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[ "Village of Gásadalur with the mountains Heinanøva and Árnafjall (covered in fog) seen behind" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Faroe_stamp_453_gasadalur.jpg" ]

[ "Árnafjall is the highest mountain on the island of Vágar in the Faroe Islands. The highest point is 722 metres (2,369 ft) above sea level. The name Árnafjall translates to the eagles mountain. The mountain lies on the west side of Vágar close to the village of Gásadalur.\nThere is also a mountain Árnafjall on the island Mykines where the highest point is 350 metres (1,150 ft) above sea level.", "\"Árnafjall – mountain - Visit Faroe Islands\". Retrieved 2020-04-03." ]

[ "Árnafjall", "References" ]

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[ "Árnagarður in 2009" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Arnagardur.JPG" ]

[ "Árnagarður ([ˈau(r)tnaˌkarðʏr̥]) is a building in Reykjavík, Iceland, located on the campus of the University of Iceland. It is named after the 18th century scholar Árni Magnússon, and houses the Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies. \nMost of the building is used for staff offices and classrooms, but it also houses a small cafeteria. The building is used mostly by the University's Faculty of Humanities." ]

[ "Árnagarður" ]

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[ "Location of Árneshreppur" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Arneshreppur.png" ]

[ "Árneshreppur ([ˈaurˌnɛsˌr̥ɛhpʏr̥]) is an Icelandic municipality, located in the Westfjords peninsula of northwestern Iceland.\nThe village Djúpavík at the Reykjarfjörður [ˈreiːcarˌfjœrðʏr̥] is situated in the municipality. Other villages are Gjögur [ˈcœːɣʏr̥], Norðurfjörður [ˈnɔrðʏrˌfjœrðʏr̥] and Krossnes [ˈkʰrɔsːˌnɛːs]. The area is served by Gjögur Airport.", "\"ÁRNESHREPPUR\", Iceland Review. Accessed 14 June 2016." ]

[ "Árneshreppur", "References" ]

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[ "The House", "Eyrarbakki, The Maritime museum", "Eyrarbakki, The museum and church", "Eyrarbakki" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/The_House_at_Eyrarbakki.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/The_Maritime_museum.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/The_Museum_and_The_Church.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Eyrarbakki_2014.JPG" ]

[ "The Árnesinga Folk Museum is a small museum located at Eyrarbakki, a village on the south coast of Iceland, where visitors can experience past times and learn about the history of the building and the region. It is situated in the center of the village near the church. It is also accessible by Strætó bs bus.", "The Árnesinga Folk Museum is located in the old merchant's house at Eyrarbakki that is usually called the House (1765). It is one of the oldest extant residential buildings in Iceland.\nThe House and the so-called Assistant's House connected to it were privately owned until 1992 when they became a state property. After restoration of the buildings, the Árnesinga Folk Museum moved its activities there in 1995. However it was first established in 1964 and situated at Selfoss.\nThe aim of the Árnesinga Folk Museum is to collect, record, preserve and restore, as well as research topics in rural, cultural and occupational history of the county and introduce to the public.\nAt the Árnesinga Folk Museum visitors can experience past times, see how the merchant's family lived, and learn about the commercial history of the village. There are also temporary exhibitions which cast light on everyday life and the cultural heritage of the county.\nIn 2001 the Árnesinga Folk Museum took over the management of a maritime museum which was established in the 1960s by Sigurður Guðjónsson. The Maritime Museum is close to the House where a twelve-rower farsæll is the largest item. Beitningaskúrinn (1925) is also worth visiting, a shed from the heyday of the motor boat fishery, there is exhibition with narratives from those who used to work there.\nEggjaskúrinn, a little shed north of the House was rebuilt and opened in 2004 and now houses a collection of birds and eggs that once belonged to the merchant Peter Nielsen.\nIn 2011 the Árnesinga Folk Museum bought the house Kirkjubær (1918) which is located just west of the museum itself. It is now being restored and the plan is to display a typical public home of the interwar period.\nVarious temporary exhibitions take place at the museum as well as cultural events such as concerts, lectures and book readings, where authors read from recently published books.\nIn 2002 the Árnesinga Folk Museum received the Icelandic Museum Award for their professionalism and foresight in the new Service building at Hafnarbrú 3.", "Eyrarbakki is a small village in the south coast of Iceland with a long history. It was an important trading place and for centuries the harbor at Eyrarbakki was the main port in the south of the country.\nWhen the Danish merchants were allowed to overwinter, for the first time in Iceland in 1765 they built a house in the village center to accommodate the factor and his family. It is a wooden building with characteristics of Danish architecture. For two centuries this house was a center for culture and art, which spread through the county. The commercial building itself (a warehouse), Vesturbúð located on the west side was unfortunately torn down in 1950.\nFishing became a more important occupation after 1855 when the Danish–Icelandic Trade Monopoly was abolished and patterns of settlement changed greatly. The village's heyday was from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century but with improved public transport and occupational opportunities the number of inhabitants decreased. Because of that, many houses from 1890 to 1920 have been preserved; those little houses of the common people characterize the village. Not far from the Folk Museum is the church (1890) where the altarpiece is worthy of notice. It is given and painted by the Danish queen Louise of Hesse-Kassel.", "Staff\nHead of administration: Lýður Pálsson (since 1993)\nCurator: Linda Ásdísardóttir\nAddresses\nThe Árnesinga Folk Museum, The House at Eyrarbakki, Eyrargata 50, 820 Eyrarbakki, tel: 00354 483 1504\nThe Maritime Museum Eyrarbakki, Túngata 59, 820 Eyrarbakki, tel: 00354 483 1273\nThe Árnesinga Folk Museum, Service building, Hafnarbúð 3, 820 Eyrarbakki, tel: 00354 483 1082", "\"Byggðasafn Árnesinga\"Húsið á Eyrarbakka, January 30, 2014.\n\"Strætó\".\nLilja Árnadóttir. (1989). Eyrarbakki:Húsakönnun. Reykjavík: Þjóðminjasafnið í samvinnu við Eyrarbakkahrepp og Skipulagsstjórn ríkisins. OCLC Number:29065240 \n\"Byggðasafn Árnesinga\"The House at Eyrarbakki-The Árnesinga Folk Museum, January 30, 2014\n\"Brim á Bakkanum\", January 30, 2014\nInga Lára Baldvinsdóttir. (1998). Margur í sandinn hér markaði slóð: Eyrarbakkahreppur 1897–1998. Eyrarbakki: Eyrarbakkahreppur. OCLC Number:49399417 \n\"Sveitarfélagið Árborg\", January 30, 2014\ná eyrarbakki.is, January 30, 2014", "The Arnesinga Folk Museum official website\nByggðasafn Árnesinga The House at Eyrarbakki-The Árnesinga Folk Museum\nThe Árnesinga Folk Museum on Facebook" ]

[ "Árnesinga Folk Museum", "Museum", "Village", "Administration", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/%C3%81rni_%C3%9E%C3%B3r_Sigur%C3%B0sson.jpg" ]

[ "Árni Þór Sigurðsson (born 30 July 1960) is an Icelandic diplomat and former member of the Althing. He is currently serving as Iceland's Ambassador to the Russian Federation, also accredited to Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.", "Árni Þór received a cand.mag. degree in Economics and Russian from the University of Oslo in 1986 and subsequently pursued graduate studies in Slavic languages at the University of Stockholm and the University of Moscow. He received a master's degree in international relations from the University of Iceland in 2015.\nFrom the early 1990s until his election to the Althing in 2007, he served in various roles at the Icelandic Teachers' Union, the Icelandic Ports Association, and on the Reykjavík City Council.\nAt the Althing, Árni Þór represented Reykjavík Constituency North as a member of the Left-Green Movement until 2014. He served on a variety of committees and chaired the Foreign Affairs Committee from 2009 to 2013 and the Parliamentary Delegation to European Free Trade Association from 2009 to 2013. He co-chaired the Iceland-EU Joint Parliamentary Committee and was a delegate to the Nordic Council from 2010 to 2013 where he chaired the Standing Committee of Culture and Education. He was Deputy Speaker of the Althing twice in 2009-2010 and 2012–2013. He was chair, vice-chair, or acting chair of the Left-Green Movement's parliamentary group from 2009 to 2012.\nÁrni Þór was appointed to the Icelandic foreign service in 2014. From 2015 he was Ambassador for Arctic Affairs, representing Iceland in the Arctic Council and from 2018 he was Iceland's Ambassador to Finland, also accredited to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Ukraine. He became Ambassador to Russia in 2020.\nHe has been decorated a Commander of the Grand Cross of the Order of the Lion of Finland.", "During the Klaustur Affair, it was revealed that Gunnar Bragi Sveinsson had appointed Árni Þór as an ambassador in order to draw attention away from Geir Haarde, whose simultaneous appointment was a political favour to the Independence Party.\nÁrni Þór responded with a public statement emphasizing that his experience made him a good candidate for the role.", "Árni Þór was born in Reykjavík. He and his wife Sigurbjörg Þorsteinsdóttir have three children.", "\"Leyniupptaka: Gunnar Bragi skipaði Árna Þór sendiherra til að draga athygli frá Geir Haarde - \"Ég var brjálaður við þig Gunni\"\". 28 November 2018.\n\"Árni Þór um viðbrögð VG vegna sendiherrastöðunnar: \"Það var gagnrýni sem ég hafði skilning á og tók nærri mér\"\". 4 December 2018.", "Althing biography\nPhotos Arni Thor Sigurdsson: International Cooperation" ]

[ "Árni Þór Sigurðsson", "Career", "Klaustur Affair", "Personal life", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Árni Þórarinsson in 2015." ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/%C3%81rni_%C3%9E%C3%B3rarinsson.jpg" ]

[ "Árni Þórarinsson is an Icelandic writer born in Reykjavík on 1 August 1950. He received his B.A. in 1973 from the University of East Anglia in Norwich, England.\nHe started out as a journalist and has worked in print, radio, and television. In 1989 he was on the board of the Reykjavik Film festival. His first novel was in that same year and was a crime novel. He has written several other crime novels some of which may become films.", "", "Nóttin hefur þúsund augu (1998)\nHvíta kanínan (2000)\nBlátt tungl (2001)\nTími nornarinnar (2005) (English translation by Anna Yates: Season of the Witch, 2012)\nDauði trúðsins (2007)\nSjöundi sonurinn (2008)\nMorgunengill (2010)\nÁr kattarins (2012)\nGlæpurinn - Ástarsaga (2013)\n13 dagar (2016) (eng.: 13 Days)", "Leyndardómar Reykjavíkur 2000 (multi-author crime novel with one chapter by Árni)\nList of Icelandic writers\nIcelandic literature", "\"Festival Les Boréales, à Caen. Rencontres littéraires, au musée des beaux-arts\". Normandie-actu. Retrieved 3 March 2016.", "Iceland literature site" ]

[ "Árni Þórarinsson", "Bibliography", "Einar crime novel series", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Árni with Odd Grenland in 2009" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/%C3%81rni_Gautur_Arason_01.JPG" ]

[ "Árni Gautur Arason (born 7 May 1975 in Reykjavík) is an Icelandic former football goalkeeper. Árni is also an educated lawyer from the University of Iceland.", "He played for Rosenborg between January 1998 and December 2003, also making several UEFA Champions League appearances for the club. After leaving Rosenborg, he had a brief spell at Manchester City in the spring of 2004, serving as understudy to David James, but only made two FA Cup appearances for the club.\nIn the first of these, against Tottenham at White Hart Lane, City found themselves 3–0 down at half time after an abject first half performance, and down to 10 men after Joey Barton had been sent off at the half time whistle. Following a Sylvain Distin header early in the second half, City were 3–1 down when Spurs won a free kick about 25 yards out. Christian Ziege had already beaten Árni from a similar distance in the first half, but this time Árni produced a stunning one handed tip onto the crossbar from a full stretch dive to his left, Gus Poyet could have headed the rebound into an open net, but Árni scrambled back to his right to save this effort too. A goal here would arguably have killed the game off but after the brilliant double save City went on to win 4–3 in what has been described as one of the greatest FA Cup comebacks of all time.\nHe subsequently went on to join Vålerenga in 2004.\nOn 30 November 2007, Árni's contract expired and he left Vålerenga. In March 2008 he joined South African club Thanda Royal Zulu on a short contract, before moving back to Norway joining Odd Grenland in the summer the same year.\nÁrni retired in May 2012 after an operation on his elbow did not produce the results wanted.", "He made his debut in an August 1998 friendly match against Latvia and was a regular for the Icelandic national team, earning in total 71 international caps. He did not feature in competitive matches for the national team after leaving Norwegian club Vålerenga in 2007, his last seven matches were all friendlies, with the last match being a 1–1 home draw against Liechtenstein in August 2010.", "In autumn 2005, Árni had a daughter with his girlfriend Solveig Thorarinsdottir.", "", "Rosenborg BK\nNorwegian Premier League Champion: 2000, 2001, 2002\nNorwegian Football Cup Win: 1999\nVålerenga\nNorwegian Premier League Champion: 2005", "Kniksen award as the Norwegian league's goalkeeper of the year in 2001 and 2005.", "\"The ten best FA Cup comebacks (number 6)\". The Independent. 23 January 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2011.\n\"The greatest games of the decade\". ESPN soccernet. 15 December 2009. Archived from the original on 27 August 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2011.\n\"Árni Gautur leggur hanskana á hilluna – Vísir\". Visir.is. Retrieved 28 January 2016.\n\"Iceland - Record International Players\". Rsssf.com. Retrieved 28 January 2016.\n\"Árni Gautur Arason | Félagsmaður | Mótalisti | Mótamál | Knattspyrnusamband Íslands\". Ksi.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 28 January 2016.\n\"Mestvinnende spillere\" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2 November 2010.", "Árni Gautur Arason at National-Football-Teams.com" ]

[ "Árni Gautur Arason", "Club career", "International career", "Personal life", "Honours", "Club", "Individual", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "Árni Magnússon" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Arni_Magnusson_drawing.jpg" ]

[ "Árni Magnússon (13 November 1663 – 7 January 1730) was a scholar and collector of manuscripts from Iceland who assembled the Arnamagnæan Manuscript Collection.", "Árni was born in 1663 at Kvennabrekka in Dalasýsla, in western Iceland, where his father Magnús Jónsson was the minister (and later prosecutor and sheriff). His mother was Guðrún Ketilsdóttir, daughter of archdeacon Ketill Jörundarson of Hvammur. He was raised by his grandparents and uncle. At 17 he entered the Cathedral School in Skálholt, then three years later, in 1683, went to Denmark (with his father, who was part of a trade lobbying contingent) to study at the University of Copenhagen. There he earned the degree of attestus theologiæ after two years, and also became an assistant to the Royal Antiquarian, Thomas Bartholin, helping him prepare his Antiquitates danicæ and transcribing, translating, and annotating thousands of pages of Icelandic material. \nAfter Bartholin's death in 1690, Árni became librarian and secretary to a Danish statesman, Matthias Moth (brother of Sophie Amalie Moth, mistress to King Christian V until his death in 1699). From late 1694 to late 1696, he was in Germany, primarily to assess a book collection that had been offered to the university, but he extended the stay. Meanwhile, presumably thanks to his employer, he was appointed a professor designate at the university, and since he had never published, while still in Leipzig he published an edition of some Danish chronicles that he had copied while working for Bartholin. When he returned to Denmark, he resumed working for Moth but in 1697 was also appointed secretary at The Royal Secret Archives (Det Kongelige Gehejmearkiv). In 1699 he published anonymously, at Moth's request, an account of a witchcraft case in which Moth had been a judge, Kort og sandfærdig Beretning om den vidtudraabte Besættelse udi Thisted.\nWith vice-lawman Páll Vídalín, he was assigned by King Frederick IV of Denmark to survey conditions in Iceland; this took ten years, from 1702 to 1712, most of which time he spent there. He returned to Copenhagen for two winters, the first time to present trade proposals, and during the second, which was in connection with a court case, he got married. The ultimate results of the survey were the Icelandic census of 1703 and the Jarðabók or land register, surveying for which was not completed until 1714 and which had to be translated into Danish after Árni's death. He was expected to translate it himself, but it was one of several official tasks he neglected. It was finally published in 11 volumes in 1911–41. However, the mission as set out by the King was extremely broad, including investigating the feasibility of sulphur mining, assessing the fisheries, and auditing the administration of justice. Complaints of judicial abuse poured in, and officials were incensed by the two men's inquiries into past court cases and in turn complained to Copenhagen about them.\nReturning in 1713 to Copenhagen, where he was to spend the rest of his life, Árni resumed his duties as librarian, becoming unofficial head of the archive early in 1720 and later deputy librarian, possibly eventually head librarian, at the University Library. He also took up his appointment as professor of Philosophy and Danish Antiquities at the university, which had been awarded in 1701. In 1721 he was also appointed Professor of History and Geography.\nÁrni had a lifelong passion for collecting manuscripts, principally Icelandic, but also those of other Nordic countries. It is likely that this started with Bartholin, who, when he had to return to Iceland temporarily in 1685 because his father had died, ordered him to bring back every manuscript he could lay hands on, and then sent him to Norway and Lund in 1689–90 to collect more. In addition, his uncle had been a scribe and his grandfather Ketill Jörundsson was a very prolific copyist. When he started collecting, most of the large codices had already been removed from Iceland and were in either the royal collection in Copenhagen or private collections in various Scandinavian countries; only in 1685, at Bartholin's urging, did the King forbid selling Icelandic manuscripts to foreigners and exporting them. But there was plenty left, especially since Árni was interested in even humble items and would do whatever it took to get something. When Bartholin died, Árni helped his brother prepare his books and manuscripts for sale, and secured the Icelandic manuscripts among them for himself, including Möðruvallabók. Through his connection with Moth, Árni had some political influence, for which aspiring Icelanders gave him books and manuscripts. During his ten years surveying Iceland, he had access by the King's writ to all manuscripts in the country, had his collection with him, and worked on it during the winters; it and the survey papers had to be left behind in Iceland when he was recalled, but were shipped to him in 1721. What he could not secure, he would borrow for copying; a number of copyists worked for him at his professorial residence in Copenhagen. His collection became the largest of its kind. Unfortunately, his house burned down in the Copenhagen fire of 1728; with the help of friends, he was able to save most of the manuscripts, but some things were lost, including almost all the printed books and at least one unique item. His copyist Jón Ólafsson wrote out the contents of one manuscript from memory after both it and the copy he had made were lost in the fire. Árni has been blamed for delaying too long before starting to move his collection. He had not made an exhaustive inventory of his holdings, and several times stated that he believed the losses greater than was generally thought. (Everything in the University Library was destroyed, including many Icelandic documents which we now have only because of copies Árni made for Bartholin, and most other professors lost all their books.)\nÁrni was consulted by and readily assisted scholars all over Europe. In particular, he considerably helped Þormóður Torfason, the Royal Historian of Norway, in preparing his work for publication, having first made his acquaintance when he travelled there for Bartholin, and the second edition of Íslendingabók ever published (in Oxford) is actually substantially Árni's translation and commentary, although Christen Worm is credited as editor. Árni disavowed it as a youthful effort.\nÁrni was unusual for his time in scrupulous crediting of sources and attention to accuracy. In his own aphorism:\nSvo gengur það til í heiminum, að sumir hjálpa erroribus á gáng og aðrir leitast síðan við að útryðja aftur þeim sömu erroribus. Hafa svo hverir tveggja nokkuð að iðja.\n\"And that is the way of the world, that some men put errors into circulation and others afterwards try to eradicate those same errors. And so both sorts of men have something to do\".\nÁrni made a late marriage in 1709 to Mette Jensdatter Fischer, widow of the royal saddlemaker, who was 19 years older and wealthy. He returned to Iceland only a few months later to continue his work on the land register; they corresponded by letter until his return to Copenhagen. He lived only a little more than a year after the Copenhagen fire, dependent on friends for lodgings and having to move three times; the winter was harsh and when he fell ill, he had to have assistance to sign his will. He died early the next day, January 7, 1730, and was buried in the north choir of the still-ruined Vor Frue Kirke. His wife died in September and was buried beside him.\nHe bequeathed his collection to the state with provision for its upkeep and for assistance to Icelandic students. It forms the basis of the Arnamagnæan Institute and associated stipends.", "Árni's remaining collection, now known as the Arnamagnæan Manuscript Collection, is now divided between two institutions, both named after him and both educational as well as archival in purpose: the Arnamagnæan Institute in Copenhagen and the Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies in Reykjavík. \nThe street Arni Magnussons Gade in the Kalvebod Brygge area of Copenhagen is named after him. He was depicted on the now-obsolete 100 Icelandic króna banknote.\nThe character Arnas Arnæus in Nobel prize-winner Halldór Kiljan Laxness's novel Iceland's Bell (Íslandsklukkan) is based on him; the novel concerns the manslaughter case against Jón Hreggviðsson, a farmer whose conviction was eventually reversed in part due to Árni and Vídalín's investigations.\nAlso Arne Saknussemm, a character in Jules Verne's Journey to the Center of the Earth, is based on him.", "Sigurgeir Steingrímsson, tr. Bernhard Scudder, Árni Magnússon (1663–1730) - live and work, The Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies.\nEiríkur Benedikz, \"Árni Magnússon,\" Saga-Book 16 (1962-65) 89-93, p. 89.\nEiríkur, pp. 90-91.\nEiríkur, p. 91.\nÁrni Magnússon's entry in the Dansk Biografisk Lexikon, by Kristian Kaalund, Volume 11, pp. 52-7.\nPálsson, Gísli (2019-07-27). \"Domination, Subsistence, and Interdependence: Tracing Resource Claim Networks across Iceland's Post-Reformation Landscape\". Human Ecology. 47 (4): 619–636. doi:10.1007/s10745-019-00092-w. ISSN 1572-9915.\nAccording to Sigurgeir, in addition to his librarianship duties, he spent most of his time tutoring students for money and may never have lectured.\nEiríkur, p. 90.\nEiríkur, p. 92.\nGunnar Karlsson, The History of Iceland, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2000, ISBN 0-8166-3588-9, p. 159.\nGunnar, pp. 159–60.\nEiríkur, pp. 92-93.\nEiríkur, p. 93.\nEiríkur, p. 92; his translation.\nSigurgeir; according to Eiríkur, p. 92, only 10 years.\nHeather Wilkinson, ed., Jules Verne, Journey to the Center of the Earth, New York: Pocket, 2008, ISBN 978-1-4165-6146-0, p. 293.\nDaniel Compère, Jules Verne: écrivain, Histoire des idées et critique littéraire 294, Geneva: Droz, 1991, p. 130 (in French)", "Hans Bekker-Nielsen and Ole Widding. Tr. Robert W. Mattila. Árne Magnússon, the Manuscript Collector. Odense University Press, 1972. OCLC 187307887\nMár Jónsson. Arnas Magnæus Philologus (1663–1730). Viking collection 20. [Odense]: University Press of Southern Denmark, 2012. ISBN 978-87-7674-646-9.", "Works by Arne Magnussen at Project Gutenberg\nWorks by or about Árni Magnússon at Internet Archive" ]

[ "Árni Magnússon", "Life", "Legacy", "References", "Sources", "External links" ]

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[ "Árnagarður, on the campus of the University of Iceland, which houses the institute", "A page from a skin manuscript of Landnáma", "" ]

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[ "The Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies (Icelandic: Stofnun Árna Magnússonar í íslenskum fræðum [ˈstɔpnʏn ˈau(r)tna ˈmaknusˌsɔːnar iː ˈistlɛnskʏm ˈfraiːðʏm]) is an institute of the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Iceland which conducts research in Icelandic and related academic studies, in particular the Icelandic language and Icelandic literature, to disseminate knowledge in those areas, and to protect and develop the collections that it possesses or those placed in its care. It is named after Árni Magnússon, a 17th-18th century collector of medieval Icelandic manuscripts. \nThe Árni Magnússon Institute (Stofnun Árna Magnússonar) was an academic institute located in Reykjavík, Iceland. The institute had the task of preserving and studying mediaeval Icelandic manuscripts containing Landnáma, Heimskringla and the Icelandic sagas. On 1 September 2006, this institute was merged with the Icelandic Language Institute, the University of Iceland Institute of Lexicography, the Sigurður Nordal Institute, and the Place-Name Institute of Iceland to create the current Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies. It is a university institution with its own board and financing. The Minister of Education, Science and Culture appoints a five-member board for four-year terms. Three members are appointed according to nomination by the University Senate and two without nomination, with one of those two acting as chairman. The Minister appoints a director for five-year terms on the recommendation of the board.\nDr. Vésteinn Ólason was appointed director of the Institute of Icelandic Studies on 12 September 2006. Vésteinn had been the director of the Árni Magnússon Institute from 1 May 1999 until 1 September 2006, after which it was merged with four other institutes to create the Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies. Professor Guðrún Nordal took over as director of the institute on 1 March 2009, appointed for a period of five years.", "After Iceland received home rule from the Danish government in 1904, the Icelandic parliament (Alþingi) began to petition for the return to Iceland of at least a significant portion of the Arnamagnæan Manuscript Collection, the manuscripts and other documents collected in the late 17th and early 18th centuries by the Icelandic antiquarian and scholar Árni Magnússon. In 1927-28 four manuscripts and some 700 charters and other legal documents were returned to the Icelandic National Archives. In 1962 a special institute was set up under the name Handritastofnun Íslands (English: \"Icelandic Manuscript Institute\"). Ten years later, after the transfer of manuscripts from Copenhagen had begun in earnest, the laws concerning the institute were changed and it was renamed Stofnun Árna Magnússonar á Íslandi (generally referred to as Árnastofnun). It was administratively associated with the University of Iceland until 1 September 2006, when it merged with four other institutes in Iceland to create a larger independent institute of Icelandic studies, the Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies.", "The Institute has long been located in the Árnagarður building on the campus of the University of Iceland by Suðurgata in Reykjavík, though the organisations that were merged into the Institute in 2006 continued to be based at different sites in Reykjavík. In 2005, the Alþingi approved the construction of a purpose-built Hús íslenskunnar ('House of Icelandic') or Hús íslenskra fræða ('House of Icelandic Studies') to house the whole Institute, standing on the other side of Suðurgata, beside the National Library of Iceland. Ground was broken in 2013 and a large hole dug before building work was temporarily halted following a change of government; the hole came to be known as the 'hola íslenskra fræða' ('hole of Icelandic studies'). On 7 May 2019 it was declared that work would resume.", "The institute houses a number of historically and culturally important manuscripts, the bulk of them from the Arnamagnæan Manuscript Collection. Among these are: \nAM 113 fol (the Íslendingabók)\nAM 371 4to (the Landnámabók)\nAM 738 4to (Edda oblongata)\nGKS 1005 fol (the Flateyjarbók)\nGKS 2365 4to (Codex Regius of the Poetic Edda)\nGKS 2367 4to (Codex Regius of the Prose Edda)\nIcelandic Manuscript, SÁM 66", "Arnamagnæan Institute, the institution in Copenhagen housing the remainder of the Árni Magnússon collection", "'Vísir að skógi úr „holu íslenskra fræða“ afhentur Skógræktarfélagi Reykjavíkur', Morgunblaðið (8 May 2019).", "(in Icelandic) Árni Magnússon Institute’s Official Website\n(in Icelandic) Online manuscript facsimiles\n(in English) Árni Magnússon Institute" ]

[ "Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies", "History", "Location", "Manuscripts", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1336, 1337 ]

[ 8330, 8331, 8332, 8333, 8334, 8335, 8336 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Arni_M._Mathiesen%2C_finansminister_Island%2C_under_sessioen_i_Kopenhamn_2006.jpg" ]

[ "Árni M. Mathiesen (born 2 October 1958 in Reykjavík) is an Icelandic politician. From September 2005 through 31 January 2009, he was Minister of Finance in Iceland. From 1999 to 2005 he was Minister of Fisheries. Mathiesen was first elected to the Althing (Iceland's parliament) for the Independence Party in 1991, when he was the youngest member of the Althing at the age of 33.", "Mathiesen graduated from Flensborgarskóli in Hafnarfjörður with a university entrance diploma in 1978. He studied veterinary medicine at the University of Edinburgh, qualifying as veterinarian in 1983. He studied fish pathology at the University of Stirling and in 1985 was awarded the MSc in Aquatic Veterinary Science.\nAfter completing his studies, he worked as veterinarian in various areas of Iceland, and served as veterinary officer for fish diseases 1985–1995. Mathiesen was also the managing director of the aquaculture firm Faxalax hf. 1988–1989.\nÁrni M. Mathiesen was chairman of the Flensborgarskóli student association 1977–78, president of Stefnir, the association of young conservatives in Hafnarfjörður 1986–88, and vice-president of SUS, the association of young conservatives in Iceland 1985–87. He was a member of the Board of the Guarantee Division of Aquaculture Loans 1990–94, of the Board of the Icelandic Veterinary Association 1986–87, and was on the Salary Council of the Confederation of University Graduates 1985–87. He was chairman of the team handball division of his local FH club 1988–90 and was a member of the Flensborgarskóli school board from 1990 to 1999. Mathiesen was an Icelandic representative on the Nordic Council 1991–95; he has been a member of the Board of Búnaðarbanki Íslands and of the Agricultural Loan Fund and the chairman of the Council of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Mathiesen was also a member of the EFTA/EEA parliamentarians' committee from 1995 to 1999. He is the ADG of the Fisheries and Aquaculture Department at FAO, in Rome, where he lives with his family, from 2010 to present.", "Politics of Iceland", "\"Minister\". Ministry of Finance. Retrieved 6 December 2008." ]

[ "Árni Mathiesen", "Biography", "See also", "References" ]

[ 1338 ]

[ 8337, 8338, 8339, 8340 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Arni-pall-arnason-4.jpg" ]

[ "Árni Páll Árnason (born 23 May 1966) is a former Icelandic politician, who served in the government of Iceland as Minister of Social Affairs and Social Security from 10 May 2009 to 2 September 2010, and as Minister of Economic Affairs from 2 September 2010 to 31 December 2011. He served as a Member of Parliament for the Social Democratic Party from 2007 - 2016. He was elected party leader in February 2013 in a ballot of all party members with 62,2% of the votes cast, and served as leader until June 2016.\nHe was commissioned in June 2017 by the Nordic Council of Ministers to undertake a strategic review of the Nordic Welfare Model. He delivered a final report to the Swedish Social Minister, Annika Strandhäll, on 16 October 2018, named Knowledge that works in practice - strengthening Nordic co-operation in the social field.\nÁrni Páll Árnason is currently Deputy Director of the Financial Mechanism Office for the EEA and Norway Grants in Brussels.\nBorn in Reykjavik, he received a law degree from the University of Iceland in 1991 and did postgraduate studies in European law at the College of Europe, from 1991 to 1992 (Mozart Promotion). He became an attorney at law in 1997.", "\"The welfare model of the future\". Nordic cooperation. Retrieved 1 February 2019.\n\"The social area needs knowledge that works in practice\". Nordic cooperation. Retrieved 1 February 2019.\n\"Árni Páll Árnason\". Alþingi.is. Retrieved 1 February 2019." ]

[ "Árni Páll Árnason", "References" ]

[ 1339 ]

[ 8341 ]

[ "Statue in Brețcu, where Gábor was born", "" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/G%C3%A1bor_%C3%81ron_Bereck.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c2/Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager_2.png" ]

[ "Áron Gáborwas a Székely Hungarian artillery officer in the 1848-49 Hungarian Revolution. He became one of the leaders of Székely-Hungarian forces in Transylvania during the 1848 revolution against the Austrian Empire." ]

[ "Áron Gábor" ]

[ 1340 ]

[]

[ "Undated photograph.", "", "Márton circa 1920.", "Bust in his honor, Áron Márton Square, Budapest", "Statue, Cluj", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 3, 5, 5, 12 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/M%C3%A1rton_%C3%81ron_cropped.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/COA_bishop_HU_Marton_Aron.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/M%C3%A1rton_%C3%81ron_%281896-1980%29_katolikus_p%C3%BCsp%C3%B6k.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/M%C3%A1rton_%C3%81ron%2C_Erd%C3%A9ly_p%C3%BCsp%C3%B6ke_%281%29.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/%C3%81ron_M%C3%A1rton%2C_Cluj-Napoca.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg" ]

[ "Áron Márton (28 August 1896 – 29 September 1980) was an ethnic Hungarian Roman Catholic prelate who served as the Bishop of Alba Iulia from his appointment in late 1938 until his resignation in 1980. Márton held the title of Archbishop after he was raised to the honor despite leading a simple bishopric. He served as a prelate during a tumultuous period that included World War II and the emergence of a communist regime in Romania. He was even meant to become a cardinal but refused the honor when he learnt that another Romanian prelate would not be elevated into the cardinalate with him.\nThe organization Yad Vashem honored him on 27 December 1999 as a \"Righteous Among the Nations\" for his efforts to stop the deportation of Romanian and Hungarian Jews during the course of World War II.\nMárton's cause for canonization opened on 17 November 1992 under Pope John Paul II and he is titled as a Servant of God.", "", "Áron Márton was born to ethnic Hungarian peasant parents in Csíkszentdomokos, Austro-Hungary on 28 August 1896 to Ágoston Márton and Julianna Kurkó.\nHis initial studies were overseen in his village from 1903 to 1906 before moving to a Roman Catholic school at Csíksomlyó from 1907 until 1911. He was at another school from 1911 to 1914 before moving to a high school at Gyulafehérvár (now Alba Iulia, Romania). He graduated from high school in 1915 and was soon after drafted into the Austro-Hungarian armed forces that 15 June. He was involved in battles of World War I as a lieutenant (in the 82nd Infantry Regiment) in different conflict zones and was injured several times (first at Doberdo and then at Oituz and Asiago). The conclusion of the war saw him find work as a farmer and was also a metal worker in Brassó (now Braşov, Romania) from 1918 to 1920.", "In 1920 he commenced his theological studies in Alba Iulia and soon after became a chaplain at Ditrau (July 1924 - 1 July 1925) once he received his ordination to the priesthood in 1924 (in Alba Iulia) from Bishop Gusztáv Károly Majláth. Márton was then made a chaplain at Gheorgheni on 1 July 1925 until being made a professor of religion in that town from 1926 to 1928. He later became a professor of theological studies in a range of different localities and he taught at a high school from 1928 to 1929 in Mureş. Márton served as a priest at Turnu Roşu from 1 July 1929 to 1 October 1930. He was also a court chaplain and an archivist for the Diocese of Alba Iulia after 1930 before serving as a priest at the Cluj college. On 15 March 1936 he was made the brief administrator of Saint Michael's parish in Cluj before being made its actual pastor on 14 August 1938.", "", "On 24 December 1938 he was appointed as the Bishop of Alba Iulia in a decree that Pope Pius XI signed. He received his episcopal consecration in 1939 just after that pope's death from Andrea Cassulo before he was enthroned in his new episcopal see. Márton was one of the first intellectuals to oppose the preparations for World War II in public and he had started this in 1938 prior to his appointment as a bishop. He remained in the southern part of Transylvania, which remained part of Romania following the Second Vienna Award in 1940, unlike the northern part, which became part of Hungary. In a speech he gave in Saint Michael's Church - during a visit to Kolozsvár on 18 May 1944 (for the ordination of three new priests) - he condemned the prepared deportation of the Romanian and Hungarian Jews. That week on 22 May he also wrote letters to the Hungarian government as well as to the local police and other authorities requesting the prohibition of the deportation. But the response to his pleas was his expulsion from Alba Iulia.", "In 1945 - after the death of Cardinal Jusztinián Serédi - Pope Pius XII wanted Márton to become the next cardinal for the Hungarian nation, therefore leading Serédi's vacant see. But the opposition of the Hungarian Communists saw another prelate chosen for the position.\nMárton continued to be a strong advocate for religious freedom and human rights which made him an opponent of the Romanian Communists and of the dictatorial regime that it had established in late 1947. The bishop was arrested on 21 June 1949 and was sentenced to life imprisonment in mid-1951; but in 1953 - with the change of the political climate in Romania - the circumstances of his imprisonment became more bearable. Pius XII in 1949 (while Márton was jailed) even elevated him to the rank of archbishop \"ad personam\". He was moved into a villa in the outskirts of Bucharest but was not allowed to have contact with the outside world. He was released in 1955.\nMárton decided to revisit his bishopric after his release where he received a grand welcome on the part of an enthusiastic crowd. This proved embarrassing for the authorities and he was confined to house arrest following this. Márton was not allowed to leave the bishopric building for the decade and was permitted to emerge later in 1967. He was released as a result of negotiations that Cardinal Franz König had conducted in Bucharest. But Márton was still cautious of possible harassment from the authorities and volunteers often accompanied him on his pastoral visitations to ensure he was safe and left alone. He served as the President of the Romanian Episcopal Conference from 1970 to 1980. In 1972 he was diagnosed with cancer. He travelled several times to Rome where he met with Pope Paul VI.", "Márton submitted his resignation from his diocese to Pope John Paul II and the resignation was later accepted on 2 April 1980. He died not long after this on 29 September and was interred in the diocesan cathedral. During his battle with cancer he had never taken painkillers and continued with his work with great resilience. He was granted the posthumous title \"Righteous Among the Nations\" from Yad Vashem in Israel on 27 December 1999 for his activities in defending the Jews during the war.", "On 22 February 1969 a private audience was held between Pope Paul VI and Monsignor Hieronymus Menges. The latter asked the pope to do something that would encourage the Romanian faithful and the pope asked: \"what\"? in response to what he could do. Menges recommended that the pope create both Márton and Iuliu Hossu as cardinals as well as name several priests as monsignors.\nPaul VI agreed and tasked the then-Archbishop Agostino Casaroli with seeing whether it would be acceptable to the Romanian government. Casaroli dispatched his aide to meet with the Minister for Culture in Bucharest to ask if the double appointment would be welcomed. The Minister assured the aide that Márton's appointment would be acceptable to them but that Hossu was an unacceptable choice. Márton himself learnt that he was to be made a cardinal but refused upon learning that the government had denied Hossu. But the pope circumvented the government: he named Hossu a cardinal \"in pectore\" and never made Márton a cardinal. Hossu's secret appointment was not made public until the pope did so on 5 March 1973 after Hossu's 1970 death.", "The beatification cause commenced on 17 November 1992 under Pope John Paul II after the Congregation for the Causes of Saints issued the official \"nihil obstat\" and titled Márton as a Servant of God. The diocesan phase of the investigation was opened in Alba Iulia on 26 July 1994 and was later closed on 5 December 1996. The documentation was forwarded to the C.C.S. in Rome who validated the process on 23 October 1998.\nThe Positio was delivered for evaluation to the C.C.S. in 2003 and theologians approved the cause on 25 June 2010.\nThe second and current (since 2012) postulator for this cause is Monsignor Kovács Gergely.", "Holocaust in Hungary", "\"Servant of God Áron Márton\". Mindszenty Alapítvány. Archived from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2017.\n\"Consistory of April 28, 1969 (III)\". Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Retrieved 9 August 2017.\n\"Márton, Áron\". Yad Vashem. Retrieved 9 August 2017.", "Media related to Áron Márton at Wikimedia Commons\nÁron Márton official site (in Hungarian)\nStatue (in Hungarian)\nHagiography Circle\nCatholic Hierarchy" ]

[ "Áron Márton", "Life", "Education and conscription", "Priesthood", "Episcopate", "During fascist rule", "During communist rule", "Death", "Cardinalate nomination", "Beatification process", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1345, 1346 ]

[ 8342, 8343, 8344, 8345, 8346, 8347, 8348, 8349, 8350, 8351, 8352, 8353, 8354, 8355, 8356, 8357 ]

[ "Szilágyi at the 2013 World Championships in Budapest", "Szilágyi (L) evades Kovalev's attack in the semi-finals of the 2013 World Fencing Championships", "Szilágyi at the 2013 World Fencing Championships" ]

[ 0, 1, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Aron_Szilagyi_podium_2013_Fencing_WCH_SMS-IN_t205519.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Kovalev_v_Szilagyi_2013_Fencing_WCH_SMS-IN_t194135.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Kovalev_v_Szilagyi_2013_Fencing_WCH_SMS-IN_t193136.jpg" ]

[ "Áron Szilágyi (Hungarian: [ˈaːron ˈsilaːɟi]; born 14 January 1990) is a Hungarian right-handed sabre fencer. \nSzilágyi is a 2018 team European champion, 2015 individual European champion, 2007 team world champion, and 2022 individual world champion.\nA four-time Olympian, Szilágyi is a three-time individual Olympic champion and 2021 team Olympic bronze medalist. Szilágyi competed in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, the 2012 London Olympic Games, the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games, and the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games.\nIn Tokyo, Szilágyi became the only male fencer in history to win three individual Olympic gold medals.\nSzilágyi has served as the president of the Vasas Sport Club Fencing Division since 2020.", "Szilágyi began fencing at age nine at Vasas SC in Budapest, which remains his club as of 2015. His first coach was György Gerevich, whom he considers as his personal hero alongside György's father, seven-time Olympic champion Aladár Gerevich.\nWhile he was still a cadet, Szilágyi joined the senior Hungarian team for the 2007 World Fencing Championships in Saint-Petersburg. Hungary won their first gold medal in men's sabre since 1998 after defeating France 45–43. For this performance, Tamás Decsi, Balázs Lontay, Zsolt Nemcsik and Áron Szilágyi were named Hungarian team of the year.\nHe competed in the 2008 Beijing Olympics, finishing 15th in the individual event and 7th in the team event. He earned team bronze in the 2009 World Fencing Championships in Antalya, and placed third in the individual event of the 2011 European Fencing Championships in Sheffield.\nThe only Hungarian to qualify to the men's sabre event of the 2012 Summer Olympics, he was seeded no.5. In the table of 16 he defeated 2008 Olympic champion Zhong Man of China, then overcame Germany's Max Hartung and Russia's Nikolay Kovalev to reach the final. After taking an early 7-0 lead over Italy's Diego Occhiuzzi, Szilágyi closed the match on 15–8 to win Hungary's first gold medal in the London games.\nSzilágyi featured on the official poster and video campaign of the 2013 World Fencing Championships held in his home city, Budapest. He was defeated in the semi-finals by Nikolay Kovalev and took the bronze medal. In the team event, Hungary was eliminated in the table of 8 by Romania and finished 7th after the ranking matches. Szilágyi finished the season world no.2, a career best as of 2015.\nIn the 2014–15 season Szilágyi claimed his first continental title in Montreux, after prevailing over Max Hartung despite a right-ankle injury. Hartung took his revenge in the 2015 World Fencing Championships by defeating Szilágyi in the quarter-finals of the individual event. \nAfter the competition Szilágyi announced that he would prepare for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro with András Decsi, Singapore's national coach and elder brother to Szilágyi's teammate Tamás. He won his second gold medal at the 2016 Olympics, defeating Daryl Homer 15-8 in the final.\nAt the 2020 Summer Olympics, Szilágyi won his third gold medal, defeating Luigi Samele 15-7 in the final.\nHe won the gold medal in the men's sabre event at the 2022 World Fencing Championships held in Cairo, Egypt.", "", "", "", "", "", "", "Szilágyi studied international relations at Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest. Beside his degree in international relations, he also holds a degree in psychology from Károli Gáspár University.\nHe got married in 2017.", "Hungarian Sportsman of the Year: 2016, 2021\nHungarian Junior fencer of the Year: 2006, 2009\nJunior Príma award (2010)\nHungarian Fencer of the Year (6): 2011, 2012, 2016, 2018, 2020, 2021\nHonorary Citizen of Budapest (2012)\nFIE Fair Play Award: 2019\nOrders and special awards\n Order of Merit of Hungary – Officer's Cross (2012)\n Order of Merit of Hungary – Commander's Cross (2016)\n Order of Merit of Hungary – Grand Cross (2021)", "\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\"Szilagyi wins 3rd Olympic sabre title, Sun takes épée\". AP News. 24 July 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2021.\nJenkei, Dániel (14 September 2020). \"Szilágyi Áron a Vasas vívószakosztályának új elnöke!\". Vasas Sport Club official site (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2021.\n\"Szilágyi Áron lett a Vasas vívószakosztályának vezetője\". Index (in Hungarian). 14 September 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2021.\nFIE (ed.). \"Szilágyi Áron\".\n\"Hungary elects athletes of the year\". The Budapest Times. 20 December 2007.\nDaniel Bases (29 July 2012). \"Olympics-Fencing-Gold for Szilagyi as underdogs dominate sabre\". Reuters.\n\"Áron Szilágyi: MOL World Fencing Championships will be one [of] the most Important Events of my Life\". fencing2013.hu.\nAlessandro Gennari (8 June 2015). \"Show di Szilagy a Montreux, sua la sciabola maschile\". Pianeta Scherma (in Italian).\nChua Siang Yee (8 September 2015). \"Fencing: Decsi to coach Olympic champ\". The Straits Times.\n\"Rio Olympics 2016: Aron Szilagyi retains his Olympic individual sabre title\". BBC News. 11 August 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2021.\nLloyd, Owen (18 July 2022). \"Szilágyi and Song take historic wins at Fencing World Championships\". InsideTheGames.biz. Retrieved 18 July 2022.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 11 May 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 24 July 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 5 August 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 19 July 2022.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 6 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 22 May 2022.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 7 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 7 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 7 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 7 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 7 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 7 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 7 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 7 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 7 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 7 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 7 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 7 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 7 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 7 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 7 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 7 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 7 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 7 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 7 June 2021.\n\"INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website\". INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website. Retrieved 20 March 2022.\n\"Szilágyi Áron\". ntk.hu. Retrieved 19 February 2022.\n\"Szilágyi Áron elárulta, tervben van-e a baba\". Blikk.hu. Retrieved 19 February 2022.", "Áron Szilágyi at the International Fencing Federation \nÁron Szilágyi at the European Fencing Confederation \nÁron Szilágyi at the International Olympic Committee \nAron Szilagyi at Olympics.com\nÁron Szilágyi at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived)\nSzilágyi Áron at the Magyar Olimpiai Bizottság (in Hungarian)\nProfile at the European Fencing Confederation at the Wayback Machine (archived 2016-03-07)\nProfile at MOL Csapat at the Wayback Machine (archived 2016-03-05) (in Hungarian)" ]

[ "Áron Szilágyi", "Career", "Medal record", "Olympic Games", "World Championship", "European Championship", "Grand Prix", "World Cup", "Personal life", "Awards", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1347, 1348, 1349 ]

[ 8358, 8359, 8360, 8361, 8362, 8363, 8364, 8365, 8366, 8367, 8368, 8369, 8370, 8371, 8372, 8373, 8374, 8375, 8376, 8377, 8378, 8379, 8380, 8381, 8382, 8383, 8384, 8385, 8386, 8387, 8388 ]

[ "Memorial of Tamási in his native village, depicting the heroes of his novels (Ábel in the left corner)" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Kopjafa_1977.JPG" ]

[ "Áron Tamási (born: János Tamás; 20 September 1897 – 26 May 1966) was a Hungarian writer. He became well known in his native region of Transylvania and in Hungary for his stories written in his original Székely style.", "Born to a Székely family in Farkaslaka in Udvarhely County (present-day Lupeni, Harghita County), he graduated in Law and Commerce at the Babeș-Bolyai University, Tamási emigrated to the United States in 1923, soon after Transylvania became part of Romania. He wrote his first Hungarian-language novels there, and these were soon published in Cluj, to widespread acclaim. He returned home in 1926 and lived in Transylvania until 1944.\nOne of Tamási's most famous works from this period was a novel trilogy about the adventures of a Székely boy called Ábel, a young forest ranger living alone in the Hargita Mountains. Tamási moved to Budapest in 1944, and lived there until his death in 1966. At his request, he was buried in his native Székely Land, an ethno-cultural region in eastern Transylvania, Romania.", "Szász Tamás, a pogány – Cluj, 1922 – short story\nLélekindulás – Cluj, 1925 – short stories\nSzűzmáriás királyfi – 1928 – novel\nErdélyi csillagok 1929 – short stories\nCímeresek – Cluj, 1931 – novel\nHelytelen világ – Cluj, 1931 – short stories\nÁbel a rengetegben – Cluj, 1932 – novel\nÁbel az országban – Cluj, 1934 – novel\nÁbel Amerikában – Cluj, 1934 – novel\nÉnekes madár – Budapest, 1934 – drama\nRügyek és reménység – Budapest, 1935 – short stories\nJégtörő Mátyás – Cluj, 1936 – novel\nTündöklő Jeromos – Cluj, 1936 – drama\nRagyog egy csillag – Cluj, 1937 – novel\nVirágveszedelem – Budapest, 1938 – short stories\nMagyari rózsafa – Budapest, 1941 – novel\nVitéz lélek – Budapest, 1941 – drama\nCsalóka szivárvány – Budapest, 1942 – drama\nÖsszes novellái – Budapest, 1942 – short stories\nA legényfa kivirágzik – Budapest, 1944 – short stories\nHullámzó vőlegény – Budapest, 1947 – drama\nZöld ág – Budapest, 1948 – novel\nBölcső és bagoly – Budapest, 1953 – novel\nHazai tükör – Budapest, 1953 – novel\nElvadult paradicsom – Budapest, 1958 – short stories 1922–26\nVilág és holdvilág – Budapest, 1958 – short stories 1936–57\nHegyi patak – 1959, drama\nSzirom és Boly – Budapest, 1960 – novel\nJátszi remény – Budapest, 1961 – short stories\nAkaratos népség – Budapest, 1962 – drama\nHétszínű virág – Budapest, 1963 – short stories", "Digitalised works of Áron Tamási" ]

[ "Áron Tamási", "Biography", "Works", "External links" ]

[ 1350 ]

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[ "Statue of Árpád at Ráckeve (Hungary)", "Árpád's statue at the Heroes' Square (Budapest)", "Árpád's statue in Székelybere (Bereni, Romania)", "Ruins of Aquincum – \"city of King Attila\" in the Gesta Hungarorum[37]", "Árpád's statue in Nagymegyer (Veľký Meder, Slovakia)", "Árpád's wife – a detail on the Arrival of the Hungarians by Árpád Feszty et al. (Ópusztaszer National Heritage Park, Hungary)" ]

[ 0, 0, 3, 4, 5, 7 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_R%C3%A1ckeve.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/ArpadstatueHerosSquareBudapest.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_fejedelem_2_-_Sz%C3%A9kelybere.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Aquincum-%C3%93buda-01.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Nagymegyer176.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d%27s_wife.jpg" ]

[ "Árpád ([ˈaːrpaːd]; c. 845 – c. 907) was the head of the confederation of the Magyar tribes at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries. He might have been either the sacred ruler or kende of the Hungarians, or their military leader or gyula, although most details of his life are debated by historians, because different sources contain contradictory information. Despite this, many Hungarians refer to him as the \"founder of our country\", and Árpád's preeminent role in the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin has been emphasized by some later chronicles. The dynasty descending from Árpád ruled the Kingdom of Hungary until 1301.", "", "Árpád was the son of Álmos who is mentioned as the first head of the confederation of the Magyar tribes by all Hungarian chronicles. His mother's name and family are unknown. According to historian Gyula Kristó, Árpád was born around 845. His name derived from the Hungarian word for barley, árpa.\nThe Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus (r. 913–959) states that the Hungarians \"had never at any time had any other prince\" before Árpád, which is in sharp contrast to the Hungarian chronicles' report of the position of Árpád's father. In Porphyrogenitus's narration, the Khazar khagan initiated the centralization of the command of the Hungarian tribes in order to strengthen his own suzerainty over them. The khagan initially wanted to appoint a chieftain named Levedi to lead the Hungarians. However, Levedi did not accept this offer and suggested that either Álmos or Árpád should be promoted instead of him. The khagan approached the Hungarians with this new proposal. They preferred Árpád to his father, because he was \"greatly admired for wisdom and counsel and valour, and capable of this rule\". Thereafter, Árpád was made \"prince according to the custom ... of the Chazars, by lifting him upon a shield.\" Constantine Porphyrogenitus erroneously refers to the Magyars as Turks. This was a misnomer, as while the Magyars do have some Turkic genetic and cultural influence, and their historical social structure was of Turkic origin, they are not a Turkic people.\nThe reliability of the Byzantine emperor's report of Árpád's election is debated by modern historians: for instance, Victor Spinei states that it is \"rather vague and scarcely credible\", but András Róna-Tas writes that its core is reliable. The latter historian adds that Árpád's election was promoted by Álmos, who forced Levedi to renounce his position as kende. Accordingly, in Róna-Tas's view, Árpád succeeded Levedi as sacred ruler, or kende, which enabled his father to preserve his own position as the actual leader of the Hungarians, or gyula.", "The earliest reliable source of Árpád's life is an early 10th-century document, the Continuation of the Chronicle by George the Monk. It narrates that the Byzantine Emperor Leo VI the Wise (r. 886–912) sent his envoy Nicetas Sclerus to the Hungarians in 894 or 895 \"to give presents\" and incite them against the Bulgarian Empire. Sclerus met with their two leaders, Árpád and Kurszán, at the Lower Danube. Sclerus's mission succeeded: a Hungarian army soon crossed the Danube on Byzantine ships against Bulgaria. An interpolation in Porphyrogenitus's text suggests that the invading Hungarians were under the command of Árpád's son, Liüntika.\nThe positions held by Árpád and Kurszán at the time of their negotiations with Sclerus are debated by historians. Spinei wrote that Árpád was the gyula, and Kurszán was the kende. In contrast, Kristó said that Kurszán was the gyula and Árpád represented his father, Álmos kende. \nAt that time, the Bulgarians had disregarded the peace treaty and were raiding through the Thracian countryside. Justice pursued them for breaking their oath to Christ our God, the emperor of all, and they quickly met up with their punishment. While our forces were engaged against the Saracens, divine Providence led the [Hungarians], in place of the Romans, to campaign against the Bulgarians. Our Majesty's fleet of ships supported them and ferried them across the Danube. [Providence] sent them out against the army of the Bulgarians that had so wickedly taken up arms against Christians and, as though they were public executioners, they decisively defeated them in three engagements, so that the Christian Romans might not willingly stain themselves with the blood of the Christian Bulgarians.\n— Leo the Wise: Tactics\nThe Hungarian army defeated the Bulgarians, but the latter hired the Pechenegs against them. The Bulgarians and Pechenegs simultaneously invaded the Hungarians' territories in the western regions of the Pontic steppes in 895 or 896. The destruction of their dwelling places by the Pechenegs forced the Hungarians to leave for a new homeland across the Carpathian Mountains towards the Pannonian Plain.\nThe Illuminated Chronicle says that Árpád's father Álmos \"could not enter Pannonia, for he was killed in Erdelw\" or Transylvania. Engel, Kristó and Molnár, who accept the reliability of this report, wrote that Álmos's death was a ritual murder, similar to the sacrifice of the Khazar khagans in case of a disaster affecting their people. In contrast with them, Róna-Tas states that even if the report on Álmos's murder \"reflects true event, the only possible explanation would be that Árpád or someone in his entourage\" killed the aged prince. Spinei rejects the Illuminated Chronicle's report on Álmos's murder in Transylvania, because the last mention of Álmos in the contrasting narration of the Gesta Hungarorum is connected to a siege of Ungvár (Uzhhorod, Ukraine) by the Hungarians. The latter chronicle says that Álmos appointed Árpád \"as leader and master\" of the Hungarians on this occasion.", "Árpád's name \"is completely unknown\" to all sources written in East Francia, which was one of the main powers of the Carpathian Basin at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries. These sources, including the Annales Alamannici and the Annales Eisnidlenses, only mention another Hungarian leader, Kurszán. According to Kristó and other historians, these sources suggest that Kurszán must have been the gyula commanding the Hungarian forces, while Árpád succeeded his murdered father as the sacred kende. Proposing a contrasting theory, the Romanian historian Curta wrote that Kurszán was the kende and Árpád gyula only succeeded him when Kurszán was murdered by Bavarians in 902 or 904.\nIn contrast to nearly contemporaneous sources, Hungarian chronicles written centuries after the events—for instance, the Gesta Hungarorum and the Illuminated Chronicle—emphasize Árpád's pre-eminent role in the conquest of the Carpathian Basin. The Gesta Hungarorum also highlights Árpád's military skills and his generosity. This chronicle also emphasizes that Tétény, one of the heads of the seven Hungarian tribes, acquired \"the land of Transylvania for himself and his posterity\" only after Árpád had authorized him to conquer it.\nHaving crossed the Danube, they encamped beside the Danube as far as Budafelhévíz. Hearing this, all the Romans living throughout the land of Pannonia, saved their lives by flight. Next day, Prince Árpád and all his leading men with all the warriors of Hungary entered the city of King Attila and they saw all the royal palaces, some ruined to the foundations, others not, and they admired beyond measure the stone buildings and were happier than can be told that they had deserved to take without fighting the city of King Attila, of whose line Prince Árpád descended. They feasted every day with great joy in the palace of King Attila, sitting alongside one another, and all the melodies and sweet sounds of zithers and pipes along with all the songs of minstrels were presented to them ... Prince Árpád gave great lands and properties to the guests staying with them, and, when they heard this, many guests thronged to him and gladly stayed with him.\n— Anonymous: Gesta Hungarorum\nThe Gesta Hungarorum says that Árpád took \"an oath of the leading men and warriors of Hungary,\" and \"had his son, Prince Zoltán elevated\" to prince in his life. However, the reliability of this report and the list of the grand princes in the Gesta Hungarorum is dubious. For instance, it ignores Fajsz, who ruled when Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus was completing his De Administrando Imperio around 950.", "The date of Árpád's death is debated. The Gesta Hungarorum states that he died in 907. However, Kristó wrote that he actually died in 900 or later because the Gesta says 903 is the starting date of the Hungarian \"land-taking\" instead of its actual date around 895. If the Gesta's report on his funeral is reliable, Árpád was buried \"at the head of a small river that flows through a stone culvert to the city of King Attila\" where a village, Fehéregyháza, developed near Buda a century later.", "The Hungarians arrived in their new homeland within the Carpathians under Árpád. Árpád is the principal actor in the Gesta Hungarorum, which attributes \"almost all memorable events\" of the \"Hungarian land-taking\" to him. Furthermore, until the extinction of the male line of his dynasty in 1301, Hungary was ruled by \"a single line of princes\", all descending from Árpád. Árpád is known among Hungarians as honalapító or the \"founder of our homeland\".", "Porphyrogenitus says Árpád \"had four sons: first, Tarkatzous; second, Ielech; third, Ioutotzas; fourth, Zaltas\". However, he also refers to one \"Liuntikas, son of\" Árpád; Kristó wrote that Liuntikas (Liüntika) was an alternative name of Tarkatzous (Tarhos). The name and family of the mother of Árpád's sons are unknown. The following is a family tree presenting Árpád's ancestors and his descendants to the end of the 10th century:\n*Liüntika and Tarkatzus are supposed to have been identical.\n**The father of Tas was one of Árpád's four or five sons, but his name is unknown.\n***All later grand princes and kings of Hungary descended from Taksony.", "Árpáds\nHungarian prehistory\nHistory of Hungary", "The Hungarian word árpa was borrowed from a Turkic language before the times of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin (at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries), from Proto-Turkic *arpa. The Hungarians cohabited for centuries with Turkic people, which accounts for over 10% word roots in modern Hungarian being Turkic. In Hungarian, most pastoral terms are Turkic in origin, and agricultural terms are 50% r-Turkic. Many Hungarian names, and also animal and plant names, are of Turkic origin, and the majority of tribe names were of Turkic origin. Turkic is, along with Uralic, German and Slavic, one of the four languages that have the greatest percentage of word roots in the Hungarian language. However, the Magyars are not a Turkic people, though the Turks made a genetic and linguistic contribution.", "Engel 2001, p. 19.\nKristó & Makk 1996, pp. 11–12, 17, Appendix 1.\nKristó & Makk 1996, pp. 17, Appendix 1.\nKristó & Makk 1996, p. 17.\nZaicz, Gábor. Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (’Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006\n árpa in Tótfalusi, István. Magyar etimológiai nagyszótár (’Hungarian Comprehensive Dictionary of Etymology’). Budapest: Arcanum Adatbázis, 2001; Arcanum DVD Könyvtár\nGy Ránki, György Ránki, ed. (1984). Hungarian History--world History. Akadémiai K VIII. p. 10. ISBN 9789630539975.\nPop, Ioan Aurel; Csorvási, Veronica (1996). Romanians and Hungarians from the 9th to the 14th Century The Genesis of the Transylvanian Medieval State. Fundația Culturală Română; Centrul de Studii Transilvane. p. 62. ISBN 9789735770372. The majority of the Hungarian tribe names were of Turkic origin and signified, in many cases, a certain rank.\nKöpeczi, Béla; Makkai, László; Mócsy, András; Kiralý, Béla K.; Kovrig, Bennett; Szász, Zoltán; Barta, Gábor (2001). Transylvania in the medieval Hungarian kingdom (896-1526) (Volume 1 of History of Transylvania ed.). New York: Social Science Monographs, University of Michigan, Columbia University Press, East European Monographs. pp. 415–416. ISBN 0880334797.\nA MAGYAROK TÜRK MEGNEVEZÉSE BÍBORBANSZÜLETETT KONSTANTINOS DE ADMINISTRANDOIMPERIO CÍMÛ MUNKÁJÁBAN - Takács Zoltán Bálint, SAVARIAA VAS MEGYEI MÚZEUMOK ÉRTESÍTÕJE28 SZOMBATHELY, 2004, pp. 317–333 \nConstantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (ch. 38), p. 173.\nKristó 1996, pp. 160–161.\nSpinei 2003, p. 33.\nSpinei 2003, pp. 33, 40.\nKristó 1996, p. 160.\nKristó 1996, p. 201.\nEngel 2001, p. 20.\nHenry Hoyle Howorth (2008). History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: The So-called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia. Cosimo, Inc. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-60520-134-4. Retrieved 15 June 2013.\nKöpeczi, Béla; Makkai, László; Mócsy, András; Kiralý, Béla K.; Kovrig, Bennett; Szász, Zoltán; Barta, Gábor (2001). Transylvania in the medieval Hungarian kingdom (896-1526) (Volume 1 of History of Transylvania ed.). New York: Social Science Monographs, University of Michigan, Columbia University Press, East European Monographs. pp. 415–416. ISBN 0880334797.\nA MAGYAROK TÜRK MEGNEVEZÉSE BÍBORBANSZÜLETETT KONSTANTINOS DE ADMINISTRANDOIMPERIO CÍMÛ MUNKÁJÁBAN - Takács Zoltán Bálint, SAVARIAA VAS MEGYEI MÚZEUMOK ÉRTESÍTÕJE28 SZOMBATHELY, 2004, pp. 317–333 \nRóna-Tas 1999, p. 330.\nRóna-Tas 1999, pp. 54–55.\nKristó 1996, p. 183.\nSpinei 2003, p. 52.\nKristó 1996, pp. 183–184.\nKristó 1996, p. 186.\nThe Taktika of Leo VI (18.40), p. 453.\nCurta 2006, p. 178.\nEngel 2001, pp. 11–12.\nMolnár 2001, p. 13.\nRóna-Tas 1999, p. 344.\nThe Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle (ch. 28), p. 98.\nKristó 1996, pp. 191–192.\nSpinei 2009, p. 72.\nKristó & Makk 1996, p. 15.\nAnonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 13), p. 37.\nAnonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians, note 1 on p. 8.\nMolnár 2001, p. 201.\nCurta 2006, p. 189.\nKristó & Makk 1996, p. 18.\nKristó & Makk 1996, p. 19.\nAnonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 24), p. 59.\nMadgearu 2005, pp. 91–92.\nAnonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 46), pp. 100–101.\nAnonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 52), p. 115.\nKristó & Makk 1996, p. 21.\nEngel 2001, pp. 19–20.\nKristó & Makk 1996, p. 20.\nMadgearu 2005, p. 25.\nConstantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (ch. 40), p. 179.\nConstantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (ch. 40), p. 177.\nKristó & Makk 1996, p. Appendix 1.", "", "Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (Edited, Translated and Annotated by Martyn Rady and László Veszprémy) (2010). In: Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010); Anonymus and Master Roger; CEU Press; ISBN 978-963-9776-95-1.\nConstantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (Greek text edited by Gyula Moravcsik, English translation by Romillyi J. H. Jenkins) (1967). Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. ISBN 0-88402-021-5.\nThe Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle: Chronica de Gestis Hungarorum (Edited by Dezső Dercsényi) (1970). Corvina, Taplinger Publishing. ISBN 0-8008-4015-1.\nThe Taktika of Leo VI (Text, translation, and commentary by George T. Dennis) (2010). Dumbarton Oaks. ISBN 978-0-88402-359-3.", "Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89452-4.\nEngel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. ISBN 1-86064-061-3.\nKristó, Gyula (1996). Hungarian History in the Ninth Century. Szegedi Középkorász Műhely. ISBN 1-4039-6929-9.\nKristó, Gyula; Makk, Ferenc (1996). Az Árpád-ház uralkodói [Rulers of the House of Árpád] (in Hungarian). I.P.C. Könyvek. ISBN 963-7930-97-3.\nMadgearu, Alexandru (2005). The Romanians in the Anonymous Gesta Hungarorum: Truth and Fiction. Romanian Cultural Institute, Center for Transylvanian Studies. ISBN 973-7784-01-4.\nMolnár, Miklós (2001). A Concise History of Hungary. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66736-4.\nRóna-Tas, András (1999). Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History (Translated by Nicholas Bodoczky). CEU Press. ISBN 978-963-9116-48-1.\nSpinei, Victor (2003). The Great Migrations in the East and South East of Europe from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Century. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies) and Museum of Brăila Istros Publishing House. ISBN 973-85894-5-2.\nSpinei, Victor (2009). The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century. Koninklijke Brill NV. ISBN 978-90-04-17536-5.", "Marek, Miroslav. \"arpad/arpad1.html\". Genealogy.EU.\nÁrpád, painting from the 19th century" ]

