id
stringlengths 30
32
| content
stringlengths 7
30.8k
| content_type
stringclasses 1
value | meta
dict | id_hash_keys
sequence | score
null | embedding
null |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
80007a620387b2912357de47c066d06b | September 9, 2008.
^ Wike, Richard; Poushter, Jacob; Zainulbhai, Hani (June 29, 2016). "As Obama Years Draw to Close, President and U.S. Seen Favorably in Europe and Asia". Global Attitudes & Trends. Pew Research Center. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
^ Wan, William; Clement, Scott (November 18, 2016). "Most of the world doesn't actually see America the way Trump said it did". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
^ Freed, John C. (February 6, 2009). "Poll shows Obama atop list of most respected". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 27, 2009. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
^ "Obama Most Popular Leader, Poll Finds". The New York Times. May 29, 2009. Archived from the original on June 1, 2009. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
^ "Obama remains a popular symbol of hope". France 24. June 2, 2009. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2009". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on October 10, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
^ Philp, Catherine (October 10, 2009). "Barack Obama's peace prize starts a fight". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved December 15, 2021.
^ Otterman, Sharon (October 9, 2009). | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama",
"_split_id": 152
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
73465531fb40ce0822029d8a56dc33bd | "World Reaction to a Nobel Surprise". The New York Times. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
^ "Obama Peace Prize win has Americans asking why?". Reuters. October 9, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
^ "Obama: Nobel Peace Prize 'a call to action'—Politics—White House". NBC News. October 9, 2009. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
^ "Obama's win unique among presidents". CNN. October 9, 2009.
^ "How Obama felt after Trump's inauguration". BBC News. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
^ Panetta, Grace. "Michelle Obama said attending Trump's inauguration as one of few people of color was 'a lot emotionally'". Business Insider. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
^ Kosinski, Michelle; Diaz, Daniella (May 27, 2016). "Peek inside Obama's post-presidential pad". CNN. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
^ "Former President Barack H. Obama Announced as Recipient of 2017 John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. March 2, 2017. Archived from the original on April 8, 2017. Retrieved April 8, 2017.
^ Shear, Michael D. (April 24, 2017). "Obama Steps Back into Public Life, Trying to Avoid One Word: Trump". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 24, 2017.
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama",
"_split_id": 153
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
d68421e17b847188b1bac0bb6fd96350 | ^ Shelbourne, Mallory (September 10, 2017). "Former presidents fundraise for Irma disaster relief". The Hill. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
^ Hope, Leah (September 14, 2017). "Obama Foundation holds public meeting about presidential library project". WLS-TV. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
^ Dovere, Edward-Isaac (October 31, 2017). "Obama, opening his foundation's first summit, calls for fixing civic culture". Politico.
^ Neuman, Scott (May 22, 2018). "Obamas Sign Deal With Netflix, Form 'Higher Ground Productions'". NPR. Retrieved September 17, 2018.
^ Harris, Hunter (May 21, 2018). "The Obamas Will Produce Movies and Shows for Netflix". Vulture. Retrieved September 17, 2018.
^ Gonzalez, Sandra (January 13, 2020). "Barack and Michelle Obama's production company scores first Oscar nomination". CNN. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
^ Pitofsky, Marina (October 24, 2018). "Suspicious packages sent to Clintons, Obamas, CNN: What we know so far". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 24, 2018.
^ Lukpat, Alyssa (December 5, 2019). "Obamas reportedly buy Martha's Vineyard waterfront estate for $11.75 million". The Boston Globe.
^ "Barack Obama challenges 'woke' culture". BBC News. October 30, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
^ Rueb, Emily S.; Taylor, Derrick Bryson (October 31, 2019). "Obama on Call-Out Culture: 'That's Not Activism'". | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama",
"_split_id": 154
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
d1287fade9072b7a340ac2bcc42ee8de | The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 31, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
^ Jackson, John Fritze and David. "'Voters themselves must pick': Why Barack Obama isn't endorsing Joe Biden or anyone else for president". USA Today. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
^ Astor, Maggie; Glueck, Katie (April 14, 2020). "Barack Obama Endorses Joe Biden for President". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 14, 2020.
^ "Obama endorses Joe Biden for president". BBC News. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
^ "DNC 2020: Obama blasts Trump's 'reality show' presidency". BBC News. August 20, 2020. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
^ Harris, Elizabeth A. (September 17, 2020). "Obama's Memoir 'A Promised Land' Coming in November". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 17, 2020.
^ Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi (November 12, 2020). "Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie on Barack Obama's 'A Promised Land'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
^ Carras, Christi (September 17, 2020). "Barack Obama's new memoir will arrive right after the presidential election". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
^ Gabbatt, Adam (February 22, 2021). | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama",
"_split_id": 155
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
8c5480a6dcc4d3e77a918c0fbb2eb07a | "Barack Obama and Bruce Springsteen team up for new podcast". The Guardian. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
^ Sisario, Ben (February 22, 2021). "Barack Obama and Bruce Springsteen: The Latest Podcast Duo". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
^ Otterson, Joe (December 8, 2021). "'Upshaws' Co-Creator Regina Hicks Sets Netflix Overall Deal, to Develop Comedy Series With Obamas' Higher Ground". Variety. Retrieved December 9, 2021.
^ Perez, Lexy (March 5, 2022). "Barack Obama, Lin-Manuel Miranda Among 2022 Audie Awards Winners". Billboard. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
^ "Remarks by President Biden, Vice President Harris, and Former President Obama on the Affordable Care Act". The White House. April 5, 2022. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
^ Benson, Samuel. "Obama returns to White House for first time since leaving office". POLITICO. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
^ "Obama's back — for a day — in White House health bill push". AP NEWS. April 5, 2022. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
^ "Barack and Michelle Obama sign with Amazon after Spotify declines to renew audio deal". Fortune. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
^ Chan, J. Clara (June 21, 2022). "The Obamas' Higher Ground Leaves Spotify for Audible Multiyear Deal". | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama",
"_split_id": 156
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
30c4a22acac2994ad524ac94fbaac3cc | The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
^ "Meet the artists who painted the Obama White House portraits". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
^ Montgomery, Daniel (September 3, 2022). "2022 Creative Arts Emmy winners list in all categories [UPDATING LIVE]". GoldDerby. Retrieved September 4, 2022.
^ "5 lessons from Obama's national parks show on Netflix". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
^ Zelizer, Julian E. (2018). "Policy Revolution without a Political Transformation". In Zelizer, Julian (ed.). The Presidency of Barack Obama: a First Historical Assessment. Princeton University Press. pp. 1–10. ISBN 978-0691160283.
^ Kamarck, Elaine (April 6, 2018). "The fragile legacy of Barack Obama". Brookings. Archived from the original on April 6, 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
^ W. Wise, David (April 30, 2019). "Obama's legacy is as a disappointingly conventional president". Retrieved November 4, 2022.
^ Jump up to: a b "Obama Legacy Will Be Recovery from Recession, Affordable Care Act". ABC News. January 20, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
^ Eibner, Christine; Nowak, Sarah (2018). The Effect of Eliminating the Individual Mandate Penalty and the Role of Behavioral Factors. Commonwealth Fund (Report). doi:10.26099/SWQZ-5G92.
^ Oberlander, Jonathan (June 1, 2010). | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama",
"_split_id": 157
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
e54fa894ff34b557db2735b92650b4a8 | "Long Time Coming: Why Health Reform Finally Passed". Health Affairs. 29 (6): 1112–1116. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0447. ISSN 0278-2715. PMID 20530339.
^ Blumenthal, David; Abrams, Melinda; Nuzum, Rachel (June 18, 2015). "The Affordable Care Act at 5 Years". New England Journal of Medicine. 372 (25): 2451–2458. doi:10.1056/NEJMhpr1503614. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 25946142. S2CID 28486139.
^ Cohen, Alan B.; Colby, David C.; Wailoo, Keith A.; Zelizer, Julian E. (June 1, 2015). Medicare and Medicaid at 50: America's Entitlement Programs in the Age of Affordable Care. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-023156-9.
^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay; Pear, Robert (March 23, 2010). "Obama Signs Health Care Overhaul into Law". The New York Times.
^ Long, Heather (January 6, 2017). "Final tally: Obama created 11.3 million jobs". CNN.
^ "Barack Obama's Legacy: Dodd-Frank Wall Street reform". CBS News. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
^ Bowman, Quinn (October 28, 2009). "Obama Signs Measure to Widen Hate Crimes Law". PBS NewsHour. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
^ Crary, David (January 4, 2017). "LGBT activists view Obama as staunch champion of their cause". Associated Press.
^ Bumiller, Elisabeth (July 22, 2011). "Obama Ends 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' Policy". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011.
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama",
"_split_id": 158
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
f2a0f5acb3e444edc22445543d726f13 | ^ Kennedy, Kennedy (June 30, 2016). "Pentagon Says Transgender Troops Can Now Serve Openly". The Two-Way. NPR.
^ Smith, Michael; Newport, Frank (January 9, 2017). "Americans Assess Progress Under Obama". The Gallup Organization.
^ Zenko, Micah (January 12, 2016). "Obama's Embrace of Drone Strikes Will Be a Lasting Legacy". The New York Times. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
^ Grandin, Greg (January 15, 2017). "Why Did the US Drop 26,171 Bombs on the World Last Year?". The Nation. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
^ Agerholm, Harriet (January 19, 2017). "Map shows where President Barack Obama dropped his 20,000 bombs". The Independent. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
^ Parsons, Christi; Hennigan, W. J. (January 13, 2017). "President Obama, who hoped to sow peace, instead led the nation in war". Los Angeles Times.
^ Gramlich, John (January 5, 2017). "Federal prison population fell during Obama's term, reversing recent trend". Pew Research Center.
^ Cone, Allen (January 18, 2017). "Obama leaving office at 60 percent approval rating". United Press International. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
^ Agiesta, Jennifer (January 18, 2017). "Obama approval hits 60 percent as end of term approaches". CNN. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
^ Rottinghaus, Brandon; Vaughn, Justin S. (February 13, 2015). | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama",
"_split_id": 159
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
7de2e50dbb99e4a9f2325afd73561d63 | "Measuring Obama against the great presidents". Brookings Institution.
^ Jones, Jeffrey M. (February 15, 2018). "Obama's First Retrospective Job Approval Rating Is 63%". Gallup. Retrieved March 26, 2022.
^ "Obama Foundation FAQs". Barack Obama Foundation. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
^ Williams, Sydney (November 17, 2020). "Former President Barack Obama's third book starts shipping today". NBC News. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
^ Ressner, Jeffrey; Smith, Ben (August 22, 2008). "Exclusive: Obama's Lost Law Review Article". Politico. Archived from the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
Bibliography
Jacobs, Sally H. (2011). The Other Barack: The Bold and Reckless Life of President Obama's Father. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-793-5.
Maraniss, David (2012). Barack Obama: The Story. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-6040-4.
Mendell, David (2007). Obama: From Promise to Power. New York: Amistad/HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-085820-9.
Obama, Barack (2004) [1st pub. 1995]. Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance. New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-1-4000-8277-3.
Obama, Barack (2006). The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream. New York: Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-23769-9.
Scott, Janny (2011). A Singular Woman: The Untold Story of Barack Obama's Mother. New York: Riverhead Books. ISBN 978-1-59448-797-2.
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama",
"_split_id": 160
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
37c32ef9f0df55e0ab4bdf9cab49dfcd | Further reading
De Zutter, Hank (December 8, 1995). "What Makes Obama Run?". Chicago Reader. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
Graff, Garrett M. (November 1, 2006). "The Legend of Barack Obama". Washingtonian. Archived from the original on February 14, 2008. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
Koltun, Dave (2005). "The 2004 Illinois Senate Race: Obama Wins Open Seat and Becomes National Political "Star"". In Ahuja, Sunil; Dewhirst, Robert (eds.). The Road to Congress 2004. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59454-360-9.
Lizza, Ryan (September 2007). "Above the Fray". GQ. Retrieved October 27, 2010.
MacFarquhar, Larissa (May 7, 2007). "The Conciliator: Where is Barack Obama Coming From?". The New Yorker. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
McClelland, Edward (2010). Young Mr. Obama: Chicago and the Making of a Black President. New York: Bloomsbury Press. ISBN 978-1-60819-060-7.
