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2742 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igihinyage | Igihinyage | Igihinyage (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Cercopithecus hamlyni): Iyi nguge ihunga abantu ntipfa kuboneka. Iboneka muri Kongo yo haagti, mu burasirazuba bwo muri Repubulika Iharanira demokarasi ya Congo, u Rwanda n’Uburundi.
Inyamabere |
2743 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkima | Inkima | Inkima (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Cercopithecus mitis doggetti & kandti)
N’ubwo ziboneka mu matsinda hamwe zitwa kandi Monas, zimwe ziboneka ziri kumwe n’izindi nk’Inkomo, Inyenzi cyangwa Ibishabaga.
Inyamabere |
2746 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyenzi | Inyenzi | Inyenzi (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini ?) : Izi nguge zibera mu biti ziboneka mu bice by’Uwinka.
Inyamabere |
2747 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impundu | Impundu | Impundu (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Pan troglodytes schweinfurtii )
Niyo nguge nini iba muri Nyungwe. Habonekamo izigera kuri 500, Umugide (cyangwa uyobora ba mukerarugendo), ashobora kugufasha kuzimenya n’ibiziranga.
Inyamabere |
2751 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuko | Umuko | Umuko cyangwa Umurinzi (izina mu kilatini Erythrina abyssinica ) ni ikimera.
Iki giti ngo kimaze imyaka myinshi cyane muri Pariki ya Nyungwe, ndetse kandi gikungahaye ku buvuzi butangaje kuko kibasha kuvura indwara zitandukanye zirimo; Imitezi, Ubushye, Kuribwa mu ngingo, Ibikomere, Ibisebe, Mburugu n’Uburwayi bwo mu ngingo.
Notes
Ibimera |
2753 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuturirwa | Umuturirwa | Umuturirwa (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Zanthoxylum gilletti, Fagara macrophylla)
Iki giti mureba hano nacyo kiboneka muri iyi Pariki ya Nyungwe gikungahaye mu kuvura indwara zitandukanye zirimo; Ibicurane, Maraliya, Igituntu, Ibibyimba, n’Uburwayi bw’amenyo.
Notes
Ibimera |
2756 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isununu | Isununu | Isununu (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Crassocephalum vitellium ) ni ikimera.
Nkurikije uko nabonye iki giti n’ukuntu nabonye gikungahaye ku buvuzi cyane cyane mu bibazo bikunze gusenya ingo, reka nsabe abagabo batandukanye bazanyarukire yo maze bihere ijisho wenda hari icyo byabamarira. Iki giti ngo kivura cyangwa kigabanya umuvuduko w’amaraso mu mubiri, ariko cyane cyane ngo mu kuvura ubugumba bw’abagabo kirebaho, mbese ngo iyo umugabo agikoresheje yari ingumba; Ikibazo cye gisigara ari amateka.
Notes
Hari kandi n`isununu z`uburwayi umuntu arwara nko kuntoki ku isura,kubirenge n`ahandi hose k`umubiri.
Ibimera |
2758 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umugote | Umugote | Umugote (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini : Syzygium guineese)
Iki giti nacyo ngo ni ubukombe muri Parike itagira uko isa ya Nyungwe, kivura indwara ebyiri arizo Amibe ndetse n’amarozi.
Notes
Ibimera |
2760 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umusengesi | Umusengesi | Umusengesi (izina mu kilatini Myrcia sphaerocarpa , Myrcia salicifolia )
Umusengesi nacyo ni ikindi giti gifite akamaro kigaragara muri Pariki ya Nyungwe, iki giti kandi kivura amarozi yo mu bwoko butandukanye, kandi ngo kuri ba bandi igifu cyabujije amahwemo babonye umuti wacyo hehe no kongera ku kirwara.
Notes
Ibimera |
2763 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umwumba | Umwumba | Umwumba (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Prunus africana ) ni igiti n’urubuto.
Iki giti ni umwe mu miti ikomeye cyane ihagaragara muri iyi Pariki kuko kivura indwara zitandukanye zirimo Umuriro, Igifu, Kanseri ya Prostate, Inkorora ndetse na Diyabete.
Notes
Ibimera |
2765 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imvuvumu | Imvuvumu | Imvuvumu (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini : Ficus natalensis )
Umuti ukomoka kuri iki giti ni ingenzi cyane kuko ngo uwawunyoye atandukana n’indwara zimwe na zimwe zigize akaraha kajyahe zirimo Ibicurane, Inkorora, Ibisebe ndetse kandi ngo kuri ba bantu banyara ku buriri kuva bafite ukwezi kumwe kugeza ku myaka isaga mirongo itatu, iyo banyweye ku muti ugikomokaho biba birangiye, hehe no kongera kunyara ku buriri.
Notes
Ibimera |
2769 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotusi%20y%E2%80%99ubuhinde | Lotusi y’ubuhinde | Lotusi y’ubuhinde (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Citrus reticulata) ni igiti cyiza kiba mu mazi, kikagira amababi y’icyatsi areremba hejuru y’amazi. Indabo z’ikigina ziboneka ku nti nazo ziri hejuru y’amazi.
Ururabo rwa Lotusi y’ubuhinde rufatwa nk’ikintu gitagatifu n’abanyedini rya Buda mu misengere yabo. Igiti cyose kiribwa n’abantu, bigatuma kenshi intete n’imizi (inguli) zakoreshejwe mu mitekere yak era muri aziya y’amajyepfo y’uburasirazuba. Lotusi y’ubuhinde ni igiti cyahingwa ahantu hose kimwe no guhinga lili y’amazi ihumura. Ntibikomeye gutera iki gihingwa mu bihe byacu, ugomba gusa kumenya uko ubikora.
Notes
Ibimera |
2772 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amahwa%20ya%20Kasi | Amahwa ya Kasi | Amahwa ya Kasi (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Pinus kesiya ) ni igiti gikura vuba cyo muri Aziya, kitajya kiboneka hanze y’aho gihinze. Ibiti bigira uburebure buri hagati ya metero 30 na 35 n’igihimba gishobora kugera kuri metero 1 y’umubyimba. Buri shami rigira amahwa atatu, rimwe rimwe rifite hafi ya santimetero 15 na 20 z’uburebure. Imbuto z’ibi biti (mu ishusho ry’umutemeri) zigira uburebure buri hagati ya santimetero 5 kugera ku 9 noneho intete zikagira hagati ya santimetero 1,5 kugera kuri 2,5.
Inkomoko y’amahwa ya Kasi ni mu karere ka Himalaya: uhereye mu majyaruguru y’uburasirazuba bw’ubuhinde (muri iki gihe hakurwa imbaho gusa mu misozi ya Kasi na naga, muri leta ya Megalayi na Manipuru), mu Bushinwa (Mu ntara ya Yunani), Buruma (Miyanimari), amajyaruguru ya Tayilani, Lawosi, Viyetinamu (Layi Cawu, Langi soni, Cawo Bangi, Kuwangi Ninihi) no muri Filipine (Luzoni). Amahwa yo muri Filipine aboneka mu bwoko bwa Pinus insularis. Mu Bushinwa haboneka ubundi bwoko bwitwa amahwa ya Yunani (Pinus yunanensis).
Notes
Ibimera |
2774 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umwembe%20wa%20Kalimantana | Umwembe wa Kalimantana | Umwembe wa Kalimantana (izina mu kilatini Mangifera casturi) cyangwa uzwi aho ukomoka ku izina rya Kasturi ni igiti cy’imbuto kiboneka mu karere gashyuha kandi gahehereye kigira hagati ya metero 10 na 30 z’uburebure kikaba ari karande muturere dukeya cyane twegereye Banjarimasini ho mu Majyepfo ya Indoneziya. Kuri ubu zigenda zicika mubiti byishyamba bitewe no gutemwa kw’ibiti kutubahirije amatregeko. Nyamara kiracyaterwa kenshi muri iki gice, kubera impumuro nziza y’imbuto zacyo.
Notes
Ibimera |
2776 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingagi | Ingagi | Ingagi (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Gorilla)
Kwiga iby’inguge ni ugusesengura ubuzima bw’inguge. Iri ni ishami ry’ibinyabuzima rikaba rifitanye isano rya bugufi n’ibijyanye no kwiga imiterere y’ikiremwa-muntu. Ubu ni ubumenyi bw’inguge ku muntu w’iki gihe (genus Homo) cyane cyane umuntu wo mu gihe tugezemo (Homo sapiens). Ubwo bumenyi bubumbira hamwe kwiga ibisamuntu, birimo abakurambere ba muntu hamwe n’ubundi bwoko bw’inguge zo muri Afurika. Ubumenyi bwo kwiga inguge bugezweho ni ubuhanga buhambaye. Ubwo bumenyi buhera ku kwiga imiterere y’abakurambere b’inguge hamwe, aho zikunze kwibera, ibijyanye n’imitekerereze yazo n’imivugire yazo. Ibi byafashije cyane mu kurushaho ku kumenya ibanze ry’imyifatire y’umuntu n’ibijyanye n’iyo myifatire ku bakurambere ba muntu.
Amoko menshi y’ inguge hari byinshi ahuriyeho n’ abantu ariko ingagi zo ni akarusho! Ibirenge n’intoki byazo biteye nk’iby'abantu kurusha ubundi bwoko bwose bw’inguge ; ingagi zimara igihe kinini ku butaka kurusha izindi nguge zose, niyo mpamvu ibirenge byazo bishobora kugenda nta kibazo. Ibi ubibonera cyane ku ngagi zo mu birunga.
Abaturage
Umubare munini w’izo ngagi uba mu gace k’Afurika yo hagati mu karere k’ibirunga byo mu Rwanda, Repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya Kongo na Uganda. Abayobozi b’ibi bihugu bafatanije n’imiryango iharanira gusigasira urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima bakaba barakoze ibarura ryasanze muri 2011 hazaba hari ingagi zigera kuri 480 mu gihe muri 2003 zanganaga na 380. Iyi mibare ikaba ituma ku isi yose ubu habarirwa ingagi zigera kuri 786. Uyu mubare nk’uko ubuyobozi bw’i’bihugu bibamo ingagi bubivuga ukaba wariyongereye bitewe n’ingamba zafashwe zo kurwanya abahiga inyamaswa. Ibi bikiyongera no ku kurwanya itwika ry’amashyamba.
Amoko
Ingagi zo mu birunga cyangwa Ingagi zo mu misozi (Gorilla beringei): Zigera kuri cumi n’ebyiri ndetse n’izindi nyamaswa, izo ngagi n’inyamaswa zari mu ishyamba ry’ibirunga zahunze umuriro wari umaze igihe uri gukongeza inkengero z’ishyamba z’ibirunga ku ruhande rw’u Rwanda ndetse na Uganda, izo ngagi rero ngo zahisemo kugana ku ruhande rwa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo kuko ariho zari zizeye umutekano kuko ho nta muriro wahageraga.
Ingagi zo mu burengerazuba (Gorilla gorilla)
Notes
Imiyoboro
Ingagi zo mu karere k’Ibirunga ziyongereyeho 26,3%
Rwanda : Urupfu rwa TITUS Umwami w’Ingagi muri Parike y’Ibirunga
Igihombo gikomeye: Urupfu rw’ingagi eshanu mu Rwanda mu gihe cy’amezi icyenda
Inyamabere |
2778 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariki%20y%E2%80%99Igihugu%20y%E2%80%99Ibirunga | Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga |
Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga
Pariki y’Ibirunga, Pariki y’Ibirunga y’u Rwanda, Pariki Nasiyonali y’Ibirunga. Pariki iri mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'u Rwanda. Iyi Pariki ni nayo ibonekamo Ingagi zo mu misozi (cyangwa zo mu birunga). Yemejwe bwa mbere mu mwaka wa 1925. Muri icyo gihe yari agace gato hagati y’ibirunga bya Kalisimbi, Bisoke na Mikeno. Niyo pariki nkuru y’igihugu yashinzwe bwa mbere muri Afurika.
Amateka
Mu mwaka wa 1929 iyo pariki yongerewe ubunini kuko yahise ifata ubutaka bw’ U Rwanda ndetse na Congo Mbiligi ariyo Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo uyu munsi. Icyo gihe iyi pariki yahise igira ubuso bungana na 8090 km² , ibyo byakozwe mu rwego rwo kuyihinduramo Parc Albert yacungwaga n’abakoloni b’Ababiligi dore ko ari nabo bakoronizaga ibyo bihugu byombi.
Nyuma y’uko Congo ibonye ubwingenge mu 1960 ndetse n’U Rwanda mu 1962, Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga yahise icikamo ibice bibiri, buri gihugu kigira agace gicunga, ku ruhande rw’U Rwanda iyo pariki yahise itangira kugabanuka ubunini kuko abaturage batangiye kuyisatira bashaka aho gutura no guhinga.
Ubushakashatsi
Mu mwaka wa 1967 iyi pariki yabaye intangiriro y’ubushakashatsi ku ngagi bw’ Umunyamerikakazi wabaye ikirangirire mu bushakashatsi bw’ibidukikije, Diana Fossey. Akigera muri Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga yahise atangiza ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi yise Karisoke Research Centre, hagati ya Karisimbi na Bisoke. Guhera ubwo, igihe cye kinini yagifataga muri pariki, kandi akeshwa kuba yarahesheje agaciro ingagi zo mu Rwanda, asaba ko zitabwaho ku rwego mpuzamahanga.
Diana Fossey yiciwe mu rugo iwe mu mwaka w’1985, azize abashimusi batazwi yari amaze igihe akumira, ahambwa muri pariki y’Ibirunga hafi y’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi yari yarashinze.
Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga yaje kubamo umutekano mucye ubwo intambara yatangiraga hagati y’abahoze ari ingabo z’U Rwanda n’ingabo za FPR- Inkotanyi, ku buryo mu mwaka wa 1992 hagabwe igitero ku cyicaro gikuru cy’iyo pariki biza gutuma ibikorwa bya ba mukerarugendo ndetse n’ubushakashatsi bwakorerwaga muri iyo parike bihagarara. Ibikorwa by’umutekano mucye byarakomeje bitewe n’abahoze mu ngabo zatsinzwe bacengeraga baturutse muri Congo ihana imbibe n’U Rwanda mu majyaruguru. Ibyo bikorwa by’ubugizi bwa nabi byahagaze mu 1999 bihoshejwe burundu n’ingabo z’igihugu cy’U Rwanda.
Ibinyabuzima
Iyi pariki irimo urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima nk’ibimera ndetse n’inyamaswa. Ibimera bigenda bitandukana bitewe n’ubutumburuke. Hari ishyamba ry’imisozi migufi (igice cyaryo kinini cyarahinzwe). Hagati ya metero 2400 na 2500 z’ubutumburuke, hari ishyamba ryo mu bwoko bwa Neoboutonia, naho ku butumburuke bwa metero 2500 kugeza kuri 3200 hari ishyamba ry’urugano rwo mu bwoko bwa Arundinaria alpine, riri ku buso bubarirwa kuri 30% bya pariki yose.
Ubuso
Ku butumburuke bwa metero 2600 kugera kuri 3600, ahanini ku bice by’imisozi bikonja byo mu majyepfo y’uburasirazuba, hari ishyamba ryo mu bwoko bwa Hagenia-Hypericum, ribarirwa kuri 30% bya pariki yose. Iri shyamba ni rimwe mu mashyamba manini muri Afurika rifite ibiti byo mu bwoko bwa Hagenia abyssinica.
Ibimera byo ku butumburuke bubarirwa hagati ya metero 3500 na 4200, rigaragaramo cyane ibiti byo mu bwoko bwa Lobelia wollastonii, L. lanurensis na Senecio erici-rosenii, rikaba ribarirwa ku bugari bwa 25% bya pariki yose. Kuva kuri metero 4300 kugeza kuri 4200 z’ubutumburuke, ibyatsi ni byo bihagaragara.
Hagaragara kandi igisambu cy’ibyatsi binini ndetse n’icy’ibito, ishyamba risanzwe n’ibiyaga bito, ariko ibi byose bibarirwa ku buso buto.
Ubukerarugendo
Mu rwego rw’ isi, iyi pariki izwi cyane ku ngagi zo mu misozi (Gorilla beringei). ari nazo zituma isurwa cyane kurwego rushimishije ikinjiza n' amadevize menshi, Izindi nyamaswa z’inyamabere zigaragara muri iyi pariki ni: Inguge zo mu bwoko bwa inkima (Cercopithecus mitis kandti); inzovu (Loxodonta africana); impyisi z’amabara zo mu bwoko bwa Crocuta na impongo (Tragelaphus scriptus). Iyi pariki kandi irimo inzovu n’ubwo ari nke. Harimo amoko 178 y’inyoni, byibura 13 muri yo na 16 y’ibisanira byayo akaba ari yo aboneka cyane mu birunga no mu misozi ya Rwenzori.
Imibare
Muri Pariki Nasiyonali y’Ibirunga usangamo 245 y’ibimera harimo amoko 13 ya zirinzwe mu rwego mpuzamahanga, 115 y’inyamaswa zonsa harimo Ingagi zo mu misozi zirenze 650, amoko 187 y’inyoni, amoko 27 y’ibikururanda n’imitubu, n’amoko 33 y’udukoko.
Reba imiyoboro
Pariki Nasiyonali
Ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda |
2890 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igazeti%20ya%20Leta%20ya%20Repubulika%20y%E2%80%99u%20Rwanda | Igazeti ya Leta ya Repubulika y’u Rwanda | Igazeti ya Leta ya Repubulika y’u Rwanda (izina mu cyongereza Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda ; izina mu gifaransa Journal Officiel de la République du Rwanda)
Igazeti ya Leta ya Repubulika y’u Rwanda isohoka buri wa mbere w’icyumweru.
Ifatabuguzi
Amafaranga y’ifatabuguzi ry’umwaka wose, ayo kugura inomero imwe n’ayo kwandikishamo inyandiko arihirwa mu Kigo cy’Igihugu cy’Imisoro n’Amahoro (RRA); uwishyuye yerekana urupapuro yishyuriyeho kugira ngo serivisi ishinzwe Igazeti ya Leta imukorere icyo yishyuriye. Ifatabuguzi ry’umwaka wose rirangirana n’umwaka wishyuriwe kandi kwishyura bigakorwa mbere y’ukwezi kwa Mutarama k’umwaka ufatirwa ifatabuguzi. Abishyura batinze barakirwa bagahabwa numero zasohotse batarafata ubuguzi, iyo zihari, zaba zarashize ntibagire icyo babaza.
Igazeti
Ibinyamakuru mu Rwanda |
2892 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icyumweru | Icyumweru | icyumweru (izina mu Cyongereza week ; izina mu Gifaransa semaine )
Iminsi y'imibyizi
Ku wa mbere
Ku wa Kabiri
Ku wa gatatu
Ku wa kane
Ku wa gatanu
Ku wa gatandatu
Ku cyumweru
Icyumweru
Iminsi y'imibyizi |
2893 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iminsi%20y%27imibyizi | Iminsi y'imibyizi | Iminsi y'imibyizi cyangwa Iminsi y'icyumweru
Ku wa mbere
Ku wa Kabiri
Ku wa gatatu
Ku wa kane
Ku wa gatanu
Ku wa gatandatu
Ku cyumweru |
2898 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%20wa%20mbere | Ku wa mbere | Ku wa mbere (izina mu cyongereza : Monday ; izina mu gifaransa : Lundi )
ni umunsi wa mbere ugize icyumweru kuri karindari.
Iminsi y'imibyizi |
2899 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%20wa%20Kabiri | Ku wa Kabiri | Ku wa Kabiri (izina mu Cyongereza 'Tuesday ; izina mu Gifaransa Mardi )
ni umunsi wa kabiri utangira icyumweru.