[ "Árpád", "Biography", "Early life", "Towards the Hungarian Conquest", "Reign", "Death", "Legacy", "Family", "See also", "Notes", "Footnotes", "References", "Primary sources", "Secondary sources", "External links" ]

[ 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356 ]

[ 8392, 8393, 8394, 8395, 8396, 8397, 8398, 8399, 8400, 8401, 8402, 8403, 8404, 8405, 8406, 8407, 8408, 8409, 8410, 8411, 8412, 8413, 8414, 8415, 8416, 8417, 8418, 8419, 8420, 8421, 8422, 8423, 8424, 8425, 8426, 8427, 8428, 8429, 8430, 8431 ]

[ "Árpád Érsek" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_%C3%89rsek.jpg" ]

[ "Árpád Érsek (born 22 June 1958) is a Most-Híd politician who served as the Minister of Transport and Minister of the Environment in 2020.", "Fabok, Martin. \"Transport Minister Ersek Not Happy with Bill to Scrap Motorway Vignettes\". TASR. Retrieved 14 March 2020.\n\"Environment minister resigns after a fight\". The Slovak Spectator. 23 January 2020." ]

[ "Árpád Érsek", "References" ]

[ 1357 ]

[ 8432 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Ambrusz_%C3%81rp%C3%A1d.jpg" ]

[ "Árpád Ambrusz (born 2 July 1980 in Nyíregyháza) is a Hungarian football (defender) player who plays for Nyíregyháza Spartacus.", "Ambrusz began with Nyíregyháza Spartacus in 2004 as a defender. There he was a prosperous player from his first season. In 2008, he appeared as a loan player ate Rákospalotai EAC where he played nine matches. He would next play for the national team.", "\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 22 April 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2009.\nwebáruház, COL Directinfo - honlap. \"HLSZ\". Hlsz.hu. Retrieved 18 August 2017." ]

[ "Árpád Ambrusz", "Club career", "References" ]

[ 1358 ]

[ 8433 ]

[ "Árpád Balázs in 2012." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Bal%C3%A1zs_%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_%282012%29.jpg" ]

[ "Árpád Balázs (born 1 October 1937 in Szentes, Hungary) is a classical music composer. He studied composition in Budapest and Rome, and presented a series about classical music on Hungarian television.\nHis compositions have been recommended for students learning to play the piano, and in the UK his piece \"Trudging\" is one of the set performance pieces for the 2009-2010 ABRSM Grade 1 Piano examination.", "\"Balázs, Árpád\". Budapest Music Center.\nMagrath, Jane (1995). The pianist's guide to standard teaching and performance literature. Alfred Publishing. p. 270. ISBN 0-88284-655-8. Árpád Balázs -siofok." ]

[ "Árpád Balázs", "References" ]

[ 1359 ]

[ 8434 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Arpad_Baroti_%28Legavolley_2014%29.jpg" ]

[ "Árpád Baróti (born 23 October 1991) is a Hungarian volleyball player, member of the Hungary men's national volleyball team, 2016 German Champion.", "CEV Cup\n 2015/2016 – with Berlin Recycling Volleys\nNational championships\n2015/2016 German Championship, with Berlin Recycling Volleys\n2015/2016 German Cup, with Berlin Recycling Volleys\n2016/2017 KOVO Cup, with Suwon KEPCO Vixtorm\n2019/2020 Polish SuperCup, with ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle", "\"Altotevere C. Castello, il nuovo opposto è Baroti\". trgmedia.it (in Italian). 14 July 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2021.\n\"Węgierski atakujący dołączył do ZAKSY\". zaksa.pl (in Polish). 19 October 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2021.\n\"Arpad Baroti dołącza do Jastrzębskiego Węgla\". jastrzebskiwegiel.pl (in Polish). 28 December 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2021.", "Player profile at the European Volleyball Confederation\nPlayer profile at LegaVolley.it (in Italian)\nPlayer profile at PlusLiga.pl (in Polish)\nPlayer profile at Volleybox.net" ]

[ "Árpád Baróti", "Sporting achievements", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1360 ]

[ 8435, 8436 ]

[ "Self portrait" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_Basch.jpg" ]

[ "Árpád Basch (April 16, 1873, Budapest - 1944, Budapest) was a Hungarian painter and graphic artist.\nInitially intending to follow an industrial career, Basch attended training at the Department of Metallurgy at the Staatliche Mittelschule (government school) for one year, after which he decided to become an artist.\nHe trained under Simon Hollósy in Munich, Bihari and Karlovsky in Budapest and Léon Bonnat, Dousset, and Jean Paul Laurens in Paris. He returned once more to Budapest, where he became the art editor of the Magyar Genius (a Hungarian publication). He painted several commissions for the Millennia Exposition, and devoted considerable attention to poster painting. He was a collaborator on \"The Poster\" and on \"Les Maîtres de l'Affiche\", but his principal occupation was water-color decorative painting.", "Ferencz Herceg: Szelek szárnyán 1905", "Basch\nGyula Basch" ]

[ "Árpád Basch", "Sources", "See also" ]

[ 1361 ]

[ 8437 ]

[ "", "the Árpád Bogsch building", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3b/Arpad_Bogsch.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/WIPO1.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c2/Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager_2.png" ]

[ "Árpád Bogsch (February 24, 1919, Budapest, Hungary – September 19, 2004, Geneva, Switzerland) was a Hungarian-American international civil servant. He became an American citizen in 1959. From 1973 to 1997, he was Director General of World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). He was also Secretary General of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV).\n \nBogsch was featured in the 1988 Swiss documentary film A Szellem Tulajdona (Property of the Intellect), directed by Zoltán Bonta.\nThere have been a number of tributes made in Bogsch's memory. The main building at WIPO headquarters in Geneva is named the \"Árpád Bogsch building\" in his honor. The Hungarian Intellectual Property Office, in the country of Bogsch's birth, features a bust of Bogsch by sculptor Tibor Borbás. The International Federation of Inventors' Associations in 2010 established the Árpád Bogsch Memory Medal, to be awarded to individuals who support invention and innovation in the same spirit as Bogsch.", "Bogsch, Arpad (1958). Universal Copyright Convention: An Analysis and Commentary. New York: Bowker. LCCN 58-13137. OCLC 902072883. A comprehensive annotation of the Universal Copyright Convention.", "\"WIPO Director General Expresses Concolences on Passing of Dr. Árpád Bogsch, Press Release 389, Geneva\". World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). September 21, 2004. Archived from the original on 24 February 2008. Retrieved 30 April 2017.\nA Szellem Tulajdona at IMDb\n\"Agreement with General Contractor Paves Way for Beginning of Conference Hall Construction\". WIPO. May 31, 2011. Retrieved September 9, 2017.\n\"Árpád Bogsch (1919 - 2004 )\". Hungarian Intellectual Property Office. July 15, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2017.\n\"Árpád Bogsch Memory Medal: The highest international recognition of invention and innovation supporters\". International Federation of Inventors' Associations. November 24, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2017." ]

[ "Árpád Bogsch", "Notable works", "References" ]

[ 1362 ]

[ 8438, 8439 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Arpadhid.jpg" ]

[ "Árpád Bridge or Árpád híd is a bridge in Budapest, Hungary, connecting northern Buda (Óbuda) and Pest across the Danube.\nUntil the inauguration of Megyeri Bridge in 2008, it was the longest bridge in Hungary, spanning about 2 km (1.24 mi) with the sections leading up to the bridge, and 928 m (0.58 mi) without them. It is 35.3 m (116 ft) wide with pedestrian and bicycle paths and a tramline.\nAt its Óbuda end is Flórián tér, Szentlélek tér (near the Main Square of Óbuda, the Vasarely and Kassák Museums).\nMargaret Island is connected to Árpád Bridge through an embranchment approximately in the middle of the bridge, and crosses the Southern tip of Óbuda Island as well, although there is no road, pedestrian or any other connection whatsoever between the two. (See Sziget Festival)\nAt the Pest end, the adjoining Line 3 (North-South) metro station was called \"Árpád híd\" until 31 January 2020.", "", "In earlier times there was a bridge in the same area established by the Romans, it was connecting a fort and the old Roman settlement of Aquincum. There was a plan at the beginning of the 19th century, to create a new bridge named Árpád, however the tender was announced only in 1929.", "Construction began in 1939 by the plans of János Kossalka. It was planned to be named \"Árpád Bridge\" after Grand Prince Árpád, the second Grand Prince of the Magyars.\nDue to World War II, the bridge was finished only after the war in 1950. Because of the communist regime then ruling Hungary, the bridge was opened as Stalin Bridge (Hungarian: Sztálin híd). The final construction works were directed by Károly Széchy and Pál Sávoly.\nAlthough the pillars were built in their current dimensions, the original bridge contained only a 2x1 lane road, railroad tracks (for trams, but until the reconstruction of the Northern Rail Bridge the tracks were also used by cargo trains as well) with pedestrian paths. This bridge was 13 m (42.65 ft) wide, 11 meters (36 ft) of this was the road and the tracks, and an additional 1 m (3.28 ft) wide pedestrian path were on each sides. Today the tram tracks are where the original bridge was situated.\nThe name was changed back to Árpád Bridge in 1958.", "Between 1980 and 1984, by extensive reconstruction and expansion works, two more lanes were added for cars, the pedestrian pathways were widened, the tram track was modernized and overpasses were built for the intersections at both Eastern (Pest) and Western (Buda/Óbuda) ends of Árpád Bridge.\nThis was planned and executed in connection with the expansion of the adjacent Róbert Károly körút (further sections also called Hungária körút and Könyves Kálmán körút as well) to 2x3 lanes and double tramway tracks . The project was called Hungária körgyűrű (English: Hungária Beltway), although the last third of the belt (Könyves Kálmán körút) was finished only around the millennium, years after the completion of Lágymányosi Bridge at the other end of the planned beltway.", "Bridges of Budapest\nList of crossings of the Danube River", "Lovely Budapest", "Page about transportation in Hungary\nHungarian electronic library's page on Hungarian Bridges\nDBridges - Árpád híd\nPhotos of Budapest bridges\nBridges of Budapest - Arpad Bridge" ]

[ "Árpád Bridge", "Construction and expansion", "From the History", "The original bridge", "Expansion", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1363 ]

[ 8440, 8441, 8442, 8443, 8444, 8445 ]

[ "Fazekas in 2017" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_Fazekas_2017.png" ]

[ "Árpád Fazekas (23 June 1930 – 10 August 2018) was a Hungarian international footballer who played as a goalkeeper.", "Born in Szombathely, Fazekas played for Budapesti Dózsa, Vörös Lobogo, Bayern Munich, Hessen Kassel, Anderlecht and RC Tirlemont.\nFollowing the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, he left Hungary and joined Bayern Munich. In 1960 when Dynamo was visiting Bayern he told Yozhef Sabo to stay in Munich. He said that he has his own two stories house and a store in Munich.\nHe earned five international caps for the Hungarian national team.", "He died in Budapest on 10 August 2018, at the age of 88.", "\"Árpád Fazekas\". National Football Teams. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann. Retrieved 14 August 2018.\n(in Ukrainian) Verbytsky, I. Yozhef Sabo: In Moscow I was constantly called fascist. UA-Football. 4 March 2015.\n\"Gyász: elhunyt a Bayern München magyar legendája\" (in Hungarian). Nemzeti Sport. 12 August 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2018." ]

[ "Árpád Fazekas (footballer, born 1930)", "Career", "Later life and death", "References" ]

[ 1364 ]

[ 8446, 8447 ]

[ "Árpád Feszty", "A detail of the Arrival of the Hungarians, Árpád Feszty's and his assistants' vast (1800 m2) cyclorama, painted to celebrate the 1000th anniversary of the Magyar conquest of Hungary, now displayed at the Ópusztaszer National Heritage Park in Hungary" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

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[ "Árpád Feszty (Hungarian: [ˈaːrpaːd ˈfɛsc]; 21 December 1856 – 1 June 1914) was a Hungarian painter. \nHe was born in the town of Ógyalla (then Hungary, now Hurbanovo, Slovakia). His ancestors were German settlers (the original family name was Rehrenbeck). He was the fifth child of Silvester Rehrenbeck (1819–1910), an affluent landowner at Ógyalla, and his wife Jozefa (Linzmayer). Silvester was ennobled by the emperor on 21 April 1887, and the family thereafter took the name Martosi Feszty (or, in German: Feszty von Martos). Feszty mostly painted scenes from Hungarian history and religion.\nHe studied in Munich from 1874, and later (1880–81) in Vienna. After returning home to Hungary, he was made famous by his two works entitled Golgota (\"Calvary\") and Bányaszerencsétlenség (\"Accident in a Quarry\"). He painted his well-known monumental picture, the Arrival of the Hungarians, depicting the Magyar conquest of Hungary in 896, for the 1000th anniversary of the Conquest, with the help of many others, including Jenő Barcsay, Dániel Mihalik and László Mednyánszky. It was seriously damaged during World War II (the painting, a cyclorama with a circumference of almost 120 metres and 15 metres tall, and thus some 1800 m² in area, was cut up into 8-metre-long pieces, which were rolled up and stored in various museum warehouses). It wasn't until 1995 that it was restored and exhibited at the Ópusztaszer National Heritage Park in Hungary.\nHe lived in Florence from 1899 to 1902. After returning home, he painted smaller pictures and increasingly suffered from financial difficulties.\nHis art combined academic and naturalist tendencies. Several of his works are in the possession of the Hungarian National Gallery, Budapest.\nHis brothers Adolf and Gyula Feszty were both known architects; his daughter Masa (Mária) Feszty also became a painter of mainly landscapes, portraits and religious scenes. Among others, her portrait of the Hungarian sculptor Ede Kallós is owned by the Hungarian National Gallery.", "Démy-Gerő family archive, Brisbane, Australia; Petőfi Irodalmi Múzeum", "Works by Árpád Feszty" ]

[ "Árpád Feszty", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1365, 1366 ]

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[ "Göncz in 1999", "Árpád Göncz in 1937", "School grades of Göncz in Werbőczy High School", "Árpád Göncz c. 1943", "Göncz spent his sentence first in Gyűjtőfogház, Budapest", "Árpád Göncz and Ottilia Solt", "Árpád Göncz", "Residence of Árpád Göncz until his death", "Árpád Göncz (left) in March 1995", "Árpád Göncz with U.S. Secretary of Defense William Cohen in June 1999", "Tibor Méray, Árpád Göncz, Miklós Jancsó (back row), Ferenc Fejtő, Domokos Kosáry and György Faludy (front row) at the 2003 Szárszó meeting", "One of the last public images of Göncz, June 2013", "Funeral of Árpád Göncz", "Árpád Göncz in 2004", "", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 9, 10, 10, 11, 11, 13, 14, 17, 17 ]

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[ "Árpád Göncz (Hungarian: [ˈaːrpaːd ˈɡønt͡s]; 10 February 1922 – 6 October 2015) was a Hungarian writer, translator, agronomist, and liberal politician who served as President of Hungary from 2 May 1990 to 4 August 2000. Göncz played a role in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, for which he was imprisoned for six years. After his release, he worked as a translator of English-language literary works.\nHe was also a founding member of the Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ) and Speaker of the National Assembly of Hungary (de facto head of state) before becoming president. He was Hungary's first freely elected head of state, as well as the first in 42 years who was not a communist or a fellow traveller.\nHe was a member of the international advisory council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation.", "", "Árpád Göncz was born on 10 February 1922 in Budapest into a petty bourgeois family of noble origin as the son of Lajos Göncz de Gönc (1887–1974), who worked as a post officer, and Ilona Haimann (b. 1892). The Roman Catholic Göncz family originated from Csáktornya, Zala County (today Čakovec, Croatia), where Göncz's great-grandfather, Lajos Göncz, Sr. was a pharmacist. He later participated in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and following the defeat, he was sentenced to nine years in prison. Árpád Göncz's father, Lajos Göncz was also a successful tennis player, who participated in the 1924 Summer Olympics, where he was defeated by René Lacoste in men's singles in the second round. Árpád Göncz's parents divorced when he was six years old, thus his relationship with his father became tense in the following years. Göncz's mother, who was a Unitarian, was born in Transylvania, she had Jewish and Székely roots. She became an orphan as a child and after a brief spell in an orphanage, she was raised by the merchant Báthy family from Budapest.\nAfter finishing four-grade elementary school, Göncz began his secondary studies at the Werbőczy Secondary Grammar School in 1932. There he involved himself in the activity of the Hungarian Scout Association. Scouting opened Göncz's eyes to social issues, particularly with regard to the problems of the poor peasantry, as he said in a later interview. Göncz joined the Pál Teleki Work Group which was formed in 1936 by Pál Teleki, an influential interwar politician and Prime Minister of Hungary, also Hungary's Chief Scout. The work group was an important seminary and forum for the university students. The programme emphasized the relevance of the nation, family and community and the good knowledge of Hungarian history and geography. In the next years, key figures from the Independent Smallholders' Party, e.g. Endre Bajcsy-Zsilinszky, had joined the work group. His political view was also influenced by the népi-nemzeti (\"rural-national\") ideological movement since the 1930s. The group of the so-called \"folk writers\" (Hungarian: népi írók), including Zsigmond Móricz or János Kodolányi, expressed critique of capitalism and emphasis on peasant society and land reform. Göncz also stressed he represented the same political view as liberal political theorist István Bibó. In December 1938, Göncz, in a short essay in Magyar Cserkész (\"Hungarian Scout\"), welcomed the Hungarians' entry into Komárno in accordance with the First Vienna Award.\nGöncz graduated in law from the Budapest Pázmány Péter University of Arts and Sciences in 1944. During his academic years, he was exempted from conscription in the Second World War. Meanwhile, Hungary was occupied by Germany on 19 March 1944. In December, Göncz was conscripted into the 25th Reserve Mountain Infantry Battalion of the Royal Hungarian Army and ordered to Germany; however, he deserted and joined the resistance movement. In late 1944, Göncz found himself in Budapest when the Red Army encircled the Hungarian capital, beginning the Siege of Budapest. The resistance Hungarian Front formed to oppose the Nazi regime with several regional branches, including the Freedom Front of Hungarian Students (MDSZ) which established officially on 7 November 1944, during the Arrow Cross Party government. Göncz joined the Táncsics Battalion in December 1944, where he took part in partisan actions against the Arrow Cross regime in Budapest. After the war he went on to study agricultural science.", "Following the Soviet occupation of Hungary, Göncz joined the anti-communist Independent Smallholders' Party (FKGP), which won a sweeping victory (57.03%) in the November 1945 parliamentary election, however the party had to yield to Marshal Kliment Voroshilov (Chairman of the Allied Control Commission), who made it clear that a grand coalition in which the Communists preserved the gains already secured (that is, the Ministry of the Interior and control over the police) was the only kind of government acceptable to the Soviets. Göncz refused to run as an individual parliamentary candidate, because he did not feel ready for becoming MP. Instead he served as the personal assistant of Béla Kovács, the General Secretary of the Independent Smallholders' Party, who was responsible for running the party machine. Göncz later called his job as an \"unpleasant time in his life\" due to the nature of the function, nevertheless he admired and respected Kovács and remembered him as a \"statesman\" in a later interview.\nBeside his secretary position, Göncz also edited weekly party newspaper Nemzedék (\"Generation\"). He also served as leader of the party's youth organization in Budapest for a time. Over the next two years, the Communists (MKP) pressured the Smallholders' Party into expelling their more courageous members as \"fascists\" and fascist sympathizers as part of Communist leader Mátyás Rákosi's \"salami tactics\". On 25 February 1947, Béla Kovács was arrested unlawfully and taken to the Soviet Union without a trial in Hungary. Following that Göncz was also arrested in conjunction with a visit to Romania in late 1946, where he had negotiated with ethnic Hungarian politicians. He was detained and interrogated for three weeks before release.\nBy the 1949 parliamentary election, the FKGP was absorbed into the Hungarian Independent People's Front (MFNF), led by the communists, and Göncz became unemployed. After that, he worked as a manual labourer (welder metalsmith and pipe fitter) and also enrolled in a correspondence course of the Gödöllő Agricultural University, where he specialised in soil erosion and protection. Göncz then used his knowledge working as\nan agronomist at the Talajjavító Vállalat (Soil Improvement Co.) until the outbreak of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 against the communist rule.", "Göncz played an active role in the work of the newly formed Petőfi Circle (Hungarian: Petőfi Kör), which established by reformist intellectuals under the auspices of the Union of Working Youth (DISZ), mass youth organization wing of the ruling communist Hungarian Working People's Party (MDP), in March 1955. The circle held twelve meetings in the first half of 1956. As an agronomist, Göncz expressed his opinion on the Soviet agricultural model during one of the forums. On 17 October 1956, he participated in an agricultural debate (\"Kert-Magyarország?\") at the Karl Marx University of Economic Sciences. There he criticized again the Soviet model considered unsuitable for the Hungarian conditions. Göncz also lay emphasis on free peasant education.\nIn a June 1995 speech, Göncz recalled the 1956 events as a \"turning point\" in his life which determined his fate until the end of his life, despite the fact that he did not participate in the armed resistance and uprising. On 23 October 1956, he was present at the peaceful mass demonstration, which marched in front of the Hungarian Parliament Building, along with his eldest daughter Kinga, who was nine years old at that time. Göncz's role in the October 1956 events remained fragmented. By 29 October 1956, he assumed a political role in the events. He participated in a meeting at Prime Minister Imre Nagy's house, when Nagy was informed about the Suez Crisis and the Prime Minister said \"Gentlemen! From now on, we need to discuss another thing because there is a dangerous possibility of a Third World War\". Göncz worked as an activist in the newly recreated Hungarian Peasant Alliance during the revolution. In a 1985 interview, Göncz said he sympathized with the political vision of Imre Nagy. He also added, that he would join a Nagy-led Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (MSZMP), if the Soviet intervention does not take place. Göncz noted the Nagy government and the new communist party would have started with a clean slate. Sociologist Péter Kende has said Göncz's belief in \"democratic socialism\" was similar to that of István Bibó.\nAfter the Soviet intervention on 4 November 1956, János Kádár established a pro-Soviet government. The Revolutionary Council of Hungarian Intellectuals, members were writers, journalists etc., issued statements of protest against the Soviet army's invasion and appealed for help and mediation from the Western world. Göncz participated in the writing of several memoranda. One of the most influential writings was the Draft Proposal for a Compromise Solution to the Hungarian Question by intellectual István Bibó, who also served as Minister of State in the second and third government of Imre Nagy. Göncz took part in the debates on the proposal. Göncz had a good relationship with charge d'affaires Mohamed Ataur Rahman from the Indian Embassy in Budapest, thus he was also able to make contact with the Government of India who tried to mediate between the Hungarian and the Soviet governments following the revolution. Formerly, during the intense days, Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru expressed his sympathy and compassion towards the Hungarian freedom fighters, nevertheless India remained cautious and abstained in the UN General Assembly voting, which called on the Soviet Union to end its Hungarian intervention. As a result of the intercession of Göncz, the Indian government became more determined in the Hungarian issue. He handed over Bibó's draft proposal to charge d'affaires Rahman in December 1956, however India's mediation attempt ended in failure due to lack of interest in the Soviet Union.\nGöncz also helped to transfer a manuscript of Imre Nagy (\"On Communism in Defense of New Course\") abroad, through the assistance of László Regéczy-Nagy, driver to Christopher Lee Cope, head of the British Legation in Budapest. They hoped the manuscript might have helped to rescue Imre Nagy from show trial and execution. Cope forwarded the manuscript to the emigrant Hungarian Revolutionary Council in Strasbourg, and the document was translated into several languages for several countries, including Italy, France and West Germany. Before his arrest, Göncz was campaigning for the Hungarian Aid (Hungarian: Magyar Segély) movement. Göncz organized to donate the emigrant Hungarians' support for families in need of help.", "He was arrested on 28 May 1957, along with István Bibó, on the order of Minister of the Interior Béla Biszku. In the forthcoming months, Bibó, Göncz and Regéczy-Nagy were interrogated, isolating from each other by the secret police in connection with their relationships with India and the Western block. Once the prosecutor said to Göncz that \"the traitor deserved to hang twice.\" Göncz and his inmates were charged with \"organizing the overthrow of the Hungarian people's democratic state.\" Göncz was secretly tried, found guilty, and sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of appeal on 2 August 1958, some weeks after the secret trial and execution of Imre Nagy. Later Göncz believed that he could avoid the capital punishment only due to Nehru's intervention. Dae Soon Kim, Göncz's biographer also argued it might be possible that the Indian premier' diplomatic efforts impacted on the severity of penalties regarding the Göncz and Bibó trials.\nGöncz began his years in prison at Budapest Penitentiary and Jail (Gyűjtőfogház) in August 1958. He spent his punishment among hundreds of political prisoners, such as Tibor Déry, Zoltán Tildy, István Bibó and Imre Mécs. Göncz was isolated and separated from the outside world, visitors were permitted for only ten minutes in every six months and correspondence was allowed in every three months for the political prisoners. Later Göncz was transferred to the Vác prison.\nIn Vác, the conditions were freer; Göncz had spent the time learning to read and write English. The political prisoners were able to obtain literary works from the Western world, including the memoires of politicians Winston Churchill and Charles de Gaulle. According to György Litván, the senior party functionaries, who did not speak foreign languages, established a \"translation agency\" in the Vác prison to learn about the information available to Western public opinion. Göncz, beside political pamphlets, also translated John Galsworthy's The Forsyte Saga, transferring from the prison by Litván, which laid the foundation of his translation career after release. Imre Mécs said, a cohesive community of '56 democratic-minded generation emerged within the walls of the Vác prison, where there were constant political discussions and debates.\nIn 1960 he participated in the political prisoners' hunger strike of the Vác prison, because, despite the promises of Kádár, most of the oppositional intellectuals and freedom fighters were not pardoned, unlike former communist officials, who had significant role in building of the Stalinist dictatorship before 1956, such as Mihály Farkas and Gábor Péter. The government decided to separate the prisoners, Bibó and Göncz were transferred to Márianosztra, while Litván and journalist Sándor Fekete were sent back to the Gyűjtőfogház. Finally, János Kádár ordered a mass amnesty in March 1963 in exchange for his government's international recognition by the United Nations. Along with more than 4000 other revolutionaries and freedom fighters, Göncz was released from prison under amnesty in July 1963, three months after István Bibó.", "In the following decades, he worked as a specialized translator, translating over a hundred literary works, and a writer of English prose. Some of his notable translations include E. L. Doctorow's Ragtime and World's Fair, Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, Thomas Wolfe's Of Time and the River, William Faulkner's Sartoris, The Sound and the Fury, the latter being referred by Göncz to as his \"greatest challenge.\"\nHis most famous translation work is J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings trilogy. Initially, art critic Ádám Réz began to translate The Fellowship of the Ring, however after the translation of eleven chapters (texts and poems), the main terms and concepts, he stopped the work because of his increasingly severe illness. Réz died in 1978 and his manuscript remained unfinished for the next few years. Göncz later took over the project, working on the prose in Tolkien's novel, while the poems and songs were translated by Dezső Tandori. Finally, the work was published by Gondolat Kiadó in 1981, for the first time in Hungary. In January 2002, Göncz was present at the Hungarian premiere of the movie adaptation of The Fellowship of the Ring.\nGöncz continued his career as a translator with many important works, including Faulkner's Absalom, Absalom! and A Fable, Ernest Hemingway's Islands in the Stream, Malcolm Lowry's Under the Volcano, William Styron's Lie Down in Darkness and The Confessions of Nat Turner, John Ball's In the Heat of the Night, Colleen McCullough's The Thorn Birds, Yasunari Kawabata's The Lake, John Updike's Rabbit Redux and Rabbit is Rich, and The Inheritors, Pincher Martin, The Spire and The Pyramid and Rites of Passage by William Golding.\nHis own works include both novels and dramas; Men of God (1974), Sarusok (1974), Magyar Médeia (1976), Rácsok (1979), Találkozások (1980) are among the most notable. He is also the author of Encounters (essays, 1980), Homecoming and Shavings (short stories, 1991), Hungarian Medea (play, 1979), Iron Bars (play, 1979), Balance (play, 1990). Göncz worked incredibly hard for ten hours per day with no pay. For instance, in 1982 he visited the United States on an academic conference with only $5 in his pocket. He won the Attila József Prize in 1983. In 1989 he won the Wheatland Prize, and two years later the Premio Meditteraneo. From 1989 to 1990 he was President and later Honorary President of the Hungarian Writers' Union. The person of Göncz was acceptable for both the liberal and \"rural-national\" intellectuals because of his past.", "By the beginning of the 1980s, the Kádár regime had increasingly indebted and was in ideological and legitimation crisis. Opposition movements established one after another; a group of intellectuals founded the Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF) in Lakitelek in September 1987. In early 1988, Göncz was a co-founding member of the Historical Justice Committee (TIB) civil organization, which intended to revise the official communist stigmatization of the 1956 revolution. The organization was led by Erzsébet Nagy, daughter of Imre Nagy. The TIB demanded the worthy reburial of Nagy and the other executed persons.\nWhen the security forces violently disbanded a peaceful demonstration in Budapest on 16 June 1988, the 30th anniversary of Nagy's execution, Árpád Göncz, as Vice Chairman of the Historical Justice Committee, wrote a letter to General Secretary and Prime Minister Károly Grósz, Kádár's successor to protest against the police action and called on the regime to face its past. In a response letter, Grósz rejected the implementation of demanded political reforms. Finally (due to the appointment of the reformist Miklós Németh as Prime Minister in November 1988) the reburial took place in the next year on 16 June, Göncz took part in organizing, as he proposed, there was a fifth empty coffin beside the four martyrs' for the anonymous heroes and freedom fighters of the revolution. Göncz was the one who officially opened the ceremony.\nOn 1 May 1988, Göncz also participated in the foundation of the Network of Free Initiatives (Hungarian: Szabad Kezdeményezések Hálózata; SZKH), the predecessor organization of the Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ). Initially, SZKH was a loose alliance of various independent civil groups, which intended to become an umbrella organization like the Solidarity in Poland. However, because of the widespread pluralism, the SZKH's operation proved to be slow and time consuming in the midst of accelerated events, thus on 13 November 1988, the majority of the organization decided to found the SZDSZ, Göncz was also a co-founding member and helped the formulation of the founding declaration. Ferenc Miszlivetz said, Göncz was an observer rather than an active proponent in the following rallies. In addition to MDF and SZDSZ, the third major anti-communist block was the liberal Alliance of Young Democrats, later known mostly by its acronym Fidesz. Göncz's former party, the Independent Smallholders' Party (FKGP) was re-established in those days, he visited the party's inaugural session at the Pilvax Café but, for him, it was not attractive anymore, as most of the former members of the FKGP were already dead or stayed in emigration. Göncz considered the old debates between the \"rural-national\" and \"urbanist\" trends are outdated and detrimental after decades of communist rule, his liberal ideology became more dominant by 1988.\nThe reburial of Imre Nagy proved to be a catalyst event; the hard-line Grósz was outranked by a four-member collective presidency of the reformist wing within the MSZMP on 26 June 1989. The ruling communist party began discussions with the opposition groups within the framework of the so-called Round Table Talks. The question of the post-communist presidential position was one of the most problematic disputes between the parties. The MSZMP suggested a directly elected semi-presidential system, however this proposal was strongly refused by the sharply anti-communist SZDSZ and Fidesz, because the reformer communist Imre Pozsgay was the most popular Hungarian politician in those months. In August 1989, József Antall, leader of the MDF presented a new proposal (ceremonial presidential system with indirect elections by the parliament, but the first election by the people). Excluding SZDSZ, Fidesz and LIGA, the remaining five opposition groups and the MSZMP accepted and signed the proposal. However, following collecting signatures by Fidesz and SZDSZ, a four-part referendum was held on 26 November 1989, where the voters chose \"yes\" for the question of \"Should the president be elected after parliamentary elections?\"\nThe Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF) won the first democratically free parliamentary election in March 1990, while SZDSZ came to the second place with 92 MPs, including Göncz, who gained mandate from the party's Budapest regional list. József Antall became Prime Minister and entered coalition with FKGP and the Christian Democratic People's Party (KDNP). As there were several two-thirds laws according to the Hungarian Constitution, Antall concluded pact with SZDSZ, under which the liberal opposition party could nominee a candidate for the position of President of Hungary, in exchange for contribution to the constitutional amendments. According to some opinions, the pact concluded specifically for the person of Árpád Göncz.\nJózsef Antall and Árpád Göncz knew each other through the re-establishment of the FKGP. Their relationship was characterized by mutual trust according to contemporary reports. In addition, Antall's father, József Antall, Sr. was a prominent FKGP-member and friend of Béla Kovács in the 1940s. Political scientist László Lengyel argued that Göncz was a relatively unknown figure for the MDF leadership, who considered him \"far more moderate\" than other SZDSZ politicians, contrary to other candidate aspirants, like Miklós Vásárhelyi or György Konrád. Göncz's well-known anti-communism was also an advantage for him. There is also a third possible explanation that Antall did not want to choose a head of state from his own party (especially Sándor Csoóri), fearing from a build of a second power base within MDF. Thus in the newly formed parliament's inaugural meeting on 2 May 1990, Göncz was elected Speaker of the National Assembly. As Speaker, he served as Acting President until the August indirect presidential election according to the Constitution.", "", "On 4 August, he was elected for a full term as president by the National Assembly by 295 votes to 13, thus becoming Hungary's first democratically elected head of state. He was also Hungary's first non-Communist president since the forced resignation of Zoltán Tildy 42 years earlier. After taking the oath before the new legislative speaker György Szabad (MDF), Göncz stated in his inaugural speech that \"I am not, I can not be a servant of parties, party interests. In my whole life, within and outside party, I served and I will serve for national independence, freedom of thought, freedom of faith in the idea of free homeland, and social justice with human rights without discrimination and exclusion.\" He also added, \"I would like to serve the unprotected, the defenceless people, those, who lacked the means to protect themselves both in the \"feudal crane feather world\" [referring to Miklós Horthy's Hungary] and in the \"world of more equals among equals\" [i.e. the communist regime between 1945 and 1989].\"\nGöncz was an avid supporter of Hungarian integration with the West, especially with the United Kingdom. In May 1990, Charles, Prince of Wales and his wife Diana undertook an official visit to Hungary and made history by becoming the first members of the British royal family to visit a former Warsaw Pact country. The royal couple were met at the airport by their host, newly elected interim President Göncz, who later hosted an official dinner to welcome the royal couple. Elizabeth II visited Hungary in May 1993, also welcomed by Göncz. He argued in favor of Hungary's accession to NATO and the European Union. He was also an enthusiastic supporter of U.S. President Bill Clinton's \"Partnership for Peace\" in Central Europe. As a result, in 2000, he was honored with the Vision for Europe Award for his efforts in creating a unified Europe. Göncz's commitment towards the Western world earned some domestic negative criticism; in 1991, the far-right politician István Csurka, later defector from MDF and founder of the nationalist Hungarian Justice and Life Party (MIÉP) accused him of being a tool of France, Israel, and the United States. During Göncz's presidency, Pope John Paul II visited Hungary twice, in August 1991 and September 1996. They had already known each other through a common Polish friend, before John Paul's papacy.\nHis relationship with Prime Minister József Antall and his cabinet became tense in the coming years. Göncz filled a counterbalancing role to the conservative cabinet, according to the critics, he proved to be acting in the vested interests of his party, the SZDSZ. Critics also said Göncz failed to act for the unity of the nation as a non-partisan head of state with these anti-government steps. However, as Dae Soon Kim notes, after a four-year Socialist government between 1994 and 1998, Göncz remained conflict-avoiding during the last two years of his presidency, when the right-wing Viktor Orbán governed the country as Prime Minister. During the Antall government, strong state intervention and control in market economic trends remained significant. Few months after the end of communism in Hungary, ideological conflicts tense between Antall and Göncz, who supported full privatization and reduction of the state. Despite the earlier conflicts, the seriously ill Antall was awarded Grand Cross of the Hungarian Order of Merit by President Árpád Göncz on 11 December 1993, a day before his death.\nIn October 1990, the so-called \"taxi-blockade\" broke out when the Antall government decided to raise the prices of petrol with 65 percent because of the Gulf War and oil supply disruptions in the Soviet Union. In response, the taxi drivers paralyzed traffic, when they blocked the main bridges in Budapest with their cars. János Kis, the leader of the SZDSZ assured solidarity with the demonstrators. There have been unconfirmed news that the government wanted to put the law enforcement forces to eliminate the blockade (according to eyewitnesses, heavy military vehicles had been dispatched to the capital), and Göncz, as Supreme Commander of the Hungarian Defence Force prevented this in a letter sent to Minister of the Interior Balázs Horváth. Göncz mediated between the government and the taxi drivers, finally, a compromise was reached. After that the Hungarian government strongly denied that they had mobilized the armed forces, and also emphasised that Göncz had overreacted to, or misjudged, the given situation. In April 1991, between Defence Minister Lajos Für and Árpád Göncz, a dispute arose over the right to be the Supreme Commander. The Constitutional Court concluded that the President is only the \"ceremonial\" leader of the army. The government said Göncz's principal reason were extending presidential powers and personal reputation among the people. Political scientist Gabriella Ilonszki argued that the \"taxi-blockade was the first test of the new democracy and Göncz sought to avoid the violent actions of both sides at all costs.\" Nevertheless, the relationship between the MDF and SZDSZ deteriorated after the conflict. In February 1991, Antall and Göncz clashed over the right of international representation, when Hungary signed the Visegrád Group, along with Poland and Czechoslovakia. Göncz argued the two other partner countries were represented by presidents Václav Havel and Lech Wałęsa, however Antall interpreted the Hungarian president's foreign policy powers more narrowly than Göncz due to the ambiguous Constitution.\nOn 24 April 1991, the National Assembly passed the Law on Compensation which intended to provide a symbolic financial aid to victims of the communist regime. The law was far from public expectations and generated debates in politics. On 14 May, Göncz sent the law to the Constitutional Court, asking for a judicial review. The Court ruled the law was unconstitutional in several aspects (arbitrary conditions etc.). Accordingly, by spring 1992, the law was revised several times and has been accepted again, however Göncz refused to sign the law again in April 1993. In a later interview, Göncz told that he missed the equality of rights in the law and the social consensus on the subject. Göncz also did not sign the \"Zétényi–Takács Law\", named after two MDF politicians, which determined the communist political crimes are not subject to the statute of limitations. In November 1991 the law was submitted to the Constitutional Court by Göncz, which body (presided by László Sólyom) found the law as unconstitutional in March 1992 and later, after amendments, in June 1993. There were clashes between moral justice and the new republic's commitment to the principle of the rule of law. Göncz's stance was influenced by three factors: avoid social division and polarisation, liberal political beliefs and the significance of social consensus. Göncz refused the method of retroactive legislation and he feared that the law will be a tool for political revenge. By contrast, journalist Szilvia Varró said \"Göncz actively hindered the question of settling accounts with the communist past\". In a November 1991 report, Göncz stated \"reckoning is necessary, but it should be made strictly within the framework of a state built on the rule of law.\" He added, after 1956 he was sentenced to life imprisonment during a secret trial without the possibility of appeal. \" I strongly feel that no procedure should be repeated that could be found illegal in retrospect.\"\nGöncz was to deliver his annual memorial speech at Kossuth Square on the national day of 23 October 1992, when a group of far-right young skinheads and also '56 veterans hissed and booed, demanding Göncz's resignation, when the President appeared on the podium. The '56 veterans disapproved of his decision not to sign the \"Zétényi–Takács Law\" earlier. Göncz was not able to start his speech and left the podium without saying a word. The government was accused of deliberately sabotage by the opposition, however Minister of the Interior Péter Boross said it was only a spontaneous event. The SZDSZ claimed the police did not intervene in the events intentionally to protect Göncz. Prime Minister Antall rejected the accusation of political pressure. In a June 2014 report, the Constitution Protection Office (AH) revealed that its predecessor organization, the Office of National Security (NBH) and the police forces escored the dozens of skinheads from the Keleti Railway Station to the Kossuth Square. The most likely scenario is that there was no direct governmental connection indicating the event. It is possible that Antall and Boross knew about a potential provocation but they did not want to prevent it, as political analyst László Kéri considered it.\nThe most stormy incident was the \"Antall–Göncz media war\" during the years of his first term. In July 1990, as consensus between the six parliamentary parties, the National Assembly appointed sociologists Elemér Hankiss and Csaba Gombár as presidents of the Magyar Televízió and Magyar Rádió, respectively. In the summer of 1991, the Antall cabinet submitted new deputies of the state medias to counterbalance Hankiss and Gombár, however Göncz refused to countersign the appointments. Antall accused the President of overstepping his powers and turned to the Constitutional Court, which ruled in September in that year that the President does not have a right of veto with regard to appointments, \"unless those appointments endangered the democratic functioning of state institutions involved.\" Göncz did not change his position and began to play for time, thus the Prime Minister again turned to the Constitutional Court, which on 28 January 1992 ruled that the President should sign the appointments \"within a reasonable time.\"\nIn May 1992, a liberal and constitutionalist, Göncz faced a parliamentary censure when he condemned the government for interfering with Hungary's state radio service and attempting to fire its director, Gombár. In June 1992, the Antall cabinet wanted to replace Hankiss too, however Göncz refused to accept it, reasoning that he would wait until the adoption of the new media law, however by the end of 1992, the issue of media control was not resolved due to the abstention of the SZDSZ during the vote, which needed two-third majority. In January 1993, Hankiss and Gombár resigned from the positions, referring to the media workers' livelihoods. Göncz was rebuked by the Antall cabinet and the government parties for trying to block the new media law and re-organization of the structure of the media. László Sólyom, President of the Constitutional Court also argued that Göncz exceeded his powers in the media issue. The contrast between the MDF and the SZDSZ was again due to the ambiguity of the new Constitution (nominal or actual right of appointment). Another key factor to the stalemate was the ambiguous ruling issued by the Constitutional Court (also under the influences of political parties, which delegated members) and its subsequent interpretations by Göncz and Antall. Göncz was able to play an active role in appointments due to the unclear term of \"endangerment of democracy\". In those years, the Constitutional Court was usually under critics that it took on the legislative role of the parliament.\nIn November 1993, Göncz gave an interview to the Italian daily newspaper La Stampa, which wrote \"the Hungarian media had been placed in a serious situation because of the right-wing government's censorship\" and also added \"the President [Göncz] asks for international help!\". Imre Kónya, the leader of the MDF parliamentary group rejected the accusations and called for an explanation from Göncz, who responded that the disputed phrases were only the \"journalist's individual interpretation.\" Nonetheless, the MIÉP said Göncz had denigrated Hungary's image by representing foreign interests and also attempted to set up an inquiry commission. Göncz explained, although did not agree with the article's given title, it reflected the actual situation of the Hungarian media.", "During the May 1994 parliamentary election, the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP), legal successor of the ruling MSZMP in the one-party system before 1989, under the leadership of Gyula Horn, achieved a remarkable revival, winning an overall majority of 209 seats out of 386, up from 33 in 1990. Horn, despite winning an overall majority, decided to form a coalition with the formerly strong anti-communist Alliance of Free Democrats, giving him a two-thirds majority, to assuage public concerns inside and outside Hungary. After 1994, Göncz was largely passive and insignificant, in contrary to his proactive role and style during the Antall and Boross governments (Péter Boross became Prime Minister after Antall died of cancer in December 1993). Some of the critics suggested the one of the main reasons for this change was Göncz's political affiliation: as Szilvia Varró said she does not remember that \"there was any issue on which he stood against Horn\". However, as mentioned above, Göncz remained passive too during Viktor Orbán's first cabinet (1998–2002), which installed a more power-concentrated governing structure through the newly established Prime Minister's Office (MEH), led by István Stumpf.\nDae Soon Kim writes, there are three factors responsible for Göncz's passivity; Firstly, his physical and mental condition has deteriorated in the second half of the 1990s. In December 1997, Göncz was hospitalized for two weeks for the treatment of dyspnea and a duodenal ulcer. Secondly, the President's constitutional role clarified by that time. His proactive style became a subject of critics, and the Constitutional Court repeatedly ruled in favor of the Prime Minister, thus Göncz reviewed his previous position and turned to a ceremonial role. Finally, before 1990, Hungary had never experienced the institution of parliamentary democracy, as a result Göncz had no prior example to follow, when he was elected President in August 1990.\nOn 12 March 1995, the Horn government announced a series of fiscal austerity and economic stabilization measures, commonly known as the Bokros package. On 13 June 1995, Göncz approved and signed the package, despite requests made by the opposition parties, especially MDF and Fidesz. After that the opposition turned to the Constitutional Court, which found numerous elements of the package as unconstitutional. According to the fragmented opposition, Göncz followed his own party's interests when signed the laws. In addition, Fidesz MP Lajos Kósa connected Göncz's steps with the upcoming indirect presidential election about a week later. Göncz was re-elected on 19 June 1995 for another five-year term by the MSZP and SZDSZ coalition government (259 votes), defeating the candidate of the right-wing opposition, Ferenc Mádl (76 votes). Dae Soon Krim argues that Göncz, among others, considered the Bokros package as a painful but necessary step, which was the only method to avoid economic collapse.\nÁrpád Göncz refused to sign the Law of Incompatibility in January 1997, which was to provide the separation of the political and economical sphere by preventing MPs to maintain economic interests after their election. Following debates between the two governing parties, the Horn cabinet made a compromise solution: the MPs could keep their economical positions, if their post in business was acquired before they were elected to the National Assembly. Göncz sent the law back to the parliament because of the \"lack of equal rights and guarantee of free competition\" and protection of privacy, however the Socialists adopted the law again in unchanged form. Opposition politicians criticized Göncz, because he used only the presidential tool of \"political veto\", instead of \"constitutional veto\". The President also questioned the revised version of the Law on Privatisation, which passed by the Horn government on 19 December 1996. Accordingly, the State Privatisation and Property Management Co. (ÁPV Co.) was authorised to transfer state properties to local governments and cooperatives without restriction, the coalition partner SZDSZ and the right-wing opposition parties (Fidesz, MDF, FKGP) opposed the law, citing reasons of corruption. In January 1997, Göncz vetoed the law, returned it to the parliament for reconsideration.\nShortly after the inauguration of the first Orbán cabinet, disagreement evolved around the presidential pardon between Göncz and the Ministry of Justice. Banker Péter Kunos, former CEO of Agrobank, who was arrested on corruption charges in November 1994, was sentenced to two years imprisonment in April 1998. Kunos, citing health reasons, pleaded for a presidential pardon to Göncz, who accepted it on 9 November 1998. However Minister of Justice Ibolya Dávid decided not to release Kunos. The case was in the political spectrum as István Stumpf said SZDSZ had a close relationship with the Agrobank during Gyula Horn's government. Nevertheless, the Prime Minister's Office could not prove the minister's allegations with documents. Ibolya Dávid's decision was popular among the general public. Stumpf later told that Dávid exploited the situation for her political career. Göncz's decision was influenced by lack of legal remedies in Kunos' second-degree trial (at first, Kunos was acquitted in July 1997). Göncz thought the general public should not be affected in the outcome of some court cases. Gabriella Ilonszki said, Göncz issued a pardon to Kunos on human grounds. \"When the protection of democratic values and sympathy for an individual were in conflict, Göncz decided to stand by the individual\", she added.", "Göncz completed his five years of second term on 4 August 2000. He was replaced by Ferenc Mádl, who was elected President by the National Assembly's right-wing majority on 6 June 2000. In a ceremony at the Kossuth Square, he emphasized that he passes the position to Mádl with \"respect and friendship\". He also asked God's blessing on the successful work of Ferenc Mádl. Göncz added, during his 10-year term, he tried to keep in mind that the \"democratic state can only be people-oriented organization\".\nAfter his presidency, Göncz completely retired from politics and resided in a state residence at Béla király Street along with his wife until his death in October 2015. In September 2000, he was appointed President of the Hungary in Europe Foundation which awarded literary prizes annually. He gave a speech on 23 October 2000, where he told \"the proliferating phrases during annual commemorations had overshadowed the actual events of the 1956 revolution.\" In November 2000, Göncz became an honorary citizen of Budapest, awarded by the city's Mayor and fellow SZDSZ member Gábor Demszky. In December 2000, a prize was founded by the United States, named after Göncz. U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright awarded the Göncz Prize to Erika Csovcsics, headmistress of the Gandhi School for the first time.\nIn April 2003, Göncz participated in the signing ceremony of Hungary's join to the European Union in Athens, Greece. In July 2003, Göncz was among the speakers at the so-called Szárszó meetings, a political forum of mostly left-wing intellectuals and politicians, organized by Tivadar Farkasházy. In an open letter, along with Havel and Wałęsa, he demanded the release of political prisoners in Cuba from Fidel Castro in September 2003.\nOn 10 February 2012, hundreds welcomed Göncz with serenades and speeches on the occasion of his 90th birthday, at the initiative of composer and songwriter János Bródy, writer György Konrád and former SZDSZ leader Gábor Kuncze. Then-President Pál Schmitt also greeted his predecessor by telephone from the Arraiolos meeting in Helsinki and conveyed the best wishes of the summit's participants (heads of states).", "On 11 January 1947, Göncz married Mária Zsuzsanna Göntér (16 November 1923 – 3 June 2020) and had four children; two sons (Benedek, Dániel) and two daughters (Kinga and Annamária). Kinga Göncz, who held various ministerial positions in the cabinets of Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány and also a former Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2006 to 2009, is his daughter and eldest child. She was Member of the European Parliament between 2009 and 2014. In November 2012, Göncz's four children founded the Göncz Árpád Foundation to promote the presentation and research of their father's life and career, as well as cultivating the memory of the Hungarian democratic and liberal traditions. István Bibó, Jr., András Gulyás and János M. Rainer became advisory board members.", "Árpád Göncz died on 6 October 2015 in Budapest, aged 93. As the news emerged about Göncz's death, Hungarian lawmakers immediately held a minute of silence in parliament, where Deputy Speaker István Hiller said Göncz \"was a legend already in his lifetime\". Prime Minister Viktor Orbán and the governing Fidesz told in a statement that \"we remember [Göncz] with respect as an active and important political player in those years when Hungary stepped on the road from dictatorship to democracy\". The coalition partner KDNP added, \"Árpád Göncz's personality and life intertwined with Hungary's modern history, the period of [democratic] transition\". The left-wing opposition parties, MSZP, Democratic Coalition (DK), Together, Politics Can Be Different (LMP), Dialogue for Hungary (PM) and Hungarian Liberal Party (MLP) also paid tribute to Göncz's political legacy and life, while the far-right Jobbik sent its condolence to his family. On 7 October 2015, thousands gathered for President Göncz at the Kossuth Square, mourning with flowers and candles in front of the Hungarian Parliament Building. On 12 October 2015, Speaker László Kövér said in the next first full plenary session that \"the life path of Göncz coincided with major events in Hungary's 20th century history\". He added, Göncz, beside his writer and translation career, was also a \"loved and respected as a politician as well, and even long after he had left his office in 2000\".\nForeign media also remembered on Göncz's death; The New York Times wrote Göncz was \"widely beloved\" among the Hungarians, who called him just as their \"Uncle Árpi\". According to The Daily Telegraph, Göncz \"worked with skill over a decade to realign his country with the West and heal the wounds of the past.\" Jean-Claude Juncker, the President of the European Commission said Göncz was a \"democrat\" and a \"true European\". During her state visit to Hungary on 7 October, Croatian President Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović expressed condolences for the death of Göncz to President János Áder and the Hungarian people. Socialist MEP István Ujhelyi also commemorated Göncz in the European Parliament. Ujhelyi said \"Hungary is mourning one of Europe's wise men and one of the greatest figures of the Hungarian democracy.\"\nIn accordance with his last will and testament, Göncz was buried near the graves of his late friends and fellow '56 prisoners, István Bibó, György Litván and Miklós Vásárhelyi at the Óbudai cemetery on 6 November 2015, without official state representation and military honour. The funeral, celebrated by Archabbot Asztrik Várszegi and actor András Bálint, was attended by former and incumbent politicians, representatives of the parliamentary parties and diplomatic missions. Imre Mécs gave the first funeral oration, where he said \"Árpi [Göncz] was a man of love, but could also be decisive\". Singer Zsuzsa Koncz and composer János Bródy sang their famous song, \"Ha én rózsa volnék\" (\"If I were a rose\"). On behalf of the family, Göncz's eldest grandson, political scientist Márton Benedek farewelled his grandfather.", "1991: Italy – Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic\n1991: United Kingdom – Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George\n1994: Poland – Order of the White Eagle\n1994: Spain – Collar of the Order of Civil Merit\n1995: Malta – Honorary Companion of Honour with Collar of the National Order of Merit (9 February 1995)\n1999: Estonia – Collar of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana\n1999: Lithuania – Grand Cross of the Order of Vytautas the Great (19 May 1999)\n1999: Norway – Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav\n1999: United Kingdom – Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath\n1999: Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement\n2000: Germany – Special Class of the Grand Cross of the Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany\n2000: Slovakia – Grand Cross (or 1st Class) of the Order of the White Double Cross (2000)\n2003: Czech Republic – Order of the White Lion (7 March 2003)\n2003: Award of the Budapest Corvinus Europe Institute\n2009: International Adalbert Prize for Peace, Freedom and Cooperation in Europe of Adalbert Foundation Krefeld", "\"International Advisory Council\". Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2011.\nKim 2012, p. 24.\n\"Lajos Göncz Bio, Stats and Results\". Sport-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2015.\nKim 2012, p. 25.\nKim 2012, p. 26.\nKim 2012, p. 27.\nKim 2012, p. 38.\n\"Lelet: a fiatal Göncz Árpád írása 1938-ból, az első bécsi döntés korából\". Heti Válasz. 7 October 2015. Archived from the original on 14 October 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2015.\nKim 2012, p. 34.\nKim 2012, p. 33.\nThe Daily Telegraph, Wednesday, 7 October 2015, Obituary [paper only], p.33\nKim 2012, p. 40.\nKim 2012, p. 42.\nKim 2012, p. 43.\nKim 2012, p. 45.\nKim 2012, p. 48.\nDaily Telegraph, Obit., p.33\nKim 2012, p. 52.\nKim 2012, p. 53.\nKim 2012, p. 50.\nKim 2012, p. 51.\nKim 2012, p. 78.\nKim 2012, p. 79.\nKim 2012, p. 56.\nKim 2012, p. 58.\nKim 2012, p. 61.\nKim 2012, p. 62.\nKim 2012, p. 63.\nKim 2012, p. 64.\n\"Biszku Béla éjjel vitette el Göncz Árpádot családja mellől\" (in Hungarian). Blikk. 7 October 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2015.\nKim 2012, p. 65.\nThe Daily Telegraph, Obit., p.33\nKim 2012, p. 67.\nKim 2012, p. 68.\nKim 2012, p. 70.\nKim 2012, p. 73.\nKim 2012, p. 71.\nKim 2012, p. 75.\nKim 2012, p. 76.\nArpad Goncz: Steel worker, lawyer, playwright, translator, president of Hungary, The Baltimore Sun, Hal Piper, 23 September 1990.\nA Writer Moves Up, This Time in Hungary, The New York Times, Glenn Collins, 19 May 1990\n\"Göncz Árpád a kollégája betegsége miatt fordíthatta le A Gyűrűk Ura-trilógiát\" (in Hungarian). Blikk. 6 October 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015.\n\"Göncz Árpád a börtönben lett fordító\" (in Hungarian). Origo. 6 October 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015.\n\"A regényt fordító Göncz Árpád A Gyűrűk Uráról\" (in Hungarian). lfg.hu. 12 January 2002. Retrieved 10 October 2015.\n\"Műfordítások\" (in Hungarian). Göncz Árpád Foundation. Retrieved 10 October 2015.\n\"Művek\" (in Hungarian). Göncz Árpád Foundation. Retrieved 10 October 2015.\n\"Göncz Árpád emlékezete\" (in Hungarian). Népszava. 6 October 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2015.\n\"A Magyar Írószövetség története\" (in Hungarian). Magyar Írószövetség. 6 October 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2015.\nKim 2012, p. 101.\nKim 2012, p. 83.\nKim 2012, p. 94.\nKim 2012, p. 97.\nKim 2012, p. 98.\nKim 2012, p. 100.\nKim 2012, p. 85.\nKim 2012, p. 88.\nKim 2012, p. 90.\nKim 2012, p. 92.\nKim 2012, p. 108.\nKim 2012, p. 109.\nKim 2012, p. 111.\n\"Register\". Országgyűlés.\nKim 2012, p. 114.\nKim 2012, p. 120.\nKim 2012, p. 121.\nKim 2012, p. 122.\nKim 2012, p. 195.\nKim 2012, p. 196.\n\"Árpád Göncz, 1st freely elected president, dies aged 93\". Budapest Business Journal. 6 October 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015.\n\"Árpád Göncz, Hungarian president – obituary\". The Telegraph. 6 October 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015.\nNovak, Benjamin (7 October 2015). \"Árpád Göncz, Hungary's first democratically elected president, has died at age 93\". The Budapest Beacon. Retrieved 10 October 2015.\n\"Két Göncz Árpád-idézet, amelyet minden magyar polgárnak meg kéne tanulnia\". 6 October 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2015.\n\"Diana, Princess of Wales\". The Telegraph. 31 August 1997. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2015.\n\"Prince Charles, Princess Diana visit Hungary\". Associated Press. Retrieved 27 December 2012.\n\"Épp 20 éve járt nálunk II. Erzsébet királynő\". Index.hu. 4 May 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2015.\nOut of Russian Orbit, Hungary Gravitates to the West (1997) by Andrew Felkay, pp. 84–5\n\"Árpád Göncz obituary\". The Guardian. 7 October 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015.\nHarle, Tamás (22 December 2005). \"Magyar szó-vivő a pápa színe előtt\". Népszabadság Online. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2015.\nKim 2012, p. 129.\nKim 2012, p. 130.\nKim 2012, p. 131.\nKim 2012, p. 132.\nSereg, András: Boross – Hadapródiskolától a miniszterelnöki székig. p. 98.\n\"Göncz szerint a taxisblokád idején vissza kellett fogni az elindult a hadsereget\" (in Hungarian). Origo. 22 October 2000. Retrieved 12 October 2015.\nKim 2012, p. 133.\nKim 2012, p. 134.\nKim 2012, p. 136.\nKim 2012, p. 138.\nKim 2012, p. 140.\nKim 2012, p. 142.\n11/1992. (III. 5.) AB határozat, Közzétéve a Magyar Közlöny 1992. évi 23. számában, AB közlöny: I. évf. 3. szám\nKim 2012, p. 143.\nKim 2012, p. 144.\nKim 2012, p. 147.\nKim 2012, p. 150.\nKim 2012, p. 152.\nKim 2012, p. 154.\nKim 2012, p. 156.\nKim 2012, p. 185.\nKim 2012, p. 186.\n\"Göncz Árpád kifütyülése: közzétették az NBH jelentését\". Ma.hu. 30 June 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2015.\nKim 2012, p. 187.\nKim 2012, p. 161.\nKim 2012, p. 162.\nKim 2012, p. 163.\nKim 2012, p. 164.\nKim 2012, p. 167.\nKim 2012, p. 169.\nKim 2012, p. 181.\nKim 2012, p. 182.\nNohlen, D & Stöver, P (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p. 899. ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7\nKim 2012, p. 190.\nKim 2012, p. 194.\nKim 2012, p. 192.\nKim 2012, p. 231.\nKim 2012, p. 234.\nKim 2012, p. 236.\nLinda J. Cook & Mitchell A. Orenstein, \"The Return of the Left and Its Impact on the Welfare State in Poland, Hungary, and Russia,\" In: Left Parties and Social Policy in Postcommunist Europe, ed. Linda J. Cook, Mitchell A. Orenstein & Marilyn Rueschemeyer (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999), p. 91.\nKim 2012, p. 200.\nParlament.hu. \"1995 presidential election (19 June 1995)\". Parlament.hu. Retrieved 15 October 2015.\nKim 2012, p. 204.\nKim 2012, p. 206.\nKim 2012, p. 209.\nKim 2012, p. 213.\nKim 2012, p. 218.\nKim 2012, p. 220.\nKim 2012, p. 222.\nKim 2012, p. 224.\nKim 2012, p. 225.\n\"A harmadik körben megválasztották államfőnek Mádl Ferencet\". Origo.hu. 4 June 2000. Retrieved 8 October 2015.\n\"Rezidencia van, csak nem lakható\". Index.hu. 16 April 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2015.\n\"Göncz Árpád a Magyarország Európában Alapítvány elnöke lett\". Index.hu. 14 September 2000. Retrieved 15 October 2015.\n\"Ötvenhat jelzéssé válik\". Index.hu. 23 October 2000. Retrieved 15 October 2015.\n\"Göncz Árpád Budapest díszpolgára lett\". Index.hu. 17 November 2000. Retrieved 15 October 2015.\n\"Albright átadta a Göncz-díjat\". Index.hu. 13 December 2000. Retrieved 15 October 2015.\n\"Medgyessy aláírta\". Index.hu. 16 April 2003. Retrieved 15 October 2015.\n\"Farkasházy Szárszója: ellenzék nélkül\". Index.hu. 5 July 2003. Retrieved 15 October 2015.\n\"Fidel Castro nagyon jól tudja, hogy eljön a nap\". Index.hu. 18 September 2003. Retrieved 15 October 2015.\n\"A nap képe: szerenád Göncz Árpád születésnapja alkalmából\". Heti Világgazdaság. 10 February 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2015.\n\"Schmitt felhívta Gönczöt\". Heti Világgazdaság. 10 February 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2015.\n\"Magyar Családtörténeti Adattár\".\nÁgnes, László (13 August 2013). Erről még nem beszéltem senkinek: Kivételes sorsok, történetek 1989-2009. ISBN 9789630976619.\n\"Göncz Árpád: Köszönöm, Magyarország!\" (in Hungarian). Origo. 3 August 2000. Retrieved 9 October 2015.\n\"A Göncz Árpád Alapítvány\" (in Hungarian). Göncz Árpád Foundation. Retrieved 10 October 2015.\nArpad Goncz, Hungary's 1st post-communist president, dies\nÁrpád Göncz, Hungarian president – obituary\n\"Meghalt Göncz Árpád – Az Európai Bizottság elnöke igazi európaiként méltatta a volt államfőt\". MTI. 6 October 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.\n\"Már életében legenda volt Göncz Árpád\". Index.hu. 6 October 2015. Retrieved 8 October 2015.\n\"Ezrek emlékeztek Göncz Árpádra\". Népszava. 7 October 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2015.\n\"Kövér László: Göncz Árpád sorsa egybeforrt a 20. század magyar történelmével\". Híradó.hu. 12 October 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2015.\nFox, Margalit (6 October 2015). \"Arpad Goncz, Writer and Hungary's First Post-Communist President, Dies at 93\". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 October 2015.\n\"Juncker: Göncz Árpád igazi európai volt\". 168 Óra. 6 October 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2015.\n\"Nagy egyetértésben beszélt mellé Áder és a horvát államfő\". Index.hu. 7 October 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2015.\n\"Göncz Árpádra emlékeztek Strasbourgban\". Népszabadság. 7 October 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2015.\n\"November 6-án temetik Göncz Árpádot\". Index.hu. 13 October 2015. Retrieved 6 November 2015.\n\"Politikamentes temetésen búcsúztatták Göncz Árpádot\". Index.hu. 6 November 2015. Retrieved 6 November 2015.\nBOE-A-1994-3535\nPrime Minister of Malta Website, Honorary Appointments to the National Order of Merit Archived 7 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine\nLithuanian Presidency website, search form\n\"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement\". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.\n\"Summit Overview Photo\". 1999. His Excellency Árpád Göncz, first President of post-Communist Hungary, addressing the Academy delegates and members at the Hungarian Palace of Justice.\nSlovak republic website, State honours : 1st Class in 2000 (click on \"Holders of the Order of the 1st Class White Double Cross\" to see the holders' table)\n\"Göncz cseh állami kitüntetést kap\". Index.hu. 6 October 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2003.", "Kim, Dae Soon (2012). Göncz Árpád – Politikai életrajz (in Hungarian). Scolar Kiadó. ISBN 978-963-244-348-5.\nKim, Dae Soon (2013). The Transition to Democracy in Hungary: Árpád Göncz and the post-Communist Hungarian presidency. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-63664-3.\nThe Daily Telegraph, Wednesday, 7 October 2015\nSodrásban = In mid-stream : talks and speeches by Árpád Göncz. Budapest, Corvina Books, 1999. ISBN 963-13-4801-6", "Official website\nHis biography Archived 4 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine on the Office of the President of the Republic of Hungary site\nÁrpád Göncz at Find a Grave" ]

