing a card to the table, using it to build, capture or trail. Once all hand cards are exhausted the dealer deals four more cards each and the round continues in this way except that the last deal comprises five cards each.\nAs in classic Zwicker, players may build, capture or trail. Multiple captures may be made, but there is no obligation to capture anything nor to make all possible captures. By agreement partners may point out possible captures. In capturing multiple cards, values may only be added. So a 9 and 3 may be captured by a Jack (9 + 3), but not a 6 (9 – 3). Clearing the table of cards is a zwick; the cards captured are placed face up as a single trick to record it. If there are cards left on the table after the last card is played, they are taken by the team that made the last capture. This does not count as a zwick unless the last play validly captures all the table cards.\nPlayers may build up or down on existing table cards, announcing the total e.g. a 3 may be played on a 9 and the player may announce \"6\" or \"12\" as desired. However, the player must hold a card of that value or, the partner must already have declared a build at that value. A single card build may be announced e.g. a Queen may be played and announced as \"3\" if the player has a Queen or 3 in hand. Builds need not be captured straight away and may be further built on as long as a card is held matching the new total. Separate table cards or piles may not be combined to make a build. A card of the same value as the table card or pile may be built on it without changing its value e.g. a 10 may be built on a 6+4 and announced as \"10\". Builds may be captured as if they were a single card.\nScoring\nAt the end of play, each team scores points as follows:\nLarge jokers – 7\nMiddle jokers – 6\nSmall jokers – 5\n♦10 – 3\nTaking most cards – 3\n♠10, ♠2, Aces and zwicks – 1.\nTeams may agree a target score or decide the winner based on the higher number of points scored over a number of hands.", "In this variant, which is recorded as played in Sillerup and Großenwiehe, the dealer gives 2 cards to each player, then 5 face up to the table; then 2 more to each player and finally 5 more to the table, so that the game starts with ten cards on the table. All 6 Jokers are used, each with a different matching and scoring value. Again, the value of the ♦10 is reduced.\nMatching values\nKing – 4 or 14, Queen – 3 or 13, Jack – 2 or 12, Ace – 1 or 11.\nSix Jokers with individual values: 30, 25, 22, 20, 17, 15.\nScoring\n30-Joker – 20\n25-Joker – 15\n22-Joker -12\n20-Joker – 10\n17-Joker – 7\n15-Joker – 5\n♦10 – 3\nTaking most cards – 3\n♠10, ♥10, ♦10, ♠2 (the Pingel i.e. \"little bell\"), Aces and zwicks – 1.", "Danyliuk is a modern example.\nNor deal unequal cards in the last round as Grupp also suggests.\nThe matching values of these Jokers are handwritten at the top of each card; their scoring values are written at the bottom of the card.", "Zwickern at ludorium.at. Retrieved 7 April 2022.\nHülsemann 1930, pp. 280–283.\nParlett 2008, pp. 405–406.\nDanyliuk 2017, pp. 159–161.\nCrepon (1998), p. 169.\nFallada (2013), p. 9.\nMensing 1935, p. 763.\nGrupp 1997, pp. 147–151.\nMcLeod, John. Zwickern at pagat.com. Retrieved 27 January 2017.\nDas Kartenspiel Zwick at schmidt-fdb.de. Retrieved 27 April 2022.\nZwicker at NSV. Retrieved 4 July 2019.\nZwickern at NSV. Retrieved 4 July 2019.\n\"Playing Cards Currently in Popular Use in Germany\". Chicago Playing Card Collectors, Inc. 7 (Christmas Special): 11. 1960.\nNSV Online Shop – playing card range at spiele-offensive.de. Retrieved 31 March 2022.\nGemeinsamer Lebensweg war schnell beschlossen at shz.de. Retrieved 9 Feb 2020.\nDie wollen doch nur spielen at shz.de. Retrieved 9 Feb 2020\nAm Sonntag gab es frische Wäsche at shz.de. Retrieved 9 Feb 2020.\n\"Gelungener Auftakt für SpieleNachmittag in der ATS\" in Treenespiegel, Oct 2008, p. 26. Retrieved 9 Feb 2020.\nSpielen in geselliger Runde at shz.de. Retrieved 9 Feb 2020.\nZwickern mit dem Mädels at maschinenring.de. Retrieved 23 Feb 2020.\nLandFrauen Verein \"Am Klev\" at lfv-am-klev.de. Retrieved 20 July 2022.\n\"Zwicker\" in 1x1 der Kartenspiele by Rita Danyliuk. Retrieved 11 Jun 2018.\nPagat.com calls it the \"Picture\", which is a literal translation of Bild, and Parlett simply calls them \"table cards\".", "Crepon, Tom (1998). Kurzes Leben – Langes Sterben: Hans Fallada in Mecklenburg (in German). Hinstorff. ISBN 978-3-3560-0797-8.\nDanyliuk, Rita (2017). 1x1 der Kartenspiele (in German) (19th ed.). Hanover: Humboldt. ISBN 978-3-86910-367-9.\nFallada, Hans (2013) [First published 1943]. Heute bei uns zu Haus (3rd ed.). Aufbau Taschenbuch. ISBN 978-3-7466-2863-9.\nGrupp, Claus D. (1997). Schafkopf Doppelkopf (in German). Niedernhausen: Falken. ISBN 3-8068-2015-5.\nHülsemann, Robert (1930). Das Buch der Spiele für Familie und Gesellschaft (in German) (2nd expanded and improved ed.). Leipzig: Hesse & Becker.\nMensing, Prof Otto (1935). Schleswig-Hosteinisches Wörterbuch (in German). Vol. 5, T–Z. Neumünster: Wachholtz.\nParlett, David (2008). The Penguin Book of Card Games (3rd ed.). London: Penguin Books. pp. 405–406. ISBN 978-0-141-03787-5.", "Zwickern. Rules in English at pagat.com.\nZwicker. Rules in German by the Nuremberg Playing Card Company (NSV).\nZwickern. Rules in German at allekartenspiele.de." ]