Iminsi y'imibyizi |
2900 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%20wa%20gatatu | Ku wa gatatu | Ku wa gatatu (izina mu Cyongereza Wednesday ; izina mu Gifaransa Mercredi )
ni umunsi wa gatatu w'icyumweru kuri karindari
Iminsi y'imibyizi |
2901 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%20wa%20kane | Ku wa kane | Ku wa kane (izina mu Cyongereza Thursday ; izina mu Gifaransa Jeudi )
ni umunsi wa kane ugize icyumweru kuri karindari.
Iminsi y'imibyizi |
2902 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%20wa%20gatanu | Ku wa gatanu | Ku wa gatanu (izina mu cyongereza Friday ; izina mu gifaransa Vendredi )
ni umunsi wa gatanu igize icyumweru kuri karindari.
Iminsi y'imibyizi |
2903 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%20wa%20gatandatu | Ku wa gatandatu | Ku wa gatandatu (izina mu Cyongereza Saturday ; izina mu Gifaransa Samedi )
ni umunsi wa gatandatu ugize icyumweru kuri karindari.
Iminsi y'imibyizi |
2904 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%20cyumweru | Ku cyumweru | Ku cyumweru (Icyongereza: Sunday; Igifaransa: Dimanche) ni umunsi wa karindwi ugize icyumweru.
Iminsi y'imibyizi |
2905 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukwezi | Ukwezi | Ukwezi kutumulikira nijoro. (Ikimenyetso: ) Iyo ukwezi kwazoye tubona kungana n’izuba. Mu by’ukuli nta mahuliro rwose, ndetse isi ali yo ntoya ku zuba irakuruta cyane. Igishobora gutangaza ni uko kumulika, kandi ubwako kutagira urumuli. Ubundi ukwezi ni umubumbe wazimye, wikaraga mu kirere. Kujya kumera nk’isi, kuko na yo ali umubumbe wikaraga mu kirere; ikibitandukanya ni uko ibifite ubuzima bituye ku isi: abantu, inyamaswa n’ibimera.
Amezi
Mutarama cyangwa ukwezi kwa mbere
Gashyantare cyangwa ukwezi kwa kabiri
Werurwe cyangwa ukwezi kwa gatatu
Mata cyangwa ukwezi kwa kane
Gicurasi cyangwa ukwezi kwa gatanu
Kamena cyangwa ukwezi kwa gatandatu, impeshyi
Nyakanga cyangwa ukwezi kwa karindwi
Kanama cyangwa ukwezi kwa munani
Nzeri / Nzeli cyangwa ukwezi kwa cyenda
Ukwakira cyangwa ukwezi kwa cumi
Ugushyingo cyangwa ukwezi kwa cumi na kumwe
Ukuboza cyangwa ukwezi kwa cumi n'abiri
Imibumbe |
2907 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutarama | Mutarama | Mutarama (izina mu cyongereza January ; izina mu gifaransa Janvier ) cyangwa ukwezi kwa mbere |
2909 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashyantare | Gashyantare | Gashyantare (izina mu cyongereza: February ; izina mu gifaransa: Février ) cyangwa ukwezi kwa kabiri |
2911 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werurwe | Werurwe | Werurwe (izina mu cyongereza: March ; izina mu gifaransa: Mars ) cyangwa ukwezi kwa gatatu |
2913 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata | Mata | Mata (izina mu cyongereza: April ; izina mu gifaransa: Avril ) cyangwa ukwezi kwa kane |
2915 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gicurasi | Gicurasi | Gicurasi (izina mu cyongereza: May ; izina mu gifaransa: Mai ) cyangwa ukwezi kwa gatanu |
2917 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamena | Kamena | Kamena (izina mu cyongereza: June ; izina mu gifaransa: Juin ) cyangwa ukwezi kwa gatandatu, impeshyi |
2919 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyakanga | Nyakanga | Nyakanga (izina mu cyongereza: July ; izina mu gifaransa: Juillet ) cyangwa ukwezi kwa karindwi |
2921 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanama | Kanama | Kanama (izina mu cyongereza: August ; izina mu gifaransa: Août ) cyangwa ukwezi kwa munani , ukwezi k’umunani |
2924 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nzeri | Nzeri | Nzeri cyangwa Nzeli (izina mu cyongereza: September ; izina mu gifaransa: Septembre ) cyangwa ukwezi kwa cyenda , ukwezi kw’icyenda |
2928 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukwakira | Ukwakira | Ukwakira (izina mu cyongereza: October ; izina mu gifaransa: Octobre ) cyangwa ukwezi kwa cumi , ukwezi kw’icumi |
2931 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugushyingo | Ugushyingo | Ugushyingo (izina mu cyongereza: November ; izina mu gifaransa: Novembre ) cyangwa ukwezi kwa cumi na kumwe , ukwezi kwa cumi na rimwe |
2934 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukuboza | Ukuboza | Ukuboza (izina mu cyongereza: December ; izina mu gifaransa: Décembre ) cyangwa ukwezi kwa cumi n'abiri , ukwezi kwa cumi na kabiri |
2937 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umunsi | Umunsi | Umunsi
iminsi y'imibyizi
Iminsi |
2938 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9cile%20Kayirebwa | Cécile Kayirebwa | Cécile Kayirebwa (yavutse kuwa 22 Ukwakira 1946) ni Umwanditsi, umusizi, n'umuririmbyikazi w'umunyarwanda.
Ubuzima bwite
Cecile Kayirebwa ni umuvukarwanda wa mbere werekanyeko umuziki utazanywe mu Rwanda n’abazungu. Yamenyekanishije ubwiza bw’umuziki gakondo w’u Rwanda mu mahanga kandi kugeza n’ubu ntawe uramuhiga, Ariganwa ariko ntarashyikirwa.
Cécile Kayirebwa yavutse muri 1946 I Kigali. Kuri iki gihe,abantu bari babayeho mu mahoro nubwo u Rwanda rwari ku ngoyi y’umukoloni. Se yayoboraga chorale ya paroisse akanigisha abana be indirimbo mu kinyarwanda n’ikilatini. Ageze muri secondaire yabaye umwe mu bashinze Rwandan Song and Dance Circle ; Ni bwo yatangiye kuririmba indirimbo gakondo atangira no guhimba ize bwite yishimisha, azitura inshuti ze cyangwa azinyujije kuri Radio Rwanda.
Akazi ke nka assistante sociale katumye ahura n’abantu bo mu bice bitandukanye by’igihugu n’ubwiza bw’umuco gakondo n’ubuvanganzo bitandukanye. Yatangiye gukorana n’abaririmbyi n’abacuranzi cyane cyane ab’inanga. Nk’umuntu ujijutse, yatangiye kubona ko umuziki gakondo nyarwanda ushobora kuzatakaza agaciro, afata icyemezo cyo kuwuteza imbere no kuwumenyekanisha hose utarazimira.
1974 : Ibintu byatangiye kumera nabi mu gihugu Cécile n’umugabo we bahungira mu Bubiligi aho akiri kugeza n’ubu ; kubona impapuro z’icumbi (les papiers de séjour) ntibyamworoheye. Yanahuye n’ivangura (racisme) ;
Hagati ya 1975 na 1980, yashinze itorero Inyange ryari rigizwe n’abagabo n’abagore. Nibwo twavuga ko yatangiye gutekereza ku kuririmba nk’umwuga ;
Muri 1981 nibwo yasohoye cassette ya mbere yari yarakorewe mu Bubiligi. Iyi yaje gukurikirwa n’izindi muri 1983 na 1986;
Hagati aho ariko muri 1983 yari yaratangiye kwiga ibyerekeye n’umuziko gakondo wa kinyarwanda muri Musée Royal d’ Afrique Centrale (Tervuren) ; naho muri 1984 yatangiye gukorana na groupe Bula Sangoma kugeza na n’ubu ;
1986 ; yakinnye muri film ‘’Umulisa’’
Muri 1987 yazenguritse u Rwanda na Uganda ari kumwe na Orchestre Ingeli yitabira n’ibirori byo kwibuka Umwami Mutara III Rudahigwa byari byateguwe n’abanyarwanda babaga mu Busuwisi ;
1988: yumvise ko nyina arwaye cyane ahita agaruka mu Rwanda ariko atinzwa mu nzira bituma asanga umukecuru yarangije kuvamo umwuka ;
Mu 1990 yasohoye cassette ye ya kane ’’Ubumanzi ‘’ yakunzwe bitangaje, anakora tournée y’amezi ane anakora ibitaramo byo gufasha imfubyi n’abarwaye SIDA ;
Muri 1994 nibwo yasohoye album ya nyayo yitwa ‘’Rwanda’’ mu nzu yitwa Globestyle yari ikubiyemo zimwe mu ndirimbo za cassette zabanje ;
N’ubwo yakoze iki gikorwa kitoroshye ariko yababajwe cyane n'ubwicanyi bwabaye mu Rwanda aho Interahamwe zicaga abatutsi n'abahutu bashira mu gaciro mugihe FPR-Inkotanyi zari zatangije intambara yo kubohoza i gihugu. Kayirebwa nawe yatakaje abantu benshi yari azi. Ikindi ni uko muri iyi album yaririmbaga ubwiza bw’u Rwanda nk’igihugu abana bacyo bagomba kwitangira no kubanamo mu mahoro. Muri iyi album harimo indirimbo nka Rwanamiza,Tarihinda,Kana,Inkindi,Mundeke Mbaririmbire,Urusamaza,Rubyiruko,Umulisa,Cyusa,Ndare na Umunezero.
1998: yitabiriye “Fespad” ya mbere i Kigali
1999: yitabiriye “Robben Island Event” I Cap muri Afurika y’epfo.
2001: yitabiriye « Holocaust Memorial Event » i London anasohora “Rwanda Rugali”
2002: yasohoye album ye ya 2 “Amahoro” ahita anakora tournée muri Amerika ya ruguru (USA, Canada);
2005: yasohoye CD,”Ibihozo’’
2006: Yaririmbye soundtrack ya film “Shooting Dogs” mu muziki wahimbwe na Dario Marianelli.
Notes
Imiyoboro
https://web.archive.org/web/20171119051132/http://africanmusiciansprofiles.com/CecileKayirebwa.htm (mu cyongereza)
Abaririmbyi
Abagore |
2941 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noheli | Noheli | Noheli (izina mu cyongereza : Christmas ; izina mu gifaransa : Noël )
Ijambo Noheli rikomoka ku ijambo ry’Igifaransa “Noël”, naryo ryakomotse mu Kilatini “Natalis” bivuze “amavuka”. Mu Cyongereza Noheli ikaba “Christmas”. Mu Cyongereza, iri jambo ni inyunge (compound) aho rigizwe na “Christ” na “Mass”, aho rikomoka ku cyongereza cya kera “Christemass” nabyo biva ku cya kera cyane “Cristes mæsse” ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu 1038. Naryo rikaba rikomoka mu Kigereki n’Ikilatini, aho "Cristes" bikomoka ku Kigereki “Christos” na"mæsse" rikava ku Lilatini “missa”.
Mu bihugu bindi bigira umubare muto w’Abakristu, naho ngo ntibibuza ko uyu munsi wa Noheli uba ari konji. Igihugu nka Korea, ahagaragara umubare muke w’Abakristu, ngo usanga bizihiza Noheli ku buryo budasanzwe, kuko mu gihugu hose uhasanga imitako y’uyu munsi. Ibihugu bitizihiza umunsi wa Noheli ni nk’igihugu cy’Ubushinwa (havuyemo Hongo Kongo na Macao), Ubuyapani, Arabiya Sawudite, Aligeriya, Tayilande, Nepali, Irani, Turukiya na Koreya ya Ruguru.
Notes
Imiyoboro
Amateka ya Noheli
Abakristu bo mu Rwanda bijihije umunsi mukuru wa Noheli
Ubukirisitu |
2944 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusiyo%20ya%20kabiri%20ya%201973 | Revolusiyo ya kabiri ya 1973 | Revolusiyo ya kabiri ya 1973 yatangiranye n’ihirikwa ku butegetsi bwa. Perezida Grégoire Kayibanda na Général Juvénal Habyalimana, Umukuru w’Ingabo z’Igihugu akaba na Minisitiri w’Ingabo muri Gouvernement ye akanaba n’umuhutu mugenzi we. Kayibanda n’abajyanama be bakomeye bahise bafungishwa ijisho. Yishwe n’inzara imyaka itatu ishize.
Urebye Habyalimana yakomeje umugambi wari warateguwe na mugenzi we wamubanjirije. Gutoteza no guheza abatutsi, mu kuyobya uburari ahisha igisirikare cye kugirango yemeze abantu ubutegetsi bwe nk’umusivili, habyalimana yahimbye ishyaka rye Mouvement Révolutionnaire National pour le Développement (MRND) mu 1975. ibi byahurije hamwe ingufu za Revolution ya kabiri mu Rwanda.
Imyaka itatu nyuma yahoo mu 1978 habyalimana atangaza ko ishyaka rye ariryo shyaka ryonyine rya politike mu Rwanda. Habyarimana yagumye ku butegetsi mu Rwanda imyaka ikurikiyeho 21 kugeza ku italiki ya 6 Mata 1994.
Rwanda
Politiki
Notes |
2945 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abatwa | Abatwa | Abatwa bakaba bari mu bwoko bw’abo bita aba pygmés. Ni bagufi mu gihagararo bakaba banabarwa mu bantu batuye bwa mbere mu karere k’ibiyaga bigari byo muri Afurika yo hagati nkuko ubasanga i Burundi, RDC no mu Rwanda. Abatwa bakaba bafitanye isano n’andi moko y’abapygmés bo muri ako karere.
N’ubwo Abatwa bavuga ikinyarwanda nk’abahutu n’abatutsi, banenwa n’abandi baturage nkaho ntacyo bavuze. Abatwa ni 3% y’abaturage b’uRwanda kandi bakaba bafite uruhare ruto cyane muri politiki y’igihugu.
Notes
Rwanda
Burundi
Umuryango |
2946 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Maina%20Peter | Chris Maina Peter | Prof. Chris Maina Peter (14 Mata 1954) ni Umwarimu w’Amategeko akaba ariwe ukuriye
Komite ishinzwe gufasha mu by’amategeko muri Kaminuza ya Dar es Salaam. Niwe umaze gusimburwa ku mwanya w’inama y’ubutegetsi ya Kituo Cha katiba akanaba umwe mu bari bagize inama y’ubuetegetsi ya Kituo Cha Katiba. Niwe wari ayoboye Misiyo yo mu Rwanda; YAnditse ku burenganzira bw’ikiremwa muntu n’amategekonshinga mu karere k’Iburasirazuba. Imirimo ye irimo
The Goldenberg Affair in Kenya: A Peoples’ Opinion (With Justice Samuel Wako Wambuzi and Prof. Joseph Oloka-Onyango), 2005; Constitutionalism & Transition: African and Eastern European Perspectives (wWith Prof. Joseph Oloka-Onyango), 2004; Constitutional Review Process in Kenya: A Report of a Fact-Finding Mission (Compiled and Edited with Prof. Edward F. Ssempebwa), 2003 and Constitutionalism in East Africa: Progress, Challenges and Prospects (With Kivutha Kibwana and Nyangabyaki Bazaara). Iyi mirimo yose yakozwe mu rwego rwa Kituo Cha Katiba.
Notes
External links
Curriculum Vitae, Prof. Chris Maina Peter (Tanzania) (mu Cyongereza)
Advance Unedited Version, Mr. Chris Maina Peter (Tanzania) (mu Cyongereza)
Abagabo |
2947 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith%20Kibalama | Edith Kibalama | Edith Kibalama ni Umuyobozi wa Porogaramu muri Kituo Cha Katiba. Ni Umunyamatageko wo mu rwego rwo hejuru ubizobereyemo akaba afite LL.B na LL.M yakuye muri Kaminuza ya Makerere, Kampala, Uganda. Yakoze ubushakashatsi anagira uruhare mu bintu by’itegekanshinga n’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu muri Uganda no mu karere ka Afurika y’Iburasirazuba. Ibitabo yanditse zirimo “Opening up into a Cul-de-Sac: The State of Constitutionalism in Uganda in 2002,” in JJUUKO, Frederick (ed.), Constitutionalism in East Africa: Progress, Challenges and Prospects in 2002, Kampala: Fountain Publishers and Kituo Cha Katiba, 2005; and “Affirmative Action and the Status of Women in Uganda,” Volume 6 No. 1 East African Journal of Peace and Human Rights (HURIPEC – Makerere University Kampala, Uganda).
Notes
Abagore |
2949 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kituo%20Cha%20Katiba | Kituo Cha Katiba | Kituo Cha Katiba (KcK) yatangijwe mu mwaka wa 1997 itangirana umugambi wo kwinjiza amatwara yo gukora amategeko nshinga na n’imiyoborere ya demokarasi mu karere ka afurika y’iburasirazuba. KcK itanga ubwisanzure ku baharanira inyungu zitandukanye, abari mu by’amashuri n’abanyapolitiki mu kwitabira ibiganiro, mu bitekerezo byo kwisuzuma ku bibazo by’ingutu bitandukanye bifite akamaro muri iki gihe. Imurongo wa KcK n’uguharanira ko imiryango itegamiye kuri leta yakwitabira imitunganyirize y’imiyoborere ikanigisha umuco wa demokarasi ihuje n’ibyifuzo n’ibyo rubanda rusanzwe rukeneye kandi ikanakrurikirana y’uko imiyoborere ya demokarasi ikoreshwa mu buzima bwa buri munsi,guhera mu rugo, bigakomereza ku kazi, mu kagali, lmu gihugu no muri Afurika yo hagati muri rusange. KcK iyoborwa n’inama y’ubutegetsi igizwe n’banya Kenya, Uganda, Tanzaniya ndetse na Zanzibar. Ubunyamamabanga bwayo ubu ubukaba bukorera I Kampala muri Uganda.
Muri iyi myaka itatu ishize, KcK yakoze misiyo z’ubushakashatsi muri Zanzibar, Kenya na Uganda. Misiyo yo muri Kenya yari iyobowe n’Umukuru wa komisiyo ya Uganda ishinzwe ivugurura ry’Itegekonshinga, Prof. Frederick Ssempebwa, Misiyo yo muri Uganda yari iyobowe n’uwari Umujyanama w4umuryango w’Abibumbye muri Liberia, Prof. Haroub Othman wo muri Zanzibar; Miyiyo yo muri Zanzibar yari iyobowe na Hon. Abubaker Zein, umwe mu bagize komisiyo yo kuvugurura itegekonshinga rya Kenya.Raporo z’izo misiyo zose zarafashije cyane mu mirimo irimo gukorwa yo guteza imbere Amategeko nshinga. Misiyo yo mu Rwanda nayo yari muri urwo rwego.
Abagize misiyo bwa mbere baje mu Rwanda kva ku itariki ya 21 kugeza ku ya 26 Kamena 2004. Misiyo ikurikira yabaye kuva ku itariki ya 20 kugeza ku ya 26 Nyakanga 2004.Impanvu ya misiyo ya kabiri yari iyo kuganira nabo bireba bose misiyo ya mbere itari yabashije kubona ku nshuro ya mbere, cyane cyane imiryango ishinigye ku kwemera n’izindi minisiteri z’ifatizo. Misiyo yo kwimenyereza no kubonana n’abantu batandukanye yari yakozwe ishingiye kuko uretse ko hari imipakaisanzwe, u Rwanda rwari rumwe na Afurika y’iburasirazuba, urebeye ku misanire y’imico, indimi n’imigenzo y’abatuye Afurika y’iburasirazuba n’abanyarwanda. Kubera izo mpanvu, ibibazo by’u Rwanda ni ibibazo bya Afurika y’I Ubrasirazuba bikbba bikeneye igisubizo kimwe nka Afurika y’I burasirazuba.