Parmar, Inderjeet, and Mark Ledwidge. "...'a foundation-hatched black': Obama, the US establishment, and foreign policy." | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama",
"_split_id": 161
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
60ecb5b080e9a7b5994459261db2bbf5 | International Politics 54.3 (2017): 373–388 online
External links
.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}Library resources about Barack Obama
Online books
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
By Barack Obama
Online books
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Official
Official website of The Obama Foundation
Official website of the Barack Obama Presidential Library
Official website of Organizing for Action
White House biography
Other
Column archive at The Huffington Post
Barack Obama at Curlie
United States Congress. "Barack Obama (id: O000167)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama",
"_split_id": 162
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
b2b71dbede74dfc3a240e4d1ba2ea045 | Appearances on C-SPAN
Barack Obama at IMDb
Barack Obama collected news and commentary at The New York Times
Barack Obama articles in the archive of the Chicago Tribune
Works by Barack Obama at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Barack Obama at Internet Archive
Works by Barack Obama at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Barack Obama on Nobelprize.org
Barack Obama at Politifact
.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}showvteBarack Obama
44th President of the United States (2009–2017)
U.S. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama",
"_split_id": 163
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
da090296a6a026c9eba653e7a45d93b4 | Senator from Illinois (2005–2008)
Illinois Senator from the 13th district (1997–2004)
Life andpolitics
Early life and career
Illinois Senate career
2004 Democratic National Convention
U.S. Senate career
Political positions
Administration foreign policy
Cannabis
Loggerhead sea turtles
Mass surveillance
Social
Space
Nobel Peace Prize
West Wing Week
Presidency
Transition
2009 inauguration
2013 inauguration
First 100 days
Timeline
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
January 2017
Foreign policy
Middle East
War in Afghanistan
Iraq withdrawal
Killing of Osama bin Laden
Benghazi attack
Return to Iraq
War in Syria
Iran nuclear deal
Pivot to Asia
Cuban thaw
Obama Doctrine
Europe
Economic policy
Affordable Care Act
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
Dodd–Frank Act
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009
Energy/Environmental
Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act
Marine policy
New Energy for America
Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act
Clean Power Plan
Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014
Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act
New START
MAP-21st Century Act
FAST Act
Pardons
Presidential trips
international
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016–17
Judicial appointments
Supreme Court
Sotomayor
Kagan
Garland
controversies
Cabinet
Presidential Library and Center
Executive Orders
Presidential Proclamations
Plantation Estate
Books
Dreams from My Father (1995)
The Audacity of Hope (2006)
Of Thee I Sing (2010)
A Promised Land (2020)
Speeches
"The Audacity of Hope" (2004)
"Yes We Can" (2008)
"A More Perfect Union" (2008)
"Change Has Come to America" (2008)
"A New Birth of Freedom" (2009)
Joint session of Congress (2009)
"A New Beginning" (2009)
Joint session of Congress (health care reform) (2009)
State of the Union Address
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Tucson memorial speech (2011)
Joint session of Congress (jobs) (2011)
"You didn't build that" (2012)
Selma 50th anniversary (2015)
Farewell address (2017)
ElectionsIllinois
State Senate
1996
1998
2002
U.S. House of Representatives
2000
U.S. Senate
2004
Presidential
2008 campaign
endorsements
GOP/conservative support
staff members
primaries
primary campaign
running mate selection
convention
debates
election
2012 campaign
endorsements
primaries
convention
debates
election
international reactions
Family
Michelle Obama (wife)
Ann Dunham (mother)
Barack Obama Sr. (father)
Lolo Soetoro (stepfather)
Maya Soetoro-Ng (maternal half-sister)
Stanley Armour Dunham (maternal grandfather)
Madelyn Dunham (maternal grandmother)
Auma Obama (paternal half-sister)
Malik Obama (paternal half-brother)
Marian Shields Robinson (mother-in-law)
Craig Robinson (brother-in-law)
Bo (family dog)
Sunny (family dog)
hidevtePublic imageNews and political events
Oprah Winfrey's endorsement
Citizenship conspiracy theories
litigation
Religion conspiracy theories
Bill Ayers controversy
Jeremiah Wright controversy
Republican and conservative support (2008)
Assassination threats
2008 Denver
2008 Tennessee
First inauguration invitations
Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial
Citizen's Briefing Book
Tea Party protests
New Energy for America
Gates–Crowley Rose Garden meeting
Firing of Shirley Sherrod
Impeachment efforts
Books about
Bibliography
Obama: From Promise to Power
Barack Obama: Der schwarze Kennedy
Redemption Song
The Case Against Barack Obama
The Obama Nation
Culture of Corruption
Catastrophe
Barack and Michelle
The Speech
The Obama Story
Between Barack and a Hard Place
Game Change
Obama Zombies
Conservative Victory
The Bridge
The Obama Diaries
The Obama Syndrome
The Obama Identity
O: A Presidential Novel
Where's the Birth Certificate?
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama",
"_split_id": 164
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
a1d7fbf33a0562b08c67df47adc7eeb3 | Obama's Last Stand
Barack Obama: The Story
Game Change 2012
Buyer's Remorse
Rising Star
Shade
The World as It Is
Music
Obama Girl
"I Got a Crush... on Obama"
"Barack the Magic Negro"
will.i.am
"Yes We Can"
"There's No One as Irish as Barack O'Bama"
"Sí Se Puede Cambiar"
"My President"
"Deadheads for Obama"
"Air and Simple Gifts"
Change Is Now
Hope! | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama",
"_split_id": 165
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
a8bf0c757b23b61fe5711fde942bf446 | – Das Obama Musical
"Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney"
Barack's Dubs
"Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours"
Film, TV, and stage
By the People: The Election of Barack Obama (2009)
Change (2010)
Obama Anak Menteng (2010)
2016: Obama's America (2012)
The Road We've Traveled (2012)
Southside with You (2016)
Hillary and Clinton (2016)
Barry (2016)
America's Great Divide (2020)
We the People (2021)
Renegades: Born in the USA (2021)
Obama: In Pursuit of a More Perfect Union (2021)
The First Lady (2022)
Picturing the Obamas (2022)
Other media
Social media use
Artists for Obama
"Hope" poster
"Joker" poster
Hair Like Mine
Situation Room
Iman Crosson
President Barack Obama (2018 portrait)
Obama logo
In comics
Related
Barack Obama Day (Illinois)
Obama Day (Kenya)
Awards and honors
Namesakes
Higher Ground Productions
"One Last Time (44 Remix)"
← George W. Bush
Donald Trump →
Category
showOffices and distinctions
Illinois Senate
Preceded byAlice Palmer
Member of the Illinois Senatefrom the 13th district 1997–2004
Succeeded byKwame Raoul
Party political offices
Preceded byCarol Moseley Braun
Democratic nominee for U.S. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama",
"_split_id": 166
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
498b6fe60fb41632d70a5898a6af6c07 | Senator from Illinois(Class 3) 2004
Succeeded byAlexi Giannoulias
Preceded byHarold Ford Jr.
Keynote Speaker of the Democratic National Convention 2004
Succeeded byMark Warner
Preceded byJohn Kerry
Democratic nominee for President of the United States 2008, 2012
Succeeded byHillary Clinton
U.S. Senate
Preceded byPeter Fitzgerald
United States Senator (Class 3) from Illinois 2005–2008 Served alongside: Dick Durbin
Succeeded byRoland Burris
Political offices
Preceded byGeorge W. Bush
President of the United States 2009–2017
Succeeded byDonald Trump
Awards and achievements
Preceded byMartti Ahtisaari
Nobel Peace Prize Laureate 2009
Succeeded byLiu Xiaobo
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded byGeorge W. Bushas former president
Order of precedence of the United Statesformer president
Succeeded byDonald Trumpas former president
Diplomatic posts
Preceded byGordon Brown
Chairperson of the Group of 20 2009
Succeeded byStephen Harper
showArticles related to Barack Obama
.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}showvtePresidents of the United StatesPresidents andpresidencies
George Washington (1789–1797)
John Adams (1797–1801)
Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809)
James Madison (1809–1817)
James Monroe (1817–1825)
John Quincy Adams (1825–1829)
Andrew Jackson (1829–1837)
Martin Van Buren (1837–1841)
William Henry Harrison (1841)
John Tyler (1841–1845)
James K. Polk (1845–1849)
Zachary Taylor (1849–1850)
Millard Fillmore (1850–1853)
Franklin Pierce (1853–1857)
James Buchanan (1857–1861)
Abraham Lincoln (1861–1865)
Andrew Johnson (1865–1869)
Ulysses S. Grant (1869–1877)
Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–1881)
James A. Garfield (1881)
Chester A. Arthur (1881–1885)
Grover Cleveland (1885–1889)
Benjamin Harrison (1889–1893)
Grover Cleveland (1893–1897)
William McKinley (1897–1901)
Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909)
William Howard Taft (1909–1913)
Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921)
Warren G. Harding (1921–1923)
Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929)
Herbert Hoover (1929–1933)
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945)
Harry S. Truman (1945–1953)
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961)
John F. Kennedy (1961–1963)
Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969)
Richard Nixon (1969–1974)
Gerald Ford (1974–1977)
Jimmy Carter (1977–1981)
Ronald Reagan (1981–1989)
George H. W. Bush (1989–1993)
Bill Clinton (1993–2001)
George W. Bush (2001–2009)
Barack Obama (2009–2017)
Donald Trump (2017–2021)
Joe Biden (2021–present)
Presidencytimelines
Washington
McKinley
T. Roosevelt
Taft
Wilson
Harding
Coolidge
Hoover
F. D. Roosevelt
Truman
Eisenhower
Kennedy
L. B. Johnson
Nixon
Ford
Carter
Reagan
G. H. W. Bush
Clinton
G. W. Bush
Obama
Trump
Biden
Category
Commons
List
showvte(← 2004) 2008 United States presidential election (2012 →)
2008 United States elections
Candidates
Comparison
Debates
Congressional endorsements
Fundraising
Ballot access
Timeline
Super Tuesday
Potomac primary
Super Tuesday II
Polls
national
statewide
international
Democratic Party▌WFP
Convention
superdelegates
Polls
statewide
national
Debates
Primaries
Primary results
VP candidate selection
Candidates
Nominee: Barack Obama
campaign
positions
endorsements
cross-party
VP nominee: Joe Biden
positions
Other candidates: Evan Bayh
campaign
Joe Biden
campaign
positions
Hillary Clinton
campaign
positions
endorsements
Chris Dodd
campaign
John Edwards
campaign
positions
Mike Gravel
campaign
Dennis Kucinich
campaign
Bill Richardson
campaign
Tom Vilsack
campaign
Republican Party▌CPNY · ▌IPNY
Convention
Polls
statewide
national
Debates
Political positions
Primaries
Primary results
VP candidate selection
Candidates
Nominee: John McCain
campaign
positions
endorsements
cross-party
VP nominee: Sarah Palin
candidacy
positions
Other candidates: Sam Brownback
campaign
John H. Cox
Jim Gilmore
campaign
Rudy Giuliani
campaign
positions
Mike Huckabee
campaign
positions
Duncan L. Hunter
campaign
Alan Keyes
campaign
Ray McKinney
Ron Paul
campaign
positions
Mitt Romney
campaign
positions
Tom Tancredo
campaign
Fred Thompson
campaign
Tommy Thompson
campaign
Draft movements
Democratic: Al Gore
Mark Warner
movement
Republican: Newt Gingrich
Condoleezza Rice
movement
Independent: Michael Bloomberg
movement
showThird party and independent candidatesConstitution Party(convention)
Nominee: Chuck Baldwin
campaign
VP nominee: Darrell Castle
Other candidates: Daniel Imperato
Alan Keyes
campaign
Green Party(convention)
Nominee: Cynthia McKinney
campaign
positions
VP nominee: Rosa Clemente
Other candidates: Elaine Brown
Jesse Johnson
Kent Mesplay
Kat Swift
Libertarian Party(convention)
Nominee: Bob Barr
campaign
positions
VP nominee: Wayne Allyn Root
Other candidates: Mike Gravel
campaign
Daniel Imperato
Steve Kubby
Wayne Allyn Root
Mary Ruwart
Doug Stanhope
America's Independent Party
