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One hundred and fifty-seven countries are members of the Protocol and many use it as a reference point for their own regulations. | Temede d sammosat timirwen n addwla d assayat amos nat erdahan fal Protocol tola addobat nat axadam net chund as amos titbaqqet i amukin n iman nasan. |
Most countries that do not allow GMO cultivation do permit research. | Addawla tan ajjotnen war n ardah fal afarad n OGM war aɣbelan farak |
Emily Marden, Risk and Regulation: U.S. Regulatory Policy on Genetically Modified Food and Agriculture, 44 B.C.L. Rev. 733 (2003) The European Union by contrast has possibly the most stringent GMO regulations in the world. | Emily Marden,, Risk d Regulation: Folitik Amerik tan amukin n Genetically Modified Food d Agriculture , 44 B.C.L Rev. 733 (2003) Unyon Erobeyen ila ichiritan n amukin wi assohat nen n GMO daɣ alɣalim |
One of the key issues concerning regulators is whether GM products should be labeled. | Iyan dǎɣ asostanan wi eqal harat ən kanan aqalan tamusne ye harat ən OGM anihaga adiqil atiwazayan. |
These controversies have led to litigation, international trade disputes, and protests, and to restrictive regulation of commercial products in some countries. | Amchakki tan wi eway id iban n anifham, tamɣinanen fal mamala jir addawala tan d iban tanmerdut d amukin ifnazan n isuj win mamala daɣ addawla tan iyyad |
Although doubts have been raised, economically most studies have found growing GM crops to be beneficial to farmers. | Kuddeɣ as imalan ti ichaki tan, tiɣir ajjotnen ijjanen fal aqtisad ijraw nat as tiw-at n asawijis n GM infa kel ifirjan |
Many of the environmental impacts regarding GM crops may take many years to be understood and are also evident in conventional agriculture practices. | Tikma ten ajjotnen fal ahinzazaɣ n asawajis wan GM addobat ad ej afaham iwityan ajjotnen tolas aqqal nat anfalalan daɣ timachɣulen tin tiwijas |
Few films have informed audiences about genetic engineering, with the exception of the 1978 The Boys from Brazil and the 1993 Jurassic Park, both of which made use of a lesson, a demonstration, and a clip of scientific film. | Harat n Film tan iyyat asilmadan addinat fal genetic engineering a war n amos wan The Boys wi Brazilia daɣ awatay wan 1978 d Jurassic Park daɣ awatay wan 1993, fuk nasan aqqal nen teɣare, asuknin n film n science |
Nanotechnology, also shortened to nanotech, is the use of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale for industrial purposes. | Nanotechnologie, a daɣ id ifras nanotech amos alxidmat n harat fal edag n atomic, molecular d supramolecular fal ittuan n indistri |
This definition reflects the fact that quantum mechanical effects are important at this quantum-realm scale, and so the definition shifted from a particular technological goal to a research category inclusive of all types of research and technologies that deal with the special properties of matter which occur below the given size threshold. | Almaɣna wen amos tiset n as asar tan win quantum amosan assohen daɣ quantum-realm scale wen tolas almaɣna amuttay ɣur ittus wan teknoloji s wan farak asirtayan ichikilan fuk win farak d teknoloji tan ti oraknen s haratan wi tajinen sider n iddikud. |
The associated research and applications are equally diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, from developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale to direct control of matter on the atomic scale. | Farak wen osaɣan d aplikasyon tan ogdahan daɣ anmizlay asintanen ɣur tamattant n isuj win physics har tizujichen ti eynaynen ijjanen fal amasidu n molecule tan , ɣur efes n isuj eynaynen ilanen tiɣimmar fal nonscale har awikkal oɣadan n harat fal atomic scale. |
"The term ""nano-technology"" was first used by Norio Taniguchi in 1974, though it was not widely known." | “Tifert” tan nano-technology”” aos Norio Taniguchi awadim sar is exdaman daɣ awatay wan 1974 kuddeɣ war t awazzay hullan “ |