Icya kabiri, uhereye kuko u Rwanda rwari rugiye kwinjira mu muryango w’ibihugu bya Afurika y’Iburasirazuba bye Kenya, Uganda na Uganda mu byo bise East African Community (EAC, Umuryango w’Ibihugu by’Iburasirazuba bw’Afurika), KcK nk’umwe mu bafatanyije na EAC n’indi miryango itari iya leta (ONG), yumvise ari inshingano zayo gushyira u Rwanda muri gahunda zayo.
Icya gatatu, Jenoside mu Rwanda yazahaje cyane abaturage b’u Rwanda inasiga ingaruka zikomeye mu mibereho y’abanyarwanda. Nubwo habayeho imbaraga zishimishije mu gusana u Rwanda nk’igihugu, KcK yasanze ari ngombwa gushimangira kurushaho umugambi wo kurusana.
Notes
External links
http://www.kituochakatiba.org/
Sosiyete Sivili
Sosiyete Sivili mu Rwanda
Amashyirahamwe |
2957 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondurasi | Hondurasi | Hondurasi cyangwa Repubulika ya Hondurasi ni igihugu cyo muri Amerika yo hagati gifite ubuso bungana na km2 112 492 ndetse n’abaturage bagera kuri 7.792.854. Abaturage bacyo ni ubwoko bw’Abamestizos bagera kuri 98%, na ba kavukire bagera kuri 7% (ari bo Abamisikitos, Abapech, Abajikakis, ndetse n’Abarenkas) n’abirabura bagera kuri 2% ; ndetse n’abera bagera kuri 1%. Ururimi rukoreshwa muri rusange ni Icyesipanyole, nkuko hari n’izindi ndimi za kavukire. Idini ikomeye cyane ni iya Gaturika y’i Roma 85%, hagakurikiraho 10%, n’utundi tutsiko natwo tugize 5%.
Ubutumwa bw’Ivugurura bwageze muri Hondurasi mu mwaka 1960 ari na bwo mwene data Silivestre Cabanillas ndetse n’abandi babwiririshaga ubutumwa ibitabo bahatangizaga uwo murimo. Mu mwaka wa 1963 itorero ryahawe ibyangombwa n’ubuyobozi bwa Leta yaho, kandi uhereye ubwo, ni bwo Honduras yahindutse umubibyi w’imbuto muri Amerika yo hagati yose.
Amerika
Ibihugu |
2958 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perezidansi%20y%E2%80%99Amerika | Perezidansi y’Amerika | Perezidansi y’Amerika cyangwa Perezidansi ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika (izina mu cyongereza: White House )
Iyo nzu mwumva bita “White House”, tugenekereje mu kinyarwanda ni ukuvuga Ingoro y’umweru. Ni ingoro irimo ibiro n’ahantu ubaye Perezida wese wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (USA) agomba gukorera akanaturamo we n’umuryango we. Iriya ngoro iri mu mujyi wa Washington DC (District of Columbia) irimo n’ibiro by’abandi bakozi bakora muri Perezidansi, ibibuga, ubusitani, pisine, aho barebera amacinamico, amafirimi n’ibindi byiza byinshi. Ku isi yose babona iyo ngoro nk’ikimenyetso gikomeye cy’ubutegetsi bwa USA n’igitinyiro cy’igihugu urebye ukuntu umutekano wayo ucunzwe dore ko hari impuguke zivuga ko hari ibyogajuru bikora gusa akazi ko gucunga umutekano wayo.
Amateka y’iriya nzu atangirana n’igihe Perezida wa mbere wa USA, Bwana George Washington yajyaga ku butegetsi mu 1789. Icyo gihe yakoreraga muri Hotel 2 zari mu Mujyi wa New York. Izo hotel ni iyitwaga Samuel Osgood, yayibayemo kuva muri Mata 1789 kugeza muri Gashyantare 1790 ndetse n’indi yitwaga Alexander Macomb yakoreyemo kuva muri Gashyantare ukageza muri Kanama 1790. Mu kuboza 1790, perezida George Washington yasinye itegeko ry’Inteko ryavugaga ko icyicaro cy’ubutegetsi cya Leta ya USA kigomba kuba mu mujyi wa Philadelphia by’agateganyo mu gihe cy’imyaka 10. Ubwo bateganyaga ko iyo myaka ihagije kugira ngo icyicaro gikuru cya Leta y’Amerika kibe kirangiye kuzura i Washington DC. Umujyi wa Philadelphia wamukodeshereje Hotel yihariye yo gukoreramo yitwaga Robert Morris. Kuva muri Nzeri 1970 kugeza mu Werurwe 1979 perezida George Washington yabaye muri Hotel yitwaga Market Street. Iyo Hotel ngo yaje kuyikorera ivugurura ryamuhaye igitekerezo cy’uko White House izaba isa. George Washington afatanyije n’umuhanga we wari ushinzwe gutunganya imijyi witwa Pierre L’Enfant nibo bahisemo aho White House(Perezidansi y’Amerika) yubatse ubu ngubu.
Notes
Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika |
2962 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiLeaks | WikiLeaks | Inyandiko zigera ku 250 000 Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika zandikiye cyangwa zandikiwe n’ibihugu byo hanze zimwe muri zo zikubiyemo amabanga ya diplomatie akomeye zashyizwe ahagaragara n’urubuga rwa internet WikiLeaks kuri iki Cyumweru, ku buryo hari amwe mu mabanga akomeye yashyizwe ku karubanda, nk’igihe Arabia Saudite yandikiraga Leta Zunze Ubumwe izisaba kugaba igitero kuri Iran.
Amakuru dukesha AFP aratumenyesha ko White House yamaganye ishyirwa ahagaragara ry’izo nyandiko ivuga ko rishobora guteza akaga, ivuga ko iki gikorwa cya WikiLeaks gishobora guteza ibibazo ku bantu bamwe na bamwe bishobora no kubaviramo kwicwa.
Ibinyamakuru byinshi bikomeye byo ku isi nta yindi nkuru ikomeye iri kuvugwa kurenza igikorwa cya WikiLeaks. Ikinyamakuru New York Times cyo cyatangaje ko izo nyandiko zigaragaza ku buryo busesuye imiterere y’ibivugirwa hanze y’amanama hagati ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n’ibindi bihugu, ndetse n’imikorere ya za ambasade za Amerika ku isi yose.
Mu Nyanja y’u Buhinde hakambitse abasirikare b’Abafaransa bashinzwe gukurikiranira hafi u Rwanda ndetse n’ibihugu birukikije, ubu bukaba ari bumwe mu buryo bushya bwashyiriweho gukurikiranira hafi ibihugu bya Afurika, nk’uko byashyizwe ahagaragara n’urubuga Wikileaks rukomeje kumena hanze amabanga ya bimwe mu bihugu by’ibihangange ku isi, by’umwihariko Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Igikorwa kizwi giheruka cyakozwe n’ingabo z’Abafaransa mu Rwanda ni “Opération Turquoise” mu 1994 ubwo ingabo z’Abafaransa zigera ku 2550 zambukaga zikinjira mu Rwanda zinyuze mu burengerazuba bw’u Rwanda bavuga ko bari bagamije kurinda abaturage b’abasivile, ariko icyegeranyo cyashyizwe ahagaragara n’u Rwanda muri Kanama 2008 cyiswe “Raporo Mucyo” cyabigaragaje ukundi kuko cyashinje izo ngabo kugira uruhare mu bwicanyi bw’Abatutsi ndetse no gufata abagore b’Abatutsikazi bari barokotse ku ngufu.
Notes
External links
WikiLeaks
Interineti |
2967 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umupira%20w%E2%80%99amaguru | Umupira w’amaguru | Umupira w’amaguru (izina mu cyongereza Football ) ni umukino.
Muri iki gihe hari byinshi bivugwa ku buryo amategeko y’umupira w’amaguru asigaye ateye, ibi akenshi bigaragara iyo igitego cyanzwe, nibwo abafana bava ku kibuga bijujuta bikomeye cyane bavuga ko bibwe, maze bakishyiriramo abasifuzi nyamara abasifuzi baba barengana kuko akenshi iyo babonye ibyabereye mu kibuga neza bitabacitse baba bakurikije amategeko ya FIFA nkuko abivuga.
Iyo witegereje neza ukareba itegeko rya 11 rivuga amakosa, hari byinshi ritwereka nko mu gika cyaryo cya mbere aho basobanura ikosa icyo ari cyo.
Abantu bakunda umupira w’amaguru.
Uko bigenda ahantu hose ku isi hari coach (umutoza) ushinzwe ibyo mu kibuga hakaba Team manager (umyobozi ushinzwe kumenya ibibazo by’abakinnyi ndetse n’uburyo bahagaze ku mikinire), coach (umutoza) afite ushinzwe kumenya Forme manager (ushinzwe kumenya uko abakinnyi bahagaze) z’abakinnyi akamenya ni ba coach (umutoza) atanga imyitozo, akanahuza coach (umutoza) na Direction (ubuyobozi) nk’iyo hari ikibazo.
Ariko mu guhamagara abakinnyi ni coach (umutoza) ubahamagara, ariko team manager (ushinzwe kureba uburyo abakinnyi bahagaze) aba yararangije kumubwira abafite forme (abahagaze neza), donc (ni ukuvuga) by’umvikana ko ari ibintu bitatu bitandukanye kandi team manager (ushinzwe abakinnyi) hari n’abatamushaka bagashyiraho directeur technique (umuyobozi ushinzwe tekinike). |
2969 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shampiyona%20y%E2%80%99%20icyiciro%20cya%20mbere%20mu%20mupira%20w%E2%80%99amaguru%20mu%20Rwanda | Shampiyona y’ icyiciro cya mbere mu mupira w’amaguru mu Rwanda | Shampiyona y’ icyiciro cya mbere mu mupira w’amaguru mu Rwanda (izina mu Cyongereza Primus National Football League)
amwe mu makipe ayikina
1. APR FC
2. Rayon Sport
3. Muhanga FC
4. Police FC
5. Mukura Victory Sport
6. Marine FC
7. Musanze FC
8. As Kigali
9. Kiyovu Sport
10. Gasogi FC
Notes
Links
ferwafa.com
Umupira w’amaguru |
2972 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishyirahamwe%20ry%E2%80%99Umupira%20w%E2%80%99Amaguru%20mu%20Rwanda | Ishyirahamwe ry’Umupira w’Amaguru mu Rwanda | Ishyirahamwe ry'Umupira w'Amaguru mu Rwanda (FERWAFA) ni ishyirahamwe ry’umupira w’amaguru.
Amateka
Ishyirahamwe ry'umupira w'amaguru mu Rwanda FERWAFA (Federation Rwandaise de Football Association), ni cyo kigo cyonyine gifite uburenganzira bwo kigenzura, gutegura, no gutanga uburenganzira kumarushanwa ayo ariyo yose y'umupira 'amaguru mu Rwanda. FERWAFA yashinzwe mu mwaka wa 1975, yinjira mubanyamuryango b'impuzamashyirahamwe y'umupira w'amaguru muri Africa (CAF) mu mwaka wa 1976 no mu ishyirahamwe ry'umupira w'amaguru ku isi FIFA, mumwaka wa 1978. FERWAFA itegura amarushanwa ngarukamwaka atandukanye mu Rwanda harimo; shampiyona y'umupira w'amaguru icyiciro cya mbere mubagabo (Rwanda Primus National League Division 1), shampiyona y'umupira w'amaguru icyiciro cya kabiri mubagabo (Rwanda Men's Football Division 2), na shampiyona y'umupira w'amaguru icyiciro cya mbere mubagore Rwanda Women's Football League n'andi marushanwa agiye atandukanye mu mupira w'amaguru mu Rwanda. FERWAFA kandi kubufatanye na minisiteri ya siporo mu Rwanda niyo ireberera amakipe y'igihugu mumupira w'amaguru.
Ibindi
Ikicaro cya FERWAFA mu Rwanda gihereye mu karere ka Gasabo, mu murenge wa Remera. Intego z'ibanze za FERWAFA ni UBUMWE, IKINYABUPFURA N'INTSINZI.
Umupira w’amaguru |
2975 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amavubi | Amavubi | Ikipe nkuru y'igihugu cy'u Rwanda mu marushanwa mpuzamahanga ya ruhago, iri mu nshingano za Federasiyo y'umupira w'amaguru mu Rwanda kandi ikaba imwe mu zigize Federasiyo Nyafurika y'umpira w'amaguru muri Afrika. Amavubi ahanini yitoreza muri stade Amahoro iherereye i Kigali, mu murwa mukuru w' u Rwanda.
Amateka
Amavubi yitabiriye bwa mbere amarushanwa y'igikombe Nyafurika cya ruhago muri 2004 . . Umukino wa mbere Amavubi yaguye miswi na Guinea igitego kimwe kuri kimwe, nyuma yaje gutsindwa na Tunisia ibitego bibiri kuri kimwe, ndetse itsinda Repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya Congo igitego kimwe ku busa. Nyamara ibyo ntibyari bihagije ngo u Rwanda rukomeze kuko rwaje gusezererwa.
Amazina
Mu mikino ya FIFA u Rwanda rugaragazwa n'ijambo: "RWA". Iri jambo rikoreshwa kandi na FIFA, CAF ndetse na CECAFA. U Rwanda rwakunzwe kurangwa kandi n'ijambo: "RR," bisobanuye, Repubulika y'u Rwanda cyangwa République du Rwanda mu rurimi rw'igifaransa.
Ibikombe
Igikombe cya CECAFA:
Umwanya wa mbere (1): 1999
Bageze kuri finali (6): 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2015.
Amarushanwa
Ubwitabire mu gikombe cy'Isi
Umupira w’amaguru |
2977 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inama%20y%E2%80%99Abaminisitiri | Inama y’Abaminisitiri | Inama y'Abaminisitiri y'u Rwanda igizwe na Minisitiri w’intebe, abaminisitiri, abaminisitiri ba leta , n’abandi banyamuryango batowe na Perezida. Abagize Inama y'Abaminisitiri batoranijwe mu mitwe ya politiki hashingiwe ku myanya bafite mu mutwe w’abadepite, ariko abagize Guverinoma ntibashobora kuba muri uwo mutwe wabadepite.
Uburinganire
Mu 2018 inama y'Abaminisitiri yari igizwe na 50% byabagore, bityo u Rwanda hamwe na Etiyopiya biba ibihugu bibiri bya Afurika byonyine bifite uburinganire muri guverinoma zabo. Perezida Paul Kagame yagabanije umubare w’abaminisitiri uva kuri 31 ugera kuri 26 mu Kwakira 2018.
Abagize Guverinoma
Abaminisitiri ba Leta
Reba
Ihuza ryo hanze
Hanze y'abasirikare barinda: Isura nshya n'uburambe muri guverinoma ya Kagame Kuva 20 Ukwakira 2018.
Politiki y'urwanda
Guverinoma y'u Rwanda |
2978 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes%20Matilda%20Kalibata | Agnes Matilda Kalibata | Dr. Agnes Matilda Kalibata ni Umunyarwandakazi w'inzobere mu bijyanye n'ubuhinzi ndetse akaba yari minisitiri w’Ubuhinzi n’Ubworozi w'igihugu cy'u Rwanda kuva mu mwaka wa 2008 kugeza mu mwaka wa 2014
Muri 2014, Kalibata yatorewe kuyobora Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) umuryango nyafurika ugamije kurwanya ubucye bw'imirire ndetse no kuzamura iterambere ry'abahinzi mu bihugu 11 by'Afurika.
Ubuzima bwo hambere n'Uburezi
Kalibata yavukiye mu Rwanda akurira mu buzima bw'impunzi mu gihugu cya Uganda arerwa n'ababyeyi bari bafite amikoro macye. Yabonye impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu bijyanye na entomologiya na biohimiya, akurikirwa n'impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu buhinzi, haba muri kaminuza ya Makerere yo muri Uganda. Yabonye impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga. muri entomologiya ayikuye muri kaminuza ya Massachusetts Amherst. Amaze kubona impamyabumenyi mu mwaka wa 2005, yakoze ubushakashatsi mu kigo cy’ubushakashatsi cy’ubuhinzi cya Kawanda n’ikigo mpuzamahanga cy’ubuhinzi bubera mu bice by'ubushyuhe, ku bufatanye na kaminuza ya Makerere ya Uganda na kaminuza ya Massachusetts
Umwuga
Kalibata yabaye minisitiri w’ubuhinzi n’umutungo w’u Rwanda kuva mu 2008 kugeza 2014. Muri manda ye yose, yateje imbere ikoreshwa ry’ubumenyi bushingiye ku bumenyi mu buhinzi mu kongera umusaruro w’ibiribwa no guteza imbere ibiribwa, yibanda ku miryango y'abahinzi. Yashyize mu bikorwa politiki, igamije guhuza abahinzi n’abaturanyi n’abakiriya, ndetse na gahunda yo guhinga amakoperative, na gahunda yo kugabirana inka byorohereza imiryango gutunga inka.
Mu myaka itandatu yari minisitiri, urwego rw’ubukene mu Rwanda rwaragabanutse hejuru ya 50%; ingengo y’imari y’ubuhinzi y’umwaka yavuye kuri miliyoni 10 US $ igera kuri miliyoni 150 USD; n'u Rwanda rwabaye igihugu cya mbere cyashyize umukono ku masezerano muri gahunda rusange yo guteza imbere ubuhinzi muri Afurika (gahunda ya Komisiyo y’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika ). Yashimiwe na benshi kubera ibyo bagezeho, ariko imiryango imwe iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu yanenze iyo politiki kuko inkunga y'amafaranga yahawe gusa abahinzi bakurikiza politiki ya leta yo guhuza ubutaka.
Mu mwaka wa 2014, yabaye umuyobozi wungirije wa kaminuza y’u Rwanda mu iterambere ry’inzego.
Kuva muri Nzeri 2014, yabaye perezida w'Umuryango ushinzwe impinduramatwara y’ibidukikije muri Afurika (AGRA), umuryango uyobowe n’Afurika ufite intego yo kuzamura umutekano w’ibiribwa n’amafaranga y’imiryango ingana na miliyoni 30 zizwi mu bihugu 11 bya Afurika 2021 na, mubindi, gutanga uburyo bwo kubona imbuto nziza ninguzanyo. Ari kandi mu buyobozi bw'ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe ifumbire mvaruganda n'ikigo cy'ubuyobozi cya Anand, muri Gujarati .
Kalibata yagize uruhare runini muri MINAGRI, Minisiteri y’ubuhinzi n’umutungo w’u Rwanda; yagizwe umunyamabanga uhoraho wa minisiteri mu 2006, Umunyamabanga wa Leta ushinzwe ubuhinzi mu 2008, na Minisitiri w’ubuhinzi n’umutungo wuzuye mu 2009. Yakoze kandi indi myanya myinshi harimo umuyobozi w’inama y’ikigo cy’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi ndetse n’umuyobozi w’ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe ubushakashatsi ku mavuriro mu Rwanda. Yakoze mu Nama Ngishwanama y'Ikigo Mpuzamahanga gishinzwe Ubushakashatsi ku biribwa ndetse anayobora umushinga wa Banki y'Isi mu Rwanda.
Kalibata yabaye umwe mu bagize inama y'ubutegetsi mpuzamahanga y’ifumbire mvaruganda (IDFC) kuva mu 2008, aho ayoboye komite nyafurika y’ubuyobozi, akaba n'umwe mu bagize komite nyobozi n’ubugenzuzi. Ni umwe mu bagize inama nyinshi z’igihugu ndetse n’amahanga harimo nka kaminuza y’u Rwanda, Ubushobozi bw’Afurika, Inama y’Ihuriro ry’Ubukungu ku Isi, Komisiyo ishinzwe kurwanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere hamwe n’itsinda ry’ubuhinzi n’inzobere mu kwihaza mu biribwa.
Muri 2019, umunyamabanga mukuru w’umuryango w’abibumbye, António Guterres, yashyizeho Kalibata nk'intumwa idasanzwe mu nama y’ibiribwa 2021.