Nominee: Alan Keyes
campaign
VP nominee: Brian Rohrbough
Boston Tea Party
Nominee: Charles Jay
Objectivist Party
Nominee: Tom Stevens
Peace and Freedom Party
Nominee: Ralph Nader
campaign
VP nominee: Matt Gonzalez
Other candidates: Gloria La Riva
Cynthia McKinney
campaign
Brian Moore
campaign
Prohibition Party
Nominee: Gene Amondson
Reform Party
Nominee: Ted Weill
VP nominee: Frank McEnulty
Socialism and Liberation Party
Nominee: Gloria La Riva
VP nominee: Eugene Puryear
Socialist Party
Nominee: Brian Moore
campaign
VP nominee: Stewart Alexander
Other candidates: Eric Chester
Socialist Workers Party
Nominee: Róger Calero
Alternate nominee: James Harris
VP nominee: Alyson Kennedy
Independent / Other
Jeff Boss
Stephen Colbert
campaign
Earl Dodge
Bradford Lyttle
Frank Moore
Joe Schriner
Jonathon Sharkey
Other 2008 elections: House
Senate
Gubernatorial
showvte(← 2008) 2012 United States presidential election (2016 →)
Fundraising
National polls
Statewide polls (pre-2012, early 2012)
Timeline
General election debates
Newspaper endorsements
International reactions
Hurricane Sandy
Democratic Party
Convention
Primaries
Candidates
Incumbent nominee: Barack Obama
campaign
endorsements
positions
Incumbent VP nominee: Joe Biden
positions
Challengers
Bob Ely
Keith Judd
Warren Mosler
Vermin Supreme
Randall Terry
John Wolfe
Republican Party
Convention
Primaries
Debates
Statewide polls
National polls
Straw polls
Candidates
Nominee: Mitt Romney
campaign
endorsements
positions
VP nominee: Paul Ryan
positions
Other candidates
Michele Bachmann
campaign
Herman Cain
campaign
positions
Mark Callahan
Jack Fellure
Newt Gingrich
campaign
positions
Stewart Greenleaf
Jon Huntsman
campaign
Gary Johnson
campaign
Fred Karger
Andy Martin
Thaddeus McCotter
campaign
Jimmy McMillan
Roy Moore
Ron Paul
campaign
positions
Tim Pawlenty
campaign
Rick Perry
campaign
positions
Buddy Roemer
campaign
Rick Santorum
campaign
Libertarian Party
Convention
Candidates
Nominee: Gary Johnson
campaign
VP nominee: Jim Gray
Other candidates
Carl Person
Sam Sloan
Green Party
Convention
Primaries
Candidates
Nominee: Jill Stein
campaign
VP nominee: Cheri Honkala
Other candidates: Stewart Alexander
Roseanne Barr
showOther third-party and independent candidatesAmerican Independent Party
Nominee: Tom Hoefling
Other candidates: Wiley Drake
Virgil Goode
campaign
Edward C. Noonan
Laurie Roth
American Third Position Party
Nominee: Merlin Miller
VP nominee: Virginia Abernethy
Constitution Party
Convention
Nominee: Virgil Goode
campaign
VP nominee: Jim Clymer
Other candidates: Laurie Roth
Robby Wells
Freedom Socialist Party
Nominee: Stephen Durham
Grassroots Party
Nominee
Jim Carlson
Justice Party
Nominee: Rocky Anderson
VP nominee: Luis J. Rodriguez
Socialism and Liberation
Nominee: Peta Lindsay
Peace and Freedom Party
Nominee: Roseanne Barr
VP nominee: Cindy Sheehan
Other candidates: Stewart Alexander
Rocky Anderson
Peta Lindsay
Prohibition Party
Nominee: Jack Fellure
Other candidates: James Hedges
Reform Party
Nominee: Andre Barnett
Other candidates: Laurence Kotlikoff
Buddy Roemer
campaign
Robby Wells
Socialist Equality Party
Nominee
Jerry White
Socialist Workers Party
Nominee: James Harris
Socialist Party
Nominee: Stewart Alexander
campaign
VP nominee: Alejandro Mendoza
Independents and others
Objectivist Party
Tom Stevens
Independents
Lee Abramson
Randy Blythe
Jeff Boss
Robert Burck
Terry Jones
Joe Schriner
Michael Bloomberg
attempt to draft
Other 2012 elections:
House
Senate
Gubernatorial
showvteDemocratic Party
History
Second Party System
Third Party System
Fourth Party System
Fifth Party System
Sixth Party System
Nationalconventionsandpresidentialtickets
1828 (None): Jackson/Calhoun
1832 (Baltimore): Jackson/Van Buren
1835 (Baltimore): Van Buren/R. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama",
"_split_id": 167
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
ab77ad311d483b1a8a0c8164558a772a | Johnson
1840 (Baltimore): Van Buren/None
1844 (Baltimore): Polk/Dallas
1848 (Baltimore): Cass/Butler
1852 (Baltimore): Pierce/King
1856 (Cincinnati): Buchanan/Breckinridge
1860 (Charleston/Baltimore): Douglas/H. Johnson (Breckinridge/Lane, SD)
1864 (Chicago): McClellan/Pendleton
1868 (New York): Seymour/Blair
1872 (Baltimore): Greeley/Brown
1876 (Saint Louis): Tilden/Hendricks
1880 (Cincinnati): Hancock/English
1884 (Chicago): Cleveland/Hendricks
1888 (Saint Louis): Cleveland/Thurman
1892 (Chicago): Cleveland/Stevenson I
1896 (Chicago): W. Bryan/Sewall
1900 (Kansas City): W. Bryan/Stevenson I
1904 (Saint Louis): Parker/H. Davis
1908 (Denver): W. Bryan/Kern
1912 (Baltimore): Wilson/Marshall
1916 (Saint Louis): Wilson/Marshall
1920 (San Francisco): Cox/Roosevelt
1924 (New York): J. Davis/C. Bryan
1928 (Houston): Smith/Robinson
1932 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Garner
1936 (Philadelphia): Roosevelt/Garner
1940 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Wallace
1944 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Truman
1948 (Philadelphia): Truman/Barkley
1952 (Chicago): Stevenson II/Sparkman
1956 (Chicago): Stevenson II/Kefauver
1960 (Los Angeles): Kennedy/L. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama",
"_split_id": 168
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
132d7ee62b5607265663150d2de843fc | Johnson
1964 (Atlantic City): L. Johnson/Humphrey
1968 (Chicago): Humphrey/Muskie
1972 (Miami Beach): McGovern/(Eagleton, Shriver)
1976 (New York): Carter/Mondale
1980 (New York): Carter/Mondale
1984 (San Francisco): Mondale/Ferraro
1988 (Atlanta): Dukakis/Bentsen
1992 (New York): B. Clinton/Gore
1996 (Chicago): B. Clinton/Gore
2000 (Los Angeles): Gore/Lieberman
2004 (Boston): Kerry/Edwards
2008 (Denver): Obama/Biden
2012 (Charlotte): Obama/Biden
2016 (Philadelphia): H. Clinton/Kaine
2020 (Milwaukee/other locations): Biden/Harris
2024
Presidentialadministrations
Jackson (1829–1837)
Van Buren (1837–1841)
Polk (1845–1849)
Pierce (1853–1857)
Buchanan (1857–1861)
A. Johnson (1868–1869)
Cleveland (1885–1889; 1893–1897)
Wilson (1913–1921)
Roosevelt (1933–1941; 1941–1945)
Truman (1945–1953)
Kennedy (1961–1963)
L. B. Johnson (1963–1969)
Carter (1977–1981)
Clinton (1993–2001)
Obama (2009–2017)
Biden (2021–)
U.S. Houseleaders,Speakers,andCaucuschairs
A. Stevenson (1827–1834)
Bell (1834–1835)
Polk (1835–1839)
J. W. Jones (1843–1845)
Davis (1845–1847)
Cobb (1849–1851)
Boyd (1851–1855)
G. W. Jones (1855–1857)
Orr (1857–1859)
Houston (1859–1861)
Niblack/Randall (1869–1871)
Niblack (1873–1875)
Kerr (1875–1876)
Randall (1876–1881)
Carlisle (1883–1889)
Holman (1889–1891)
Crisp (1891–1895)
D. B. Culberson (1895–1897)
Richardson (1897–1903)
Williams (1903–1909)
Clark (1909–1921)
Kitchin (1921–1923)
Garrett (1923–1929)
Garner (1929–1933)
Rainey (1933–1934)
Byrns (1935–1936)
Bankhead (1936–1940)
Rayburn (1940–1961)
McCormack (1962–1971)
Albert (1971–1977)
O'Neill (1977–1987)
Wright (1987–1989)
Foley (1989–1995)
Gephardt (1995–2003)
Pelosi (2003–2023)
Jeffries (2023–)
U.S. SenateleadersandCaucuschairs
J. W. Stevenson (1873–1877)
Wallace (1877–1881)
Pendleton (1881–1885)
Beck (1885–1890)
Gorman (1890–1898)
Turpie (1898–1899)
J. K. Jones (1899–1903)
Gorman (1903–1906)
Blackburn (1906–1907)
C. A. Culberson (1907–1909)
Money (1909–1911)
Martin (1911–1913)
Kern (1913–1917)
Martin (1917–1919)
Hitchcock (1919–1920)
Underwood (1920–1923)
Robinson (1923–1937)
Barkley (1937–1949)
Lucas (1949–1951)
McFarland (1951–1953)
Johnson (1953–1961)
Mansfield (1961–1977)
Byrd (1977–1989)
Mitchell (1989–1995)
Daschle (1995–2005)
Reid (2005–2017)
Schumer (2017–)
Chairs ofthe DNC
Hallett
McLane
Smalley
Belmont
Schell
Hewitt
Barnum
Brice
Harrity
Jones
Taggart
Mack
McCombs
McCormick
Cummings
White
Hull
Shaver
Raskob
Farley
Flynn
Walker
Hannegan
McGrath
Boyle
McKinney
Mitchell
Butler
Jackson
Bailey
O'Brien
Harris
O'Brien
Westwood
Strauss
Curtis
White
Manatt
Kirk
Brown
Wilhelm
DeLee
Dodd/Fowler
Romer/Grossman
Rendell/Andrew
McAuliffe
Dean
Kaine
Wasserman Schultz
Perez
Harrison
State andterritorialparties
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
American Samoa
District of Columbia
Guam
Northern Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
Democrats Abroad
AffiliatedgroupsCongress
Senate Caucus
Policy Committee
Steering and Outreach Committee
United States Senate Democratic Conference Secretary
House Caucus
Fundraising
Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee
Democratic Governors Association
Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee
Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee
National Conference of Democratic Mayors
National Democratic Redistricting Committee
Sectional
College Democrats of America
Democrats Abroad
National Federation of Democratic Women
Stonewall Democrats
Stonewall Young Democrats
Young Democrats of America
High School Democrats of America
Related
Primaries
Presidential candidates
Debates
Party factions
Superdelegate
2005 chairmanship election
2017 chairmanship election
2006 House Caucus leadership election
2018 House Caucus leadership election
2022 House Caucus leadership election
Weekly Democratic Address
showvteUnited States senators from IllinoisClass 2
Thomas
McLean
Baker
Robinson
McRoberts
Semple
S. Douglas
Browning
Richardson
Yates
Logan
Davis
Cullom
Lewis
McCormick
Deneen
Lewis
Slattery
Brooks
P. Douglas
Percy
Simon
Durbin
Class 3
Edwards
McLean
Kane
Ewing
Young
Breese
Shields
Trumbull
Oglesby
Logan
Farwell
Palmer
Mason
Hopkins
Lorimer
Sherman
McKinley
Glenn
Dieterich
Lucas
Dirksen
Smith
Stevenson III
Dixon
Moseley Braun
Fitzgerald
Obama
Burris
Kirk
Duckworth
showvteIllinois's delegation(s) to the 109th–110th United States Congresses (ordered by seniority)
109th
Senate: ▌R. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama",
"_split_id": 169
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
d2e29144e679eed044554c5c343ddecb | Durbin (D) · ▌B. Obama (D)
House:
▌H. Hyde (R)
▌L. Evans (D)
▌D. Hastert (R)
▌J. Costello (D)
▌L. Gutiérrez (D)
▌D. Manzullo (R)
▌B. Rush (D)
▌R. LaHood (R)
▌J. Weller (R)
▌J. Jackson Jr. (D)
▌D. Davis (D)
▌J. Shimkus (R)
▌J. Biggert (R)
▌J. Schakowsky (D)
▌T. Johnson (R)
▌M. Kirk (R)
▌R. Emanuel (D)
▌M. Bean (D)
▌D. Lipinski (D)
110th
Senate: ▌R. Durbin (D) · ▌B. Obama (D)
House:
▌D. Hastert (R)
▌J. Costello (D)
▌L. Gutiérrez (D)
▌D. Manzullo (R)
▌B. Rush (D)
▌R. LaHood (R)
▌J. Weller (R)
▌J. Jackson Jr. (D)
▌D. Davis (D)
▌J. Shimkus (R)
▌J. Biggert (R)
▌J. Schakowsky (D)
▌T. Johnson (R)
▌M. Kirk (R)
▌R. Emanuel (D)
▌M. Bean (D)
▌D. Lipinski (D)
▌P. Hare (D)
▌P. Roskam (R)
▌B. Foster (D)
showvteMichelle ObamaWork
Let's Move!
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama",
"_split_id": 170
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
23027d097b254fb7b3f2eea48b207d39 | Task Force on Childhood Obesity
Save America's Treasures
Joining Forces
Books
American Grown (2012)
Becoming (2018)
The Light We Carry (2022)
Family
Barack Obama (husband)
Marian Shields Robinson (mother)
Craig Robinson (brother)
Capers Funnye (cousin)
Bo (family dog)
Sunny (family dog)
Public imageBooks
Barack and Michelle (2009)
Michelle Obama: A Life (2015)
Film
Southside with You (2016)
Becoming (2020 documentary)
Television
Waffles + Mochi (2021)
We the People (2021)
The First Lady (2022)
Picturing the Obamas (2022)
Other
The Michelle Obama Musiaqualogy
First Lady Michelle Obama (painting)
Related
Barack Obama Plaza
Michelle and Barack Obama Sports Complex
Higher Ground Productions
2020 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection
Category:Michelle Obama
showvtePatriot ActTitles
I · II · III · IV · V · VI · VII · VIII · IX · X · HistoryActs modified
Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968
Electronic Communications Privacy Act
Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act
Money Laundering Control Act
Bank Secrecy Act
Right to Financial Privacy Act
Fair Credit Reporting Act
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952
Victims of Crime Act of 1984
Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act
People
George W. Bush
John Ashcroft
Alberto Gonzales
Patrick Leahy
Orrin Hatch
Jon Kyl
Dianne Feinstein
Viet D. Dinh
Joe Biden
Michael Chertoff
Barack Obama
Eric Holder
Chuck Schumer
Lamar Smith
Bob Graham
Jay Rockefeller
Arlen Specter
Mike Oxley
Dick Armey
Paul Sarbanes
Trent Lott
Tom Daschle
Russ Feingold
Ellen Huvelle
Ron Paul
Lisa Murkowski
Ron Wyden
Dennis Kucinich
Larry Craig
John E. Sununu
Richard Durbin
Bernie Sanders
Jerry Nadler
John Conyers Jr.