[ "Árpád Göncz", "Biography", "Early life (1922–1945)", "Early political career and retreat (1945–1956)", "1956 Revolution and aftermath (1956–1957)", "Prison years (1957–1963)", "Literary career (1963–1988)", "Return to politics (1988–1990)", "Presidency (1990–2000)", "First term (1990–1995)", "Second term (1995–2000)", "Later life (2000–2015)", "Personal life", "Death and funeral", "Awards and honours", "References", "Bibliography", "External links" ]

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[ "Bunker of the Árpád Line near Ust-Chorna, Ukraine.", "Typical anti-tank trench. A similar design were used in the Árpád Line.", "Gun shelter of Árpád Line in the Latorice River valley. Hungarian text on the wall: \"It cannot be true, that many hearts ... bled in vain\"", "A destroyed shelter of the Árpád Line near Yasinia", "Hungarian mountain infantry in the Carpathians." ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Ust-Tschorna_Bunker.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Anti-tank_obstacle_in_Assen.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Arpad_Line_pillbox_latoritsya.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Arpad_Line_Yasinia.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Hungarian_soldiers_in_the_Carpathians.jpg" ]

[ "The Árpád Line (Hungarian: Árpád-vonal; Romanian: Linia Árpád; Ukrainian: Лінія Арпада) was a line of fortifications built in 1941-44 in the north-eastern and eastern Carpathian Mountains, along the border of Kingdom of Hungary. It was named after Árpád, the head of the Hungarian tribes. The main function of the Line was to protect Northern Transylvania (including Székely Land) and Carpathian Ruthenia from the east.\nThe Árpád Line was the main line of defence; the Hunyad and Prinz Eugene Lines lay in front of it.", "General Teofil Hárosy (pioneer) developed the theory of flexible defense in 1939-1940. \"Flexible\" defense-lines (Mannerheim Line, Árpád Line, Bar Lev Line) were not based on dense lines of heavily armed, large and expensive concrete pillboxes (as the Maginot and Siegfried systems were). Their protective capacity hinged on multiple lines of well-designed obstacles fitting into the environment. All roads passable by tanks and trucks were closed by a \"völgyzár\", but the intermediate areas were unprotected. The flexible defense only closed possible supply lines, thus the enemy could bypass the fortified line, but every battlegroup without resupply quickly ran out of ammo and food. Thus, the Árpád line was based on small, circularly defensible fortified zones, rather than a continuous impenetrable line of fortresses. Most of the roads were destroyed in the forested, mountainous and swampy areas between forts. Therefore, the task of defenders was to protect the obstacles, and not fight with the main Soviet forces.\nThe main method of this type of field fortification was to close potential vehicular transport and attack routes with multiple anti-tank ditches, hedgehogs, dragon's teeth and mine fields. These obstacle-zones are followed by a quite small but peculiarly complex system of ditches and barbed wire obstacles, which protects the anti-tank barrier against sappers, bridge-layer tanks and engineer teams. The semi-mobile engagement is the main point, soldiers fight in open firing positions, bunkers served as only shelters during bombardment. Thus, it is possible to quickly reallocate soldiers between the points of defense (manpower not locked in pillboxes), and counterattacks feasible by defense force. This type of defensive line required 5-10 times less manpower and concrete per kilometer than the Maginot or Siegfried Lines, with equal (or more) effectiveness; but far more imagination was required from the builders because every part of the line had an inevitably unique design, adapted to local conditions.\nThe main defense line usually lies on a hilltop on the edge of a forest, and divided into circularly defensible independent sectors (platoon size). A sector includes 3 (or more) trench-rings and 1 or 2 ferro-concrete shelter(s) surrounded by 30 m (or more) wide zone of anti-personnel obstacles (barbed wire, electric fences, wide variety of non-explosive traps) and 2 (or more) \"V\" or \"U\" shaped anti-tank trenches or anti-tank walls. Independent sectors were connected by communication trenches into a defensive zone or fortress (Hungarian: völgyzár – literally \"valley fort\").\nUnlike the Maginot and Siegfried-type lines, the overall barrier and trench system of flexible defense lines were hard to detect. It was a complex net of small objects, and all of them were entirely adapted to the natural topography (e.g., natural steep slopes as anti-tank wall, trenches curving as isolines). All buildings, dugouts and obstacles are adapted to the landscape, and there are no easily targetable large objects, while Maginot-like bunkers were impossible to be camouflaged enough.\nTherefore, the enemy is forced to attack the defensive trenches with conventional infantry assault (as during World War I) at the cost of terrible losses, without assistance of armored forces or line-of-sight firing guns. It is a \"flexible\" type of defence line because soldiers are not locked in bunkers, the defensive platoons could be regrouped between open firing positions (firing positions and dugouts made of wood and earth) and independent sectors. Furthermore, soldiers can easily carry out a counterattack (supported by heavy weapons of the Line) optionally. Because of the possibility of redeployment, significantly less manpower is required than Maginot-like defenses. The semi-mobile engagement was also psychologically preferable to the claustrophobic feeling rendered by Maginot-like bunkers in the long term.\nAfter the fall of Maginot and Metaxas Lines, a Hungarian commission assessed German experience with fortifications. According to reviews of the group, Maginot and Siegfried-like bunkers have a lot of weaknesses. Air inlets and loopholes were destructible by small groups of infiltrating sappers, they were too big (camouflage and costs), could be blinded by small concentrated smoke screens, and required sizable manpower. Meanwhile, the Mannerheim line proved flexible defense lines were almost immune to a few sappers or small smoke screens. At Sedan, a German sapper group was able to break through the main defense within 41 minutes. Thus only one \"fortress\" consists of a large-scale bunker system in the Árpád line, all other fortress consist of non-fighting bunkers with a floor area of less than 8x8m. Because the method requires complete alignment with the terrain, there is no standard layout, thus every fortress was unique. This fact increased efficiency, it was not possible to beat different völgyzárs with uniform methodology.", "There were 29 fortresses in the Árpád Line. A typical völgyzár was operated by a fortress company comprising 200-300 soldiers. In comparison, a similarly sized defensive area was operated by a division-sized force in the Maginot Line. The fortress company was divided into three to four circularly defensible independent sectors. Each had a platoon-sized manpower with two light machine guns and few submachine guns, and every squad and heavy weapon had its own shelter. The platoon had three or more concentric trench-rings, and a few dugouts surrounded by a 30–50 m wide zone of anti-personnel obstacles. The independent sectors were interconnected by communication trenches and telephone lines. The fortress also had heavy weapons concentrated at most vulnerable areas. Typically, a fortress had four heavy machine guns, two to four light (37 or 40mm) anti-tank guns, and a few mortars (all of them operated in multiple earthen-wood, open artillery positions). At the rear side there were two to four well camouflaged independent MG pillboxes in case of attack from behind. The \"fortress\" also had a HQ bunker, a medical station, some dugouts for ammunition and equipment, a small engineer squad (equipped with mines and flamethrowers), and a kitchen. The whole fortress was surrounded by two or more \"V\" or \"U\" shaped anti-tank trenches or anti-tank walls, minefields, and natural obstacles (e.g., escarpments or steep slopes); thus, there was no passable way for tanks to approach the fortress.\nAll soldiers and heavy weapons have multiple (three or more) open firing positions connected by trenches in order to make it difficult to keep them under fire. Concrete bunkers, usually only shelters (in case of artillery bombardment), just a few MG pillboxes had loopholes. Concrete MG and gun pillboxes in the Mannerheim and Árpád Lines were particularly well camouflaged, and almost all of them were side-firing in order to defend anti-tank obstacles against sappers; thus, none of them fired directly toward the enemy. Because these buildings were not exposed to the enemy's line-of-sight artillery, they could have been made much thinner than the Maginot-type ones. Therefore, it has vastly less concrete per kilometer compared to other lines. Few types of buildings on the Árpád Line have unified plans; the main types were: heavy MG pillbox (4.6 x 4.6m), light MG pillbox (1.2 x 1.2m), shelter for a squad with rounded top (5 x 4m), shelter for a gun or mortar (7x4m), HQ bunker (6 x 4m), medical bunker (7 x 4m), observation post (1.2 x 1.2m), dragon's teeth,", "After the Battle of Kursk, only the Árpád Line was able to detain the Soviet army for more than three weeks. With regard to effectiveness per cost rate, it was the most potent fortification system during World War II. The construction of the Árpád Line was 5-10 times cheaper per kilometer than its German and French counterparts, and it was able to hold off the enemy for an incomparably longer period. The losses were extremely low, despite the enemy's numerical superiority and the poor equipment of Hungarian Armed Forces.\nDue to lack of funds, almost none of the völgyzár had been completed. Most of them had significantly less manpower, barbed wire, firearms, and heavy weapons than featured in the official specifications (between 60-80% readiness). Without efforts by Ruthenian and Szekler volunteers, the Hungarian armed forces would not have been able to complete any of the forts. A portion of the unbuilt shelters was replaced with foxholes, and a few völgyzár lacked anti-tank trenches. In the case of two völgyzár, less than 50% of work had been done.\nThe biggest deficit was in grenades and anti-tank weapons; thus, fortresses never got anti-tank gun over 47 mm. Most of them received only three or fewer obsolete 37mm PaK guns. In fact, these border guard companies were among the poorest equipped units in the Hungarian Armed Forces. They were equipped with old captured Yugoslav guns and obsolete remaining machine guns from World War I. Despite this situation, however, the well-designed fortresses proved to be surprisingly effective.\nDuring the autumn of 1944, the Southern Soviet Army and the whole Romanian combined forces commenced a multi-stage, full-sized attack, which immediately stalled. Despite their more than tenfold numerical superiority, Soviet and Romanian forces were completely unable to occupy a single fort, and serious damage occurred in only a few völgyzár, as happened in the Mannerheim Line. In several cases (e.g., Gyimesbük), the company-scaled defensive groups (comprising 250 border guards) successfully faced greater-than-division-sized Soviet forces (comprising 10000-15000 soldiers). For every fallen Hungarian border guard on the Arpad Line, 483 Soviet soldiers were killed, despite the severe lack of equipment by the defenders in the völgyzárs. At the end of October, the Hungarian forces retreated in orderly fashion from the Line, because Northern Transylvania fell from the previously protected southern border after Romania had joined the Allies and the subsequent Soviet occupation of Romania. Soviet troops advancing along the Danube had left the Line outflanked.\nDespite the unprecedented success of the Árpád Line, only a few researchers have examined the fortress. However, the theory of flexible defense was successfully used later by the Bar Lev Line, and one of the forts in this fortification system has been named after the Hungarian capital, Budapest.", "\"Archived copy\". www.zmne.hu. Archived from the original on 14 November 2004. Retrieved 14 January 2022.\noSzabó, József János (2002). The Árpád-line. Budapest: Timp. pp. 62–121. ISBN 9789639614093.\nMihályi, Balázs (2014). Az Árpád-vonal története. Budapest: Kárpátia. pp. 25–83. ISBN 9786155374135.\nSzabó, József (8 April 2017). \"The defence system of the Hungarian Royal Army in the Eastern Carpathians\". Bunker.\nMihályi, Balázs (2014). Az Árpád-vonal története. Budapest: Kárpátia. pp. 117–138. ISBN 9786155374135.\nMihályi, Balázs (2014). Az Árpád-vonal története. Budapest: Kárpátia. pp. 89–143. ISBN 9786155374135.\nSzabó, József (2015). Kárpáterődítés. Budapest: Pillangó. pp. 1–336. ISBN 9786158007627.\nSebő, Ödön (1999). A halálra ítélt zászlóalj, Gyimesi-szoros 1944. Budapest: Magyar Könyvklub. pp. 52–124. ISBN 9635470517." ]

[ "Árpád Line", "Theoretical background: the flexible defense", "Layout of a typical völgyzár", "Effectiveness", "References" ]

[ 1382, 1383, 1384, 1385, 1386 ]

[ 8581, 8582, 8583, 8584, 8585, 8586, 8587, 8588, 8589, 8590, 8591, 8592, 8593, 8594, 8595, 8596, 8597, 8598, 8599, 8600, 8601, 8602, 8603, 8604, 8605, 8606 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Pot%C3%A1pi_%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_J%C3%A1nos.JPG" ]

[ "Árpád János Potápi (born March 28, 1967) is a Hungarian educator and politician, member of the National Assembly (MP) for Bonyhád (Tolna County Constituency III) from 1998 to 2014, and for Dombóvár (Tolna County Constituency II) since 2014. He was elected mayor of his birthplace in 2002, serving in this capacity until 2014. Potápi has been the Secretary of State for National Policy since 15 June 2014.", "He finished Petőfi Sándor Secondary School at Bonyhád in 1985. He worked as an unqualified teacher at Vörösmarty Mihály Primary School of Bonyhád from 1985 to 1986. In 1991 he graduated from Juhász Gyula Teacher Training College of Szeged as a teacher of Hungarian language, literature, history. In 1994 he graduated in history from Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE).\nAs a mayor of Bonyhád and head of local government section of the Tolna branch of Fidesz he has a knowledge of local governments. He worked at Red School in Szeged from 1991 to 1993 and since 1993 he has been teaching at Petőfi Sándor Lutheran Secondary School in Bonyhád, a job he has retained as an MP. From 1991 to 1993 he was secretary and since 1998 he has been president of the National Alliance of Székelys in Bukovina. He has been president of the Association of Danubian Europe and of Bibliocaritas Foundation since 1999, and a member of the Board of Trustees of Illyés Foundation.\nPotápi entered into politics in 1993. He headed the campaign of the Bonyhád branch of Fidesz in the general election in 1994. He joined the party itself in 1997. Since then he has been the head of the Bonyhád branch of the party. He has been vice president of the Tolna County organization of the party since 1998. After the transformation into a people's party in 2003 he was appointed the chairmanship of the Bonyhád constituency.\nIn 1998 and in the national elections of 2002 he was elected MP of his home town Bonyhád. In the middle of March he continued the work he started in the previous term in the Foreign Affairs Committee and until February 2003 he served on the Committee on Human Rights, Minorities and Religion. On 20 October he was elected a local representative and the mayor of Bonyhád as well as a member of the Tolna County Assembly. He secured a seat in Parliament in the 2006 national election from Bonyhád. He was elected member of the Foreign Affairs and Hungarian Minorities Abroad Committee on 30 May 2006. He became the Chairman of the Committee of National Cohesion on 1 January 2011, holding the position until 18 June 2014.", "He is single. His wife was Viktória Hahner, but they were divorced. They have two sons, András Árpád and Katalin Zsuzsanna.", "\"Biography\" (PDF). Országgyűlés.\n\"Register\". Országgyűlés.\nPOTÁPI ÁRPÁD JÁNOS - FIDESZ - 2015-ÖS VAGYONNYILATKOZAT - BONYHÁD, January 29, 2016" ]

[ "Árpád Potápi", "Biography", "Personal life", "References" ]

[ 1387 ]

[ 8607, 8608, 8609, 8610, 8611 ]

[ "Árpád Szűcs in 1968" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_Sz%C5%B1cs_%28Suciu%29.jpg" ]

[ "Árpád Szűcs (also known as Arpad Suciu; born 16 March 1943) is a Romanian former professional footballer of Hungarian ethnicity. Szűcs grew up in the youth academies of the historical local clubs Stăruința Oradea (named Metalul Oradea at that time) and Club Atletic Oradea (named CS Oradea at that time). He made his debut in the Divizia B for Crișana Oradea (former CS Oradea), in 1961, under the management of Ferenc Rónay, a legend of the Romanian and Hungarian football. One year later, young Szűcs also made his debut in the top-flight, for the same team, Crișana.\nCrișana Oradea was dissolved in 1963 and Árpád Szűcs moved to second tier club Flamura Roșie Oradea, then in 1964 signed a contract with the best ranked team from the city, Crișul Oradea. He played for 15 years and in more than 300 matches for FC Bihor Oradea (Crișul was renamed as FC Bihor in 1972). In generally, Szűcs played for teams based in his hometown, except the 1973–74 season, season in which he played for Mureșul Deva and Jiul Petroșani, with Jiul also winning the 1973–74 Cupa României, Szűcs scoring the fourth goal of the final.\nÁrpád Szűcs played in approx. 550 matches (first tier, second tier, cup and friendly matches) and scored 39 goals, from which 190 matches were in the top-flight, division in which he also scored 30 of his goals.", "Crișana Oradea\nDivizia B: 1961–62\nBihor Oradea\nDivizia B: 1970–71, 1974–75\nJiul Petroșani\nCupa României: 1973–74", "La o cafea cu un idol al tribunei oradene! (At a coffee with an idol of the Oradea tribune!). caoradea.ro (in Romanian)\nJiul Petroșani în Cupa României 1974 (Jiul Petrosani in the 1974 Romanian Cup). gddhd.ro (in Romanian)", "Árpád Szűcs at labtof.ro\nArpad Suciu at labtof.ro" ]

[ "Árpád Szűcs", "Honours", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1388 ]

[ 8612 ]

[ "2017, Petőfi TV" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/SZA.jpg" ]

[ "Árpád Szarvas is a musician, best known as the lead singer, songwriter, lyricist, guitarist of EZ Basic.", "Szarvas is from Szabadka and lived in Szeged, Hungary, however, he moved to the capital city, Budapest after graduating at Faculty of Arts and Humanities at the University of Szeged to pursue a music career.", "Szarvas played guitar in Pale Blue Eyes, a Szeged-based noise rock band while attending the secondary school. The band played music influenced by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, Sonic Youth, and Joy Division. However, he left the band and formed EZ Basic with his friend Dénes Pesztalics. Szarvas was influenced by bands such as The Jesus and Mary Chain, House of Love, Primal Scream, and Broadcast. He is the founding member of EZ Basic.\nApart from EZ Basic, he also released music under the name Evil Men Have No Songs and Models Can't Fuck.", "With EZ Basic:\nAlbums and EPs\nEZ To Say EP (2007)\nHocus Focus (2007)\nHello Heavy (2010)\nMemories of Spring EP (2012)\nDead End Darling (2015)\nSissyfuzz (2017)\nWith Evil Men Have No Songs:\nAlbums and EPs\nEvil Men Have No Songs EP (2010)\nAlways Somewhere Else EP (2012)\nWhere We Come From EP (2013)\nWith Models Can't Fuck:\nAlbums and EPs\nMove To Iceland EP (2011)\nModels Can't Fuck EP (2017)\nSingles\nGhost Kid (2010, with Models Can't Fuck)\nHome Tonight (2010, with Evil Men Have No Songs)\nMove To Iceland (Möbel remix) (2012, with Models Can't Fuck)\nNew Lines (2013, with EZ Basic)\nUnnatural (2014, with EZ Basic)\nWhatcha Gonna Do With Your Life? (2015, with EZ Basic)", "", "Epiphone 5102T / EA-250", "Orange", "Boss DS-1\nBoss CH2\nElectro-Harmonix Small clone", "EZ Basic", "\"EZ Basic\". Koncert.hu. 20 November 2015.", "Szarvas on Discogs" ]

[ "Árpád Szarvas", "Early life and personal life", "EZ Basic", "Discography", "Instruments", "Guitars", "Amplifiers", "Effect pedals", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1389 ]

[ 8613, 8614, 8615, 8616 ]

[ "Árpád Szendy" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Szendy_%C3%81rp%C3%A1d.jpg" ]

[ "Árpád Szendy [ˈaːrpaːd ˈsɛndi] (11 August 1863 in Szarvas – 10 September 1922 in Budapest) was a Hungarian pianist, composer and teacher.", "Szendy's father was a college professor. The original name of the family was Golnhofer. Szendy studied with Henri Gobbi, Franz Liszt and Hans Koessler at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music in Budapest. From 1888, he taught piano at the academy, becoming a full professor in 1891. In 1920, he was appointed director of the academy, but resigned a year later due to health reasons. He died of heart disease in 1922.\nSzendy's compositions include several orchestral pieces, a piano concerto, a concert fantasy for piano and orchestra, the opera \"Mária\", two string quartets, and a variety of piano pieces and songs. His editions of Carl Czerny's etudes \"School of Finger Dexterity\" were used for a century in Hungary.\nSzendy had many students; the best-known one is Ilona Kabos.", "Carl Dahlhaus, Hans Heinrich Eggebrecht (edit.): Brockhaus-Riemann-Musik-Enzyklopädie. Musikverlag Budapest, 1998, ISBN 978-3254084002.\nRévai Nagy Lexikona. 17th edition. Published by Révai Budapest, 1925.\nAladár Szabolcsi Bence Tóth: Music Enzyklopädie. Musikverlag Budapest, 1965.\nValentine Vázsonyi: Ernst von Dohnányi. Musikverlag Budapest, 1971.", "Aladár Tóth:Árpád Szendy (hungarian)\nhttp://lfze.hu/en/notable-alumni/-/asset_publisher/fLQ9RSuRgn0e/content/szendy-arpad/10192;jsessionid=309336073341E43B62F613DEBCDC9932 (hungarian)" ]

[ "Árpád Szendy", "Biography", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1390 ]

[ 8617, 8618, 8619 ]

[ "The museum and foundation building in Lisbon" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Arpad_Szenes-Vieira_da_Silva.JPG" ]

[ "Árpád Szenes (also French: Árpád Szenès; 6 May 1897, Budapest – 16 January 1985, Paris) was a Hungarian-Jewish abstract painter who worked in France.", "In 1897, Szenes was born into a petty bourgeois family in Budapest. Many artists including Arthur Bárdos, Ignotus, Lajos Hatvany were guests in the family's home. He went to the Munkácsy Mihály Street Secondary Grammar School and was taught among others by Milán Füst. He was passionate about drawing. He served in World War I, but he did not come to the front; he painted portraits on the graves of heroic fallen soldiers from photos. Here he was recognized by the sculptor Dezső Bokros Birman, who directed him towards modern art. He enrolled in the free school of József Rippl-Rónai, where Béla Iványi-Grünwald and Károly Kernstok had great influence on him.\nIn 1919 he worked with his fellow painters at the Artist Colony of Kecskemét. Since they did not receive money, they had to do agricultural work. He painted together among others with Gyula Derkovits, Béla Iványi-Grünwald, János Kmetty, Róbert Emil Novotny and Pál Pátzay. He was ill with hard physical work, and moved with two friends to a business premise in Városmajor Street in Budapest. At that time, he met István Beöthy, with whom they studied Buddhism and Oriental art. His style was not mature yet: in 1922 he exhibited abstract artwork at a group exhibition of young artists at Ernst Museum, but his other paintings of the same year reflect the traditions of the Hungarian painting of the turn of the century and the influence of his masters. He went on a European study trip; the first station was in Germany in 1924, where he met with the works of Kandinsky and Klee, and then studied the paintings of Giotto and Piero della Francesca in Italy. He first visited Paris in 1924, then only for three months, then again in the autumn of 1925 for staying. The money that he received from his uncle was gone, and for months he was in extreme poverty, and as advised by László Ney lived on cartoons made from guests at Montmartre cafés. Many Hungarians lived in Paris, in addition to his mother, György Marton, Zsigmond Kolozsvári and Gábor Peterdi helped Szenes artistically. At this time he already had exhibitions, and while he was having a bohemian lifestyle with many affairs, he was also attending the Académie de la Grande Chaumière. Here he met in 1929 with Portuguese Maria Helena Vieira da Silva and they married in 1930, his wife became a Hungarian citizen, and remained until 1956. After marriage, he lived a more restrained life.\nIn 1930, the couple visited the Nagybánya artists' colony. They lived and worked in a dead end called rue des Camelias in Paris, where many artists lived. They met Lajos Tihanyi's friend, Kokoschka and Varèse, but Jacques Lipchitz also visited them. Later they moved to boulevard Saint Jacques where their studio was above a cardboard factory. Through their patron and gallery owner, Jeanne Bucher, they were in close contact with Joan Miró and Max Ernst.\nAt that time Szenes visited the café gatherings of Les Amis du Monde, a group of young left-wing artists including Étienne Hajdú, Maurice Estève, Édouard Pignon, André Breton, Louis Aragon. Through his wife, he contacted the Stanley William Hayter-led Atelier 17 studio which inspired his surrealist works from the 1930s.\nAt the outbreak of World War II they left Paris, leaving Jeanne Bucher their studio and pictures. They spent a few months in Lisbon, where Szenes had an independent exhibition, and then went to Brazil in 1940. They lived in Rio de Janeiro for some time, then settled in nearby Santa Teresa. The art community in Rio was less inspirational than in Paris; although they met Dr. Atl and some other painters, they were more involved with poets and writers at this time. He painted nature, portraits of writers, poets and illustrated books. He founded a painting school called Sylvestre, taught amateurs and young Brazilian modernists.\nIn 1947 they returned to Paris, regained the boulevard Saint Jacques studio and Szenes continued to teach. At that time he started working on perhaps his most significant series of geometric and organic shapes, repetitive motifs called 'Bankett' made of various techniques (watercolor, gouache, oil, pastel and chalk). Meanwhile, he painted portraits of Vieira da Silva, making hundreds of paintings altogether. The French state bought from his paintings for the first time in 1949, followed by several state purchases. From the mid-1950s his expression became cleaner. On his landscapes the vertical-horizontal relationship is of great significance, his color scale has been reduced to a few pale colors. From then on, his wife Vieira da Silva became more and more renowned while his popularity diminished.\nIn 1979 he donated seven works made between 1942 and 1970 to the Museum of Fine Arts in Budapest and the Janus Pannonius Museum in Pécs. After his death and the end of communism in Hungary, Vieira da Silva established a foundation in 1990 in Lisbon with their names for the promotion of young artists. The museum building in Praça das Amoreiras 58 was previously a silk factory.\nHe died at age 87 from a pulmonary edema, in 1985.", "Works in books\nChapters Pierre Guéguen: La chasse au faon rose (ed. Cahiers d'Art, 1938) c. book of\nIllustrations for Murilo Mendes, Rainer-Maria Rilke, Jorge de Lima, 1944\nFifty gouache René Char Le Temps épars c. manuscript, 1966\nGravures (ed. F. Mermod), Lausanne, 1968.\nHis works in public collections\nSolomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York\nMusée National d'Art Moderne, Paris\nMusée des Beaux-Arts, Dijon\nMusée des Beaux-Arts, Rennes\nMusée des Beaux-Arts, Rouen\nM. Figueira da Foz (POR)\nMusée canton des Beaux-Arts, Lausanne\nMusée Fabre, Montpellier\nM. Bezalel, Jerusalem\nMuseum of Fine Arts, Budapest\nJanus Pannonius Museum, Pécs\nM. Nacional, Rio de Janeiro\nKunsthalle, Zurich\nCenter d'Art contemporain, Abbaye de Beaulieu.\nexhibitions\nIndividual exhibitions\n1933 - Galerie UP [engraving by Julian Trevelyan], Paris\n1939, 1949, 1952, 1955, 1974 - Galerie Jeanne Bucher, Paris\n1941 - Press House, Rio de Janeiro\n1947 - Quelques français et des peintres, sculpteurs et graveurs hongrois de l'Ecole de Paris, Galerie de Bussy, Paris\n1957 - Galerie Betty Thommen, Basel\n1958 - Galerie Pierre, Paris\n1960, 1965, 1969 - Galerie de Cahiers d'Art, Paris\n1961 - Galerie du Grand Chene, Lausanne\n1965 - Galerie Alice Pauli, Lausanne - Galerie 27, Oslo\n1969, 1974, 1981, 1988 - Galerie Jacob, Paris\n1968 - Paysages accordés, Galerie Alice Pauli, Lausanne\n1970 - Galerie Régence, Brussels\n1971-1973 - Retrospective - Musée des Beaux-Arts d'Orleans - Fundaçao Calouste Gulbekian, Lisbon - Rennes - Lille - Nantes - Rouen\n1974 - Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, Paris (Retrospective)\n1975 - Musée Fabre, Montpellier - Galerie Michel Vokaer, Brussels\n1976 - Dessins d'Arpad Szenes and de Vieira da Silva, Center Georges Pompidou, Paris\n1977 - Hungarian National Gallery, Budapest - Janus Pannonius Museum, Pécs - G. Information, Tunis\n1982 - Hommage à Arpad Senes, M. Ingres, Montauban\n1983-1984 - Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon - G. EMI, Lisbon\n1985 - Fundaçao Calouste Gulbekian, Lisbon\n1985 - Hommage à Arpad Senes, Galerie Jeanne Bucher and Galerie Jacob, Paris\n1986 - Nasoni G., Porto - Fundaçao Calouste Gulbekian, Lisbon\n1987 - Fundaçao Calouste Gulbekian, Lisbon - Bertrand G., Lisbon\n1989 - Modern Art Museum, Porto\n1994 - Budapest Historical Museum, [Vieira da Silva]\n1995 - Hommage à Vieira da Silva et ~, Abbaye de Beaulieu, Ginals (FR)\n1997 - Fundaçao Árpád Senes-Vieira da Silva, Lisbon (retrospective)\n1999 - Portraits of [Vieira da Silva], Fine Arts Museum, Budapest\n2000 - Salle St. Jean, Hôtel de Ville de Paris - Fundaçao Calouste Gulbekian, Lisbon\nMost important group exhibitions\n1931, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1937, 1956 - Salon des Surindépendants, Paris\n1932 - Salon d'Automne, Salon des Tuileries, Paris\n1936 - Atelier 17, Leicester Gallery, London - New painting from Europe, East River Gallery, New York\n1938 - Hungarian Artists in Paris, Tamás Gallery, Budapest - École de Paris, Galerie Jeanne Bucher, Paris\n1944 - Atelier 17, Modern Art Museum, New York\n1948 - French, Spanish and Hungarian Artists, National Salon, Budapest\n1948, 1953, 1960, 1961, 1966, 1967 - Salon de Mai, Paris\n1952 - Rythme et couleurs, Musée Cantonal, Lausanne - Les peintres d'aujourd'hui in Paris, Kunsthaus, Zurich\n1953 - Biennale de Sao Paolo\n1955 - The Movement of Contemporary Art, Musée Cantonal, Lausanne\n1957 - French art, Zagreb - Belgrade\n1959 - from Manet to the present, Warsaw - Hommage à Monet, Galerie Art Vivant, Paris - 80 Maler der Ecole de Paris, 1900-1959 - Vienna - Linz\n1959, 1960 - Documenta II. and III, Kassel\n1960 - Hommage à Jeanne Bucher, Galerie Jeanne Bucher - La Peinture française d'aujourd'hui, Museum of Tel Aviv - M. Bezalel, Jerusalem\n1961 - Stedelijk M., Amsterdam\n1962 - \"French Rysunki XVII-XX S\", Warsa\nw\n1962, 1968 - Salon des Réalités Nouvelles, Paris\n1963 - Contemporary French Painting, National Gallery, Salisbury\n1966 - Dix ans d'art living 1945-1955, Fondation Maeght, St. Paul de Vence (FR)\n1967 - Dix ans d'art vivant 1955-1965, Fondation Maeght, St. Paul de Vence (FR) - Galerie Jacob, Paris - Les quatre éléments, Galerie Cimaise, Paris\n1968 - Painting in France 1900-1967 (traveling exhibition), Washington, New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Montreal - L'uso de la peinture [with Bryn, Zack], Galerie La Roue, Paris\n1969 - Hommage à René Char, Musée de Céret\n1970 - Hungarians from Paris, Galerie Zunini, Paris - 20th Century Hungarian Artists Abroad, Műcsarnok, Budapest\n1971 - Hommage à Christian et Yvonne Zervos, Grand Palais, Pari\n1979 - Spring Exhibition, Hungarian House, Paris - Présence Paris-Budapest, Orangerie des Jardins du Luxembourg\n1982 - Honor to your homeland. Artists living abroad with Hungarian descent II. exhibition, Műcsarnok.", "\"Arpad Szenes\" (in Portuguese) [biographical timeline]. Árpád Szenes-Vieira da Silva Foundation. fasvs.pt. Retrieved 2016 October 31.\nhu:Szenes Árpád", "Fundação Arpad Szenes-Vieira da Silva (in Portuguese)" ]

[ "Árpád Szenes", "Biography", "List of works", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1391 ]

[ 8620, 8621, 8622, 8623, 8624, 8625, 8626, 8627, 8628, 8629, 8630, 8631, 8632, 8633, 8634, 8635, 8636 ]

[ "Tóth circa 1907" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/T%C3%B3th_%C3%81rp%C3%A1d-001.jpg" ]

[ "Árpád Tóth (14 April 1886 – 7 November 1928) was a Hungarian poet and translator.\nTóth went to Gymnasium (high school) in Debrecen and then studied German and Hungarian at the University of Budapest. In 1907, his poems began to appear in the papers A Hét and Vasárnapi Újság and after 1908 in Nyugat. In 1911, he became a theater critic for the paper Debreceni Nagy Újság.\nIn 1913, he became a tutor to a wealthy family and received a little income from writing but still lived in poverty. Tuberculosis led him to rest at the Svedlér Sanitorium in the Tatra Mountains.\nDuring the period of the revolutionary government after World War I, he became secretary of the Vörösmarty Academy, but lost the position and couldn't find new work after the government's fall. He remained poor and sick with tuberculosis for the rest of his life, succumbing to the disease in Budapest in 1928. His prolonged suffering led him to consider suicide at one point – although he did join the staff of Az Est in 1921.\nIn Debrecen, a gymnasium was named after him. In April 2011, the Hungarian National Bank issued a commemorative silver coin celebrating the 125th anniversary of the poet's birth.", "He was a major lyric poet and contributed to the Nyugat School. His core themes focused on fleeting happiness and resignation.\nHe translated Milton, Oscar Wilde, Shelley, Keats, Baudelaire, Flaubert, Gautier, Maupassant, and Chekhov.", "The Hungarian Quarterly, Volumes 3-5. Hungarian Quarterly. 1962. It is to the author's pleasure that two of Toth's poems could be published in English in the supplement to this article. It is worthwhile to get acquainted with this fine-stringed and soft-speaking poet\nNoth, Ernst Erich (1968). Books Abroad. University of Oklahoma Press. 42. The majority of the translations are outstanding, thanks to the participation of all the important Hungarian poets and translators: Sandor Weores, Gyula Illyes, Lorinc Szabo, Dezso Kosztolinyi, Arpad Toth... \nCzigány, Lóránt (1984). The Oxford history of Hungarian literature from the earliest times to the present (Reprint ed.). Clarendon Press. p. 319. ISBN 0198157819. His family inheritance of poverty and tuberculosis accompanied him all his life; and he died of the latter at the age of 42, on 7 November 1928\nKonnyu, Leslie (1964). \"Modern Magyar literature: a literary survey and anthology of the xxth century Hungarian authors\". 2 (3–4). American Hungarian Review. The faultless poet died from tuberculosis at Budapest in 1928 \n\"'Árpád Tóth' hungarian collector coin\". Numismatics Hungary. 14 April 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2014.\nMartin, Seymour-Smith (1985). The new guide to modern world literature (Revised, reprint ed.). P. Bedrick Books. p. 707. ISBN 0872260003. Arpad Tóth (1886-1928), one of the leading translators of his day (Baudelaire, Flaubert, Keats, Milton, and others)" ]

[ "Árpád Tóth", "Works", "References" ]

[ 1392 ]

[ 8637, 8638, 8639, 8640 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Weisz_%C3%81rp%C3%A1d.jpg" ]

[ "Árpád Weisz ([ˈaːrpaːd ˈvɛis]; also spelt Veisz; 16 April 1896 – 31 January 1944) was a Hungarian Olympic football player and manager. Weisz was Jewish, and was murdered with his wife and children by the Nazis during the Holocaust in World War II at Auschwitz.", "", "Weisz played club football as a left winger in Hungary for Törekvés SE, in Czechoslovakia for Makabi Brno, and in Italy for Alessandria and Internazionale.\nWeisz earned seven international caps between 1922 and 1923, and was a member of the Hungarian squad at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris. A serious injury cut short his playing career.", "After retiring as a player in 1926, Weisz became an assistant coach at Alessandria before moving to F.C. Internazionale Milano, where at the age of 34 he won one championship in the 1929–1930 season. Weisz had three separate spells as manager of Inter, 1926–28, 1929–31, and 1932–34, managing Giuseppe Meazza among his players. He also coached Bari, Novara and Bologna, where he won two league titles (in 1936 and 1937) before he was forced to flee Italy with his wife and two children following the enactment of the Italian Racial Laws. Weisz finished his career by coaching FC Dordrecht in the Netherlands, leaving in 1940 following the outbreak of the Second World War.\nFour years later he was arrested by the SS and murdered by the Nazis at Auschwitz concentration camp, with his family of four (including his wife Elena, his son Roberto, and his daughter Clara) when they were gassed immediately upon arriving at Birkenau.", "In January 2020, Chelsea FC unveiled a mural by Solomon Souza on an outside wall of the West Stand at Stamford Bridge stadium. The mural is part of Chelsea's 'Say No to Antisemitism' campaign funded by club owner Roman Abramovich. Included on the mural are depictions of footballers Julius Hirsch and Weisz, who were killed at Auschwitz concentration camp, and Ron Jones, a British prisoner of war known as the 'Goalkeeper of Auschwitz'.", "Costantino, Sostene (27 February 2018). \"Arpad Weisz: the Auschwitz victim who helped shape the idea of modern football\". These Football Times. Retrieved 27 February 2019.\nBolchover, David (18 May 2017). The Greatest Comeback: From Genocide To Football Glory: The Story of Béla Guttman. Biteback Publishing. ISBN 9781785902642 – via Google Books.\n\"Arpad Weisz | Players | F.C. Internazionale | inter.it\". FC Internazionale - Inter Milan.\n\"Reference at www.thejc.com\". \nGrunwald-Spier, Agnes (7 January 2016). Who Betrayed the Jews?: The Realities of Nazi Persecution in the Holocaust. The History Press. ISBN 9780750958011 – via Google Books.\n\"Remembering the remarkable Arpad Weisz\". Eurosport. 15 January 2013.\n\"Árpád Weisz\". Olympedia. Retrieved 23 August 2021.\n\"Remembering the cream of Jewish footballing talent killed in the Holocaust\". The Guardian. 6 May 2019.\n\"Who was Arpad Weisz?\". Inter Official Site.\n\"Bologna pay tribute to Holocaust victim Arpad Weisz | Paddy Agnew\". 30 January 2018.\nBliss, Dominic (1 December 2014). \"Erbstein: the triumph and tragedy of football's forgotten pioneer\". Blizzard Media Ltd – via Google Books.\nHooper, John (8 September 2015). The Italians. Penguin. ISBN 9780525428077 – via Google Books.\n\"Chelsea unveils mural with Jewish soccer players murdered at Auschwitz\". The Jerusalem Post.", "Jews In Sports\nHungarian Players and Coaches in Italy" ]

[ "Árpád Weisz", "Career", "Playing career", "Coaching career", "Legacy", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1393 ]

[ 8641, 8642, 8643, 8644, 8645, 8646, 8647, 8648 ]

[ "A map with a possible Hungarian Urheimat and route of their migrations towards the Carpathian Basin.", "Ladislaus I of Hungary", "King Saint Stephen – a flag with the \"double cross\" (Chronicon Pictum, c. 1370)" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Migration_of_Hungarians.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/King_St._Ladislaus.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Istvan-ChroniconPictum.jpg" ]