Imyanya ya politiki
Kalibata yagize uruhare runini mu guharanira uburinganire mu Rwanda, ashimangira inyungu z’ubukungu zo gushishikariza abagore kugira uruhare runini muri sosiyete kuko u Rwanda rwakize jenoside yo mu Rwanda yo mu 1994 yahitanye abantu 800.000 mu mezi atatu bigatuma abaturage b’u Rwanda 60% b’abagore.
Amashimwe n'ibihembo
Mu mwaka wa 2012, Kalibata yahawe igihembo cya Yara (ubu cyitwa igihembo cy’ibiribwa muri Afurika ), gishimangira umuntu ku giti cye cyangwa ikigo cyayoboye imbaraga zo guhindura ukuri mu buhinzi muri Afurika.
Muri 2018, kaminuza ya Liege, mu Bubiligi yamuhaye impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga y'icyubahiro kubera ubuyobozi bw'icyubahiro (2018).
Niwe wahawe umudari w’imibereho rusange ya NAS 2019: wasobanuwe n’ishuri rikuru ry’ubumenyi nk’igihembo cyubahwa cyane, uyu mudari uhabwa buri mwaka umuhanga ukoresha siyanse ku nyungu rusange.
Inama y’Abaminisitiri
Notes
Abanyarwanda
Abaminisitiri
Abagore |
2983 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen%20Iverson | Allen Iverson | Allen Iverson (7 Kamena, 1975 - ), umukinnyi wamamaye cyane muri shampiyona y’umupira w’agatebo yo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, biravugwa ko kuri ubu yaba ari kugana mu bukene bukabije nyuma y’aho aviriye muri NBA akajya gukina muri Turukiya mu ikipe Beşiktaş Cola Turka.
Amakuru dukesha Philadelphia Inquirer aratumenyesha ko n’ubwo Iverson kuri ubu ari muri iyo kipe Beşiktaş, ntibiyibuza gutsindwa umusubizo, mu gihe ubwo yasinyishwaga contrat yo kuyikinamo, yaba abayobozi, abafana cyangwa abakinnyi bayikinamo, bose bari biruhukije bumva ko babonye Mesiya.
Notes
Umupira w’agatebo |
2984 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Habineza | Joseph Habineza | Joseph Habineza () Minisitiri wa Siporo n’Umuco ( cyangwa w’Umuco na Siporo ; MINISPOC mu magambo ahinnye y’icyongereza) muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda.
Inama y’Abaminisitiri
Imiyoboro
Uwari Minisitiri wa Siporo n’ Umuco Joseph Habineza yatangaje impamvu z’ ukwegura kwe
Abanyarwanda
Abaminisitiri
Abagabo |
2992 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urubuto%20rw%E2%80%99umugati | Urubuto rw’umugati | Urubuto rw’umugati (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Artocarpus altilis) ni ubwoko bw’ibiti bifitanye isano ya bugufi umunyinya.
Ibimera
Ibiti
Imbuto |
2994 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igifenesi | Igifenesi | Igifenesi cyangwa Urubuto rwa Yakobo (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Artocarpus heterophyllus ) ni igiti n’urubuto.
Ibimera
Imbuto |
2996 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cempedak | Cempedak | Cempedak (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Artocarpus integer ) ni ubwoko bw’igiti n’urubuto.
Ibimera
Imbuto |
3000 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duriyani | Duriyani | Duriyani (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Durio ) ni igiti, urubuto n’ikiribwa.
Durian ni urubuto rutera abavietnam ishema cyane.
Ibimera
Imbuto |
3002 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhapidophyllum%20hystrix | Rhapidophyllum hystrix | Rhapidophyllum hystrix ni kimwe mu bwoko bw’amamesa bwihanganira cyane ubukonje. Hari ubwoko bumwe gusa mu bwoko bwa Rhapidophyllum. Ahantu aya mamesa akunda kwibera ni ahantu hatoshye mu gace k’amajyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Ikindi kandi yishimira ubukonje bwo hasi bwa dogere 20 munsi ya zero, ni igihingwa cyaba ahantu hose ku isi cyanecyane i Burayi.
Ni ubwoko kukomeye bw’amamesa, bugira uburebure hagati ya metero 1 kugera kuri 3 kikagira amahwa menshi akurura ku ruti. Rapidofilumu Hisitirikisi ni amamesa agira uduti turandaranda tukagira utubumbe ku ruhu, utu duti twinshi tugenda twihuza tugafatana tugakora uruti rw’umubyimba ugenda uhindagurika. Nyuma y’igihe, uru ruti rufatanye cyane ruvamo igihimba kidashobora kwinjirwa mo amazi.
Notes
Ibimera |
3007 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikambere%20%28ikinyamakuru%29 | Ikambere (ikinyamakuru) | Ikambere (izina mu Gifaransa Journal interne de l’Institut des Musées Nationaux du Rwanda)
External links
http://museum.gov.rw/newsletter/issues/
Ibinyamakuru mu Rwanda |
3011 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMIS%20%28ubuhinzi%29 | AMIS (ubuhinzi) | AMIS cyangwa amis (izina mu Cyongereza AMIS, Agriculture Management Information System ) ni uburyo ikaba n'urubuga rwo guhererekanya amakuru ku bantu bose bari mu buhinzi n'ubworozi.
Imiyoboro
amis.minagri.gov.rw
Ubuhinzi |
3013 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parajubaea%20torallyi | Parajubaea torallyi | Parajubaea torallyi ni imikindo myiza cyane kandi ibasha guhangana no kwihanganira ibihe bibi cyane. Icyakora, ihingwa gake cyanye hanze y’ubuturo bwayo kimeza na abanyabusitani bitewe nimbuto zayo nini cyane (bivugako ubwikorezi bwacyo bwo mu bwato buhenze), ubuturo bwayo kimeza ni Boliviya.
Ni kimeza muri Boliviya, gikura muduce twumagaye kandi dufite ivumbi ryinshi, hagati y’ibibabaya by’ Ubuhinde k’ubutumburuke bwa metero 2700 na 3400 uvuye kubutumburuke bw’inyanja. Niyompamvu, iyi mikindo, aricyo kimera cyambere kwisi gishobora gukurira ku ubutumburuke burebure cyane aho ariho hose ku Isi. Ni gakeya cyane Ubushyuhe bujya hejuru ya 20 °C kandi akenshi usanga kuri ubu butumburuke nijoro haba hari ibihu byinshi cyane. Ubushyuhe usanga bugera hasi ya 7 ni ukuvuga –7 °C mugihe cy’ukwezi kwa Nyakanga na Kanama (Igihe cy’impeshyi) kandi igipimo cy’imvura mugihe cy’umwaka kingana gusa na metero 550 ni ukuvuga 550 m.
Notes
Ibimera |
3017 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikigori | Ikigori | Ikigori (ubuke: Ibigori ; izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Zea mays ; izina mu cyongereza: Maize cyangwa Corn ; izina mu gifaransa: Maïs ) ni ikimera n’ikiribwa.
Abahinzi bo mu murenge wa Gashali ho mu Karere ka Karongi mu ntara y’iburengerazuba, bararira ayo kwarika kubera ko imbuto y’indobanure y’ibigori bateye mbere itabashije kuva mu butaka kubera imvura yabaye nkeya muri ako gace ko mu cyahoze ari Superefegitura ya Birambo.
Twibutse ko intungamubiri ziri mu bigori ubariye ku magarama 100 ari izi zikurikira : amazi angana na garama 10,3. Garama 362 za kalisiyumu, Karoli muri garama 100 zingana na 8,1. Harimo kandi amagarama 76,9 by’ibinyasukari, gararama 3,6 bya Lipide, gr 6,16 bya Vitamine A, 0,385 bya vitamine B1 NA Miligarama 0,201 za B2, miligarama 3,632 za vitamine B3 na PP, Miligarama 241 za acide gras, miligarama 304 z’umunyu ngugu na7,3 gr za Fibre, 6gr z’umunyu ngugu wa Feri, 3,5garama za Potasiyumu, 2,87 garama za manyeziyumu, 127gr za sodiyumu na 35garama za fosifori.
Ikigori ni kimwe mu binyampeke bigaragara mu ifunguro ry’ibanze rya hafi kandi rifatiye runini umubiri w’umuntu. Nk’uko urubuga rwa interineti Doctissimo.fr rubivuga, ngo icyo kiribwa kigirira akamaro gakomeye umubiri w’umuntu, kuko gikungahaye ku bitera imbaraga byinshi n’ibyubaka umubiri biringaniye. Inzobere mu mbonezamirire zo mu kigo cya Mississippi zivuga ko icyo gihingwa gikize cyane kuri “Amido”ndetse kikaba gifite inkomoko muri Korombiya aho abaturage baho ba kera bagifataga nk’ikiribwa cy’ibanze.
[[File:Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.1.jpg|thumb|250px|Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese]]
Icyo kiribwa cyaje gukwirakwira muri Afurika, i Burayi n’ahandi, kikaba cyarafashe umwanya ukomeye mu binyampeke byahingwaga icyo gihe nk’ingano ndetse n’uburo aho ibyo binyampeke byavagamo ibintu byinshi bitandukanye nk’igikoma, ubugali n’ibindi. Kurya cyane icyo kinyampeke udakuraho ariko ngo si byiza kuko bishobora gutera indwara ya “Pelle-agra” ni ukuvuga indwara y’uruhu iterwa no kubura Vitamine PP. Ibyo ariko ngo bikaba biterwa n’ubutamenya bushingiye ku buryo icyo kinyampeke cyakagombye gukoreshwa. Ubundi ifu y’icyo kinyampeke ngo ikennye kuri proteyine za ngombwa umubiri ukeneye ariko ushobora kuba wazikura mu bindi biribwa ndetse bitanahenze bityo ibyo bikaba byaherekeza ifunguro ryiganjemo ibigori. Ariko kandi bitewe n’ikoranabuhanga rimaze gutera imbere igihingwa cy’ibigori ngo gisigaye kivangwa n’ibindi biribwa bityo ngo bigatanga indyo nziza kandi ikize ku ntungamubiri zose.
Icyo gihe ikigori kiribwa gitetse, cyangwa bakifashisha ifarini yacyo aho bakoramo amoko menshi anyuranye y’ibiribwa rimwe na rimwe babanje kubicisha mu mavuta. Ikindi kandi hashobora kwifashishwa ifu igashyirwa hejuru y’inyama maze ukabishyira mu mavuta nk’uko biri mu muco gakondo w’Abanyamerika bafite inkomoko mu Buhinde.
Ibigori ni kimwe mu binyampeke bihingwa ku isi yose, mu turere twose tw'ubuhinzi haba imisozi migifi, iringaniye ndetse n'imisozi miremire. Ibigori byera mu butaka bunyuranye cyane cyane byera neza mu butaka bw'isi ndende, buseseka kandi buhitisha amazi, burimo ibumba n'ifumbire y'imborera ibuha intungagihingwa zihagije. Ibigori bihingwa mu butaka bw'isi ndende, bubika amazi, bworoshye kandi bufumbiye.
N'ubwo ibigori byera ku butaka bunyuranye, ntabwo byera neza mu butaka bwagundutse burimo umucanga mwinshi n'ibumba ryinshi, kereka bashyizemo ifumbire nyinshi mvaruganda, kandi ni ngombwa cyane guhinga bajya hasi kandi bagasukira kugira ngo amazi ahite neza.
Amoko yamamazwa n’ibiyaranga
Mu misozi migufi n’iciriritse hahingwa amoko ya Kigega (ZM607), ISARM081 (Pool15_ QPM_SR), Ndaruhutse (Pool 32), H513, SC513, SC525, ISARM101, ISARM103, RHM101, RHM102, RHM103. WH505.
Mu misozi miremire hera Tamira (Pool 9A), Mamesa (Pool 8A), ISARH071, PAN691,H 628, H 624 na PAN 691.
Hari kandi imbuto z'ibyimanyi ziboneka habanguriwe amoko asanzwe y'ibigori n'andi moko arangwa n'ibyo umushakashatsi ukora amoko y'imbuto yifuza ( zihanganira amapfa cyangwa indwara n'ibyonnyi, yera vuba cyangwa se atanga umusaruro mwiza n'ibindi. Muri ayo moko twavuga:1. RHM104:yihanganira izuba kandi iberanye n'imisozi iringaniye kuva kuri m 900 kugeza kuri m 1800 z'ubutumburuke. Impuzandengo y'umusaruro ugera kuri toni 7.9kuri hegitari.
Imbuto shingiro y'ubu bwoko ituburwa n'ishami rya RAB rishinzwe imbuto n’ama sosiyeti amwe n’amwe y’abikorera mu butubuzi bw’imbuto.2. RHM1407: iberanye n'imisozi iciriritse, iri hagati ya m 900 na m 1800 z'ubutumburuke. Iyi mbuto yakorewe igenzura mu buryo bwa laburatwari n'uburyo busanzwe bigaragara ko yihanganira indwara ya Cyumya y'ibigori. Aho yageregerejwe yatanze umusaruro mpuzandengo wa toni 7.87 kuri Ha.3. RHT132: iberanye n'imisozi iringaniye, iri hagati ya m 1400 na m 2000 z'ubutumburuke. Yakorewe isuzuma muri Laburatwari no mu mirima hagamijwe kureba niba yihanganira indwara ya Cyumya y'ibigori, bigaragara ko iyihanganira.4. RHM1409: iberanye n'imisozi iringaniye, iri hagati ya m 900 na m 1700 z'ubutumburuke. Yakorewe isuzuma muri Laburatwari no mu mirima hagamijwe kureba niba yihanganira indwara ya Cyumya y'ibigori, bigaragara ko iyihanganira mu rugero. Umusaruro mpuzandengo wayo ni toni 8.67 kuri hegitari.5. RHM1402: iberanye n'imisozi iringaniye, iri hagati ya m 900 na m 1800 z'ubutumburuke. Itanga umusaruro mpuzandengo wa toni 8.59 kuri hegitari. Nta sosiyeti irafata iyi mbuto kugira ngo iyitubure.6. RHMM111:iberanye by'umwihariko n'imisozi iringaniye ariko ikonja. Ni imbuto yera vuba cyane, yerera iminsi 100. Itanga umusaruro mpuzandengo wa toni 6.16 kuri hegitari.7. RHMMM113: iberanye n'imisozi iringaniye iri hagati ya m 900 na m 1700 z'ubutumburuke. Ni imbuto yerera iminsi 110. Itanga umusaruro mpuzandengo wa toni 8.23 kuri hegitari.8. RHMH1520 iberanye n'imisozi miremire, iri ku butumburuke muri hejuru ya m 1800. Ifite umusaruro mpuzantengo wa toni 7.8 kuri hegitari.
9. RHMH1521: : iberanye n'imisozi miremire, iri ku butumburuke muri hejuru ya m 1800. Ifite umusaruro mpuzantengo wa toni 7.8 kuri hegitari.
Uburyo bukoreshwa mu gutegura umurima
Mu Rwanda, abahinzi benshi b'ibigori bakoresha uburyo bumenyerewe bwo gutegura umurima:
IsukaUburyo bwo gutegura umurima bakoresheje isuka bukoreshwa cyane cyane n'abahinzi bafite ubutaka buto. Ubu buryo ntibwihuta, bukoresha abakozi benshi ariko burizewe.
Imashini zihingaImashini zihinga zikoreshwa cyane cyane n'abahinzi bafite ubutaka buringanye cyangwa bunini kubera ko izi mashini zihenda kandi ntizibonerwe ibyuma bisimbura ibishaje ku buryo bworoshye, igiciro cyo hejuru cy'amavuta zikoresha ndetse n'igiciro gihanitse cyo kuzikodesha.
Imashini nto zisunikwaUbu ni uburyo bwiza ku bahinzi bafite ubutaka buto cyangwa buringaniye kuko zikoresha amavuta make kandi zikaba zidahenze n'ubwo zitaberanye n'ubutaka bukomeye. Izi mashini zikoreshwa ibintu byinshi kandi biroroshye kuzikoresha. Icyakora abahinzi benshi ntibarasobanukirwa n'ibyiza byo gukoresha imashini, bitewe ahari n'uko zikiri nshya ku isoko.
Inyamaswa zihingaUbu ni uburyo bwo gukoreshwa inyamaswa zikurura amasuka ahinga. Ubu buryo bufasha umuhinzi guhinga ubutaka bunini no gutera ibigori byinshi ugereranyije no guhingisha isuka isanzwe. Gusa rero ubu buryo ntibuberanye n'ubutaka bukomeye cyangwa buhanamye.Ubu buryo kandi busaba kugura no korora imfizi yifashishwa mu gukurura amasuka ahinga.
Nyuma yo kureba uburyo bukoreshwa mu gutegure umurima, ni ngombwa kandi kurwanya isuri mu murima kugira ngo itazangiza ibigori umusaruro umuhinzi yari yizeye ntuboneke.
Kurwanya isuri hifashijwe :Amaterasi y’indinganire
Gucukura imiringoti,
Gutera ibiti bivangwa n'imyaka bifata ubutaka
Kurima bwa mbere bavanamo urwiri n'ibindi byatsi bibi iyo biri mu murima.
Guhinga bwa kabiri (gutabira) cyangwa gusanza bagiye gutera imbuto.GufumbiraMu murima ugiye guterwamo ibigori hashyirwa Toni 10 kuri ha z’ifumbire y’imborera iboze neza mu gihe cy’itabira. Iyo ubutaka bwagundutse cyane, batera ishwagara mu murima mu byumweru bibiri mbere yo gutera ku rugero rwa Toni 2,5 na Toni 5 z’ishwagara kuri ha, ikamaramo ibihembwe bine by‘ihinga. Hashyirwa mu murima ifumbire mvaruganda: kg 250 za NPK(17-17-17) kuri ha, cyangwa kg 100 za DAP mu gihe cy’itera cyangwa imaze kumera. Iyo hashize ibyumweru bitandatu nyuma yo gutera, bakongeramo 100 kg za Ire kuri ha.
Gutera imbuto
Haterwa imbuto ingana na kg 20-25 z’imbuto kuri ha.
Ibigori biterwa ku ntera ya cm 80 hagati y’imirongo na cm 30 hagati y’utwobo tw’imbuto, kandi hagaterwa ibigori bibiri muri buri kobo. Iyo bashaka gutera ikigori kimwe mu kobo, batera ku ntera ya cm 70 hagati y’imirongo na cm 30 y’utwobo tw’imbuto.
Igihe cyo gutera
Ku gihembwe cy’ihinga cy'umuhindo, mu misozi migufi no mu misozi iciriritse, batera ibigori mu byumweru bibiri bya nyuma by’ukwezi kwa Nzeli, n’ibyumweru bibiri bya mbere by’ukwezi k’Ukwakira.
Ku gihembwe cy'ihinga cya kabiri, batera mu kwezi kwa Gashyantare.
Mu misozi mireremire, batera mu kwezi k’Ukwakira ku gihembwe cy’ihinga cya mbere no mu kwezi kwa Gashyantare mu gihembwe cya kabiri, ariko hari n’abageza mu kwezi kwa Werurwe bagitera.
Mu bishanga batera mu kwezi kwa Kamena, ibishanga bimaze kumuka.
Kubikenura (Kubikorera cyangwa gufata neza ibigori)
Imirimo ikorwa mu rwego rwo gukenura cyangwa gufata neza igihingwa cy'ibigori, harimo kubagara inshuro ebyiri, kwicira, no gusukira.
KubagaraIbigori bibagarwa inshuro ya mbere bikimara kumera bifite cm 10 z’uburebure. Iryo bagara rigamije gukuramo ibyatsi bibi byacuranwa intungagihingwa n'ibigori, no kumena ubutaka kugira ngo ibigori bibashe gukura neza.
KwiciraIbigori babyicira mu gihe babagara ubwa kabiri. Kwicira ni ukurandura utugori tudasa neza nk'ibindi, biba bigaragara ko tutazera neza cyangwa se kugabanya umubare w'ibigori byameze mu mwobo umwe iyo birenze bibiri.