The emergence of nanotechnology as a field in the 1980s occurred through convergence of Drexler's theoretical and public work, which developed and popularized a conceptual framework for nanotechnology, and high-visibility experimental advances that drew additional wide-scale attention to the prospects of atomic control of matter. | Emel wan naotechnology chund as t amos majal daɣ awatay wan 1980 ijja s anmiwal n alxidmat tan Drexler iknan tolas izizjar isim n wan nanotechnology d anafilal n ikitan s data wi id eraw nen egar n addinat fal ikayada n awikkal n atome n harat |
The microscope's developers Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM Zurich Research Laboratory received a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986. | Addinat wi iknann microscope Gerd Binnig d Heinrich Rohrer daɣ Laboratwar n farak wan IBK Zurich ijrawan marušat n Nobel Prize wan Physics daɣ awatay wan 1986 |
C60 was not initially described as nanotechnology; the term was used regarding subsequent work with related carbon nanotubes (sometimes called graphene tubes or Bucky tubes) which suggested potential applications for nanoscale electronics and devices. | C60 war ijja s tizarat afissar n as amos nanotechnology; tifert tijja ɣur alxidmat fal carbon nanotubes ( alwaqqan iyyan itawaɣir fal graphen tubes meɣ Bucky tubes) ijjan addabara aplikasyon tan i nanoscale electronics d imutaj. |
Decades later, advances in multi-gate technology enabled the scaling of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) devices down to nano-scale levels smaller than 20 nm gate length, starting with the FinFET (fin field-effect transistor), a three-dimensional, non-planar, double-gate MOSFET. | Timirwen n iwityan darat awa iki tan s data daɣ albaban ajjotnen n teknoloji ikfan turhajat n eket n isuj n metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) s ihandagan n nano-scale ojjar nen tamadrit 20 n aɣil daɣ tichijrit santinen s Fin FET (fin field-effect transistor), MOSFET ilan tiɣimmar karadat war amos polar n issin albaban. |
Controversies emerged regarding the definitions and potential implications of nanotechnologies, exemplified by the Royal Society's report on nanotechnology. | Amchakki tan imalan ti fal almaɣna tan d mucharaka tan n nanotechnologies s amos almital net Royal Society Report fal nanotechnology |
These products are limited to bulk applications of nanomaterials and do not involve atomic control of matter. | Isuj win id imdanen ɣur asimɣar n aplikasyon tan n nanomaterials tolas war tan eha awikkal n atom n harat |
It was based on gate-all-around (GAA) FinFET technology. | Ijja fal Gate-All-Around (GAA) FinFET teknoloji |
This covers both current work and concepts that are more advanced. | Awen ilsa alxidmat fuk d tifir ti iknanen ehel s data |
The lower limit is set by the size of atoms (hydrogen has the smallest atoms, which are approximately a quarter of a nm kinetic diameter) since nanotechnology must build its devices from atoms and molecules. | Alxadud wa andarran ijje iddikud n atom tan (hydrogen ila wa andarran hullan daɣ atom tan hin ikkanen achut n aɣil n metir n kinetic diameter) fal as nanotechnology ilzam tat edey n isuj net daɣ atom tan d molecule tan. |
To put that scale in another context, the comparative size of a nanometer to a meter is the same as that of a marble to the size of the earth. | Ihuk n almaɣna iyyan i eket wen, iddikud n nanometir s metir ogdah id marble s iddikud n akal |
"In the ""bottom-up"" approach, materials and devices are built from molecular components which assemble themselves chemically by principles of molecular recognition." | “ Daɣ tazujicht tan ider s afalla” , imutaj d isuj idayan daɣ molecule tan asirtay ichiritan n musnat n molecule tan” |
One example is the increase in surface area to volume ratio altering mechanical, thermal and catalytic properties of materials. | Almital iyyan amos tiw-at fal arori n edag n iddikud wa isimuttiyan haratan n mekanik, thermal d catalityc n imutaj. |
The catalytic activity of nanomaterials also opens potential risks in their interaction with biomaterials. | Tamachɣult tan catalytic n nanomaterials inta deɣ ora xatar tan iyyan daɣ tartit nasan id biomaterials |