Butch Otter
Governmentorganizations
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Department of Justice
Select Committee on Intelligence
Department of the Treasury
FinCEN
Department of State
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Customs Service
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
Non-governmentorganizations
American Civil Liberties Union
American Library Association
Center for Democracy and Technology
Center for Public Integrity
Electronic Frontier Foundation
Electronic Privacy Information Center
Humanitarian Law Project
showvtePrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narrator
Jeremy Irons (2014)
Peter Coyote (2015)
Keith David (2016)
Meryl Streep (2017)
David Attenborough (2018)
David Attenborough (2019)
David Attenborough (2020)
Sterling K. Brown (2021)
Barack Obama (2022)
showvteGrammy Award for Best Audio Book, Narration & Storytelling Recording1959−1980
The Best of the Stan Freberg Shows – Stan Freberg (1959)
Lincoln Portrait – Carl Sandburg (1960)
FDR Speaks – Robert Bialek (producer) (1961)
Humor in Music – Leonard Bernstein (1962)
The Story-Teller: A Session with Charles Laughton – Charles Laughton (1963)
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama",
"_split_id": 171
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
950b9dd131f4cf094f7b6610d450e627 | – Edward Albee (playwright) (1964)
BBC Tribute to John F. Kennedy – That Was the Week That Was (1965)
John F. Kennedy: As We Remember Him – Goddard Lieberson (producer) (1966)
Edward R. Murrow - A Reporter Remembers, Vol. I: The War Years – Edward R. Murrow (1967)
Gallant Men – Everett Dirksen (1968)
Lonesome Cities – Rod McKuen (1969)
We Love You Call Collect – Art Linkletter & Diane Linkletter (1970)
Why I Oppose the War in Vietnam – Martin Luther King Jr. (1971)
Desiderata – Les Crane (1972)
Lenny – Bruce Botnick (producer) & the Original Broadway Cast (1973)
Jonathan Livingston Seagull – Richard Harris (1974)
Good Evening – Peter Cook and Dudley Moore (1975)
Give 'em Hell, Harry! | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama",
"_split_id": 172
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
d2e90efc58dd3769b733fe154c383c6a | – James Whitmore (1976)
Great American Documents – Henry Fonda, Helen Hayes, James Earl Jones and Orson Welles (1977)
The Belle of Amherst – Julie Harris (1978)
Citizen Kane (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – Orson Welles (1979)
Ages of Man: Readings from Shakespeare – John Gielgud (1980)
1981−2000
Gertrude Stein, Gertrude Stein, Gertrude Stein – Pat Carroll (1981)
Donovan's Brain – Orson Welles (1982)
Raiders of the Lost Ark: The Movie on Record – Tom Voegeli (producer) and Various Artists (1983)
Lincoln Portrait – William Warfield (1984)
The Words of Gandhi – Ben Kingsley (1985)
Ma Rainey's Black Bottom – Mike Berniker (producer) & the Original Broadway Cast (1986)
Interviews from the Class of '55 Recording Sessions – Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, Chips Moman, Ricky Nelson, Roy Orbison, Carl Perkins and Sam Phillips (1987)
Lake Wobegon Days – Garrison Keillor (1988)
Speech by Rev. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama",
"_split_id": 173
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
4b0cf0e4ff9d2fdd40a14186358fde16 | Jesse Jackson – Jesse Jackson (1989)
It's Always Something – Gilda Radner (1990)
Gracie: A Love Story – George Burns (1991)
The Civil War – Ken Burns (1992)
What You Can Do to Avoid AIDS – Earvin "Magic" Johnson and Robert O'Keefe (1993)
On the Pulse of Morning – Maya Angelou (1994)
Get in the Van – Henry Rollins (1995)
Phenomenal Woman – Maya Angelou (1996)
It Takes a Village – Hillary Clinton (1997)
Charles Kuralt's Spring – Charles Kuralt (1998)
Still Me – Christopher Reeve (1999)
The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr. – LeVar Burton (2000)
2001−2020
The Measure of a Man: A Spiritual Autobiography – Sidney Poitier, Rick Harris & John Runnette (producers) (2001)
Q: The Autobiography of Quincy Jones – Quincy Jones, Jeffrey S. Thomas, Steven Strassman (engineers) and Elisa Shokoff (producer) (2002)
A Song Flung Up to Heaven – Maya Angelou and Charles B. Potter (producer) (2003)
Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them – Al Franken and Paul Ruben (producer) (2004)
My Life – Bill Clinton (2005)
Dreams from My Father – Barack Obama (2006)
Our Endangered Values: America's Moral Crisis – Jimmy Carter / With Ossie and Ruby – Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee (2007)
The Audacity of Hope – Barack Obama and Jacob Bronstein (producer) (2008)
An Inconvenient Truth by Al Gore – Beau Bridges, Cynthia Nixon and Blair Underwood (2009)
Always Looking Up – Michael J. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama",
"_split_id": 174
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
85441d370f361654f608f3f2487fa60 | Fox (2010)
The Daily Show with Jon Stewart Presents Earth (The Audiobook) – Jon Stewart (2011)
If You Ask Me (And of Course You Won't) – Betty White (2012)
Society's Child – Janis Ian (2013)
America Again: Re-becoming the Greatness We Never Weren't – Stephen Colbert (2014)
Diary of a Mad Diva – Joan Rivers (2015)
A Full Life: Reflections at 90 – Jimmy Carter (2016)
In Such Good Company: Eleven Years of Laughter, Mayhem, and Fun in the Sandbox – Carol Burnett (2017)
The Princess Diarist – Carrie Fisher (2018)
Faith: A Journey for All – Jimmy Carter (2019)
Becoming – Michelle Obama (2020)
2021−present
Blowout: Corrupted Democracy, Rogue State Russia, and the Richest, Most Destructive Industry on Earth – Rachel Maddow (2021)
Carry On: Reflections for a New Generation from John Lewis − Don Cheadle (2022)
Finding Me – Viola Davis (2023)
showvteNAACP Image Award – Chairman's Award
Janet Jackson (1992)
Ron Brown (1993)
Maxine Waters and Joseph Madison (1997)
Harry Belafonte (1999)
Aaron McGruder (2002)
Danny Glover (2003)
The Dave Matthews Band (2004)
Barack Obama (2005)
The Neville Brothers (2006)
Bono (2007)
Ruby Dee (2008)
Al Gore & Wangari Maathai (2009)
Tyler Perry (2010)
Cathy Hughes (2012)
Michelle Howard (2013)
Forest Whitaker (2014)
Eric Holder (2015)
Brittany "Bree" Newsome, Justice League NYC, Concerned Student 1950 Collective at the University of Missouri, The University of Mississippi NAACP College Chapter, Rev. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama",
"_split_id": 175
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
bf16986defaf7f5006a8d2c1beb0b68c | Dr. Otis Moss III, Rev. Dr. Howard-John Wesley, Rev. Dr. Jamal Harrison Bryant and Jussie Smollett (2016)
Charles Ogletree (2017)
William Lucy (2018)
Maxine Waters (2019)
John Lewis (2020)
Rev. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama",
"_split_id": 176
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
d8b440c9b9a465f28d1e0994ee885612 | James Lawson (2021)
Samuel L. Jackson (2022)
showvteLaureates of the Nobel Peace Prize1901–1925
1901: Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy
1902: Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat
1903: Randal Cremer
1904: Institut de Droit International
1905: Bertha von Suttner
1906: Theodore Roosevelt
1907: Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault
1908: Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer
1909: A. M. F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant
1910: International Peace Bureau
1911: Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried
1912: Elihu Root
1913: Henri La Fontaine
1914
1915
1916
1917: International Committee of the Red Cross
1918
1919: Woodrow Wilson
1920: Léon Bourgeois
1921: Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange
1922: Fridtjof Nansen
1923
1924
1925: Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes
1926–1950
1926: Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann
1927: Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde
1928
1929: Frank B. Kellogg
1930: Nathan Söderblom
1931: Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler
1932
1933: Norman Angell
1934: Arthur Henderson
1935: Carl von Ossietzky
1936: Carlos Saavedra Lamas
1937: Robert Cecil
1938: Nansen International Office for Refugees
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944: International Committee of the Red Cross
1945: Cordell Hull
1946: Emily Balch / John Mott
1947: Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee
1948
1949: John Boyd Orr
1950: Ralph Bunche
1951–1975
1951: Léon Jouhaux
1952: Albert Schweitzer
1953: George C. Marshall
1954: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1955
1956
1957: Lester B. Pearson
1958: Georges Pire
1959: Philip Noel-Baker
1960: Albert Luthuli
1961: Dag Hammarskjöld
1962: Linus Pauling
1963: International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies
1964: Martin Luther King Jr.
1965: UNICEF
1966
1967
1968: René Cassin
1969: International Labour Organization
1970: Norman Borlaug
1971: Willy Brandt
1972
1973: Lê Đức Thọ (declined award) / Henry Kissinger
1974: Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō
1975: Andrei Sakharov
1976–2000
1976: Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan
1977: Amnesty International
1978: Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin
1979: Mother Teresa
1980: Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
1981: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1982: Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles
1983: Lech Wałęsa
1984: Desmond Tutu
1985: International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
1986: Elie Wiesel
1987: Óscar Arias
1988: UN Peacekeeping Forces
1989: Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)
1990: Mikhail Gorbachev
1991: Aung San Suu Kyi
1992: Rigoberta Menchú
1993: Nelson Mandela / F. W. de Klerk
1994: Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat
1995: Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat
1996: Carlos Belo / José Ramos-Horta
1997: International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams
1998: John Hume / David Trimble
1999: Médecins Sans Frontières
2000: Kim Dae-jung
2001–present
2001: United Nations / Kofi Annan
2002: Jimmy Carter
2003: Shirin Ebadi
2004: Wangari Maathai
2005: International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei
2006: Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus
2007: Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2008: Martti Ahtisaari
2009: Barack Obama
2010: Liu Xiaobo
2011: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman
2012: European Union
2013: Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
2014: Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai
2015: Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet
2016: Juan Manuel Santos
2017: International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
2018: Denis Mukwege / Nadia Murad
2019: Abiy Ahmed
2020: World Food Programme
2021: Maria Ressa / Dmitry Muratov
2022: Ales Bialiatski / Memorial / Center for Civil Liberties
2023: to be announced
.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}showvte2009 Nobel Prize laureatesChemistry
Venki Ramakrishnan (United States/United Kingdom)
Thomas A. Steitz (United States)
Ada Yonath (Israel)
Literature (2009)
Herta Müller (Germany/Romania)
Peace (2009)
Barack Obama (United States)
Physics
Charles K. Kao (Hong Kong/United Kingdom/United States)
Willard Boyle (Canada/United States)
George E. Smith (United States)
Physiology or Medicine
Elizabeth Blackburn (United States/Australia)
Carol W. Greider (United States)
Jack W. Szostak (United Kingdom/United States)
Economic Sciences
Elinor Ostrom (United States)
Oliver E. Williamson (United States)
Nobel Prize recipients
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
showvteTime Persons of the Year1927–1950
Charles Lindbergh (1927)
Walter Chrysler (1928)
Owen D. Young (1929)
Mohandas Gandhi (1930)
Pierre Laval (1931)
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932)
Hugh S. Johnson (1933)
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934)
Haile Selassie (1935)
Wallis Simpson (1936)
Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937)
Adolf Hitler (1938)
Joseph Stalin (1939)
Winston Churchill (1940)
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941)
Joseph Stalin (1942)
George Marshall (1943)
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944)
Harry S. Truman (1945)
James F. Byrnes (1946)
George Marshall (1947)
Harry S. Truman (1948)
Winston Churchill (1949)
The American Fighting-Man (1950)
1951–1975
Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951)
Elizabeth II (1952)
Konrad Adenauer (1953)
John Foster Dulles (1954)
Harlow Curtice (1955)
Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956)
Nikita Khrushchev (1957)
Charles de Gaulle (1958)
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959)
U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald A. Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960)
John F. Kennedy (1961)
Pope John XXIII (1962)
Martin Luther King Jr. (1963)
Lyndon B. Johnson (1964)
William Westmoreland (1965)
The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966)
Lyndon B. Johnson (1967)
The Apollo 8 Astronauts: William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968)
The Middle Americans (1969)
Willy Brandt (1970)
Richard Nixon (1971)
Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972)
John Sirica (1973)
King Faisal (1974)
American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975)
1976–2000
Jimmy Carter (1976)
Anwar Sadat (1977)
Deng Xiaoping (1978)
Ayatollah Khomeini (1979)
Ronald Reagan (1980)
Lech Wałęsa (1981)
The Computer (1982)
Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983)
Peter Ueberroth (1984)
Deng Xiaoping (1985)
Corazon Aquino (1986)
Mikhail Gorbachev (1987)
The Endangered Earth (1988)
Mikhail Gorbachev (1989)
George H. W. Bush (1990)
Ted Turner (1991)
Bill Clinton (1992)
The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993)
Pope John Paul II (1994)
Newt Gingrich (1995)
David Ho (1996)
Andrew Grove (1997)
Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998)
Jeff Bezos (1999)
George W. Bush (2000)
2001–present
Rudolph Giuliani (2001)
The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002)
The American Soldier (2003)
George W. Bush (2004)
The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005)
You (2006)
Vladimir Putin (2007)
Barack Obama (2008)
Ben Bernanke (2009)
Mark Zuckerberg (2010)
The Protester (2011)
Barack Obama (2012)
Pope Francis (2013)
Ebola Fighters: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014)
Angela Merkel (2015)
Donald Trump (2016)
The Silence Breakers (2017)
The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018)
Greta Thunberg (2019)
Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020)
Elon Musk (2021)
Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022)
showvteAfrican AmericansHistory
Timeline
Abolitionism
African American founding fathers
Afrocentrism
American Civil War
Atlantic slave trade
Black genocide
Black Lives Matter
Brown v. Board of Education
Children of the plantation
Civil Rights Acts
1964
Voting Rights Act of 1965
1968
Civil rights movement 1865–1896
Civil right movement 1896–1954
Civil rights movement 1954–1968
Montgomery bus boycott
Browder v. Gayle
Sit-in movement
Freedom Riders
Birmingham movement
March on Washington
Selma to Montgomery marches
Chicago Freedom Movement
Post–civil rights era
Cornerstone Speech
COVID-19 impact
Dred Scott v. Sandford
Free Negro
Free people of color
George Floyd protests
Great Migration
Second
New
Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 / Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
Jim Crow laws
Lynching
Military history
Nadir of American race relations
The Negro Motorist Green Book
Partus sequitur ventrem
Plantations
Plessy v. Ferguson
Reconstruction Amendments
Reconstruction era
Redlining
Separate but equal
Slavery
Treatment of slaves
Tulsa race massacre
Underground Railroad
Women's suffrage movement
Culture
Afrofuturism
Art
Black mecca
Businesses
Dance
Family structure
Film
Folktales
Hair
Harlem Renaissance
New Negro
Juneteenth
Kwanzaa
LGBT community
Literature
Music
Musical theater
Names
Negro National Anthem
Neighborhoods
Newspapers
Soul food
Stereotypes
Middle class
Upper class
Notable people
Ralph Abernathy
Maya Angelou
Crispus Attucks
James Baldwin
James Bevel
Julian Bond
Amelia Boynton
James Bradley
Carol Moseley Braun
Edward Brooke
Blanche Bruce
Ralph Bunche
George Washington Carver
Shirley Chisholm
Claudette Colvin
Frederick Douglass
W. E. B. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama",
"_split_id": 177
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
ca8c0c49689bbfaef79ccfb424862746 | Du Bois
Medgar Evers
James Farmer
Henry Highland Garnet
Marcus Garvey
Fred Gray
Fannie Lou Hamer
Kamala Harris
Jimi Hendrix
Jesse Jackson
Ketanji Brown Jackson
Michael Jackson
Harriet Jacobs
Barbara Jordan
Coretta Scott King
Martin Luther King Jr.