Gusukira/ KuhiraIyo ibigori bimaze kugera ku burebure bwa cm30, barabisukira. Gusukira ni ukwegereza agataka ibigori, hagamijwe kubishyigikira kugira ngo bikure neza kandi bishinge imizi byoye guhungabanywa n'umuyaga.
Kurwanya indwara n’ibyonnyi by’ingenzi ku bigori 1. Nkongwa y’ibigori: ni udukoko bita Busseola fusca, sesania colanistis, eldana sacharina. Utwo dukoko dukwirakwizwa n’utunyugunyugu dutera amagi mu bigori mu gihe cy’imicyo. Ubwone bugaragazwa n’imyobo mu ruti, mu ntete no ku mababi y’ibigori, ikikijwe n’amabyi ya nkongwa.
Ibimenyetso bya nkongwa y’ibigori Ibimenyetso bya Nkongwa y’ibigori: ubwone bwa Busseola fusca ku mababi y’ibigori (A) imyobo y’ubwone (B) imyobo n’umwanda wa Nkongwa mu ruti rw’ikigori rw’ikigori (C), umutima w’igihingwa cy’kigori wapfuye( D), ubwone ku kigori n’intete zacyo, (E) n’imyobo yuzuyemo umwanda wa Nkongwa n.intete zariwe (F).
Bayirwanya batera kare, basimburanya ibihingwa, kurunda ibigorigori mu kimpoteri cyabyo cyangwa gukoresha imiti nka Dursban 48% 1,5l/Ha cyangwa béta-cyfluthrine 2,5% hakoreshejwe ml 10 z’umuti muri litiro 10 z’amazi kuri ari 1.2. Indwara y’imigongo cyangwa ingenge y’amabara bita “Maize streak virus” ikwirakwizwa n’agakoko bita Cicadulina rubila. Igaragazwa n’imirongo y’umweru ku kibabi.
Ibimenyetso bw’ingenge z’amababi y’ibigori
Bayirwanya baterera rimwe kandi kare, bakarandura ibyafashwe bishobora gukwirakwiza indwara.3. Kubabuka kw’amababi y’ibigori: iyi indwara iterwa n’agahumyo bita “Helmnthosporium turcicum“. Ni indwara ifata amababi y’ikigori ikagaragazwa n’amabara manini arambuye ku mababi. Ikara cyane mu gihe cy’imvura.
Ibimenyetso by’indwara ibabura amababi y’ibigori.
Mu kuyikumira no kuyirwanya, batera ku gihe imbuto zihanganira iyo ndwara kandi hagakoreshwa imbuto ihungijwe umuti wa Thiran na benomyl. Ni ngombwa kandi kurunda ibigorigori mu cyimpoteri cyabyo ahitaruye.4. Nkongwa idasanzweNkongwa idasanzwe (Fall Armyworm: Spodoptera frugiper- da) ni icyonnyi kidasanzwe gitera igihombo kinini cyane iyo kitarwanyijwe bikwiye. Icyi cyonnyi cyibasira cyane cyane ibigori ndetse n’ibindi bihingwa nk’amasaka n’ibisheke.
Nkongwa idasanzwe n’ubwone bwayo Nkongwa idasanzwe ifite ishushyo y’inyuguti ya “Y”
Kuyirinda
Guhinga ugeza isuka hasi ugamije kugaragaza, kuvanamo cyangwa gutaba nkongwa n’ibikonoshwa byayo,
Kubagara umurima igihe cyose hagaragayemo ibyatsi no kugira isuku mu nkengero zawo,
Gukura mu murima ibisigazwa by’ibihingwa nyuma yo gusarura,
Kongerera ibihingwa ubudahangarwa hakoreshwa ifumbire y’imborera iboze neza n’imvar uganda ku bipimo nyabyo hamwe no kuhira,
Gusimburanya mu murima ibinyampeke n’ibinyamisogwe (ibishyimbo, soya,..) cyangwa n’ibinyabijumba (ibirayi, ibijumba),
Gusura umurima byibuze inshuro eshatu mu cyumweru, ureba niba nta bimenyetso by’iki cyonnyi birimo.
Igihe ubisanzemo ihutire gutanga amakuru ku babishinzwe (Abajyanamab’ubuhinzi, abafashamyumvire, n’abashinzwe ubuhinzi mu Kagari, Umurenge, Akarere,RAB…)
Kuyirwanya
Gutoragura nkongwa mumurima no kuzica,
Gukoresha umuti wica udukoko nka:
Cypermethrin 4%+profenofos 40% (urugero: roket, target, cypro, jaket,…) ku rugero rwa 1-2 ml z’umuti muri 1l z’amazi,
Lambda-Cyhalothrin 50g/l, ku rugero rwa 1-2 ml z’umuti muri 1l z’amazi,
Pyrethrum 5% EWC, ku rugero rwa 8ml muri 1l y’amazi
Acetamiprid 20g/l + Lambda-Cyhalothrin 16g/l, 4-6ml muri 1l y’amazi,
Imidacloprid 200g/l ku rugero rwa 1ml muri 1l y’amazi.
Cyumya/ Kirabiranya y’ibigori
Cyumya/ Kirabiranya y’ibigori ni idwara iterwa na virusi z’ubwoko bubiri ari zo Maize chlorotic mottle virus (Machlomovirus: Tombusviridae) na Sugarcane mosaic virus (Potyvirus: Potyviridae) cyangwa se ubundi bwoko bwa virusi ifata ibinyampeke yo mu bwoko bwitwa Potyviridae.Ibimenyetso'''
Cyumya/ Kirabiranya y’ibigori yigaragaza ku buryo bwinshi bitewe n’ubwoko, ikigero cy’ubwandu n’ibihe. Mu bimenyetso
biyigaragaza harimo amababi y’ikigori cyafashwe ahinduka umuhondo hanyuma agatangira kwuma ahereye ku mpande agana imbere. Iyo gifashwe kikiri gito cyuma gihereye ku mutwe. Iyo gifashwe cyaramaze guheka, umuheko ugaragara nk’aho ikigori cyeze, nyamara iyo uwuvanyeho ibishishwa usanga imbere intete zidakuze kandi ari nke cyane (Castillo and Herbert, 1974; Castillo Loayza, 1977; Niblett and Caflin, 1978; Uyemoto et al., 1981).
Uburyo bwo kuyirinda no kuyirwanya
Gukoresha imbuto zujuje ubuziranenge ziboneka ku bacuruzi b’inyongera musaruro bemewe;
Gukurikiza amabwiriza y’imihingire myiza atangwa n’abamamaza buhinzi (urugero: guterera ku gihe, guterera rimwe, intera zo gutereraho, igerambuto, gufumbira neza, kubagara, n’ibindi…),
Kurandura no gukuraho ibigori byose byagaragaje uburwayi bigatabwa nibura mu cyobo gifite metero imwe (m1) y’ubujyakuzimu,
Kwirinda gutera ibigori hafi y’umurima ugaragaramo Cyumya/Kirabiranya,
Gusimburanya ibigori n’ibindi bihingwa bitari ibinyampeke,
Kutagaburira amatungo impungure zasaruwe ku bigori birwaye,
Kwirinda gukwirakwiza imbuto cyangwa ibikomoka ku bigori byagarayeho indwara, uva mu karere ujya mu kandi.
GUSARURA
Sarura ibigori bimaze kwera neza no kuma,
Amababi n’ibishishwa biba byarumye
Igice cy’ikigori gifashe ku giti kiba cyatangiye guhindura ibara kibaba ikigina cyangwa umukara,
Bigori biba byumye utabyotsa
Iyo usatuye intete usanga imbere harumye
Byibyra ¾ by’ibigori biba byaratangiye kugwa bisa n’ibigiye kuva ku biti,
Urugero rw’ubuhehere ruba rugeze kuri 35%.
Gutema, kwanika no gutonora ibigori
Bishobora gukorwa n’intoki bahwanyuza kimwe kimwe cyangwa bagatema ibiti byabyo bikiriho ibigori hanyuma bakabyanika mu murima kugira ngo bikomeze kuma. Ibigori byanitse mu murima byuma nka nyuma y’ibyumweru kuva kuri kimwe kugera kuri bitatu bitewe n’uko ibihe by’izuba n’imvura bimeze. Nyuma y’aho ibigori bishobora gutonorwa bigahunikwa.
Kumisha no guhumgura
Kwanika ibigori mu murima bishobora kunganirwa no kongera kubyanika mu nyubako zabugenewe kuko bigabanya ibyago byo kuzana uruhumbu.
Ibigori bishobora kujyanwa hanze y’ubwanikiro bikanikwa ku zuba ku birago cyangwa ibindi bikoresho kugira ngo byume neza bigere ku ugero rw’ubuhehere rwifuzwa mbere y’uko bihungurwa.
Ibigori bigomba guhungurwa bigeze ku gipimo cy’ubuhehere cya 13-14%. Guhungura n’intoki ni bwo buryo bumenyerewe. Ubundi buryo bwo guhunguza udukoresho bafata mu ntoki cyangwa imashini zihungura ibigori bishobora koroshya akazi no kongera ubushobozi bwo guhungura byinshi.Akuma gahungura ibigori Imashini ihungura ibigori.''
Ibigori bihungurwa kubera impamvu zikurikira:
Guhungira intete biroroha kandi bikagira umumaro kurushaho,
Kubihungira bikorwa n’uuti muke
Ibigori bihunguye bimara igihe kinini bitangiritse
Hakenerwa umwanya muto wo kubihunika
Biroroshye kugenzura no gusuzuma umusaruro
Ibyonnyi ntibibyangiza nk’uko byakwangiza ibigori bidahunguye.Iyo ibigori bimaze guhungurwa, biragosorwa, bigahungirwa hakoreshejwe umuti wa Actellic super ku rugero rwa gr 10 z’umuti muri kg 100 z’ibigori.
Guhunika
Ibigori byumye bishobora guhunikwa bidahunguye cyangwa ari intete zigunguye. Bihunikwa mu bitebo, ibigega cyangwa imifuka. Imifuka igomba guterekwa ku mbaho zigiye hejuru y’ubutaka kugira ngo umwuka utemberemo.
Imiyoboro
Ikigori : Ingirakamaro mu bitunga umubiri
Ibigori
Ibimera
Ubuhinzi |
3019 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwikinisha | Kwikinisha | Iri jambo Kwikinisha bamwe bita gutina, kwitinanga, gutinura n’andi mazina mu gifaransa no mu cyongereza ni “Masturbation”. Rikomoka ku kigereki “μεζεα” risomwa ngo “mezea” rigasobanura Imboro mu bwinshi. Rikomoka kandi ku kilatini “manus” bivuga “ukuboko” na “turbare” bisobanura “kubuza amahoro”. Mu by’ukuri rero ijambo “masturbation” risobanura “kubuza imboro amahoro ukoresheje intoki”.
Imiyoboro
Ingaruka z 'uburwayi Buterwa no Kwikinisha (Masturbation)
Ingaruka z’uburwayi buterwa no Kwikinisha (Masturbation)
Ubuzima |
3020 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariki | Pariki | Pariki ni icyanya bamukerarugendo bakunze gusura bitewe n'uburyo urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima biba bibungabunzwe.
Pariki Nasiyonali z'u Rwanda
u Rwanda rugizwe na pariki nasiyonali eshatu arizo :
Pariki y'Akagera
Pariki ya Nyungwe
Pariki y’ Igihugu y’ Ibirunga |
3024 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikilatini | Ikilatini | Ikilatini (izina mu kilatini Lingua Latīna) ni ururimi rwavugwaga kera zo mu bice by'amajyepfo yo mu Burayi,mu karere ka Latium mu gihugu kigari cya Roma ya kera. Ubu ni mu Butaliyani. Uru rurimi ni rwaje kubyara indimi nyinshi harimo igifaransa, igisipanyola, igitaliyani n'izindi...
Ubu ntirukivugwa uretse ko hari ibitabo byinshi kandi byuzuye ubuhanga byanditswe mu kilatini bikiboneka.
N'ubwo rutagikoreshwa ariko, hari umwihariko kuri Leta ya Vatikani na Kiliziya Gatolika: nirwo rurimi rwa leta rukoreshwa mu nyandiko mpamo. Ibyo byabaye umuco kuva mu bisekuru byo hambere na n'ubu niko bikimeze biturutse ku mateka ya Kiliziya imaze gushinga imizi mu murwa w'abaromani. Igifaransa nicyo rurimi rwa dipolomasi muri leta ya Vatikani n'ubwo hari ababangukirwa n' igitaliyani.
Ntago ikilatini ari ururimi rwera ku bagatolika nk'uko hari bamwe babigoreka. Ndetse nyuma ya Konsili ya Kabiri ya Vatikani, amasengesho, missa byahinduwe mu ndimi abakirisitu gakondo babasha kuvuga. Bityo na hano iwacu mu Rwanda byinshi byahinduwe mu kinyarwanda.
Amagambo n'interuro mu kilatini
Heus / Ave – Ndakuramukije -Ndakuramutsa
Salve – Komera - Ramba - Sugira (Ndakuramukije -Ndakuramutsa) ; nayo ikoreshwa mu gusuhuzanya
Quomodo vales? / Quid agis? – Amakuru?
Bene valeo – Ni meza (ndaho, meze neza)
Quid est nomen tibi? – Witwa nde?
Nomen mihi est ... – Nitwa ...
Sic – Yego
? – Oya
Imibare
ūnus – rimwe
duo – kabiri
trēs – gatatu
quattuor – kane
quīnque – gatanu
sex – gatandatu
septem – karindwi
octō – umunani
novem – icyenda
decem – icumi
Alfabeti ya Kilatini
Wikipediya mu kilatini
http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagina_prima
Indimi z’ikiromanisi
Ubugatolika |
3026 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikiyaga%20cya%20Kivu | Ikiyaga cya Kivu | Ikiyaga cya Kivu ni kimwe mu biyaga bigari bya Afurika. Iherereye ku mupaka uhuza Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo n'u Rwanda, kandi iri muri Albertine Rift, ishami ry’iburengerazuba rya Rift African Rift. Ikiyaga cya Kivu gisohoka mu ruzi rwa Ruzizi, rutemba rugana mu majyepfo mu kiyaga cya Tanganyika.
Ubumenyi bw'isi
Ikiyaga cya Kivu gifite uburebure bwa kilometero 26 (26 mi) n'uburebure bwa kilometero 50 (31 mi). Imiterere yayo idasanzwe ituma gupima ubuso bwacyo bugoye; byagereranijwe ko bifite ubuso bungana na km2 2700 (1,040 sq mi), bikaba ikiyaga cya munani muri Afurika. Ubuso bw'ikiyaga bwicaye ku burebure bwa metero 1.460 (hejuru ya 4,790) hejuru y’inyanja. Iki kiyaga gifite amahirwe yo kurwara limnic buri myaka 1000. Ikiyaga gifite ubujyakuzimu bwa metero 475 (metero 1.558) n'uburebure bwa metero 220 (722), kikaba kiyaga ikiyaga cya cumi n'umunani cyimbitse ku isi ku bujyakuzimu, naho icyenda ikaba ikuzimu.
Ibirometero kare 1,370 (529 sq mi) cyangwa 58 ku ijana by'amazi y'ikiyaga biri mu mbibi za DRC.
Uburiri bw'ikiyaga bwicaye ku kibaya gitemba kigenda gitandukana buhoro buhoro, gitera ibikorwa by'ibirunga muri ako gace.
Ikirwa cya cumi kinini ku isi mu kiyaga, Idjwi, kiri mu kiyaga cya Kivu, mu mbibi za Parike y'igihugu ya Virunga. Gutura ku nkombe z'ikiyaga harimo Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake na Goma muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, na Gisenyi, Kibuye, na Cyangugu mu Rwanda.
Ubutabire
Ikiyaga cya Kivu n'ikiyaga cy'amazi meza kandi, hamwe n'ikiyaga cya Kameruni cya Nyos n'ikiyaga cya Monoun, ni kimwe muri bitatu bizwi ko biturika. Hafi y'ikiyaga, abahanga mu bumenyi bwa geologiya [bagenzuye bakeneye] basanze ibimenyetso byerekana ko abantu benshi barimbutse mu myaka igihumbi, bikaba bishoboka ko byatewe n'ibyabaye. Impamvu y’ikiyaga cyasenyutse mu kiyaga cya Kivu ntikiramenyekana, ariko ibikorwa by’ibirunga n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere byombi bikekwa. Imyuka ya gaze yibiyaga biturika irihariye kuri buri kiyaga. Ku bijyanye n'ikiyaga cya Kivu, kirimo metani (CH4) na dioxyde de carbone (CO2), biturutse ku mikoranire y'amazi yo mu kiyaga n'amasoko ashyushye y'ibirunga.
Ingano ya metani iri munsi yikiyaga ngo ni kilometero kibe 65 (16 cu mi). Niba yatwitse umwaka umwe, byatanga impuzandengo ya gigawatt 100 (130 × 106 hp) mugihe cyose. Ikiyaga kandi gifite kilometero kibe 256 (61 cu mi) ya dioxyde de carbone, iyo irekuwe mugihe cyo guturika, ishobora guhumeka abatuye ikiyaga cyose. Ubushyuhe bwamazi ni 24 ° C (75 ° F), naho pH ni 8,6. Methane ivugwa ko ikorwa no kugabanya mikorobe yo kugabanya ikirunga CO2. Ahazaza hasenyuka na gaze mu mazi maremare y’ikiyaga cya Kivu byavamo amakuba, bigatuma ikiyaga cyanditswe mu mateka cyasenyutse ku biyaga bito cyane bya Nyos na Monoun. Ubuzima bwabantu bagera kuri miriyoni ebyiri batuye mukibaya cyikiyaga bwugarijwe.
Ibice biva mu gace ka Bukavu Bay kiyaga bigaragaza ko hepfo hashyizwemo imyunyu ngugu ya monohydrocalcite idasanzwe ihujwe na diatom, hejuru yubutaka bwa sapropelique irimo pyrite nyinshi. Ibi tubisanga intera eshatu zitandukanye. Ibice bya sapropelique byitwa ko bifitanye isano no gusohora hydrothermal na diatom kumurabyo wagabanije urugero rwa karuboni ya dioxyde de carbone hasi bihagije kugirango igabanye monohydrocalcite.
Abahanga mu bya siyansi bavuga ko imikoranire ihagije y’ibirunga n’amazi yo hepfo y’ikiyaga gifite ingufu nyinshi za gaze byashyushya amazi, bigahatira metani mu mazi, bigatera metani iturika, kandi bigatera kurekura icyarimwe karuboni ya dioxyde. Dioxyde de carbone noneho yahumeka abantu benshi mukibaya cyikiyaga mugihe imyuka iva hejuru yikiyaga. Birashoboka kandi ko ikiyaga gishobora kubyara tsunami yikiyaga mugihe gaze iturika.
Umuyoboro w’ubushakashatsi washyizwe ku kiyaga cya Nyos mu 2001 kugira ngo ukure gaze mu mazi maremare, ariko igisubizo nk'iki ku kiyaga kinini kinini cya Kivu cyaba gihenze cyane. Toni zigera kuri miriyoni 510 (toni 500 × 106 z'uburebure) za dioxyde de carbone mu kiyaga ni munsi ya 2 ku ijana by'amafaranga arekurwa buri mwaka no gutwika amavuta ya fosile. Kubwibyo, inzira yo kuyisohora irashobora kuba ifite amafaranga arenze kubaka no gukoresha sisitemu.
Iki kibazo kijyanye no gukwirakwiza metani ni icya mazuku, ijambo ryigiswahiri "umuyaga mubi" ryo gusohora metani na dioxyde de carbone yica abantu n’inyamaswa, ndetse ishobora no kwica ibimera mugihe cyinshi cyane.