The concept of molecular recognition is especially important: molecules can be designed so that a specific configuration or arrangement is favored due to non-covalent intermolecular forces. | Tifert tan musnat n molecule tan tikna assahat: molecule tan addoben ad aɣnin i as samal fuk meɣ amukin ijjan as assahaten n non-covalent intermocule edag |
Such bottom-up approaches should be capable of producing devices in parallel and be much cheaper than top-down methods, but could potentially be overwhelmed as the size and complexity of the desired assembly increases. | Chund tazujicht tn santit ɣur ider s afalla ilzam tat a tudabat eɣan n isuj izlaynen tolas raqqos nen fal top-down methods ,mucham addobat nen at-w-aɣabal alwaq wa id iddikud d tahrike n asidu wa eqqal derhan aw-id |
Manufacturing in the context of productive nanosystems is not related to, and should be clearly distinguished from, the conventional technologies used to manufacture nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles. | Ikanan daɣ talɣa tan productive nanosystem tan war orak, tolas ilzam ti ad izannamazli , teknoloji tan ti s exaddam nanomaterials chund carbon nanotubes d nanoparticles. |
It is hoped that developments in nanotechnology will make possible their construction by some other means, perhaps using biomimetic principles. | Eqqal attama as efes win nanotechnology ad assarɣis akaros nasan s immikan iyyad ehamich s axadam n ichiritan n biomimetic |
In general it is very difficult to assemble devices on the atomic scale, as one has to position atoms on other atoms of comparable size and stickiness. | Assohat asidu n isuj fal natq wan atom fal as iyyan fuk ilzam ti ad ijja atom tan fal atom tan wi yadnen dar ogdahan iddikud d assahat |
This led to an exchange of letters in the ACS publication Chemical & Engineering News in 2003. | Awen eraw id amaskal n tikardiwen daɣ ACS publication Chemical d Engineering News dɣ awatay wan 2003 |
They have constructed at least three distinct molecular devices whose motion is controlled from the desktop with changing voltage: a nanotube nanomotor, a molecular actuator, and a nanoelectromechanical relaxation oscillator. | Ikkrasan iddikud n karad isuj izlaynen n molecule s amatikway nasan ijja fal as awikkal ɣur biraw har amutti n voltage; nanotube nanomotor, molecular actuator d nanoelectromechanical relaxation oscillator |
Nanomaterials with fast ion transport are related also to nanoionics and nanoelectronics. | Nanomaterial tan wi ilanen io tan ermad asikil net orakan tolas s nanionics d nanoelectronics |
Nanoscale materials such as nanopillars are sometimes used in solar cells which combats the cost of traditional silicon solar cells. | Isuj win nanoscale chund nanopillar tan aqqalan alwaqqan iyyad a exaddaman daɣ solar cell tan wi iknasnen alqim n silicon solar cell tan win alasal |
More generally, molecular self-assembly seeks to use concepts of supramolecular chemistry, and molecular recognition in particular, to cause single-molecule components to automatically arrange themselves into some useful conformation. | Asidu n molecule tan wan iman nasnat itattar axadam s tifir n supramolecular chemistry d molecular recognition , i ad aqqilan iddilil s iratayan n molecule tan ad aknin iman nasan daɣ aqqud ilan tinfa. |
Giant magnetoresistance-based hard drives already on the market fit this description, as do atomic layer deposition (ALD) techniques. | Hard drive tan n Magnetoristance maqqornen fal hebu taj in i afissar wen chund awa ijjanat tikarsiwen n atomic layer deposition (ALD). |
Focused ion beams can directly remove material, or even deposit material when suitable precursor gasses are applied at the same time. | Ion beam tan addoben ad ikkisan asuj meɣ asansin asuj alwaq wa id gaz tan wi azzarnen axdaman daɣ alwaq wen daɣ |
These could then be used as single-molecule components in a nanoelectronic device. | Awen addobat axadam chund as amos iratayan n molecule daɣ asuj n naneectronics. |
Molecular nanotechnology is a proposed approach which involves manipulating single molecules in finely controlled, deterministic ways. | Molecular technology t amos tazujicht taqqalat addabara eha edes n molecule tan fuk daɣ abara tan awikal nen , tiwassanen. |