Bernard Lafayette
James Lawson
Huddie Ledbetter
John Lewis
Joseph Lowery
Malcolm X
Thurgood Marshall
Toni Morrison
Bob Moses
Diane Nash
Barack Obama
Michelle Obama
Rosa Parks
Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
Colin Powell
Gabriel Prosser
Joseph Rainey
A. Philip Randolph
Hiram Revels
Paul Robeson
Al Sharpton
Fred Shuttlesworth
Clarence Thomas
Emmett Till
Sojourner Truth
Harriet Tubman
Nat Turner
Denmark Vesey
C. T. Vivian
David Walker
Booker T. Washington
Ida B. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama",
"_split_id": 178
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
c42a55ab05966f7b4fbbb95b1aa48627 | Wells
Roy Wilkins
Oprah Winfrey
Andrew Young
Whitney Young
Education, scienceand technology
Black studies
Black schools
Historically black colleges and universities
Inventors and scientists
Museums
Women
in computer science
in medicine
in STEM fields
Religion
African-American Jews
Islam
American Society of Muslims
Nation of Islam
Black church
Azusa Street Revival
Black Hebrew Israelites
Black theology
Doctrine of Father Divine
Political movements
Anarchism
Back-to-Africa movement
Black power
Movement
Capitalism
Conservatism
Leftism
Pan-Africanism
Populism
Raised fist
Self-determination
Nationalism
Socialism
Civic and economicgroups
Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
Black Panther Party
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Nashville Student Movement
National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
National Urban League (NUL)
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Thurgood Marshall College Fund
United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
Sports
Negro league baseball
Baseball color line
Black players in professional American football
Black NFL quarterbacks
Black players in ice hockey
Muhammad Ali
Arthur Ashe
Jack Johnson
Joe Louis
Jesse Owens
Jackie Robinson
Serena Williams
Athletic associationsand conferences
Central (CIAA)
Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
Southern (SIAC)
Southwestern (SWAC)
Ethnic subdivisions
By African descent
Fula
Gullah
Igbo
Yoruba
Black Indians
Black Seminoles
Cherokee freedmen controversy
Choctaw freedmen
Creek Freedmen
Black Southerners
Blaxicans
Louisiana Creole
of color
Melungeon
Demographics
Neighborhoods
list
U.S. cities with large populations
2000 majorities
2010 majorities
Metropolitan areas
States and territories
Languages
English
American English
African-American English
African-American Vernacular English
Gullah
Louisiana Creole
By state/city
Alabama
Arkansas
California
Los Angeles
San Francisco
Florida
Jacksonville
Tallahassee
Georgia
Atlanta
Hawaii
Illinois
Chicago
Iowa
Davenport
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maryland
Baltimore
Massachusetts
Boston
Michigan
Detroit
Mississippi
Nebraska
Omaha
New York
New York City
North Carolina
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Philadelphia
Puerto Rico
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
Austin
Dallas–Fort Worth
Houston
San Antonio
Utah
Virginia
Diaspora
Africa
Gambia
Ghana
Liberia
Sierra Leone
America
Canada
Dominican Republic
Haiti
Mexico
Trinidad and Tobago
Israel
Europe
France
Lists
African Americans
Activists
Actors
Astronauts
Billionaires
Jurists
Mathematicians
Republicans
Singers
Spingarn Medal winners
US cabinet members
US representatives
US senators
Visual artists
Writers
African-American firsts
Mayors
Sports firsts
US state firsts
Historic places
Index of related articles
Landmark African-American legislation
Lynching victims
Monuments
Neighborhoods
Topics related to the African diaspora
Category
United States portal
.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}Barack Obama at Wikipedia's sister projects:Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceData from Wikidata
showAuthority control General
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National libraries
Norway
Chile
Spain
France (data)
Catalonia
Germany
Italy
Israel
United States
Latvia
Taiwan
Japan
Czech Republic
Australia
Greece
Korea
Romania
Croatia
Netherlands
Poland
Russia
2
Sweden
Art research institutes
RKD Artists
ULAN
Biographical dictionaries
Germany
Scientific databases
CiNii
Google Scholar
Other
FAST
Grammy Awards
MusicBrainz artist
RERO
2
SNAC
IdRef
Trove
US Congress
<img src="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;" />
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barack_Obama&oldid=1141755655"
Categories: Barack Obama1961 births20th-century American male writers20th-century American non-fiction writers20th-century Protestants20th-century African-American academics20th-century American academics21st-century American male writers21st-century American non-fiction writers21st-century American politicians21st-century presidents of the United States21st-century Protestants21st-century scholarsActivists from HawaiiActivists from IllinoisAfrican-American ChristiansAfrican-American educatorsAfrican-American feministsAfrican-American lawyersAfrican-American non-fiction writersAfrican-American politiciansAfrican-American state legislators in IllinoisAfrican-American candidates for President of the United StatesAfrican-American United States senatorsAmerican civil rights lawyersAmerican community activistsAmerican feminist writersAmerican gun control activistsAmerican legal scholarsAmerican male non-fiction writersAmerican memoiristsAmerican Nobel laureatesAmerican people of English descentAmerican people of French descentAmerican people of German descentAmerican people of Irish descentAmerican people of Kenyan descentAmerican people of Luo descentAmerican people of Scottish descentAmerican people of Swiss descentAmerican people of Welsh descentAmerican political writersAmerican ProtestantsCandidates in the 2008 United States presidential electionCandidates in the 2012 United States presidential electionColumbia College (New York) alumniDemocratic Party presidents of the United StatesDemocratic Party (United States) presidential nomineesDemocratic Party United States senators from IllinoisGrammy Award winnersHarvard Law School alumniIllinois lawyersDemocratic Party Illinois state senatorsAmerican LGBT rights activistsLiving peopleMale feministsMembers of the American Philosophical SocietyNetflix peopleNobel Peace Prize laureatesObama familyOutstanding Narrator Primetime Emmy Award winnersPoliticians from ChicagoPoliticians from HonoluluPresidents of the United StatesProponents of Christian feminismPunahou School alumniScholars of constitutional lawTime Person of the YearUniversity of Chicago Law School facultyWriters from ChicagoWriters from HonoluluHidden categories: Webarchive template wayback linksCS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)Pages containing links to subscription-only contentArticles with short descriptionShort description matches WikidataWikipedia indefinitely move-protected pagesWikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pagesUse American English from September 2020All Wikipedia articles written in American EnglishUse mdy dates from June 2022Articles with hAudio microformatsPages including recorded pronunciationsAll articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from December 2022Pages using multiple image with auto scaled imagesOfficial website different in Wikidata and WikipediaArticles with Curlie linksPeople appearing on C-SPANArticles with Project Gutenberg linksArticles with Internet Archive linksArticles with LibriVox linksNobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatchPages using Sister project links with hidden wikidataArticles with ISNI identifiersArticles with VIAF identifiersArticles with WorldCat identifiersArticles with BIBSYS identifiersArticles with BNC identifiersArticles with BNE identifiersArticles with BNF identifiersArticles with CANTICN identifiersArticles with GND identifiersArticles with ICCU identifiersArticles with J9U identifiersArticles with LCCN identifiersArticles with LNB identifiersArticles with NCL identifiersArticles with NDL identifiersArticles with NKC identifiersArticles with NLA identifiersArticles with NLG identifiersArticles with NLK identifiersArticles with NLR identifiersArticles with NSK identifiersArticles with NTA identifiersArticles with PLWABN identifiersArticles with RSL identifiersArticles with SELIBR identifiersArticles with RKDartists identifiersArticles with ULAN identifiersArticles with DTBIO identifiersArticles with CINII identifiersArticles with Google Scholar identifiersArticles with FAST identifiersArticles with Grammy identifiersArticles with MusicBrainz identifiersArticles with RERO identifiersArticles with SNAC-ID identifiersArticles with SUDOC identifiersArticles with Trove identifiersArticles with USCongress identifiersArticles containing video clips
This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 16:55 (UTC).
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama",
"_split_id": 179
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
554b9cedfb2e9d74588a339b5df57918 | Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0;
additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Mobile view
Developers
Statistics
Cookie statement
Edit preview settings
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"5.432","walltime":"5.996","ppvisitednodes":{"value":51987,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1697382,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":40427,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":106,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1940005,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 5028.420 1 -total"," 39.97% 2010.069 474 Template:Cite_news"," 8.36% 420.255 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 7.47% 375.494 98 Template:Cite_web"," 4.10% 206.250 28 Template:Cite_book"," 3.95% 198.539 78 Template:Party_color"," 2.95% 148.311 1 Template:2008_United_States_presidential_election"," 2.48% 124.463 33 Template:Box-shadow_border"," 2.42% 121.486 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age"," 2.03% 102.017 21 Template:Cite_journal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.404","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":28977532,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","580","16.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","440","12.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:41\u003E","320","9.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","6.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","220","6.2"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","220","6.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","220","6.2"],["type","160","4.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","100","2.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","2.3"],["[others]","960","27.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw1481","timestamp":"20230227174310","ttl":86400,"transientcontent":true}}});});
{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Barack Obama","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barack_Obama","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q76","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q76","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-03-18T05:23:13Z","dateModified":"2023-02-26T16:55:12Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/8d\/President_Barack_Obama.jpg","headline":"president of the United States from 2009 to 2017"}{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Barack Obama","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barack_Obama","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q76","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q76","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-03-18T05:23:13Z","dateModified":"2023-02-26T16:55:12Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/8d\/President_Barack_Obama.jpg","headline":"president of the United States from 2009 to 2017"}
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgBackendResponseTime":195,"wgHostname":"mw1434"});});
Toggle limited content width | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama",
"_split_id": 180
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
9deb76490801f15d5cfe7949909e6e89 |
Jump to content
Toggle sidebar
Search
Create accountLog in
Personal tools
Create account Log in
Pages for logged out editors learn more
ContributionsTalk
Navigation
Main pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate
Contribute
HelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file
Tools
What links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageWikidata itemEdit interlanguage links
Print/export
Download as PDFPrintable version
In other projects
Wikimedia CommonsWikinewsWikiquoteWikisource
Languages
On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Go to top.
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 0
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
422f7695c83e1ffdfce9de3389cfd3e5 | Toggle the table of contents
Toggle the table of contents
Contents
move to sidebar
hide
(Top)
1Early life
2Entertainment career
Toggle Entertainment career subsection
2.1Radio and film
2.2Military service
2.3Screen Actors Guild presidency
2.4Marriages and children
2.5Television
3Early political activities
Toggle Early political activities subsection
3.11966 California gubernatorial election
4California governorship (1967–1975)
5Seeking the presidency (1975–1981)
Toggle Seeking the presidency (1975–1981) subsection
5.11976 Republican primaries
5.21980 election
6Presidency (1981–1989)
Toggle Presidency (1981–1989) subsection
6.1First inauguration
6.2Assassination attempt
6.3Supreme Court appointments
6.4Public sector labor union fights
6.5"Reaganomics" and the economy
6.5.1Taxation
6.5.2Inflation and unemployment
6.5.3Government spending
6.5.4Deregulation
6.5.5Deficits
6.6Civil rights
6.7War on drugs
6.8Escalation of the Cold War
6.9Invasion of Grenada
6.101984 election
6.11Response to the AIDS epidemic
6.12Addressing apartheid
6.13Libya bombing
6.14Iran–Contra affair
6.15Soviet decline and thaw in relations
7Post-presidency (1989–2004)
8Legacy
Toggle Legacy subsection
8.1Historical reputation
8.2Political influence
9References
10Bibliography
Toggle Bibliography subsection
10.1Books
10.2Chapters
10.3Journal articles
11External links
Toggle External links subsection
11.1Official sites
11.2Media
11.3News coverage
11.4Other
Ronald Reagan
251 languages
AcèhAfrikaansAlemannischአማርኛÆngliscالعربيةAragonésArmãneashtiArpetanAsturianuAvañe'ẽАварAymar aruAzərbaycancaتۆرکجهBasa BaliBamanankanবাংলাBanjarBân-lâm-gúBasa BanyumasanБашҡортсаБеларускаяБеларуская (тарашкевіца)भोजपुरीBikol CentralBislamaБългарскиBoarischBosanskiBrezhonegCatalàЧӑвашлаCebuanoČeštinaChamoruChavacano de ZamboangaChi-ChewaChiShonaChiTumbukaCorsuCymraegDanskالدارجةDavvisámegiellaDeitschDeutschދިވެހިބަސްDolnoserbskiडोटेलीEestiΕλληνικάEmiliàn e rumagnòlEspañolEsperantoEstremeñuEuskaraEʋegbeفارسیFiji HindiFøroysktFrançaisFryskFulfuldeFurlanGaeilgeGaelgGagauzGàidhligGalego贛語Gĩkũyũગુજરાતી𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi KonknniGungbe客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî한국어HausaHawaiʻiՀայերենहिन्दीHornjoserbsceHrvatskiBahasa HulontaloIdoIlokanoবিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরীBahasa IndonesiaInterlinguaInterlingueᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitutИронIsiXhosaIsiZuluÍslenskaItalianoעבריתJawaKabɩyɛಕನ್ನಡKapampanganქართულიKaszëbscziҚазақшаKernowekIkinyarwandaIkirundiKiswahiliKongoKotavaKreyòl ayisyenKurdîКыргызчаКырык марыLadinoລາວLatgaļuLatinaLatviešuLëtzebuergeschLietuviųLigureLimburgsLingálaLingua Franca NovaLa .lojban.LugandaLombardMagyarमैथिलीМакедонскиMalagasyമലയാളംMaltiMāoriमराठीმარგალურიمصرىمازِرونیBahasa MelayuMinangkabau閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄MirandésМонголမြန်မာဘာသာNāhuatlDorerin NaoeroNa Vosa VakavitiNederlandsNedersaksiesनेपालीनेपाल भाषा日本語NapulitanoНохчийнNordfriiskNorfuk / PitkernNorsk bokmålNorsk nynorskNouormandNovialOccitanОлык марийଓଡ଼ିଆOʻzbekcha / ўзбекчаਪੰਜਾਬੀPälzischPangasinanپنجابیPapiamentuپښتوPatoisភាសាខ្មែរPicardPiemontèisTok PisinPlattdüütschPolskiPortuguêsQaraqalpaqshaQırımtatarcaReo tahitiRipoarischRomânăRomani čhibRumantschRuna SimiРусскийСаха тылаGagana Samoaसंस्कृतम्SarduScotsSeelterskSesotho sa LeboaSetswanaShqipSicilianuසිංහලSimple EnglishSiSwatiSlovenčinaSlovenščinaСловѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟŚlůnskiSoomaaligaکوردیSranantongoСрпски / srpskiSrpskohrvatski / српскохрватскиSundaSuomiSvenskaTagalogதமிழ்TaqbaylitTarandíneТатарча / tatarçaతెలుగుTetunไทยТоҷикӣᏣᎳᎩTsetsêhestâheseTürkçeTürkmençeTwiУкраїнськаاردوئۇيغۇرچە / UyghurcheVahcuenghVènetoVepsän kel’Tiếng ViệtVolapükVõroWalon文言West-VlamsWinarayWolof吴语XitsongaייִדישYorùbá粵語ZazakiZeêuwsŽemaitėška中文242 more
ArticleTalk
English
ReadView sourceView history
More
ReadView sourceView history
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
President of the United States from 1981 to 1989
.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}"Reagan" redirects here. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 1
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
1f58a237eba33674b6cd05a37ccce99d | For other uses, see Reagan (disambiguation) and Ronald Reagan (disambiguation).
