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She grew up always doubtful about the love from her mother, who looked nothing like her and who died nine years before. | Tədwal dǎɣ iba nafalasat harkuk dǎɣ tarha ən mas, əd widar toleh dǎɣ wala əd taqalat aba taza elan dat awa. |
In the 1976 Ira Levin novel The Boys from Brazil and its 1978 film adaptation, Josef Mengele uses cloning to create copies of Adolf Hitler. | Dǎɣ alkitab wan Medin wi Brésil (1976) Ira Levin əd alamdənes ən cinématographique dǎɣ 1978, Josef Mengele dakaln asidwal fal igitan ən copitan ən Adolf Hitler. |
"In Doctor Who, an alien race of armour-clad, warlike beings called Sontarans was introduced in the 1973 serial ""The Time Warrior""." | Dǎɣ Doctor Who, təmuzuk tasuɣsadat aqalnen imuzukal dǎɣ temalsit sitawan Sontarans ataqal aygašan dǎɣ feuilleton dǎɣ 1973 ““The Time Warrior””. |
"The concept of cloned soldiers being bred for combat was revisited in ""The Doctor's Daughter"" (2008), when the Doctor's DNA is used to create a female warrior called Jenny." | "Maɣulat wan mekenisan asidwalnen atwazwayan fal akinas eqalan atiwakyadan dǎɣ (2008) ““The Doctor's Jenny.”" |
The 2005 Kazuo Ishiguro novel Never Let Me Go and the 2010 film adaption are set in an alternate history in which cloned humans are created for the sole purpose of providing organ donations to naturally born humans, despite the fact that they are fully sentient and self-aware. | Alkitab wan Neɣer Let Me Go (2005) wan Kazuo Išiguro əd alamad əinématograɗhique dǎɣ 2010 igan dǎɣ tafust ən təmotayen dǎɣ amosan adinat aydwalan atiwagan dǎɣ tabarat iyadǎɣ tan ihuk ən orgatan ye adinat iwanen idmanasan, awendǎɣ dak awa aqalan daknasan lameɗnen əd diniyat nasan. |
"In the futuristic novel Cloud Atlas and subsequent film, one of the story lines focuses on a genetically-engineered fabricant clone named Sonmi~451, one of millions raised in an artificial ""wombtank"", destined to serve from birth." | "Dǎɣ alkiblat wan futuriste Cloud Atlas əd silma ta ditikamat, ufur eqalan amas fal tadawla ən igitan namosan atiwasamatayan sitawana Soonmi~451, iyan dǎɣ milliontan nasidwal izwayan dǎɣ iyan “wombtank”” imanes, amosan amanan anfu harwa ɣur tiwit.” |
In the film Us, at some point prior to the 1980s, the US Government creates clones of every citizen of the United States with the intention of using them to control their original counterparts, akin to voodoo dolls. | Dǎɣ silma Us, agudiyan dat wityan wi 1980, tanhat tan américain tagu dǎɣ sidwal ən hak agakal ən États-Unis dər anizgum nadakal fal tanhat ən midawan nasan itbatnen, andiran sund tibaraden tən vaudoues. |
In the present day, the clones launch a surprise attack and manage to complete a mass-genocide of their unaware counterparts. | Ašalidǎɣ, əmisudwal igan tagaq tasirmaɣat əd igrawan arigin génoəide ən tazayt əne midawan nasan winan ila aniyat. |
Genes have been transferred within the same species, across species (creating transgenic organisms), and even across kingdoms. | Genetan aqalan atwasasawayan dǎɣ amas ən terwe iyadǎɣ, gar terweten (taganen organismetan transgénique), əd gar tartnaten iyadǎɣ. |
Genetic engineers must isolate the gene they wish to insert into the host organism and combine it with other genetic elements, including a promoter and terminator region and often a selectable marker. | Əmusanan wi génétiquetan anihaga adikisan gène asinahagan ihan dǎɣ organisme nanaftaɣ əd asirtay dər iyad haratan ən génétique. |
Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen made the first genetically modified organism in 1973, a bacterium resistant to the antibiotic kanamycin. | Herbert Boyer əd Stanley Cohen igan wadazaran organisme amosan amutayan dǎɣ 1973, baətérie aśohen dǎɣ antibiotique kanamyəine. |
The first genetically modified animal to be commercialized was the GloFish (2003) and the first genetically modified animal to be approved for food use was the AquAdvantage salmon in 2015. | Wadazal awadǎɣ amosan amutayan aqalan aytawašanšen eqal GloFish (2003) əd wadazaran awadaz amosan amutayan dǎɣ uɣil atwinhay fal əmik namiškan eqalan saumon AquAdvantageantage dǎɣ 2015. |
Fungi have been engineered with much the same goals. | Champignontan aqalan amutayan dər andiran olahan dəšiɣil iyandǎɣ. |
There are proposals to remove the virulent genes from viruses to create vaccines. | Ilanti sinihigitan ikanen arkisan gènetan tamalsanen ɣirustan fal igitan ən nuzmay. |
The majority are engineered for herbicide tolerance or insect resistance. | Ajen eqal amutayan fal tayawt ən herbicidetan meɣ aśuhu ən šiɣiɣilan. |
Animals are generally much harder to transform and the vast majority are still at the research stage. | Awadǎɣan aqalan amosan ajen dǎɣ aśiśuhu ən asimililiy əd ajen dǎɣsan eqal harwa dǎɣ stade wan numaɣ. |
Livestock is modified with the intention of improving economically important traits such as growth rate, quality of meat, milk composition, disease resistance, and survival. | Arizeg eqal amutayan dǎɣ salan nəsimutiy ən talɣiwen nazrif ifan atamosan hadi ən wi wanen, təbidawƭ ən san, asimutiy naɣ, aśiśuhu ən turhinawen əd tamudre. |
Although human gene therapy is still relatively new, it has been used to treat genetic disorders such as severe combined immunodeficiency, and Leber's congenital amaurosis. | Ahuskat as théraɗie génique nadinat amosan harwa ayhan aynayan, tatiwakal fal asisifir ən troubletan ən génétiquetan atamosan immunodeficience hertayan aśohatnen əd amaurose congénital ən Leber. |
Other concerns are the objectivity and rigor of regulatory authorities, contamination of non-genetically modified food, control of the food supply, patenting of life and the use of intellectual property rights. | Iyad əšiɣilan ikanen əšiɣil əd aśiśuhu ən tarna ən asisigdah, asimils ən šiška winan eqel amosan amutayan, igi nəniyat ən huk ən šiška, breɣetage ən nadaran əd dakalan ən tanhaden oɣadnen ən təmusne. |
Countries have adopted regulatory measures to deal with these concerns. | Ikalan almadan tanhaden nasigdha fal asudmir ən əšiɣilan nes. |
"A broad definition of genetic engineering also includes selective breeding and other means of artificial selection.""," | "Aliɣi haruwan ən génie génétique iha deɣkanen igitan amukasnen əd diyan lalan ən nukis ən manasan.”" |
For example, the grain crop triticale was fully developed in a laboratory in 1930 using various techniques to alter its genome. | Dǎɣ olahan, əsigyak wən nalawan wən triticale taqal dakines awiɗan dǎɣ laboratoiretan dǎɣ 1930 əs tilalt ən tekaniten ajotnen fal asimutiy ən génome. |
"Modern biotechnology is further defined as ""In vitro nucleic acid techniques, including recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and direct injection of nucleic acid into cells or organelles, or fusion of cells beyond the taxonomic family.""" | “Biotəmusnawen taynayat taqal agudendǎɣ atiwalaɣen sund ““tekaniten tən aəide nuəléique in ɣitro, atamosan asirtay naəide wan desoxyribonuəleique (ADN) əd tedek toɣadat ən aəide nuəléique dǎɣ əelluletan meɣ dǎɣ organitan, meɣ asitay ən əelluletan dǎɣ ginig awenalɣayalan ən taxonomique.”" |