Gukura metani mu kiyaga
Ikiyaga cya Kivu giherutse kugaragara ko gifite miriyari 55 m3 (tiriyoni 1,9 cu ft) za biyogazi yashonze ku bujyakuzimu bwa metero 300 (1.000 ft). Kugeza mu 2004, gucukura gaze byakozwe ku rugero ruto, gaze yakuweho ikoreshwa mu gukoresha amashyiga mu ruganda rwa Bralirwa i Gisenyi. Ku bijyanye no gukoresha cyane uyu mutungo, guverinoma y'u Rwanda yaganiriye n'amashyaka menshi yo gukora metani iva mu kiyaga.
Mu mwaka wa 2011, ContourGlobal, isosiyete ikora ingufu mu Bwongereza yibanda ku masoko agaragara, yabonye inkunga yo gutangiza umushinga munini wo gucukura metani. Uyu mushinga unyuzwa mu kigo cy’u Rwanda cyitwa KivuWatt, hifashishijwe urubuga rwa barge rwo mu nyanja gukuramo, gutandukanya, no gusukura imyuka yavuye mu buriri bw’ikiyaga mbere yo kuvoma metani isukuye binyuze mu muyoboro w’amazi ugana kuri moteri ya gaze ku nkombe. Icyiciro cya mbere cyumushinga, giha "genseti" eshatu ku nkombe yikiyaga no gutanga MW 26 z'amashanyarazi kuri gride yaho, kuva cyarangiye. Icyiciro gikurikira kigamije kohereza genseti icyenda ziyongera kuri MW 75 kugirango habeho ubushobozi bwa MW 101.
Byongeye kandi, Symbion Power Lake Kivu Limited yahawe amasezerano yo Korohereza no Gutanga Amashanyarazi (PPA) mu 2015, kugirango itange MW 50 z'amashanyarazi ukoresheje metani ya Kivu. Biteganijwe ko umushinga uzatangira kubakwa muri 2019, ingufu za mbere (Icyiciro cya 1 - 14 MW) zizakorwa mu gihembwe cya mbere 2020. Uruganda ruzatangira gukora mu 2021.
Symbion Power yaguze ubundi buryo bwo kongera ingufu za MW 25 kandi kuri ubu barimo kuganira na PPA n’itsinda ry’amashanyarazi mu Rwanda rishobora kubona MW 8 z'amashanyarazi zoherejwe kuri Grid nyuma y'amezi atandatu PPA ishyizweho umukono. Iyi nyungu iri kurubuga rwumwimerere wicyitegererezo uzwi nka KP1.
Usibye gucunga gucukura gaze, KivuWatt izanayobora inganda zitanga amashanyarazi no kugurisha ingufu z'amashanyarazi guverinoma y'u Rwanda hashingiwe ku masezerano y'igihe kirekire yo kugura amashanyarazi (PPA). Ibi bituma KivuWatt igenzura itangwa ryingufu zitangwa kuva aho zivuye kugeza aho zigurishwa muri gride yaho. Gukuramo bivugwa ko bikoresha amafaranga menshi kandi byoroshye kuko iyo amazi akungahaye kuri gaze amaze kuvomwa, imyuka yashonze (cyane cyane dioxyde de carbone, hydrogen sulphide na metani) itangira kubyimba uko umuvuduko wamazi ugabanuka. Biteganijwe ko uyu mushinga uzongerera ingufu u Rwanda ubushobozi bwo gutanga ingufu inshuro zigera kuri 20, kandi bikazafasha u Rwanda kugurisha amashanyarazi mu bihugu bituranye na Afurika. Ikigo cyahawe amasezerano y’umwaka wa 2011 muri Afurika y’amashanyarazi kubera guhanga udushya muri gahunda yo gutera inkunga yakuye ahantu hatandukanye ku mushinga wa KivuWatt. Uruganda rw'amashanyarazi miliyoni 200 rwakoraga kuri MW 26 muri 2016.
Umusozo
N’ubuwo bikigoye gushyira mu bikorwa kubyaza umusaruro izi mbaraga zihishe mu kiyaga cya Kivu kubera uburyo bw’ubushobozi bw’amafaranga ndetse n’ubumenyi.
U Rwanda rushyize imbaraga mu kubyazamo ibisubizo by’amashanyarazi ku baturage mu cyakabaye ari icyago kuri bo.Ngira ngo urabona ko gaze metane atari atari icyago nk’uko byagaragaraga mbere y’uko habonekamo igisubizo.
Isoko z'inyandiko |
3029 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikiyaga%20cya%20Muhazi | Ikiyaga cya Muhazi | {
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Ikiyaga cya Muhazi (Kinyarwanda: Ikiyaga cya Muhazi) ni ikiyaga kirekire kirekire cyane mu burasirazuba bw'u Rwanda. Igice kinini cy'ikiyaga kiri mu Ntara y'Iburasirazuba, impera y'iburengerazuba igakora umupaka uhuza Intara y'Amajyaruguru na Kigali. Ni ikiyaga cyuzuyemo ikibaya cyuzuyemo amazi, kikaba kiryamye cyane mu burasirazuba ugana iburengerazuba, ariko gifite amasoko menshi mu majyaruguru yerekeza mu majyepfo, ahahoze ari imigezi. Ikiyaga gifite urugomero rwa beto kuruhande rwiburengerazuba, rwubatswe mu 1999 kugirango rusimbuze urugomero rwisi rwabayeho kuva kera. Ikiyaga cyisuka mu ruzi rwa Nyabugogo, rutemba rugana mu majyepfo ya Kigali aho ruhurira n'umugezi wa Nyabarongo, igice cya Nili yo haruguru.
Ubusobanuro
Ikiyaga cya Muhazi giherereye mu burasirazuba bw'u Rwanda, kuri coordinate 1 ° 52′S 30 ° 22′E / 1.867 ° S 30.367 ° E. Irashobora kuboneka mu nzira eshatu zambere zu Rwanda. Umuhanda wa Kigali ugana Gatuna unyura hafi y’iburengerazuba bw’ikiyaga, umuhanda wa Kigali ugana Kayonza, unyura mu kiyaga ugana mu majyepfo; amaherezo, umuhanda wa Kayonza ugana Kagitumba unyura ku kiyaga cya kilometero 3.8 (hafi 2,4 mi) hafi ya Gahini, mbere yo kunyura hejuru y'imisozi ibiri iva mu kiyaga amaherezo ikava mu kiyaga hafi ya Kawangire. kandi ni icyifuzo cyubushakashatsi bwa Mediatrice, Irene na Sandra
Ikiyaga cya Muhazi gifite uburebure bwa kilometero 60, mu burasirazuba - iburengerazuba, ariko ubugari bwacyo buri munsi ya 5 km. Iherereye mu burasirazuba-hagati mu Rwanda kandi ifite inkombe mu ntara eshatu mu ntara eshanu z'igihugu. Iburengerazuba bwa gatatu cyikiyaga kigize umupaka uhuza Intara ya Kigali (Akarere ka Gasabo) mu majyepfo, n’Intara y'Amajyaruguru (Akarere ka Gicumbi) mu majyaruguru. Iburasirazuba bibiri bya gatatu cyangwa ikiyaga kiri mu Ntara y'Iburasirazuba, bikora umupaka uhuza Akarere ka Rwamagana mu majyepfo, n'uturere twa Gatsibo na Kayonza mu majyaruguru.
Hakozwe ubushakashatsi butandukanye bw'iteganyagihe na limnologiya (Plisnier, 1990, Mukankomeje n'abandi 1993).
Amateka
hafi y'umujyi ugezweho wa Rwamagana. Muri kiriya gihe u Rwanda rwari igihugu gito muri federasiyo idahwitse hamwe n’abaturanyi binini kandi bakomeye, Bugesera na Gisaka. Mu gukinisha abo baturanyi, ubwami bwa mbere bwateye imbere muri ako karere, bwaguka iburengerazuba bugana ku kiyaga cya Kivu. Muri ubwo bwami bwagutse, akarere gakikije ikiyaga kahindutse ikibanza gikomeye cy’amadini, gihwanye na mwamis ba kera kandi bubahwa cyane mu bwami. Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 16 cyangwa mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 17, ubwami bw'u Rwanda bwatewe na Banyoro maze abami bahatirwa guhungira iburengerazuba, basiga Buganza n'akarere k'ikiyaga cya Muhazi mu maboko ya Bugesera na Gisaka.
Ishirwaho ryikinyejana cya 17 cyingoma nshya yu Rwanda na mwami Ruganzu Ndori, hakurikiraho gutera iburasirazuba, kwigarurira Buganza no kwigarurira Bugesera, byaranze intangiriro y’ubwami bw’u Rwanda muri ako karere. Ikiyaga cya Muhazi cyahindutse umupaka uhuza u Rwanda na Gisaka ikiri yigenga, ibintu byakomeje kubaho mu myaka 200, nubwo abami b'u Rwanda bagerageje kunesha Gisaka. Amaherezo, ahagana mu 1830, Gisaka yarigaruriwe maze imbibi z’iburasirazuba bwa leta zitangira gufata imiterere yazo, ikiyaga kiyobowe n’u Rwanda.
Ku butegetsi bw'abakoloni b'Abadage n'Ububiligi Ikiyaga cya Muhazi cyahindutse inzira ikomeye yo gutwara abantu n'iburasirazuba - iburengerazuba, ihuza Kigali n'iburengerazuba bw'igihugu n'umuhanda uva mu majyaruguru - mu majyepfo no mu burasirazuba uva Gahini. Kuva mu 1922, agace k'iburasirazuba kayobowe by'agateganyo n'Ubwongereza mu rwego rwo gukora ubushakashatsi kuri gari ya moshi yatanzwe na Cape-Cairo, icyo gihe Umuryango w'Abamisiyonari b'Itorero (CMS), watangiye imirimo y'ubumisiyonari n'ubuvuzi mu burasirazuba bw'u Rwanda. Ubu butaka bwasubijwe mu Bubiligi mu 1924 ariko abategetsi bemerera CMS gukomeza imirimo yayo, hashyirwaho ubutumwa n’ibitaro bihoraho hafi y’ikiyaga cya Muhazi mu mudugudu wa Gahini.
Muri rusange hamwe n’ibindi bihugu, ikiyaga cya Muhazi niho habereye ubwicanyi bwinshi mu gihe cya jenoside yo mu Rwanda yo mu 1994. Imirambo myinshi yajugunywe mu kiyaga n’interahamwe za Interahamwe, mu gihe izindi zarohamye zigerageza gutoroka; abatangabuhamya bavuze ko icyo gihe amazi "yavanze n'amaraso."
Kigali
Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’U Rwanda |
3032 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibiyaga%20Bigari | Ibiyaga Bigari | Ibiyaga Bigari
Ikiyaga cya Victoria (Ikiyaga cya Vigitoriya)
Ikiyaga cya Tanganyika
Ikiyaga Malawi
Ikiyaga Turkana
Ikiyaga Albert
Ikiyaga cya Kivu
Ikiyaga Edward
Ibiyaga |
3034 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwitegereza%20inyoni | Kwitegereza inyoni | Kwitegereza inyoni
Kuba U Rwanda ruherereye mu kibaya kigari cya Albertine, rukagira amashyamba menshi hamwe n’imisozi miremire bituma haba ibidukikije bikurura ubukerarugendo. Nubwo ari ruto (hafi 250 kms kuva iburasirazuba – iburengerazuba, kuri 150km kuva amajyaruguru-amajyepfo) rubarirwamo amoko arenga 670 y’inyoni, ukanahasanga kandi nanone inyoni nyinshi ziboneka gusa mu bibaya bya Albertine kurusha ibindi bihugu byose byo hanze uretse Repubulika iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo.
Ibishanga n’ibiyaga byo muri pariki y’Akagera icumbikiye imisambi y’agahebuzo, kandi ni hamwe mu hantu ishobora kuboneka ku buryo bworoshye. Byongeye kandi, mu kagera uhasanga urwunge rw’amoko menshi y’minyinya n’urufunzo, hamwe n’inyoni zifite mu maso hatukura, iminwa miremire, izifite iminwa y’umweru cyangwa y’umukara zibera mu kiganiro cy’ubucuti; izifite imirizo y’umweru cyangwa igaye, n’izindi nyinshi. Amacumbi ry’Akagera ririmo kuvugururwa, uretse hari n’ayandi yacumbikirwamo mu gihe cyo gusura iyo Pariki. Ni urugendo rw’ingirakamaro gusura inyoni ntoya zifite amashyo yo kuzishyigikira y’inyamabere nini zirimo imvubu, inzovu na twiga.
Mu majyepfo y’iburengerazuba, mu masaha make uvuye mu Kagera, Pariki y’Ishyamba rya Nyungwe ni icyanya kigari cy’Ishyamba ry’isugi, rimwe mu mashyamba magari ya kimeza muri Afurika ryiberamo amoko arenga 300 y’inyoni harimo amoko 27 y’umwihariko w’ako gace.
Notes
Inyoni |
3036 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uburobyi | Uburobyi | Uburobyi
Ubworozi bw’amafi n’uburobyi
Kuva mu mwaka w’2000, umusaruro w’amafi wagiye wiyongera buhoro buhoro kugera mu mwaka wa 2004. Mu mwaka w ‘2005, umusaruro wagabanutseho gato. Mu gihe cyakurikiyeho, kuva mu mwaka wa 2006, kubera ko hakozwe ibikorwa byinshi bigamije kongera umusaruro w’amafi, umusaruro wagiye uzamuka buri mwaka ku buryo bukurikira: muri 2000 habonetse toni 6996, muri 2001 habonetse toni 7 308, muri 2002 habonetse toni 7 600, muri 2003 habonetse toni 7 600, muri 2004 habonetse toni 8 126, muri 2005 habonetse toni 8 089, muri 2006 habonetse toni 8 300, muri 2007 habonetse toni 8 900, muri 2008 habonetse toni 11 682, muri 2009 habonetse toni 10835
Imbonerahamwe igaragaza uko umusaruro w’amafi wagiye wiyongera 2000-2009:
Harwanyijwe isuri ku misozi yegereye ibiyaga, hashyizweho abarinzi b’ibiyaga na za komite zo kubungabunga uburobyi zigizwe n’abarobyi ubwabo, hatanzwe amahugurwa menshi n’ingendoshuri ku bakora umurimo w’uburobyi n’ubworozi bwo mu mazi bigamije kubongerera ubushobozi kugirango bashobore kuzamura umusaruro uturuka kuri uwo murimo.
Hakozwe inyigo yo gutunganya no gucunga neza ibiyaga 17 by’imbere mu gihugu. Inyigo yakozwe yagaragaje ko uburobyi bwonyine budashobora guhaza abaturarwanda ku mafi uko byagenda kose, akaba ariyo mpamvu u Rwanda rugomba gushyira ingufu nyinshi mu bworozi bw’amafi mu byuzi, mu bidendezi no mu bigobe by’ibiyaga mu buryo bushoboka bwose hakoreshejwe imbuto y’amafi nziza itanga umusaruro mwinshi kandi vuba. Ni muri urwo rwego hashyizweho ishami rya gatatu ry’Umushinga PAIGELAC rizakorera mu Ntara y’Amajyepfo n’iy’Iburengerazuba, rikazateza imbere by’umwihariko ubworozi bw’amafi mu byuzi no mu bidendezi muri izo ntara zombi.
Hakurikijwe iyo nyigo, haguzwe imbuto y’amafi ya Oreochromis niloticus (Tilapia nilotica) imu gihugu cya Uganda, ikaba yarakuwe mu kiyaga cya Albert.
Notes
Ubworozi
Amafi |
3037 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umugezi | Umugezi | Umugezi (Izina mu Cyongereza Stream )
Umugezi wa Nyabarongo
Umugezi wa Sebeya
Umugezi wa Akanyaru
Umugezi wa Mwogo
Ubumenyahantu |
3038 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofi | Filozofi | Filozofi (izina mu Cyongereza Phylosophy )
Gusobanukirwa n’ikibazo cy’ingenzi cya Filozofi gitandukanya abafilozofe (Philosophers) kikabaha n umurongo wo kumva no gusobanura ibintu. Uyobora ikiganiro akwiye kumenya ko abahugurwa batinya Filozofi ariko bakaba bifuza kuyimenya. Niyo mpamvu akwiye kubaza ibibazo byoroshye agahera kubyo bazi kandi bivugiye, agana ku bishya.
N’ubwo ubumenyi bwa mbere ku isi bwari Filozofi, kandi n’ubu Filozofi akaba ari imwe mu nyigisho zigwa, abanyarwanda benshi bayitwara nk’isomo rikomeye cyane. Bumva Filosofi ari inyigisho ikwiye guhabwa abahanga kabuhariwe, ndetse n’uwayize bamureba nk’umuntu wasarishijwe n’ubwenge bwinshi buvangitiranye. Hari n’aho usanga abafilozofe bitwa abasazi, ibizongwe, n’andi mazina mu by ukuri asesereza.
Filozofi ni ubumenyi bw’isi (Universe) n amategeko ayigenga. Isi igizwe na kamere (nature), umuryango w’abantu (society) n’igitekerezo (thought). Filozofi rero ni ubumenyi busubiza ibibazo byose umuntu yibaza kuri kamere, umuryango w’abantu n’igitekerezo. Kubera ariko ko umuntu ariwe usumba byose, Filozofi ni ubumenyi bwose ku muntu n ibimukikije. Filozofi isobanura imibanire y abantu n’ibintu, abantu n’abandi n’ibintu n’ibindi. Kugira ngo isi irusheho gusobanuka, Filozofi yagabanijwemo ibice binyuranye by ubumenyi, buri gice kikigwa mu buryo bunonosoye. Ibyo bice ni nka: Physics, chemistry, geology, astronomy, biology, psychology, sociology , etc. Mu by ukuri, ibyo byose hamwe n’ubundi bumenyi, bigize ubumenyi bugari bwitwa Filosofi.
Inkomoko ya filozofi
Umuntu yagize ubushake bwo gusobanukirwa isi kuva amaze kuba umuntu. Ubwo nibwo yatangiye kwibaza ku :
Inkomoko y ubuzima
Inkomoko y umuntu
Iherezo ry umuntu (uko bigenda iyo apfuye)
Akamaro (purpose) ko kubaho n ibindi.
Abantu ba mbere babonaga umuntu avuka, agakura, agasaza, akarwara, agapfa n’ibindi, bakabyibazaho bikabashobera. Babonaga imvura igwa, izuba riva, inkuba ikubita, imigezi itemba n’ibindi byinshi nabyo bakabyibazaho ariko bikababera urujijo. Ibi byatumye batinya ibintu bimwe ndetse batangira kubisenga. Ikintu cyose batashoboraga gusobanukirwa bavugaga ko ubwo hagomba kuba hari ikintu gifite ububasha buhanitse, kigomba kuba kigenga ibyo byose. Ubwo nibwo kwemera imana byavutse. Nibwo kandi havutse Imana nyinshi bitewe n’akarere abantu babagamo n’ingorane bahuraga nazo mu buzima bwa buri munsi.( Imana y uburumbuke, Imana y’izuba, Iy’imvura, n’izindi )
Icyitonderwa
Umuntu yavuga ko ibibazo abantu ba mbere bibazaga n’ibisubizo batangaga atari Filozofi kuko Filozofi yibaza ku kibazo mu buryo bucukumbuye, igatanga ibisobanuro birambuye, binonosoye kandi bitanga umurongo (detailed and systematic). Ndetse no kuba abantu bibaza ibibazo bitandukanye kandi bagatanga ibisubizo bitandukanye, nabyo ntibibagira abafilozofe.