[ "The Árpáds or Arpads (Hungarian: Árpád-ház, Croatian: Arpadovići, Serbian: Арпадовићи, Slovak: Arpádovci) were the ruling dynasty of the Principality of Hungary in the 9th and 10th centuries and of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1000 to 1301. The dynasty was named after the Hungarian Grand Prince Árpád who was the head of the Hungarian tribal federation during the conquest of the Carpathian Basin, c. 895. It is also referred to as the Turul dynasty, and this was the official name until the 18th century.\nBoth the first Grand Prince of the Hungarians (Álmos) and the first king of Hungary (Saint Stephen) were members of the dynasty.\nEight members of the dynasty were canonized or beatified by the Catholic Church; therefore, since the 13th century the dynasty has often been referred to as the \"Kindred of the Holy Kings\". Two Árpáds were recognized as Saints by the Eastern Orthodox Church.\nThe dynasty came to end in 1301 with the death of King Andrew III of Hungary, while the last member of the House of Árpád, Andrew's daughter, Blessed Elizabeth of Töss, died in 1336 or 1338. All of the subsequent kings of Hungary (with the exception of King Matthias Corvinus) were cognatic descendants of the Árpád dynasty. The House of Croÿ and the Drummond family of Scotland claim to descend from Géza and George, sons of medieval Hungarian kings: Géza II and Andrew I, respectively.", "According to recent Y-STR and Y-SNP archaeogenetic studies of the skeletal remains of dynasty descendant and King Béla III of Hungary and unknown Árpád member named as \"II/52\" / \"HU52\" from the Royal Basilica of Székesfehérvár, it was established that the male lineage belonged to the Y-haplogroup R1a rare subclade R-Z2125 > R-Z2123 > R-Y2632 > R-Y2633 > R1a-SUR51. The subclade was also found in nearest contemporary matches of 48 Bashkirs from the Burzyansky and Abzelilovsky districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan in the Volga-Ural region, and 1 individual from the region of Vojvodina, Serbia. The Árpád members and one individual from Serbia share additional private SNPs making a novel subclade R1a-SUR51 > R-ARP, and as the mentioned individual has additional private SNPs it branches from the medieval Árpáds forming R-ARP > R-UVD.\nBased on the data of the distribution, appearance and coalescence estimation of R-Y2633 the dynasty traces ancient origin near Northern Afghanistan about 4500 years ago, with a separation date of R-ARP from the closest kin Bashkirs from the Volga-Ural region to 2000 years ago, while the individual from Serbia (R-UVD) derives from the Árpáds about 900 years ago. As also the separation of haplogroup N-B539 between the Hungarians and Bashkirs is estimated to have occurred 2000 years ago, it implies that the ancestors of Hungarians left the Volga Ural region about 2000 years ago and started a migration that eventually culminated in settlement in the Carpathian Basin.", "Medieval chroniclers stated that the Árpáds' forefather was Ügyek, whose name derived from the ancient Hungarian word for \"holy\" (igy). The Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum (\"The Deeds of the Huns and Hungarians\") mentioned that the Árpáds descended from the gens (clan) Turul, and the Gesta Hungarorum (\"The Deeds of the Hungarians\") recorded that the Árpáds' totemic ancestor was a turul (a large bird, probably a falcon).\nAnd among the captains, Árpád the son of Álmos, son of Előd, son of Ügyek, from the Turul clan, was richer in wealth and more powerful in war.\n— Simon of Kéza: Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum\nDuke Géza from the Turul clan was the one who, as they say, was the first among the Hungarians who got a summon from heaven in order to receive the Christian faith and baptism.\n— Simon of Kéza: Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum\n \nMedieval chroniclers also referred to a tradition that the Árpáds descended from Attila the Hun – the anonymous author of the Gesta Hungarorum, for example, has Árpád say: \nThe land stretching between the Danube and the Tisza used to belong to my forefather, the mighty Attila.\n— Gesta Hungarorum\nThe first member of the dynasty mentioned by a nearly contemporary written source was Álmos. The Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII recorded in his De Administrando Imperio that Álmos was the first Grand Prince of the federation of the seven Magyar tribes (megas Turkias arkhon). Álmos probably accepted the supremacy of the Khagan of the Khazars in the beginning of his rule, but, by 862, the Magyar tribal federation broke free from the Khazar Khaganate. Álmos was either the spiritual leader of the tribal federation (kende) or its military commander (gyula).\nAround 895, the women and cattle of the Magyar warriors battling in the west were attacked by the Pechenegs, forcing them to leave their territories east of the Carpathian Mountains; the Magyars moved into the Carpathian Basin. Álmos' death was probably ritual sacrifice, practiced by steppe peoples when the spiritual ruler lost his charisma, and he was followed by his son, Árpád.\nThe Magyar tribes gradually occupied the whole territory of the Carpathian Basin between 895 and 907. Between 899 and 970, the Magyars frequently conducted raids into the territories of present-day Italy, Germany, France and Spain and into the lands of the Byzantine Empire. Such activities continued westwards until the Battle of Lechfeld (955), when Otto, King of the Germans destroyed their troops; their raids against the Byzantine Empire ended in 970.\nFrom 917, the Magyars made raids into several territories at the same time, which may have led to the disintegration of their tribal federation. The sources prove the existence of at least three and possibly five groups of tribes within the tribal federation, and only one of them was led directly by the Árpáds.\nThe list of the Grand Princes of the Magyars in the first half of the 10th century is incomplete, which may also prove a lack of central government within their tribal federation. The medieval chronicles mention that Grand Prince Árpád was followed by his son, Zoltán, but contemporary sources only refer to Grand Prince Fajsz (around 950). After the defeat at the Battle of Lechfeld, Grand Prince Taksony (in or after 955 – before 972) adopted the policy of isolation from the Western countries – in contrast to his son, Grand Prince Géza (before 972–997) who may have sent envoys to Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor in 973.\nGéza was baptised in 972, and although he never became a convinced Christian, the new faith started to spread among the Hungarians during his reign. He managed to expand his rule over the territories west of the Danube and the Garam (today Hron in Slovakia), but significant parts of the Carpathian Basin still remained under the rule of local tribal leaders.\nGéza was followed by his son Stephen (originally called Vajk), who had been a convinced follower of Christianity. Stephen had to face the rebellion of his relative, Koppány, who claimed Géza's inheritance based on the Magyar tradition of agnatic seniority. He was able to defeat Koppány with the assistance of the German retinue of his wife, Giselle of Bavaria.", "The Grand Prince Stephen was crowned on 25 December 1000 or 1 January 1001, becoming the first King of Hungary (1000–1038) and founder of the state. He unified the Carpathian Basin under his rule by 1030, subjugating the territories of the Black Magyars and the domains that had been ruled by (semi-)independent local chieftains (e.g., by the Gyula Prokuj, Ajtony). He introduced the administrative system of the kingdom, based on counties (comitatus), and founded an ecclesiastic organization with two archbishoprics and several bishoprics. Following the death of his son, Emeric (2 September 1031), King Stephen I assigned his sister's son, the Venetian Peter Orseolo as his heir which resulted in a conspiracy led by his cousin, Vazul, who had been living imprisoned in Nyitra (today Nitra in Slovakia). Vazul was blinded on King Stephen's order and his three sons (Levente, Andrew and Béla) were exiled.\nWhen King Stephen I died on 15 August 1038, Peter Orseolo ascended to the throne, but he had to struggle with King Stephen's brother-in-law, Samuel Aba (1041–1044). King Peter's rule ended in 1046 when an extensive revolt of the pagan Hungarians broke out and he was captured by them.\nWith the assistance of the pagans, Duke Vazul's son, Andrew, who had been living in exile in the Kievan Rus' and had been baptized there, seized power and was crowned; thus, a member of a collateral branch of the dynasty seized the crown. King Andrew I (1046–1060) managed to pacify the pagan rebels and restore the position of Christianity in the kingdom. In 1048, King Andrew invited his younger brother, Béla to the kingdom and conceded one-third of the counties of the kingdom (Tercia pars regni) in appanage to him. This dynastic division of the kingdom, mentioned as the first one in the Chronicon Pictum (prima regni huius divisio), was followed by several similar divisions during the 11th through 13th centuries, when parts of the kingdom were governed by members of the Árpád dynasty. In the 11th century, the counties entrusted to the members of the ruling dynasty did not form a separate province within the kingdom, but they were organized around two or three centers. The dukes governing the Tercia pars regni accepted the supremacy of the kings of Hungary, but some of them (Béla, Géza and Álmos) rebelled against the king in order to acquire the crown and allied themselves with the rulers of the neighboring countries.\nKing Andrew I was the first king who had his son, Solomon crowned during his life in order to ensure his son's succession (1057). However, the principle of agnatic primogeniture was not able to overcome the tradition of seniority, and following King Andrew I, his brother, King Béla I (1060–1063) acquired the throne despite the claims of the young Solomon. From 1063 until 1080 there were frequent conflicts between King Solomon (1057–1080) and his cousins, Géza, Ladislaus and Lampert who governed the Tercia pars regni. Duke Géza rebelled against his cousin in 1074 and was proclaimed king by his partisans in accordance with the principle of seniority. When King Géza I died (25 April 1077) his partisans, disregarding his young sons, proclaimed his brother Ladislaus king.\nKing Ladislaus I (1077–1095) managed to persuade King Solomon, who had been ruling in some western counties, to abdicate the throne. During his reign, the Kingdom of Hungary strengthened and Ladislaus I was able to expand his rule over neighboring Kingdom of Croatia (1091). He entrusted the government of the newly occupied territories to his younger nephew, Álmos.\nOn 20 August 1083, two members of the dynasty, King Stephen I and his son, Duke Emeric, were canonized in Székesfehérvár upon the initiative of King Ladislaus I. His daughter Eirene, the wife of the Byzantine Emperor John II Komnenos, is venerated by the Eastern Orthodox Church.\nWhen King Ladislaus I died, his elder nephew Coloman was proclaimed king (1095–1116), but he had to concede the Tercia pars regni in appanage to his brother Álmos. King Coloman defeated Croatian army led by Petar Snačić in Battle of Gvozd Mountain (1097) and was crowned King of Croatia and Dalmatia in 1102 in Biograd.", "King Coloman deprived his brother Álmos of his duchy (the Tercia pars regni) in 1107. He caught his second wife, Eufemia of Kiev, in adultery; she was divorced and sent back to Kiev around 1114. Eufemia bore a son, named Boris in Kiev, but King Coloman refused to accept him as his son. Around 1115, the king had Duke Álmos and his son, King Béla, blinded in order to ensure the succession of his own son, King Stephen II (1116–1131).\nKing Stephen II did not father any sons, and his sister's son Saul was proclaimed heir to his throne instead of the blind Duke Béla. When King Stephen II died on 1 March 1131, his blind cousin managed nevertheless to acquire the throne. King Béla II (1131–1141) strengthened his rule by defeating King Coloman's alleged son, Boris, who endeavoured to deprive him of the throne with foreign military assistance. King Béla II occupied some territories in Bosnia, and he conceded the new territory in appanage to his younger son, Ladislaus. Henceforward, members of the Árpád dynasty governed southern or eastern provinces (i.e., Slavonia, and Transylvania) of the kingdom instead of the Tercia pars regni.\nDuring the reign of King Géza II (1141–1162), the Bishop Otto of Freising recorded that all the Hungarians \"are so obedient to the monarch that not only irritating him by open opposition but even offending him by concealed whispers would be considered a felony by them\". His son, King Stephen III (1162–1172) had to struggle for his throne against his uncles, Kings Ladislaus II (1162–1163) and Stephen IV (1163–1165), who rebelled against him with the assistance of the Byzantine Empire. During his reign, the Emperor Manuel I Komnenos occupied the southern provinces of the kingdom on the pretext that the king's brother, Béla (the Despotes Alexius) lived in his court. As the fiancé of the Emperor's only daughter, Despotes Alexius was the heir presumptive to the Emperor for a short period (1165–1169).\nFollowing the death of King Stephen III, King Béla III (1173–1196) ascended the throne, but he had imprisoned his brother Géza in order to secure his rule. King Béla III, who had been educated in the Byzantine Empire, was the first king who used the \"double cross\" as the symbol of the Kingdom of Hungary. \nIn 1188, Béla occupied Halych, whose prince had been dethroned by his boyars, and granted the principality to his second son Andrew, but his rule became unpopular and the Hungarian troops were expelled from Halych in 1189.\nOn 27 June 1192 the third member of the dynasty, King Ladislaus I was canonized in Várad (today Oradea in Romania).\nKing Béla III bequeathed his kingdom intact to his elder son, King Emeric (1196–1204), but the new king had to concede Croatia and Dalmatia in appanage to his brother Andrew, who had rebelled against him.", "King Emeric married Constance of Aragon, from the house of Barcelona, and he may have followed Barcelonese (Catalan) patterns when he chose his coat-of-arms that would become the Árpáds' familiar badge (an escutcheon barry of eight Gules and Argent). His son and successor, King Ladislaus III (1204–1205) died in childhood and was followed by his uncle, King Andrew II (1205–1235).\nHis reign was characterized by permanent internal conflicts: a group of conspirators murdered his queen, Gertrude of Merania (1213); discontent noblemen obliged him to issue the Golden Bull of 1222 establishing their rights (including the right to disobey the king); and he quarreled with his eldest son, Béla who endeavoured to take back the royal domains his father had granted to his followers. King Andrew II, who had been Prince of Halych (1188–1189), intervened regularly in the internal struggles of the principality and made several efforts to ensure the rule of his younger sons (Coloman or Andrew) in the neighboring country. One of his daughters, Elizabeth was canonized during his lifetime (1 July 1235) and thus became the fourth saint of the Árpáds. King Andrew's elder sons disowned his posthumous son, Stephen, who would be educated in Ferrara.\nMembers of the family reigned occasionally in the Principality (later Kingdom) of Halych (1188–1189, 1208–1209, 1214–1219, 1227–1229, 1231–1234) and in the Duchy of Styria (1254–1260).\nKing Béla IV (1235–1270) restored the royal power, but his kingdom became devastated during the Mongol invasion (1241–1242). Following the withdrawal of the Mongol troops, several fortresses were built or enstrengthened on his order. He also granted town privileges to several settlements in his kingdom, e.g., Buda, Nagyszombat (today Trnava in Slovakia), Selmecbánya (now Banská Štiavnica in Slovakia) and Pest received their privileges from him. King Béla IV managed to occupy the Duchy of Styria for a short period (1254–1260), but later he had to abandon it in favour of King Ottokar II of Bohemia. During his last years, he was struggling with his son, Stephen who was crowned during his lifetime and obliged his father to concede the eastern parts of the kingdom to him. Two of his daughters, Margaret and Kinga were canonized (in 1943 and 1999 respectively) and a third daughter of his, Yolanda was beatified (in 1827). His fourth daughter, Constance was also venerated in Lviv.\nWhen King Stephen V (1270–1272) ascended the throne, many of his father's followers left for Bohemia. They returned during the reign of his son, King Ladislaus IV the Cuman (1272–1290) whose reign was characterized by internal conflicts among the members of different aristocratic groups. King Ladislaus IV, whose mother was of Cuman origin, preferred the companion of the nomadic and semi-pagan Cumans; therefore, he was excommunicated several times, but he was murdered by Cuman assassins. The disintegration of the kingdom started during his reign when several aristocrats endeavoured to acquire possessions on the account of the royal domains.\nWhen King Ladislaus IV died, most of his contemporaries thought that the dynasty of the Árpáds had come to an end, because the only patrilineal descendant of the family, Andrew, was the son of Duke Stephen, the posthumous son of King Andrew II who had been disowned by his brothers. Nevertheless, Duke Andrew \"the Venetian\" was crowned with the Holy Crown of Hungary and most of the barons accepted his rule. During his reign, King Andrew III (1290–1301) had to struggle with the powerful barons (e.g., with members of the Csák and Kőszegi families). The male line of the Árpáds ended with his death (14 January 1301); one of his contemporaries mentioned him as \"the last golden twig\". His daughter, Elizabeth, the last member of the family, died on 6 May 1338; she is venerated by the Roman Catholic Church.\nFollowing the death of King Andrew III, several claimants started to struggle for the throne; finally, King Charles I (the grandson of King Stephen V's daughter) managed to strengthen his position around 1310. Henceforward, all the kings of Hungary (with the exception of King Matthias Corvinus) were matrilineal or cognate descendants of the Árpáds. Although the agnatic Árpáds have died out, their cognatic descendants live everywhere in the aristocratic families of Europe.", "", "The following members of the dynasty were canonized or beatified:\nSaint Stephen, canonized in 1083 (also by the Eastern Orthodox Church, in 2000)\nSaint Emeric, canonized in 1083\nSaint Ladislaus, canonized in 1192\nSaint Elizabeth, canonized in 1235\nSaint Margaret, canonized in 1943\nSaint Kinga, canonized in 1999\nSaint Irene, canonized by the Eastern Orthodox Church\nBlessed Konstancia of Hungary, beatified in 1675\nBlessed Yolanda of Poland, beatified in 1827\nBlessed Elizabeth of Hungary, never formally canonized but venerated locally", "List of Hungarian monarchs\nList of Hungarian consorts\nHistory of Hungary\nHistory of Croatia\nHistory of Romania\nHistory of Slovakia\nÁrpád stripes (coat of arms and flag of the Árpádians)", "Kooper, Erik (2004). The Medieval Chronicle III Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on the Medieval Chronicle, Doorn/Utrecht 12-17 July 2002. Rodopi. p. 191. ISBN 9789042018341.\nCharles Hurd, Lowell Thomas, ed. (1960). Cavalcade of Europe A Handbook of Information on 22 Countries. Doubleday. p. 325.\nDr. Horváth-Lugossy, Gábor (2022). \"Feltárulnak a Turul-dinasztia titkai (The secrets of the Turul dynasty are revealed)\". Mandiner (in Hungarian).\nDr. Horváth-Lugossy, Gábor (2022). \"Küldetésünk: a magyar történelem helyreigazítása\". Institute of Hungarian Research.\nSimon of Kéza. Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum (in Hungarian).\nTransatlantic, Marconi (1913-04-20). \"Croy-Leishman match a romance\" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-22.\nMoravský historický sborník: ročenka Moravského národního kongresu, Moravský národní kongres, 2002, p. 523\nOlasz, Judit; Seidenberg, Verena; Hummel, Susanne; Szentirmay, Zoltán; Szabados, György; Melegh, Béla; Kásler, Miklós (2019), \"DNA profiling of Hungarian King Béla III and other skeletal remains originating from the Royal Basilica of Székesfehérvár\", Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 11 (4): 1345–1357, doi:10.1007/s12520-018-0609-7\nNagy, P.L.; Olasz, J.; Neparáczki, E.; et al. (2020), \"Determination of the phylogenetic origins of the Árpád Dynasty based on Y chromosome sequencing of Béla the Third\", European Journal of Human Genetics, 29 (1): 164–172, doi:10.1038/s41431-020-0683-z, PMC 7809292, PMID 32636469\nNeparáczki, Endre; et al. (2019). \"Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin\". Scientific Reports. Nature Research. 9 (16569): 16569. Bibcode:2019NatSR...916569N. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5. PMC 6851379. PMID 31719606.\nFóthi, E.; Gonzalez, A.; Fehér, T.; et al. (2020), \"Genetic analysis of male Hungarian Conquerors: European and Asian paternal lineages of the conquering Hungarian tribes\", Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 12 (1), doi:10.1007/s12520-019-00996-0\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 9.\nKristó 1994 Korai p. 693.\nSimon of Kéza: Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum https://mek.oszk.hu/02200/02249/02249.htm\nSimon of Kéza: Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum https://mek.oszk.hu/02200/02249/02249.htm\nKristó 1996 Hungarian p. 71.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 13.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 14.\nKristó 1994 Korai p. 40.\nTóth 1998 Levediától pp. 189–211.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 15.\nKristó 1994 Korai p. 266.\nBóna 2000 A magyarok pp. 29–65.\nBóna 2000 A magyarok pp. 62–65.\nKristó 1995 A magyar állam p. 304.\nKristó 1995 A magyar állam pp. 308–309.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 22.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 23.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 25, 28.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 28.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 30.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 32.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 35.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 35–36.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 39.\nKristó 1994 Korai p. 290.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 40–41, 47.\nKristó 1994 Korai pp. 216, 245.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 40–41.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 49–50.\nKristó 1994 Korai p. 721.\nBenda 1981 Magyarország pp. 83–84.\nBenda 1981 Magyarország p. 85.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 70–71.\nKristó 1994 Korai p. 42.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 72.\nKristó 1994 Korai.\nKristó 1979 A feudális p. 44.\nBenda 1981 Magyarország pp. 85–100.\nBenda 1981 Magyarország pp. 87.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 79–81.\nBenda 1981 Magyarország pp. 88–92.\nBenda 1981 Magyarország p. 90.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 126.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 95.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 112–124.\nBenda 1981 Magyarország p. 94.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 119.\nBenda 1981 Magyarország p. 93.\nKlaniczay 2000 Az uralkodók pp. 159–160.\nBenda 1981 Magyarország p. 96.\nKristó 1994 Korai p. 261.\nBenda 1981 Magyarország p. 102.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 146.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 158.\nBenda 1981 Magyarország p. 105.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 166–169.\nBenda 1981 Magyarország p. 106.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 181.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 190–196.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 206–208.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 207–208.\nBenda 1981 Magyarország pp. 117–121.\nBertényi 1983 Kis magyar p. 67.\nBenda 1981 Magyarország p. 121.\nBenda 1981 Magyarország p. 122.\nBenda 1981 Magyarország p. 124.\nBertényi 1983 Kis magyar p. 70.\nBenda 1981 Magyarország p. 127.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 229–245.\nBenda 1981 Magyarország pp. 127–144.\nBenda 1981 Magyarország p. 144.\nKristó 1994 Korai p. 294.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 254–260.\nKristó 1994 Korai p. 711.\nKristó 1994 Korai pp. 130, 479, 543, 598, 716–717.\nBenda 1981 Magyarország pp. 154, 157.\nKlaniczay 2000 Az uralkodók pp. 178–179.\nCATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Blessed Margaret of Hungary\nKlaniczay 2000 Az uralkodók pp. 178–192.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 272.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 277.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 278–282.\nKristó 1994 Korai p. 663.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 282–283.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 283–284.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 285–288.\nKristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 288.\nKlaniczay 2000 Az uralkodók pp. 179.\nBenda 1981 Magyarország pp. 188–192.", "Benda, Kálmán, ed. (1981). Magyarország történeti kronológiája (\"The Historical Chronology of Hungary\"). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-2661-1.\nBertényi, Iván (1983). Kis magyar címertan (\"Short Hungarian Heraldry\"). Budapest: Gondolat. ISBN 978-963-281-195-6.\nBóna, István (2000). A magyarok és Európa a 9–10. században (\"The Magyars and Europe during the 9–10th centuries\"). Budapest: História – MTA Történettudományi Intézete. ISBN 963-8312-67-X.\nEngel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526. London & New York: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781850439776.\nKlaniczay, Gábor (2000). Az uralkodók szentsége a középkorban (\"Monarchs' Sainthood in the Middle Ages\"). Budapest: Balassi Kiadó. ISBN 963-506-298-2.\nKristó, Gyula; Makk, Ferenc (1996). Az Árpád-ház uralkodói (\"Rulers of the Árpád dynasty\"). I.P.C. KÖNYVEK Kft. ISBN 963-7930-97-3.\nKristó, Gyula (1996). Hungarian History in the Ninth Century. Szeged: Szegedi Középkorász Műhely. ISBN 963-482-113-8.\nKristó, Gyula (1995). A magyar állam megszületése (\"The origin of the Hungarian state\"). Szeged: Szegedi Középkorász Műhely. ISBN 963-482-098-0.\nKristó, Gyula, ed. (1994). Korai Magyar Történeti Lexikon (9–14. század) (Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History: 9–14th centuries). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-6722-9.\nKristó, Gyula (1979). A feudális széttagolódás Magyarországon (\"Feudal divisions in Hungary\"). Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-1595-4.\nTóth, Sándor László (1998). Levediától a Kárpát-medencéig (\"From Levedia to the Carpathian Basin\"). Szeged: Szegedi Középkorász Műhely. ISBN 963-482-175-8.", "The Vazul-line : Kings of the Árpád dynasty after St. Stephen (1038-1301)" ]

[ "Árpád dynasty", "Origin", "9th and 10th centuries", "11th century", "12th century", "13th century", "Dynasty tree", "Saints", "See also", "Citations", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1394, 1395, 1396 ]

[ 8649, 8650, 8651, 8652, 8653, 8654, 8655, 8656, 8657, 8658, 8659, 8660, 8661, 8662, 8663, 8664, 8665, 8666, 8667, 8668, 8669, 8670, 8671, 8672, 8673, 8674, 8675, 8676, 8677, 8678, 8679, 8680, 8681, 8682, 8683, 8684, 8685, 8686, 8687, 8688, 8689, 8690, 8691, 8692, 8693, 8694, 8695, 8696, 8697, 8698, 8699, 8700, 8701, 8702, 8703, 8704, 8705, 8706, 8707 ]

[ "Béla III in Chronicon Pictum", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 2, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Bela3.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Bethlen_seal.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Esztergom_c%C3%ADmere.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/XIII._ker%C3%BClet_c%C3%ADmere.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/XVIII._ker%C3%BClet_c%C3%ADmere.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/HUN_Gy%C5%91r-Moson-Sopron_COA.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Coat_of_Arms_Tihany.png" ]

[ "Árpád stripes (Hungarian: Árpád-sávok) is the name of a particular heraldic and vexillologic configuration which has been in constant use since the early 13th century in particular in Hungarian heraldry. It can be seen in the left half of the current coat of arms of Hungary.\nThey have been associated with the founding dynasty of Hungary, with the House of Árpád, hence the name, but most later rulers and dynasties of Hungary adopted them in one form or another to stress their legitimacy to the Hungarian throne, e.g. by marshalling. The four silver stripes (often depicted as white) are sometimes claimed to symbolise \"the four silver rivers\" of Hungary—the Danube, Tisza, Sava and Drava. \nThe Árpád stripes are heraldically \"barry of eight gules and argent\".", "The first depiction of the Árpád stripes appear on a coat of arms in 1202 in the seal of King Emeric of Hungary, member of the Árpád Dynasty, though a debated striped banner makes its appearance already on silver coins minted by Stephen I. roughly two centuries earlier. It has ever since formed part of the coat of arms of the ruling dynasties of Hungary and of the coat of arms of the Hungarian state, most of the time, as it does today, impaling gules, on a mount vert a crown Or, issuant therefrom a double cross argent or marshalled with the Angevins’ azure, semé-de-lis Or.\nThe Árpád stripes appear in many coat of arms of cities of the former Kingdom of Hungary, many of them now in the neighbouring countries of Hungary, such as Košice (Slovakia).\nThe modern heraldic use of the Árpád stripes is featured in the seal of the National Security Office of Hungary since 2001.", "The famous depiction of a banner with Árpád stripes showing King Béla III in one of the initials of the Chronicon Pictum dates to around 1360. The illustrations and decorative illuminations of the chronicle use the Árpád stripes on several occasion on banners (beside the mentioned initial it appears e.g. in the depiction of the Battle of Ménfő), shields, coat of arms (mostly marshalled with the Hungarian Apostolic Double Cross or the Angevin field azure semé-de-lis) or as the pattern of garment of Stephen I.\nHowever, after the Middle Ages the use of the Árpád stripes as a flag fell out of use and was continued only in heraldry. It was revived only by the cavalry of Prince Francis II Rákóczi.\nToday the banner of the House of Árpád as well as the banner of the cavalry of Francis II Rákóczi are part of the collection of historical flags of Hungary used for protocol (e.g. on state celebrations and holidays, MPs are sworn in on them in the Parliament, etc.).\nLately the flag has been adopted by the far-right (most eminently among supporters of Jobbik party) with increasing popularity since the 2006 protests in Hungary.", "The recent use of the Árpád stripes both on flags and badges by Hungarian right wing elements have generated controversy, as the Nazi puppet government formed by members of the Hungarian Arrow Cross Party, which was in place for seven months (October 1944–April 1945), used a similar symbol as a component of their flag in the 1940s. Although the stripes have centuries old historical origins, there are claims that the Árpád stripes have fascist connotations.\nDefendants claim that they do not foster the memory of the Arrow Cross Party, but rather the rich historical heritage of Hungary and honour the founding dynasty of the Árpáds by bearing this flag. Additionally, they point to the major heraldic difference between the Árpád stripes and the configuration used by the Arrow Cross Party: the Árpád stripes have been defined since the late 19th (before that the number was volatile) century as a barry of eight, such starting with gules and ending with argent, contrasting with the use of the colours by the Hungarian fascists who used nine rather than eight stripes starting and ending with red.", "", "" ]

[ "Árpád stripes", "In heraldry", "In vexillology", "Controversy", "Historical use", "Current official use" ]

[ 1397, 1398, 1399, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403 ]

[ 8708, 8709, 8710, 8711, 8712, 8713, 8714, 8715 ]

[ "Árpád von Degen", "" ]

[ 0, 4 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Degen_%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_mellk%C3%A9pe.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Beli-hibiskus.jpg" ]

[ "Árpád von Degen (31 March 1866, in Pozsony (now Slovakia) – 30 March 1934, in Budapest), was a Hungarian biologist and botanist whose activities were rooted in theoretical principles and scientific botany. Head of the royal Seed Testing Station in Budapest from 1896, Professor of Botany at the Budapest University from 1927 and member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, he died on 30 March 1934 in Budapest.\nDr. Degen traveled in different parts of Europe, the Balkans and Asia Minor, and was the first botanist to make an in-depth study of the Velebit flora, recording about 2.200 types of wild plants. The Degenia velebitica (Degen) Hayek (Brassicaceae) was discovered by him on 17 July 1907. He also described several new species from Albania between the years 1895 and 1897. He had contacts with the Bulgarian tsar Ferdinand and prepared the project for the establishment of the first herbarium at the Natural History Museum in Sofia.", "He wrote over a hundred essays and articles about the European and the Balkan flora and made observations on the characteristics of some oriental herbs.\nEgy új Ajuga fajról: (Ajugæ species nova [A. piskoi].) (1896)\nWulfenia Baldaccii: Egy új Wulfenia faj a Balcan-félszigetről (1897)\nNevezetesebb botanikai felfedezések a Balkán félsziget területéről (1901)\nMagyar botanikai lapok (1902)\nStudien über Cuscuta-Arten (1912)\nA heréseinket károsító arankákról (1921)\nA Magyar Tudományos Akadémia szerepe a növénytani tudományok fejlődésében (1933)\nFlora velebitica - 4 vols. Akadémiai Kiadó, Ungarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (1936–1938)", "International Plant Names Index", "Jim Jermyn, Alpine plants of Europe: a gardener's guide, pg. 261, Timber Press, Incorporated (2005), ISBN 0-88192-734-1\nDubravka Naumovski, Germination ecology of seeds of endemic species Degenia velebitica (Degen) Hayek (Brassicaceae) , pg. 1, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb (2005), ISSN 0365-0588\nP. Pejkovszka, Magyar értelmiség az újkori bolgár kultúra fejlődésében.- Begegnungen Schriftenreihe des Europa Institutes Budapest, Bd. 2, 1996, pp. 87-97.\nIPNI.  Degen.", "Botanische Zeitschrift on SpringerLink.com (in German)" ]

[ "Árpád von Degen", "Books", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1404, 1405 ]

[ 8716, 8717, 8718, 8719 ]

[ "Location of Csongrád County in Hungary" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/CsongradCounty.png" ]

[ "Árpádhalom is a village in Csongrád County, in the Southern Great Plain region of southern Hungary.", "It covers an area of 45.20 km² (17 sq mi) and has a population of 514 people (2015)." ]

[ "Árpádhalom", "Geography" ]

[ 1406 ]

[ 8720 ]

[ "Aerial view of the Árpás church.", "" ]

[ 2, 5 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/%C3%81rp%C3%A1s_l%C3%A9gifot%C3%B31.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/HUN_Gy%C5%91r-Moson-Sopron_megye_COA.png" ]

[ "Árpás is a village in Győr-Moson-Sopron County, Hungary, on the Little Hungarian Plain.", "Árpás means barley in Hungarian, a traditional product of the farms in the area; although today much more vegetables are grown, particularly cucumbers and tomatoes.", "Árpás village is situated in the north-western part of Hungary, beside the river Rába, about 30 km from Győr. The bridge of Árpás is an important crossing point on the Rába. The village is built on a bench of the river with hills to the west. It is protected by a levee from the floods. Around the village there are backwater lakes, forests and fields. The municipality of Árpás consists of the village proper, the river section outside the levee, and the surrounding farms, on both sides of the Rába, with some as much as 5 km. away from the village centre.\nThe village is known for its Premonstratensian church (provostry) named Saint James. The provostry was founded in 1251 by Maurice II Pok. In 1300 Árpás was the property of Count Lőrinc Cseszneky. The convent was inhabited by Premonstratensian nuns from 1526 until 1577. And again, after the Turkish wars, Poor Clares from Nagyszombat resettled the convent. They rebuilt the church on the existing foundations with baroque style elements, finishing it in 1751. Later this church became the parish church of the village.\nThe church is a beautiful example of the brick architecture from the Árpád age. One nave is built and closed with a simple apse, with two towers on the western side of the church, as it is the case in many churches in Hungary. From the original construction it has a Romanesque western doorway with tympanon. The painting behind the main altar showed a Madonna with mantle, a rather popular iconographical topic, was painted about 1660.\nIn the early 19th century a lot of people emigrated overseas from Árpás.", "Ludwig E. (2002–2008): Rejtőzködő Magyarország. MN Online. A sorozat cikke Monoszló templomáról.\nHenszlmann, I. (1876): Magyarország ó-keresztyén, román és átmeneti stylü mű-emlékeinek rövid ismertetése, (Old-Christian, Romanesque and Transitional Style Architecture in Hungary). Királyi Magyar Egyetemi Nyomda, Budapest\nGenthon I. (1959): Magyarország műemlékei. (Architectural Heritage of Hungary). Budapest\nSzőnyi O. (É.n.): Régi magyar templomok. Alte Ungarische Kirchen. Anciennes églises Hongroises. Hungarian Churches of Yore. A Műemlékek Országos Bizottsága. Mirályi Magyar Egyetemi Nyomda, Budapest.\nGerevich T. (1938): Magyarország románkori emlékei. (Die romanische Denkmäler Ungarns.) Egyetemi nyomda. Budapest", "\"Árpás népessége\" [Árpás population]. Népesség.com.\n\"Járási Startmunka Mintaprogram 2017. március 1. és 2018. február 28. között\" [District Start Work Sample Program between 1 March 2017 and 28 February 2018] (in Hungarian). Árpás Község Önkormányzata. 1 March 2017. Archived from the original on 3 July 2018.\nBéni, Alexandra (4 September 2017). \"8+1 Must-See Churches in the Hungarian Countryside\". Daily News Hungary. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017.\nA tympanon is a recessed, ornamental space formed by the cornices of a triangular pediment, or in this case between the arch and the lintel of the doorway.", "Street map (in Hungarian)" ]

[ "Árpás", "Etymology", "Geography, history and landmarks", "References", "Notes and references", "External links" ]

[ 1407 ]

[ 8721, 8722, 8723, 8724, 8725, 8726, 8727 ]

[ "Arran", "" ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Arran-norway.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Lenguas_ur%C3%A1licas.png" ]

[ "Árran is the Lule Sámi center in the village of Drag in Hamarøy Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The center was established in 1994 to foster and promote the Lule Sámi language and culture. It does this by arranging on-site and video conference courses in Lule Sámi, publishing books, and doing research. The center has a museum, a souvenir shop, and a Lule Sámi day-care center on its premises. One of the major projects that it was involved with was the Lule Sámi on-line course Sámasta and soon it will be publishing a Norwegian–Lule Sámi dictionary.\nSince 1999, Árran has published the popular scientific journal Bårjås, which is published in Lule Sámi and Norwegian/Swedish. The latter articles have summaries of the topic in Lule Sámi.", "Store norske leksikon. \"Árran lulesamiske senter\" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2012-05-11.", "Árran" ]

[ "Árran", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1408, 1409 ]

[ 8728 ]

[ "Árstíðir at TFF Rudolstadt, 2013." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/%C3%81rst%C3%AD%C3%B0ir_03.JPG" ]

[ "Árstíðir (English: Seasons) is an Icelandic classically influenced indie-folk rock/chamber pop band. The defining characteristic of this band is their vocal harmonies, as all members sing.\nThe band formed in 2008 in Reykjavík as a trio, consisting of Daniel Auðunsson (guitar), Gunnar Már Jakobsson (guitar) and Ragnar Ólafsson (baritone guitar). When they recorded their first album, Árstíðir, Jónas Jensson (cello) and Jón Elísson (piano) joined the band. In 2010, the band became a sextet with Karl James Pestka (violin). Jón Elísson and Hallgrímur Jónas Jensson left Árstíðir in late 2013, and Karl James Pestka in 2016.\nCurrently, Árstíðir is composed of members Gunnar Már Jakobsson (baritone guitar), Daniel Auðunsson (guitar) and Ragnar Ólafsson (piano). Since founding the band, they have released three albums: one live EP and two studio albums. Árstíðir have always been an independent band. In Iceland, they have their own record company, Nivalis, and in Germany they have a cooperation contract with Beste Unterhaltung. In 2014, they crowdfunded their third studio album, Hvel, via Kickstarter, which was released in March 2015.", "", "2009: Árstíðir (English: Seasons)\n2011: Svefns og vöku skil (English: Sleep State Return)\n2015: Hvel (English: Spheres)\n2016: Verloren Verleden (English: Lost Past) in collaboration with Anneke van Giersbergen\n2018: Nivalis (English: Snow)\n2021: Pendúll (English: Pendulum)\n2022: Blik (English: Look)", "2009: Live at Fríkirkjan (Free Church) (EP)\n2012: Tvíeind (Remix EP)", "Árstíðir became known to a wider internet audience in 2013 when a YouTube video of an impromptu a capella performance of Heyr himna smiður, (English: Hear, Smith of Heavens), a 13th-century Icelandic hymn, at Vohwinkel train station in Wuppertal, Germany went viral after a performance there. The video was shot by their PR manager.", "", "\"ABOUT ÁRSTÍÐIR\". www.arstidr.com.\nIcelandic Artists, musicians, bands - Arstidir\nArtists - Line-up - Iceland Airwaves\n\"Árstíðir's Kickstarter campaign\".\n\"Tvíeind by Árstíðir - gogoyoko\". Retrieved 2012-12-16.\nYoutube video of Árstíðir's improvised performance\n\"Eiserner Eversteiner - list of winners (German)\".", "Official website\nDetails (in Russian)" ]

[ "Árstíðir", "Discography", "Studio", "Lives & EPs", "Viral Video", "Awards and nominations", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1410 ]

[ 8729, 8730 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/HUN_%C3%81rt%C3%A1nd_COA.jpg" ]

[ "Ártánd is a village in Hajdú-Bihar county, in the Northern Great Plain region of eastern Hungary.", "It covers an area of 19.82 km² (8 sq mi) and has a population of 514 people (2015)." ]

[ "Ártánd", "Geography" ]

[ 1411 ]

[ 8731 ]

[ "", "Map of Árva, 1891.", "The original seat of the county was Orava Castle", "Ethnic map of the county with data of the 1910 census (see the key in the description)", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 4, 4, 5 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Arva.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/%C3%81rva_county_map.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/%C3%81rva_-_Castle.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/%C3%81rva_ethnic_map.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Orava_%28mapa%29.jpg" ]

[ "Árva County (Hungarian: Árva vármegye, Latin: Comitatus Arvensis, Slovak: Oravská stolica/župa, German: Komitat Arwa, Polish: Komitat Orawa) was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary since the 14th century until 1920. Its territory is now in northern Slovakia and southern Poland. Today, the Slovak name is only used as an informal designation of the corresponding territory (see Orava region).", "Between 1804-1854 and 1860-1920, Árva County shared borders with Austrian Galicia and the Hungarian counties of Trencsén, Turóc and Liptó County. The county's territory was situated along the Árva (Orava) river between Zázriva (Zázrivá) and the Tatra mountains. Its area was 2,019 km² around 1910. Now the territory is divided between Poland and Slovakia. The main Polish town of Orava is Jabłonka.", "The county seat was at the Orava Castle (Hungarian: Árva vára). After the destruction of the town by the Lithuanian troops in 1683, the seat was moved to Alsókubin (also Kolbin, Kublen, Kubin, Also Helben, Clbin, Culbyn, Cublyn, present-day Dolný Kubín).", "Emerging from the Zólyom royal land (Hungarian: zólyomi erdőispánság), the first written mention about Árva County is from 1349. However, the territory had been still referenced as a district in 1351-1368 and it finally became a county with its own self-administration in 1370.\nIn the aftermath of World War I, the territory of the whole county became part of newly formed Czechoslovakia. After a border dispute (treated in detail under Polish–Czechoslovak border conflicts) several villages in the north-east territory were exchanged between Poland and Czechoslovakia. The former county's Czechoslovak part was abolished with effective date 1 January 1923 and its territory became a part of Váh County.", "", "In the early 20th century, the districts and their capitals were:", "Only linguistic communities > 1% are displayed.\nmost of them Polish\nOnly religious communities > 1% are displayed.", "Viliam, Volko; Kiš, Miloslav (2007). Stručný vývoj územného a administratívneho členenia Slovenska [A Brief History of the Territorial and Administrative Division of Slovakia]. Bratislava: Ministry of Interior of the Slovak Republic. pp. 21, 23.\nMaslíková, Ľudmila (2010). \"Hospodárske pomery vo Veličnej na základe urbárov z 17. a prvej polovice 18. storočia\". Historia nova (in Slovak). Bratislava: Filozofická fakulta Univerzity Komenského (1): 46. ISBN 978-80-8127-160-1.\nMaslíková 2010, p. 41.\nVolko-Kiš 2007, p. 38.\n\"Az 1881. év elején végrehajtott népszámlálás főbb eredményei megyék és községek szerint rendezve, II. kötet (1882)\". library.hungaricana.hu. Retrieved 2021-09-28.\n\"A Magyar Korona országainak helységnévtára (1892)\". library.hungaricana.hu. Retrieved 2021-09-29.\n\"A MAGYAR KORONA ORSZÁGAINAK 1900\". library.hungaricana.hu. Retrieved 2021-09-29.\n\"KlimoTheca :: Könyvtár\". Kt.lib.pte.hu. Retrieved 2021-09-29.", "(in Slovak) http://www.orava.sk\n(in Polish) http://skansen.nowotarski.pl Orawa Ethnographic Park\nhttp://www.oravafoto.com\n(in Slovak) http://www.namestovo-orava.webnode.sk" ]

[ "Árva County", "Geography", "Capitals", "History", "Demographics", "Districts", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1412, 1413, 1414 ]

[ 8732, 8733, 8734, 8735, 8736, 8737 ]

[ "The graves of Ásíyih Khánum and Mirzá Mihdí within the Monument Gardens.", "Wedding certificate of Baháʼu'lláh and Ásíyih K͟hánum (1835).", "Mirzá Mihdí, the youngest child of Ásíyih.", "House of ʻAbbúd.", "Monument Gardens, facing north. The tomb of Ásíyih is on the left; of Mihdí on the right.", "ʻAbbás Effendi, Ásíyih Khánum's eldest son." ]

[ 0, 1, 4, 6, 9, 10 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/MirzaMihdiNavvabMonuments.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Weddingcertificate-BH.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Mirza-mihdi.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/HouseOfAbbud.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Monument_Gardens_Navvab_Mihdi.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Abbaseffendi1868.jpg" ]

[ "Ásíyih K͟hánum (Persian: آسیه خانم‎ 1820 – 1886) was the wife of Baháʼu'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith. She is also known by her titles of Navváb, the Most Exalted Leaf, Búyúk K͟hánum or Hadrat-i-K͟hánum. K͟hánum is a title usually given to a Persian lady and is equivalent to madam. Baháʼu'lláh and Ásíyih Khánum were known as the Father of the Poor and the Mother of Consolation for their extraordinary generosity and regard for the impoverished. Baháʼu'lláh, along with Ásíyih Khánum and her children, are regarded as the Baháʼí holy family.", "Ásíyih Khánum was born Ásíyih Yalrúdí the only daughter of Mírzá Ismáʼíl Yalrúdí, an aristocrat and minister in the Qajar court in the village of Yal Rud in Mazandaran. She had one brother Mírzá Mahmúd who did not become a follower of Bábism nor of the Baháʼí Faith. The Yalrúdí family were high-ranking nobility, and Ásíyih was raised in extraordinary privilege. As a girl she was well-educated and was able to read and write in her native Persian as well Arabic.", "1832 her eldest brother, Mírzá Mahmúd, married an elder sister of Baháʼu'lláh; Sarah. Sarah was very close to Baháʼu'lláh and was gratified with evidence of young Ásíyih’s beauty, piety and kindness. She quickly devised a plan to marry the two together. Mírzá ʻAbbás Núrí accepted – perhaps enticed by the huge dowry which included three servants, large piece of land, property and a sum of money. The betrothal was then made official, but was delayed until Ásíyih came of age.\nIn October 1835, the fifteen-year-old Ásíyih Khánum married Baháʼu'lláh in a grand and sumptuous ceremony with the buttons on Ásíyih Khánum's clothes as jewels. These jewels were later sold to provide for food for the family during the persecution of Bábís in 1852. According to Baháʼí sources, Ásíyih and Baháʼu'lláh occupied themselves with philanthropy. She was known as the “Mother of Consolation” for her charity work among the destitute of Tehran.\nThe marriage resulted in seven children: Kázim, Sádiq, ʻAbbás, ʻAlí-Muhammad, Bahíyyih, Mihdí, and ʻAlí-Muhammad. Only three survived to adulthood all of whom were deeply loyal to their mother. Ásíyih Khánum was very close to her children, and took active participation in their upbringing especially that of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. The Núrí family lived in the capital Tehran and Mazandaran in the summer months – the norm of upper-class Persian families.", "In 1844, Baháʼu'lláh heard of a new faith Bábism and accepted. Ásíyih soon joined to the new faith and became a fervent convert. She helped hide the Bábí leader Táhirih in her private parlour whilst she was hiding from government forces.\nOn 15 August 1852, a radical group of Bábís attempted the assassination of the Shah and failed. The group of Bábís linked with the plan were rounded up and killed, and, notwithstanding the assassins' claim that they were working alone, the entire Bábí community was blamed and a general pogrom of the Bábí community was started by the Shah. Bahá’u’lláh was arrested. Ásíyih’s home was looted, its possessions were taken away and she was left in practical poverty. She fled with her children and at times struggled to find enough money to feed them. They recall being given a handful of flour to satiate their hunger.", "Bahá’u’lláh was eventually released, but banished from his homeland to Baghdad. Though both Bahá’u’lláh and Ásíyih were well-connected through their families, many distanced themselves from the couple during this time. On leaving, no-one came to say goodbye save the \"grandmother of Ásíyih Khánum\". She reluctantly left her youngest child, Mihdí, in her care.\nIn the freezing winter of January 1853, the family began their journey to Baghdad. Ásíyih Khánum accompanied Baháʼu'lláh, who was weak and ill from his months in the dungeon, becoming his closest companion and confidante. She was also pregnant during the journey – causing her much difficulty. \nIn 1854 Baháʼu'lláh decided to retreat to Kurdistan and left his two brothers Mírzá Músá and Subh-i-Azal to care for the family. According to her children’s recollections, Azal curtailed the family’s freedom. When Ásíyih's baby needed a doctor he forbade her from getting one. This child, born in Baghdad was named ʻAlí-Muhammad after the Báb. He died around 1855 at the age of two. Her daughter explains: \"the sweet body of our beautiful baby was given to a man, who took it away, and we never knew even where he was laid. I remember so clearly the sorrow of those days\". Bahá’u’lláh eventually returned, resulting in some stability for the family.", "The family were subsequently exiled again to Constantinople in 1863. Shortly after the arrival in Constantinople they were exiled to the remote Adrianople. The journey was an exhausting and wearisome one during the winter. The cold took its toll on Ásíyih and she fell gravely ill. The five years in Adrianople were also unhappy. Bahá’u’lláh almost died in 1866 and she was threatened with being separated from her husband in 1868. It was, according to Baháʼís, through the intercession of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá that this was scrapped and the family all exiled together.", "A royal command was issued in July 1868 condemning the Bábís/Baháʼís to perpetual imprisonment and isolation in far-flung outposts of the Ottoman Empire — Famagusta, Cyprus for Mirza Yahya and his followers, and ʻAkká, in Ottoman Palestine, for Baháʼu'lláh and his followers. Again and for the last time the family were exiled to the prison city of Acre, Israel. This was by far the hardest place the family had been to. Accompanying her was her twenty-four-year-old son,> her twenty-one-year-old daughter, her twenty-year-old son Mírzá Mihdí and her husband.\nThe Baháʼís arrived in August at the height of the summer. The inhabitants of Acre were told that the new prisoners were enemies of the state, of God and his religion, and that association with them was strictly forbidden. The aggressive public was jeering and throwing abuse. Almost all of the exiles fell dangerously ill. The period was distressing for Ásíyih Khánum, as it was for many of the Baháʼís, due to the death of three Baháʼís and hostile behavior of the surrounding population. The Baháʼís were imprisoned under horrendous conditions in a cluster of cells covered in dirt and sewage and not given sufficient food for three days. The most trying circumstance for Ásíyih was probably the sudden and accidental death of her youngest son; twenty-two-year-old Mihdí. \nHis death caused her much pain – so much so that her family feared for her sanity. According to Baháʼís, the disconsolate Ásíyih was comforted by Baháʼu'lláh who assured his wife their child was in heaven.", "In 1870, restrictions were eased for the family and they were moved from the prison. As the people of Acre started to respect the Baháʼís and in particular, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, he was able to arrange for houses to be rented for the family, and the family finally moved to the Mansion of Bahjí around 1879 when an epidemic caused the inhabitants to flee.\nÁsíyih was able to continue her nursing work she had started in Tehran. She was known in the city for helping the sick and developing remedies. Suffering from ill-health herself for most of her life, the climate of Acre exacerbated an already delicate constitution. \nAs pilgrims began trickling in from Persia, Ásyih received them as “head of the household”. She was greatly respected and revered by Baháʼís and even by her own children.\nBaháʼu'lláh called her “Navváb”. She was also affectionately known as Búyúk Khánum. He also named her Varaqiyih-'Ulyá (meaning \"Most Exalted Leaf\") and his \"perpetual consort in the worlds of God\". Baháʼu'lláh appointed her son ʻAbdu'l-Bahá as his successor.", "Ásíyih died in 1886, aged 66, from a fall with Baháʼu'lláh by her side. Her death was mourned by the populace of Acre; her funeral was attended by Muslims, Christians and Druze people. Baháʼu'lláh remarked that after Ásíyih, his light had been turned to darkness, his joy to sadness and calmness into agitation. Her death was followed by several other deaths which hurt the family: a year later the death of Mírzá Músá, the brother of Baháʼu'lláh, followed by that of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's son and Baháʼu'lláh grandson (five-year-old Husayn) only increased Baháʼu'lláh's mourning.", "After Ásíyih died in 1886, she was buried in a Muslim cemetery in Acre. Western and Eastern pilgrims would travel to the cemetery to visit her grave and the grave of Mírzá Mihdí. In 1932 her daughter died and her wish was to be buried beside her mother and brother. Shoghi Effendi thought the gravesite of Ásíyih in this cemetery was unbefitting for her and her son.\nAfter fifty-three years since her death, he arranged to secretly transfer her remains and that of her son to be buried near her daughter in Mount Carmel. They were removed from their previous resting places and the bodies were temporarily left in the Shrine of the Báb till the burial arrangements were finished. He then cabled the Baháʼís:\nBlessed remains Purest Branch and Master's mother safely transferred hallowed precincts Shrines Mount Carmel. Long inflicted humiliation wiped away. Machinations Covenant-breakers frustrate plan defeated. Cherished wish Greatest Holy Leaf fulfilled. Sister brother mother wife ʻAbdu'l-Bahá reunited one spot designed constitute focal centre Baháʼí Administrative Institutions at Faith's World Centre. Share joyful news entire body American believers. Shoghi Rabbani.\nHe commissioned two marble monuments to be built made in Corinthian style from Italy. After successfully transferring the remains, Shoghi Effendi reburied the two next to each other in a ceremony on Christmas Day of 1939. The burial ground is now called the Monument Gardens, the burial ground of the Baháʼí \"holy family\", namely the wife, son, daughter and daughter-in-law of Baháʼu'lláh.", "Tall (relative to nineteenth century Persian standards) with a fair complexion, dark hair, deep blue eyes and regular features, Ásíyih was a noted beauty. Her daughter described her as a \"pearl…amongst women.\" Historical accounts write that she was \"slender, stately…with white skin and blue eyes and dark hair\" and \"winsome, vivacious and exceedingly beautiful\". All her children inherited her physical features.\nÁsíyih was aristocratic in her bearing, and at times struggled with life as an exile. Unaccustomed to labour, during the exile of Baghdad Ásíyih’s hands cut and bled from blisters caused by washing clothes. She was also remembered as having a strong character. Her son `Abdu’l-Bahá reflected “she was patient, God-fearing, calm, humble and contented.” Shoghi Effendi has described her as having \"continued to evince a fortitude, a piety, a devotion and a nobility of soul\".\nÁsíyih was extremely religious. After the unexpected death of her son Mírzá Mihdí, Ásíyih consoled herself with her strongly held belief that he was in heaven. Her granddaughter recalled “my eyes will always see her in her blue dress…her sweet, smiling face…as she chanted prayers in her musical voice.”\nEven as a young woman in Tehran, Ásíyih was known for her work with the poor. This carried on during her imprisonment in Acre. During the period when the exiled Bahá’í community had been granted relative freedom, Ásíyih helped nurse the sick of Acre.", "Baháʼu'lláh's family\nOthers buried in the Monument Gardens:\nMirzá Mihdí, Baháʼu'lláh's youngest son by Ásíyih to survive infancy.\nBahíyyih Khánum, Baháʼu'lláh's daughter by Ásíyih.\nMunirih Khánum, daughter-in-law by Ásíyih and wife of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, Ásíyih's eldest son.\nBaháʼí Holy Family: \nʻAbdu'l-Bahá, eldest son of Ásíyih and Baháʼu'lláh.\nShoghi Effendi, grandson of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, great-grandson of Ásíyih and Baháʼu'lláh, and the Guardian, or head, of the Baháʼí Faith.\nRúhíyyih Khánum, wife of Shoghi Effendi.\nKhadíjih-Bagum, wife of The Báb.", "A Turkish title lit: Great Lady\nBaháʼu'lláh referred to his family as a tree, and the females the leaves", "Morier 2005, p. 115.\nMa'ani 2008, pp. 85–124.\nCole 1998, p. 175.\nBalyuzi 2000, p. 23.\nTaherzadeh 2000, p. 21.\nMomen 2007, p. 8,34,43.\nBowers 2004, pp. 165, 210.\nBlomfield 1956, pp. 39–65, 100.\nBrowne 1918, pp. 320–321.\nMa'ani 2008, p. 94.\nBlomfield 1956, p. 92.\nCole 1998, p. 28.\nPhelps 1912, pp. 14–65.\nBlomfield 1956, p. 52.\nSmith 1999, p. 26.\nPhelps 1912, pp. 55–70.\nMa'ani 2008, p. 19\nMa'ani 2008, p. 118.\nBalyuzi 2000, p. 227.\nBritannica 1992, p. 2.\nMa'ani 2008, p. 115.\nBalyuzi 2000, p. 21.\nKhan 1998, p. 47.\nRabbani 1969, p. 261.\nMa'ani 2008, p. 121.\nRabbani 1952, pp. 253–8\nRabbani 1952, pp. 253–8.\nEffendi 1944, p. 108.", "Balyuzi, H.M. (2000). Baháʼu'lláh, King of Glory. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN 0-85398-328-3.\nBlomfield (1956). The Chosen Highway. London, UK: Baháʼí Publishing Trust (published 1975). ISBN 0-87743-015-2.\nBowers, Kenneth E. (2004). God Speaks Again. Baha'i Publishing Trust. pp. 165, 210. ISBN 978-1-931847-12-4.\nBritannica (1992). \"The Baháʼí Faith\". Britannica Book of the Year. Chicago. ISBN 0-85229-486-7.\nBrowne, E.G. (1918). Materials for the Study of the Bábí Religion. Cambridge: University Press.\nCole, Juan (1998). Modernity and the Millennium. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11081-2.\nEffendi, Shoghi (1944). God Passes By. Baha'i Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-87743-020-9.\nEffendi, Shoghi (1947). Messages to America. Baha'i Publishing Trust.\nKhan, Janet (1998). Advancement of Women: A Baháʼí Perspective. Baháʼí Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-87743-269-4.\nMa'ani, Baharieh Rouhani (2008). Leaves of the Twin Divine Trees. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN 978-0-85398-533-4.\nMomen, Moojan (2007). Baha'u'llah: A Short Biography. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-85168-469-4.\nMorier, James (2005). The Adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispahan. Cosimo Classics. ISBN 1-59605-263-5.\nPhelps, Myron Henry (1912). Life and Teachings of Abbas Effendi. New York: GP Putman's Sons. pp. xliii, 78, 90.\nRabbani, Ruhiyyih (1958). The Passing of Shoghi Effendi. London: Baháʼí Publishing Trust.\nRabbani, Ruhiyyih (1969). The Priceless Pearl (Hardcover ed.). London, UK: Baháʼí Publishing Trust: 2000. ISBN 1-870989-91-0.\nRabbani, Ruhiyyih (1952). The Baháʼí World. Baha'i Publishing Trust.\nSmith, Peter (1999). A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith. Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.\nTaherzadeh, A. (2000). The Child of the Covenant. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN 0-85398-439-5." ]

[ "Ásíyih Khánum", "Background", "Marriage", "As a Bábí", "Baghdad", "Constantinople and Adrianople", "Acre", "Easing of restrictions", "Death", "Reburial", "Appearance and personality", "See also", "Notes", "Citations", "References" ]

[ 1415, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1419, 1420 ]

[ 8738, 8739, 8740, 8741, 8742, 8743, 8744, 8745, 8746, 8747, 8748, 8749, 8750, 8751, 8752, 8753, 8754, 8755, 8756, 8757, 8758, 8759, 8760, 8761, 8762, 8763, 8764, 8765, 8766, 8767, 8768, 8769, 8770, 8771 ]

[ "", "Location of Ásahreppur" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/COA_%C3%81sahreppur.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Asahreppur_map.png" ]

[ "Ásahreppur ([ˈauːsaˌr̥ɛhpʏr̥]) is a municipality in Iceland." ]

[ "Ásahreppur" ]

[ 1421, 1422 ]

[]

[ "Michael \"Valgard\" Murray (center) with Stephen McNallen (left) and Eric \"Hnikar\" Wood (at the 2000 IAOA Althing)" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/B_iaoa2.jpg" ]

[ "The Ásatrú Alliance (AA) is an American Heathen group founded in 1987 by Michael J. Murray (a.k.a. Valgard Murray) of Arizona, a former vice-president of Else Christensen's Odinist Fellowship. The establishment of the Alliance, as well as the establishment of The Troth, followed the disbanding of the Asatru Free Assembly (\"old AFA\") in 1986. The Ásatrú Alliance largely reconstituted the old AFA, dominated by prior AFA members, and acting as a distributor of previously AFA publications.", "Stephen McNallen founded the Asatru Folk Assembly (\"new AFA\") in 1994 as the successor organization to the Asatru Free Assembly. The Alliance and the Folk Assembly organizations have existed in parallel since, temporarily united within the International Asatru-Odinic Alliance (1997–2002). Gardell (2003) classifies the AA as folkish. The AA defines Ásatrú as \"the ethnic religion of the Northern European peoples\".\nThe Ásatrú Alliance is recognized as a 501(c)(3) non-profit religious organization, or church. The AA was formed on June 19, 1988 by seven kindreds, which were members of the disbanded Ásatrú Free Assembly, who ratified on this day a set of by-laws to preserve and promote the beliefs of Ásatrú in the United States of America.\nThe AA is currently headed by a board of directors composed of representatives appointed by their kindred, to speak on their behalf for any AA business.\nThe AA held its 32nd annual Althing gathering in September 2012. Kaplan (1996) estimates the AA has between 500 and 1,000 members.\nAs a definition of Ásatrú, AA cites a 1995 essay by McNallen on \"what is Ásatrú\", which concludes by summarizing the main goals as the practice of \"courage, honor, the importance of the family and ancestral bonds, strength, freedom, the preservation of our kind, and joyful, vigorous life.\"\nWorld Tree Publications is the Ásatrú Alliance's publishing house.", "Valgard Murray (Michael J. Murray), born in 1950 in Iowa to a farming family, to Thomas and Marion Murray of Scottish, Lithuanian, Irish, and German descent. He remained the Allsherjargoði of the Ásatrú Alliance of Independent Kindreds, Inc. until entering a semi-retirement in 2015. Valgard has five daughters, nine grandchildren and one great-grandchild.\nAt the age of four, Valgard was burned on over thirty percent of his body. By the age of eleven, he would have a vision which we would later recognize as Oðinn on Sleipner leading the Wild Hunt. Six years later, he would meet a woman who would introduce him to a group of Northern Folk who kept the old ways. This group would eventually become the Arizona Kindred of Ásatrú Inc. Murray has stated that he has also had a vision of Odin at the age of four.\nMurray later moved to Arizona and became an electrical engineer.\nMurray was involved with the American Nazi Party (ANP) into the late 1960s. and learned of Odinism/Asatru through Elton Hall. He later became the Arizona organizer of the ANP. He has also been the spokesperson for the Arizona-based outlaw brotherhood Iron Cross MC.\nIn the early 70's Murray and Hall formed a kindred and made contact with Else Christensen.\nIn 1976 the Arizona Kindred became the first kindred certified as such by the Odinist Fellowship, which until then had only individual members.\nMurray worked with Else Christensen to found the Odinist Fellowship, and served as vice president.\nBetween 1984 and 1987 he was a representative of the AA, and was on the board of the International Ásatrú-Odinic Alliance (IAOA), and chosen the first honorary IAOA Allsherjargoði for the three-year period. Although Murray states the IAOA title was 2003 for three years, even though the IAOA disbanded in 2002.\nIn 1984 the Arizona Kindred instead chose to affiliate with the Asatru Free Assembly (old AFA). When that folded, he and Robert Taylor of the Tribe of the Wulfings, formed the Asatru Alliance in 1987, inviting other kindreds to a formational Althing in 1988, and also served on the board of directors and as general manager of the Ásatrú Folk Assembly.\nIn 1987 he served as general manager of the AFA, and in 1986 founded World Tree Publications.\nIn 1997 he was elected the Alsherjargothi of the Ásatrú Alliance. Although, Gardell says that this decision was made and ratified at the 1988 formational Althing, he was only honorary Alsherjargothi in 1988, and in 1997 officially accepted overall.\nAt the second Althing of the AFA, Murrary allegedly threatened to kill a homosexual attendee with a Mac-10.\nOn October 17, 2007, Murray gave a deposition in the Eberle v. Wilkinson & the State of Ohio case to the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio at the officers of the Attorney General, Columbus, Ohio. In 2009 he was criticized heavily by Heimgest, the Director of the Court of Gothar (DCG-OR)/Alsherjargothi of the Odinic Rite for the views, and alleged lies, he expressed in his deposition.\nIn 2013, Murray commented on the killing of the head of the Colorado Department of Corrections Tom Clements as the alleged murderer \"practiced a controversial form of religion behind bars\" which was Asatru.\nIn 2014, Murray was interviewed in a three-part series by George Whitehurst Berry on the Sedona Dreams Show. During this interview, Murray stated that Asatru means, \"faith in god.\" Asked if it actually refers to the Gods and Goddesses, he responds, \"Well, yes it did, but the word itself is not plural, it just means faith in god. And, it does of course mean, in the old way, respect in honouring the old gods and goddesses of the Northern European people.\"", "\"worldtreepublications.org - Valgard Murray Biography\". 2014-02-20. Archived from the original on 2014-02-20. Retrieved 2017-01-26.\nGods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism.\nPart 1 (archived), Part 2 (archived), Part 3 (archived)\nGods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism, page 261\n\"A racist brand of neo-Paganism, related to Odinism, spreads among white supremacists\". splcenter.org. Archived from the original on April 18, 2014. Retrieved 2017-01-26..\nGods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism, page 262\nGods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism, page 263\n\"World Tree Publications : HISTORY\". Eorldtreepublications.org. Archived from the original on February 9, 2014. Retrieved 2017-01-26.\n\"worldtreepublications.org - World Tree Publications\". 2014-12-23. Archived from the original on 2014-12-23. Retrieved 2017-01-26.\nHolley, Jeffrey (aka Heimgest), 'Presenting the Truth: Correcting the inaccuracies and falsehoods of Valgard Murray's Deposition', Odinic Rite\n\"Valgard Murrays Deposition in Eberle vs Wilkinson & the State of Ohio\" (PDF). Odinic-rite.org. Retrieved 2017-01-26.\n\"ABOUT VALGARD MURRAY\". Archived from the original on February 24, 2014. Retrieved 2014-01-28.\n\"ABOUT VALGARD MURRAY\". Archived from the original on May 1, 2013. Retrieved 2017-01-26.\nLewis, James R.; Magical Religion and Modern Witchcraft, State University of New York Press, 2006. p. 203-204\nMurray, Michael J., 'Deposition in Eberle vs Wilkinson & the State of Ohio'\nHeimgest, Presenting the Truth Archived February 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine\nOwen, Laurel, 'A Commentary on Valgard Murray’s Deposition' Archived February 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine\nClements’ Murder Suspect Practiced Controversial Religion In Prison \" CBS Denver Archived November 5, 2013, at the Wayback Machine\n\"An Infamous Murder and Asatru in Prison\". Wildhunt.org. Archived from the original on April 2, 2014. Retrieved 2017-01-26.\n\"George Whitehurst Berry welcomes Allsherjargoði Valgard Murray to the 1/25/14 Sedona Dreams Show - Sedona Dreams\". 2014-01-22. Archived from the original on 2014-11-15. Retrieved 2017-01-26.", "Gardell, Mattias (2003). Gods of the Blood The Pagan Revival and White Separatism. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-3071-4.\nMcNallen, Stephen A. (2004). \"Three Decades of the Ásatrú Revival in America\", Tyr: Myth-Culture-Tradition Volume II. Ultra Publishing, pp. 203–219. ISBN 978-0-9720292-1-6.\nKaplan, Jeffrey. 1996. \"The Reconstruction of the Asatru and Odinist Traditions.\" In Magical Religion and Modern Witchcraft, edited by James R. Lewis, State University of New York Press.\nChadwick, H. M. The Cult of Othin. Cambridge, 1899.\nCoulter, James Hjuka (2003). Germanic Heathenry A Practical Guide. ISBN 978-1-4107-6585-7.\nGundarsson, Kveldulf. Our Troth. 2006. ISBN 978-1-4196-3598-4\nPaxson, Diana L. (2006). Essential Asatru Walking the Path of Norse Paganism. Citadel Press. ISBN 978-0-8065-2708-6.\nPuryear, Mark (2006). The Nature of Asatru An Overview of the Ideals and Philosophy of the Indigenous Religion of Northern Europe. iUniverse. ISBN 0-595-38964-3.\nShetler, Greg (2003). Living Asatru. Booksurge Llc. ISBN 978-1-59109-911-6.", "Asatru Alliance\nÁsatrú Alliance holidays\nWorld Tree Publications\nAbout Valgard Murray (official biography)\nAlternative official biography" ]