The definitions focus on the process more than the product, which means there could be GMOS and non-GMOs with very similar genotypes and phenotypes. | Əliɣitan wiamosnen fal igitan ogarnen harat, awa amosan as adoben adǎɣas agriwan OGM əd awinan eqel OGM dər génotyɗetan əd ɗhénotyɗetan olahnen hulen. |
It also poses problems as new processes are developed. | Asinsa intadǎɣ aśibaban agud wa tabaraten tə aynaynen aqalan atwagan dǎɣ samando. |
Genetic engineers must isolate the gene they wish to insert into the host organism. | Əmusanan wi généticientan anihaga adikisan gène wa asinahagan atigin dǎɣ taɣisa tan tanaɣftaq. |
The gene is then combined with other genetic elements, including a promoter and terminator region and a selectable marker. | Mu-arǝs ertăy dǝhen ǝd ɣănsar tan n jiyin eha edăg n tăɣzǝz n akǝmmal n mu-arǝs d n I eha xălǝya. |
DNA is generally inserted into animal cells using microinjection, where it can be injected through the cell's nuclear envelope directly into the nucleus, or through the use of viral vectors. | ADN eqal intadǎɣ ayhan dǎɣ əelluletan ən wadǎɣan fal tedek-tan dirat, ɣur adoben adiqilan aydagan dǎɣ enɣeloɗɗe nuəléaire tan əellule toɣadat sulhines, meɣ fal adakal ɣeəteurtan viraux. |
In plants this is accomplished through tissue culture. | Ɣur hiškan, awen atagu fal sigyak tissulaire. |
Traditionally the new genetic material was inserted randomly within the host genome. | Dǎɣ awa atiwazayan, ilil waynayan ən génétique eqal ayhan dǎɣ amširšir génome wa anaftaɣ. |
There are four families of engineered nucleases: meganucleases, zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the Cas9-guideRNA system (adapted from CRISPR). | Ilanati ikozat alɣayalan ən nuəléase amotaynen : meganuəleasetan, nuəleasetan wi tisikad ən Zinə, nuəleasetan wi igitan nəmik wan asikar wan transəriɗtion (TALEN) əd əmik wan Cas9-guideRNA (ilmadan CRISPR). |
In 1972 Paul Berg created the first recombinant DNA molecule when he combined DNA from a monkey virus with that of the lambda virus. | Dǎɣ 1972, Paul Breg iga ta ditazarat molécule ən ADN tartayat dǎɣ asirtay ən ADN əd ɣirus wan layo dər wan ɣirus wan lambda. |
The bacteria that had successfully incorporated the plasmid was then able to survive in the presence of kanamycin. | Bactérie ta tigrawat atigiš plasmide taqal adiš adoben atidir dǎɣ tajayhit ən kanamycine. |
In 1974 Rudolf Jaenisch created a transgenic mouse by introducing foreign DNA into its embryo, making it the world's first transgenic animal. | Dǎɣ 1974, Rudolf J igan eɣalam transgénique dǎɣ iga ADN nanaftaɣ dǎɣ aranes, awa igan awudar transgénique wa dazaran dǎɣ aduniyat. |
Mice with genes removed (termed a knockout mouse) were created in 1989. | Iɣalaman wis gènetan nasan aqalan ahin igmadan (sitawan Iɣalaman knoəkout) adǎɣ igan 1989. |
In 1983 the first genetically engineered plant was developed by Michael W. Bevan, Richard B. Flavell and Mary-Dell Chilton. | Dǎɣ 1983, wa dazaran ahisk amosan amutayan eqal aygašan dǎɣ santo fal Miəhael W. Bevan, Richard |
In 2000, Vitamin A-enriched golden rice was the first plant developed with increased nutrient value. | Dǎɣ 2000, tafaɣat tolaɣat taha vitamine A ataqal ahišk wadazaran dǎɣ təwaƭ dər tanfo namiškan wariga. |
The insulin produced by bacteria, branded humulin, was approved for release by the Food and Drug Administration in 1982. | Insuline ta ditizgarat fal baətérietan, sitawan humuline, ataqal atiwasaknan Food and Drug Administration dǎɣ 1982. |