Umufilozofe ni umuntu ufite ubuhanga bwo gusesengura ibibazo rusange biri muri kamere, umuryango w’abantu n’igitekerezo mu buryo burambuye kandi bunonosoye, agashyiraho n’umurongo wo kubisobanura. N ubwo rero abantu nka ba NYIRABIYORO bibazaga bati : « ko mbona bucya bukira amaherezo azaba ayahe? » ntabwo byabagize abafilozofe. Iyo umwana yibaza aho aca iyo avuka ntabwo aba yabaye umufilozofe. Gushyirwa ku murongo kwa Filozofi (Systematisation) byatangiye kera nko mu myaka 2500-3000 ishize (Ancient ages/Antiquités).
Filozofi nka system yatangiye kubaho mu bihugu byari biteye imbere kurusha ibindi icyo gihe mu buryo bwo kuyobora igihugu (political organization), ubukungu (Economy), imibanire (social) n’umuco (culture). Ibyo bihugu byari bimaze kugira Leta (State) n’inzego z’ubusumbane mu baturage (class differentiation). Ibyo bihugu ni nka : Misiri, Ubushinwa, Ubuhindi, ariko cyane Ubugereki.
Ikibazo cy ingenzi cya filozofi
Igisubizo babonera icyo kibazo ni cyo kibatandukanya, kikabaha n umurongo wo gutekerezamo no gusobanura isi n’ibiyirimo byose. Icyo kibazo ni:
Ni iki cy’ibanze : ukubaho cyangwa gutekereza ? (Being or thinking)?
Iki bibazo gishobora kubazwa mu bundi buryo bukurikira:
Ni iki cy’ibanze : Matter/matière cyangwa consciousness/conscience ?
Hari n’akandi kabazo (sub-question) gashamikiye kuri icyo cy’ingenzi, nako gatandukanya
Abafilozofe. Ako kabazo ni : Isi ishobora kumenyekana ? (Is the world knowable?)
Abafilozofe bagabanyijwemo impande ebyiri bitewe n’igisubizo babonera icyo kibazo ndetse n’ako kabazo kagishamikiyeho.
Notes |
3040 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuzima | Ubuzima | Ubuzima
Muri ayo mazi y imishyuhira harimo imyuka nka NH3, CO2, CH4, etc. Iyo myuka yashongeye mu mazi biravanga, CO2 iragabanuka, za Glucides (amasukari) ziriyongera. Ayo masukari yaje kwivanga na Oxygène bibyara Alcool, Aldéhydes, cétones na Acides Organiques. Byaje kuvamo NH3, Acides Aminés, protéines bitinze biza gufatana n imyunyu (sels) havuka igitonyanga cyitwa Coocervate gifite ubushobozi bwo gukurura no kumira utuntu duto turi mu mazi.
Nyuma y imyaka 4 000 000 000 Coocervate yabyaye Protozoaires (organismes unicellulaires) nka algues bleues, Virus, Amibes, Bactéries, etc., n ubu ziriho. Izi protozoaires zaje kubyara Metazoa (organisme pluricellulaire) ziba zikanabyarira mu mazi, izishobora kuba kubutaka ariko zigatera amagi mu mazi, izishobora kuba no kubyarira kubutaka etc.
Intambwe yanyuma yabaye urwego rwitwa Mamalia (Mammifères) zifite ubushyuhe (températures) budahinduka, zitwita zikonsa urub
Imiyoboro |
3043 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isi | Isi | Isi rigizwe ahanini n urusobe rw imyuka yiganjemo amazi (H2O) agera kuri 84,4% ryatangiye kuzenguruka ibango ryitwa izuba maze iyo si igenda itakaza imyuka n amazi bijya hagati yayo n izuba, bityo ikirere (hagati y isi n izuba) cyuzuye iyo myuka kiba kirabonetse.
Uko isi yagiye yegerana kuruhu rwayo hagiye hakonja naho mu nda harushaho gushyuha bituma ibiyigize bishonga (en fusion) maze byipanga hakurikije uburemere (densité) ibiremereye cyane bijya hasi ibyoroshye bijya ku ruhu.
Kubera ubushyuhe, imyuka ntiyihanganiye kuguma imbere y urwo ruhu, ahubwo yaturikije uruhu rw isi yigira hanze mu kirere (Atmosphère). Nyuma y imyaka 150 000 000, iyo myuka yabyaye igihu cyagiye gikonja kibyara imvura yaguye imyaka ibihumbi, amazi yuzura mu binogo byasizwe na wa mwuka wapfumuye uruhu rw isi, bityo havuka inyanja n ibiyaga ari nabyo byabaye isoko y ubuzima.
Notes
Isi |
3046 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsembabwoko%20ry%E2%80%99Abayahudi | Itsembabwoko ry’Abayahudi | Itsembabwoko ry’Abayahudi cyangwa Jenoside y’Abayahudi (izina mu kiyahudi שואה)
Leta y’Abadage (Großdeutsches Reich) yakoze gahunda yo kurimbura imbaga y’abayahudi igeze kuri 6.000.000 hagati ya 1938 na 1946. Bishe n abanazi n abandi babafashije mu Budage no mu Burayi bwose bwari bwigaruriwe na leta ya Hitler.
Irondakoko ryibasiye abayahudi bita antisémitisme ni ryo rikuru cyane ryabaye mu madini, mu bukungu, muri politike no mu muco. Leta ya Hitler niyo yarigize ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside. Batangira kwirukanwa mu Budage, bamwe barahava. Abasigaye baricwa mu bihugu byose byari byatsinze : Pologne, Autriche, URSS, France, Pays-Bas, Belgique, Grèce, Yougoslavie n’ahandi. Jenoside y’Abayahudi yitwa shoah (שואה) bivuga gutsembwatsembwa (destruction totale, destruction absolue, catastrophe écrassante). Hari n’igihe bakoresha ijambo Holocauste , bivuga gutangwaho igitambo (une immolation entièrement consommée). Ayo magambo ariko ashobora no gukoreshwa ku zindi jenoside zabaye ahandi.
Abayahudi ndetse n’abandi bishwe n’abanazi bagiye bakusanyirizwa mu bigo, byitwa camps de concentration . Ariko hari n’ibindi byitwaga ibigo by imirimo (camps de travail), hakaba ibindi byitwaga iby imfungwa z’intambara (camps pour prisonniers de guerre), ndetse habaga n’ibyo bitaga iby’agateganyo (camp de transit). Hakaba ariko cyane cyane ibigo by’urupfu (camps d extermination ou de la mort). Byose hamwe byari hafi 30. Ibizwi cyane ni Buchenwald, Bergen-Belsen, Mauyhausen, Auschwitz, Birkenan, Chelmo, Treblinka, Belzec, Sobidor, Na Majdaneki.
Urupfu rw umwihariko rw’abayahudi ni ukwicishwa uburozi bwa Gaz Bafungiranaga abayahudi mu bikamyo bifungiranye hose, cyangwa mu byumba binini bifungiranye hose, bakoherezamo uburozi bw’umwuka wa GAZ (Zyklon B) Bagapfa nyuma y’iminota 15-20.
Abayahudi bicanywe n’abandi bantu batari abayahudi, bamwe bazize ibyo bakoraga, abandi kubera ibyo bangaga gukora cyangwa gusa kubera icyo baricyo. Abo ni nk’abakomunisti, abasosiyalisti, abaliberali, abasendikalisti, abitwa « homosexuels », abo mw idini rya « Témoins de Jéhovah », abitwa « Tsiganes ».
Abandi bishwe ari benshi ni imfungwa z’intambara z’abasovietike : hishwe hafi 3.300.000. Abandi bishwe ari benshi ni aba SLAVES bo muri U.R.S.S. no muri Pologne : hishwe hamwe hagati ya 19.000.700 na 24.000.000 y’abaturage . Abantu bose bazize jenoside y’abanazi bageze kuri 26.000.000, harimo 6.000.000 z abayahudi, hagati ya 500.000 na 1.000.000 y’abaTsiganes n abandi bagizwe cyane cyane n’abaslaves.
Notes
gory:Abayahudi
Itsembabwoko |
3048 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas%20Copernic | Nicolas Copernic | Nicolas Copernic (19 Gashyantare 1473 - 24 Gicurasi 1543), akoresheje ibyuma, yahinyuje igitekerezo cyari cyarabaye nk’ihame, cyavugaga ko izuba ariryo rihindukira mu mpande y’isi. Yavumbuye imyihindukirize y’amasi muri Solar system /Système solaire kuri yo ubwayo no mu mpande z’izuba.
Abagabo |
3050 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo%20Galilei | Galileo Galilei | Galileo Galilei cyangwe Galilée Galileo (15 Gashyantare 1564 - 24 Mutarama 1642), yahinduye igitekerezo cyari cyiganje icyo gihe cyemeza ko isi ishashe kandi idashobora kunyeganyega. Yavumbuye ko isi yibumbye, ko kandi yihindukiraho ubwayo (diurnal movement/mouvement diurne).
Abagabo
Abataliyani |
3052 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9%20Descartes | René Descartes | René Descartes (31 Werurwe 1596 - 11 Gashyantare 1650), yemeza ko matter iriho bidashingiye ku bumenyi cyangwa ku gushaka kwacu (objective reality). Kandi ko umuntu ashobora kuba yayigabanya ku buryo butagira iherezo. Yemeraga ko uduce twa matter (particules) duhora tugendagenda in motion/en mouvement kandi ko tudashobora kuzimangana, (indestructibles/industructibles). Yemeraga kandi ko na Roho ibaho, Descartes yari objective idealist. Muri icyo gihe Filozofi yateye imbere cyane cyane mu Budage (classic Germany philosophy/Philosophie classique allemande). Nicyo gihe
abafilozofe bateje imbere cyane cyane igitekerezo mu bumenyi bw’isi n ibiyirimo.
Abafilozofe
Abagabo
Abafaransa |
3058 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel%20Kant | Emmanuel Kant | Emmanuel Kant (izina mu Kidage: Immanuel ; 22 Mata 1724 - 12 Gashyantare 1804), yatanze igitekerezo cy’uko imirasire y'izuba yavuye mu gicu cy’umwuka bitewe n’imbaraga kamere zari muri icyo gicu. Kant kandi yemeraga ko matter iriho bitaduturutseho, kandi ko kumenya matter ku bwacu bidashoboka.
Abafilozofe
Abadage
Abagabo |
3062 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ealom | Şalom | Şalom (soma «shalom» ; izina mu kiyahudi שָׁלוֹם) ni ikinyamakuru i Istanbul muri Turukiya.
Ibinyamakuru muri Turukiya |
3063 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg%20Wilhelm%20Friedrich%20Hegel | Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel | Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (27 Kanama 1770 - 14 Ugushingo 1831), yemeraga ko
igitekerezo aricyo cyatanze matter kubaho, kandi ko aricyo nkomoko y’ibintu byose biri mu isi (kamere, umuntu naza phenomena). Icyo Hegel yarushije abandi ba Idealists bamubanjirije ni uko we yemeraga ko igitekerezo cyagiye gihinduka gifata isura zinyuranye, imiterere n’ibindi, biturutse ku makimbirane yari akubiye muri icyo gitekerezo kuva kibayeho. Hegel yavugaga ko urwego rusumba izindi zose mw’ihindagurika ry’igitekerezo ari umutimanama w’umuntu. N’ubwo Hegel yari Idealist niwe mufilozofe wa mbere wavumbuye ko iterambere rishingiye ku makimbirane, ariko yemeza ko ibyo bishoboka ku gitekerezo gusa (Absolute Ideal/L idéal absolu). Yabonaga iterambere ry’igitekerezo naho umuntu akaba akambaro kacyo gusa. Hegel niwe wabanje kuzana Filozofi y’impinduka y’ibintu (Dialectics/dialectique).
Abafilozofe
Abadage
Abagabo |
3065 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig%20Feuerbach | Ludwig Feuerbach | Ludwig Feuerbach cyangwe Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach (28 Nyakanga 1804 - 13 Nzeli 1872), niwe wa mbere wagize igitekerezo cy’uko mu bintu byose byigwa na Filozofi, umuntu ariwe wa mbere kuko ariwe mukuru w’ibintu byose bigize kamere (nature). Yaneguye cyane igitekerezo cya Hegel cya Absolute Ideal , yerekana ko Absolute Ideal ya Hegel ari ubwenge bw’umuntu Hegel yatandukanyije na nyirabwo, abuhindura akantu gafite ubuzima gatozi, ngo maze karangije kihinduramo isi. Yagaragaje kandi ko igitekerezo gishingiye kuri matter kandi ko kitahinduka hatariho matter. Ludwig yari materialist. Yemeje kandi ko umuntu ari we urema Imana, Imana itarema umuntu. Kuri we ngo iyo umuntu ananiwe kumenya, gusobanura, gukora no gutunganya ibyo yagombaga, yihangira ikindi kintu aturizamo, agashyira mu maboko ibyo byose byamunaniye, bityo akiha Morale ko icyo yahanze (Imana) ari cyo kizabitunganya mu gihe gikwiye.
Abafilozofe
Abadage
Abagabo |
3069 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaperezida%20ba%20Leta%20Zunze%20Ubumwe%20z%E2%80%99Amerika | Abaperezida ba Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika | Abaperezida ba Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika cyangwa Abaperezida b’Amerika
he:נשיא ארצות הברית#רשימת הנשיאים |
3074 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack%20Obama | Barack Obama | Barack Obama cyangwa Barack Hussein Obama (4 Kanama 1961 – ), Perezida wa 44 wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika.
Barack Obama ukomoka ku mubyeyi w’umunya Kenya n’uw’umunyamerika yakuriye muri Hawai ndetse no muri Indoneziya, yabaye umukorarabushake muri Chicago, uwunganira abandi mu manza, akaba yaraje kuba senateur wa Illinois, Barack Obama yabaye ku mugarago perezida wa leta zunze ubumwe z’America ku italiki ya 20 Mutarama 2009. Uru ni urugendo rwe kuva muri senat ya leta ye ya Illinois kugera abaye perezida wa leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika.
Imiyoboro
Barack Obama Perezida wa 44 wa Leta Zunze ubumwe z`America
Abaperezida ba Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika
Abaperezida
Abagabo |
3076 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leta%20Zunze%20Ubumwe%20z%E2%80%99Amerika | Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika | Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika mu mvugo ya rubanda abenshi bakunze kuvuga Amerika (izina mu Cyongereza: America) cyangwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe (izina mu Cyongereza: United States).
Ni leta zunze ubumwe zo muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru. Kuva muri 1959 igizwe na leta 50. Icyo gihugu kihariye 40 kw'ijana by'ubutaka bw'Amerika y'Amajyaruguru kikaba ari n'icya gatatu mu bunini kw'isi (nyuma y'Uburusiya na Kanada). Leta Zunze Ubumwe zavutse mu ntara 13 z'ubukonde bw'Abongereza. Muri leta 50 ziyigize 48 ziri ku murwa wa Amerika, Alaska na Hawaii biri kure kimwe n'ibindi birwa by'intara zegereye mu bya politiki (urugero Puwerito Riko na Gwami). Mu mwaka wa 1776 niho izo ntara zibohoje.
Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika zituwe nabimukira bakomoka mu bihugu by'i Burayi n'abakomoka ku bantu bazanywe ari abacakara bazanywe gukorera Abanyaburayi mbere y'uko habaho inganda. Ba kavukire baho hasigaye bake bakomoka ku bacitse kw'icumu ry'imirwano hagati y'abimukira na ba kavukire gakondo. Kubera ubwiyagure bw'igihugu mu gice cy'uburengerazuba no kuzamuka mu by'inganda, Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika zazamutse vuba mu gaciro mu bindi bihugu mu kinyejana cya 19 nicya 20. Nyuma yo gutsindwa kw'ironda koko ryo mu Burayi (intambara yiswe iya kabiri y'isi yose) no gusenyuka kwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe bw'Abasowijeti, Leta Zunze Ubumwe nizo zonyine leta nyiri ububasha (superpower) yasigaye kw'isi.
Kandi
Abaperezida ba Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika
Perezidansi y'Amerika
Ibihugu |
3087 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikinyarwanda | Ikinyarwanda | Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rw’Abanyarwanda n'abavuga Ikinyarwanda badatuye u Rwanda. Ikinyarwanda kivugwa mu Rwanda no mu burasirazuba bwa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo. Ibindi bihugu bikikije u Rwanda bifite indimi zijya gusa n'Ikinyarwanda: Ikinyarwanda gisa n’Ikirundi, ururimi rw’i Burundi, rukanasa n’Igiha cyo muri Tanzaniya. Itegekongenga ISO 639-3 kin.
Ikinyarwanda gifite umwanya ukomeye mu mibereho y’Abanyarwanda. Ni rwo rurimi ruha Abanyarwanda ubushobozi bwo kuranga isi, kugaragaza imbamutima, gushyikirana baganira, bungurana ibitekerezo no kugezanyaho ubutumwa.
Ururimi rw’Ikinyarwanda rufite uruhare rukomeye mu guhamya Umunyarwanda udafite isoni n’ubwoba by’umuco we kandi utisuzugura. Umuco w’u Rwanda ukeneye abawurinda n’abawubungabunga ngo hato imico y’amahanga itawumira. Iyo nshingano rero ni iy’Abanyarwanda ubwabo. Inzira ya mbere iriho ni ukwigisha Ikinyarwanda.
Ku wa 21 Werurwe buri mwaka, u Rwanda rwizihiza Umunsi Mpuzamahanga w'Ururimi Kavukire ari rwo: Ikinyarwanda.
Ikinyanduga si cyo Kinyarwanda cyonyine, uretse ko abapadiri bashatse kwandika Ikinyarwanda bahera ku Kinyanduga, kuko abacyanditse bari i Kabgayi.
Kwigisha Ikinyarwanda bihamye rero ni ugushimangira Ubunyarwanda. Ni ugushyikiriza umwana w’u Rwanda ibyo abakurambere bahanze bakabisigira Umunyarwanda wese ho umurage. Bityo kwiga Ikinyarwanda bikaba guhura n’ibyo kibumbatiye: uko giteye, ubugeni gihetse, umuco n’imyumvire y’Abanyarwanda. Ibi bisobanura ko kwigisha Ikinyarwanda ari ugufasha umwana w’u Rwanda kugicengera ari mu miterere yacyo no bwiza bwacyo: uko cyemerera ukivuga gutaka imvugo ye.
Kwigisha Ikinyarwanda rero bikwiye kuba umwanya wo guha Umunyarwanda ubushobozi bwo kwirinda kumirwa n’amahanga, ibyiza agisangamo akabyamamaza, ibyo anenga akabikosora, akagikungahaza ngo gihangane n’iterambere isi ihorana.
Ikinyarwanda kandi gifitemo amagambo menshi asa nayo mu rurimi rwitwa Ikizulu rw'abirabura bo muri Afurika y'Epfo,urugero;
umuntu, abantu, ingwe, amazi, umutwaro, ingata, inyama, inyoni, iminwa, marume, umukwe, abatwa.
Urutonde rw'inyuguti z’Ikinyarwanda
Ikinyarwanda kigizwe n'inyuguti 24: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s t u v w y z
Izi nyuguti 24 zirimo ibice 2:
Inyajwi 5: a e i o u
Ingombajwi (indagi) 19: b c d f g h j k l m n p r s t v w y z
Indagi zivamo ibihekane bigizwe n'inyuguti ebyiri, eshatu, ndetse hari n'ibigizwe n'inyuguti 4 bikongerwaho nabyo buri gihe inyajwi kugirango bivugike neza.
Urugero: Ibihekane bigizwe n'ingwombajwi ebyiri nd, wakongeraho inyajwi (a e i o u) bigahinduka nda, nde, ndi, ndo, ndu ukandika ijambo indege.
Ibihekane bigizwe n'ingombajwi eshatu ndw kongera ho inyajwi (a e i o u) bigahinduka ndwa, ndwe, ndwi, ndwo, ndwu ukandika ijambo indwara.
Ibihekane bigizwe n'ingombajwi enye nshy kongera ho inyajwi (a e i o u) bigahinduka nshya, nshye, nshyi, nshyo, nshyu ukandika ijambo inshyushyu.