There are hopes for applying nanorobots in medicine. | Illan ti attama tan n as nanorobot tan ad ijjichan medecine |
Because of the discrete (i.e. atomic) nature of matter and the possibility of exponential growth, this stage is seen as the basis of another industrial revolution. | Fal asatar n annuɣ n harat (awen amos atom) d tudabat n tiw-at , edag wen eqqal nehhal as amos tijittawt n tamattit iyyat n indistri. |
With the decrease in dimensionality, an increase in surface-to-volume ratio is observed. | ɣur afanaz net daɣ tiɣimmar , tiw-at fal arori har volume ratio ila akayad. |
Although conceptually similar to the scanning confocal microscope developed by Marvin Minsky in 1961 and the scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) developed by Calvin Quate and coworkers in the 1970s, newer scanning probe microscopes have much higher resolution, since they are not limited by the wavelength of sound or light. | Kuddeɣ as daɣ asinti net olah id scanning confocal microscope wa ikna Marvin Minsky daɣ awatay wan 1961 d scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) wa ikna Calvin Quate d imidiwan net win alxidmat daɣ awatay wan 1970, scanning probe microscopes tan iknanen teynaya ilan amukin maqqoran fal as war akkimalan ɣur wavelength n emasli meɣ annur. |
However, this is still a slow process because of low scanning velocity of the microscope. | Hak id ijja awen, awen amos har ajjudi tamatikwayt tazzayat fal tazzayat n scanning velocity n microscope |
Another group of nanotechnological techniques include those used for fabrication of nanotubes and nanowires, those used in semiconductor fabrication such as deep ultraviolet lithography, electron beam lithography, focused ion beam machining, nanoimprint lithography, atomic layer deposition, and molecular vapor deposition, and further including molecular self-assembly techniques such as those employing di-block copolymers. | Taqqimt iyyat n tikarsiwen n nanotechnology ahan tanat ti axdam nen i amukin n nanotubes d nanowires, ti axdamnen daɣ amukin semiconductor chund ultraviolet lithography chajren, electron beam lithography , ijjanen fal beam machining, nanoimprint lithography, atomic layer deposition d olecular vapor deposition,tolas ahan tikarsiwen n asidu n molecule tan chund ti tajjach nen di-block copolymer tan |
Scanning probe microscopy is an important technique both for characterization and synthesis of nanomaterials. | Scanning porbe microcopy amos tikarsay maqqorat i samal s amiyiz n nanomaterials |
By using, for example, feature-oriented scanning approach, atoms or molecules can be moved around on a surface with scanning probe microscopy techniques. | Daɣ almital , axadam s tazujicht tan scanning approach, atom tan meɣ molecule tan addoben ad inkichan fal arori s tikarsiwen n scanning Probe microscopy. |
These techniques include chemical synthesis, self-assembly and positional assembly. | Tikarsiwen tin ehenat amiyiz n chimi , tiddawt d positional assembly |
Researchers at Bell Telephone Laboratories like John R. Arthur. | Kel farak daɣ Bell Telephone Laboraties chund John R. Arthur |
MBE allows scientists to lay down atomically precise layers of atoms and, in the process, build up complex structures. | MBE ehak turhajat i siantifik tan edey n layer tan n atom tan d akaros n ideyan maqqornen |
Bandages are being infused with silver nanoparticles to heal cuts faster. | Bandar tan rattayan id azruf nanoparticles i azuzi ermadan |
Nanotechnology may have the ability to make existing medical applications cheaper and easier to use in places like the general practitioner's office and at home. | Nanotechnology addobat a ila tudabat n ikannan n apliksyon tan win assexat raqqosnen tolas s raqqos axadam nasan daɣ ihandagan chund general practitioner’office d akal |
Platinum is currently used as the diesel engine catalyst in these engines. | Platinum exdam harkuk chund moter wan dieel catalyst daɣ moter tan win |
Next the oxidation catalyst oxidizes the hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide to form carbon dioxide and water. | Darat awa oxidation catalyst itaj okside hydrocarbon tan d carbon monoxide i ad aqqilan carbon dioxide d aman |