In 1994 Calgene attained approval to commercially release the Flavr Savr tomato, the first genetically modified food. | Dǎɣ 1994, Calgene igraw tabarat tan ašinš ən tomata Flavr Savr, ašaško wa dazaran amosan amutayan. |
In 2010, scientists at the J. Craig Venter Institute announced that they had created the first synthetic bacterial genome. | Dǎɣ 2010, əmusanan wən J. Craig Venter Institute aliɣen as igan wa dazaran génome bactérien synthétique. |
It was released to the US market in 2003. | Igaš hebu wa ameriəaintan dǎɣ 2003. |
Genes and other genetic information from a wide range of organisms can be added to a plasmid and inserted into bacteria for storage and modification. | Gènetan əd iyad igitan ən génétique ədigmadnen leɣe haruwan ən organismetan adobatnen adiqilan asewaɗan ɗlasmide əd ugiš ən baətérietan fal adiqilnat adiwan əd amutayan. |
A large number of custom plasmids make manipulating DNA extracted from bacteria relatively easy. | Hadi ən plasmidetan maqornen atiwazaynen tasababan ye anihid sihomiši raqis ən ADN adizgaran baətérietan. |
Scientists can easily manipulate and combine genes within the bacteria to create novel or disrupted proteins and observe the effect this has on various molecular systems. | Əmusanan adoben dǎɣ tarɣise aranahadan əd asirtiyan gènetan dǎɣ amas ən baətérietan fal arigin ɗrotéinetan aynaynen meɣ əšlaynen əd ahanay nawen dǎɣ əmikan ajotnen ən nucléairetan. |
Bacteria have been used in the production of food for a long time, and specific strains have been developed and selected for that work on an industrial scale. | Bacterietan aqalnat amitkalan harwa aru dǎɣ igitan ən šiška, əd souəhetan abdanen aqalan awidan ən atiwakasan fal əšiɣil wan nasakankin nusine. |
Most food-producing bacteria are lactic acid bacteria, and this is where the majority of research into genetically engineering food-producing bacteria has gone. | Iyad dǎɣ baətérietan tə taganen əšiška aqalnat baətérietan naɣ, əd awendǎɣ asirtayan ajen dǎɣ numaɣan dǎɣ génie génétique dǎɣ baətérietan tə nigitan ən šiška. |
The majority are produced in the US and even though regulations are in place to allow production in Europe, as of 2015 no food products derived from bacteria are currently available there. | Ajit nasnat dak eqal aygan dǎɣ États-Unis əd izar indar ikanan aqalan dǎɣ edag fal asirdilan igitan dǎɣ Europe, dǎɣ 2015, waladǎɣ iyan harat ən šiška ən bactérietan wareqel atilan amaradǎɣ. |
The bacteria are then harvested and the desired protein purified from them. | Bactérietan aqalnat agudiyan adigmadan əd protéine adirhana as taqal anšišan. |
Many of these proteins are impossible or difficult to obtain via natural methods and they are less likely to be contaminated with pathogens, making them safer. | Ajen dǎɣ ɗrotéinetan tən aqalnat awinan adobat meɣ aśohen ye adigriwnat tekanitan ən manasnat əd daqalnat ayfnazan dǎɣ maɣulat ən natamalsen fal agentan ɗathogène, awa itan itagan aytbatan. |
Outside of medicine they have been used to produce biofuels. | Dǎɣ wartaha médecine, aqalant amitkalan dǎɣ igitan ən biocarburantan. |
Ideas include altering gut bacteria so they destroy harmful bacteria, or using bacteria to replace or increase deficient enzymes or proteins. | Ənizguman ilan təmotayen ən baətérietan nadanan fal adiɣšidnat bactérietan tən ibrarnen, meɣ idakalan ən bactérietan fal asimutiy meɣ asiwid ən enzymetan meɣ protéinetan ibrarnen. |