.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 2
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
58b27dff4c31b4b061c774ed0184ffe1 | (December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}Ronald ReaganOfficial portrait, 198140th President of the United StatesIn officeJanuary 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989Vice PresidentGeorge H. W. BushPreceded byJimmy CarterSucceeded byGeorge H. W. Bush33rd Governor of CaliforniaIn officeJanuary 2, 1967 – January 6, 1975[1]Lieutenant.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}
Robert Finch (1967–1969)[2]
Edwin Reinecke (1969–1974)[3]
John L. Harmer (1974–1975)[4]
Preceded byPat BrownSucceeded byJerry BrownPresident of the Screen Actors GuildIn officeNovember 16, 1959 – June 7, 1960Preceded byHoward KeelSucceeded byGeorge ChandlerIn officeMarch 10, 1947 – November 10, 1952Preceded byRobert MontgomerySucceeded byWalter Pidgeon
Personal detailsBornRonald Wilson Reagan(1911-02-06)February 6, 1911Tampico, Illinois, U.S.DiedJune 5, 2004(2004-06-05) (aged 93)Los Angeles, California, U.S.Resting placeRonald Reagan Presidential LibraryPolitical partyRepublican (from 1962)Other politicalaffiliationsDemocratic (until 1962)Spouses
Jane Wyman
(m. .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}1940; div. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 3
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
896e2df3c6839f33587d3238f1ed89b9 | 1949)
Nancy Davis (m. 1952)
Children.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}
Maureen
Christine
Michael
Patti
Ron
Parents
Jack Reagan
Nelle Wilson
RelativesNeil Reagan (brother)Alma materEureka College (BA)OccupationPoliticianunion leaderactorsports broadcasterAwardsList of accoladesSignatureMilitary serviceService.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}
United States Army Reserve
United States Air Forces
Years of service
1937–1942 (reserve)
1942–1945 (regular)
RankCaptainUnit
322nd Cavalry Regiment
323rd Cavalry Regiment
18th AAF Base Unit
Wars
World War II
.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}
Ronald Reagan's voice
5:23
Reagan's Radio Address to the Nation on Civil RightsRecorded June 15, 1985
show
Other offices
1968[5]–1969:[6] Chair of the Republican Governors Association
Ronald Wilson Reagan (/ˈreɪɡən/ RAY-gən; February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 4
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
79d346d70f619d4e5c692352990ba99d | A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as the 33rd governor of California from 1967 to 1975 and as president of the Screen Actors Guild from 1947 to 1952 and from 1959 until 1960.
Reagan graduated from Eureka College in 1932 and began to work as a sports broadcaster in Iowa. In 1937, Reagan moved to California, where he became a film actor. From 1947 to 1952, Reagan served as the president of the Screen Actors Guild. In the 1950s, he worked in television and spoke for General Electric. From 1959 to 1960, he again served as the Screen Actors Guild's president. In 1964, "A Time for Choosing" gave Reagan attention as a new conservative figure. He was elected governor of California in 1966. During his governorship, he raised taxes, turned the state budget deficit into a surplus, and cracked down harshly on student protests in Berkeley. After challenging and nearly defeating incumbent president Gerald Ford in the 1976 Republican presidential primaries, Reagan won the Republican nomination and then a landslide victory over incumbent Democratic president Jimmy Carter in the 1980 United States presidential election.
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 5
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
a26f4c282c408c821727326802134f31 | In his first term, Reagan implemented "Reaganomics", which involved economic deregulation and cuts in both taxes and government spending during a period of stagflation. He escalated an arms race with the Soviet Union and transitioned Cold War policy from détente to rollback. He also survived an assassination attempt, fought public sector labor unions, spurred the war on drugs, and ordered the 1983 invasion of Grenada. In the 1984 presidential election, Reagan defeated former vice president Walter Mondale in another landslide victory. Foreign affairs dominated Reagan's second term, including the 1986 bombing of Libya, the Iran–Iraq War, the secret sale of arms to Iran to fund the Contras, and a more conciliatory approach in talks with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev that culminated in the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.
Reagan left the presidency in 1989 with the American economy having seen a significant reduction of inflation, the unemployment rate having fallen, and the United States having entered its then-longest peacetime expansion. The federal debt had nearly tripled since 1981 as a result of his cuts in taxes and increased military spending, despite cuts to domestic discretionary spending. Afterward, Alzheimer's disease hindered Reagan's physical and mental capacities. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 6
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
b54ec5bddf97bc6c2925ad02eb2a932c | He died at his home in Los Angeles in 2004. His presidency constituted the Reagan era, and he is considered a prominent conservative figure in the United States. Evaluations of his presidency among historians and scholars tend to place him among the upper tier of American presidents.
.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}
Early life
Ronald Wilson Reagan was born on February 6, 1911, in a commercial building in Tampico, Illinois, as the younger son of Nelle Clyde Wilson and Jack Reagan.[7] Nelle was committed to the Disciples of Christ,[8] which supported the Social Gospel.[9] She led prayer meetings and ran mid-week prayers at her church when the pastor was out of town.[8] Reagan credited her spiritual influence[10] and he became a Christian.[11] According to Stephen Vaughn, Reagan's values came from his pastor, and the First Christian Church's religious, economic and social positions "coincided with the words, if not the beliefs of the latter-day Reagan".[12] Jack strongly opposed the Ku Klux Klan, racism, and bigotry.[13] Neil was Reagan's older brother. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 7
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
dd342e62880230fe756878b514b8e08c | [14]
Jack was focused on making money to take care of the family,[15] but his alcoholism complicated his ability to do so.[16] Reagan's family briefly lived in Chicago, Galesburg, and Monmouth before returning to Tampico. In 1920, Reagan and his family settled in the city of Dixon, which he called his hometown.[13] They lived in a house near the H. C. Pitney Variety Store Building.[17] In Dixon, Reagan attended Dixon High School, where he developed interests in drama and football.[18] His first job involved working as a lifeguard at the Rock River in Lowell Park.[19]
In 1928, Reagan attended Eureka College[20] with Nelle's approval on religious grounds.[21] He was a mediocre student[22] that participated in sports, drama, and campus politics.[20] He was also elected student body president and joined a student strike that resulted in the college president's resignation.[23] When Reagan's college football team stayed at a hotel that would not allow two black teammates to stay there, he invited them to his parents' home nearby in Dixon[24] and his parents welcomed them.[25] His parents' stance on racial questions were seemingly unusual[24] when racial segregation was common in many Midwestern communities. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 8
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
65979c9bf2e4509094b61ef09064cde9 | [26] Reagan himself had grown up with very few black Americans in Dixon, and he was unaware of a race problem.[27] In 1932, Reagan obtanied a bachelor of arts degree in economics and sociology.[28][29]
Entertainment career
Further information: Ronald Reagan filmography
Radio and film
.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}Dark Victory (1939)The Bad Man (1941)[30]
Reagan took a job in Davenport, Iowa, as a sports broadcaster for four football games in the Big Ten Conference.[31] He then worked for WHO radio in Des Moines as a broadcaster for the Chicago Cubs. His specialty was creating play-by-play accounts of games using only basic descriptions that the station received by wire as the games were in progress.[32] Simultaneously, he often expressed his opposition to racism.[26] In 1936, while traveling with the Cubs to their spring training in California, Reagan took a screen test that led to a seven-year contract with Warner Bros.[33]
Reagan arrived at Hollywood in 1937, debuting in Love Is on the Air (1937). | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 9
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
8994c2a5d94e99486b7ed6a39dda215 | [34] Using a simple and direct approach to acting and following his directors' instructions,[35] Reagan made thirty films, most of them being B films, before beginning military service in April 1942.[36] He broke out of these types of films by portraying George Gipp in Knute Rockne, All American (1940), which would be rejuvenated when reporters called Reagan "the Gipper" while he campaigned for president of the United States.[37] Afterward, Reagan starred in Kings Row (1942) as a leg amputee, asking, "Where's the rest of me?"[38] His performance was considered his best by many critics.[30] Reagan became a star, and the studio tripled his weekly pay.[39] Gallup polls placed Reagan "in the top 100 stars" from 1941 to 1942.[30]
World War II interrupted the movie stardom that Reagan would never be able to achieve again[39] as Warner Bros. became uncertain about his ability to generate ticket sales. Reagan, who had a limited acting range, was dissatisfied with the roles he received. As a result, Lew Wasserman, renegotiated his contract with his studio, allowing him to also make films with Universal Pictures, Paramount Pictures, and RKO Pictures as a freelancer. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 10
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
c8921f601f4328b257e2c1aee67489da | With this, Reagan appeared in multiple western films, establishing himself as a Western star he had longed for while working at Warner Bros.[40] In 1952, he ended his relationship with Warner Bros.,[41] but went on to appear in a total of 53 films,[36] his last being The Killers (1964).[42]
Military service
Reagan at Fort Roach, between 1943 and 1944
When Reagan was working in Iowa, a United States Army Reserve member pitched him to join a local cavalry regiment that still used horses during the branch's decline. Reagan was interested in riding a horse at a young age and, without "a burning desire to be an army officer", he enlisted[43] in April 1937. He was assigned as a private in Des Moines' 322nd Cavalry Regiment and reassigned to second lieutenant in the Officers Reserve Corps.[44] He later became a part of the 323rd Cavalry Regiment in California.[45] As relations between the United States and Japan worsened, Reagan was ordered for active duty while he was filming Kings Row. Wasserman and Warner Bros. lawyers successfully sent draft deferments to complete the film in October 1941. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 11
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
d34a13a3b3aedf15702294badc37b850 | However, to avoid accusations of Reagan being a draft dodger, the studio let him go in April 1942.[46][47]
As Reagan reported for duty, the army was using machines as opposed to horses,[46] and he had severe near-sightedness. His first assignment was at Fort Mason as a liaison officer, a role that allowed him to transfer to the United States Army Air Forces (AAF). Reagan became an AAF public relations officer and was subsequently assigned to the 18th AAF Base Unit in Culver City[48] where he felt that it was "impossible to remove an incompetent or lazy worker" and what professor J. David Woodard suggests, was frustrated by "the incompetence, the delays, and inefficiencies".[49] Despite this, Reagan participated in the Provisional Task Force Show Unit in Burbank[50] and continued to make films such as This Is the Army (1943).[51] He was also ordered to temporary duty in New York City to participate in the sixth War Loan Drive before being reassigned to Fort MacArthur until his discharge on December 9, 1945, as a captain. Throughout his military service, Reagan produced over 400 training films. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 12
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
6abc110ab41b7c2412cd2d9c4ec7265e | [50]
Screen Actors Guild presidency
When Robert Montgomery resigned as president of the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) on March 10, 1947, Reagan was elected to that position, in a special election.[52] Reagan's first tenure saw various labor-management disputes,[53] the Hollywood blacklist,[54] and the Taft–Hartley Act's implementation.[55] On April 10, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) interviewed Reagan and he provided them with the names of actors whom he believed to be communist sympathizers.[56] During a House Un-American Activities Committee hearing, Reagan testified that some guild members were associated with the Communist Party[57] and that he was well-informed on a "jurisdictional strike".[58] When asked if he was aware of communist efforts within the Screen Writers Guild, he called the efforts "hearsay".[59] Reagan would remain SAG president until he resigned on November 10, 1952;[60] Walter Pidgeon succeeded him, but Reagan stayed on the board.[61]
The SAG fought with film producers over residual payments[62] and on November 16, 1959, the board installed Reagan as SAG president,[63] replacing the resigned Howard Keel. In his second stint, Reagan managed to secure the payments for actors whose theatrical films were released from 1948 to 1959 were televised. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 13
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
a3f94ed5d2677b3ec9b775fec448f9be | The producers were initially required to pay the actors fees, but they ultimately settled for pensions instead. However, they were still required to pay residuals for films after 1959. Reagan resigned from the SAG presidency on June 7, 1960 and also left the board;[64] George Chandler succeeded him as SAG president.[65]
Marriages and children
Reagan and Jane Wyman, 1942Ronald and Nancy Reagan, 1952
Reagan married Brother Rat (1938) co-star Jane Wyman[66] on January 26, 1940.[67] Together, they had two biological daughters, Maureen in 1941,[68] and Christine,[69] born prematurely and dead the next day in 1947.[70] They adopted one son, Michael, in 1945.[49] In 1948, Wyman filed to divorce Reagan, citing "mental cruelty".[67] Wyman was uninterested in politics, and she would occasionally separate and reconcile with Reagan. Although Reagan was unprepared,[70] they split amicably,[67] and the divorce was finalized in July 1949. Reagan would also remain close to his children.[71] Later that year, Reagan met Nancy Davis after she contacted him in his capacity as the SAG president about her name appearing on a communist blacklist in Hollywood; she had been mistaken for another Nancy Davis. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 14
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
aac4e7926c03a4ec5c3283c62ef90a87 | [72] They married on March 4, 1952[73] and had two children, Patti in 1952, and Ron in 1958.[74]
Television
Reagan initially refused to work in television and on Broadway theatre, but after receiving offers to work in nightclubs in 1954,[75] he became the host of MCA Inc. television production General Electric Theater[41] at his agent's recommendation. It featured multiple guest stars,[76] and Ronald and Nancy Reagan, continuing to use her stage name Nancy Davis, acted together in three episodes.[77] When asked how Reagan was able to recruit such stars to appear on the show during television's infancy, he replied, "Good stories, top direction, production quality."[78] However, the viewership declined in the 1960s and the show was canceled in 1962.[79] In 1965, Reagan became the host[80] of another MCA production, Death Valley Days.[81]
Early political activities
Reagan campaigning with Barry Goldwater, 1964