Ingombajwi
Inyajwi
Imyandikire
Imyandikire y’ikinyarwanda
Imiyoboro
http://marshill.org/refugees/files/2010/07/Kinyarwanda-English-Dictionary.pdf
Coupez André et alii, 2006 Inkoranya y íkinyarwaanda mu kinyarwaanda nó mu gifaraansá = Dictionnaire Rwanda-Rwanda et Rwanda-Français, Institut de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (Butare, Rwanda) et Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (Belgique).
Shimamungu Eugène, 1998, Le kinyarwanda, initiation à une langue bantu, Paris, L'Harmattan.
Kinyarwanda |
3088 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawurute | Yawurute | Yawurute (izina mu giturukiya yoğurt)
Ku bantu bafata ibyo biribwa bikomoka ku mata birimo nka foromaje, yawurute, abakoreweho igenzura basanze bafite amahirwe macye yo gufatwa n’indwara z’umutima kurusha abatarigeze bafata ibyo biribwa. Umubiri ukenera kandi ibikomoka ku mata : amata, yawurute, foromaje ibi bitanga karisiyumu ikomeza amagufa , poroteyine kimwe na vitamini A,B,C .
Ibiribwa |
3089 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIEPA | RIEPA | RIEPA akaba ari amagambo ahinnye akomoka ku magambo y Icyongereza "Rwanda Investment and Export Promotion Agency" twasobanura mu kinyarwanda ko ari Ikigo cy Igihugu Gishinzwe Gutsura Ishoramari no kwohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Ni ikigo cyashyizweho na Leta kugirango gishyire mu bikorwa itegeko rigenga ishoramari (investment code/code des investissements) rigamije guha abashoramari ibyangombwa bibafasha mu bikorwa byabo binyujijwe mu Biro rukumbi (Guichet Unique/One Stop centre) . Itegeko rishyiraho icyo kigo ryemejwe taliki 18/12/1998 rikaba rifite umubare 14/98. Inshingano yacyo ya mbere akaba ari ugufasha abikorera ku giti cyabo baba abanyamahanga cyangwa abanyarwanda.
Notes
Ubukungu bw’u Rwanda |
3090 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuryango%20w%E2%80%99Ibihugu%20by%E2%80%99Iburasirazuba%20bw%E2%80%99Afurika | Umuryango w’Ibihugu by’Iburasirazuba bw’Afurika | Umuryango w’Ibihugu by’Iburasirazuba bw’Afurika (EAC; izina mu Cyongereza East African Community). Ni umuryango uhuriwemo n’ibihugu 5 ari byo u Burundi, Kenya, u Rwanda, Tanzania na Uganda,1 mu gihe ibi bihugu bigize uyu muryango bishyigikiye ko habaho leta imwe bihuriyeho amperereza yakozwe ku banyatanzaniya yagaragaje ko 80% batabishyigikiye 2 tanzanita ifite ubutaka bunini binaruta ubw’ibindi bihugu byose byose muri uyu muryango biteranye. Kandi abanyatanzaniya bakaba banafite ubwoba ko ubutaka bwabo bwazigarurirwa n’abaturage bakomoka mu bindi bihugu bigize umuryango n’ibihugu by’iburasirazuba bwa afurika :Ibura ry’ubutaka buhagije ni ikibazo kiriho muri afurika y’iburasirazuba by’umwihariko muri kenya aho amakimbirane yabereye i Mount Elgon yabaye mu mwaka wa 2007 yahitanye abantu barenga 150 abandi barenga 60.000 bakavanwa mu byabo
Uyu Muryango washyizweho mu wa 1993, ukaba igizwe na Kenya, Tanzania & Uganda. Watangiye mu by ukuri, mu wa 1996, ubwo Arusha muri Tanzania haberaga imihango yo gushyiraho Ubunyamabanga Bukuru bwawo.
Kuko amarembo y ubukungu bw u Rwanda yerekeza mu Uburasirazuba, ni cyo cyatumye ku wa 12 Nzeri 1996, u Rwanda rwarasabye kwinjira muri East African Community. U Rwanda rwemerewe mu 2006 kuba umunyamuryango.
Muri Mutarama 2023, Umuryango w'Afurika y'Iburasirazuba (EAC) urateganya gutanga ifaranga rimwe mu myaka ine iri imbere. Inama y’abaminisitiri y’iryo shyirahamwe igomba gufata icyemezo ku bijyanye n’ikigo cy’ifaranga ry’Afurika y’iburasirazuba n’ishyirwaho ry’inzira yo gutanga ifaranga rimwe..
Intego za EAC
Uyu Muryango ugamije: gushimangira ubufatanye hagamijwe imibereho myiza y abaturage; imikoreshereze myiza y umutungo kamere no kurengera ibidukikije; gushimangira uruhare rw uburinganire mu iterambere; guharanira amahoro, umutekano n imibanire myiza y ibihugu bigize uwo Muryango; guharanira kugera kuri customs union/single market .
Icyerekezo cya EAC
Gushyiraho urubuga rumwe ruhuriweho n ibihugu bigize uwo Muryango (Political Federation).
Ubukungu bw’Afurika
Ubukungu bw’u Rwanda |
3093 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuryango%20w%E2%80%99Ubukungu%20bw%E2%80%99Afurika%20yo%20Hagati | Umuryango w’Ubukungu bw’Afurika yo Hagati | Umuryango w’Ubukungu bw’Afurika yo Hagati cyangwa Uyu Muryango w’Ubukungu bw’Ibihugu byo muri Afurika yo Hagati (ECCAS cyangwa CEEAC ; izina mu Cyongereza: Economic Community of Central African States ; izina mu Gifaransa: Communauté Économique des États d'Afrique Centrale) ni umuryango ugamije guteza imbere ubufatanye mu by’ubukungu bw’ibihugu by’Afurika yo hagati. Intego zawo ni ukugera k’ubwigenge ibihugu bihuriyeho kuzamura ikigero cy’imibereho y’abaturage batuye ibihugu biwugize no guharanira ko hatabaho ihungabana ry’ubukungu binyuze mu bufatanye burimo umucyo.
Uyu Muryango w’Ubukungu bw’Ibihugu byo muri Afurika yo Hagati wavutse mu wa 1983. Ugizwe n’ibihugu 11 byo muri ako Karere harimo n’u Rwanda
Intego za ECCAS/CEEAC
CEEAC/ECCAS igamije: guteza imbere ubukungu bw’ibihugu mu rwego rw’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi, umutungo kamere, ubucuruzi, inganda, itumanaho, gutwara ibintu n’abantu; guharanira imibereho myiza y’abaturage; gukuraho imisoro n’amahoro; gushyiraho politiki y’urujya n’uruza rw’abantu; gushyiraho Ikigega cy ubufatanye bugamije iterambere; gufasha ibihugu bikennye kurusha ibindi.
Icyerekezo cya ECCAS/CEEAC
CEEAC ubu ifite gahunda yo kuvugurura imikorere mu rwego rw’ubukungu no gukemura ibibazo bihungabanya amahoro n’umutekano.
Ubukungu bw’Afurika
Ubukungu bw’u Rwanda |
3096 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuryango%20Ugamije%20Iterambere%20ry%E2%80%99Afurika%20y%E2%80%99amajyepfo | Umuryango Ugamije Iterambere ry’Afurika y’amajyepfo | Umuryango Ugamije Iterambere ry’Afurika y’amajyepfo cyangwa Umuryango w’Ubukungu bw’Ibihugu byo muri Afurika y’amajyepfo (SADC mu magambo ahinnye y’icyongereza; izina mu Cyongereza: Southern African Development Community)
Muri Mata 1980, ni bwo havutse Inama yitwaga Southern Africa Development Coordination Conference / SADCC, igamije gukura ku ngoyi ya gikolonize na politike ya apartheid ku bihugu bikikije Afurika y’Epfo. Iyo nama ni yo yaje kuvamo SADC nk’uko izwi ubu, ku wa 17 Kanama 1992, i Windhoek muri Namibia.
Intego n amahame bya SADC
Intego z’ingenzi z’uyu Muryango, ni ubusugire; ubufatanye, amahoro n’umutekano; uburenganzira bwa muntu, demokarasi no kubaka igihugu kigendera ku mategeko; ubureshye no gusangira ibyiza n’inyungu bituruka ku kwishyira hamwe; gukemura amakimbirane binyuze mu bwumvikane, n’ibindi.
Icyerekezo cya SADC
Ibihugu bigize SADC birateganya gukuraho imisoro n’amahoro (Free Trade Area) mu wa 2008, bityo rikaba isoko rimwe ryagutse.
Ubukungu bw’Afurika |
3110 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuryango%20w%E2%80%99Abibumye | Umuryango w’Abibumye | Umuryango w’Abibumye (UN cyangwa UNO mu magambo ahinnye y’icyongereza, ONU mu magambo ahinnye gifaransa; izina mu Cyongereza: United Nations cyangwe Organisation des Nations Unis ) ni wo mugari ku Isi, ukaba warashyizweho muri Kamena 1945, ubu ukaba ugizwe n’ibihugu 192.
Intego za UN/ONU
Umuryango w’Abibumbye ugamije ibi by’ingenzi bikurikira: kubumbatira amahoro n’umutekano ku isi; gukumira ibikorwa byose bigamije guhungabanya umutekano, mu rwego rw’akarere no ku Isi hose; guteza imbere imibanire myiza y’ibihugu ishingiye ku ihame ry’ubureshye bw’abantu imbere y’amategeko; kugera ku bufatanye mpuzamahanga nyabwo hakemurwa ibibazo bishingiye ku bukungu, imibereho, ubumenyi, uburenganzira bwa muntu, n’ibindi.
U Rwanda, ruzirikana izi ntego zose twavuze haruguru kandi rutanga umusanzu warwo ku gihe, kabone n’ubwo hari byinshi runenga imikorere y’uyu Muryango, cyane cyane Inama Ishinzwe Amahoro ku Isi (Security Council/Conseil de Sécurité). Iyi Nama ni yo ishinzwe ibikorwa bya buri munsi, bijyanye no kubumbatira amahoro n’umutekano ku Isi. Ariko, mu wa 1994, ntabwo yagaragaje ubushake bwo gukumira cyangwa se guhagarika jenoside, bitewe n’inyungu za bimwe mu bihugu n’amashyirahamwe y amahanga anyuranye; cyane cyane bimwe mu bihugu bitanu bifitemo icyicaro gihoraho (Permanent seat/Membre Permanent).
Ubu harasuzumwa uburyo bw’ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya raporo y akanama k’Umuryango w’Abibumbye izwi ku izana rya Raporo Carlson (Perezida w’ako Kanama) hamwe n’iy’akanama k’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Afurika (Organization of African Unity- OAU/Organisation de l Unité Africaine-OUA), ku bijyanye n’uruhare rw’amahanga mu kudahagarika no kudakumira jenoside yabaye mu Rwanda mu wa 1994.
Icyerekezo cya UN/ONU
Harasuzumwa kandi n’uburyo UN/ONU yavugururwa muri rusange, cyane cyane hagakurwaho veto power/droit de veto kandi umubare w ibihugu bigize iriya Nama ukongerwa (Afurika ikabonamo imyanya ibiri ihoraho). Iki kiganiro cyasobanuye impamvu ari ngombwa ko u Rwanda rwinjira mu miryango mpuzamahanga yo mu rwego rw’akarere, urwa Afurika ndetse no mu rwego rw’isi, cyane cyane muri iki gihe cy’ikomatanyabukungu.
Cyerekanye uburyo iyo miryango yagiye ishyirwaho n’intego igamije mu nzego zinyuranye zirimo urw’ubukungu, umutekano, imibereho myiza n’ibindi.
Cyagaragaje kandi akamaro iyo miryango ifitiye u Rwanda n’ako imwe muri yo yirengagije kugirira u Rwanda mu bihe bikomeye rwahuye na byo. |
3122 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibara | Ibara | Ibara
Igisha umwana wawe kumenya amabara y’ibanze (umutuku, umuhondo, ubururu) ndetse n’amabara y’isumbuye (umutuku + umuhondo = ikijuju; umuhondo + ubururu = icyatsi kibisi; umutuku + ubururu= ikivuzo)
Amabara
Umutuku
Umuhondo ukabije
Umuhondo
Icyatsi
Ubururu
Idoma
Iroza
Ikigina
Umukara
Ikijuju
Umweru |
3124 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gusiramura | Gusiramura | Gusiramura ni uburyo bumwe bugendanye n’isuku ikorwa ku mubiri w’igitsina gabo by’umwihariko ku bwambure bw’umugabo cyangwa mu yindi mvugo havugwa igitsina cy’umugabo cyangwa igitsina cy’umwana w’umuhungu.
Ubundi ku bantu bari mu miryango cyangwa ibihugu bakora icyo gikorwa baba bumva ari ibintu bisanzwe. Ariko ku bandi bakomoka aho bidakorwa baba babona biteye ubwoba kuko rimwe na rimwe ntibaba bazi akamaro kabyo. Gusiramura rero bivugwaho byinshi. Nifuje ko guhera uyu munsi umenya amakuru nyayo kuri byo, kuko birakureba, niba atari wowe bazabaho ni umugabo wawe, musaza wawe, murumuna wawe, n’abandi.
Ni uburyo babaga agahu ko ku gitsina cy’abagabo (pénis), ako gahu kaba gapfundikiye umutwe w’igitsina (gland), iyo kavanyweho umutwe usigara hanze.
Ahanini abagabo basiramuye bagira uburyohe mu gihe cy’imibonano bungana n’ubwabadasiramuye.
Ariko rimwe na rimwe ahabazwe mu gihe cyo gusiramura hasigara inkovu, hari abagabo usanga bibangamiye cyangwa bakababara mu gihe cy’imibonano bitewe n’uburyo iyo nkovu yakize.
Hari abantu usanga barwanya iki gikorwa mu bihugu byateye imbere kuburyo bakora amashyirahamwe abirwanya. Kubwabo banga ko abana babagwa kandi ntabyo baba basabye. Bakaba bumva ko bajya bareka abana bagakura akaba aribo bihitiramo kwisiramuza igihe bumva babishatse.
Mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere aho amazi atoroshye kubona, gisiramura bifasha mu buryo bw’isuku. Kuko hari umwanda ugenda wibika munsi y’agahu gapfundikiye umutwe w’igitsina. Iyo rero igitsina gisiramuye uwo mwanda ntawubaho. Ku badasiramuye bari ahantu hahora amazi, ni ngombwa koga buri munsi maze ugasunika agahu gapfundikiye igitsina kugirango woze umwanda wibika munsi yako.
Gusiramura ni ugukuraho uruhu ruto ruzengurutse igitsina cy’umugabo uhereye ku mutwe wacyo, ukaba ari umuco wamamaye cyane mu Bayahudi bitewe n’imyemerere yabo, aho basiramuraga umwana w’umuhungu umaze iminsi 8 avutse.
Mbere y`ubugimbi (puberté). Buri gihugu kigira umwihariko wacyo.
Gusiraura birababaza cyane niyo mpamvu abaganga batera ikinya (anesthésie) ugiye gusiramurwa.
Hari igihe gusiramura bikorwa nko kuvura, urugero nk’igihe agahu gapfundikira igitsina gafashe cyane kuburyo kanga gusubira inyuma ngo umutwe usohoke. Icyo gihe bivurwa no gusiramura.
Abayisilamu ndeste n’abayahudi. Naho aba gatolika (catholique), abaporo (protestantisme) na budisite (bouddhisme) ntabwo bakegeka icyo gikorwa.
Umugabo usiramuye asohora nk’umundi mugabo wese udasiramuye. Gusiramura ntacyo bihindura ku gusohora, ntibyongera igihe ntibinakigabanya.
Urugero
Nko kuba waracitse akaguru bitewe n’impanuka runaka, cyangwa ugacika akaboko cyangwa amaguru abiri, cyangwa yombi cyangwa se ubundi bumuga bwose waba ufite bitewe n’impanuka ariko ibindi bice byose by’umubiri bikora, ibyo byose twavuze ntibyakubuza kwisiramuza kuko ntacyo byaguhungabanya ku buzima bwawe usanganywe.
N’ubumuga busanzwe abantu babubona nko guhuma amaso kuba ikiragi kuba utumva n’ubundi bumuga bwose tutarondoye mubona. Ikigamijwe ahangaha ni ukumvikanisha uko aba Bantu bose twavuze bemerewe gusiramurwa igihe cyose abaye ari igitsina gabo.
Twavuze ku mwana ufite icyumweru kimwe, cyangwa se ukivuka, tuvuga no ku musore n’umugabo ndetse n’abasaza n’abo muri abo twavuze bahuye n’ubumuga umusomyi yakwibaza ati: gusiramurwa uri umwana no gusiramurwa uri mukuru ikiza ni ikihe? Byose ni byiza ku bantu bakuru biterwa n’igihe ubimenyeye kandi ugahita ubishyira mu bikorwa. Ibyiza tubona ni uko basiramurwa bakiri bato kuberako icyo gihe usiramuwe ntashobora kwitoneka ikindi kiza muri byo, iyo amaze gukura, agasanga asiramuye yumvako ariko yavutse kuberako aba atazi igihe yasiramuriwe. Ariko uko agenda akura, igihe kiragera akabimenya abibwiwe n’abandi cyangwa se nawe ubwe igihe kiragera akazabyimenyera; ko abona ba bahungu bavuka basiramuye ahubwo basiramurwa bakimara kuvuka kandi nawe ubwe aba abyibonera kubera ko aba amaze gusobanukirwa buri kimwe cyose.
Aha rero kumvikanisha ko buri mugabo wese atisiramuza yakwihutira kwisiramuza kuberako ari isuku kuri we nk’uko twigeze kubivugaho haruguru kuko birinda n’indwara zandurira mumibonano mpuzabitsina nku’ko muri buze kubisanga muri iki gitabo.
Gusiramura na SIDA
Gusiramura
Igihe habayeho imibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye (nta gakingirizo), ibyago byo kwandura SIDA ku mugabo usiramuye ni bike ugereranyije n’udasiramuye. Biterwa n’uko gusiramura bituma umubiri ugize umutwe w’igitsina ukomera, igihe umutwe ugipfundikiwe na kagahu ubaworoshye cyane. Uko koroha niko guha inzira virusi itera SIDA mu gihe cy’imibonano idakingiye. Ariko ntibivuzeko abasiramuye batayandura n’ubwo bo atari cyane nk’udasiramuye.
Nk’uko bitangazwa n’Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa wa Komisiyo y’Igihugu yo Kurwanya Sida (CNLS) Dr Anita Asiimwe ngo iyi gahunda yakorewe igeragezwa mu turere twa Nyanza na Musanze, aho byagaragaye ko byitabiriwe n’umubare w’abantu benshi.
Kugirango iyi gahunda ibashe gushyirwa mu bikorwa neza, Kirota Kyampof Umuhuzabikorwa muri CNLS yatangaje ko guhera tariki ya 13 Ukuboza 2010 haratangira guhugurwa abaforomo 3 muri buri kigo nderabuzima, abaforomo 4 ndetse n’abaganga mu bitaro, aho bazaba bahabwa amahugurwa ku gikorwa cyo gusiramura. Iki gikorwa kizajya gikorerwa ku bigo nderabuzima ndetse n’ibitaro kandi bikorwe nta gahato.
Imiyoboro
www.shiyarwanda.com Gusiramura
Menya amakuru nyakuri ku gusiramura (circoncision, circumcision)
Gahunda yo gusiramura izatwara akayabo ka miriyari 53 na miriyoni 910
Umuti
Islam |
3129 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuzima%20bw%E2%80%99imyororokere | Ubuzima bw’imyororokere | Ubuzima bw’imyororokere
Imyororokere y’abantu
Gahunda y’imyororokere
Igitsina cy’umugabo
Igitsina cy’umugore
Umuti |