Enabling the bacteria to form a colony could provide a more long-term solution, but could also raise safety concerns as interactions between bacteria and the human body are less well understood than with traditional drugs. | Ihuk ye bactérietan ya ariginat edag adoben atiha adabara ogaran tahagit, mašan adobat deɣqanen arisansu aśibaban wi uguz, falas ənmigišan gar bactérietan əd təɣiswen nadinat aqalan andiran dǎɣ tihusay ən faham ye tən ən sifran wi kal hiskan. |
For over a century bacteria have been used in agriculture. | Harwa okayan temede nawatay, bactérietan aqalnat amitkalan dǎɣ asigyik. |
With advances in genetic engineering, these bacteria have been manipulated for increased efficiency and expanded host range. | Dǎɣ təwaɗen ən génie génétique, bactérietan aqalnat atiwadasan fal asiwid ən aśahat əd asihraw ən gamme naynayan. |
Pseudomonas strains of bacteria cause frost damage by nucleating water into ice crystals around themselves. | Souchetan ən bactérietan pseudomonas tagan iɣašadan ən gel nuəleant naman dǎɣ krimkraman ən glaəe dǎɣ ahazanes. |
Other uses for genetically modified bacteria include bioremediation, where the bacteria are used to convert pollutants into a less toxic form. | Dǎɣ wəyadnen imatkalan ən baətérietan amosnen amutayan, amosnen biorestauration, ɣur baətérietan aqalnat amitkalan fal asimililiy ən ɗolluantan dǎɣ əmik ifnazan dǎɣ alabasan. |
In the 1980s artist Jon Davis and geneticist Dana Boyd converted the Germanic symbol for femininity (ᛉ) into binary code and then into a DNA sequence, which was then expressed in Escherichia coli. | Dǎɣ wityan wi 1980, amanzar Jon Dǎɣis əd génétiəienne Dana Boyd asmalalayan ašikel ən Germanique wan ɗeɗen (ᛉ) dǎɣ ufir wasisin, darat awen dat təfirest tan ADN, was agudiyan eqal adizgaran dǎɣ Escherichia coli. |
Researchers can use this to control for various factors; including the target location, insert size, and duration of gene expression. | Ənumaɣan adoben aditkilan almaɣna wendǎɣ fal adanahadan ye haratan ajotnen, atamosan daha dila awa atiwamaɣan, tabade tan insert əd tahagit tan əmik ən gene. |
Although primarily still at trial stages, there has been some successes using gene therapy to replace defective genes. | Ahuskat as taqal harwa atamosan ɣur edag wan irum, thérapie génique tizay igaraw iyad dǎɣ asimutiy ən gènetan winan əmda. |
As of 2018, there are a substantial number of clinical trials underway, including treatments for hemophilia, glioblastoma, chronic granulomatous disease, cystic fibrosis and various cancers. | Dǎɣ 2018, ihandagan ajotnen niruman ən əliniquetan aqalan ayagan, atamosan asisifir wan hémophile, wan glioblastome, wan turhina tan granulomateuse əhronique, wan mucoviscidose əd əanəertan ajotnen. |
Herpes simplex viruses make promising vectors, having a carrying capacity of over 30kb and providing long term expression, although they are less efficient at gene delivery than other vectors. | Virus wan herpès simplex amos ahan vecteurtan wən wisaknanen, ilanen aśahat nalagi nogaran 30 kb əd sardalan isalan tahaganen, ahuskat as warilen aśahat fal ukisawan ən gènetan ən vecteurtan iyad. |
Other viruses that have been used as vectors include alphaviruses, flaviviruses, measles viruses, rhabdoviruses, Newcastle disease virus, poxviruses, and picornaviruses. | Virus iyad aqalan amitkalan sund vecteurtan, atamosnen alɗhavirustan, flavivirus, virustan wən rougeole, rhabdovirus. Virus wa wan turhina tan Newcastle, poxvirus əd picornavirus. |