Reagan began as a Democrat, viewing Franklin D. Roosevelt as "a true hero".[82] He joined the American Veterans Committee and Hollywood Independent Citizens Committee of the Arts, Sciences and Professions (HICCASP), worked with the AFL–CIO to fight right-to-work laws,[83] and continued to speak out against racism when he was in Hollywood. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 15
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
830dd880c9f4e1f5fea99aa142dd1585 | [84] In 1945, Reagan planned to lead an HICCASP anti-nuclear rally, but Warner Bros. prevented him from going.[85] Reagan also supported Harry S. Truman in the 1948 presidential election[86] and Helen Gahagan Douglas for the United States Senate in 1950. It was Reagan's belief that communism was a powerful backstage influence in Hollywood that led him to rally his friends against them.[83]
Reagan began shifting to the right when he supported the presidential campaigns of Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 and Richard Nixon in 1960.[87] When Reagan was contracted by General Electric (GE), he began giving speeches to their employees.[88] His speeches had a positive take on businesses, but a negative take on government.[89] Under anti-communist[90] Lemuel Boulware, the employees were encouraged to vote for business-friendly officials.[91] In 1961, Reagan adapted his speeches into another speech to criticize Medicare.[92] In his view, its legislation would have meant "the end of individual freedom in the United States".[93] In 1962, Reagan was dropped by GE,[94] and he formally registered as a Republican.[87] He said, "I didn't leave the Democratic Party. The party left me. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 16
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
a71c416f3b88f0ec2a652b24a415edd6 | "[89]
In 1964, Reagan gave a speech for presidential contender Barry Goldwater[95] that was eventually referred to as "A Time for Choosing".[96] Reagan argued that the Founding Fathers "knew that governments don't control things. And they knew when a government sets out to do that, it must use force and coercion to achieve its purpose"[97] and that "We've been told increasingly that we must choose between left or right."[98] Even though the speech was not enough to turn around the faltering Goldwater campaign, it increased Reagan's profile among conservatives. David S. Broder and Stephen H. Hess called it "the most successful national political debut since William Jennings Bryan electrified the 1896 Democratic convention with his famous 'Cross of Gold' address".[95]
1966 California gubernatorial election
Further information: 1966 California gubernatorial election
Ronald and Nancy Reagan celebrating his gubernatorial election victory, 1966
In January 1966, Reagan announced his candidacy for the California governorship,[99] repeating his stances on individual freedom and big government.[100] When he met with black Republicans in March,[101] he was accused of appealing to white racial resentment and backlash against the Civil Rights Act of 1964. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 17
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
663df06178a8249f72478c9a9c92f3ee | Certain in his own lack of prejudice, Reagan responded resentfully that bigotry was not in his nature[102] and later argued that certain provisions of the act infringed on a citizens' right to private property.[103] After the Supreme Court of California struck down the Rumford Act in May, he voiced his support for the act's repeal,[104] but later preferred amending it.[105] In the Republican primary, Reagan defeated George Christopher,[106] a moderate[107] who William F. Buckley Jr. thought had framed Reagan as extreme.[106]
Reagan's general election opponent, Pat Brown, attempted to label Reagan as an extremist and tout his own accomplishments.[108] Reagan portrayed himself as a political outsider,[109] and charged Brown as responsible for the Watts riots and lenient on crime.[108] Lou Cannon notes that the Free Speech Movement, high taxes, unrestrained spending, and lack of accountability were often considered issues in Reagan's campaign speeches.[110] He also notes that Reagan benefited on television in comparison to the seemingly unpleasant governor.[111] Meanwhile, the press continued to perceive Reagan as "monumentally ignorant of state issues".[112] Ultimately, Reagan won the governorship in a landslide. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 18
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
8756fe3fcad861e52da51c65546f890c | [113]
California governorship (1967–1975)
Main article: Governorship of Ronald Reagan
The Reagans in 1972
Brown spent much of California's funds on new projects, prompting them to use accrual accounting to avoid raising taxes. Consequently, it generated a larger deficit,[114] and Reagan would call for reduced government spending and tax hikes to balance the budget.[115] He left his fiscal responsibility principles behind[116] to work with Jesse M. Unruh[117] on securing tax increases and property tax cuts. As a result, taxes on sales, banks, corporate profits, inheritances, liquor, and cigarettes jumped. Kevin Starr states, Reagan "gave Californians the biggest tax hike in their history—and got away with it."[118] In the 1970 gubernatorial election, Unruh used the property tax cuts and Reagan's tax relief requests against him for benefiting the wealthy. The strategy worked as Reagan would raise taxes once more.[119] By 1973, the budget had a surplus, which Reagan preferred using "to give back to the people".[120]
Reagan reacted to the Black Panther Party's strategy of copwatching by signing the Mulford Act in 1967.[121] The act prohibited the public carrying of loaded firearms. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 19
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
7b06215f0b92e4b262f39ff14524c04c | On May 2, before the act was passed, 26 Panthers were arrested after interrupting a debate on the bill in the California State Capitol. The act was California's most aggressive piece of gun control legislation, with critics saying that it was "overreaching the political activism of organizations". Hopeful that future handgun buyers would reconsider their own actions in the wake of the protest, Reagan approved additional legislation to establish a waiting period of fifteen days.[122] Although the Panthers gained national attention, their membership barely grew.[123] The act marked the beginning of both modern legislation and public attitude studies on gun control.[121]
After Reagan won the 1966 election, he and his advisors planned a run in the 1968 Republican presidential primaries.[124] He eventually stated that he was a Vietnam War hawk[125] while the other candidates' views on the war contrasted from each other.[126] He also ran as an unofficial candidate to cut into Nixon's southern support and be a compromise candidate if there were to be a brokered convention. He won California's delegates,[127] but Nixon secured enough delegates for the nomination.[128]
Reagan was critical of administrators tolerating student demonstrations at the University of California, Berkeley. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 20
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
207c16a48f7e2f6bb447b67e7fdd1e44 | [111] In May 1969, he sent the California Highway Patrol and other officers to quell the People's Park protests. This led to one student being shot and killed, and the injuries of numerous police officers and two reporters in the conflict. Reagan then commanded the state National Guard troops to occupy the city of Berkeley for seventeen days to subdue the protesters, allowing other students to attend class safely. In late February 1970, violent protests broke out near the University of California, Santa Barbara, where he once again commanded the National Guard. On April 7, Reagan defended his response to the protests, saying, "If it takes a bloodbath, let's get it over with. No more appeasement."When further violence erupted on April 18, one student was inadvertently killed by a policeman, leaving Reagan distraught.[129]
During his victorious gubernatorial reelection campaign, Reagan, remaining critical of government, promised to prioritize welfare reform.[130] He was concerned that the programs were disincentivizing work and that the growing welfare rolls would lead to both an unbalanced budget and another big tax hike in 1972. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 21
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
fcf7c879f505ae7398d28f2869522f6f | [131] At the same time, the Federal Reserve increased interest rates to combat inflation, putting the American economy in a mild recession. Reagan worked with Bob Moretti to tighten up the eligibility requirements so that the financially needy could continue receiving payments. This was only accomplished after Reagan softened his criticism of Nixon's Family Assistance Plan. Nixon then lifted regulations to shepherd California's experiment.[132] In 1975, the Employment Development Department released a report suggesting that the experiment that ran from 1971 to 1974 was unsuccessful.[133]
Reagan did not run for the governorship in 1974, and it was won by Pat Brown's son, Jerry.[134] Reagan's governorship, as professor Gary K. Clabaugh writes, saw public schools deteriorate due to his opposition to additional basic education funding.[135] As for higher education, journalist William Trombley believed that the budget cuts Reagan enacted damaged Berkeley's student-faculty ratio and research.[136] Additionally, the homicide and armed robbery rates increased after 1974, even with the many laws Reagan signed to try toughening criminal sentencing and reforming the criminal justice system.[137] Reagan strongly supported capital punishment, but his efforts to enforce it were thwarted by People v. Anderson in 1972. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 22
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
e36cc5ea740dc7ce1fae293c6543f38f | [138] According to his son, Michael, Reagan said that he regretted signing the Family Law Act that granted no-fault divorces.[139] Unaware of the mental health provision,[140] Reagan expressed regret over signing the Therapeutic Abortion Act that allowed abortions in the cases of rape and incest.[141]
Seeking the presidency (1975–1981)
1976 Republican primaries
Main articles: Ronald Reagan 1976 presidential campaign and 1976 Republican Party presidential primaries
Reagan and Gerald Ford shaking hands on the podium after Reagan narrowly lost the nomination at the 1976 Republican National Convention
An insufficient conservative to many Republicans,[142] president Gerald Ford was beset from a series of political and economic woes, and Reagan called for a revitalized party in 1975.[143] Reagan repeated "A Time for Choosing" around the country,[144] and on November 20, he announced his presidential campaign,[145] mentioning economic, social problems and to a lesser extent, foreign affairs.[146] Ford never expected Reagan to run,[147] and in a phone call with him, disagreed with his opinion that a primary challenge would not be divisive nor hurt their party.[148] Ford had never been elected president[145] and ran to be elected in his own right. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 23
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
c4f7259f2beb18c0e2381aef6ff3e451 | [149]
Reagan lost the first five primaries of 1976 including New Hampshire,[150] where he popularized the welfare queen narrative about Linda Taylor,[151] which criticized the welfare state and, according to his Florida campaign chairman, could court racially conservative voters. Though Reagan denied directly appealing to anti-black voters[152] and never overtly mentioned Taylor's name or race,[25] he exaggerated her misuse of welfare benefits and continued to ignite voter resentment for welfare reform.[153] In Florida, Reagan referred to a "'young fellow' buying steak with food stamps",[152] which has been used as an example of dog whistle politics.[154] Reagan also accused Ford for handing the Panama Canal to Panama's government while Ford implied that Reagan would end Social Security. When he finally defeated Ford in North Carolina, party delegates were convinced that Ford's nomination was no longer guaranteed.[155]
Reagan's continuation of attacks on social programs, his opposition to forced busing, and increased backing from supporters of a declining George Wallace presidential campaign led to subsequent victories in Texas, Alabama, Georgia, and Indiana.[156] The result was a seesaw battle with Ford for the minimum of 1,130 delegates required to secure their party's nomination, which neither would reach. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 24
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
a71102e2326998c3bdad54578f98fb51 | [157] Ahead of the Kansas City convention in August,[158] Reagan took John Sears' advice of choosing liberal Richard Schweiker as his running mate to distract Ford. Instead, conservatives were left alienated. Ford would pick up the uncommitted delegates and prevail, earning 1,187 to Reagan's 1,070. Before Ford gave his acceptance speech, he invited Reagan to address the convention. In his speech, Reagan emphasized individual freedom[159] and the dangers of nuclear weapons. In 1977, Ford told Cannon that Reagan's primary challenge contributed to his own narrow loss to Democrat Jimmy Carter in the 1976 United States presidential election.[160]
1980 election
Main articles: Ronald Reagan 1980 presidential campaign and 1980 United States presidential election
1980 electoral vote results
The Panama Canal Treaty's signing, the 1979 oil crisis, and rise in the inflation, interest and unemployment rates helped set up Reagan's 1980 presidential campaign,[161] which he announced in November 1979[162] with an indictment of the federal government.[163] He and many of his Republican primary opponents stressed his fundamental principles of tax cuts to stimulate the economy and having both a small government and strong national defense. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 25
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
7d6127c166d4d9812c54f1c208484fb | [164] Heading into 1980, Reagan's age became an issue among the press, and the United States was in a severe recession.[165] In the primaries, Reagan lost Iowa to George H. W. Bush, but rebounded in New Hampshire. Soon thereafter, Reagan's opponents began dropping out of the primaries, including John B. Anderson, who left the party to become an independent candidate. Reagan captured the presidential nomination with ease and chose Bush as his running mate at the Detroit convention in July.[166]
The general election pitted Reagan against Carter amid the multitude of domestic concerns and ongoing Iran hostage crisis.[167] Carter "suggested that Reagan would wreck Social Security" and portrayed him as a warmonger[168] while Anderson had support from Rockefeller Republicans.[169] In August, Reagan gave a speech at the Neshoba County Fair, stating his belief in states' rights. Joseph Crespino argues that the visit was designed to reach out to Wallace-inclined voters,[170] and some also saw these actions as an extension of the Southern strategy to garner white support for Republican candidates.[171] Reagan's supporters have asserted that this was his typical anti-big government rhetoric, without racial context or intent. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 26
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
194f15c1d39da0b7fbaa3b330b4a511d | [172] During a debate on October 28, Carter correctly chided Reagan for being against health insurance to which Reagan replied, "There you go again", though this caused the audience to laugh and viewers to find him more appealing.[173] He later asked the audience if they were better off than they were four years ago, slightly paraphrasing Roosevelt's words in 1934.[174]
On November 4, Reagan won a decisive victory in the Electoral College over Carter, carrying 44 states and receiving 489 electoral votes to Carter's 49 in six states and the District of Columbia. He won the popular vote by a narrower margin, receiving nearly 51 percent to Carter's 41 percent and Anderson's 7 percent. Republicans also won a majority of seats in the Senate for the first time since 1952.[175] Reagan's win was fueled by evangelical support, including those who were disappointed with Carter's support for abortion.[176] In 1983, Reagan's campaign managers were revealed to have obtained Carter's briefings before the debate.[177]
Presidency (1981–1989)
Main article: Presidency of Ronald Reagan
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Ronald Reagan presidency.