[ "Zwickern", "Names", "History", "Jokers", "Classic Zwicker", "Card values", "Aim", "Playing", "Scoring", "Zwicker with Jokers", "Dithmarschen Zwicker", "Großenwiehe Zwicker", "Footnotes", "References", "Literature", "External links" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Zwicknia_bifrons_Serbia_01.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Neoperla_clymene_hor.png" ]

[ "Zwicknia is a genus of small winter stoneflies in the family Capniidae. There are about 11 described species in Zwicknia.", "These 11 species belong to the genus Zwicknia:\nZwicknia acuta Murányi & Orci, 2014\nZwicknia bifrons (Newman, 1838)\nZwicknia gattolliati Vinçon & Reding, 2018\nZwicknia komica Murányi & Boumans, 2014\nZwicknia kovacsi Murányi & Gamboa, 2014\nZwicknia ledoarei Reding, Launay, Ruffoni, Vinçon & Boumans, 2016\nZwicknia rupprechti Murányi, Orci & Gamboa, 2014\nZwicknia sevanica (Zhiltzova, 1964)\nZwicknia tuberculata (Zhiltzova, 1964)\nZwicknia turkestanica (Kimmins, 1950)\nZwicknia westermanni Boumans & Murányi, 2014", "\"Zwicknia\". GBIF. Retrieved 2019-06-11.\nMurányi, Dávid; Gamboa, Maribet; Orci, Kirill Márk (2014). \"Zwicknia gen. n., a new genus for the Capnia bifrons species group, with descriptions of three new species based on morphology, drumming signals and molecular genetics, and a synopsis of the West Palaearctic and Nearctic genera of Capniidae (Plecoptera)\". Zootaxa. 3812 (1). doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3812.1.1.\nDeWalt, R.E.; Maehr, M.D.; Neu-Becker, U.; Stueber, G. (2019). \"genus Zwicknia Murányi, 2014\". Plecoptera species file online, Version 5.0. Retrieved 2019-06-11.", "Campbell, Ian C., ed. (1990). Mayflies and Stoneflies: Life Histories and Biology. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-2397-3. ISBN 978-94-010-7579-4.\nStewart, Kenneth W.; Stark, Bill P. (1988). Nymphs of North American stonefly genera (Plecoptera). Entomological Society of America. ISBN 978-0929398556.", "Media related to Zwicknia at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Zwicknia", "Species", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 5360943, 5360944 ]

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