This does not affect the viruses infectivity, invokes a natural immune response and there is no chance that they will regain their virulence function, which can occur with some other vaccines. | Awen waritiwid aɣašad wan virustan , idalam aliɣi ən immunitaire imanes əd wartila wala iyan asibab ye adigriwan əšiɣil nasan wa virustan, awa adoben aragu dər iyad niyad ənuzmay. |
The most effective vaccine against Tuberculosis, the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine, only provides partial protection. | Anazmay wa ogaran aśuhu ən tuberəulose, anazmay wan Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), warihuku ad uguz ən hadagan. |
Other vector-based vaccines have already been approved and many more are being developed. | Iyad inuzmay iganen dǎɣ ɣeəteurtan aqalan atiwasaknan əd iyad ajotnen aqalan ayhan alwaq wa təwadnen. |
In 2004, researchers reported that a genetically modified virus that exploits the selfish behaviour of cancer cells might offer an alternative way of killing tumours. | Dǎɣ 2004, ənumaɣan asiknan as virus amosan amutayan takasnen əmikan tarha tan celluletan əanəéreuse adoben arafu alil iyan inaqan tumeurtan. |
The virus was injected into orange trees to combat citrus greening disease that had reduced orange production by 70% since 2005. | Virus eqal aygašan dǎɣ organetan fal adiknisan dər turhina tan greeing tan agrumetan wi ifnaznen igitan wi orangetan wi 70% harwa 2005. |
Genetically modified viruses that make the target animals infertile through immunocontraception have been created in the laboratory as well as others that target the developmental stage of the animal. | Virustan amosnen amutayan wi taganen iwadǎɣan wi atiwarhanen ad witiruwan fal immunoəontraəeɗtion adǎɣ igan dǎɣ laboratoire, mašan iyad atiwakanen dǎɣ edag wan ƭiwaƭ ən awadǎɣ. |
Genetic modification of the myxoma virus has been proposed to conserve European wild rabbits in the Iberian peninsula and to help regulate them in Australia. | Təmotayen tən génétique tən virus wan myxome eqal atwasaknan fal atawar ən timarwalen narog ən euroɗéentan dǎɣ péninsule ibérique əd fal tilalt ye kanan nasan dǎɣ Australie. |
It is possible to engineer bacteriophages to express modified proteins on their surface and join them up in specific patterns (a technique called phage display). | Eqal adoben igi asimutiy ən baətérioɗhagetan fal asiknin ɗrotéinetan amutayan dǎɣ taryare əd asirtay amosan harat atiwazayan (təmusne sitawana azizgar ən ɗhagetan). |
For industrial applications, yeasts combine the bacterial advantages of being a single-celled organism that is easy to manipulate and grow with the advanced protein modifications found in eukaryotes. | Dǎɣ igitan wi usinetan, levuretan sartayan tanfoten tən bactérietan, aqalanen organismetan winan ila celluletan raqisan dǎɣ edes əd agayak, dər təmotayen tən protéinetan aynaynen itigiz awadim ɣur eucaryotetan. |
One has increased malolactic fermentation efficiency, while the other prevents the production of dangerous ethyl carbamate compounds during fermentation. | Iyat asewadan aśahat ən abašu ən malolaətique, izar iyan idgal igitan nayjaran ertayan ən əarbamate wan ethyl agud wa nabašu. |
Unlike bacteria and viruses they have the advantage of infecting the insects by contact alone, although they are out competed in efficiency by chemical pesticides. | Dǎɣ animašray ən bactérietan əd dǎɣ virustan, ilan tadhil nasimilse ən ɣišinširan fal banan anmidis, ahusken aqalan okayan dǎɣ aśahat fal pesticidetan chimique. |