[ "Ásatrú Alliance", "Background", "Valgard Murray", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

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[ "", "Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson and other members of Ásatrúarfélagið walk to a blót at Þingvellir in the summer of 2009.", "Jörmundur Ingi is sworn in as allsherjargoði in July 1994.", "Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson, fourth allsherjargoði, at a ceremony in June 2009", "The Ásatrú graveyard in Reykjavík", "Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson at a blót in 1991", "Veturnáttablót 2009 on the site where the temple was to be built" ]

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[ "Ásatrúarfélagið (Icelandic: [ˈauːsatʰruːarˌfjɛːlaijɪð], Ásatrú Fellowship) is an Icelandic religious organisation of heathenry (in Iceland also called Ásatrú, \"ás faith\"). It was founded on the first day of summer (Iceland) 1972, and granted recognition as a registered religious organization in 1973, allowing it to conduct legally binding ceremonies and collect a share of the church tax. The Allsherjargoði is the chief religious official.\nThe organization was led by farmer and poet Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson from 1972 until his death in 1993. During most of this period membership did not exceed 100 people and after the initial enthusiasm faded, there was little activity. The time of the next high priest, Jörmundur Ingi Hansen (1994–2002), saw considerable growth and activity, including the design of an Ásatrú burial ground. These trends have continued under the present high priest, musician Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson (2003–), and as of January 1, 2018, the organization has 4126 registered members, about one third of whom are women. Since 2002, the number of registered members has grown annually from 8% (2006–2007) to 21% (2011–2012).\nÁsatrúarfélagið does not have a fixed religious dogma or theology but the high priests have tended towards a pantheistic worldview. The central ritual is the communal blót feast but the priests (goðar) also conduct name-giving ceremonies, coming of age rituals, weddings and funerals. The organization has on some occasions taken a stance on political issues, including abortion rights, gay marriage, the separation of church and state, and environmental issues. The organisation is a founding member of the European Congress of Ethnic Religions.", "", "The idea to found a folk religious organization came about in late winter 1972 in discussions in a café in Reykjavík. The four men who would become the organization's early leaders and ideologues were Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson, a farmer and a traditionalist poet, Jörmundur Ingi Hansen, a jack of all trades and a prominent person in the Reykjavík hippie movement, Dagur Þorleifsson, a journalist and active member of the Reykjavík theosophy lodge, and Þorsteinn Guðjónsson, leader of Félag Nýalssinna, an organization devoted to the theories of Helgi Pjeturss.\nSveinbjörn Beinteinsson described the founding of Ásatrúarfélagið as based on a belief in hidden forces in the land and connected to \"the desire that Icelanders could have their own faith, and nourish it no less than imported religions\". Dagur Þorleifsson emphasized that the religion constituted a movement back to nature, seeking refuge from the ills of industrial civilization. One observer traces the origins of the organization to the countercultural and religious waves of the time, as well as to nationalism and the widespread Icelandic interest in spiritism, theosophy and elves.\nThe Ásatrú organization was formed on the First Day of Summer 1972 in a meeting at Hótel Borg. In a meeting shortly thereafter Sveinbjörn was chosen as chairman and dubbed allsherjargoði.", "Shortly before Christmas 1972, Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson and Þorsteinn Guðjónsson visited Ólafur Jóhannesson, minister of justice and ecclesiastical affairs, and expressed interest in registering Ásatrúarfélagið as an official religious organization. The minister at first believed that the request was a joke but when Sveinbjörn and Þorsteinn told him that they were serious he requested additional paperwork. According to Sveinbjörn, shortly after he and Þorsteinn exited the ministry, the lights in the center of town went out due to a thunderstorm, leaving the minister sitting in the dark. The newspaper Vísir wrote about this in a jocular tone, noting that \"the representatives of the Ásatrúarmenn got rather vague answers from the minister, — and apparently that's what Thor the thunder god thought as well, because as the visit was at an end and the minister stood up to follow the guests to the door there was a terrible thunder in the center of Reykjavík, causing damage close to the office of the ministry\".\nSigurbjörn Einarsson, Bishop of Iceland, recommended to the ministry that the organization not be granted recognition. In a written opinion, later published, the bishop pointed out that the Icelandic constitution granted everyone a right to \"found organizations to serve god\" and that this assumed a monotheistic outlook. Sigurbjörn cited the opinion of legal scholar Einar Arnórsson, published in 1912, that \"polytheistic religious organizations founded [in Iceland] would therefore not be protected by the constitution\". Sigurbjörn further criticized the application for not including the declaration of an individual stating that he would assume the leadership of the organization. He criticized the organization for having vague teachings and for not including clear documents on them. He also pointed out that the organization had no dedicated house of worship.\nIn Sigurbjörn's opinion the most significant effort to revive Germanic folk religion happened in Nazi Germany and was connected to the racial ideology of that regime. He pointed out that the present applicants had hitherto considered themselves followers of the Nýall theories of Helgi Pjeturss and that these theories contained the same racial elements as the Nazi ideology. The bishop expressed concern over the possible moral teachings of an Ásatrú organization, in particular as regarded individualism, polygamy and security of person. Finally he pointed out that the group applying for recognition was small, consisting of 21 individuals. Morgunblaðið, Iceland's biggest daily newspaper, declared its agreement with the bishop in an editorial. The paper stated that the Christian faith was the \"basis of Icelandic society\" and that \"Christ is enough, though he was not enough for Hitler, Stalin or their followers\".\nIn the Asatruers' reply to the bishop's criticism they argued that even Christianity had some polytheistic elements and that Ásatrú could include a belief in a Supreme Being. They denied any association with national socialism and argued that it was doubtful that the Third Reich had any genuine Asatruers while it was certain that a number of Christian sects had cooperated with the Nazis.\nÁsatrúarfélagið was officially recognized as a religious organization by the Icelandic government in May, 1973. This gives it the legal right to perform marriages and other ceremonies and also entitles it to a share of the church tax in proportion to its number of adult members.\nIn the Althing, Halldór Blöndal and Magnús Jónsson, members of the Independence Party, requested an explanation for why Ólafur Jóhannesson had given legal recognition to Ásatrúarfélagið. The minister defended his decision on the grounds that the constitution granted freedom of association and freedom of religion. Magnús Jónsson argued that the constitution applied freedom of religion only to monotheistic religions and that the recognition of an organization practicing polytheism and idol worship was thus an illegal act. The minister countered that legal scholars had debated whether the clause applied to polytheism.\nIn 1975, the Althing changed the law in a way that made it more difficult for new religious organizations to gain recognition.", "On August 5, 1973, Ásatrúarfélagið held the first public outdoor blót (plural same as singular) in Iceland since public blót were forbidden by law in the year 1000. The event was held at Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson's farm at Dragháls in pelting rain below a plaster statue of the god Thor made by Jörmundur Ingi Hansen. The blót was described by the newspaper Vísir as \"vigorous and energetic\" while Sigurður A. Magnússon commented that the historic significance of the event had not been matched by the quality of the ceremony, \"It could hardly have been simpler or more pedestrian\".\nÁsatrúarfélagið had received extensive media coverage even in its very early formative stages and by the time of the\nfirst public blót that attention extended to foreign media and had become disproportionate to the scale of the event with about as many journalists as participants attending.\nEarly on, the organization had ambitious plans for building a temple, getting a burial ground, and dividing the land into goðorð, led by individual goðar (a nomenclature borrowed from the political system of the Icelandic Commonwealth). However, membership in the organization did not increase as quickly as these goals would have necessitated. In 1973 Ásatrúarfélagið had 58 registered members, in 1974 it had 70 and in 1976 it had 77. As its leaders realized that the organization's more ambitious goals could not be quickly achieved, the society settled down to a low level of activity. In 1983 a blót had not been held for three years, but one was arranged to provide the makers of a documentary with material.\nBy the mid-80s, membership in the organization started to rise every year. In 1985 there were 74 members and by 1992 membership had risen to 119. At that point the organization decided that the time had come for increased activity. The same year, Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson published his autobiography.\nSveinbjörn Beinteinsson acted as allsherjargoði from 1972 until his death in December 1993. He lived a simple life on a farm without modern luxuries. A popular grandfatherly figure, he was \"a little eccentric and shy in his role as a media spokesman\". He left a lasting impression in people's minds.", "In late 1993, Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson died and in 1994, elections were held for a new allsherjargoði. The candidates were Jörmundur Ingi Hansen and Haukur Halldórsson. Jörmundur Ingi ran on a platform of continuity while Haukur promised more innovation. Jörmundur Ingi won with 59 votes against 34.\nWhile Jörmundur was, like Sveinbjörn, an older man knowledgeable in ancient literature, he differed from his predecessor in his greater skill at dealing with the media. Jörmundur's time as allsherjargoði saw a rapid rise in membership in the organization, going from 172 in 1994 to 628 in 2002. Jörmundur's time also saw an increase in the percentage of women members, going from 13% in 1994 to 21% in 2002.\nIn 1999, the organization achieved one of its oldest goals of having a burial ground of its own. The burial ground was designed by Jörmundur Ingi and the first burial took place the same year.\nIn the summer of 2000, on the occasion of the 1000 year commemoration of the Christianisation of Iceland, the Icelandic state and the Church of Iceland organized a celebration at Þingvellir. Ásatrúarfélagið had its own annual blót at Þingvellir at the same time, leading to conflict over the use of facilities with some underlying ideological tensions. In the end, more than 1000 people participated in Ásatrúarfélagið's summer event, more than in any previous ceremony by the organization.\nIn 2000, Ásatrúarfélagið passed the Buddhist Association of Iceland and the Icelandic Bahá'i Community to become Iceland's largest non-Christian religious organization.\nThe growth of the organization brought with it increased complexity and internal disputes.", "In 2002, the board of directors sacked Jörmundur and installed Jónína Kristín Berg (born 1962) as temporary allsherjargoði. In 2003, musician Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson (born 1958), was chosen as allsherjargoði. As of 2018, he remains in office. The demographic trends of previous years have continued. The number of members went from 628 in 2002 to 4126 in 2018 (from 0.20% to 1.18% of the population of Iceland) while the percentage of women has gone from 21% in 2002 to 33% in 2018.\nIn 2006, the Ministry of Justice increased the number of Ásatrú priests allowed to conduct legally binding ceremonies (icelandic:vígsluréttindi) from two (the allsherjargoði and his substitute) to five. Two of those five priests are women. As of 2018 there are 10 priests who are officially allowed by the government to conduct legally binding ceremonies.", "The website of Ásatrúarfélagið (as of 2009) defines Ásatrú as belief \"in the Icelandic/Nordic folklore, the spirits and entities the folklore represents, in addition to gods and other beings from the Nordic pantheism\".\nFrom the beginning, Ásatrúarfélagið has not had any fixed religious dogma or theology. Individual members have various beliefs (there are, for example, a number of Wiccan members). Though members are not expected to follow the lead of any religious authority, all the high priests have publicly expressed their personal beliefs at one point or another.\nSveinbjörn Beinteinsson summarized his religious convictions in his autobiography, saying that he had not a simple religious conviction but a \"somewhat unquiet faith\".\nMy faith is based on a constant search but I don't search frantically. It's no use to rush out into space to search for some gods there, if they want to have anything to do with me, they will come. I have often become aware of them, but I don't rush after them or shout at them. I have gotten to know them a bit in myself and also in other people. ... Primarily it is the effects of the great force felt by everyone that make me religious. ... The most remarkable thing about faith is that it gives us growth, the possibility to grow and thrive. And humility cannot be neglected. Without it we cannot live to any useful degree, though of course it has its particular place. But a man who is completely without it is a madman.\nIn a 1992 interview, Jörmundur Ingi Hansen expressed his views on various theological subjects, including the nature of the gods and the basis of his Ásatrú beliefs.\nFrom my perspective, the world is split into two in its nature, divided into constructive forces, the æsir, and the destructive forces which we call jötnar. ... Ásatrú or heathenry is basically only to realize this dichotomy and to decide to side with the æsir. The best way to do that, in my opinion, is to be self-consistent, live in harmony with nature, associate with it with respect and to submit to the public order. ... The gods shape the dwelling places of people, the earth and the solar system out of the material that already exists. To that extent we can look on the forces of nature as the gods themselves and to a large extent that is what people did in antiquity.\nIn a 1996 interview, Jónína K. Berg said:\nÁsatrú is a pantheistic belief. The earth, the air and the water has great value to us. We are a part of the earth and not its masters.\nIn a 2003 interview, Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson summarized his faith.\nI believe in a higher power which appears to us in the multiplicity of nature and of human life. We have manifestations of certain primal forces which we regard as gods and we have a division in the roles of the gods. These are powers that are visible, half-visible and sometimes invisible. One could have a long scholarly discussion on the role of individual gods, but in the end this is a question of a feeling for the different aspects of life.\nMonotheism is one truth for the masses, but polytheism is many truths for the individual.\n— Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson, interviewed in 2010", "The central ritual performed by Ásatrúarfélagið is the communal blót feast. A blót starts with a goði hallowing the ceremony with a certain formula and declaring a truce between all present. This is followed by the reciting or chanting of verses from the Poetic Edda. Next, a drinking horn is passed around and participants drink to the gods, the wights and the ancestors. Libations are offered. This initial part of the ceremony, often conducted outdoors, is followed by a communal feast, typically indoors. The feast is often accompanied by musical performances or other forms of entertainment.\nIn the early days of the movement, the founders were asked whether they conducted ritual slaughter of animals during blót. The general response was that while this would not be morally problematic it was not practical. Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson commented:\nNo, for the simple reason that we can't be bothered. It's far easier to just get a carcass so that's what we do. In earlier times it was normal to slaughter the animal in place because people couldn't store meat. But in modern circumstances it's completely unnecessary and too much trouble.\"\nNevertheless, during the first public blót \"a sympathizing visual artist brought along a live cock and had it beheaded in the kitchen, while the lamb was being cooked\".\nÁsatrúarfélagið has since stated that it rejects the use of Ásatrú as a justification for animal sacrifice, as well as for militarism and supremacy ideology.\nThe four main blót are Jólablót (\"Yule blót\") on the winter solstice, Sigurblót (\"Victory blót\") on the First Day of Summer, Sumarblót (\"Summer blót\") on the summer solstice, and Veturnáttablót (\"Winter Nights blót\") on the First Day of Winter. The organization also holds Þorrablót and individual goðar hold local blót on various occasions.\nOther rituals include name-giving ceremonies, siðfesta (a coming of age ritual), weddings and burials. The first Ásatrú name-giving ceremony took place in November 1973. Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson performed the first Ásatrú wedding ceremony in August 1977, marrying Dagur Þorleifsson and Ingibjörg Hjartardóttir. Since 1999, the organization has its own burial ground and several burials have taken place.\nAs a part of the Jólablót, children light candles to celebrate the rebirth of the sun. The organization has intermittently run a Sunday school and a youth group.", "", "In 2005, a decision was made to sell the organization's property. The property had increased substantially in value since it was bought in 1998. The profit from the sale made building a temple (referred to by the organisation in Icelandic as a hof) a realistic option and an application for a plot of land was sent to the Reykjavík city council. Processing of the application took longer than the organization had hoped for due to political instability in Reykjavík. In January 2008, a plot of land was finally granted in Öskjuhlíð, a wooded hill in Reykjavík 'The temple will be built into the surrounding cliffs and overlooks the beautiful Nauthólsvík beach. Its design is timeless; being neither contemporary nor reminiscent of the Viking era.' Ásatrúarfélagið commissioned five architects to present proposals for a temple building. Those were ready in September 2008. The organization lost a substantial amount of money in the collapse of the Icelandic banks in October 2008 but proceeded with study of different options for a temple building. The architect Magnús Jensson was chosen; it was announced in February 2015 that the temple construction would start in early 2015, and in 2016 that the temple would be completed in 2017. However, technical problems led to a temporary halt in 2017, and at that time completion was not expected until 2018.", "Árni Sverrisson, a member of Ásatrúarfélagið, built a hof at his farm Efri Ás in Skagafjörður from 2010 to 2014. The project started as a small building which eventually grew to 80 square meters. The building was constructed with stone and turf walls, a wooden framework and a turf covered roof. It was named Ásheimar and consecrated by the goði Jóhanna Harðardóttir in 2014.", "In June 1974 Ásatrúarfélagið issued a press release opposing the legalization of abortion and recommending strict punishment for distributors of narcotics. In April 1975 there was another press release opposing abortion, this time noting that the battle for legalization of abortion could be \"traced to international movements opposed to the Nordic nations and in particular to the Nordic race\". A few days later, Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson stated that this latter press release did not have its origins in any legal meeting of Ásatrúarfélagið and\nonly represented the private opinions of its author.\nIn the following years, Ásatrúarfélagið mostly did not involve itself in political questions, though individual members did. Having been unable to advance his racial ideology within Ásatrúarfélagið, Þorsteinn Guðjónsson in 1982 founded a separate organization, Norrænt mannkyn (\"Nordic Race\"), to lobby for the reduction of immigration and banning of abortion. Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson was active in the peace movement, erecting a níðstöng against nuclear power in 1985.\nSummarizing her 1991 study of Germanic folk religion, literary scholar Stefanie von Schnurbein describes Ásatrúarfélagið as a \"mix of individualistic anarchists, atheistic church opponents, and racist spiritualists\". In a 2001 study of Ásatrú in Iceland, anthropologist María Erlendsdóttir disagreed, pointing out that von Schnurbein's field research included only two interviews with members of the organization and arguing that this was \"not enough to give sound grounds to her accusations\". She further argued that \"the heavy accusations of Von Schnurbein contradict certain clues that Ásatrúarfélagið has an open mind to people of other cultures and races\" and concluded that \"Icelandic paganism in contemporary society has strong roots within folk belief and literary tradition\".\nIn a 2000 study of Ásatrúarfélagið, religious studies scholar Michael Strmiska noted that \"Ásatrú movements in America and Scandinavia have been known to espouse racist and Neo-Nazi ideology\" but that he was \"not aware of any member of Icelandic Ásatrú espousing such sentiments or ideology\".\nSince early on, environmentalism has been important to members of Ásatrúarfélagið and the organization has been active in environmentalist causes. In October 2003, Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson erected a níðstöng against the Kárahnjúkar Hydropower Plant. Jóhanna G. Harðardóttir, a goði, wrote on the occasion: \"We have come to call upon gods and good wights. We intend to ask for mercy for our land and we intend to erect a níðstöng to those who dishonor their mother, the earth.\"\nSince 2007, Ásatrúarfélagið participates in forest reclamation in Heiðmörk with the Icelandic Forestry Association.\nThe organization has fought for the right to marry gay couples.\nÁsatrúarfélagið has fought for the separation of church and state, and for a share in a fund currently only accessible to the National Church. The Church supports the latter effort. Ásatrúarfélagið cooperates on issues of common concern with other Icelandic religious organizations, in particular the Reykjavík Free Church.\nIn 2003, Sigurjón Þórðarson, an active member of Ásatrúarfélagið and a goði, was elected to the Althing for the Liberal Party. When asked if his faith shaped the way he approached laws and the structure of government he replied: \"I’m in favour of separating faith and law, but I do think that faith marks the individual.\"\nIn August 2014 Ásatrúarfélagið issued a statement against the abuse of their name and their religion:\nWe strongly oppose any attempt by individuals to use their association with the Ásatrúarfélag of Iceland to promote attitudes, ideologies and practices rejected by the leadership of the Ásatrúarfélag. We particularly reject the use of Ásatrú as a justification for supremacy ideology, militarism and animal sacrifice.\nIt should also be known that visitors have no authority to speak on our behalf. There is no advisor to the Ásatrúarfélag and there is no spokesman other than our allsherjargoði. We respectfully request that visitors not claim any such authority based on their association with us.", "Ásatrú holidays\nHuldufólk\nNorse paganism\nReligion in Iceland", "In his youth, the bishop was himself a Nýall follower and, in his own words \"wholeheartedly pagan\".\nA number of Ásatrúarfélagið's founders participated in Nýall activities, though not all of them did so. Conversely, not all Nýall followers joined Ásatrúarfélagið.\nSveinbjörn Beinteinsson says in his autobiography, \"My brother Pétur read about the theories of Helgi Pjeturss and was fascinated by them. Then I started studying them as well and I found them remarkable. What appealed to me especially was his theory about life on other stars or planets which replaced the old idea of Heaven; everything was more understandable and more material in what he said. Helgi also had remarkable theories about dreams, he thought they occurred because of influence from other people, even from other stars. This influenced me.\"\nÞorsteinn Guðjónsson was a devoted Nýall participant both before and after the founding of Ásatrúarfélagið. In the late 80s he published an English-language journal, Huginn&Muninn, dedicated to Nýall theories, paganism and racial ideology.\nJörmundur Ingi Hansen participated in some Nýall séances. In a 2008 interview he said he \"did not feel he got any real information from the proceedings\" and that he was \"not at all convinced that the information that comes forward at meetings like this is actually from deceased individuals\".\nYears earlier, Ólafur Jóhannesson had himself argued that the clause applied to polytheism.", "Populations by religious and life stance organizations 1998-2019. Statistics Iceland.\n\"Ásatrúarfélagið: Félagafjöldi\". Ásatrúarfélagið. Retrieved August 24, 2018.\nSveinbjörn Beinteinsson (1992:132).\nPétur Pétursson (1985:21-22).\nSigurður A. Magnússon (1990:198)\nIcelandic, \"Hugmyndin að Ásatrúarfélaginu byggðist á trú á dulin öfl í landinu, í tengslum við mannfólkið sem skynjaði ekki þessa hluti til fulls nema einstöku menn. Það tengdist síðan þjóðlegum metnaði og löngun til að Íslendingar ættu sína trú, og ræktu hana ekki síður en innflutt trúarbrögð.\" Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson (1992:140).\nSigurður A. Magnússon (1990:198-9).\nPétur Pétursson (1985:3-4).\nSveinbjörn Beinteinsson (1992:133).\n\"Heldur fengu fulltrúar Ásatrúarmanna loðin svör hjá ráðherra, — og það hefur þrumuguðnum Þór víst líka fundizt, því þegar erindinu var lokið, ráðherra búinn að standa upp úr sæti sínu og fylgja gestunum til dyra, — datt ein hin ferlegasta þruma niður í miðborg Reykjavíkur og olli skemmdum ekki alllangt frá ráðuneytisskrifstofunni.\" JBP. Vísir, January 2, 1973. Page 3. Available online at http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=3246644&issId=238186&lang=en\"\nIcelandic, \"stofna félög til að þjóna guði\".\nSigurbjörn Einarsson. \"Um ásatrú\". Morgunblaðið. December 13, 1973, page 12. Available online at http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=1449074&issId=115755&lang=en The opinion is dated to January 2, 1973, and was originally presented to the ministry of justice and ecclesiastical affairs.\nIcelandic, \"Fleirgyðistrúfélög stofnuð hér á landi, mundu því ekki njóta verndar samkvæmt stjskr.\"\nIcelandic, \"heiðinn af lífi og sál\". Sigurbjörn Einarsson. \"Mér er kunnugt um mann...\". Játningar. Hlaðbúð, 1948. Page 147.\nAnderson, Robert. The Ghosts of Iceland. Wadsworth, 2005. ISBN 0-534-61052-8 Pages 68-69.\nvon Schnurbein (1991:181).\nHaukur Matthíasson. \"Ásatrúarmenn[,] biskup og dr. Helgi Péturss\". Morgunblaðið, December 19, 1973, page 10. Available online at http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?issId=115763&pageId=1449356&lang=en\nIcelandic, \"Pétur bróðir las sér til um kenningar Helga Pjeturss og hreifst mjög af þeim. Þá fór ég að kynna mér þær líka og fannst þær merkilegar. Einkum höfðaði til mín kenning hans um lífið á öðrum stjörnum eða hnöttum sem kom í staðinn fyrir gömlu hugmyndina um himnaríki; það varð allt skiljanlegra og efnislegra hjá honum. Helgi var líka með merkilegar kenningar um drauma, hann taldi að þeir yrðu fyrir áhrif frá öðrum mönnum, jafnvel öðrum stjörnum. Þetta hafði áhrif á mig.\" Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson (1992:38).\nvon Schnurbein (1991:186).\nIcelandic, \"mér fannst ekki að ég fengi neinar raunverulegar upplýsingar út úr því sem þar átti sér stað. Ég er alls ekki sannfærður um að þær upplýsingar sem koma fram á svona fundum séu í raun frá látnum einstaklingum.\" Trú og lífsýn goðans\", Morgunblaðið, August 24, 2008, page 29.\n\"Kristin trú\". Morgunblaðið, December 22, 1973, page 18. Available online at http://new.timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=1449516&issId=115767&lang=en\nPétur Pétursson (1985:11).\nSveinbjörn Beinteinsson (1992:133-34, 141).\n\"Fyrirspurnartími\". Morgunblaðið, November 27, 1973. Page 14. Available online at http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=1448476&issId=115737&lang=en\nÓlafur Jóhannesson. Stjórnskipun Íslands. Hlaðbúð, 1960. Page 429.\nPétur Pétursson (1985:28).\nIcelandic, \"fór fram með tilþrifum og atorku\", \"Reiddust goðin?\" Vísir, August 7, 1973. Page 1. Available online at http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=3249986&issId=238363&lang=en\nSigurður A. Magnússon (1990:194).\nÞS. \"Blótuðu Þór í úrhellisrigningu.\" Vísir, August 7, 1973, page 2. Available online at http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=3249987&issId=238363&lang=en\nPétur Pétursson (1985:passim).\nSigurður A. Magnússon (1990:193).\nPétur Pétursson (1985:18).\nSigurður A. Magnússon (1990:208).\nSveinbjörn Beinteinsson (1992:138).\n\"Blótað á Draghálsi\". DV, June 20, 1983, page 3. Available online at http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?issId=189406&pageId=2477329&lang=en\nÞorri Jóhannsson. \"Leiðirnar að guðdómnum eru margar\". Lesbók Morgunblaðsins, November 14, 1992, pages 4-5. Available online at http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=3309806&issId=242568&lang=en\nSveinbjörn Beinteinsson 1992.\nStrmiska (2005:166).\n\"Stungið út úr hlöðunni\". Eintak, May 5, 1994, page 14. Available online at http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=3635950&issId=259425&lang=en\n\"Hyggst gera ásatrúna sýnilegri almenningi\". DV, May 24, 1994, page 6. Available online at http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=2626657&issId=195406&lang=en\nStrmiska (2005:167).\nStrmiska (2005:172).\nStrmiska (2005:173).\nStrmiska (2005:168).\nJónas Þ. Sigurðsson. \"Yfirlýsing frá Lögréttu\". Morgunblaðið, August 25, 2002, page 16. Available online at http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=3451577&issId=250831&lang=en\n. Statistics Iceland.\n\"Increase in pagan priests in Iceland\". Iceland Review. October 10, 2006. Retrieved July 5, 2009.\n\"Ásatrúarfélagið: Fjölgun goða með vígsluréttindi\". Ásatrúarfélagið. October 8, 2006. Retrieved July 5, 2009.\n\"Ásatrúarfélagið: Fjölgun goða með vígsluréttindi\". Ásatrúarfélagið. Retrieved August 24, 2018.\nThe Icelandic version has \"Ásatrú is a pagan tradition based on tolerance, honesty, magnanimity and respect for nature and all life\". (Ásatrú eða heiðinn siður byggir á umburðarlyndi, heiðarleika, drengskap og virðingu fyrir náttúrunni og öllu lífi.) (2006)\n\"Fréttablaðið\". Timarit.is. Retrieved June 26, 2010.\nIcelandic, \"dálítið ókyrr trú\". Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson (1992:182).\nIcelandic, \"Trú mín byggir á stöðugri leit en ég fer mér samt að engu óðslega við að leita. Það þýðir ekkert að æða út í geiminn til að leita að einhverjum guðum þar, ef þeir vilja hafa eitthvað með mig að gera, þá koma þeir. Ég hef oft orðið var við þá, en æði ekki á eftir þeim eða hrópa á þá. Ég hef kynnst þeim dálítið í sjálfum mér og öðru fólki líka. ... Það eru fyrst og fremst áhrifin frá hinum mikla krafti sem allir finna fyrir sem gera mig trúaðan. ... Það merkilegasta við trúna er að hún gefur okkur vöxt, möguleika til að vaxa og gróa. Og ekki má sleppa auðmýktinni. Án hennar getum við ekki lifað að neinu gagni þótt hún verði náttúrlega að koma í réttan stað niður. En sá sem er alveg sviptur henni, hann er vitfirringur.\" Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson (1992:183).\nIcelandic, \"Ég lít svo á að heimurinn sé tvískiptur í eðli sínu, skiptist í uppbyggjandi öfl, æsi, og hin eyðandi öfl sem við köllum jötna. ... Ásatrú eða heiðni er í grundvallaratriðum ekki annað en að gera sér grein fyrir þessari tvískiptingu og skipa sér í lið ása. Það gerir maður best, að mínu viti, með því að vera sjálfum sér samkvæmur, lifa í sátt við náttúruna, umgangast hana með virðingu og hlíta allsherjarreglu. ... Guðirnir móta bústað manna, jörðina og sólkerfið úr því efni sem fyrir er. Að því leyti getum við litið á náttúruöflin sem sjálfa guðina og það gerði fólk til forna að miklu leyti.\" Lesbók Morgunblaðsins, November 14, 1992, pages 4-5. Available online at http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=3309806&issId=242568&lang=en\nIcelandic, \"ásatrúin er algyðistrú. Jörðin, loftið og vatnið hefur mikið gildi fyrir okkur. Við erum hluti af jörðinni en ekki herrar hennar.\" Sólveig Jónasdóttir, Vera, 1996:4:9.\n\nIcelandic, „Ég trúi á æðri mátt sem birtist okkur í fjölbreytileika náttúrunnar og mannlífsins. Við erum með birtingarform á ákveðnum frumkröftum, sem við höfum gefið guðanöfn og við erum með deildaskiptingu í hlutverkum guðanna. Þetta eru öfl sem eru sýnileg, hálfsýnileg og stundum ósýnileg. Maður getur röflað endalaust fræðilega um hlutverk ákveðinna guða, en þegar allt kemur til alls, þá er þetta spurning um tilfinningu fyrir mismunandi þáttum lífsins.“ Morgunblaðið, January 12, 2003, page B 3. Available online at http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=3461487&issId=251154&lang=en\nSveinn Guðjónsson. \"Það hefur alltaf fylgt kristinni trú þetta ofstæki...\". Vísir, August 19, 1978, pages 14-17. Available online at http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=3376505&issId=248406&lang=en\n\"Blót\". Asatru.is. Retrieved June 26, 2010.\nSveinbjörn Beinteinsson (1992:134).\nSigurður A. Magnússon (1990:197).\nSv. G. \"Vor siður á erindi til allra manna\". Lesbók Morgunblaðsins, June 2, 1974, pages 14-16. Available online at http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=3296272&issId=241718&lang=en\nIcelandic, „Nei, og það stafar einfaldlega af því að við nennum því ekki. Það er miklu auðveldara að fá sér bara kjötskrokk, enda gerum við það. Hér áður fyrr var það eðlilegt að slátra skepnunni á staðnum því þá gátu menn ekki geymt kjöt. En við nútíma aðstæður er það hreinn óþarfi og of mikið umstang\". Source: http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=3376503&issId=248406&lang=en\n\"Statement | Ásatrúarfélagið\". asatru.is.\nEA. \"Ég gef þér nafn og nefni þig...\". Vísir. November 23, 1973, page 3. Available online at http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=3251740&issId=238457&lang=en\nARH. \"Las úr Eddukvæðum yfir brúðhjónunum\". Alþýðublaðið, August 26, 1977. Available online at http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=3220038\n\"Athafnir\". Asatru.is. Retrieved June 26, 2010.\n\"Vor sidur 2007:Vor sidur 2006\" (PDF). Retrieved June 26, 2010.\n\"Starfsemi\". Asatru.is. Retrieved June 26, 2010.\n\"Af yfirlýsingum\". Vor siður, 2:2005, page 8. Available online at http://www.asatru.is/PFD/Vor_sidur_2.tbl.2005.pdf\n\"Hof ásatrúarfólks í Leynimýri\". Fréttablaðið, November 6, 2006, page 8. Available online at http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?issId=272631&pageId=3922063&lang=en\n\"Fall meirihlutans frestaði enn Ásatrúarhofi\" Vísir, October 28, 2007. Published online at http://www.visir.is/article/20071028/FRETTIR01/71028011/-1/FRETTIR\n\"Frá lögsögumanni\". Vor siður, 1:2008, page 4. Available online at http://www.asatru.is/PFD/VorSidur_1tbl_2008.pdf\nSara McMahon, 'Pagan temple in Öskjuhlíð, Reykjavík, to be completed in 2017', Iceland Magazine (21 March 2016).\n\"Frá lögsögumanni\". Vor siður, 4:2008, page 16. Available online at http://www.asatru.is/PFD/vorsidur_4tbl_2008.pdf\n\"Frá lögsögumanni\". Vor siður, 5:2008, page 4. Available online at http://www.asatru.is/PFD/vor_sidur_5tbl_2008.pdf\n\"Construction of a pagan temple to begin in Reykjavík next month | Icelandmag\". icelandmag.com. Archived from the original on January 11, 2015. \n'Enormous increase in Pagan Ásatrú religion in Iceland', Iceland Monitor (28 March 2017).\n'Construction halted at Iceland's pagan temple' Iceland Monitor (15 July 2017).\nMagnús Sveinn Helgason, 'Visit the only heathen temple in Iceland in Skagafjörður fjord for a pagan grill party this Saturday' Iceland Magazine (7 August 2015).\n\"Fóstureyðingar eru manndráp - Aðgerðir þarf í fíkniefnamálum\". Morgunblaðið. June 6, 1974, page 2. Available online at http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=1452992&issId=115874&lang=en\nÞJM. \"Ásatrúarfélagið varar við því, að „manndráp\" verði löggleidd\". Vísir, June 10, 1974, page 3. Available online at http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=3254456&issId=238605&lang=en\nIcelandic, \"runnin undan rifjum alþjóðlegra hreyfinga, sem beinast gegn Norðurlandaþjóðum og norrænu kyni sérstaklega\". J[ón] B[irgir] P[étursson]. \"Sjúkrahús eða útrýmingarstöðvar\". Vísir. April 21, 1975, page 3. Available online at http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=3261832&issId=239048&lang=en\n\"Jafnast fóstureyðingar á við útburð?\". Alþýðublaðið. April 24, 1975, page 2. Available online at http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=3211970&issId=235382&lang=en\n\"Ekki á vegum ásatrúarmanna\". Vísir. April 25, 1975, page 8. Available online at http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=3261893&issId=239051&lang=en\nKÞ. \"Það væri skaði fyrir mannkynið ef norrænn stofn liði undir lok\". DV - Helgarblað II, September 4, 1982, pages 12-13.\nPétur Pétursson (1985:27).\n\"Friðarbúðir í minningu helsprengjunnar\". Alþýðublaðið. August 1, 1985, page 2. Available online at http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=3338229&issId=245506&lang=en\nNorwegian, \"blanding av individualistiske anarkister, ateistiske kirkefiender og rasistiske spiritister\"; von Schnurbein, Stefanie. \"Fornyet Naturreligion eller rasistisk kult?: Moderne åsatro-grupper i Tyskland og Norden.\" Chaos: Dansk-Norsk tidsskrift for religionhistoriske studier. 1994:(22), pp. 117-130. Page 120. See also von Schnurbein (1991:181).\nMaría Erlendsdóttir (2001:27).\nMaría Erlendsdóttir (2001:28).\nMaría Erlendsdóttir (2001:43).\nStrmiska (2000:117).\nPétur Pétursson. 1985. \"Island\" in Religiös förändring i Norden 1930-1980. Pp. 111-153. Page 147.\nStefán Pálsson. \"Trúfélög og pólitík\". Múrinn, October 10, 2003. http://www.murinn.is/eldra_b.asp?nr=298&gerd=Gler&arg=4\nIcelandic, \"Við erum hingað komin til að ákalla goð og góða vætti. Við ætlum að biðja landinu okkar griða og við ætlum að reisa þeim níðstöng sem svívirða móður sína, jörðina\". Jóhanna G. Harðardóttir. \"Kárahnjúkar kvaddir\". Morgunblaðið, October 26, 2003, page 30. Available online at http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=3482457&issId=251776&lang=en\n\"Heiðmörk\". Asatru.is. Retrieved June 26, 2010.\nStefán Pálsson. \"Skömmum Alþingi, ekki biskupinn\". Múrinn, June 28, 2004. http://murinn.is/eldra_b.asp?nr=1287&gerd=Frettir&arg=5\n\"Breytingunum ber að fagna\". 24 stundir, June 27, 2008, page 6. Available online at http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=3631836&issId=259224&lang=en\n\"Ásatrúarmenn styðja Fríkirkjuna\". Fréttablaðið, March 13, 2003, page 6. Available online at http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=3700759&issId=263588&lang=en\n\"Ásatrúarfélagið og jöfnunarsjóður | Þjóðkirkjan\". Kirkjan.is. Retrieved June 26, 2010.\n\"Þrettán trúfélög stofna Samráðsvettvang trúfélaga\". mbl.is. Retrieved June 26, 2010.\n\"Vor sidur 2006\" (PDF). Retrieved June 26, 2010.\nFontaine-Nikolov, Paul. \"The Pagan MP\". The Reykjavík Grapevine. Available online at www.grapevine.is/Features/ReadArticle/The-Pagan-MP.", "María Erlendsdóttir. Pagan Beliefs in Modern Iceland. University of Edinburgh, 2001.\nPétur Pétursson. Asasamfundet på Island och massmedia. Religionssociologiska institutet, 1985. ISSN 0347-8653\nvon Schnurbein, Stefanie. Religion als Kulturkritik: Neugermanisches Heidentum im 20. Jahrhundert. Winter, 1992. ISBN 3-533-04582-X\nSigurður A. Magnússon. The Icelanders. Forskot, 1990. ISBN 9979-9000-0-8\nSveinbjörn Beinteinsson and Berglind Gunnarsdóttir. Allsherjargoðinn. Hörpuútgáfan, 1992. ISBN 9979-50-025-5", "Ásatrúarfélagið Official webpage" ]

[ "Ásatrúarfélagið", "History", "Origins", "Recognition", "First allsherjargoði (1972-1993)", "Second allsherjargoði (1994-2002)", "Third and fourth allsherjargoðar (2002-)", "Beliefs and theology", "Blót and other rituals", "Religious buildings", "Main hof", "Ásheimar", "Politics and activism", "See also", "Notes", "References", "Bibliography", "External links" ]

[ 1424, 1425, 1426, 1427 ]

[ 8793, 8794, 8795, 8796, 8797, 8798, 8799, 8800, 8801, 8802, 8803, 8804, 8805, 8806, 8807, 8808, 8809, 8810, 8811, 8812, 8813, 8814, 8815, 8816, 8817, 8818, 8819, 8820, 8821, 8822, 8823, 8824, 8825, 8826, 8827, 8828, 8829, 8830, 8831, 8832, 8833, 8834, 8835, 8836, 8837, 8838, 8839, 8840, 8841, 8842, 8843, 8844, 8845, 8846, 8847, 8848, 8849, 8850, 8851, 8852, 8853, 8854, 8855, 8856, 8857, 8858, 8859, 8860, 8861, 8862, 8863, 8864, 8865, 8866, 8867, 8868, 8869, 8870, 8871 ]

[ "Ásbjǫrn's name as it appears on folio 141v of AM 132 fol (Möðruvallabók): \"Asbiorn\".[1]" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/%C3%81sbj%C7%ABrn_skerjablesi_%28AM_132_fol%2C_folio_141v%29.jpg" ]

[ "Ásbjǫrn skerjablesi (died 874), also known as Ásbjǫrn jarl skerjablesi, is a ruler of the Hebrides attested by Landnámabók and Droplaugarsona saga. His epithet, skerjablesi, translates to \"skerry blaze\". One possibility is that this name means \"the man with a blaze from the Skerries\", although the particular skerry which this might refer to is unknown. Another possibility is that, whilst the word element blesi (\"blaze\") refers to Ásbjǫrn's nickname, the element sker (\"skerry\") refers to his hangout. According to Landnámabók, Ásbjǫrn was slain in 874 by Hólmfastr Véþormsson and Grímr (a nephew of Hólmfastr's father). Ásbjǫrn's killers are stated to have enslaved Ásbjǫrn's wife, Álof (daughter of Þórðr vaggagði), and his daughter Arneiðr.", "Gilli (Hebridean earl), a tenth-century Hebridean earl", "Jakobsen (1902–1903) p. 142 ch. 1; AM 132 Fol (n.d.) p. 142 ch. 1.\nWyatt (2007b) pp. 120, 141, 153 n. 437; Pálsson; Edwards (2006) pp. 112 ch. 278, 144 ch. 388; Landnámabók I–III (1900) pp. 89 ch. 240, 121 ch. 342, 204 ch. 278, 229 ch. 388.\nWyatt (2007b) p. 153; Jakobsen (1902–1903) pp. 141–142 ch. 1.\nPeterson (2015) pp. 134, 214–215, 271.\nPeterson (2015) pp. 214–215.\nWyatt (2007b) pp. 120, 141, 153 n. 437; Pálsson; Edwards (2006) pp. 112 ch. 278, 144 ch. 388; Landnámabók I–III (1900) pp. 89 ch. 240, 121 ch. 342, 204 ch. 278, 229 ch. 388.", "", "\"AM 132 Fol\". Handrit.is. n.d. Retrieved 22 January 2017.\nJakobsen, J, ed. (1902–1903). Austfirðinga Sǫgur. Copenhagen: S.I. Møllers Bogtrykkeri. OL 6578830M – via Internet Archive.\nLandnámabók I–III: Hauksbók, Sturluboók, Melabók. Copenhagen: Thieles Bogtrykkeri. 1900 – via Internet Archive.\nPálsson, H; Edwards, P, eds. (2006) [1972]. The Book of Settlements: Landnámabók. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press. ISBN 0-88755-698-1.", "Peterson, PR (2015). Old Norse Nicknames (PhD thesis). University of Minnesota. hdl:11299/172669.\nWyatt, D (2009). Slaves and Warriors in Medieval Britain and Ireland, 800–1200. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures (series vol. 45). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17533-4. ISSN 1569-1462." ]

[ "Ásbjǫrn skerjablesi", "See also", "Citations", "References", "Primary sources", "Secondary sources" ]

[ 1428 ]

[ 8872, 8873, 8874, 8875, 8876 ]

[ "View from the top of Ásbyrgi canyon", "Botnstjörn lake", "Eyjan", "Aerial view of Ásbyrgi" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

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[ "Ásbyrgi ([ˈausˌpɪrcɪ]) is a glacial canyon and forest in the north of Iceland, located approximately 38 kilometres (24 mi) east of Húsavík on the Diamond Circle road. The horseshoe-shaped depression is part of the Vatnajökull National Park and measures approximately 3.5 km in length and over 1 km wide. For more than half of its length, the canyon is divided through the middle by a distinctive rock formation 25 meters high called Eyjan ([ˈeiːjan], \"the Island\"), from which a vast landscape is seen.\nThe canyon's steep sides are formed by cliffs up to 100 metres (330 ft) in height. Within in the canyon is a woodland of birch and willow. Between 1947 and 1977, a number of foreign tree species were introduced, including spruce, larch and pine. The small lake Botnstjörn [ˈpɔsːˌtʰjœ(r)tn̥] is home to a variety of waterfowl species.\nÁsbyrgi was most likely formed by catastrophic glacial flooding of the river Jökulsá á Fjöllum after the last ice age, first 8–10,000 years ago, and then again some 3,000 years ago. The river has since changed its course and now runs about 2 km to the east.\nThe legend explains the unusual shape of the canyon differently. Nicknamed Sleipnir's footprint, it is said that the canyon was formed when Odin's eight-legged horse, Sleipnir, touched one of its feet to the ground here.", "\"About Ásbyrgi\". Vatnajökull National Park.", "Photos\nPictures from Ásbyrgi www.islandsmyndir.is\nOfficial Website of Vatnajökull National Park" ]

[ "Ásbyrgi", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432 ]

[ 8877 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/%C3%81sd%C3%ADs_Egilsd%C3%B3ttir.jpg" ]

[ "Ásdís Egilsdóttir (born 1946) is a former Professor in the Faculty of Icelandic and Comparative Cultural Studies at the University of Iceland.", "Ásdís completed a BA degree in Icelandic, Library Science and French at the University of Iceland in 1970 and a Cand. mag. degree in Icelandic Literature in 1982. She worked at the Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies during the period 1970–1989 and was furthermore a part-time lecturer at the University of Iceland until she was appointed Assistant Professor in Medieval Icelandic Literature in 1991. She was promoted to the position of Professor in 2009 and retired due to age at the end of October 2016.\nÁsdís's research spans a wide field within Icelandic medieval literature, but the main emphases in her research are Nordic hagiography, translations and vernacular texts, masculinity and gender, writing and reading and literacy in the Middle Ages and memory studies. A collection of her articles, Fræðinæmi, was published on the occasion of her seventieth birthday in October 2016. The collection also includes her bibliography up until 2016. In addition to printed works, she has also held a number of lectures at Icelandic and foreign universities. Among her main works is Biskupa sögur II (e. Stories of Bishops II), which is a detailed edition of Hungurvaka, Þorláks saga as well as books of miracles and Páls saga, with a thorough introduction and notes. Ásdís has sought to relate historiography on Icelandic saints to international hagiography tradition and has written articles on this subject. A few of them are published in Fræðinæmi. Ásdís is a pioneer in studies of masculinity in Icelandic medieval literature. Here, she has discussed varied manifestations of masculinity and the demands that society placed on men in the Middle Ages. These demands and stories of young men during their formative years are covered in the article “Kolbítur verður karlmaður” (e. Male Cinderella Becomes a Man), which is printed in Fræðinæmi. She has also contributed to memory research in the article “From Orality to Literacy” where memoria artificialis is discussed, methods that medieval people used to learn by heart and metaphors that are drawn from these methods. Ásdís pointed out that this type of figurative language was used in Jóns saga helga. The article is printed in Fræðinæmi. Along with Dagný Kristjánsdóttir, Professor of Icelandic Literature, and Bryndís Benediktsdóttir, Professor of Communication Studies in the Faculty of Medicine, Ásdís took the initiative in starting teaching Literature within the Faculty of Medicine. Here, literary texts are used to increase understanding of patients’ circumstances and emotions. Later, Bergljót Soffía Kristjánsdóttir, Professor of Icelandic Literature, and Guðrún Steinþórsdóttir, Doctoral student, joined the group and this teaching and research field has been considerably strengthened.\nÁsdís has held various commissions of trust. She was an alternate member of the Icelandic Naming Committee 1993–1997, Chair of the Department of Icelandic 1995–1998 and served on the board of the Institute of Literary Studies 1994–1996 and on the board of the Institute of Research in Literature and Visual Arts 2014–2016. She was on the board of the Research Institute of Women's and Gender Studies 2006–2009 and was a representative of the Faculty of Humanities at the University Assembly 2005–2008. She was also on the board of the Association of University Teachers 2005–2007 and an alternate member of the Association of University Teachers in the University Council 2006–2008. Ásdís was active in Nordplus, Erasmus and Socrates collaboration and has been a visiting teacher at ten universities in seven countries: the Faroe Islands, Norway, England, Germany, Italy, Poland and the Czech Republic. As a gesture of appreciation for her work at Polish universities, her Polish colleagues dedicated to her the work Aspects of Royal Power in Medieval Scandinavia.", "Ásdís's parents were Erla Sigurjónsdóttir, hospital orderly (1928–2008), and Egill Valgeirsson, barber (1925–2012). Ásdís is married to Erlendur Sveinsson, film maker and former Director of the Icelandic Film Archive. Among his works are Drauminn um veginn, Íslands þúsund ár and Verstöðin Ísland. They have two children and four grandchildren.", "\"Ferilskrá – Ásdís Eigilsdóttir\".\nVísindavefurinn. Hvaða rannsóknir hefur Ásdís Egilsdóttir stundað? Retrieved January 25, 2020.\nGoogle Scholar. Ásdís Egilsdóttir.\nIcelandic Literary Society. Fræðinæmi. Retrieved January 25, 2020.\nAfmælisrit - Fræðinæmi. Efnisyfirlit. Retrieved January 25, 2020.\nÁsdís Egilsdóttir (1993). \"Biskupa sögur\". In Pulsiano, Phillip; Wolf, Kirsten (eds.). Medieval Scandinavia: An encyclopedia. New York: Garland. pp. 45–46. ISBN 0824047877.\nÁsdís Egilsdóttir (2002). Ásdís Egilsdóttir (ed.). Biskupa sögur. Íslenzk fornrit XVI. Vol. 2. Reykjavík: Hið íslenzka fornritafélag.\nÁsdís Egilsdóttir (2002). \"Formáli, Hungrvaka\". In Ásdís Egilsdóttir (ed.). Biskupa sögur. Íslenzk fornrit XVI. Vol. 2. Reykjavík: Hið íslenzka fornritafélag. pp. vi–xxxi.\nMorgunblaðið. (2002, November 27). Biskupa sögur í útgáfu Fornritafélagsins. Retrieved January 30, 2020.\nHáskóli Íslands. (e.d.). Læknis- og bókmenntafræði hönd í hönd. Retrieved January 25, 2020.\nAnna Marsibil Clausen. (2015, 3. nóvember). Kenna læknanemum að hlusta á fólk. mbl.is. Retrieved January 25, 2020.\nHáskóli Íslands. Hugvísindastofnun. (2016). Bókmenntir, læknisfræði, samlíðan. Retrieved January 25, 2020.\nGazeta uniwersytecka US. (2013). Sagi to dobre opowieści. Retrieved January 25, 2020.\nAspects of Royal Power in Medieval Scandinavia. (2018). Edited by Jakub Morawiec and Rafat Boristawski." ]

[ "Ásdís Egilsdóttir", "Professional career", "Personal life", "References" ]

[ 1433 ]

[ 8878, 8879, 8880, 8881, 8882, 8883, 8884, 8885, 8886, 8887, 8888, 8889 ]

[ "Asdis Hjalmsdottir in 2012 at Spitzen Leichtathletik Luzern in Lucerne, Switzerland." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/HjalmsdottirAsdis_2012.jpg" ]

[ "Ásdís Hjálmsdóttir (born 28 October 1985) is an Icelandic former javelin thrower.", "She represented her country at both 2008, 2012, and 2016 Olympic Games and has also competed at the 2006, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 European Championships and 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015 and 2017 World Championships.\nHer personal best is 63.43 metres, achieved on 12 July 2017 in Joensuu, Finland. She is the current Icelandic record holder.", "", "In end of 2020, Ásdís was infected with COVID-19 and was hospitalised for a week where she was put on a ventilator.", "Valur Páll Eiríksson (25 August 2020). \"Ásdís hætt: „Góð tilfinning að geta endað svona\"\". RÚV (in Icelandic). Retrieved 17 December 2020.\n\"Women's Javelin Throw Results\". time4results.com. 12 July 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2017.\nÓskar Ófeigur Jónsson (17 December 2020). \"Ásdís á sjúkrahús vegna COVID-19: Sturta er núna eins og erfið CrossFit æfing\". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 17 December 2020.", "Ásdís Hjálmsdóttir at World Athletics\nÁsdís Hjálmsdóttir at the International Olympic Committee\nÁsdís Hjálmsdóttir at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived)" ]

[ "Ásdís Hjálmsdóttir", "Biography", "Competition record", "Personal life", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1434 ]

[ 8890, 8891, 8892 ]

[ "Ásgeir Ásgeirsson" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Asgeir_Asgeirsson.jpg" ]

[ "Ásgeir Ásgeirsson (Icelandic: [ˈausceir̥ ˈausceir̥sɔn]; 13 May 1894 – 15 September 1972) was the second president of Iceland, from 1952 to 1968. He was a Freemason and served as Grand Master of the Icelandic Order of Freemasons.", "Educated as a theologian, Ásgeir graduated with honours from the University of Iceland in Reykjavík in 1915, but was considered too young to be ordained as a minister. He married Dóra Þórhallsdóttir in 1917. Dóra was the daughter of Þórhallur Bjarnarson (1855–1916), 6th Bishop of Iceland (1908–1916). Her brother was Tryggvi Þórhallsson, who was the 5th Prime Minister of Iceland (1927–1932).", "Ásgeir was elected to the Althing in 1923 at the age of 29 for the Progressive Party. He spoke as the speaker of the Althing at Þingvellir on the occasion of the Althing's 1,000th anniversary celebrations in 1930, and became Minister of Finance of Iceland in 1931, and Prime Minister in 1932. He left the Progressive Party in 1934, but stood for election as an independent for a while until he joined the Social Democratic Party, and remained in the Althing until he was elected president in 1952. From 1938 and until he was elected president, he was the director of Útvegsbanki Íslands, an Icelandic bank which later merged with three other banks and became Íslandsbanki (which later became Glitnir).", "Ásgeir was elected the second President of Iceland in a closely contested election in 1952, which had been called upon early due to the death of Sveinn Björnsson, Iceland's first president. Ásgeir's main opponent, Bjarni Jónsson, minister in the Reykjavík Cathedral, had the endorsement of the governing parties in Iceland, the Independence Party and the Progressive Party. Still Ásgeir managed to receive 46.7% of the vote, compared to Bjarni's 44.1%. The third candidate, Gísli Sveinsson, a former MP for the Independence Party, got 6.0%.\nÁsgeir was the first Icelandic president to go to Denmark on an official visit. He also visited Norway, Canada, the United States of America and Israel.\nÁsgeir was re-elected unopposed in 1956, 1960, and 1964. Shortly after his fourth term started, his wife, Dóra, died from leukemia. In 1968, Ásgeir decided not to seek re-election. It was widely expected that his son-in-law, Gunnar Thoroddsen would be elected as his successor. However, even though Gunnar started as the frontrunner (according to opinion polls), he lost the election to Kristján Eldjárn.", "In 1955, Ásgeir was awarded the Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (Sonderstufe des Großkreuzes des Verdienstordens der Bundesrepublik Deutschland).", "Baldvinsdottir, Herdis (2017). Networks of Financial Power in Iceland: The Labour Movement Paradox. Iceland: Independently Published. pp. 62, 64–67. ISBN 9781549768071.\n\"Þingmenn\". Alþingi.\n\"Fyrri ráðherrar | Fjármálaráðuneytið\". 25 March 2010. Archived from the original on 25 March 2010.\nJóhannesson, Guðni Th. (2016). Fyrstu forsetarnir. pp. 107–110.", "Ásgeir Ásgeirsson at Find a Grave" ]

[ "Ásgeir Ásgeirsson", "Early life and education", "Political and business career", "President of Iceland", "Awards", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1435 ]

[ 8893, 8894, 8895, 8896, 8897, 8898, 8899 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Asgeir_Hallgrimsson_02.jpg" ]

[ "Ásgeir Örn Hallgrimsson (born 17 February 1984) is a former Icelandic handball player. He last played for Haukar and the Icelandic national team.\nHallgrimsson has previously played for GOG and TBV Lemgo.\nHe competed for Iceland at the 2004, 2008, and 2012 Summer Olympics.", "EHF profile\n\"2015 World Championship Roster\" (PDF). IHF. Retrieved 15 January 2015.\nEvans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Ásgeir Örn Hallgrímsson\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 4 December 2016.", "Ásgeir Örn Hallgrímsson at the European Handball Federation\nÁsgeir Örn Hallgrímsson at the International Olympic Committee\nÁsgeir Örn Hallgrímsson at Olympics.com\nÁsgeir Örn Hallgrímsson at Olympedia" ]

[ "Ásgeir Örn Hallgrímsson", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1436 ]

[ 8900 ]

[ "Ásgeir in 2013" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Ageir_Trausti.jpg" ]