Danish company InnovationsFonden invested DKK 15 million in a search for new catalyst substitutes using nanotechnology. | Danish Company InnovationsFonden tanɣal iddikud n 15 n milyon n azruf wan DKK daɣ farak i catalyst eynayan exdaman s nanotehnology. |
If the catalyst's surface area that is exposed to the exhaust fumes is maximized, efficiency of the catalyst is maximized. | A fal arori n edag wan catalyst wa anifalal i exhaust fumes ad iw-ad -assahat n catalyst tiw-ad |
Thus, creating these nanoparticles will increase the effectiveness of the resulting diesel engine catalyst—in turn leading to cleaner exhaust fumes—and will decrease cost. | Eɣan n nanaparticle tan win isawad akimmal n moter n catalyst wan diezel - itawayan exhaust fume tan tolas ifannaz alqim |
When designing scaffolds, researchers attempt to mimic the nanoscale features of a cell's microenvironment to direct its differentiation down a suitable lineage. | Alwaq wan eɣan n scaffold tan, kel farak arraman asikbar n samalan n nanoscale n cell microenvironnement i aqqud n anmizlay n etari |
TSMC began production of a 7 nm process in 2017, and Samsung began production of a 5 nm process in 2018. | TSMC tasinta intaj n tamatikwayt tan 7nm daɣ awatay wan 2017 tolas Samsung tasinta intaj n 5 nm daɣ awatay wan 2018 |
For these reasons, some groups advocate that nanotechnology be regulated by governments. | Fal iddililan win, taqqimen tiyyad aɣranat alxakumat i amukin n nanotechnology. |
Some nanoparticle products may have unintended consequences. | Isuj n anoparticle tan tiyyad ilan iɣachidan iyyad war otesan |
Inhaling airborne nanoparticles and nanofibers may lead to a number of pulmonary diseases, e.g. fibrosis. | Asaraɣ n airbone nanoparticles d nanofibers addobat ad aru iddikud n torhinawen n taruten ajjotnen , almital fibrosis |
"A major study published more recently in Nature Nanotechnology suggests some forms of carbon nanotubes – a poster child for the ""nanotechnology revolution"" – could be as harmful as asbestos if inhaled in sufficient quantities." | “ Teɣare maqqorat did tizjarat eynayan fal annuɣ nanotechnology tija addabara dumu iyyad n carbon nanotubes- dumu n alyad i “”nanotenology revolution””- addobat ad ila tikma chund asbestos a fal israɣ awadim iddikud ajjen”” |
Davies (2008) has proposed a regulatory road map describing steps to deal with these shortcomings. | Davies (2008) ijja addabara karti n abara afissaran tikkelen i anmittaf id alɣiban win |
As a result, some academics have called for stricter application of the precautionary principle, with delayed marketing approval, enhanced labelling and additional safety data development requirements in relation to certain forms of nanotechnology. | Academics tan iyyad aɣran s aplikasyon n ichirit id marketing approval simutinen labelling d asiwad n efes n safety data jaresan id nanotechnology |
Nuclear technology is technology that involves the nuclear reactions of atomic nuclei. | Nuclear technology t amos teknoloji ehay nuclear reactions n atomic nuclei |
He, Pierre Curie and Marie Curie began investigating the phenomenon. | Pierre Curie d Marie issintan farak fal harat. |
Some of these kinds of radiation could pass through ordinary matter, and all of them could be harmful in large amounts. | Iyyad daɣ dumu tan n radiation itiki s harat tolas haratan fuk addoben ad ilin tikma maqqorat. |
Gradually it was realized that the radiation produced by radioactive decay was ionizing radiation, and that even quantities too small to burn could pose a severe long-term hazard. | Sollan at-w-agrahin as reaction ta taj in radioctive decay itaj ionizing radiation tolas hak ijjit har andarran i ad eqqid addobat ad aru aɣachid chajren. |
As the atom came to be better understood, the nature of radioactivity became clearer. | Alwaq wa id itilu atom afaham olaɣan , annuɣ n radioactivity itimlal |
Alpha decay is when a nucleus releases an alpha particle, which is two protons and two neutrons, equivalent to a helium nucleus. | Alpha itirkah alwaq wa id nucleus izazjar alpha particle amosa issin proton tan d issin neutron tan ogdah nen id helium nucleus |