An attractive target for biological control are mosquitos, vectors for a range of deadly diseases, including malaria, yellow fever and dengue fever. | Tadast, veəteurtan ən anilkam əmdan dǎɣ turhinawen naqanen, amosnen malaria, tahafnint əd denge, aqalnen atiwamaɣan əs tuhusay fal akinas ən biologique. |
Another strategy is to add proteins to the fungi that block transmission of malaria or remove the Plasmodium altogether. | Dǎɣ əmik iyan itagan asiwiƭ ən ChamPignontan wən Protéinetan wi dagalnen asimilse ən Paludisme meɣ adikis waladǎɣ antikan Plasmodium. |
Many plants are pluripotent, meaning that a single cell from a mature plant can be harvested and under the right conditions can develop into a new plant. | Əhiskan ajotnen aqalan PluriPotente, awa amosan as əellule iyadǎɣ dǎɣ ahisk wašaran adobat adiqil aygmaɗan əd, dǎɣ alwaqan ahuskatnen, təwadan dǎɣ ahisk aynayan. |
Major advances in tissue culture and plant cellular mechanisms for a wide range of plants has originated from systems developed in tobacco. | Awa dazaran dǎɣ ukuy dǎɣ əmik wan sigyak ən nalam əd mililiyan ən əelluletan ən hiskan fal ahuruwan lefe ən hiškan aqalnen adigmadan dǎɣ əmikan wi təwadnen fal taba. |
Another major model organism relevant to genetic engineering is Arabidopsis thaliana. | Arabidopsis thaliana eqal iyan taɣisa nəmik ifan fal génie génétique. |
In research, plants are engineered to help discover the functions of certain genes. | Dǎɣ umaɣ, ihiškan aqalan amutayan fal tilalt nahanay ən əšiɣilan ən iyad gènetan. |
Unlike mutagenisis, genetic engineering allows targeted removal without disrupting other genes in the organism. | Dǎɣ animašrayan ye mutagène, génie wan génétique itagu ukis ən nawa atiwamaɣan dǎɣ iba nəsimutiy niyad gènetan ən taɣisa. |
Other strategies include attaching the gene to a strong promoter and see what happens when it is overexpressed, forcing a gene to be expressed in a different location or at different developmental stages. | Iyad əmikan atagan uɣin ən gene wa isaknen aśohen əd agaraw nawa itikiyan agud wadeqal aytamagradan, asuhušil ən gène ye adiqil adizgaran dǎɣ edag ibdan meɣ dǎɣ dagan ən təmotayen abdanen. |
The first genetically modified ornamentals commercialized altered color. | Widazarnen ihiškan ən dalagan amosnen amutayan dǎɣ mašanšan aqalnen dǎɣ ini amutayan. |
Other genetically modified ornamentals include Chrysanthemum and Petunia. | Iyad ihiškan idlzgnen amosnen amutayan ilan Chrysanthème əd pétunia. |
The papaya ringspot virus devastated papaya trees in Hawaii in the twentieth century until transgenic papaya plants were given pathogen-derived resistance. | Virus wa nəšiɣil namsuɣil wan papaye okay papayertan wən Hawaï dǎɣ 20e temede nawatay hawendǎɣ har papayertan transgénique igrawan aśahat ədizgaran pathogène. |
The second generation of crops aimed to improve the quality, often by altering the nutrient profile. | Ta sanatat tagat ən sigyak tika asimutiy nahusken, agudiyan dǎɣ asimutiy ən profil wan šiška. |
GM crops contribute by improving harvests through reducing insect pressure, increasing nutrient value and tolerating different abiotic stresses. | Isigyak wi amosnen amutayan tagašan aśiwid ən nuluyan dǎɣ afanaz ən naśahat ən ɣišiširan, dǎɣ aśiwiɗ ən tuhusay ən ašaško əd dǎɣ tayawt ən haditan naƭkir ən abiotique . |
The majority of GM crops have been modified to be resistant to selected herbicides, usually a glyphosate or glufosinate based one. | Ajit ən sigyak amosnen amutayan aqalan amutayan fal adiqilan aśohen ye iyad herbicidetan, atamosnen dǎɣ santo ən glyphosate meɣ glufosinate. |
A few use the genes that encode for vegetative insecticidal proteins. | Hărat n mu-arǝs tan aqqăl -nen kod I proteyǝn tan naqqin-en xăšar n ahǝšk. |