[ "Ásgeir Trausti Einarsson ([ˈauːsceir̥ ˈtʰrœistɪ ˈeiːnar̥sɔn]; born 1 July 1992) is an Icelandic singer-songwriter and musician. In his Icelandic releases, he was credited as Ásgeir Trausti. In 2013, he started using the mononym Ásgeir as his recording name. He performs with his own band, the Ásgeir Trausti Band. He also plays guitar in the Icelandic band The Lovely Lion.", "Ásgeir's debut album Dýrð í dauðaþögn was released in 2012. The lead single, \"Sumargestur\", made it to number two on the Tónlist, an unofficial but widely quoted Icelandic Singles Chart, followed by the single \"Leyndarmál\" (six weeks at number 1 on Tónlist) and the title track \"Dýrð í dauðaþögn\" from the album (three weeks at #1 on Tónlist).\nHe had a Christmas hit with his song \"Hvítir skór\" in collaboration with Blaz Roca. The single stayed at the top of the Icelandic Singles Chart for 9 consecutive weeks from December 2012 to the end of January 2013.\nAn English language version of Dýrð í dauðaþögn under the title In the Silence had been scheduled for international release on 27 January 2014, but was made available online on iTunes on 28 October 2013. The American singer John Grant helped with the translation of the lyrics and re-production of the English language album. Based on online sales, the album has already charted in Belgium and Netherlands.\nOn 13 August 2013, Ásgeir released the video for \"King and Cross\", the debut single from the prospective album with John Grant appearing in the single release. The follow-up single \"Going Home\" charted in France. The main release to coincide with the release of the album was \"Torrent\", an English-language version of \"Nýfallið regn\".\nIn 2019, he released the single \"Youth\" from his third album Bury the Moon, which was released on February 7, 2020, on One Little Indian Records. It was the artist's first double album as he also released Bury the Moon's Icelandic counterpart, Sátt, on the same day.\nIn 2021, he released 4-track EP The Sky Is Painted Gray Today on September 3. In 2022, he announced his fourth studio album, Time On My Hands, which will be released on October 28. It was preceded by the first single \"Snowblind\" on July 14.", "During the 2014 North American tour, Ásgeir performed songs both in English and Icelandic.", "", "", "", "", "", "*Positions on Tónlist, an unofficial Icelandic Singles Chart, but indicative of relevant popularity and chart success\nCollaborations\n*Positions on Tónlist, an unofficial Icelandic Singles Chart, but indicative of relevant popularity and chart success", "", "2013: \"King and Cross\" (written, filmed and directed by Arni & Kinski)\n2013: \"Torrent\" (directed by Jónatan Grétarsson)", "", "\"Asgeir UK Headline Shows\". Iceland Music Export. 13 September 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.\nDay, Laurence (22 October 2013). \"Ásgeir – In The Silence\". The Line of Best Fit. Retrieved 6 November 2013.\nLester, Paul (15 July 2013). \"New Band of the Day: Ásgeir (No 1,553)\". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 November 2013.\nArnareggert.is: Nýtt lag frá Ásgeiri Trausta (in Icelandic)\n\"Ásgeir Trausti\". Iceland Music Export. Retrieved 12 July 2013.\nMurray, Robin (19 April 2013). \"Track Of The Day 19/4 - Ásgeir Trausti\". Clash. Retrieved 12 July 2013.\nJohnson, Tommy (6 November 2019). \"Ásgeir Shares Video For New Single \"Youth\"\". Ghettoblaster. Retrieved 7 November 2019.\nKalish, Ilana (7 October 2021). \"Interview: Ásgeir's 'The Sky Is Painted Gray Today' EP Brings the Past into the Future\". Atwood Magazine. Retrieved 14 July 2022.\nÁsgeir - Snowblind, retrieved 14 July 2022\nJones, Damian (14 July 2022). \"Ásgeir announces new album 'Time On My Hands' and shares rousing single 'Snowblind'\". NME. Retrieved 14 July 2022.\nBedian, Knar. \"Asgeir: An Obligatory Performance\". Sound of Boston.\nAustralian chart positions:\nAll except noted: \"Discography Ásgeir\". Australian Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved 16 February 2020.\n\"King and Cross\": \"ARIA Report 1259\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2014.\nBury the Moon: Cashmere, Paul (16 February 2020). \"Australian Charts: Green Day 'Father of All Motherfuckers' Is No 1\". Noise11. Retrieved 16 February 2020.\n\"Ásgeir discography\". ultratop.be/nl. Hung Medien. Retrieved 25 November 2013.\n\"Ásgeir discography\". ultratop.be/nl. Hung Medien. Retrieved 25 November 2013.\n\"Ásgeir discography\". danishcharts.dk. Hung Medien. Retrieved 11 October 2013.\n\"Ásgeir discography\". lescharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 25 November 2013.\n\"Ásgeir discography\". dutchcharts.nl. Hung Medien. Retrieved 25 November 2013.\n\"ASGEIR Discography\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 21 July 2014.\n\"Top Albums (Week 7, 2020)\" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved 18 February 2020.\n\"Winners and Nominees: 2012\". Íslensku Tónlistarverðlaunin. Retrieved 6 November 2013.\n\"Canadian International Comedy Festival\". canadianmusicfest.com.\n\"Kraumslistinn 2012\". 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2013.\n\"First Aid Kit wins the Third Annual Nordic Music Prize\". 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2013.\n\"Disclosure Win 2014 European Border Breakers Award\". M Magazine. PRS for Music. 15 October 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2013.", "Ásgeir – official site\nÁsgeir discography at Discogs" ]

[ "Ásgeir Trausti", "Career", "Tour", "Discography", "Studio albums", "EP", "Live albums", "Singles", "Iceland", "International", "Videography", "Awards and nominations", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1437 ]

[ 8901, 8902, 8903, 8904, 8905, 8906, 8907, 8908, 8909, 8910, 8911, 8912 ]

[ "Ásgerður in 2008." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/%C3%81sger%C3%B0ur_Baldursd%C3%B3ttir_2008.jpg" ]

[ "Ásgerður Stefanía \"Adda\" Baldursdóttir (born 5 January 1987) is an Icelandic footballer who plays for Valur of the Úrvalsdeild kvenna. She also plays for the Iceland women's national team.", "In 2015 she was loaned to Kristianstads DFF and played five Damallsvenskan matches for the Swedish club, before returning for the start of the Iceland season in May. She agreed to join Kristianstads permanently in January 2016, but then changed her mind and decided to stay with Stjarnan.\nÁsgerður missed the 2017 Úrvalsdeild season due to pregnancy.", "Ásgerður was called into the Iceland national team for the first time in September 2013. Incoming national coach Freyr Alexandersson called up six Stjarnan players following the club's successful season. She made her debut in a 2–1 defeat to Germany at the Algarve Cup in March 2014.", "In September 2014 Ásgerður was in a relationship with footballer Almarr Ormarsson.", "Runólfur Trausti Þórhallsson (20 April 2020). \"\"Maður er þakklátur fyrir að fá að spila\"\". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 20 April 2020.\n\"Ásgerður samdi í Svíþjóð\" (in Icelandic). Morgunblaðið. 21 January 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2016.\nErluson, Brynjar Ingi (28 February 2016). \"Ásgerður áfram hjá Stjörnunni\" (in Icelandic). Morgunblaðið. Retrieved 7 August 2016.\nHenry Birgir Gunnarsson (20 April 2017). \"Ásgerður Stefanía ólétt\". Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 21 November 2017.\nJónsson, Óskar Ófeigur (26 September 2013). \"Ásgerður: Frekar löng leið fyrir mig inn í landsliðið\". Visir.is (in Icelandic). 365 (media corporation). Retrieved 7 August 2016.\nKarlsdóttir, Erla (22 September 2014). \"Sigursælir meistarar\" (in Icelandic). DV. Retrieved 7 August 2016.", "Ásgerður Baldursdóttir – UEFA competition record (archive)\nÁsgerður Stefanía Baldursdóttir at Football Association of Iceland (in Icelandic)\nAsgerdur Stefania Baldursdottir at SvFF at the Wayback Machine (archived 27 June 2015) (in Swedish)\nÁsgerður Baldursdóttir at Soccerway" ]

[ "Ásgerður Baldursdóttir", "Club career", "International career", "Personal life", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1438 ]

[ 8913, 8914, 8915, 8916 ]

[ "Ásgrímur Jónsson (1906)" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/%C3%81sgr%C3%ADmur_J%C3%B3nsson.jpg" ]

[ "Ásgrímur Jónsson (March 4, 1876 – April 5, 1958) was an Icelandic painter, and one of the first in the country to make art a professional living. \nHe studied at the Royal Academy in Copenhagen between 1900 and 1903 and traveled widely after graduation. The subjects of his pictures are mostly the landscapes of his home country, particularly mountains. His painting style is similar to the French impressionists like Corot. Some of his pictures also illustrate Icelandic sagas and folk tales.\nHe was also noted for his murals in various churches in Iceland. A number of his works are on display in the National Gallery of Iceland. Ásgrímur influenced many artists in Iceland including Jóhannes Sveinsson Kjarval. A short time before he died he donated his house at No. 74, Bergstaðastræti, Reykjavík to the Icelandic Government along with all those paintings which were at that time in his possession. These consisted of 192 oil paintings and 277 water colours together with a great number of unfinished pictures dating from various periods in his life. His house is now the Ásgrímur Jónsson Collection, part of the National Gallery of Iceland.\nDuring his lifetime Ásgrímur was honoured in many ways. He was made honorary professor at the University of Iceland and, in 1933 he was made Grand Knight of the Icelandic Order of the Falcon. He was an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts and Knight of Dannebrog, first class. \nHe died in 1958 and was buried on the cemetery of Gaulverjabæjar Church in Flóahreppur.", "\"Ásgrímur Jónsson Collection\". Retrieved 14 November 2020.\n\"Menningarferð um Flóahrepp - Flóahreppur\".", "Ólafur Kvaran and Karla Kristjánsdóttir (eds), Confronting Nature: Icelandic Art of the 20th Century, National Gallery of Iceland, Reykjavík, 2001.\nÁsgrímur Jónsson. Tómas Guðmundsson, published by Helgafell, Reykjavik, 1962.", "Ásgrímur Jónsson at the National Gallery of Iceland" ]

[ "Ásgrímur Jónsson", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

[ 1439 ]

[ 8917 ]

[ "Jónsdóttir at the Göteborg Book Fair 2015" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/%C3%81slaug_J%C3%B3nsd%C3%B3ttir_G%C3%B6teborg_Book_Fair_2015.jpg" ]

[ "Áslaug Jónsdóttir (born 31 March 1963) is an Icelandic writer of children's books, illustrator and playwright.", "She grew up near Borgarfjörður in west Iceland and then attended Menntaskólinn við Hamrahlíð in Reykjavik. She then studied in Copenhagen, Denmark at Skolen for Brugskunst (later the School of Design of the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts).", "She published her first children's picture book in 1990. Her recent work includes collaboration with two other authors Swedish Kalle Guettler and Faroese Rakel Heimisdal on a series of six \"Monsters\" books published in Icelandic, Swedish and Faroese, starting with Nei! sagði litla skrímslið (No! Said Little Monster) in 2004.\nIn 2002 she and Andri Snær Magnason collaborated on Sagan af bláa hnettinum which won the West-Nordic Children's Literature Prize. It has since been translated and published in English (The Story of the Blue Planet, 2013, Pushkin: ISBN 9781782690061), Danish, Faroese, German, Italian, Korean and Polish.", "List of Icelandic writers\nIcelandic literature", "\"Áslaug Jónsdóttir\". Icelandic Literature Centre. Retrieved 3 October 2017.\n\"Áslaug Jónsdóttir\". Reykjavik: Unesco City of Literature. Retrieved 3 October 2017.\n\"About\". Áslaug Jónsdóttir. Retrieved 3 October 2017.\n\"Formats and editions: The story of the blue planet\". Worldcat. Retrieved 3 October 2017.", "Official website" ]

[ "Áslaug Jónsdóttir", "Early life and education", "Career", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1440 ]

[ 8918, 8919, 8920 ]

[ "Magnúsdóttir 2012" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Aslaug_Magnusdottir_July_2012.jpg" ]

[ "Áslaug Magnúsdóttir is an Icelandic businesswoman and entrepreneur. Áslaug is the founder of Katla. She is the co-founder and former chief executive officer of Moda Operandi and a co-founder of TSM Capital. She has been dubbed \"fashion's fairy godmother\" by Vogue and one of the 100 Most Creative People in Business by Fast Company.\nA Fulbright scholar, Áslaug holds an MBA from Harvard Business School, an LL.M from Duke University School of Law and a Candidate of Law degree from the University of Iceland.", "Áslaug Magnúsdóttir was born in Reykjavík, Iceland, to parents Magnús Sigurðsson and Rakel Valdimarsdóttir. She has one brother, Sigurður R. Magnússon. Áslaug grew up in Los Angeles and Reykjavík and attended college at the University of Iceland, where she graduated in 1993 with a degree in law. She received a Fulbright scholarship and returned to the U.S. to attend the LL.M program at Duke University. She then earned an MBA from Harvard Business School in 2000, the first Icelandic woman to do so.\nFrom 1993–2000, Áslaug was married to Gunnar Thoroddsen, a lawyer and former CEO of Landsbanki bank in Luxembourg. Gunnar is the grandson of Iceland's former Prime Minister Gunnar Thoroddsen, and the great grandson of Iceland's second President, Ásgeir Ásgeirsson. Together they have a son, Gunnar A. Thoroddsen, guitar player of Great Grief. From 2005-2015, Áslaug was married to nightclub owner Gabriel Levy. In 2022, she married tech entrepreneur Sacha Tueni. Their son is Ocean Thor Tueni.", "Áslaug began her career in Iceland, where as a student she headed a modeling agency and was chairman of the National Ballet Company of Iceland, and then became a corporate and tax attorney at Deloitte. After completing her graduate studies, she moved to London, where she was an Engagement Manager at McKinsey & Company.", "Áslaug first became involved in the fashion industry while helping to run a modeling agency during college. She started her professional career in fashion at Baugur Group, an investment company focused on the fashion and retail sectors. During her time at Baugur, Aslaug spearheaded a number of investments in early-stage fashion brands.\nIn 2006, Áslaug relocated from London to New York and joined Marvin Traub Associates as a Vice President. In 2007, she partnered with Traub, the former CEO of Bloomingdale's, to form an investment company, TSM Capital, which invested in designer brands such as Rachel Roy and Matthew Williamson. She later worked with actor and jewelry designer Waris Ahluwalia as President of his label, House of Waris Fine Jewelry. In 2009, Áslaug joined Gilt Groupe to head merchandising for Gilt Noir.\nIn 2009, Áslaug came up with the idea for Moda Operandi, a \"pre-tailer\" that lets consumers pre-order items directly from the runway. She shared the concept with Lauren Santo Domingo, and, together, they co-founded the company.\nÁslaug left Moda Operandi in May 2013 after raising $36 million in a Series C round of funding from venture capital firms. With Matthew Pavelle, Gabriel Levy and Cleo Davis-Urman, she co-founded Tinker Tailor, a business that let consumers customize designer clothing or design their own. Tinker Tailor ceased operations in 2015.\nIn 2020, Áslaug launched Katla, a sustainable, direct-to-consumer brand.", "One of the BOF 500 in 2014 – The Business of Fashion\nOne To World 2014 Fulbright Award for Outstanding Achievement\nOne of the 100 Most Creative People in Business in 2012 – Fast Company.\nAmong the 10 Game Changers of 2012 – Harper's Bazaar\nAmong the Next Establishment in 2012 – Vanity Fair\nFashinvest Award 2012 – Fashinvest\nOne of Fashion's 100 Most Influential 2006 – Drapers", "Novellino, Teresa (December 11, 2012). \"Moda Operandi Found Power in Being First\". The Business Journals. Retrieved April 14, 2013.\nMacBride, Elizabeth (September 9, 2012). \"Women Entrepreneurs Smash an Old Barrier\". Crain Communications. Retrieved April 14, 2013.\nRoshitsh, Kaley (January 27, 2020). \"Áslaug Magnúsdóttir Returns to Fashion With Katla\". Women's Wear Daily. Retrieved February 8, 2020.\nBourne, Leah (February 29, 2012). \"The Startup That Changed How Women Buy $10,000 Gowns\". Forbes. Retrieved April 14, 2013.\nWang, Lisa (May 18, 2013). \"Co-Founder and CEO Áslaug Magnúsdóttir Leaves Moda Operandi\". Business of Fashion. Retrieved May 18, 2013.\n\"Aslaug Magnusdottir\". The Coveteur. Retrieved April 14, 2013.\nKarimzadeh, Marc (August 28, 2007). \"New Traub-Led Group Invests in Williamson\". Women's Wear Daily. Retrieved April 14, 2013.\nBarnett, Leisa (September 4, 2007). \"Fashion's Fairy Godmother\". Vogue (British magazine). Retrieved April 14, 2013.\n\"The 100 Most Creative People in Business 2012\". Fast Company. June 2012. Retrieved April 14, 2013.\n\"Bloomberg Empowered Entrpereneur\". Bloomberg L.P. April 14, 2011. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved April 14, 2013.\nKutz, Erin (March 5, 2012). \"Are Fashion Tech Startups the Latest HBS Tribe?\". Harvard Business School. Retrieved April 14, 2013.\nBuher, Bridget (October 2, 2012). \"Life's Broad Sea: Biological Conservation; Prosecuting Insider Trading; Ordering Designer Clothes\". Duke University. Retrieved April 14, 2013.\nKlein, Suzanne Weinstock (September 12, 2014). \"Aslaug Magnúsdóttir On Leaving Moda Operandi and Re-Inventing the Fashion Business\". Observer. Retrieved October 2, 2018.\nPétur Blöndal (December 30, 2007). \"Tíska er fjárfesting\". Morgunblaðið (in Icelandic). Retrieved October 2, 2018.\n\"New CEO at Landsbanki Luxembourg S.A.\" Nordic Exchange. June 22, 2004. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved October 27, 2013.\nBetker, Ally (September 7, 2015). \"Rumpus Room,New York Fashion Week´s Newest Watering Hole\". Women's Wear Daily. Retrieved July 23, 2019.\nMoin, David (December 28, 2006). \"Traub Hire Broadens Fashion Scope\". Women's Wear Daily. Retrieved April 14, 2013.\nKarimzadeh, Marc (November 13, 2007). \"A New Designer Deal: TSM Capital Acquires Stake in Rachel Roy\". Women's Wear Daily. Retrieved April 14, 2013.\nBinkley, Christina (December 1, 2010). \"A Faster Trip From Runway to Shopping Cart\". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 14, 2013.\nShontell, Alyson (October 25, 2012). \"The Silicon Alley 100:The Coolest People in New York Tech This Year\". Business Insider. Retrieved April 14, 2013.\nDrell, Lauren (August 6, 2012). \"44 Female Founders Every Entrepreneur Should Know\". Mashable. Retrieved April 14, 2013.\n\"The Founders\". Tinker Tailor. Retrieved July 13, 2014.\nKamm, Jennifer (July 11, 2014). \"Tinker Tailor Lets Users Customize Designer Dresses -- Or Design Their Own\". Forbes. Retrieved July 13, 2014.\nStrugatz, Rachel. \"Tinker Tailor to Close\". WWD.\nGuðný Hrönn (October 5, 2014). \"Áslaug Magnúsdóttir á valdamesta listanum\". Morgunblaðið (in Icelandic). Retrieved October 2, 2018.\n\"BOF 500 The People Shaping the Global Fashion Industry in 2014\". Retrieved October 27, 2014.\n\"One To World\". Archived from the original on May 1, 2014. Retrieved May 20, 2014.\n\"10 Game Changers of 2012\". Harper's Bazaar. January 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2013.\nChafkin, Max (September 7, 2012). \"The Next Establishment\". Vanity Fair. Retrieved April 14, 2013.\nAlforb, Lolita (December 12, 2012). \"Fashinvest Awards Aslaug Magnusdottir of Moda Operandi with \"Fashpreneur Award\" at Annual Capital Conference\". Fashinvest. Archived from the original on September 19, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2013.\n\"Drapers Top 100\". Drapers. December 9, 2006. p. Insert." ]

[ "Áslaug Magnúsdóttir", "Family and education", "Career", "Fashion career", "Awards and recognitions", "References" ]

[ 1441 ]

[ 8921, 8922, 8923, 8924, 8925, 8926, 8927, 8928, 8929, 8930, 8931, 8932, 8933, 8934, 8935, 8936 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/%C3%81smundur_Einar_Da%C3%B0ason.jpg" ]

[ "Ásmundur Einar Daðason (born 29 October 1982) is an Icelandic politician. He was a member of the Althing for the Northwest Constituency from 2009 to 2016 – first for the Left-Green Movement (VG), later for the centrist Progressive Party.\nHe returned to the Althing in 2017. He has also been the leader of the organisation Heimssýn, which gathers Iceland's EU opponents.\nOn November 30, 2017, he became Minister of Social Affairs and Equality.", "", "Ásmundur Einar was appointed Minister of Social Affairs and Children in the Jakobsdottir cabinet after government negotiations following the 2017 election.\nAfter taking office as a minister, Ásmundur Einar declared that his main emphasis as a minister would be services provided for children. He declared wanting to make large-scale changes in the systems that provide services to children in Iceland. On December 31, 2018, he changed the ministerial title to reflect his focus on children's rights and became Minister of Social Affairs and Children, the first minister for children in Iceland. In 2020, in a personal interview with Morgunblaðið, Ásmundur Einar described his youth and upbringing and the effects that experience had had on his adult life. Based on that experience, Ásmundur Einar emphasised his first hand knowledge of how it feels to be a child in an environment where not everything is up to par and assistance is needed. \nIn 2020, Ásmundur Einar presented a bill to the Icelandic Parliament on the Integration of Services in the Interest of Children's Prosperity. The bill was accompanied by two other bills, one on the National Agency for Children and Families and the other on the National Supervisory Authority for Welfare for Integrating Services in the Interest of Children's Prosperity. The two are new institutions, founded on the basis of two currently operating institutions, and their role would be to oversee the implementation and activities based on the new law on the Integration of Services in the Interest of Children's Prosperity.\nÁsmundur Einar has planned to present further bills in 2021, changing other laws regarding services for children to support the abovementioned bill. A bill to change the laws regarding child protection is imminent and later there will be bills that will entail changes to various laws to support the abovementioned law, e.g. regarding education systems and health care.\nÁsmundur Einar presented a bill for a new law on parental leave in Iceland in 2020 that would increase the time of paid parental leave from 9 months to 12 months, equally divided between both parents (if the child in question had two parents). The bill was passed in late 2020. Every child born, adopted or permanently fostered on or after January 1, 2021, will be able to stay home with its parents for 12 months on a paid parental leave. The law is considerate towards single parents, granting them 12 months unshared and financially aids parents who need to travel great distances for medical assistance before/during birth. The wording of the new law is gender neutral.\nOn 13 January 2021, he announced that he would run for Parliament in Reykjavík North Constituency, after serving four terms for Northwest Constituency.", "\"Ásmundur Einar Daðason\". Alþingi. Retrieved 17 May 2012.\n\"Ásmundur Einar Daðason: Time to overhaul the social safety net — Nordic Labour Journal\". \n\"Government of Iceland | Current government\".\n\"Never More Ministers than in New Government\". Iceland Review. 2021-11-29. Retrieved 2022-03-07.\n\"Ásmundur fer fram í Reykjavík norður\". mbl.is. Morgunblaðið. 13 January 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2021.", "Non auto-biography of Ásmundur Einar Daðason on the parliament" ]

[ "Ásmundur Einar Daðason", "Career", "Minister of Social Affairs and Children", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1442 ]

[ 8937, 8938, 8939, 8940, 8941, 8942, 8943, 8944 ]

[ "Ásmundur Guðmundsson", "Ásmundur Guðmundsson around 1963" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2b/%C3%81smundur_Gu%C3%B0mundsson_%28Bishop_of_Iceland%2C_born_1888%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/%C3%81smundurGu%C3%B0mundssonBiskup.jpg" ]

[ "Ásmundur Guðmundsson (6 October 1888 - 29 May 1969) was an Icelandic prelate who was Bishop of Iceland from 1954 till 1959.", "Guðmundsson was born on 6 October 1888 in Reykholt, Iceland. He graduated from the University of Iceland on 19 June 1912. He served as pastor to the Icelandic settlements in Alberta for a month in 1914 and in Saskatchewan in Canada from 1912 till 1914. He became an assistant priest in Stykkishólmur on 24 June 1915 and became parish priest on Helgafell on 31 May 1916. Appointed principal of Eiðar on 11 January 1919 and Associate Professor at the Faculty of Theology at the University of Iceland on 24 April 1928 and Professor on 24 April 1934. He was also Dean of the Theological Department from 1934 till 1935. He was elected Bishop of Iceland in 1954 and was consecrated bishop in Reykjavík Cathedral on 20 June 1954. In 1959 he was succeeded by Sigurbjörn Einarsson. Ásmundur Guðmundsson wrote a number of books, including The Supreme Life (1964) about Jesus' life.", "Magnússon, Björn.\"Ásmundur Guðmundsson\", ismus. Retrieved on 11 July 2019." ]

[ "Ásmundur Guðmundsson", "Biography", "References" ]

[ 1443 ]

[ 8945, 8946, 8947 ]

[ "Red poppy field near Ásotthalom", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Red_poppy_-_panoramio.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/HUN_%C3%81sotthalom_COA.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/HUN_M%C3%B3rahalom_hivatalos_c%C3%ADmer_2013.jpg" ]

[ "Ásotthalom is a village in Csongrád County, in the Southern Great Plain region of southern Hungary, near the border with Serbia.", "It covers an area of 122.54 km² (47 sq mi) and has a population of 3,856 people (2017).", "The local mayor was the vice-president of the right-wing nationalist Jobbik party, but after his exclusion he created a new party. During the 2015 European migrant crisis, over 10,000 Syrian and Iraqi migrants have passed through the village, with some aiming to settle there. As per 2017, only two Muslims are known to be permanently settled there. There are no mosque-designed structures and the mayor have banned any building of mosques in 2017. In 2017, it was reported that the local government had banned the Muslim call to prayer, Muslim clothing, and public displays of same-sex affection. The mayor have called for all the Christian locals to support for a \"holy war on Muslims\" and multiculturalism. In April 2017, after a lawsuit challenging the ban was filed, the Constitutional Court struck down the ban, ruling that it violated human rights law as it aimed to \"limit directly the freedom of speech, conscience and religion\".\nIn June 2018, the mayor spoke with some Afrikaner farmers from South Africa about plans to resettle Afrikaners to live in Ásotthalom.", "Media related to Ásotthalom at Wikimedia Commons\nOfficial website in Hungarian", "Ásotthalom, KSH\nBorg, Matthew (7 February 2017). \"Sindku f'raħal ċkejken jiddikjara \"gwerra qaddisa kontra l-Islam\"\". newsbook (in Maltese). Malta. Archived from the original on 7 February 2017.\nKékesi, Márk Zoltán (2016-02-08). \"A Hungarian mayor makes a show of \"migrant-hunting\"\". The France 24 Observers. Retrieved 2017-02-07.\n\"Brand New Far-Right Party Emerges from the Ashes of Jobbik\". 25 June 2018.\nBenke, Erika (2017-02-07). \"The village aiming to create a white utopia\". BBC News. Retrieved 2017-02-07.\nHungarian court overturns village's ban on Islamic symbols and 'LGBT propaganda\nBoer Delegation Visits Hungary, Project Nova Europa\nFirst Boer Delegation Visits Hungarian Town, New Observer Online\nHow Hungary Became A Haven For The Alt Right, The Atlantic" ]

[ "Ásotthalom", "Geography", "Politics", "External links", "References" ]

[ 1444, 1445, 1446 ]

[ 8948, 8949, 8950, 8951, 8952 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/%C3%81sta_%C3%81rnad%C3%B3ttir.jpg" ]

[ "Ásta Árnadóttir (born 9 June 1983) is an Icelandic footballer who plays the position of defender. Ásta was part of Iceland's national team and was a member of the squad at UEFA Women's Euro 2009. Ásta has played for Tyresö FF in Sweden. She returned to Iceland to Valur in December 2009 but was undecided on whether she'd play any more football. She played one game during the 2010 season, which ended up being the national championship clinching game.\nShe returned to the field in 2016 when she played for Knattspyrnufélagið Hlíðarendi in the 1. deild kvenna. In 2018 she joined Augnablik and helped the team win the 2. deild kvenna and achieve promotion to the 1. deild kvenna.\nShe was known for her flick-flack throw-ins and recorded a video for UEFA Training Ground series, demonstrating the technique.", "Ásta made her senior international debut for Iceland in a 4–3 defeat by the United States in September 2004.\nAt UEFA Women's Euro 2009, Ásta was included in the squad but did not play in any of the matches as Iceland were eliminated in the first round.", "Icelandic Championships: 5\n2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010\nIcelandic Cup: 1\n2006\nIcelandic Super Cup: 3\n2005, 2007, 2008\n2. deild kvenna: 1\n2018", "Víðir Sigurðsson (2 December 2009). \"Ásta fer aftur til Valsara\". Morgunblaðið (in Icelandic). p. 1. Retrieved 11 July 2020.\nHafliði Breiðfjörð (5 September 2010). \"Ásta Árnadóttir lék sinn fyrsta leik á árinu með Val\". Fótbolti.net (in Icelandic). Retrieved 11 July 2020.\nHafliði Breiðfjörð (4 September 2010). \"Umfjöllun: Fimmti titill Vals á árinu með sigri á Aftureldingu\". Fótbolti.net (in Icelandic). Retrieved 11 July 2020.\nMist Rúnarsdóttir (13 August 2009). \"Ásta Árnadóttir kennir kraftstökksinnköst á heimasíðu UEFA\". Fótbolti.net (in Icelandic). Retrieved 11 July 2020.\n\"Ásta Árnadóttir\". UEFA. Retrieved 16 December 2013.", "KSÍ - Ásta Árnadóttir" ]

[ "Ásta Árnadóttir", "International career", "Titles", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1447 ]

[ 8953, 8954, 8955 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Asta_Gudrun_Helgadottir%2C_2018.jpg" ]

[ "Ásta Guðrún Helgadóttir (born 5 February 1990) is an Icelandic politician who was a Pirate Party member of the Icelandic parliament from 2015 to 2017. She represented Reykjavík South.", "Ásta was born in Reykjavik to Helgi Njálsson (b. 1965) and Ingibjörg Sara Benediktsdóttir (b. 1965). She completed an undergraduate degree in history at the University of Iceland in 2014. Her BA thesis was on the history of the censorship of pornography in Iceland. She also studied philosophy at the University of Warsaw in 2012, and Persian at the University of Tehran in the same year.", "Ásta first became involved with the Pirate Party in Iceland and internationally in Spring 2013. She was an intern at the office of Pirate MEP Amelia Andersdotter in the European Parliament. Following the 2013 Icelandic parliamentary election, she became a deputy MP.\nÁsta replaced Jón Þór Ólafsson as Pirate Party MP for Reykjavik Constituency South in 2015 when he stepped down from the role. For the remainder of the 2011 parliamentary term, from 2015 to 2016, she served as a member of Environment and Communications Committee and as an observer on the Foreign Affairs Committee. Explaining the Pirate Party's success in the polls, Ásta said \"Iceland is an unusual place, politically speaking. There’s a void in Icelandic politics when it comes to liberal parties. In Denmark and Sweden, there are many liberal parties, so there is less space for a Pirate Party. They have parties that are consistently liberal, and have been since the ‘60s. There’s a reason Denmark was the first country to legalise porn in 1969. In Iceland, there’s a lot of social conservatism, even though people want to be libertarians as far as the market, etcetera. What the Pirates are trying to do is more of social liberalism.\"\nSince 2016, she has been the deputy chair of the Pirate Party's parliamentary group. Following the release of the Panama Papers in April 2016 that implicated, among others, then-Icelandic Prime Minister Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson, Iceland saw a number of anti-government protests. Ásta witnessed some of the protests, that took place outside the parliament building, from within parliament. She told BBC News that \"Monday's protests were definitely something that Iceland has never seen before and the current situation is entirely unprecedented in Icelandic politics. I was inside looking out of the window and was startled by the egg thrown at the window, but the protest was 99% peaceful. I heard there could have been 22,000 at the protests. That would be 6% of the whole population - one of the largest protests we have had. It was a good atmosphere. I have never seen Iceland react in this way before.\"\nIn 2019, she took up a role of an Accredited Parliamentary Assistant to MEP Karen Melchior, a Danish member, at the European Parliament. She held this post for six months, leaving in March 2020. It was never publicly announced why she left the post.", "Ásta Guðrún Helgadóttir (July 2014). \"The Icelandic initiative for pornography censorship\". Porn Studies. 1 (3): 285–298. doi:10.1080/23268743.2014.928462.", "Helgadottir, Asta (2014-08-15). \"About\". Accidentally Asta. Retrieved 4 January 2017.\nSpratt, Vicky (27 January 2016). \"Iceland have a Pirate Political Party and we're very jealous\". The Debrief. Retrieved 4 January 2017.\n\"Ásta Guðrún Helgadóttir\". Althing. Retrieved 29 December 2016.\n\"Panama Papers: Voices from Iceland as PM resigns\". BBC News. 5 April 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2017.", "Ásta Guðrún Helgadóttir on Twitter" ]

[ "Ásta Guðrún Helgadóttir", "Early life and education", "Political career", "Publications", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1448 ]

[ 8956, 8957, 8958, 8959, 8960, 8961, 8962, 8963 ]

[ "American soldiers training in Allied-occupied Iceland in June 1943", "" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Iceland%2C_Sanskeid_Range._37mm_sub-caliber_mounted_on_a_75mm_field_howitzer%2C_19th_and_21st_Field_Artillery_Regiment.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/1630_IJsland_Blaeu_HR%27.jpg" ]

[ "Ástandið (Icelandic: \"the condition\" or \"the situation\") is a term used in Iceland to refer to the influence Allied troops had on Icelandic women during the Second World War. At its peak the number of Allied soldiers was equal to that of Icelandic men. Many of the foreign soldiers would court Icelandic women and estimates of the number of local women who married foreign soldiers goes into the hundreds. Such interaction between Icelandic women and foreign troops was not always well received and the women involved were often accused of prostitution and betraying their home country. Children born from such unions are known in Icelandic as ástandsbörn (\"children of the condition/situation\").\nWhen the British military invaded Iceland in 1940, people gathered on the streets to see the troops and the fact that many Icelandic women were captivated by them did not go unnoticed. Immediately discussions began over what effect this would have and minimal interaction with Allied troops was encouraged, but this proved to be difficult as many Icelanders had jobs which in some way led them to interact with the troops. A committee was formed at the behest of the Icelandic government, which published a report noting the prevalence of engaging with prostitutes among the troops. The Icelandic government tried unsuccessfully to reduce the Allied soldiers' encounters with Icelandic women but with time the issue lapsed, as all Allied forces evacuated the island upon the conclusion of the war in 1945.\nAmerican troops returned to Iceland in 1951 as part of the Iceland Defense Force during the Cold War. In order to reassure the Icelandic government, all American troops were restricted to the Keflavík Air Base, which remained operational until 2006.", "Iceland in World War II\nBritish occupation of the Faroe Islands\nBattle of the Atlantic", "Anna MelsteП & JСn Karl Helgason. \"Dansleikur М klЗbbi herlЖgreglunnar\". Servefir.ruv.is. Retrieved 2016-07-05.\nArnarsdóttir, Eygló Svala (11 September 2015). \"U.S. Military to Reopen Base in Iceland?\". Retrieved 18 April 2018.\n\"Return to Keflavik Station\". Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 25 February 2016." ]

[ "Ástandið", "See also", "References" ]

[ 1449 ]

[ 8964 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/HUN_%C3%81sv%C3%A1nyr%C3%A1r%C3%B3_COA.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/HUN_Gy%C5%91r-Moson-Sopron_megye_COA.png" ]

[ "Ásványráró is a village in Győr-Moson-Sopron County, Hungary.", "Ásványráró lies the central part of Szigetköz, next to Danube, between Győr and Mosonmagyaróvár. In 1936, two village (Ásvány and Ráró) was united.", "In the end of the village to Dunaszeg, it sees the famous \"Kálvária\". Count Lázár Apponyi was built in Baroque style in 1738.\nNear the \"Kálvária\", there stand the monument of the victims of World War II. József Somogyi (famous sculptor) carved out.\nNear to Kálvária stand an old black aspen tree. It is 100 years old. Protected natural values. The diameter is ~550 cm.\nBecause the most of the villagers are Roman Catholic (c. 96%), there are two (so-called) búcsú, of the village's churches. In Ásvány there is a church named for St. Andrew. It is 136 m² from the 14th century. In Ráró there is a church named for St. Roch which is from the 17th century.", "Street map (in Hungarian)\nOfficial page (in Hungarian)" ]

[ "Ásványráró", "Location", "Sightseeing", "External links" ]

[ 1450, 1451 ]

[ 8965, 8966 ]

[ "", "Abreu driving in the Pau Grand Prix in 2005" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Atila_Abreu_%282009%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Paucircuit.jpg" ]

[ "Átila Roberto de Abreu (born 10 May 1987 in Sorocaba) is a Brazilian racing driver.", "", "Despite beginning his karting career in 1996, 2003 saw his debut in the Formula BMW ADAC championship with Team Rosberg. Abreu finished ninth in the championship and second in the Rookie Cup with two podiums at Norisring and A1-Ring. He switched teams, joining ADAC Mittelrhein e.V. for 2004 and finished the season as runner-up with two wins at Adria International Raceway and Nürburgring.", "In 2005, Abreu stepped up to the Formula 3 Euro Series with Mücke Motorsport. He finished fifteenth in the standings after taking seven point-scoring finishes.", "After competitions in Europe he returned in Brazil for participating in local series, including Stock Car Brasil. In 2008, competed in Stock Car V8, JF Racing team and was elected the pilot surprise team, which finished in eighth place. In 2010, the pilot won the first race of his career in Stock Car.", "In 2017, Abreu made his Stadium Super Trucks debut at the Detroit Grand Prix, the first Brazilian to compete in the series. He drove the No. 51 truck with sponsorship from Royal Dutch Shell and Monster Energy, the former being his Stock Car Brasil team, while Monster was a sponsor of his in 2013. Abreu finished eleventh in the first race after being involved in an accident on lap five, though he was able to finish the second event in eighth.", "", "* Season still in progress.", "(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)", "", "\"Endstand 2003\" (PDF). adac-motorsport.de (in German). ADAC. Retrieved 15 January 2010.\n\"Rennen 1 DTM — Adria\" (PDF). adac-motorsport.de (in German). ADAC. Retrieved 2 October 2010.\n\"Rennen 2 F1 - Nürburgring\" (PDF). adac-motorsport.de (in German). ADAC. Retrieved 2 October 2010.\n\"Formula 3 Euro Series 2005\". Driver Database. Retrieved 2 October 2010.\n\"Sorocabano Átila Abreu irá correr na Supertrucks Series nos EUA\". Jornal Cruzeiro do Sul (in Portuguese). 31 May 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2017.\nStadium Super Trucks (1 June 2017). \"@SSuperTrucks: \"Brazilian @AtilaAbreu51 makes his #stadiumsupertrucks debut this weekend at the @detroitgp\"\". Twitter. Retrieved 1 June 2017.\n\"SHELL NA STOCK CAR\". Shell Racing (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 June 2017.\n\"Monster Energy patrocinará Átila Abreu na Stock\". Universo Online (in Portuguese). 1 March 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2017.\n\"Round 11 – Detroit – 6/3/17\". Stadium Super Trucks. Retrieved 15 July 2017.\n\"Round 12 – Detroit – 6/4/17\". Stadium Super Trucks. Retrieved 15 July 2017.", "Official website (in Portuguese)\nÁtila Abreu career statistics at Driver Database" ]

[ "Átila Abreu", "Career", "Formula BMW", "Formula Three", "Stock Car Brasil", "Stadium Super Trucks", "Racing record", "Career summary", "Complete Formula 3 Euro Series results", "Complete Stock Car Brasil results", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1452, 1453 ]

[ 8967, 8968, 8969, 8970, 8971, 8972 ]

[ "Parish Church of Our Lady of Częstochowa in Áurea", "" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Matriz_%C3%81urea_2013.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Flag_map_of_Rio_Grande_Do_Sul.png" ]

[ "Áurea is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. As of 2020, the estimated population was 3,535.\nThe village was founded in the early 20th century by Polish immigrants. Today, still around 90% of the population is Polish-Brazilian and the nickname of Áurea is the Polish Capital of Brazil (Capital Polonesa do Brasil) or the Capital of Polish Brazilians (Capital Polonesa dos Brasileiros). In July 2022 the Polish language became legally declared as another official language of the municipality of Áurea.", "List of municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul", "IBGE 2020\nPolish made official language in Brazilian town founded by Poles - Notes from Poland, 1 August 2022.\nLei Ordinária 2181 2022 de Áurea RS, 22 July 2022. (in Portuguese)\nJęzyk polski dołącza do języków urzędowych w brazyliskiej gminie Aurea - Wspólnota Polska, 27 July 2022. (in Polish)", "Official website" ]

[ "Áurea", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1454 ]

[ 8973 ]

[ "Carolina in 2019" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/%C3%81urea_Carolina_em_fevereiro_de_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg" ]

[ "Áurea Carolina de Freitas e Silva (born 20 November 1983) is a Brazilian politician, political scientist and sociologist. Although born in Pará, she has spent her political career representing Minas Gerais, having served as federal deputy representative since 2019.", "Carolina holds a degree in social sciences from the Federal University of Minas Gerais, a specialist degree in gender and equality from the Autonomous University of Barcelona, and a master's degree in political science from the Federal University of Minas Gerais.\nIn March 2019, Carolina was recognized as one of the 100 most influential black Brazilians in politics.\nShe identifies as an Afro-Brazilian, Marxist, feminist, and supporter of LGBT rights.", "Carolina was the most voted candidate in the 2016 election for the council of Belo Horizonte, receiving 17,420 votes.\nCarolina was elected to the federal chamber of deputies in the 2018 election, the fifth most voted candidate in the state of Minas Gerais, with 162,740 votes.", "\"ÁUREA CAROLINA – Biografia\". Câmara dos Deputados do Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 27 June 2019.\nTrajano, Humberto (22 March 2019). \"Deputada federal Áurea Carolina está entre os 100 jovens negros mais influentes do mundo na política\" [Federal deputy Áurea Carolina is among the 100 most influential black young people in the world in politics] (in Portuguese). O Globo. Retrieved 27 June 2019.\nAugusto, Leonardo (3 October 2016). \"Vereadora mais votada em Belo Horizonte é negra e jovem\" (in Portuguese). Estado de São Paulo. Retrieved 27 June 2019.\nMalheiro, Franco; Moreira, Ana Paula (2 October 2016). \"Áurea Carolina conquista primeira vaga do PSOL em BH\" (in Portuguese). O Tempo. Retrieved 27 June 2019.\nCherem, Carlos Eduardo (10 October 2016). \"Vamos aquilombar as instituições, diz 5ª deputada federal mais votada em MG\" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 27 June 2019." ]

[ "Áurea Carolina", "Personal life", "Political career", "References" ]

[ 1455 ]

[ 8974, 8975, 8976, 8977 ]

[ "Aureo in March 2018" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Deputado_Federal_Aureo.jpg" ]

[ "Áureo Lídio Moreira Ribeiro (born 17 February 1979) often simply known as Áureo is a Brazilian politician and a businessman. Born in Rio de Janeiro, he has served as a state representative since 2015.", "Áureo is married to Aline and has two children: Gabriel and Alice. He is a member of the Methodist Church.", "Áureo has been the head of the Solidariedade party in the Brazilian chamber of deputies since September 2017.\nÁureo voted in favor of the impeachment against then-president Dilma Rousseff. Áureo opposed the Brazil labor reform (2017), and would later also vote in favor of a corruption investigation into Rousseff's successor Michel Temer and a similar impeachment motion.", "\"AUREO RIBEIRO – Biografia\". Câmara dos Deputados do Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 25 February 2019.\n\"Quem é Aureo?\" (in Portuguese). Deputado Aureo. Retrieved 25 February 2019.\n\"Deputado Aureo é eleito líder do Solidariedade na Câmara dos Deputados\". solidariedade.org (in Portuguese). 2 September 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2019.\n\"Reforma trabalhista: como votaram os deputados\" (in Portuguese). Carta Capital. 27 April 2017. Archived from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2017.\n\"Como votou cada deputado sobre a denúncia contra Temer\" (in Portuguese). Carta Capital. 4 August 2017. Archived from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2017." ]

[ "Áureo Lídio Moreira Ribeiro", "Personal life", "Political career", "References" ]

[ 1456 ]

[ 8978, 8979, 8980 ]

[ "Ávila with its town walls", "", "", "Archeological remains from the Roman era near the Gate of San Vicente", "View of the city, as drawn by Anton van den Wyngaerde in 1570", "The Alcázar Gate c. 1912", "The Walls of Ávila", "View of the Cathedral of Ávila", "Basilica of San Vicente", "Convento de San José", "Torreón de los Guzmanes [es]", "Santuario de Nuestra Señora de Sonsoles", "Convento de Santa Teresa", "Los Cuatro (The Four) Postes, landmark spot in Ávila", "Main UCAV building", "Fiestas de Santa Teresa (Procession, 2007)", "", "", "A train at the Ávila railway station" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 3, 3, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 10, 13, 16, 17, 22, 23, 23, 27 ]

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[ "Ávila (UK: /ˈævɪlə/, US: /ˈɑːv-/, Spanish: [ˈaβila] (listen)) is a city of Spain located in the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is the capital and most populated municipality of the Province of Ávila.\nIt lies on the right bank of the Adaja river. Located more than 1,130 m above sea level, the city is the highest provincial capital in Spain.\nDistinctly known by its medieval walls, Ávila is sometimes called the Town of Stones and Saints, and it claims that it is one of the towns with the highest number of Romanesque and Gothic churches per capita in Spain. It has complete and prominent medieval town walls, built in the Romanesque style; writer José Martínez Ruiz, in his book El alma castellana (\"The Castilian Soul\"), described it as \"perhaps the most 16th-century town in Spain\". The town is also known as Ávila de los Caballeros, Ávila del Rey and Ávila de los Leales (\"Ávila of the knights\", \"Ávila of the king\", \"Ávila of the loyal ones\"), each of these epithets being present in the town standard.\nOrson Welles once named Ávila as the place in which he would most desire to live, calling it a \"strange, tragic place\". Various scenes of his 1965 film Chimes at Midnight were filmed in the town.\nÁvila was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985. The site originally consisted of the walled city and four extra muros churches. The number of churches included in the site has since been increased.", "Situated 1132 metres (3714 feet) above sea level on a rocky outcrop on the right bank of the Adaja river, a tributary of the Duero, Ávila is the highest provincial capital in Spain. It is built on the flat summit of a rocky hill, which rises abruptly in the midst of a veritable wilderness; a brown, arid, treeless table-land, strewn with immense grey boulders, and shut in by lofty mountains.", "Ávila's position results in a temperate Mediterranean climate (Csb, according to the Köppen climate classification), with warm summers and chilly winters with snowfalls, bordering on a cold semi-arid climate (BSk). The hottest month, July, has an average temperature of 20.6 °C (69 °F), and the coldest month, January, has an average of 3.0 °C (37 °F). The average annual precipitation is 416 mm (16.38 in). Annual rainfall is low compared to surrounding areas, implying that it lies in a rain shadow. The Adaja is dry for several months of the year and the town has historically had water supply problems. Ávila has the coldest winter low temperatures of the Spanish provincial capital cities, thanks to its high altitude (1,132 metres (3,714 ft) above sea level).", "In pre-Roman times (the 5th century BC), Ávila was inhabited by the Vettones, who called it Obila (Ὀβίλα) (\"High Mountain\") and built one of their strongest fortresses here. There are Bronze Age stone statues of boars (known as verracio) nearby.\nÁvila may have been the ancient town known as Abula, mentioned by Ptolemy in his Geographia (II 6, 60) as being located in the Iberian region of Bastetania. Abula is mentioned as one of the first towns in Hispania that was converted to Christianity by Secundus of Abula (San Segundo), however, Abula may alternatively have been the town of Abla.\nAfter the conquest by ancient Rome, the town was called Abila or Abela. The plan of the town remains typically Roman; rectangular in shape, with its two main streets (cardo and decumanus) intersecting at a forum in the centre. Roman remains that are embedded in town walls at the eastern and southern entrances (now the Alcazar and Rastro Gates) appear to have been ashlar altar stones.\nBy tradition, in the 1st century, Secundus, having travelled via the Roman province of Hispania Baetica, brought the Gospel to Ávila, and was created its first bishop.\nAfter the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Ávila became a stronghold of the Visigoths. Conquered by the Moors (Arabs) (who called it Ābila, آبلة), it was repeatedly attacked by the northern Iberian Christian kingdoms, becoming a virtually uninhabited no man's land. It was repopulated about 1088 following the definitive reconquest of the area by Raymond of Burgundy, son in law of Alfonso VI of León and Castile. He employed two foreigners, Casandro Romano and Florin de Pituenga, to construct a stone frontier town and creating the walls that still stand.\nThe city achieved a period of prosperity under the Catholic Monarchs in the early 16th century.\nDuring the Revolt of the Comuneros, the city became the first meeting place of the Santa Junta on 1 August 1520. The Junta of Ávila drafted the Proyecto de Ley Perpetua (a sort of proto-constitutional draft that never got to enter into force) in the Cathedral of Ávila in the Summer of 1520, envisaging that cities assembled every three years without the requirement for royal sanction or presence, determining taxation and acting as a check and balance on government activity.\nThe city experienced a long decline since the 17th century, its population reducing to just 4,000 inhabitants.\nIn the 19th century, there was some population growth with the construction of the railway line from Madrid to the French border at Irun and an important junction near the town.\nIn 1936, at the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, the town quickly became part of the area occupied by rebel troops. Growth continued slowly again under Franco, but Ávila has not had a major influence in Spanish society in recent history, apart from the nurturing of politicians such as Adolfo Suárez, the first democratically elected prime minister of Spain post-Franco, and José María Aznar, prime minister from 1996 to 2004, who represented Ávila in the Cortes but was not from the town.", "", "The main landmark in the city is the imposing Walls of Ávila (11th–14th centuries), begun in 1090. The enclosed area is 31 hectares (77 acres) with a perimeter of 2,516 metres (2,752 yd), 88 blocks of semicircular towers, 2,500 merlons, curtain walls 3 m (9 ft 10 in) thick, with an average height of 12 m (39 ft), and 9 gates.\nThe walls represent the largest fully illuminated monument in the world. It is possible to walk upon the walls for roughly half their circumference. While some of the walls will never be walkable because of their integration into other structures, a large stretch has yet to be made safe for pedestrians.", "The construction of the iron-grey granite Gothic Cathedral of Ávila is said to have commenced in 1107 under Alvar Garcia de Estrella. Other historians believe the Cathedral to be the work of the master mason Fruchel in the 12th century, coinciding with the repopulation of the town led by Raymond of Burgundy. The eastern apse, which forms part of the town walls, is half church, half fortress, and it was here that the loyal citizens elevated Alonso VII as their king, hence Ávila del Rey. The transept was finished in 1350 by Bishop Sancho de Ávila. The earlier Romanesque parts are made of a striking red-and-white \"blood\" limestone, while the Gothic parts were built with pure white stone\nNorthern façade: Gothic style at left and added renaissance at right. Porch of the Apostles.\nWestern front: Burgundian style, with two towers forming a covered portal.\nInterior: Latin cross with three naves, a crossing and ambulatory.\nCapilla Mayor: Features a monumental altarpiece by Pedro Berruguete.\nChapel of San Segundo, the first bishop: Attached to a column of the cruise. Renaissance style.\nChapel of Santa Catalina: Made of alabaster.\nChoir and Rood screen: Renaissance style, decorated with reliefs depicting scenes of saints, carved from limestone. The alabaster tomb of Alonso Tostado de Madrigal, bishop in 1499, shown in the act of writing is in the ambulatory: \"so enlightened were his doctrines that they caused the blind to see\".\nCloister: Access from the Romanesque cathedral by a door on the south aisle. Gothic style.", "Construction began in the 12th century and lasted until the 14th century. Its design is attributed to the French master Giral Fruchel, the author himself from the cathedral and pioneer of the Gothic style in Spain.\nThe overall structure is similar to the Latin basilicas. It has a Latin cross plan, three naves, dome, tribunes, three apses, atrium, two towers, and crypt.\nAll the façade and the environment where it is located are of great artistic value.\nInterior: Latin cross room with three naves. The pillars are of a Greek cross with half columns on the heads.\nCrypt: Consists of three chapels, for the three apses of the church are mainly romanesque and have the best capitals of the monument.\nHighlight the tomb of Saint Peter of the Boat and, above all, the Cenotaph of the Holy Brothers Martyrs, the head of the temple, Saint Vincent of Ávila, and her sisters, along with the torture he suffered in the 4th century, Saint Sabina and Saint Cristeta, (Cenotafio de los santos Vicente, Sabina y Cristeta), one of the most important works of Romanesque sculpture in Spain.", "The Convent of Saint Joseph is the first monastery of Discalced Carmelite nuns founded by Saint Teresa of Jesus. The convent was built in the year of 1562, although the most important architectural element, the church, was built in 1607. The Church was designed by the architect Francisco de Mora (1553–1610). It has been designated a national monument since 1968.", "Start date: about 1100.\nThe church of Saint Peter is located outside the town walls in the Plaza de Mercado Grande at the door of the Alcazar. Presents analogous with that of San Vicente.\nLatin cross floor and three naves of five sections. Apsidal chapels: mayor chapel, chapel of the south apse and chapel of the north apse.", "A hermitage located to the west of Ávila, outside the town walls, on the right bank of the Adaja river. Highlights the sculpted capitals in which the sculptor is the footprint of the apse of San Andrés. Alabaster statue made by Juan de Juni. Popular belief has it that, on introducing a handkerchief into the tomb and asking for three wishes, the saint will grant one. His pilgrimage is celebrated on 2 May, Segundo being the patron saint of Ávila.", "This 16th-century palace is located inside the walls and attached to it as junt walk through the door of San Vicente, defended the access of Muslim troops. Located on a busy street by different arms of the Águila family.", "Real Monasterio de Santo Tomás is a Dominican convent of the late 15th century. Despite being away from the historic centre, it is one of the most important monuments of the town.", "This sanctuary is located 6 km from the capital in a picturesque area, and has a restaurant, hostel, picnic areas, and playgrounds.\nThere is located the statue of the Virgin of Sonsoles, co-patroness of Ávila, and patroness of the fields in the province.\nIt is tradition in this town to make pilgrimage to the sanctuary, making a wish to the Virgin, and to get to the door barefoot until you enter the church.", "Notable examples of secular architecture are the Valderrábanos Palace (15th century), the Casa de los Deanes (16th century), the Torreón de los Guzmanes and the Verdugos Palace (15th–16th centuries).", "In mid-2007, work began on the convention centre. In April 2009, its construction was completed and it opened its doors.\nThe building, designed by architect Francisco José Mangado, is modern in style. It covers and area of 19,800 m² (213,125 sq ft), including the area of the neighbouring gardens and parking.\nThere is a large symphony hall, large glass galleries, café, restaurant, conference room, catering services, storage, reception, store room, etc.\nThe symphony hall has a capacity of 2,000 and the secondary hall of 500. The two conference rooms have each 1,000 seats.", "Museum of Ávila\nMuseum of la Encarnación\nMuseum of Santa Teresa\nMuseum of the Cathedral\nMuseo of Santo Tomás\nMuseum of Oriental Art\nMuseum of Natural Sciences\nLiving Water\nHall of Torreón de los Guzmanes\nSala de la Diputación\nSala del Episcopio\nCaprotti Museum (which houses the work of Italian painter Guido Caprotti (1887–1966), based in Ávila from 1916)", "Ávila has two universities: the Catholic University of Ávila (UCAV) and the University of Mysticism, which became operational on September 2, 2008. There are three colleges of the University of Salamanca (USAL): the Polytechnic School of Ávila, the College of Education and Tourism in Ávila, and the School of Nursing.", "Town Sport: swimming Pool, heated pool, tennis, paddle tennis, athletics, football, basketball, etc.\nNorth Zone: heated pool, football, basketball and tennis.\nAbulense Casino Club: pools, golf, tennis, paddle, cafeteria, restaurant, football, skating, basketball etc.\nNaturávila: golf, swimming, horse riding, walking, basketball, paddle tennis, football.\nSan Antonio Sports Hall: in the north of the town is a large covered pavilion with basketball courts, tennis, soccer, squash, climbing.\nPolideportivo Carlos Sastre, on the outskirts of the town. Its inauguration took place on January 30, 2009 with a friendly match between Óbila Club de Basket of LEB Plata and LEB Oro C.B. León. It has basketball courts, soccer, tennis, volleyball, etc.", "The town is home to Óbila CB, a professional basketball team of Spain's LEB Plata. The team plays its home games at the Multiusos Carlos Sastre.\nThe local football team, Real Ávila CF, plays at the Adolfo Suárez Stadium, owned by the municipality.", "The first public festival after the winter cold is the Holy week. The temperature is cold, especially at night, so one should not forget warm clothes.\nÁvila holidays are October 15, Santa Teresa de Jesús, and May 2, San Segundo. The festivities take place around October 15 and the Summer Festival in mid-July.", "Holy Week as celebrated in Ávila is considered of international tourist interest. It is one of the highest expressions of art and wealth as seen in numerous steps of Holy Week along the town walls. Processions have either or fifteen or twelve fraternities.", "The festivities of Santa Teresa last almost the entire month of October. The proclamation is done by the mayor in the Plaza Mayor, accompanied by some celebrity. After the proclamation was organized in the same place a musical performance with renowned singers.\nThe festival program includes several musical concerts, a fairground, bullfights, passacaglia, processions of the fan groups, chocolate with churros and liturgical acts naturally focus on the day of the patroness, on 15 October with multitudinous mass presided by Bishop, then celebrated a great procession, headed the image of Santa Teresa with the Virgin of La Caridad, and is accompanied by all the authorities of Ávila, civil and military, and several bands music. The procession takes place between the Cathedral of Ávila and Santa Teresa Church. Takes place the day before the \"Procession Girl\" from the Iglesian de Santa Teresa to the Cathedral.", "Typical dishes of the town and region are \"Judías del Barco\", \"Chuletón de Ávila\", \"Patatas revolconas\" and \"Yemas de Santa Teresa\". Also worth mentioning is \"Hornazo\", \"Bun stuffed with sausage, bacon, steak and eggs\", \"Mollejas de ternera\" or the \"Cochinillo\", which can be found in the capital and in Arévalo.", "This sweet can always be found in the traditional pastry shop \"La Flor de Castilla\". In the other bakeries in the town it is produced under the name \"Yemas de Ávila\", or simply \"Yemas\", produced as its name indicates from egg yolk.", "This is a grilled T-bone steak, best cooked rare, which can be enjoyed in any hotel in the town. It is made from Avileña-Negra ibérica, an indigenous black cow known for its excellent meat, whose fame transcends the borders of the province and the country.", "Ávila is twinned with:\n Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico\n Rhodes, Rhodes Island, Greece\n Rueil-Malmaison, Île-de-France, France\n Teramo, Abruzzo, Italy\n Villeneuve-sur-Lot, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France", "The Ávila Railway Station serves the town. The closest airport is Adolfo Suárez in Madrid-Barajas. The city can be reached via the A-6 from Madrid. The city itself can be explored on foot.", "List of people from Ávila, Spain\nKingdom of Castile\nOld Castile", "Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.\n\"Teresa of Ávila, St\". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. n.d. Retrieved 1 July 2019.\n\"Ávila\". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 1 July 2019.\n\"Castilla y León\". Centro Virtual Cervantes.\nhttp://www.avilaturismo.com/en/what-to-do/romanesque-avila\n\"Orson Welles - Avila\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-05.\nOne or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Ávila\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 64.\n\"Valores climatológicos normales - Ávila\". Agencia Estatal de Meteorologica. Retrieved 1 October 2012.\n\"Valores Climatológicos Normales. Ávila\". Aemet.es. Retrieved 17 March 2015.\nDictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Obila\nAvitiano (December 23, 2008). \"Abulenses\". Centro de estudios abulenses. Retrieved February 20, 2009.\nAlmarza, Armando Ríos (2007). Apuntes de Ávila. Ávila: Ayuntamiento de Ávila. ISBN 978-84-606-4259-6.\nRudd, Charles (1905). The Cathedrals of Northern Spain. Boston: L.C. Page & Co. at Project Gutenberg\nFord, Richard (1855). A handbook for travellers in Spain. Vol. 2. London: John Murray. p. 744.\nSantos Burgaleta, Manuel (2002). \"Poderes urbanos y Comunidades de Castilla: la Junta de Salamanca a través de sus actas de sesiones (agosto de 1520-abril de 1521)\" (PDF). Salamanca. Revista de Estudios: 368.\nFleming, Gillian B. (2018). \"The Giants' War (1519–1520)\". Juana I. p. 246. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-74347-9_11. ISBN 978-3-319-74346-2.\n\"El sueño de una constitución comunera\". Diario de Burgos. 23 July 2020.\nQué ver en Ávila en un día\nEstudio Caprotti\n\"La capital tendrá otra ciudad hermana\". periodicocorreo.com.mx (in Spanish). Periódico Correo. 2014-10-20. Retrieved 2020-06-10.\n\"Why Rhodes\". rhodes2021.eu. Rhodes. Retrieved 2020-06-10.\n\"Villes jumelles\". villederueil.fr (in French). Rueil-Malmaison. Retrieved 2020-06-10.\n\"Useful info\". discoverteramo.it. Discover Teramo. Retrieved 2020-06-10.\n\"Avila – Espagne\". ville-villeneuve-sur-lot.fr (in French). Villeneuve-sur-Lot. Retrieved 2020-06-10.", "Parkinson Keyes, Frances (1957). The Land of Stones and Saints. Doubleday. (Lives of five famous people of the province of Avila, Spain, in the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries: Isabel the Catholic, St Teresa of Ávila, St John of the Cross, María Vela and San Pedro Bautista)", "Shahan, Thomas Joseph (1907). \"Diocese of Avila\" . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2.\nAvila's Town Hall\nAvila's Tourist Guide\nConvent of St. Teresa, Ávila\nÁvila in the official website for Tourism in Spain (in English)\nPhotos of Ávila\nSatellite picture by Google Maps\nHazlitt, Classical Gazetteer \"Abila\"\nCitizens' association for the defence of heritage of Ávila - Photos of Ávila" ]