This type of radiation is the most dangerous and most difficult to block. | Ichikil wen n radiation amos wa ojjaran albas tolas wa s ojjar agabal net assahat |
The average number of neutrons released per nucleus that go on to fission another nucleus is referred to as k. Values of k larger than 1 mean that the fission reaction is releasing more neutrons than it absorbs, and therefore is referred to as a self-sustaining chain reaction. | Iddukud wan ammas n neutrons zajar nen nucleus iyyan tajjach nen fision n nucleus wa yadan itwan has K. Values n K ojjaran 1 n metir fission reaction wen zajaran ti neutron tan ajjotnen ojjar nen wi isas tolas itwan ha chain reaction wa s igdahan iman net |
If there are enough immediate decays to carry on the chain reaction, the mass is said to be prompt critical, and the energy release will grow rapidly and uncontrollably, usually leading to an explosion. | A fal ti illa markah daɣ armud fal chain reaction, takunkut atwan atmaxitir tolas azajor n enerji ad iw-ad daɣ armud d iban tudabat n awakkil har id aru abuqqi |
During the project, the first fission reactors were developed as well, though they were primarily for weapons manufacture and did not generate electricity. | Azzaman wan froje wen, fission reactor tan wi azzarnen intaned deɣ iknan kuddeɣ as s tizarat i amukin n albarodan tolas war id tiruwan efew |
However, if the mass is critical only when the delayed neutrons are included, then the reaction can be controlled, for example by the introduction or removal of neutron absorbers. | Kud ijja awen, a fal takunkut samaxatar alwaq wa id neutron tan wi aqqim nen ahan dihen alwazab addobat ad at awakkal , almital s ijjuch meɣ azajor n neutron absorbers |
When the resulting nucleus is lighter than that of iron, energy is normally released; when the nucleus is heavier than that of iron, energy is generally absorbed. | Alwaq wa id nucleus wa id izjaran ojjar iron tafissay, awa inhajjan enerji izajar; alwaq wa id ucleus ezzay fal iron, enerji itamasu |
The remaining abundance of heavy elements, from nickel to uranium and beyond, is due to supernova nucleosynthesis, the R-process. | Ijjit wa eqqiman n haratan wi azzaynen ɣur nickel har uranium d s afalla war ti id erew ar supernova nucleosysnthesis,R-process |
Hydrogen bombs obtain their enormous destructive power from fusion, but their energy cannot be controlled. | Bomb tan tin Hydrogen ijraw nat tudabat nasnat tan aɣachod daɣ fusion muchan assahat nasnat war addobat awikkal net |
However, both of these devices operate at a net energy loss. | Hak id ijja awen, isuj win fuk nasan xaddaman ɣur iba n enerji |
Nuclear fusion was initially pursued only in theoretical stages during World War II, when scientists on the Manhattan Project (led by Edward Teller) investigated it as a method to build a bomb. | Nuclear fusion ittus net wa ezzaran war amos ar wan mirda daɣ Akinnas n Alɣalim wan Issin, alwaq wa id siantifik tan win froje wan Manhattan ( s ezzar Edward Teller) ijjan farak n as amos addabara iɣanni n bomb |
Even small nuclear devices can devastate a city by blast, fire and radiation. | Hak id isuj win nuclear madroynen addoben uɣchad n taɣrimt s abuqqi, efew d radiation |
Such a weapon must hold one or more subcritical fissile masses stable for deployment, then induce criticality (create a critical mass) for detonation. | Albarod chund wen ilzam ti ad ila subcritical fissile iyyat meɣ ajjotnen i amichil dihen ariwan id abuqqi |
One isotope of uranium, namely uranium-235, is naturally occurring and sufficiently unstable, but it is always found mixed with the more stable isotope uranium-238. | Isotope iyyan n uranium s isim net uranium-235 itaj daɣ batil tolas war ikna azukki mucham harkuk atijraw ertay id isotope uranium-238 azzuken |
Alternatively, the element plutonium possesses an isotope that is sufficiently unstable for this process to be usable. | Element plutonium ila isotope war n azzukat hullan i asaxdam n tamatikwayt ten |