Less than one percent of GM crops contained other traits, which include providing virus resistance, delaying senescence and altering the plants composition. | Awinan iwed iyandǎɣ fal temede ən sigyak amosnen amutayan ahantan iyad əmikan, atamosan tungit ən virustan, tahagit ən sénesəenəe əd tamotayt tan tartit ən hiškan. |
Plants and plant cells have been genetically engineered for production of biopharmaceuticals in bioreactors, a process known as pharming. | Dǎɣ hiškan əd dǎɣ əelluletan ən hiškan aqalnat amosant amutayan fal igitan ən lalan ən biopharmaceutique dǎɣ bioreacteurtan, igi atiwazayan fal əsim wan “pharming”. |
Many drugs also contain natural plant ingredients and the pathways that lead to their production have been genetically altered or transferred to other plant species to produce greater volume. | Timaɣwanen ajotnen ahanatanat intanatedǎɣ haratan ən hiškan imanasan əd tabaraten tə tan tiwiynen əs igitan aqalnat amosnen amutayan meɣ atwasawayan ye iyad badan ən hiškan fal igi ən amaqaran volume. |
They also pose less risk of being contaminated. | Saknen intanedǎɣ ayfnazan dǎɣ aśibab nuɣil ən asimilse. |
Vaccines are expensive to produce, transport, and administer, so having a system that could produce them locally would allow greater access to poorer and developing areas. | Inuzmay aqalan aśohen dǎɣ igi, ən alangi əd asikin, dǎɣ əmik nalmaɣnatan adoben igi nasan dǎɣ hinan adilalan ye ugiš ahusken dǎɣ kalan wi ogarnen aliqiw əd dǎɣ təwaɗen.. |
Being stored in plants reduces the long-term cost as they can be disseminated without the need for cold storage, don't need to be purified, and have long term stability. | Dǎɣ uɣil natawar dǎɣ hiškan afanaz asuk dǎɣ tahagit falas adoben adiqilan amišaršaran dǎɣ iba nagaraw ən tarha nuɣil natawar dǎɣ təsimde, waraqelan ayerhan adiqil aridan əd adikatnen dǎɣ tahagit. |
As of 2018 only three genetically modified animals have been approved, all in the USA. | Dǎɣ 2018, karad rizegan ɣas amosnen amutayan aqalan atiwasaknan, dak dǎɣ États-Unis. |
Canada: Brainwaving The first transgenic mammals were produced by injecting viral DNA into embryos and then implanting the embryos in females. | Canada : Remue-ménage wi dazarnen sankasnen transgénique aqalan aygan dǎɣ tedek tan ADN viral dǎɣ embryontan, darat awen dǎɣ asiqt ən embryontan wən dǎɣ ɗeɗen. |
The development of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system as a cheap and fast way of directly modifying germ cells, effectively halving the amount of time needed to develop genetically modified mammals. | Təwaƭ tan əmik ən salan wi gènetan CRISPR-Cas9 eqal embryon alil irmadan əd hebu ahusken ye asimutiy agudendǎɣ ən əelluletan germinales, awa ifnazan tizune ən nalwaq infan dǎɣ təwaɗen ən wisakasnen amosnen amutayan. |
Genetically modified mice have been the most common mammals used in biomedical research, as they are cheap and easy to manipulate. | Ikaran wi amosnen amutayan aqalan wi sankasnen wi ogarnen amitkil harkuk dǎɣ umaɣ wan biomédiəal, falas aqalnat hebu ahusken əd raqis dǎɣ aɗes. |
In 2009, scientists announced that they had successfully transferred a gene into a primate species (marmosets) for the first time. | Dǎɣ 2009, əmusanan inan as igrawan as sisiwiyan ən gène dǎɣ terwe tan ɗrimate (ouistiti) fal ehandag wazaran. |
Stable expression has been accomplished in sheep, pigs, rats and other animals. | Əsalan adikatnen aqalan atiwagan ɣur təhaten, iɣurɣurutan, ikaran əd iyad irizegan |