[ "Ávila, Spain", "Geography", "Climate", "History", "Architecture", "The Walls of Ávila", "Cathedral", "Basílica de San Vicente", "Convento de San José", "Iglesia de San Pedro", "Ermita de San Segundo", "Palacio de Don Diego del Águila", "Real Monasterio de Santo Tomás", "Santuario de Nuestra Señora de Sonsoles", "Secular architecture", "Conference and Exhibition Centre Lienzo Norte", "Museums and sights", "Universities", "Sports venues", "Sports teams", "Popular celebrations", "Holy Week", "Fiestas de Santa Teresa", "Cuisine", "Yemas de Santa Teresa", "Chuletón de Ávila", "Twin towns – sister cities", "Transport", "See also", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ]

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[ 8981, 8982, 8983, 8984, 8985, 8986, 8987, 8988, 8989, 8990, 8991, 8992, 8993, 8994, 8995, 8996, 8997, 8998, 8999, 9000, 9001, 9002, 9003, 9004, 9005, 9006, 9007, 9008, 9009, 9010, 9011, 9012, 9013, 9014, 9015, 9016, 9017, 9018, 9019, 9020, 9021, 9022, 9023 ]

[ "Location of Ávila within Spain" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/SpanishCongressDistricts%28%C3%81vila%29.png" ]

[ "Ávila is one of the 52 constituencies (Spanish: circunscripciones) represented in the Congress of Deputies, the lower chamber of the Spanish parliament, the Cortes Generales. The constituency currently elects three deputies. Its boundaries correspond to those of the Spanish province of Ávila. The electoral system uses the D'Hondt method and a closed-list proportional representation, with a minimum threshold of three percent.", "The constituency was created as per the Political Reform Act 1977 and was first contested in the 1977 general election. The Act provided for the provinces of Spain to be established as multi-member districts in the Congress of Deputies, with this regulation being maintained under the Spanish Constitution of 1978. Additionally, the Constitution requires for any modification of the provincial limits to be approved under an organic law, needing an absolute majority in the Cortes Generales.\nVoting is on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprises all nationals over eighteen and in full enjoyment of their political rights. The only exception was in 1977, when this was limited to nationals over twenty-one and in full enjoyment of their political and civil rights. Amendments to the electoral law in 2011 required for Spaniards abroad to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as \"begged\" or expat vote (Spanish: Voto rogado). 348 seats are elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which includes blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Each provincial constituency is entitled to an initial minimum of two seats, with the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla are allocated the two remaining seats, which are elected using plurality voting. The use of the D'Hondt method may result in a higher effective threshold, depending on the district magnitude.\nThe electoral law allows for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election are required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call—fifteen before 1985—whereas groupings of electors need to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they seek election—one-thousandth of the electorate, with a compulsory minimum of 500 signatures, until 1985—disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. Also since 2011, parties, federations or coalitions that have not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the Cortes at the preceding election are required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of electors in the aforementioned constituencies.", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "\"Cifras oficiales de población resultantes de la revisión del Padrón municipal a 1 de enero. Población por provincias y por sexo\". ine.es (in Spanish). National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 8 February 2020.\n\"Ley 1/1977, de 4 de enero, para la Reforma Política\". Law No. 1 of 4 January 1977. Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.\n\"Constitución Española\". Act of 29 December 1978. Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.\nReig Pellicer, Naiara (16 December 2015). \"Spanish elections: Begging for the right to vote\". cafebabel.co.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2017.\n\"Real Decreto-ley 20/1977, de 18 de marzo, sobre Normas Electorales\". Royal Decree-Law No. 20 of 18 March 1977. Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 December 2019.\n\"Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General\". Organic Law No. 5 of 19 June 1985. Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 January 2020.\nGallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). \"Effective threshold in electoral systems\". Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.\n\"Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. November 2019. Ávila\". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 February 2020.\n\"Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. April 2019. Ávila\". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 July 2019.\n\"Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 2016. Ávila\". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.\n\"Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. December 2015. Ávila\". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.\n\"Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. November 2011. Ávila\". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.\n\"Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. March 2008. Ávila\". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.\n\"Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. March 2004. Ávila\". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.\n\"Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. March 2000. Ávila\". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.\n\"Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. March 1996. Ávila\". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.\n\"Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 1993. Ávila\". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.\n\"Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. October 1989. Ávila\". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.\n\"Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 1986. Ávila\". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.\n\"Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. October 1982. Ávila\". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.\n\"Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. March 1979. Ávila\". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.\n\"Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 1977. Ávila\". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017." ]

[ "Ávila (Congress of Deputies constituency)", "Electoral system", "Deputies", "Elections", "November 2019 general election", "April 2019 general election", "2016 general election", "2015 general election", "2011 general election", "2008 general election", "2004 general election", "2000 general election", "1996 general election", "1993 general election", "1989 general election", "1986 general election", "1982 general election", "1979 general election", "1977 general election", "References" ]

[ 1475 ]

[ 9024, 9025, 9026, 9027, 9028, 9029, 9030, 9031, 9032, 9033, 9034, 9035, 9036 ]

[ "Location of Ávila within Castile and León" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/CastilianLeoneseCortesDistricts%28%C3%81vila%29.png" ]

[ "Ávila is one of the nine constituencies (Spanish: circunscripciones) represented in the Cortes of Castile and León, the regional legislature of the Autonomous Community of Castile and León. The constituency currently elects seven deputies. Its boundaries correspond to those of the Spanish province of Ávila. The electoral system uses the D'Hondt method and a closed-list proportional representation, with a minimum threshold of three percent.", "The constituency was created as per the Statute of Autonomy of Castile and León of 1983 and was first contested in the 1983 regional election. The Statute provided for the nine provinces in Castile and León—Ávila, Burgos, León, Palencia, Salamanca, Segovia, Soria, Valladolid and Zamora—to be established as multi-member districts in the Cortes of Castile and León, with this regulation being maintained under the 1987 regional electoral law. Each constituency is entitled to an initial minimum of three seats, with one additional member per each 45,000 inhabitants or fraction greater than 22,500.\nVoting is on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprises all nationals over eighteen, registered in Castile and León and in full enjoyment of their political rights. Amendments to the electoral law in 2011 required for Castilian-Leonese people abroad to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as \"begged\" or expat vote (Spanish: Voto rogado). Seats are elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which includes blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. The use of the D'Hondt method might result in a higher effective threshold, depending on the district magnitude.\nThe electoral law allows for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election are required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call—fifteen before 1985—whereas groupings of electors need to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they seek election—one-thousandth of the electorate, with a compulsory minimum of 500 signatures, until 1985—disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates.", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "\"Cifras oficiales de población resultantes de la revisión del Padrón municipal a 1 de enero. Población por provincias y por sexo\". ine.es (in Spanish). National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 8 February 2020.\n\"Ley Orgánica 4/1983, de 25 de febrero, de Estatuto de Autonomía de Castilla-León\". Organic Law No. 4 of 25 February 1983. Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 September 2017.\n\"Ley Orgánica 14/2007, de 30 de noviembre, de reforma del Estatuto de Autonomía de Castilla y León\". Organic Law No. 14 of 30 November 2007. Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 September 2017.\n\"Ley 3/1987, de 30 de marzo, Electoral de Castilla y León\". Law No. 3 of 30 March 1987. Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 September 2017.\nReig Pellicer, Naiara (16 December 2015). \"Spanish elections: Begging for the right to vote\". cafebabel.co.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2017.\nGallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). \"Effective threshold in electoral systems\". Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.\n\"Real Decreto-ley 20/1977, de 18 de marzo, sobre Normas Electorales\". Royal Decree-Law No. 20 of 18 March 1977. Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 December 2019.\n\"Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General\". Organic Law No. 5 of 19 June 1985. Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 January 2020.\n\"Resolución de 7 de marzo de 2022, de la Junta Electoral de Castilla y León, por la que se publica el resumen de los resultados de las elecciones a las Cortes de Castilla y León convocadas por Decreto 2/2021, de 21 de diciembre, y celebradas el 13 de febrero de 2022, conforme a las actas de escrutinio general y de proclamación de electos remitidas por las Juntas Electorales Provinciales\" (PDF). Boletín Oficial de Castilla y León (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 March 2022.\n\"Cortes of Castile and León election results, 26 May 2019\" (PDF). www.juntaelectoralcentral.es (in Spanish). Electoral Commission of Castile and León. 20 June 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2019.\n\"Elections to the Cortes of Castile and León\". servicios.jcyl.es (in Spanish). Junta of Castile and León. Retrieved 14 January 2018.\n\"Cortes of Castile and León election results, 24 May 2015\" (PDF). www.juntaelectoralcentral.es (in Spanish). Electoral Commission of Castile and León. 6 July 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2017.\n\"Cortes of Castile and León election results, 22 May 2011\" (PDF). www.juntaelectoralcentral.es (in Spanish). Electoral Commission of Castile and León. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2017.\n\"Cortes of Castile and León election results, 27 May 2007\" (PDF). www.juntaelectoralcentral.es (in Spanish). Electoral Commission of Castile and León. 30 July 2007. Retrieved 24 September 2017.\n\"Cortes of Castile and León election results, 25 May 2003\" (PDF). www.juntaelectoralcentral.es (in Spanish). Electoral Commission of Castile and León. 9 July 2003. Retrieved 24 September 2017.\n\"Cortes of Castile and León election results, 13 June 1999\" (PDF). www.juntaelectoralcentral.es (in Spanish). Electoral Commission of Castile and León. 6 August 1999. Retrieved 24 September 2017.\n\"Cortes of Castile and León election results, 28 May 1995\" (PDF). www.juntaelectoralcentral.es (in Spanish). Electoral Commission of Castile and León. 12 July 1995. Retrieved 24 September 2017.\n\"Cortes of Castile and León election results, 26 May 1991\" (PDF). www.juntaelectoralcentral.es (in Spanish). Electoral Commission of Castile and León. 3 July 1991. Retrieved 24 September 2017.\n\"Number 153. Report-declaration of the Cortes of Castile and León election of 26 May 1991\" (PDF). tcu.es (in Spanish). Court of Auditors. Retrieved 8 December 2019.\n\"Cortes of Castile and León election results, 10 June 1987\" (PDF). www.juntaelectoralcentral.es (in Spanish). Electoral Commission of Castile and León. 12 August 1987. Retrieved 24 September 2017.\n\"Number 75. Audit report on the regularity of electoral accounting derived from the elections held on June 10, 1987\" (PDF). tcu.es (in Spanish). Court of Auditors. Retrieved 8 December 2019.\n\"Cortes of Castile and León election, 1983. Ávila\". www.datoselecciones.com (in Spanish). Election Data. Retrieved 26 September 2017.\n\"Cortes of Castile and León election results, 8 May 1983\" (PDF). www.juntaelectoralcentral.es (in Spanish). Central Electoral Commission. 28 October 1983. Retrieved 24 September 2017." ]

[ "Ávila (Cortes of Castile and León constituency)", "Electoral system", "Procurators", "Elections", "2022 regional election", "2019 regional election", "2015 regional election", "2011 regional election", "2007 regional election", "2003 regional election", "1999 regional election", "1995 regional election", "1991 regional election", "1987 regional election", "1983 regional election", "References" ]

[ 1476 ]

[ 9037, 9038, 9039, 9040, 9041, 9042, 9043, 9044, 9045, 9046, 9047, 9048, 9049, 9050, 9051 ]

[ "Location of Ávila within Spain" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/SpanishCongressDistricts%28%C3%81vila%29.png" ]

[ "Ávila is one of the 59 constituencies (Spanish: circunscripciones) represented in the Senate, the upper chamber of the Spanish parliament, the Cortes Generales. The constituency elects four senators. Its boundaries correspond to those of the Spanish province of Ávila. The electoral system uses an open list partial block voting, with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. Electors can vote for up to three candidates.", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "\"Cifras oficiales de población resultantes de la revisión del Padrón municipal a 1 de enero. Población por provincias y por sexo\". ine.es (in Spanish). National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 8 February 2020.\n\"Electoral Results Consultation. Senate. November 2019. Ávila\". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 August 2020." ]

[ "Ávila (Senate constituency)", "Senators", "Elections", "November 2019 general election", "April 2019 general election", "2016 general election", "2015 general election", "2011 general election", "2008 general election", "2004 general election", "2000 general election", "1996 general election", "1993 general election", "1989 general election", "1986 general election", "1982 general election", "1979 general election", "1977 general election", "References" ]

[ 1477 ]

[ 9052 ]

[ "Ávila Cathedral.", "Detail of the north gateof the Cathedral of Ávila.", "Apse of the Cathedral of Ávila", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 2, 5 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Avila02.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Ap%C3%B3stoles_%C3%81vila_01.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Cimorro_Catedral_%C3%81vila.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Toledo_Cathedral%2C_from_Plaza_del_Ayuntamiento.jpg" ]

[ "The Cathedral of the Saviour (Spanish: Catedral de Cristo Salvador) is a Catholic church in Ávila in the south of Old Castile, Spain. It was built in the late Romanesque and Gothic architectural traditions.\nIt was planned as a cathedral-fortress, its apse being one of the turrets of the city walls. It is surrounded by a number of houses or palaces, the most important being: the Palace of the Evening, the Palace of the Infant King, and the Palace of Valderrábanos, which were responsible for the defence of the Puerta de los Leales (The Gate of the Loyal Ones) also known as La Puerta del Peso de la Harina (The Flour Road Gate).", "It is not known exactly when the construction of the cathedral began. Two theories exist. One states that Alvar García started its construction in 1091 inside the remains of a previous Romanesque Church of the Saviour, which was left in ruins as a result of successive Muslim attacks, and that Alfonso VII of Castile raised the money necessary to build it. Other historians believe the Cathedral to be the work of the maestro Fruchel in the 12th century coinciding with the repopulation of Castille led by Raymond of Burgundy.", "The Cathedral of Ávila is considered by its age (12th century), along with the Cathedral of Cuenca, as the first two Gothic cathedrals in Spain. It predates other important Spanish Gothic cathedrals, such as the Cathedral of Burgos (1222–1260) and the Cathedral of León (started about 1255).\nThe cathedral shows French influences and great resemblances to the Abbey Church of St Denis, the first European Gothic church. The construction was started by Girald Fruchel in the 12th century. This construction was continued and modified until the 17th century, going from Gothic architecture to Classicism (Saint Secundus chapel) and finally Baroque architecture (Velada Chapel).\nThe first stages of the towers and the aisles date from the 13th century, alongside the second stage of the towers (one remaining unfinished), the cloister, the vaults and the flying buttresses date from the following century. Already in the fifteenth century all the works on the cathedral were complete and, in 1475, Juan Guas built the mechanical clock, in addition to moving the western portal to the north side.", "The cathedral consists of a central nave and two aisles with a wide transept. They are of equal width but the central one is notably higher and it opens with large windows to the outside. They are separated by fine columns and pointed arches, which give this space a feeling of lightness and clarity. The vaults are mostly of simple quadripartite ribbing.\nThe alabaster baptismal font (1514–1516) is the work of Vasco de la Zarza.\nThe thick wall of the ambulatory of the apse is embedded in the solid, fortified wall surrounding the city. A retrochoir divides the central nave from the transept, the choir and the apse.\nThe plateresque retrochoir was intricately decorated with high-reliefs by Lucas Giraldo and Juan Rodríguez. They show in great detail and with naturalism five scenes from the childhood of Jesus. In the Epiphany, Balthasar is highlighted in black.\nThe walnut choir stalls (with a misericord), behind the retrochoir, are aligned with the side of the church. They date from the first half of the 16th century. The work was carried out by the Flemish sculptor Cornielles de Holanda with the participation of Lucas Giraldo, Juan Rodríguez and Isidro Villoldo.\nThe transept contains the alabaster altars of Saint Secundus (patron saint of Ávila ) and Saint Catherine, both made by Vasco de la Zarza in the first half of the 16th century. The altar of Saint Secundus was completed by Isidro Villoldo, while the altar of Saint Catherine was completed by Lucas Giraldo and Juan Rodríguez.\nThe enormous altarpiece of the main altar was begun by Pedro Berruguete in the transition from the 15th to the 16th century. He carried out eight predellas portraying in detail and naturalism images of Evangelists and Doctors of the Church, as well as two boards portraying the \"Prayer in the Garden\" and the \"Flagellation\". These paintings, perhaps reflecting the prevailing style in Castile at the time, use gold backgrounds and somewhat rigid compositions. After his death, his assistant, Bartolomé de Santa Cruz, continued the work with \"the Crucifixion\", \"the Resurrection\" and the \"Epiphany\". The rest of the scenes were carried out by Juan de Borgoña.\nThe ambulatory is surrounded with a triforium. It contains nine side chapels and five large, richly decorated panels with reliefs (attributed to Lucas Giraldo and Vasco dela Zarza). The middle panel is an alabaster piece, with a wealth of detail and structured like a retable, by Vasco de la Zarza and accommodates the tomb of Alonso de Madrigal, also named \"El Tostado\", a bishop of Ávila.\nThe cathedral museum, located in the sacristies, houses a large number of works of art, among which the portrait of the knight Don Garci Báñez de Muxica by El Greco and the chalice and paten of Saint Secundus. But it most notable work is the enormous processional monstrance (1571), a shrine in six bodies by the goldsmith Juan de Arphe y Villafañe. Its main theme is the \"Sacrifice of Isaac\".\nIn 2014 Spanish former Prime minister Adolfo Suárez and his wife were buried inside.", "Lapunzina, Alejandro. Architecture of Spain. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005.\nÁvila, Art and Monuments; edicion Edilera; ISBN 978-84-942521-9-8", "Official website (English)\nVideo of the cathedral of Ávila\nMª Ángeles Benito Pradillo, First Building Stages of the Cathedral of Avila. Romanesque and Protogothic Stages; Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Construction History, Cottbus, May 2009\nOfficial audio guide in English\n Media related to Cathedral of Ávila at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Ávila Cathedral", "History", "Characteristics", "Interior", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1478, 1479, 1480, 1481 ]

[ 9053, 9054, 9055, 9056, 9057, 9058, 9059, 9060, 9061, 9062, 9063 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Estaci%C3%B3n_de_%C3%81vila2.jpg" ]

[ "Ávila railway station (IATA: AVS) is the central railway station of Ávila, Spain. Commonly referred locally as the RENFE station, the station is part of Adif and high-speed rail systems.", "The station accommodates RENFE long-distance and medium-distance trains (AVE). A 55 km (34 mi) high-speed spur leaves the Madrid–Valladolid route at Segovia and continues to Ávila.", "\"Adif - Información de estaciones - -\". ADIF. Retrieved 3 September 2019.\n\"Boring begins beneath Madrid\". Railway Gazette. 29 May 2010." ]

[ "Ávila railway station", "Railway service", "References" ]

[ 1482 ]

[ 9064 ]

[ "Vinny at the festival in Paulo Ramos, Maranhão" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Avine_Vinny.jpg" ]

[ "Ávneh Vinny Diniz da Silva Aragão (Sobral, Ceará, July 14, 1989), known as Ávine Vinny, is a Brazilian singer and composer. He began his career in 2009 by creating with his friends the band Xé Pop. In 2016, he began his solo career. His last album, Avine Naturalmente, was recorded in October 2018, in Porto de Galinhas.", "Vinny was born on July 14, 1989, in Sobral, Ceará. The same is the son of Maria do Socorro Silva. Its baptismal name, Ávneh, has Jewish origin and was given by its mother. He began singing at the age of 12 in the church, where he remained for six years. Already in majority, began to sing in local bars.\nAt the age of 20, Vinny and his friends formed the band Xé Pop. The following year they released \"Namorar Escondido\", which was re-recorded by Wesley Safadão, Babado Novo, among other artists. In six years in the group, the songs \"Primeiro Olhar\", \"Você Aparece\", \"Segura Coração\", \"Melhor Que Eu\", \"Meu Abrigo\" and \"Vai Novinha\" were released. After great repercussion, he moved to Fortaleza.\nIn 2015, he released a trilogy of video clips. \"Você Aparece\", \"Eu e Você\" and \"Se Você Quer Saber\" were recorded in tourist spots in Rio de Janeiro, such as Christ the Redeemer, Copacabana and Selaron Steps. In 2016, the singer left the band. In an interview with the G1, he said that the group created a \"characteristic of its own\", that its name \"is very strong and we will take advantage to exploit it better and demystify\".\nWith A3 Entretenimento, he released the album O Cara Do Momento in July 2016. \"Tô Limpando Você da Minha Vida\", in partnership with Solange Almeida, became the fourth most performed music in the northeastern radio stations. In February 2017, he released the album Na Contramão, which contains the presence of Xandy Avião, Márcio Victor and Léo Santana. The album features nine songs.\nIn the same year he released Acústico and Férias com Avine, in May and August respectively; The first counts with nine tracks, while the next seven. The video for \"Acabou, Morreu\" reached over one million views on YouTube. In August 2018, he released the album A Queda Foi na Sua Cama which contains four tracks. In September, in partnership with funk singer Ludmilla, released the single \"Tô Fechado Com Ela\". In October 2018, he recorded the album Avine Naturalmente at Porto de Galinhas, Pernambuco.\nThe single \"Maturidade\", in partnership with the duo Matheus & Kauan, reached the 66th position of the top 100 list of Spotify Brazil, besides occupy the 30th position of the list of viral hits, surpassing the singers Madonna and Selena Gomez. On its YouTube channel, the clip, released in November, outnumbers 12 million views.", "Vinny is an evangelical and declared that he always prays before going on stage. He is the father of Isla Aragão, along with a nurse, Laís Holanda. The same has several tattoos: A microphone cable on the right arm, which binds to another tattoo, heartbeats, on the chest; the phrase \"my music, my voice comes from the sky\" and a microphone in the left arm; the phrase \"turning boredom into melody\" on the left side of the thorax; and a microphone, a guitar, a saxophone and a battery in the right calf.", "In 2017, Sony Music removed from YouTube the video clip of the song \"Whisky, Cigarro e Violão\". The reason alleged by the record company was the granting of copyright to another singer, Israel Novaes. The composer stated that the song was granted for both, but in different musical genres; Vinny would record it as forró and Novas as sertanejo. Armando Carneiro, Vinny's manager, said that the composer gave \"a year of exclusivity under music. In the document itself he says that we can change the rhythm of the phonogram. Nothing prevents us from recording at whatever pace. This gender exclusivity does not exist\". The singer Israel Novaes, after being criticized in his social networks, said that \"it is very sad to be right, acting right and ill-intentioned and uninformed people criticize\".", "", "\"Avine Vinny assina contrato com a Sony Music\" (in Portuguese). November 9, 2017. Retrieved December 30, 2018.\n\"Cantor cearense assina com gravadora responsável pela carreira de artistas como Beyoncé\" (in Portuguese). Tribuna do Ceará, UOL. November 19, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2018.\n\"Avine Vinny fala sobre início da carreira, Xé Pop e planos futuros, veja entrevista exclusiva\" (in Portuguese). TV Diário. September 6, 2016. Retrieved December 29, 2018.\n\"\"Maturidade\", de Ávine, ultrapassa 7 milhões de visualizações no YouTube\" (in Portuguese). December 3, 2018. Retrieved December 29, 2018.\nSimões, Marina (August 28, 2018). \"Avine Vinny explica origem do seu nome e dá detalhes do DVD que será gravado em Pernambuco\" (in Portuguese). Retrieved December 29, 2018.\n\"Ávine traz novidades para o Euphoria 2019\" (in Portuguese). December 18, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2018.\n\"Em nova fase, cantor cearense Avneh Vinny lança trilogia de clipes\" (in Portuguese). G1. November 21, 2016. Retrieved December 29, 2018.\n\"Avine Vinny grava DVD com participação especial de Xand Avião e Gabi Martins neste sábado, 13, no litoral sul de Pernambuco\" (in Portuguese). October 12, 2018. Retrieved December 29, 2018.\n\"Ávine Vinny e Ludmilla lançam 'To fechado com ela'; confira!\". Correio Braziliense (in Portuguese). Retrieved December 30, 2018.\n\"Ludmilla e Ávine Vinny lançam single juntos\" (in Portuguese). Portal T5. September 22, 2018. Retrieved December 29, 2018.\nMarques, Helena (December 20, 2018). \"Ávine Vinny ocupa a 30° posição dos hits virais do Brasil no Spotify com música \"Maturidade\" e fica acima de nomes como Madonna e Selena Gomez\" (in Portuguese). POPline. Retrieved December 29, 2018.\n\"Réveillon de Jaboatão tem show de Avine Vinny e queima de fogos com 12 minutos de duração na orla\". Retrieved December 29, 2018.\nDias, Leo (September 19, 2017). \"Os bastidores da confusão entre Avine Vinny e Israel Novaes\". O Dia. Retrieved December 30, 2018.", "The stage name of Vinny has changed over time. He began his career as Ávneh, however, several times was referred to as Avneh, without the acute accent, and even as Avnéh in October 2015. In December of the same year he announced the change to the name Ávine. The same stated in his social network that the change was for \"followers and fans to find easily\" and joked: “born with a difficult name”. However, several times was written Avine, without accent. In postings from October 2018 the name started to be accentuated again.", "Official website\nÁvine Vinny's channel on YouTube" ]

[ "Ávine Vinny", "Biography", "Personal life", "Controversies", "Discography", "References", "Notes", "External links" ]

[ 1483 ]

[ 9065, 9066, 9067, 9068, 9069, 9070, 9071, 9072, 9073, 9074, 9075, 9076, 9077, 9078, 9079 ]

[ "", "Aili Keskitalo reading Avvir and other newspapers" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/%C3%81vvir_logo.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Aili_Keskitalo_med_samiske_aviser.jpg" ]

[ "Ávvir is a newspaper written in the Northern Sámi language with editorial offices or reporters in Kárášjohka, Guovdageaidnu, Áltá, Girkonjárga, and Romsa, Norway. It is currently published five times a week, from Monday to Friday, and has readership across Sápmi.", "Ávvir launched in 2008 on Sami National Day (6 February) It was founded through the merger of rival Northern Sámi-language tabloids Áššu and Min Áigi. Min Áigi chairman Magne Svineng stated that due to higher production costs, mergering Áššu and Min Áigi was the only way to meet the need for a daily Sámi-language newspaper with wide distribution. Ávvir maintained editorial bureaus in Kárášjohka and Guovdageaidnu, the respective headquarters of Min Áigi and Áššu, and its management is co-located with Altaposten in Alta, Norway. The paper is owned by Sami Aviisa AS, which is one-third owned by Nord Avis AS (the owner of Altaposten), one-third by Amedia, and one-third by local owners.\nOn 5 March 2017, Ávvir launched an online edition to better reach younger readers, as well as extend its readership across the Swedish, Finnish, and Russian portions of Sápmi.\nIn 2016, Ávvir reported earning a profit of NOK 526,475. Funding for the paper comes from advertising, subscriptions, and a Sámi media subsidy provided by the Norwegian government. In 2014, to help meet the need for Northern Sámi-language print media in Sweden, the Sámi Parliament of Sweden made it easier for Ávvir to operate in Sweden.\nThe name for Ávvir was proposed by Láilá Susanne Vars of Láhpoluoppal in Guovdageaidnu. The word ávvir translates into English as \"care\" or \"attention\" The paper is credited with helping to preserve and develop the Northern Sámi language.", "Ánte Bals 2008–2009\nSara Beate Nilsdatter Eira, December 2009 – July 2013\nKari Lisbeth Hermansen, July 2013–", "", "\"Ávvir kutter lørdagsavis\" [Ávvir cuts Saturday print edition] (in Norwegian). NRK Sápmi. 28 May 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2020.\nJosefsen, Eva; Skogerbø, Eli (2013). \"An Indigenous Public Sphere? The Media and the 2009 Sámediggi Election Campaign\" (PDF). Arctic Review on Law and Politics. 4 (1). Retrieved 18 December 2014.\n\"Aviissat ja bládit\". Sámi mediat (in Northern Sami). YLE Sámi Radio. Archived from the original on 5 October 2006. Retrieved 7 March 2008.\n\"Ønsker samisk dagsavis velkommen - Både Norske Samers Riksforbund og avisa Ságat ønsker en ny samiskspråklig dagsavis velkommen\" [A Sámi daily welcome — Both the Norwegian Sámi Federation and Ságat paper welcome the new Sámi language daily newspaper] (in Norwegian). NRK Sámi Radio. Retrieved 27 April 2020.\nRisan, Herdis Lydia (6 February 2008). \"Samisk dagsavis ser dagens lys\" [Sámi daily sees the light of day]. Aftenbladet (in Norwegian). Retrieved 27 April 2020.\n\"Samiske aviser slås sammen\" [Sámi newspapers to merge] (in Norwegian). NRK Sámi Radio. Retrieved 27 April 2020.\nSametingets Mediepolitiska Handlingsprogram — 2012 (Report) (in Northern Sami). Girona, Sweden: Sametinget. Retrieved 4 April 2020.\nPettersen, Monica Falao (2 March 2015). \"Ávvir lanserer ny nettavis\" [Ávvir launches new online newspaper]. NRK Sápmi (in Norwegian). Retrieved 4 May 2020.\nLarsen, Dan Robert (5 April 2017). \"Ávvir gikk med overskudd i 2016\" [Ávvir earns a profit in 2016] (in Norwegian). NRK Sápmi. Retrieved 4 May 2020.\nAlexandersen, Ruse S.; Sæbbe, Linda Vaeng (1 September 2014). \"Fikk 33 mill i subsidier - gikk likevel med millioner i underskudd\" [Got 33 million in subsidies — still went with millions in losses]. Nord24 (in Norwegian). Tromsø, Norway. Retrieved 4 May 2020.\n\"Dagstidningar på samiska och meänkieli ska lättare få presstöd\" [Newspapers in Sámi and Meänkieli should receive press support more easily] (in Swedish). Girona, Sweden: Sametinget. Retrieved 4 May 2020.\n\"Ávvir\". Álgu database. Research Institute for the Languages of Finland. Retrieved 7 March 2008.\nLund, Rolf Edmund (24 August 2019). \"Gratulerer med ti spennende år, Ávvir\" [Congratulations on ten exciting years, Ávvir]. Altaposten (in Norwegian). Alta, Norway. Retrieved 4 May 2020.\n\"Ten smallest Norwegian print newspapers\". MediaNorway. Retrieved 4 May 2020..", "Ávvir—(in Norwegian)" ]

[ "Ávvir", "History", "Editor-in-chief", "Circulation", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1484, 1485 ]

[ 9080, 9081, 9082, 9083, 9084, 9085, 9086, 9087, 9088 ]

[ "Aşık Veysel" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Asik_Veysel.jpg" ]

[ "Âşık Veysel (born Veysel Şatıroğlu; 25 October 1894 – 21 March 1973) was a Turkish Alevi ashik and highly regarded poet of the Turkish folk literature. He was born in the Sivrialan village of the Şarkışla district, in the province of Sivas. He was an ashik, poet, songwriter, and a bağlama virtuoso, the prominent representative of the Anatolian ashik tradition in the 20th century. He was blind for most of his lifetime. His songs are usually sad tunes, often dealing with the inevitability of death. However, Veysel used a wide range of themes for his lyrics; based on morals, values, and constant questioning of issues such as love, care, beliefs, and how he perceived the world as a blind man.", "", "Smallpox was prevalent throughout the Ottoman region that included Sivas in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. His mother Gülizar and his farmer father Karaca Ahmet had already lost two daughters to smallpox before Veysel was born. He is the fifth of their six children. When Veysel turned seven in 1901, another smallpox outbreak occurred in Sivas, and Veysel contracted the disease as well. He became blind in his left eye and a cataract developed in his right eye. After an accident, his right eye was blinded as well. His father gave his blind son a bağlama and recited many folk poems to him. Poets of the region also started to drop by Ahmet Şatıroğlu's house as well with their friends. They played instruments and sang songs. Veysel used to listen to them carefully.", "Veysel devoted himself wholeheartedly to playing bağlama and singing. He was first instructed by his father's friend, Çamışıhlı Ali Aga (Âşık Alâ), who taught him about the works of Pir Sultan Abdal, Karacaoğlan, Dertli, Rühsati and other great Alevi poets and ashiks of Anatolia.", "Veysel was 20 when the First World War started. All of his friends and his brother rushed to the front, but because of his blindness he was left alone with his bağlama.\nAfter the war, he married a woman named Esma, who bore him a daughter and a son. The son died 10 days after birth. On 24 February 1921 Veysel's mother died, followed eighteen months later by his father. By then Esma had left him and their six-month-old daughter, running off with a servant from his brother's house. His daughter also died at a young age.", "He met Ahmet Kutsi Tecer, a literature teacher in Sivas High School, who along with his colleagues founded the Association For Preservation of Folk Poets in 1931. On 5 December 1931 they organized the Fest of Folk Poets, which lasted for three days. Veysel's meeting with Ahmet Kutsi Tecer thus marked a turning point in his life.\nUntil 1933, Veysel played and sang the poems of master ozans. In the tenth anniversary of the Republic, upon the directives of Ahmet Kutsi Tecer, all folk poets wrote poems about the Republic and Mustafa Kemal. Veysel submitted a poem starting with the line \"Atatürk is the revival of Turkey...\". This poem came into daylight only after Veysel left his village.\nAli Rıza Bey, the mayor of Ağcakışla to which Sivrialan was then affiliated, had much appreciation for Veysel's poem and wanted to send it to Ankara. Veysel said he would like to go to visit the nation's leader, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, and traveled to Ankara on foot with his faithful friend İbrahim under tough winter conditions. They arrived in Ankara three months later. Veysel resided with his hospitable friends for forty five days in Ankara. Sadly, he was unable to present his poem to Atatürk. His mother Gülizar said that \"He felt bitter regret for two things in life: first not having been able to visit the great leader, and second, not being able to join the army…\". However, his poem was printed in a printing house named Hakimiyeti Milliye in Ulus, and was published in the newspaper for three days. Then, he started to travel around the country to perform his poems.\nVeysel said the following about this time in his life:\nWe left the village. We could arrive in Ankara only in three months after having passed through the villages of Yozgat, Çorum and Çankırı. We did not have enough money to stay at a hotel. We thought a lot about \"What to do? Where to go\". People told us, \"Here lives a Pasha from Erzurum. He is a very hospitable man\". The Pasha had a house built in the then called Dağardı (that is now known as the Quarter of Atıf Bey). We went there. This man really put us as a guest in his house. We stayed there a couple of days. At that date, there were no trucks or anything in Ankara, like today. Everything was run by horse carriages. We met a man named Hasan Efendi who had horse carriages. He took us to his house. We stayed at his house for forty-five days. During our stay there, we used to go out, ramble around and return to the house, and we used to see that he prepared our dinner, our bed and everything. Then I told him:\n―Hasan Efendi, we are not here to ramble around! We have a tale. We would like to give this to Mustafa Kemal. How can we do that? What can we do?\nHe said:\n―To tell you the truth, I don’t know about such things. There is a deputy here. His name is Mustafa but I cannot remember his surname. We have to tell this to him. May be, he can help you.\nThen we went by Mustafa Bey and told him the issue. We said that we have a tale that we want give to Mustafa Kemal. We asked for help!\nHe said:\n―My God! This is not the right time to lose time with poetry. Go and sing it somewhere else!\nWe said:\n―No, this is not possible! We will sing our tale to Mustafa Kemal!\nThe deputy Mustafa Bey said \"Okay, sing it to me first!\". We sang him and he listened. He said he would talk to the Newspaper named Hakimiyet-i Milliye that was being published in Ankara at that date. He said \"Come and visit me tomorrow!\". We went by him the other day. He said, \"I can not do anything!\". We thought a lot about what to do. At last, we decided to go to the printing house ourselves. We had to renew the strings of the instrument. The bazaar in Ulus Square was then named Karaoğlan Bazaar. We walked to that bazaar to buy strings.\nWe had sandals on our feet. We were wearing woolen baggy trousers and woolen jackets. We braced a big cummerbund on our waists. Then came the police. He said:\n―Do not enter! It is forbidden!\nAnd he did not let us get in the bazaar to buy strings. He insisted:\n―I say it’s forbidden! Don’t you understand what I say? It is crowded there. Do not get into the crowd!\nWe said \"Okay, let’s not get in there\". We went on walking pretending as if we got rid of him. He came by, and rebuked my friend İbrahim:\n―Are you nutty? I say do not get in! I’ll just break your neck!\nWe said:\n―Gentleman, we do not obey you! We are going to buy strings from the bazaar!\nThen the police said to İbrahim:\n―If you are going to buy strings, then have this man seated somewhere first. And then go and buy your string!\nThen, İbrahim went and bought the strings. But in the morning we could not pass through the bazaar. Finally, we found the printing house.\n―What do you want? Said the Director.\nWe said:\n―We have a tale; we want to have it published in the paper.\nHe said:\n―Play it to me first, I want to hear it!\nWe played the tale and he listened.\n―Woo! Very well done! I liked it a lot. He said.\nThey inscribed the tale, and said \"It will be published tomorrow. Come and take a paper tomorrow\". There, they gave us some money for the copyrights. The other morning, we went there and took 5-6 copies. We went to the bazaar. The policemen came by and said:\n―Oh! Are you Âşık Veysel? Relax sir! Get in the coffeehouses! Take a seat!\nAnd they started making compliments. We rambled around in the bazaar for a while. But still we could not take any news about our visit to Mustafa Kemal. We said to ourselves: \"This is not going to come true\". But they published my tale in the paper for three subsequent days. Again nothing about my visit to Mustafa Kemal. .. We decided to go back to our village. But we did not have any money for the traveling expenses. We met a lawyer in Ankara. He said:\n―Let me write a letter to the mayor. The municipality can meet your traveling expenses.\nThen he gave us a letter. We went to the municipality with the letter. There they told us:\n―You are artisans. You can go back the way you came!\nWe came back to the lawyer. He asked us what we did. We told him. He said \"Let me write another letter to the governor this time\". He wrote a letter to the governor. The governor undersigned the letter and told us to apply to the municipality. we went to the municipality. But they said:\n―No! We don’t have any money. We won’t help you.\nThe lawyer got offended and yelled out:\n―Go! Go away! The municipality of Ankara does not have any money to spend for you!\nI felt sorry for the lawyer.\nWe thought about what to do, how to solve the problem. And then we decided to stop by the Community Center. May be something useful would happen there! \"If we can not visit Mustafa Kemal, let’s go to the Community Center\", we thought. This time the doormen did not allow us get in there. As we were standing by the door, a man came by and said:\n―What are you doing here? What are you looking for?\n―We are going to get in the Community Center but they don’t let us, we replied.\n―Let them get in! These are well known men! This is Âşık Veysel! He said.\nThat man who came by us sent us to the director of the literature department. There people said:\n―Oh, please come in!\nThere were some deputies in the Community Center. The director called them:\n―Come here! There are folk poets here, come and listen to them!\nNecib Ali Bey, one of the ex-deputies said:\n―Well, these are poor men. Let’s take care of them. We have to have good clothes sewed for them. They can give a concert at the Community Center on Sunday!\n\nThey really bought us a pair of suits. That Sunday, we gave a concert at the Community Center of Ankara. After the concert, they gave us some money. We returned from Ankara to our village with that money.", "Upon the establishment of the Village Institutes, an initiative from Ahmet Kutsi Tecer, Âşık Veysel worked as a bağlama teacher in the Village Institutes of Arifiye, Hasanoğlan, Çifteler, Kastamonu, Yıldızeli and Akpınar. In these schools, many intellectuals who later scorned Turkey's culture were able to meet the artist and improve their poetic sensibilities.", "In 1965, the Turkish Grand National Assembly resolved upon allocating a monthly salary in 500 TL to Âşık Veysel in return for “his contribution to our native language and national solidarity.” On 21 March 1973 at 3:30 am, Veysel died of lung cancer in Sivrialan, the village he was born in, in a house that now serves as a museum.\nIn 2000, a compilation album of Âşık Veysel's songs named Âşık Veysel Klasikleri was released. In 2008, Joe Satriani's album Professor Satchafunkilus and the Musterion of Rock featured two songs called Âşık Veysel and Andalusia, which were dedicated to Âşık Veysel. In the same year, a remixed version of Âşık Veysel's song Uzun İnce Bir Yoldayım was featured as the main theme in a Turkish film series, Gece Gündüz.", "\"Uzun İnce Bir Yoldayım\", translated to English: \"I Walk On A Long And Narrow Road\" is one of Veysel's best known works and is still popular among fans of Turkish folk music.", "Anlatamam derdimi (5:24)\nArasam seni gül ilen (4:18)\nAtatürk'e ağıt (5:21)\nBeni hor görme (2:46)\nBeş günlük Dünya (3:58)\nBir kökte uzamış (4:55)\nBirlik destani (1:42)\nÇiçekler (3:05)\nCümle âlem senindir (6:44)\nDerdimi dökersem derin dereye (4:51)\nDost çevirmiş yüzünü benden (3:12)\nDost yolunda (4:43)\nDostlar beni hatırlasın (6:02)\nDün gece yar eşiğinde (4:28)\nDünya'ya gelmemde maksat (2:43)\nEsti bahar yeli (2:41)\nGel ey âşık (5:35)\nGonca gülün kokusuna (5:24)\nGönül sana nasihatim (6:40)\nGözyaşı armağan (3:32)\nGüzelliğin on para etmez (4:31)\nKahpe felek (2:58)\nKara toprak (9:25)\nKızılırmak seni seni (4:58)\nKüçük dünyam (5:17)\nMurat (5:13)\nNe ötersin dertli dertli (3:05)\nNecip (3:16)\nSazım (6:02)\nSeherin vaktinde (5:01)\nSekizinci ayın yirmi ikisi (4:43)\nSen varsın (4:01)\nŞu geniş Dünya'ya (7:27)\nUzun ince bir yoldayım (2:23)\nYaz gelsin (3:02)\nYıldız (Sivas ellerinde) (3:16)", "Turkish folk literature\nTurkish language\nAşık Veysel Meslek Yüksekokulu", "H, Coşkun (2021). \"The traces of Alevi and Bektashi culture in the folk songs of the Asik Veysel\". Türk Kültürü Ve Hacı Bektaş Velî Araştırma Dergisi = Turkish Culture & Haci Bektas Veli Research Quarterly. doi:10.34189/HBV.96.023. ISSN 1306-8253. S2CID 234510155.\nAlptekin, Ali Berat (5 December 2020). \"Turkish Literature Names Dictionary - Âşık Veysel\". Turkish Literature Names Dictionary. Retrieved 16 March 2021.", "Yıldırım, Nihal (2016). Türk Saz Şairleri Antolojisi. Istanbul: Etkileşim Yayınları. ISBN 978-605-162-434-1.\nSarı, Emre (4 August 2006). Ünlü Halk Ozanı Aşık Veysel. Nokta Ekitap.\nDönmez-Colin, Gönül (4 December 2013). The Routledge Dictionary of Turkish Cinema. p. 51. ISBN 9781317937265. ISBN 1317937260", "(in Turkish) Âşık Veysel's village\n(in English) A biography\n(in English) Âşık Veysel: Biography and Discography with Samples\n(in Turkish) Sivrialan village is Âşık Veysel's hometown\n(in Turkish) Âşık Veysel's poems" ]

[ "Âşık Veysel", "Biography", "Early life", "Veysel, the child bağlama player", "World War I and after", "1930s", "Teacher of the Village Institutes", "Later life and legacy", "Uzun İnce Bir Yoldayım (lyrics)", "Selected works", "See also", "References", "Sources", "External links" ]

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[ 9089, 9090, 9091, 9092, 9093, 9094, 9095, 9096, 9097, 9098, 9099, 9100, 9101, 9102, 9103, 9104, 9105, 9106, 9107, 9108, 9109, 9110, 9111, 9112, 9113, 9114, 9115, 9116, 9117, 9118 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Age_logo.png" ]

[ "âge (アージュ, Āju) is a division of Avex Pictures as of July 10, 2017, a Japanese developer and publisher of adult video games and visual novels. âge was formerly known as Relic and developed video games for consoles. It gained fame following the release of its 2001 adult visual novel Kimi ga Nozomu Eien. It was founded by Hirohiko Yoshida, Baka Prince Persia, Nanpuureima, Spin Drill, and Carnelian. âge games are published under the brands Âge, Mirage, and Φâge.\nIn 2011, âge created its own parent company \"ixtl\" as a rights management company for âge's content, particularly the Muv-Luv franchise. The company was jointly held by CEO Takashi Nakanishi, Nippon Cultural Broadcasting, and Good Smile Company. In 2017, Avex Pictures acquired ixtl (and thus âge), and later changed the company's name to \"aNCHOR\".", "", "Kimi ga Ita Kisetsu ~Primary~ (1997)\nKimi ga Ita Kisetsu (2011 remake)\nKaseki no Uta\nÂge Maniax\nKimi ga Nozomu Eien (2001)\nKimi ga Nozomu Eien ~Special Fan Disc~ (2004)\nMuv-Luv (2003)\nMuv-Luv Supplement (Fandisc, 2004)\nMuv-Luv Alternative (2006)\nMuv-Luv Altered Fable (Fandisc, 2007)\nMuv-Luv Alternative - Total Eclipse (2013)\nMuv-Luv Alternative Chronicles 01 (2010)\nMuv-Luv Unlimited The Day After Episode 00\nMuv-Luv Alternative Chronicles Chicken Divers\nMuv-Luv Alternative Chronicles Rain Dancers\nMuv-Luv Alternative Chronicles 02 (2011)\nMuvluv Unlimited The Day After Episode 01\nMuv-Luv Alternative Chronicles Adoration\nMuv-Luv Alternative Chronicles 03 (2012)\nMuv-Luv Unlimited The Day After Episode 02\nMuv-Luv Alternative Chronicles Resurrection\nMuv-Luv Alternative Chronicles 04 (2013)\nMuv-Luv Unlimited The Day After Episode 03\nMuv-Luv Alternative Chronicles War Ensemble\nMuv-Luv Alternative Chronicles Last Divers\nSchwarzesmarken\nSchwarzesmarken: Kouketsu no Monshou (2015)\nSchwarzesmarken: Junkyousha-tachi (2016)", "Akane Maniax\nCritical Moment! Daikūji\nKimiNozo Duelist\nÂge FC Collection Bundle-ban Banban\nAyu-Mayu Alternative\nHaruko Maniax", "Soko ni Umi ga Atte\nAnonymous", "Pikopiko: Koi Suru Kimochi no Nemuru Basho\nOwarinaki Natsu, Towa Naru Shirabe\nShapeshifter", "Rasen Kairō (published by Rúf)\nRasen Kairō 2 (published by Rúf)\nD: Sono Keshiki no Mukōgawa (published by PurePlatinum/Ocarina (K.T. Factory))\nSchool Days (sound production)\nSummer Days (Game engine - rUGP)", "\"BRIEF-Avex Group Holdings unit to acquire 90 PCT stake in ixtl\". Reuters. 2017-07-10.\n\"How Erotic Games Learned to Cry\". 2010-07-29.\n\"Avex Pictures Acquires Muv-Luv Game Maker Ixtl\". Anime News Network. Retrieved 13 October 2019.\n\"Muv-Luv Rights Holder Ixtl Changes Name to anchor\". Anime News Network. Retrieved 13 October 2019.", "Official website\nâge at The Visual Novel Database\naNCHOR website" ]

[ "Âge", "List of developed games", "âge", "âge FC titles", "Mirage titles", "Φâge titles", "Third party titles", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1487 ]

[ 9119, 9120, 9121 ]

[ "Ângela Vieira in 2016" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Angela_Vieira.jpg" ]

[ "Ângela Regina Vieira (born March 3, 1952) is a Brazilian stage and TV actress. She was also previously a ballet dancer.", "1979 - Chapeuzinho quase Vermelho -\n1980 - A História é uma História\n1981 - A História é uma História - Municipal de Niterói theatre\n1982 - A Nova Era (musical) - Papagaio Café Cabaré theatre\n1982 - O Parto da Búfala - Gláucio Gil theatre\n1984 - Encouraçado Botequim (musical)\n1985 - Um Beijo, um Abraço e um Aperto de Mão - Villa Lobos theatre\n1986 - O Peru - Ginástico theatre\n1987 - Camas Redondas, Casais Quadrados - texto: J. Chapman, direção: José Renato, teatros Ginástico e da Praia\n1989 - Tem um Psicanalista na nossa Cama\n1990 - Somente entre nós - Cassino Estoril theatre in Lisboa\n1991 - Ato Cultural - Cândido Mendes theatre\n1992 - Se Eu Fosse Você\n1993 - Se Eu Fosse Você\n1994 - Meus Prezados Canalhas\n1997/98 - Salve Amizade - texto e direção: Flávio Marinho, tournée pelo Brasil\n2004 - A Presença de Guedes", "1998 - João de todos os Sambas\n2002 - Divina Saudade\n2002 - Mania de Vocês", "2014 - Em Família - Branca\n2013 - Flor do Caribe - Lindaura\n2011 - Fina Estampa - Mirna Bello/Gisela\n2011 - Insensato Coração - Gisela\n2010 - Na Forma da Lei - Eunice\n2009 - Cinquentinha - Leila Fratelli\n2008 - A Favorita - Arlete\n2007 - Paraíso Tropical - Cleonice\n2006 - Cobras & Lagartos - Celina\n2005 - Carga Pesada (série)\n2004 - Senhora do Destino - Gisela\n2003 - Kubanacan - Perla Perón\n2002 - Coração de Estudante - Esmeralda\n2001 - Sai de Baixo (programa de humor)\n2001 - Brava Gente (série)\n2001 - Os Normais\t(série)\n2000 - Aquarela do Brasil - Velma (minissérie)\n1999 - Terra Nostra - Janete\n1998 - Meu Bem Querer - Ava Gardner Maria Ferreira de Souza\n1997 - Por Amor - Virgínia\n1996 - Anjo de Mim - Zelinda\n1996 - O Fim do Mundo - Margarida Socó\n1995 - A Idade da Loba - Irene (Rede Bandeirantes)\n1991 - O fantasma da ópera - Anabela Vasconcelos (minissérie - Rede Manchete)\n1990 - Araponga - Jurema\n1988 - Olho por Olho - Elisa (Rede Manchete)\n1987 - Corpo Santo - Mara (Rede Manchete)\n1981 - Viva o Gordo (elenco fixo) - programa de humor\n1986 - Qualificação Profissional (TV Educativa)\n1986 - Armação Ilimitada: episódio – Os Olhos de Zelda Scott\n1983 - Os Trapalhões (programa de humor)\n1983 - Quarta Nobre: episódio – Mandrake - Louise\n1982 - Parabéns pra Você - Marlene (minissérie)\n1982 - Mário Fofoca - Marjô (episódio – Espiões de Biquini)\n1979 - Chico Anysio Show (programa de humor)\n1978 - Planeta dos Homens (elenco fixo) - programa de humor\n1979 - Chico Anysio Show (programa de humor)\n1979 - TV Educativa (aulas de dança moderna)", "", "1985 - Astrofolias - texto: Ana Luiza Jobim, direção musical: Antônio Adolfo, direção: Lauro Góes, Teatro Villa Lobos e Teatro do Planetário da Gávea\n1985 - Zabadan - direção musical: Carlão, direção: Sérgio Carvalhal - Teatro América\n1988/93 - São Pedro - texto: Benjamim Santos, direção: Ginaldo de Souza - Urca, Posto Seis e Colônia do Cajú\n1989 - Cem Anos da República - texto: Benjamim Santos, direção musical: Roberto Nascimento, direção: Ginaldo de Souza - Arcos da Lapa", "Ângela Vieira at the IMDb" ]

[ "Ângela Vieira", "Theatre", "Music", "TV filmography", "Prêmios", "Choreography", "External links" ]

[ 1488 ]

[ 9122 ]

[ "Antônio in 2010" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Angelo-Antonio2010.jpg" ]

[ "Ângelo Antônio Carneiro Lopes (born 4 June 1964) is a Brazilian actor.", "", "", "", "\"Aos 50 anos, ator Ângelo Antônio afirma que deseja ser pai novamente - Entretenimento\".", "Ângelo Antônio at IMDb" ]

[ "Ângelo Antônio", "Selected filmography", "Film", "Television", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1489 ]

[ 9123 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/COSTA_LIMA%2C_%C3%82ngelo_Moreira_da.jpg" ]

[ "Ângelo Moreira da Costa Lima (1887–1964) was the foremost Brazilian entomologist of his time, and his still-consulted works continue to assure his place in the history of science as the \"Father\" of Brazilian entomology.", "Costa Lima, as he is called in Brazil, was born on June 29, 1887, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to Valeriano Moreira da Costa Lima and Rosa Delfina Brum de Lima.", "The legacy of Costa Lima rests on his many contributions to Brazilian entomology. His Terceiro Catálogo was for many years the most consulted work on Brazilian plant-insect associations. It has since been replaced by the Quarto Catálogo that was directly based on Costa Lima's earlier work.\nCosta Lima's Insetos do Brasil in eleven volumes is a valuable resource on Brazilian entomology and is regularly consulted even today.\nHonorary Fellow of the Association for Tropical Biology (and Conservation) 1963,", "d’Araújo e Silva, A. G., Gonçalves, C. R., Galvão, D. M., et al.. (1967–1968). Quarto catálogo dos insetos que vivem nas plantas do Brasil, seus parasitos e predadores. Rio de Janeiro.\nBloch, P. (1968). Vida e obra de Ângelo Moreira da Costa Lima . Rio de Janeiro: Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas.\nCosta Lima, A. M. (1936). Terceiro catálogo dos insetos que vivem nas plantas do Brasil. Seus parasitos e predadores. Rio de Janeiro: Diretoria de Estatistica da Produção. Ministerio da Agricultura.\nCosta Lima, A. M. (1938–1960). Insetos do Brasil, v. 1-11. Rio de Janeiro: Escola Nacional de Agronomia." ]

[ "Ângelo Moreira da Costa Lima", "Life", "Works", "References" ]

[ 1490 ]

[ 9124, 9125, 9126 ]

[ "Iron sculpture by Ângelo de Sousa at Boavista Avenue, Porto, with 14m in length by 8m high." ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Escultura_Angelo_de_Sousa_3_%28Porto%29.JPG" ]

[ "Ângelo César Cardoso de Sousa (2 February 1938 – 29 March 2011) was a Portuguese painter, sculptor, draftsman and professor, better known for continuously experimenting new techniques in his works. He was seen as a scholar of light and colour who explored minimalism in new radical ways.\nHe was born in Lourenço Marques (now Maputo) in 1938 and in 1955 he moved to Porto where he enrolled in the School of Fine Artes. It was there that he received his degree in painting with the highest mark, 20. His academic excellence led him, along with Armando Alves, Jorge Pinheiro and José Rodrigues, to become part of a group known as \"Os Quatro Vintes\" (Portuguese for \"The Four Twenties\").\nÂngelo de Sousa lived and worked in Porto, where he lectured in the School of Fine Arts (now the Faculty of Fine Arts of the University of Porto) from 1962 until 2000, when he retired as a Full Professor. Prior to teaching, de Sousa had his first solo exhibition in 1959 and since then his works have been shown worldwide.\nIn 1975 he received the International Prize of the 13th São Paulo Art Biennial and in 2007 the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation presented him with the Gulbenkian Prize.\nSome of his drawings illustrate books by Eugénio de Andrade, Maria Alzira Seixo, Mário Cláudio, Fiama Hasse Pais Brandão, amongst others.\nHe died in his home, at the age of 73, after battling with cancer for several months.", "The Portuguese grading system at highschool and university levels ranges from 0 (lowest grade) to 20 (highest grade)\n\"Morreu o pintor Ângelo de Sousa\". March 30, 2011.", "Perfil Ângelo de Sousa, Jornal de Notícias (in Portuguese)\nÂngelo de Sousa, Antigo Estudante da Escola Superior de Belas-Artes do Porto (in Portuguese)" ]