"They detonated the first nuclear weapon in a test code-named ""Trinity"", near Alamogordo, New Mexico, on July 16, 1945." | “ Sabbuqen albarod n nuclear wa ezzaran daɣ test code s isim net “””Trinity”” edes n Alamogordo , New Mexico, daɣ ayor wan rajab 16 n achal daɣ awatay wan 1945”” |
In the wake of unprecedented devastation and casualties from a single weapon, the Japanese government soon surrendered, ending World War II. | Daɣ adarich n uɣchad wa s kala war has ezzar iyyan ijja albarod iyyan, alxakumat tan Japon toyya , issamdan akinnas wan Issin daɣ Alɣalim |
Just over four years later, on August 29, 1949, the Soviet Union detonated its first fission weapon. | Daɣ iwityan win akkoz hin okaynen, daɣ ayor wan chaban 29 n achal daɣ awatay wan 1949, Unyon Sovietik sabbuqat albarod net wa ezzaran |
A radiological weapons is a type of nuclear weapon designed to distribute hazardous nuclear material in enemy areas. | Albarodan win radiology amosan ich-ikil n albarod n nuclear ituzanan isuj n nuclear daɣ ihandagan win inasjafatan |
While considered useless by a conventional military, such a weapon raises concerns over nuclear terrorism. | Kuddeɣ as allaɣat anifham n militer as war infa harat, albarod chund wen issinkar id muchakil fal nuclear terrorism |
The treaty permitted underground nuclear testing. | Treaty wen ikfa turhajat n erem n nuclear sider n akal |
After signing the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty in 1996 (which had as of 2011 not entered into force), all of these states have pledged to discontinue all nuclear testing. | Darat echwal wan Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty daɣ awatay wan 1996 ( war chammachalan addawlat tan chund daɣ awatay wan 2011), addawla tan win fuk nasan ijjan tahude as ad ay in erem wan nuclear fuk |
Throughout the Cold War, the opposing powers had huge nuclear arsenals, sufficient to kill hundreds of millions of people. | Daɣ azzaman fuk wan Cold War, addawla tan ti assohat nen amchakkat nen ilanat nuclear arsenal tan igdahnen i ad anɣin milyon tan n addinat |
Currently nuclear power provides approximately 15.7% of the world's electricity (in 2004) and is used to propel aircraft carriers, icebreakers and submarines (so far economics and fears in some ports have prevented the use of nuclear power in transport ships). | Tudabat tan nuclear tahak a hin ikkan 15.7% n efew n alɣalim (daɣ awatay wan 2004) tolas exaddam daɣ ihuk n asiwad n adu daɣ aircraft barrier tan, icebreak tan d submarine tan (har amarad aqtisad d tirimmaɣ daɣ port tan iyyad igdalan alxidmat n tudabat tan nuclear daɣ asikil n bato tan) |
Medical and dental x-ray imagers use of cobalt-60 or other x-ray sources. | Alxidmat n Imager tan win assexat d win isenan n cobalt -60 meɣ x-ray iyyad |
Both contain a small source of 241Am that gives rise to a small constant current. | Fuk nasan ehen 241Am andarran tan isawadan s andarran |
Another use in insect control is the sterile insect technique, where male insects are sterilized by radiation and released, so they have no offspring, to reduce the population. | Alxidmat iyyad daɣ awikkal n amudar amos tikarsay n amudar war n itiru edag s imudaran win meddan war igdal hassan radiation ad aruwan i ad war ilen aratan,daɣ ittus n afanaz n ichaɣib |
The radiation sources used include radioisotope gamma ray sources, X-ray generators and electron accelerators. | Awa id itiruwan radiation ehay radioisotoe gamma ray soources, X-ray generators d electron accelerator tan |
As such it is also used on non-food items, such as medical hardware, plastics, tubes for gas-pipelines, hoses for floor-heating, shrink-foils for food packaging, automobile parts, wires and cables (isolation), tires, and even gemstones. | S immik wen itajach isuj wi war n amos win ichikcha chund medical hardware, ilkadan, tinaɣwaten n gaz tan, hoze tan sukisnen ihanan, shrink-foil tan i asidu imansiwan, ifrusan n torfen,fil tan d kabl tan (askut) , idaran n torfen d gemstones |
Microorganisms can no longer proliferate and continue their malignant or pathogenic activities. | Organizm tan wi madroynen ibas addoben ijjit d timašɣulen nasan n taɣdart meɣ sajrawnen torhinna |