[ "Ângelo de Sousa", "Notes", "External links" ]

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[ 9127 ]

[ "", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Bras%C3%A3o_%C3%82ngulo.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Flag_map_of_Parana.png" ]

[ "Ângulo is a municipality in the state of Paraná in the Southern Region of Brazil.", "List of municipalities in Paraná", "IBGE 2020\n\"Divisão Territorial do Brasil\" (in Portuguese). Divisão Territorial do Brasil e Limites Territoriais, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). July 1, 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2009.\n\"Estimativas da população para 1º de julho de 2009\" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Estimativas de População, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). August 14, 2009. Retrieved December 17, 2009.\n\"Ranking decrescente do IDH-M dos municípios do Brasil\" (in Portuguese). Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano, Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento (PNUD). 2000. Retrieved December 17, 2009.\n\"Produto Interno Bruto dos Municípios 2002-2005\" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). December 19, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2009." ]

[ "Ângulo, Paraná", "See also", "References" ]

[ 1492 ]

[ 9128, 9129 ]

[ "Nam Cương ruled by Âu Việt people (Green) and Văn Lang ruled by Lạc Việt people (Yellow) on map. In 257 BCE, Nam Cương conquered Văn Lang and formed Âu Lạc", "", "Map of Cổ Loa" ]

[ 0, 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/B%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_V%C4%83n_Lang_%26_Nam_C%C6%B0%C6%A1ng.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/History_of_Vietnam.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Co_loa_Citadel.jpg" ]

[ "Âu Lạc (Hán tự: 甌貉/甌駱; pinyin: Ōu Luò; Wade–Giles: Wu¹-lo⁴ Middle Chinese (ZS): *ʔəu-*lɑk̚ < Old Chinese *ʔô-râk) was a supposed polity that covered parts of modern-day Guangxi and northern Vietnam. Founded in 257 BCE by a figure called Thục Phán (King An Dương), it was a merger of Nam Cương (Âu Việt) and Văn Lang (Lạc Việt) but succumbed to the state of Nanyue in 180 BCE, which, itself was finally conquered by the Han dynasty. Its capital was in Cổ Loa, present-day Hanoi, in the Red River Delta.", "", "According to folklore, prior to Chinese domination of northern and north-central Vietnam, the region was ruled by a series of kingdoms called Văn Lang with a hierarchical government, headed by Lạc Kings (Hùng Kings), who were served by Lạc hầu and Lạc tướng. In approximately 257 BCE, Văn Lang was purportedly annexed by the Âu Việt state of Nam Cương. These Âu Việt people inhabited the southern part of the Zuo River, the drainage basin of You River and the upstream areas of the Lô, Gâm, and Cầu Rivers, according to Vietnamese historian Đào Duy Anh. The leader of the Âu Việt, Thục Phán, overthrew the last Hùng kings, and unified the two kingdoms, establishing the Âu Lạc polity and proclaiming himself King An Dương (An Dương Vương). According to Taylor (1983): \nOur knowledge of the kingdom of Âu Lạc is a mixture of legend and history. King An Duong is the first figure in Vietnamese history documented by reliable historic sources, yet most of what we know about his reign survived in legendary form.", "Cổ Loa, the largest prehistoric moated urban settlement in Southeast Asia, was the first political hub of Vietnamese civilization in the pre-Sinitic era, encompassing 600 hectares (1,500 acres), and requiring as many as 2 million cubic meters of material. The construction might have begun as early as the fourth century BCE, while the middle phase of construction was between 300 and 100 BCE. The scale of Cổ Loa's rampart system, along with the complex forms of labor organization and labor expenses needed for its construction, demonstrated the polity's ability to produce enough surplus, mobilize resources, direct and ensure continued construction, as well as upkeep the citadel over time. This signaled a high degree of political centralization and a durable political authority that was highly \"consolidated, institutionalized, and concentrated\". Kim (2015) estimated that building such a large-scale project required between 3,171,300 and 5,285,500 person-days. It can provide \"physical, symbolic, and psychological protection\", showing off the polity's power and self-defense ability, thus deterring any potential threat.\nHistorical accounts claim, after purportedly taking power, Kinh An Dương ordered to construct a fortified settlement called Cổ Loa as his seat of power. It looked like a snail shell (its name, Cổ Loa 古螺, means \"old snail\": according to Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư, the citadel is shaped like a snail).\nThe events related to the construction of Cổ Loa are remembered in the legend of the golden turtle. According to this legend, when being built, the citadel saw all the work mysteriously undone by a group of spirits led by a thousand-year-old white chicken seeking to avenge the son of the previous King. In response to the King's plea, a giant golden turtle suddenly emerged from the water and protected the King until the citadel's completion. The turtle gave the King one of his claws before leaving and instructed him to make a crossbow using it as a trigger, assuring him he would be invincible with it. A man called Cao Lỗ (or Cao Thông) was tasked with creating that crossbow. It was then called \"Saintly Crossbow of the Supernaturally Luminous Golden Claw\" (靈光金爪神弩; SV: Linh Quang Kim Trảo Thần Nỏ); one shot could kill 300 men.", "In 204 BCE, in Panyu (now Guangzhou), Zhao Tuo established the kingdom of Nanyue. Taylor (1983) believed that when Nanyue and Âu Lạc co-existed, Âu Lạc temporarily acknowledged Nanyue to show their mutual anti-Han sentiment, and this did not imply that Nanyue exerted any real authority over Âu Lạc. Nanyue's influence over Âu Lạc waned after it normalized relations with the Han dynasty. The army Zhao Tuo had created to oppose the Han was now available to deploy against the Âu Lạc.\nThe details of the campaign were not authentically recorded. Zhao Tuo's early setbacks and eventual victory against King An Dương were mentioned in Records of the Outer Territory of Jiao Region (交州外域記) and Records of the Taikang Era of the Jin (晉太康記). Records of the Grand Historian mentioned neither King An Duong nor Zhao Tuo's military conquest of Âu Lạc only that after Empress Lü's death (180 BCE), Zhao Tuo used his troops to menace and his wealth to bribe the Minyue, the Western Ou, and the Luo into submission. However, the campaign inspired a legend about the transfer of the crossbow. According to the myth, ownership of the crossbow conferred political power: \"He who is able to hold this crossbow rules the realm; he who is not able to hold this crossbow will perish.\"\nUnsuccessful on the battlefield, Zhao Tuo asked for a truce and sent his son Zhong Shi to King An Dương's court. Zhong Shi and Mỵ Châu, King An Duong's daughter, fell in love and were married. Matrilocal society required the husband to live in his wife's residence, so the couple stayed at An Duong's court. Meanwhile, King An Duong mistreated Cao Lỗ, and he left.\nZhong Shi had Mỵ Châu showed him the crossbow, at which point he secretly changed its trigger, rendering it useless. He then asked to return to his father, who thereupon launched a fresh attack on Âu Lạc and this time defeated King An Dương. The turtle then told the King about his daughter's betrayal and killed his daughter for her treachery before going into the watery realm. It is possible that the magical crossbow may have been a type of new model army under Cao Thông's command that was influenced by the technologies and innovations from the Warring States.\nZhao Tuo then incorporated the regions into Nanyue but left the indigenous chiefs controlling the population. This was the first time the region formed part of a polity headed by a Chinese ruler. Zhao Tuo sent two officials to supervise the Âu Lạc lords, one in the Red River Delta, named Giao Chỉ, and one in the Mã and Cả River, named Cửu Chân. Their chief interest seemed to be trade; and their influence was limited outside one or two outposts. Local society remained unchanged.\nIn 111 BCE, the Han dynasty conquered Nanyue and ruled it for the next several hundred years. Just as under Nanyue, power was in the hands of local lords. \"Seals and ribbons\" were bestowed upon these local leaders as their status symbol, in return, they paid \"tribute to a suzerain\" but the Han officials considered this as \"taxes\". Indigenous ways of life and ruling class did not experience significant Sinitic impact into the first century C.E. It was not until the fourth decade of the first century C.E. that the Han imposed more direct rule and stepped up efforts at Sinicization. The Han fully consolidated their control, replacing the loose tribute system by a full Han administration and ruling the region directly as provinces. Before that, while \"some form of nominal northern hegemony was installed\", there was no evidence that any Chinese-style enterprise controlled the region during the second or first centuries BCE as certain historical accounts are relatively Sinocentric and misleading as to the nature of Proto-Vietnamese society before the \"real, later imposition of full Chinese power\".", "Based on evidence from the historical, ethnohistorical, and archaeological records, Kim (2015) believed that a \"highly centralized, overarching state-level society with enduring political institutions and structure\" between 300 and 100 BCE was responsible for the construction of the Cổ Loa settlement. Its size and the requisite workforce to construct it implied \"a strong military force and significant centralized, state-like control\". The number of bronze tools also suggested the existence of centralized production, social stratification, and material monopolization. That roof tiles can only be found at Cổ Loa also indicated that the site was the capital. Surrounding villages and communities seem to have paid taxes to the centralized polity.\nAncient Han Chinese had described the people of Âu Lạc as barbaric in need of civilizing, regarding them as lacking morals and modesty. Chinese chronicles maintain the native people in the Red River Delta were deficient in knowledge of agriculture, metallurgy, politics, and their civilization was a by-product of Chinese colonization. They denied in situ cultural evolution or social complexity, attributing any development to Sinicization, though they were aware of this \"stable, structured, productive, populous, and relatively sophisticated\" society they encountered.\nWomen enjoyed high status in Lạc society. Such a society is a matrilocal society, a societal system in which a married couple resides with or near the wife's parents. Thus, the female offspring of a mother remain living in (or near) the mother's house, forming large clan-families couples after marriage would often go to live with the wife's family. It has also been said that Proto-Vietnamese society was matrilineal. The status of Lạc lords transferred through the mother's lineage while women had inheritance rights. In addition, they also practiced levirate, meaning widows had a right to marry a male relative of her late husband, often his brother, to obtain heirs. This practice provided an heir for the mother, protecting widows' interests and reflecting female authority, although some patriarchal societies used it to keep wealth within the male family bloodline.", "There was a high population level in the region prior to the arrival of the Han dynasty. It is estimated that the population for Cổ Loa and the environs was thousands of people, and for the greater delta region the population was tens of thousands of people, if not hundreds of thousands. This is supported by the census of A.D. 2, according to which three prefectures of Giao Chỉ, Cửu Chân and Nhật Nam contained 981,755 people. Although some can be attributable to immigration from the north, Han immigration into northern Vietnam was not overwhelming during this time, and population levels were not affected until after the middle of the second century.\nLater Chinese officials called the local people Lạc (Lou) and Âu (Ou). The Lac people are generally believed to be Austroasiatic speakers. Taylor (2013) believed the lowland population mostly spoke Proto-Viet-Muong while those from the mountainous areas north and west of the Red River Delta spoke an ancient language similar to modern Khmu. French linguist Michel Ferlus in 2009 concludes that the Vietnamese are the \"most direct heirs\" of Đông Sơn culture (c. 7th BC to 1st AD), which was \"precisely located in the North of Vietnam\". Specifically, Ferlus (2009) showed that the inventions of pestle, oar and a pan to cook sticky rice, which is the main characteristic of the Đông Sơn culture, correspond to the creation of new lexicons for these inventions in Northern Vietic (Việt–Mường) and Central Vietic (Cuoi-Toum). The new vocabularies of these inventions were proven to be derivatives from original verbs rather than borrowed lexical items. On the other hand, the Âu possibly spoke a language related to the Tai-Kadai language family. Archaeological evidence reveals that during the pre-Dongson period, the Red River Delta was prominently Austroasiatic, such as genetic samples from the Mán Bạc burial site (dated 1,800 BCE) have close proximity to modern Austroasiatic speakers, and then during the Dongson period, genetic examples yield to a significant proportion of Tai stocks (known as Au, Li-Lao) possibly living along with Vietic speakers.", "The economy was characterized by agriculture with wet rice cultivation, draft animals, metal plowshares, axes and other tools, as well as irrigation complexes. The cultivation of irrigated rice may have started in the beginning of the second millennium BCE, evidenced by findings from palynological sequences, while metal tools were regularly used before any significant Sino-Vietic interaction. Chapuis (1995) also suggested the existence of line fishing and some specialization and division of labor.\nNorthern Vietnam was also a major hub of interregional access and exchange, connected to other area through an extensive extraregional trade network, since well before the first millennium BC, thanks to its strategic location, access to key interaction routes and resources, including proximity to major rivers or the coast and a high distribution of copper, tin, and lead ores. Kim (2015) believed its economic and commercial value, including its location and access to key waterways and exotic tropical goods, would have been main reasons the Chinese conquered the region, giving them unrestricted access to other parts of Southeast Asia.", "Đông Sơn culture\nHistory of Vietnam\nHồng Bàng dynasty\nLạc Việt\nÂu Việt\nNam Việt\nTriệu dynasty\nZhao Tuo\nPanyu District\nTrọng Thủy\nAn Dương Vương\nCổ Loa Citadel\nTây Vu Vương\nBaiyue", "Kelley (2013) suggested An Dương Vương was a real historical figure, but the information provided by written accounts is very brief, only mentioning his rise to power, not the name for his kingdom. Only in the fifteenth century did the name Âu Lạc first appear. Furthermore, while from archeological findings it is evident that there was a \"complex society\" at Cổ Loa by the third century BCE, Kim (2015) was hesitant to associate these remains with Âu Lạc, and resorted to the name \"Cổ Loa Polity\" as an alternative.\nThese texts no longer remain today, but excerpts from them are preserved in a 6th-century work, Commentary on the Water Classic\nSee also, for a different interpretation, Chang (2022, p. 50).\nDuring the mid-Holocene transgression, the sea level rose and immersed low-lying areas; geological data show the coastline was located near present-day Hanoi.", "", "ĐVSKTT (Peripheral Records/Volume 1:6a): \"王既併文郎國，改國號曰甌貉國。\"\n\"The King then annexed the Văn Lang nation, changed the nation's name to Âu Lạc nation.\"\nShiji (Volume 113): \"且南方卑濕，蠻夷中間，其東閩越千人眾號稱王，其西甌駱裸國亦稱王。\nWatson (1961, p. 242): \"Moreover, this region of the south is low and damp and inhabited only by barbarian tribes. To the east of me is the chief of Min-yüeh who, with no more than a thousand subjects, calls himself a king, while to the west are the lands of Western Ou and Lo-lo, whose rulers likewise call themselves kings.\"\nĐVSKTT (Peripheral Records/Volume 1:6a): \"王於是築城于越裳，廣千丈，盤旋如螺形，故號螺城。\"\n\"The King then built a citadel at Việt Thường, one-thousand-zhàng wide, whirling and swirling like the shape of a snail. Therefore, it was called Snail City (Loa Thành).\"\nĐVSKTT (Peripheral Records/Volume 1:6b-7b)\"\nĐVSKTT (Peripheral Records/Volume 1:6b-7b)\"\nBoth were quoted in SJZ (Volume 37): \"《交州外域記》曰：交趾昔未有郡縣之時，土地有雒田，其田從潮水上下，民墾食其田，因名爲雒民，設雒王、雒侯，主諸郡縣。縣多爲雒將，雒將銅印青綬。後蜀王子將兵三萬來討雒王、雒侯，服諸雒將，蜀王子因稱爲安陽王。後南越王尉佗舉衆攻安陽王，安陽王有神人名臯通，下輔佐，爲安陽王治神弩一張，一發殺三百人，南越王知不可戰，卻軍住武寧縣。按《晉太康記》，縣屬交趾。越遣太子名始，降服安陽王，稱臣事之。安陽王不知通神人，遇之無道，通便去，語王曰：能持此弩王天下，不能持此弩者亡天下。通去，安陽王有女名曰媚珠，見始端正，珠與始交通，始問珠，令取父弩視之，始見弩，便盜以鋸截弩訖，便逃歸報南越王。南越進兵攻之，安陽王發弩，弩折遂敗。安陽王下船逕出於海，今平道縣後王宮城見有故處。\"\nChang (2022, p. 49):\"During the time when the Jiaozhi area was yet to be a commandery, there were Lạc lands. These were tidelands by the seashores. People farmed the lands and were called the Lạc people. The Lạc kings and Lạc lords were installed to reign over the lands, and Lạc generals were granted with bronze seals. Later, Prince Shu led a troop of 30 thousand to conquer the Lạc king, the Lạc lords, and the Lạcgenerals. Prince Shu thus became King AnDương. Then, Zhao Tuo the Nanyue King came to attack King An Dương. A holy man named Gao Tong came down [from heaven and] assisted King An Dương. Cao Tong gave him a divine crossbow that could kill three hundred people with a single shot. It was clear to King Nanyue that [Jiaozhi was] unbeatable, so he ordered his troops to stay in Wuning, a county that according to the Records of Taiking from the Jin Dynasty [266–420 century CE] was part of Jiaozhi. He then sent his son Shi to serve [and spy on] King An Dương, who offended Gao Tong because he was unaware of the identity of his adviser. Gao Tong therefore left the king, and before he departed, he informed him that whoever owned the crossbow would control All‐Under‐Heaven; likewise, whoever lost it would lose All‐Under‐heaven. King An Dương had a daughter named Mị Châu. She saw that Shi was a good looking man, and she had an affair with him. Shi asked Châu about the crossbow, so she ordered the crossbow to be brought out for Shi to take a look. Shi stole the crossbow and had it saw, and after he destroyed the crossbow he fled to inform King Nanyue [about thecrossbow]. Nanyue troops hence marched [toward the Lạc lands]. King An Dương tried to use the crossbow to fight back, but it was already useless, so he was defeated.\"\nShiji (Volume 113): \"佗因此以兵威邊，財物賂遺閩越、西甌、駱，役屬焉，東西萬餘里。\"\nWatson (1961, p. 241):\"Chao T'o began once more to threaten the border with his forces. He sent gifts and bribes to the chiefs of Min-yüeh, Western Ou, and Lo-lo, persuading them to submit to his authority, until the region under his control extended over ten thousand li from east to west.\"\nĐVSKTT (Peripheral Records/Volume 1:10a)", "Kiernan 2019, p. 67.\nKelley 2013, p. 66-69.\nKim 2015, p. 289.\nKim 2015, p. 185, 273.\nSchuessler 2007, p. 372.\nSchuessler 2007, p. 506.\nĐào Duy Anh 2016, p. 32.\nHoàng 2007, p. 12.\nDutton, Werner & Whitmore 2012, p. 9.\nKim 2015, p. 18.\nNguyen 1980, p. 48.\nTaylor 2013, p. 16.\nKelley 2014, p. 88.\nKelley 2013, p. 66.\nĐào Duy Anh 2016, p. 31.\nTaylor 1983, p. 19.\nTaylor 2013, p. 14, 16.\nTaylor 1983, p. 20-21.\nKim 2015, p. 203.\nMiksic & Yian 2016, p. 111.\nMiksic & Yian 2016, p. 156.\nKim, Lai & Trinh 2010, p. 1013.\nHigham 1996, p. 122.\nHilgers 2016, p. 53.\nHigham 1996, p. 122; Kim, Lai & Trinh 2010, p. 1025; Kim 2015, p. 6, 144, 203, 205, 225, 228, 230, 232; Hilgers 2016, p. 53.\nKim 2015, p. 210.\nKim 2015, p. 198-199.\nTaylor 2013, p. 14.\nTessitore 1989, p. 36.\nTaylor 1983, p. 21.\nLockhart & Duiker 2006, p. 74.\nLoewe 1986, p. 128.\nTaylor 1983, p. 24.\nTaylor 1983, p. 25.\nKelley 2014, p. 89.\nTaylor 2013, p. 15.\nTaylor 2013, p. 16–17.\nKim 2015, p. 116.\nJamieson 1995, p. 8.\nBrindley 2015, p. 93.\nButtinger 1958, p. 92.\nKiernan 2019, p. 69.\nTaylor 2013, p. 17.\nTaylor 1983, p. 29.\nTaylor 2013, p. 16, 17.\nTaylor 1983, p. 28.\nĐào Duy Anh 2016, p. 42.\nHigham 1996, p. 109.\nTaylor 2013, p. 19-22.\nTaylor 1980, p. 141.\nKim 2015, p. 115.\nKim 2015, p. 149–150.\nHigham 1989, p. 202,290–291.\nO'Harrow 1979, p. 150.\nO'Harrow 1979, p. 146–148,150; Kim 2015, p. 150; Tessitore 1989, p. 37.\nKim 2015, p. 9,142,185, 281.\nKim, Lai & Trinh 2010, p. 1025.\nKim 2015, p. 155.\nKim 2015, p. 157.\nKiernan 2019, p. 71.\nKim 2015, p. 7.\nKim 2015, p. 147, 157; Kim, Lai & Trinh 2010, p. 1012; O'Harrow 1979, p. 143-144; Hilgers 2016, p. 50.\nO'Harrow 1979, p. 142.\nO'Harrow 1979, p. 159.\nTaylor 2013, p. 20.\nKiernan 2019, p. 51.\nDe Vos & Slote 1998, p. 91.\nKim 2015, p. 4.\nKim 2015, p. 214-215.\nTaylor 1983, p. 55.\nTaylor 2013, p. 18.\nTaylor 1983, p. 54.\nHolmgren 1980, p. 66.\nSchafer 1967, p. 14; O'Harrow 1979, p. 142; Paine 2013, p. 171.\nTaylor 2013, p. 19.\nFerlus 2009, p. 105.\nLipson et al. 2018.\nAlves 2019, p. 7.\nKim 2015, p. 15.\nChapuis 1995, p. 7.\nKim 2015, p. 12.\nKim 2015, p. 12, 115-116, 124, 126, 130, 147.\nCalo 2009, p. 59.\nKim 2015, p. 123, 147.", "", "Ngô Sĩ Liên, 蜀紀 [Thục Dynasty], 大越史記全書 [Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, Complete Annals of Đại Việt], Peripheral Records/Volume 1\nLi Daoyuan, 水经注 [Commentary on the Water Classic], Volume 37\nSima Qian, 南越列傳 [The Account of Southern Yue], 史記 [Records of the Grand Historian], Volume 113", "Alves, Mark (2019). Data from Multiple Disciplines Connecting Vietic with the Dong Son Culture. Contact Zones and Colonialism in Southeast Asia and China's South (~221 BCE - 1700 CE). doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.32110.05446.\nBrindley, Erica (2015). Ancient China and the Yue: Perceptions and Identities on the Southern Frontier, C.400 BCE-50 CE. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-110-70847-8-0.\nButtinger, Joseph (1958). The Smaller Dragon: A Political History of Vietnam. Praeger Publishers.\nCalo, Ambra (2009). The Distribution of Bronze Drums in Early Southeast Asia: Trade Routes and Cultural Spheres. Oxford: Archaeopress. ISBN 9781407303963.\nChang, Yufen (2022). \"Academic Dependency Theory and the Politics of Agency in Area Studies: The Case of Anglophone Vietnamese Studies from the 1960s to the 2010s\". Journal of Historical Sociology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 35 (1): 37–54. doi:10.1111/johs.12363. eISSN 1467-6443. ISSN 0952-1909.\nChapuis, Oscar (1995). A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-29622-7.\nDe Vos, George A.; Slote, Walter H., eds. (1998). Confucianism and the Family. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-791-43735-3.\nDutton, George; Werner, Jayne; Whitmore, John K., eds. (2012). Sources of Vietnamese Tradition. Introduction to Asian Civilizations. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13862-8.\nĐào Duy Anh (2016) [First published 1964]. Đất nước Việt Nam qua các đời: nghiên cứu địa lý học lịch sử Việt Nam (in Vietnamese). Nha Nam. ISBN 978-604-94-8700-2.\nĐào Duy Anh (2020) [First published 1958]. Lịch sử Việt Nam: Từ nguồn gốc đến cuối thế kỷ XIX (in Vietnamese). Hanoi Publishing House. ISBN 978-604-556-114-0.\nFerlus, Michael (2009). \"A Layer of Dongsonian Vocabulary in Vietnamese\". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 1: 95–108.\nHilgers, Lauren (2016). \"Vietnam's First City\". Archaeology. Archaeological Institute of America. 69 (4): 48–53. JSTOR 26348729 – via JSTOR.\nHoàng, Anh Tuấn (2007). Silk for Silver: Dutch-Vietnamese Rerlations ; 1637 – 1700. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-15601-2.\nHigham, Charles (1989). The archaeology of mainland Southeast Asia. Cambridge University Press.\nHigham, Charles (1996). The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56505-7.\nHolmgren, Jennifer (1980). Chinese Colonization of Northern Vietnam: Administrative Geography and Political Development in the Tonking Delta, First To Sixth Centuries A.D. Australian National University Press.\nKelley, Liam C. (2014). \"Constructing Local Narratives: Spirits, Dreams, and Prophecies in the Medieval Red River Delta\". In Anderson, James A.; Whitmore, John K. (eds.). China's Encounters on the South and Southwest: Reforging the Fiery Frontier Over Two Millennia. United States: Brills. pp. 78–106.\nKelley, Liam C. (2013). \"Tai Words and the Place of the Tai in the Vietnamese Past\". The Journal of the Siam Society. 101 – via ResearchGate.\nKiernan, Ben (2019). Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-190-05379-6.\nKim, Nam C.; Lai, Van Toi; Trinh, Hoang Hiep (2010). \"Co Loa: an investigation of Vietnam's ancient capital\". Antiquity. 84 (326): 1011–1027. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00067041. S2CID 162065918.\nKim, Nam C. (2015). The Origins of Ancient Vietnam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-199-98089-5.\nKim, Nam C. (2020). \"A Pathway to Emergent Social Complexity and State Power: A View from Southeast Asia\". In Bondarenko, Dmitri M.; Kowalewski, Stephen A.; Small, David B. (eds.). The Evolution of Social Institutions. World-Systems Evolution and Global Futures. World-Systems Evolution and Global Futures. Springer Publishing. pp. 225–253. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51437-2_10. ISBN 978-3-030-51436-5. S2CID 226486108.\nLeeming, David (2001). A Dictionary of Asian Mythology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512052-3.\nLi, Tana (2011). \"A Geopolitical Overview\". In Li, Tana; Anderson, James A. (eds.). The Tongking Gulf Through History. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 1–25.\nLi, Tana (2011). \"Jiaozhi (Giao Chỉ) in the Han Period Tongking Gulf\". In Li, Tana; Anderson, James A. (eds.). The Tongking Gulf Through History. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 39–53. ISBN 978-0-812-20502-2.\nLipson, Mark; Cheronet, Olivia; Mallick, Swapan; Rohland, Nadin; Oxenham, Marc; Pietrusewsky, Michael; Pryce, Thomas Oliver; Willis, Anna; Matsumura, Hirofumi; Buckley, Hallie; Domett, Kate; Hai, Nguyen Giang; Hiep, Trinh Hoang; Kyaw, Aung Aung; Win, Tin Tin; Pradier, Baptiste; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Candilio, Francesca; Changmai, Piya; Fernandes, Daniel; Ferry, Matthew; Gamarra, Beatriz; Harney, Eadaoin; Kampuansai, Jatupol; Kutanan, Wibhu; Michel, Megan; Novak, Mario; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Sirak, Kendra; Stewardson, Kristin; Zhang, Zhao; Flegontov, Pavel; Pinhasi, Ron; Reich, David (May 17, 2018). \"Ancient genomes document multiple waves of migration in Southeast Asian prehistory\". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). 361 (6397): 92–95. Bibcode:2018Sci...361...92L. bioRxiv 10.1101/278374. doi:10.1126/science.aat3188. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 6476732. PMID 29773666.\nLoewe, Michael (1986). \"The Former Han dynasty\". In Twitchett, Denis C.; Fairbank, John King (eds.). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 110–128.\nLockhart, Bruce; Duiker, William (2006). The A to Z of Vietnam. Lanham: Scarecrow Press.\nMiksic, John Norman; Yian, Go Geok (2016). Ancient Southeast Asia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-27903-7.\nNguyen, Ba Khoach (1980). \"Phung Nguyen\". Asian Perspectives. University of Hawai'i Press. 23 (1): 23–53. JSTOR 42929153.\nO'Harrow, Stephen (1979). \"From Co-loa to the Trung Sisters' Revolt: VIET-NAM AS THE CHINESE FOUND IT\". Asian Perspectives. 22 (2): 140–164. JSTOR 42928006 – via JSTOR.\nJamieson, Neil L (1995). Understanding Vietnam. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20157-6.\nPaine, Lincoln (2013). The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-96225-6.\nSchafer, Edward Hetzel (1967). The Vermilion Bird: T'ang Images of the South. Los Angeles: University of California Press.\nSchuessler, Axel. (2007). An Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese. University of Hawaii Press.\nTaylor, Keith (1980). \"An Evaluation of the Chinese Period in Vietnamese History\". The Journal of Asiatic Studies. 23 (1): 139–164.\nTaylor, Keith Weller (1983). The Birth of the Vietnam. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07417-0.\nTaylor, Keith Weller (2013). A History of the Vietnamese. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87586-8.\nTessitore, John (1989). \"View from the East Mountain: An Examination of the Relationship Between the Dong Son and Lake Tien Civilizations in the First Millennium BC\". Asian Perspectives. 28 (1): 31–44. JSTOR 42928187.\nWatson, Burton (1961). Records Of The Grand Historian Of China. Columbia University Press.\nWu, Chunming; Rolett, Barry Vladimir (2019). Prehistoric Maritime Cultures and Seafaring in East Asia. Springer Singapore. ISBN 978-981-329-256-7.\nYu, Ying-shih (1986). \"Han foreign relations\". In Twitchett, Denis C.; Fairbank, John King (eds.). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 377–463.", "Âu Lạc on Encyclopædia Britannica" ]

[ "Âu Lạc", "History", "Foundation", "Construction of Cổ Loa Citadel", "Collapse", "Government and society", "Demographics", "Economy", "See also", "Notes", "Citations", "Early", "Modern", "Bibliography", "Early", "Modern", "External links" ]

[ 1493 ]

[ 9130, 9131, 9132, 9133, 9134, 9135, 9136, 9137, 9138, 9139, 9140, 9141, 9142, 9143, 9144, 9145, 9146, 9147, 9148, 9149, 9150, 9151, 9152, 9153, 9154, 9155, 9156, 9157, 9158, 9159, 9160, 9161, 9162, 9163, 9164, 9165, 9166, 9167, 9168, 9169, 9170, 9171, 9172, 9173, 9174, 9175, 9176, 9177, 9178, 9179, 9180, 9181, 9182, 9183, 9184, 9185, 9186, 9187, 9188, 9189, 9190, 9191, 9192, 9193, 9194, 9195, 9196, 9197, 9198 ]

[ "Sign of Stäket, a residential area in Järfälla Municipality, Sweden.", "The sign at the bus station of the Finnish town Mynämäki, illustrating an artistic variation of the letter Ä." ]

[ 1, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/St%C3%A4ket_v%C3%A4gskylt_2014.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Mynamaki_bus_station_sign.jpg" ]

[ "Ä (lower case ä) is a character that represents either a letter from several extended Latin alphabets, or the letter A with an umlaut mark or diaeresis.", "", "The letter Ä occurs as an independent letter in the Finnish, Swedish, Skolt Sami, Karelian, Estonian, Luxembourgish, North Frisian, Saterlandic, Emiliano-Romagnolo, Rotuman, Slovak, Tatar, Gagauz, German, and Turkmen alphabets, where it represents a vowel sound. In Finnish, Turkmen and Tatar, this is always /æ/; in Swedish and Estonian, regional variation, as well as the letter's position in a word, allows for either [æ] or [ɛ]. In German and Slovak Ä stands for [ɛ] (or the archaic but correct [æ]). In the romanization of the Nanjing dialect, Ä stands for [ɛ].\nIn the Nordic countries, the vowel sound [æ] was originally written as \"Æ\" when Christianisation caused the former Vikings to start using the Latin alphabet around A.D. 1100. The letter Ä arose in German and later in Swedish from originally writing the E in AE on top of the A, which with time became simplified as two dots. In the Icelandic, Faroese, Danish and Norwegian alphabets, \"Æ\" is still used instead of Ä.\nFinnish adopted the Swedish alphabet during the 700 years that Finland was part of Sweden. Although the phenomenon of Germanic umlaut does not exist in Finnish, the phoneme /æ/ does. Estonian gained the letter through high and extensive exposure to German, with Low German throughout centuries of effective Baltic German rule, and to Swedish, during the 160 years of Estonia as a part of the Swedish Empire until 1721.\nThe letter is also used in some Romani alphabets.", "In Emilian-Romagnol ä is used to represent [æ], occurring in some Emilian dialects, e.g. Bolognese bän [bæŋ] \"well\" and żänt [zæŋt] \"people\".", "Under Kassym-Jomart Tokayev's suggestions to modify the Kazakh Latin alphabet, it will represent the IPA /æ/, and the Cyrillic Ә is to be replaced by this letter, the replacement letter was Á in the 2018 proposal.", "Ӓ is used in some alphabets invented in the 19th century which are based on the Cyrillic script. These include Mari, Altay and the Keräşen Tatar alphabet.", "A similar glyph, A with umlaut, appears in the German alphabet. It represents the umlauted form of a [aː] ([a] when short), resulting in [ɛː] (or [eː] for many speakers) in the case of the long [aː] and [ɛ] in the case of the short [a]. In German, it is called Ä (pronounced [ɛː]) or Umlaut-A. Referring to the glyph as A-Umlaut is an uncommon practice, and would be ambiguous, as that term also refers to Germanic a-mutation. The digraph ⟨äu⟩ is used for the fronting diphthong [ɔʏ] (otherwise spelled with ⟨eu⟩) when it acts as the umlauted form of the backing diphthong [aʊ] (spelled ⟨au⟩); compare Baum [ˈbaʊm] 'tree' with Bäume [ˈbɔʏmə] 'trees'. In German dictionaries, the letter is collated together with A, while in German phonebooks the letter is collated as AE. The letter also occurs in some languages which have adopted German names or spellings, but is not a part of these languages' alphabets. It has recently been introduced in revivalist Ulster-Scots writing.\nThe letter was originally an A with a lowercase e on top, which was later stylized to two dots.\nIn other languages that do not have the letter as part of the regular alphabet or in limited character sets such as US-ASCII, Ä is frequently replaced with the two-letter combination \"Ae\".", "In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ä represents an open central unrounded vowel (in distinction to an open front unrounded vowel).\nin the Rheinische Dokumenta, a phonetic alphabet for many West Central German, Low Rhenish, and a few related languages, \"ä\" represents the sound [ɛ].", "Historically A-diaeresis was written as an A with two dots above the letter. A-umlaut was written as an A with a small e written above (Aͤ aͤ): this minute e degenerated to two vertical bars in medieval handwriting\n(A̎ a̎). In most later handwritings these bars in turn nearly became dots.\nÆ, a highly similar ligature evolving from the same origin as Ä, evolved in the Icelandic, Danish and Norwegian alphabets. The Æ ligature was also common in Old English, but had largely disappeared in Middle English.\nIn modern typography there was insufficient space on typewriters and later computer keyboards to allow for both A-diaeresis (also representing Ä) and A-umlaut. Since they looked near-identical the two glyphs were combined, which was also done in computer character encodings such as ISO 8859-1. As a result, there was no way to differentiate between the different characters. Unicode theoretically provides a solution, but recommends it only for highly specialized applications.\nÄ is also used to represent the ə (the schwa sign) in situations where the glyph is unavailable, as used in the Tatar and Azeri languages. Turkmen started to use Ä officially instead of the schwa from 1993 onwards.", "", "Unicode FAQ Characters and Combining Marks – \"Unicode doesn't seem to distinguish between trema and umlaut, but I need to distinguish. What shall I do?\"", "The IstroRomanians in Croatia: Alphabet" ]

[ "Ä", "Usage", "Independent letter", "Emilian-Romagnol", "Kazakh", "Cyrillic", "Umlaut-A", "Phonetic alphabets", "Typography", "Computer encoding", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1494, 1495 ]

[ 9199, 9200, 9201, 9202, 9203, 9204, 9205, 9206, 9207, 9208, 9209, 9210 ]

[ "Äänekoski town hall and library", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 3, 3, 3, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/%C3%84%C3%A4nekoski_town_hall_and_library.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Porterveturi.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Aanekoski_rautatie_sellutehdas_maisema.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Keiteleen_kanava.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Auringonlasku_Keitele.jpg" ]

[ "Äänekoski ([ˈæːneˌkːoski]) is a town in Finland.\nIt is located in the Central Finland region. The town has a population of 18,304 (31 December 2021) and covers an area of 1,138.39 square kilometres (439.53 sq mi) of which 253.84 km² (98.01 sq mi)\nis water. The population density is 20.69 inhabitants per square kilometre (53.6/sq mi).\nNeighbouring municipalities are Kannonkoski, Konnevesi, Laukaa, Saarijärvi, Uurainen, Vesanto and Viitasaari.\nThe municipality is unilingually Finnish.\nThe municipality of Äänekosken maalaiskunta was consolidated to Äänekoski in 1969 and the municipality of Konginkangas in 1993. The municipalities of Sumiainen and Suolahti were consolidated to Äänekoski in 2007.", "There are altogether 170 lakes in Äänekoski. The biggest lakes are Keitele, Kuhnamo and Niinivesi.\nOne of the world's smallest rivers, the Kuokanjoki, is within the area.", "The following cities or municipalities are twinned with Äänekoski:\n Örnsköldsvik Municipality, Sweden\n Brande, Brande Municipality, Denmark\n Sigdal, Norway\n Alushta, Alushta municipality, Ukraine\n Borovichi, Novgorod Oblast, Russia (status unknown)\n Sestroretsk, Russia\n Niamey, Niger", "", "Aura cheese – a blue cheese produced in Äänekoski\nFinnish national road 69", "\"Area of Finnish Municipalities 1.1.2018\" (PDF). National Land Survey of Finland. Retrieved 30 January 2018.\n\"Preliminary population structure by area, 2021M01*-2021M12*\". StatFin (in Finnish). Statistics Finland. Retrieved 2 February 2022.\n\"Population according to language and the number of foreigners and land area km2 by area as of 31 December 2008\". Statistics Finland's PX-Web databases. Statistics Finland. Retrieved 29 March 2009.\n\"Population according to age (1-year) and sex by area and the regional division of each statistical reference year, 2003–2020\". StatFin. Statistics Finland. Retrieved 2 May 2021.\n\"List of municipal and parish tax rates in 2021\" (PDF). Tax Administration of Finland. 1 December 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2021.\n\"Population by municipality as of 31 December 2006\". Population Information System (in Finnish and Swedish). Population Register Center of Finland. Retrieved 2 May 2010.\n\"Äänekoski\". Järviwiki. Finland's Environmental Administration. 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2012.\n\"Sumiaisten kyläyhdistys\". sumiainen.fi. Retrieved 11 April 2022.\n\"Äänekosken kaupungin ystävyyskuntatoiminnan edistäminen\" (in Norwegian). City of Äänekoski. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2012.", "Media related to Äänekoski at Wikimedia Commons\nTown of Äänekoski – Official website, finnish" ]

[ "Äänekoski", "Nature", "Twin towns – sister cities", "Gallery", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1496, 1497, 1498, 1499 ]

[ 9211, 9212, 9213, 9214, 9215 ]

[ "Ääsmäe Manor", "" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/%C3%84%C3%A4sm%C3%A4e_m%C3%B5isa_peahoone2011.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Saue_vald_coatofarms.png" ]

[ "Ääsmäe is a settlement in Saue Parish, Harju County in northern Estonia.", "The manor in Ääsmäe traces its origins to 1574, when king John III of Sweden presented the estate as a gift to his secretary Johann Berends. The present building was built in the 1770s when the manor was under the ownership of the Baltic German family von Toll, possibly by designs made by architect Johann Schultz. It is a stylish early classicist ensemble with several preserved original details.", "Classification of Estonian administrative units and settlements 2014 (retrieved 27 July 2021)\n\"NGA GeoNames Database\". National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2008-07-09.\nSakk, Ivar (2004). Estonian Manors - A Travelogue. Tallinn: Sakk & Sakk OÜ. p. 47. ISBN 9949-10-117-4.", "Satellite map at Maplandia.com" ]

[ "Ääsmäe", "Ääsmäe Manor", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1500, 1501 ]

[ 9216, 9217 ]

[ "", "The minaret of Äcem Mosque" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Acem_Mosque.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Acem_manara.JPG" ]

[ "Äcem Mosque (Tatar Cyrillic and Latin respectively: Әҗем мәчете or Äcem mäçete, [æˈʑem]); (Russian: Ази́мовская мече́ть, Azimovskaya mechet) is a prominent cathedral mosque in Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia. It is located in the southern part of the Old Tatar Quarter, a historic district populated by Tatars, and is one of about a dozen historical mosques in the district.", "The construction of the mosque was sponsored by a wealthy Tatar merchant, Mortaza Äcimev, hence the name. The construction started in 1887 and was completed in 1890. The architect is unknown. The architectural style is national romance eclecticism. The mosque has a 51-meters height minaret near the door, two halls, it is one-storied. The interior is designed in the medieval Oriental traditions. In 1930 the mosque was closed done by the authorities. In 1990-1992 it underwent reconstruction of both facades and the interior. In 1992 it was returned to the believers.", "Islam in Tatarstan\nIslam in Russia\nList of mosques in Russia\nList of mosques in Europe", "", "Азимовская мечеть (in Russian). ИсламЦентр. Retrieved 25 January 2013.", "\"Әҗем мәчете/Äcem mäçete\". Tatar Encyclopaedia (in Tatar). Kazan: The Republic of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences. Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia. 2002.\nÄcem mosque on \"Russian mosques\"" ]

[ "Äcem Mosque", "History", "See also", "References", "Notes", "Sources" ]

[ 1502, 1503 ]

[ 9218, 9219 ]

[ "Ächerli Pass", "" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Aecherli.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Alps_location_map.png" ]

[ "Ächerli Pass (el. 1398 m.) is a high mountain pass between the cantons of Obwalden and Nidwalden.\nIt connects Kerns in the canton of Obwalden and Dallenwil in the canton of Nidwalden. The pass road has grades of up to 15 percent. From the road, peaks such as Pilatus, Rigi, Buochserhorn, Titlis, and Stanserhorn are visible.", "List of highest paved roads in Europe\nList of mountain passes\nList of the highest Swiss passes", "" ]

[ "Ächerli Pass", "See also", "References" ]

[ 1504 ]

[ 9220 ]

[ "Aerial photo over Ädelfors folkhögskola" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Flygfoto_%C3%B6ver_%C3%84delfors_folkh%C3%B6gskola.jpg" ]

[ "Ädelfors Folkhögskola (Ädelfors folk high school) is a Swedish folk high school which is specialized in teaching disabled people and people with special needs. The school is located in Holsbybrunn in Vetlanda. It offers courses in a variety of subjects, and its students come from all over the country.", "Ädelfors folk high school is run by the Workers organisation of southern Sweden; with about 300 students it is one of biggest high schools in Sweden. The school was built in 1957 in the town of Ädelfors in Vetlanda\n and was moved to the small village of Holsbybrunn in 1972.\nThe students live at the school during the week in dormitories, and often go home over the weekends. The dorms can accommodate about 100 students and include apartments adjusted for disabled people.", "Most courses at Ädelfors aim at training students for a tertiary education. These courses include the English language, natural sciences, and religion. The students studying journalism have practical experience with the local web-newspapers and reporting the school news and event using the school's radio and video equipment.\nThe art classes are accessible to persons with neuropsychiatric disabilities who would like to learn painting and sculpture. For those who wants to become a personal assistant, to which Swedish persons with severe handicaps are entitled as a right, there is a class. Ädelfors also has a variety of weekend-courses and summer courses such as \"Human rights in an open society\". A Russian-language course meets initially at the folkhögskola and then at the Russian city of Cheboksary.", "Katrinebergs folkhögskola\nSankta Birgittas folkhögskola\nSödra Vätterbygdens folkhögskola\nVårdinge by folkhögskola", "School's official site", "\"Ädelfors folkhögskola\". Retrieved 3 April 2011.\n\"Ädelfors: Om skolan\". Archived from the original on June 18, 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2011.\n\"Ädelfors: Ädelfors: Utbildning\". Archived from the original on March 2, 2009. Retrieved 3 April 2011.\n\"Ädelfors:Journalistlinjen\". Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2011.\n\"Ädelfors:Sommarkurser\". Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2011." ]

[ "Ädelfors folkhögskola", "Folk high school", "Studies", "See also", "External links", "References" ]

[ 1505 ]

[ 9221, 9222, 9223, 9224 ]

[ "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 3, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/%C3%84delost_2018.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/WFromage.png", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Fl%C3%A4skpannkaka.JPG" ]

[ "Ädelost (meaning \"noble cheese\") is blue cheese from Sweden, made from pasteurized cow's milk. Swedish-made cheese, which is called \"ädelost\" or \"ädel\", is generally made from cow's milk and can be said to be a Swedish version of the French blue cheese.", "Notable characteristics include a light cream color with evenly distributed blue-gray veins and a sharp, salty flavor. The cheese has a slightly moldy rind and typically comes in cylinders of 18 cm (7.1 in) in diameter by 10 cm (3.9 in) in height, with a finished weight of 2.5 kg (5.5 lb). Ädelost has a fat content of 50% and ripens in 2 to 3 months. It is often used as a table cheese.", "Harbutt, Juliet (2009). The World Cheese Book. New York, NY (USA): D K Publishing. p. 250. ISBN 978-0-7566-5442-9. Retrieved 18 August 2012.\nHeinrich Mair-Waldburg (1974), Handbuch der Käse: Käse der Welt von A-Z : eine Enzyklopädie, Volkswirtschaftlicher Verlag, p. 269\n\"Kvibille Ädel\". Archived from the original on 6 October 2008.\n\"Spisa.nu\". www.spisa.nu (in Swedish). Retrieved 2022-05-19.", "Dictionary of Food: International Food and Cooking Terms from A to Z - Charles Sinclair - Google Books" ]

[ "Ädelost", "Notable characteristics", "References", "Further reading" ]

[ 1506, 1507 ]

[ 9225, 9226, 9227 ]

[ "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Aegelsee_%28Zeiningen%29_1.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Reliefkarte_Aargau.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Switzerland_relief_location_map.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Alps_location_map.png" ]

[ "Ägelsee (or Egelsee) is a small lake in the municipality of Zeiningen, Canton of Aargau, Switzerland. The 7500 m² nature preserve is an amphibian spawning area of national importance.", "http://www.nvzeiningen.ch (in German)" ]

[ "Ägelsee", "External links" ]

[ 1508, 1509, 1510, 1511 ]

[ 9228 ]

[ "Ägerisee at Morgarten", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Lake_%C3%84geri_%28%C3%84gerisee%29_at_Morgarten.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Reliefkarte_Zug_blank.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Switzerland_relief_location_map.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Alps_location_map.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Aegerisee_Winter_Mostelberg.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Aegerisee.okt.2017.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Blick_Richtung_S%C3%BCden_auf_den_%C3%84gerisee_von_Ober%C3%A4geri%2C_Kanton_Zug%2C_Schweiz.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Wandern_am_%C3%84gerisee.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Morgarten_am_%C3%84gerisee_01.JPG" ]

[ "Ägerisee or Lake Aegeri is a glacial lake in the Canton of Zug, Switzerland. The two municipalities along its shore are Oberägeri and Unterägeri. The main tributary is the Hüribach; the Lorze river drains the Ägerisee. Since 1992 the lake has been used as a water reservoir.\nThe Battle of Morgarten took place in 1315 on the shores of the Ägerisee.", "", "List of lakes of Switzerland", "Media related to Lake Ägeri at Wikimedia Commons\nÄgerisee in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.\nWaterlevels at Unterägeri from the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment" ]

[ "Ägerisee", "Gallery", "See also", "External links" ]

[ 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516 ]

[ 9229 ]

[ "A Scanian äggakaka with fried pork, apples, and a bowl of lingonberries.", "Äggakaka served at a restaurant." ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/%C3%84ggakaka.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/%C3%84ggakaka_01.jpg" ]

[ "Äggakaka (English: Egg cake) is a traditional Scanian dish that is similar to kolbullen or oven pancake (ugnspankaka), that is served with fried slices of pork belly and lingon berries. It used to be made for farmworkers as it was easy to wrap up and eat out on the fields.", "When making äggakaka a batter similar to pancakes is prepared, but with more eggs and flour to make a creamier consistency. It is also common that grounded black pepper is added to the batter. For frying; either the fat left over from the pork mixed with butter is used, or just plain butter. When frying with just plain butter, the melted butter is later poured over the finished äggakaka as it contains a rich pork flavor.\nDuring cooking enough batter needs to be poured into the pan to create a thickness of at least 5 centimeters. To prevent burning of the äggakaka's underside the batter needs to be lifted continuously until it has a firm but creamy consistency.\nWhen the batter has almost solidified it is time to flip the cake. A big plate is put on the pan, which is then turned upside-down. More butter is added to the pan, and, when melted, the äggakaka is carefully returned into the pan by letting it slide off the plate, with the uncooked side downwards. When both sides are golden brown the äggakaka is finished.\nUnlike kolbullen, äggakaka is made with a generous amount of eggs, thereof the name, and is fried in lots of butter. Äggakaka also requires proper kitchen equipment. According to some recipes, the äggakaka needs to be baked in an oven, but then it becomes more similar to an oven pancake and loses its characteristic butter fried surface.", "Äggakaka is always served with fried smoked pork. The fried pork is sometimes sliced or diced into the batter before cooking the äggakaka. However, this causes the pork flavor to become weak. It is therefore more common to fry the pork separately, and then add it on top the finished äggakaka together with its melted fat.\nLingonberry jam is a common condiment to äggakaka. This is however a newer tradition as there is only a limited amount of lingonberries in the Scanian nature. A more common condiment in the older days used to be apple sauce or butter fried apple slices.", "\"Skånsk äggakaka\". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). 14 June 2005. Archived from the original on 27 June 2010. Retrieved 18 August 2019.\n\"Äggakaka\". Allt om Mat (in Swedish). 4 March 2008. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2019.\n\"How to make southern Sweden's farmers' egg cake\". The Local.se. 19 February 2016. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2019.\nMattsson, Henrik (26 November 2008). \"Äggakaka skånsk ugnspannkaka med fläsk och lingon\". Receptfavoriter (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 18 August 2019." ]

[ "Äggakaka", "Preparation", "Serving", "References" ]

[ 1517, 1518 ]

[ 9230, 9231, 9232, 9233, 9234, 9235 ]

[ "The 17th century Aegidienkirche and the Capuchin monastery in 1628.", "The 17th century Aegidienkirche, now deconsecrated and rebuilt." ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/%C3%84gidienkirche_Speyer_1628.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Gilgenstrasse_19_Speyer.jpg" ]

[ "The Ägidienkirche was a church in the German city of Speyer. Dedicated to saint Giles, it was founded around 1140 as part of a hospital complex by bishop Burchard on land owned by himself and his mother in what was then the city outskirts. In 1148, after his mother's death, he granted it to the Augustinian canonry at Hördt. It soon became one of Speyer's parish churches, with clergy supplied or appointed by the canonry. \nIts last Roman Catholic priest, Jost Neblich, was presented in 1565. The Protestant Frederick III, Elector Palatine took control of the canonry in 1566, forcibly expelled the canons from the Ägidienkirche and in spring 1572 installed its first Protestant pastor, Johann Willing. Leopold V's troops occupied Speyer during the Thirty Years War and he handed the church over to a new Capuchin foundation in the city on 1 May 1623. It was in such a poor state that they laid the foundation stone for a new hall church, designed by the Capuchin brother Peter of Cologne, completed in 1628 and costing Leopold 10,000 florins. The bishop of Speyer ordered that the new church's main altar retain the dedication to St Giles. New monastic buildings and hospitals were also built on the old site.\nThe Capuchins were expelled in 1650 following the Peace of Westphalia and a priest was even dragged from the altar during mass. The new church became a Protestant parish church, although the monastery was given back to the Capuchins in 1688 when the French took control of the areas during the Nine Years War, although it was damaged when the French burned the city the following year. Monks had returned by 1694 and the order's minister general visited early in 1766. It refused the Civil Constitution of the Clergy after the French occupied the city in the War of the First Coalition but returned to the monastery in 1796. The Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797 formally annexed Speyer to France and the following year the monastery was declared state property and the church made the city's main parish church, since it was planned to demolish the city's ruined cathedral. Instead the cathedral was saved and the monastery sold off in 1806, though the deconsecrated church (by then a tobacco store) was acquired by the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1807 for use as a customs warehouse. In 1979 it was turned into a community centre named the Ägidienhaus.", "Jakob Baumann: Geschichte der St. Ägidienkirche und des Kapuzinerkonventes in der freien Reichsstadt Speier, Speyer, 1918, Jägerscher Verlag" ]

[ "Ägidienkirche, Speyer", "Sources" ]

[ 1519, 1520 ]

[ 9236 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/%C3%84hij%C3%A4rv.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Estonia_relief_map_%282005-2017%29.png" ]

[ "Ähijärv is a lake of Estonia.", "List of lakes of Estonia" ]

[ "Ähijärv", "See also" ]

[ 1521, 1522 ]

[ 9237 ]

[ "Ähijärve village.Antsla Parish, Võru County" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/%C3%84hij%C3%A4rve_k%C3%BCla.jpg" ]

[ "Ähijärve is a settlement in Antsla Parish, Võru County in southeastern Estonia. As of 2011, its population was 30.", "Classification of Estonian administrative units and settlements 2014 (retrieved 28 July 2021)\n\"NGA GeoNames Database\". National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2008-07-09.\n\"PC003: POPULATION BY PLACE OF RESIDENCE (SETTLEMENT), SEX AND AGE, 31 DECEMBER 2011\". Statistics Estonia. Retrieved 28 Jun 2017.", "Satellite map at Maplandia.com" ]

[ "Ähijärve", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1523 ]

[ 9238 ]

[ "Ähäri Church was designed by architect Bertel Liljequist, and built in 1937." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/%C3%84ht%C3%A4rin_kirkko_2019.jpg" ]

[ "Ähtäri (Swedish: Etseri) is a town and municipality of Finland. It is located in the South Ostrobothnia region. The town has a population of 5,485 (31 December 2021) and covers an area of 910.87 square kilometres (351.69 sq mi) of which 105 km² (41 sq mi) is water. The population density is 6.81 inhabitants per square kilometre (17.6/sq mi). Ähtäri is located 83 kilometres (52 mi) southeast of Seinäjoki.\nThe municipality is unilingual Finnish.\nÄhtäri is known for its zoo and hotel Mesikämmen designed by Timo and Tuomo Suomalainen which is partly built within bedrock. The biggest lake in the area is Ähtärinjärvi. There is also a relatively old and small board mill called Vääräkosken Pahvi in Ähtäri.\nThe largest private sector employers are Inhan Tehtaat, Silver-Veneet, Tankki, and Muovilami.", "Anton Collin, cross country skier and road cyclist\nEero Hiironen, sculptor and painter\nKari Hirvonen, lead singer of Tango King\nAki Hintsa, sports physician and orthopedic surgeon\nToivo Korpela, preacher and speaker; fervent Laestadian and founder of the Korpela movement\nNiko Korsumäki, Snowcrossing World Championship bronze medalist\nEsa Latva-Äijö, actor\nVeikko Mattila, Member of Parliament\nMatti Pekkanen, engineer and politician\nEmanuel Pohjaväre, Member of Parliament\nMikko Savola, Member of Parliament\nTopi Sorsakoski, musician\nAntti Tammilehto, musician\nSeppo Tammilehto, musician\nEdvard Valpas-Hänninen, former chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Finland", "Noumena, melodic death metal band", "Finnish national road 58", "\"Area of Finnish Municipalities 1.1.2018\" (PDF). National Land Survey of Finland. Retrieved 30 January 2018.\n\"Preliminary population structure by area, 2021M01*-2021M12*\". StatFin (in Finnish). Statistics Finland. Retrieved 2 February 2022.\n\"Population according to language and the number of foreigners and land area km2 by area as of 31 December 2008\". Statistics Finland's PX-Web databases. Statistics Finland. Retrieved 29 March 2009.\n\"Population according to age (1-year) and sex by area and the regional division of each statistical reference year, 2003–2020\". StatFin. Statistics Finland. Retrieved 2 May 2021.\n\"List of municipal and parish tax rates in 2021\" (PDF). Tax Administration of Finland. 1 December 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2021.", "Media related to Ähtäri at Wikimedia Commons\nMunicipality of Ähtäri – Official website" ]

[ "Ähtäri", "Notable people", "Notable groups", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1524 ]

[ 9239, 9240, 9241 ]

[ "The Snowpanda House of Ähtäri Zoo, March 2018", "Giant panda in Ähtäri Zoo", "" ]

[ 0, 2, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/%C3%84ht%C3%A4ri_Zoo%2C_Finland_%2827239663488%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/%C3%84ht%C3%A4ri_Zoo%2C_Finland_%2827239579768%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" ]

[ "Ähtäri Zoo is a 60-hectare (150-acre) zoo in Ähtäri, Finland that was opened in 1973. It is the second largest zoo in Finland, and is a member of the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA).", "Köpi the moose was the first animal at the zoo. After several years, wolves and lynxes were added. However the zoo's most famous residents are probably the bears, Santeri and his mate Santra, who have lived at the zoo almost since its founding. In 2003 the Korkeasaari Zoo in Helsinki gifted snow leopards to Ähtäri Zoo for their 30th anniversary. By 2006 there were 65 animals, mostly from the coniferous zone. In 2018, two giant pandas have arrived from China.\nSince its establishment, one goal of the Ähtäri Zoo has been to create natural living conditions for the animals. The 60-hectare (150-acre) area, in which the terrain and vegetation vary widely, has provided excellent opportunities to implement EAZAs basic ideas about how to treat animals in captivity. In addition, the zoo tries to increase knowledge of species and nature, and to share educational information with the public.", "Animals at the zoo include snow leopards, wolves, bears, wolverines, lynx, foxes, otters, beavers, European bison, wild boar, roe deer, fallow deer, reindeer, white-tailed deer, snowy owls, eagle owls, and waterfowl.", "\"Ähtäri Zoo\". ahtarinelainpuisto.fi. Ähtäri Zoo. Retrieved 6 February 2011.\n\"EAZA Member Zoos & Aquariums\". eaza.net. EAZA. Retrieved 6 February 2011.\n\"Ähtäri Zoo Map\". ahtarinelainpuisto.fi. Ähtäri Zoo. Retrieved 6 February 2011.", "Media related to Ähtäri Zoo at Wikimedia Commons\nOfficial website" ]

[ "Ähtäri Zoo", "History", "Animals", "References", "External links" ]

[ 1525, 1526 ]

[ 9242, 9243, 9244, 9245 ]