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 27
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
9e7d19c65c69b5687148ef4ce4262163 | Further information: Domestic policy of the Ronald Reagan administration and Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration
First inauguration
Main article: First inauguration of Ronald Reagan
Reagan delivering his inaugural address, January 1981
The 40th president of the United States,[178] Reagan was 69 years, 349 days of age when he was sworn into office for his first term on January 20, 1981, making him the oldest first-term president, a distinction he held until 2017 when Donald Trump was inaugurated at the age of 70 years, 220 days.[179] In his inaugural address, he addressed the country's economic malaise, arguing, "In this present crisis, government is not the solution to our problem, government is the problem."[180] In a final insult to President Carter, Iran waited until Reagan had been sworn in before sending the hostages home.[181]
Assassination attempt
Main article: Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan
On March 30, 1981, Reagan, James Brady, Thomas Delahanty, and Tim McCarthy were struck by gunfire from John Hinckley Jr. outside the Washington Hilton. Although "right on the margin of death" upon arrival at George Washington University Hospital, Reagan underwent surgery and recovered quickly. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 28
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
3eae12cfebc93908552501b8abc0377e | The attempt had a significant influence on his popularity as his approval ratings rapidly rose.[182] Later, Reagan came to believe that God had spared his life so that he might go on to defeat "communism in the Soviet bloc".[183][184]
Supreme Court appointments
Main article: Ronald Reagan Supreme Court candidates
Reagan appointed three associate justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Sandra Day O'Connor in July 1981, Antonin Scalia in 1986, and Anthony Kennedy in 1988. He also appointed William Rehnquist as the chief justice in 1986.[185] The direction of the Supreme Court's reshaping has been described as conservative.[186][187]
Public sector labor union fights
Early in August 1981, the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO) went on strike, violating a federal law prohibiting government unions from striking.[188] On August 3, Reagan said that he would fire air traffic controllers if they did not return to work within 48 hours; according to him, 38 percent did not return. On August 13, Reagan fired roughly 12,000 striking air traffic controllers who ignored his order.[189] He used military controllers[190] and supervisors to handle the nation's commercial air traffic until new controllers could be hired and trained. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 29
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
c1ba4fce3dcfc89300e31a7d46e5704e | [191] The breaking of the PATCO strike demoralized organized labor, and the number of strikes fell greatly in the 1980s.[190] With the assent of Reagan's sympathetic National Labor Relations Board appointees, many companies also won wage and benefit cutbacks from unions, especially in the manufacturing sector.[192] During Reagan's presidency, the share of employees who were part of a labor union dropped from approximately one-fourth of the total workforce to approximately one-sixth of the total workforce.[193]
"Reaganomics" and the economy
Main article: Reaganomics
Taxation
Reagan outlining his plan for tax cuts, July 1981
Reagan advocated a laissez-faire philosophy,[194] and promoted a set of neoliberal reforms dubbed "Reaganomics", which included monetarism and supply-side economics.[195][196] In 1981, he lifted federal oil and gasoline price controls[197] and signed the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981[198] to dramatically lower federal income tax rates and require exemptions and brackets to be indexed for inflation starting in 1985.[199] The Tax Reform Act of 1986 reduced the number of tax brackets and top tax rate, and almost doubled personal exemptions. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 30
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
76c7bd08b1e524a1d985da2a6ee10f3 | [200] Conversely, Reagan raised taxes eleven times,[201] including the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 amid growing concerns about the mounting federal debt.[202] The bill doubled the federal cigarette tax and rescinded a portion of the corporate tax cuts from the 1981 tax bill. By 1983, the amount of federal tax had fallen for all or most taxpayers, but most strongly affected the wealthy.[203]
Reagan proposed that the tax cuts would not increase the deficit as long as there was enough to offset the increase in revenue as part of the Laffer curve.[204] His policies proposed that economic growth would occur when the tax cuts spur investments, which would result in more spending and consumption.[205] Critics labeled this "trickle-down economics", the belief that tax policies that benefit the wealthy will spread to the poor.[206] Milton Friedman and Robert Mundell argued that these policies invigorated America's economy and contributed to the economic boom of the 1990s.[207] As for the 1982 tax increase, many of his supporters condemned the bill, but Reagan defended his preservation of cuts on individual income tax rates. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 31
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
d71cb907b7d8b033fa80726f2cfc7c25 | [208] According to Paul Krugman, "Over all, the 1982 tax increase undid about a third of the 1981 cut; as a share of GDP, the increase was substantially larger than Mr. Clinton's 1993 tax increase."[209]
Inflation and unemployment
Monthly unemployment, inflation, and interest rates from January 1981 to January 1989, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and Federal Reserve Economic Data
Reagan took office in the midst of stagflation.[195] The economy briefly experienced growth before plunging into a recession in July 1981.[210] His approval ratings also began to drop significantly throughout the rest of the year and 1982.[182] Federal Reserve chairman Paul Volcker fought inflation by pursuing a tight money policy of high interest rates,[211] which restricted lending and investment, raised unemployment, and temporarily reduced economic growth.[212] In December 1982, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) measured the unemployment rate at 10.8 percent.[213] Around the same time, economic activity began to rise until its end in 1990, setting the record for the longest peacetime expansion.[214] In 1983, the recession ended[215] and Reagan nominated Volcker to a second term in fear of damaging confidence in the economic recovery. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 32
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
e9e762bb0c3388bb090658aa4e967dc4 | [216] Furthermore, Reagan's approval ratings recovered and remained relatively high for the next four years.[217]
Reagan appointed Alan Greenspan to succeed Volcker in 1987. Greenspan raised interest rates in another attempt to curb inflation, setting off the Black Monday although the markets eventually recovered.[218] By 1989, the BLS measured the unemployment rate at 5.3 percent.[219] The inflation rate dropped from 12 percent during the 1980 election to under 5 percent in 1989. Likewise, the interest rate dropped from 15 percent to under 10 percent.[220] Yet, not all shared equally in the economic recovery, and both economic inequality[221] and the number of homeless individuals increased during the 1980s.[222] Critics have contended that a majority of the jobs created during this decade paid the minimum wage.[223]
Government spending
In 1981, in a effort to keep it solvent, Reagan approved a plan for cuts to Social Security. He later backed off of these plans due to public backlash.[224] He then created the Greenspan Commission to keep Social Security financially secure and in 1983, he signed amendments to raise both the program's payroll taxes and retirement age for benefits. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 33
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
bf2f18dc435dec71a286f664dbb0120a | [225] He had signed the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 to cut funding for federal assistance such as food stamps, unemployment benefits, subsidized housing and the Aid to Families with Dependent Children,[226] and would discontinue the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act.[227] On the other side, defense spending doubled between 1981 and 1985.[228] To discover why the United States was unable to maintain its economic competitiveness, Project Socrates was initiated within the Defense Intelligence Agency. According to program director Michael Sekora, their findings helped the country exceed Soviet missile defense technology.[229] However, the incoming Bush administration strangled the program's philosophy.[230]
Deregulation
Reagan sought to loosen federal regulation of economic activities, and he appointed key officials who shared this agenda. William Leuchtenburg writes that by 1986, the Reagan administration eliminated almost half of the federal regulations that had existed in 1981.[231] The 1982 Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act deregulated savings and loan associations by letting them make a variety of loans and investments outside of real estate.[232] After the bill's passage, savings and loans associations engaged in riskier activities, and the leaders of some institutions embezzled funds. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 34
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
fea0c38c9a045d2f457042e4c7f855d | The administration's inattentiveness toward the industry contributed to the savings and loan crisis and costly bailouts.[233]
Deficits
The deficits were exacerbated by the early 1980s recession, which cut into federal revenue.[234] The national debt tripled between the fiscal years of 1980 and 1989, and the national debt as a percentage of the gross domestic product rose from 33 percent in 1981 to 53 percent by 1989. During his time in office, Reagan never submitted a balanced budget. The United States borrowed heavily in order to cover newly spawned federal budget deficits.[235] Reagan described the tripled debt the "greatest disappointment of his presidency".[236] Jeffrey Frankel opined that the deficits were a major reason why Reagan's successor, Bush, reneged on his campaign promise by raising taxes through the Budget Enforcement Act of 1990.[237]
Civil rights
Reagan during his Radio Address to the Nation on Civil Rights at Camp David, 1985
Despite Reagan having opposed the Voting Rights Act of 1965,[26] the bill was extended for 25 years in 1982. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 35
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
240ba702781905c92d25bd6707ed4fb3 | [238] He initially opposed the establishment of Martin Luther King Jr. Day,[239] but signed a veto-proof bill to create the holiday in 1983, and also alluded to claims that King was associated with communists during his career.[240] In 1984, he signed legislation intended to impose fines for fair housing discrimination offenses.[241] In March 1988, Reagan vetoed the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987, but Congress overrode his veto. He had argued that the bill unreasonably increased the federal government's power and undermined the rights of churches and business owners.[242] Later in September, legislation was passed[243] to correct loopholes in the Fair Housing Act of 1968.[244]
Early in his presidency, Reagan appointed Clarence M. Pendleton Jr. as chair of the United States Commission on Civil Rights to criticism for politicizing the agency. Pendleton and Reagan's subsequent appointees steered the commission in line with Reagan's views on civil rights, arousing the ire of civil rights advocates. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 36
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
10001644ad464930e72d204ee769d63f | [245] In 1987, Reagan unsuccessfully nominated Robert Bork to the Supreme Court as a way to achieve his civil rights policy that could not be fulfilled during his presidency; his administration had opposed affirmative action, particularly in education, federal assistance programs, housing and employment,[246] but Reagan reluctantly continued these policies.[247] In housing, Reagan's administration saw considerably fewer fair housing cases filed than the three previous administrations.[248] Reagan's recasting of civil rights through reduced enforcement of civil rights laws has been regarded as the largest since Lyndon B. Johnson's presidency.[249][250]
War on drugs
Main article: War on drugs
Reagan signing the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986, October
In response to concerns about the increasing crack epidemic, Reagan intensified the war on drugs in 1982.[251] While the American public did not see drugs as an important issue then, the FBI, Drug Enforcement Administration and the United States Department of Defense all increased their anti-drug funding immensely.[252] Reagan's administration publicized the campaign to gain support after crack became widespread in 1985.[253] Reagan signed the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 and 1988 to specify penalties for drug offenses.[254] Both bills were criticized for promoting racial disparities. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 37
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
5c1b379325f1f1d405adc67c6df25def | [255] Additionally, Nancy Reagan founded the "Just Say No" campaign to discourage others from engaging in recreational drug use and raise awareness about the dangers of drugs.[256] A 1988 study showed 39 percent of high school seniors using illegal drugs compared to 53 percent in 1980,[257] but Scott Lilienfeld and Hal Arkowitz say that the success of these types of campaigns have not been found to be affirmatively proven.[258]
Escalation of the Cold War
Further information: Cold War (1979–1985)
Reagan meeting with Afghan mujahideen leaders, February 1983
Reagan ordered a massive defense buildup;[259] he revived the B-1 Lancer program that had been canceled by the Carter administration,[260] and deployed the MX missile.[261] In response to Soviet deployment of the SS-20, he oversaw NATO's deployment of the Pershing missile in Western Europe.[262] In 1982, Reagan tried to cut off the Soviet Union's access to hard currency by impeding its proposed gas line to Western Europe. It hurt the Soviet economy, but it also caused ill will among American allies in Europe who counted on that revenue; he retreated on this issue. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 38
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
96e046bc12dfc2607e9e546f11af386b | [263] In March 1983, Reagan introduced the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) to protect the United States from space intercontinental ballistic missiles. He believed that this defense shield could protect the country from nuclear destruction.[264] There was much disbelief surrounding the program's scientific feasibility, leading opponents to dub the SDI "Star Wars",[265] though Soviet leader Yuri Andropov said it would lead to "an extremely dangerous path".[266]
In a 1982 address to the British Parliament, Reagan said, "the march of freedom and democracy ... will leave Marxism–Leninism on the ash heap of history."[267] David Cannadine says of Margaret Thatcher that "Reagan had been grateful for her interest in him at a time when the British establishment refused to take him seriously" with the two agreeing on "building up stronger defenses against Soviet Russia" and both believing in outfacing "what Reagan would later call 'the evil empire'"[268] in reference to the Soviet Union during a speech to the National Association of Evangelicals in March 1983.[232] After Soviet fighters downed Korean Air Lines Flight 007 in September, which included Larry McDonald and 61 other Americans, Reagan expressed outrage towards the Soviet Union. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 39
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
dd829da758967f8c74cc3a82d7f6b4a3 | [269] The next day, reports suggested that the Soviets had fired on the plane by mistake.[270] In spite of the harsh rhetoric,[271] Reagan's administration continued discussions with the Soviet Union on START I.[272]
Although the Reagan administration agreed with the communist government in China to reduce the sale of arms to Taiwan in 1982,[273] Reagan himself was the first president to reject containment and détente, and to put into practice the concept that the Soviet Union could be defeated rather than simply negotiated with.[274] His covert aid to Afghan mujahideen forces against the Soviets[275] has been given credit for assisting in ending the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan.[276] However, some of the American-funded armaments introduced then would later pose a threat to American troops in the 2001–2021 war in Afghanistan.[277] In his 1985 State of the Union Address, Reagan proclaimed, "Support for freedom fighters is self-defense."[278] Through the Reagan Doctrine, his administration supported anti-communist resistance movements in an effort to rollback Soviet-backed communist governments.[279] Critics have felt that the administration ignored the human rights violations in the countries they backed,[280][281] including genocide in Guatemala and mass killings in Chad. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 40
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
fcf89059dee665cb1e586e0acb190a82 | [282][283]
Invasion of Grenada
Main article: United States invasion of Grenada
Reagan discussing the Grenada situation with a bipartisan group of members of Congress, October 1983
On October 19, 1983, Grenadan leader Maurice Bishop was overthrown and murdered by one of his colleagues. Several days later, Reagan ordered American forces to invade Grenada. Reagan cited a regional threat posed by a Soviet-Cuban military build-up in the Caribbean nation and concern for the safety of hundreds of American medical students at St. George's University as adequate reasons to invade. Two days of fighting commenced, resulting in an American victory.[284] While the invasion enjoyed public support in the United States, it was criticized internationally, with the United Nations General Assembly voting to censure the American government.[285] Regardless, Cannon later noted that throughout Reagan's 1984 presidential campaign, the invasion overshadowed the 1983 Beirut barracks bombings,[286] which killed 241 Americans taking part in an international peacekeeping operation.[125]
1984 election
Main articles: Ronald Reagan 1984 presidential campaign and 1984 United States presidential election
1984 electoral vote results
Reagan announced his reelection campaign on January 29, 1984, declaring, "America is back and standing tall. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 41
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
73537819f3bcc05d69ee6fb500b553f7 | "[287] In February, his administration reversed the unpopular decision to send the United States Marine Corps to Lebanon, thus eliminating a political liability for him. Reagan faced minimal opposition in the Republican primaries,[288] and he and Bush accepted the nomination at the the Dallas convention in August.[289] In the general election, his campaign ran the commercial, "Morning in America".[290] At a time when the American economy was already recovering,[215] former vice president Walter Mondale[291] was attacked by Reagan's campaign as a "tax-and-spend Democrat", while Mondale criticized the deficit, the SDI, and Reagan's civil rights policy. However, Reagan's age induced his campaign managers to minimize his public appearances. Mondale's campaign believed that Reagan's age and mental health were issues before the October presidential debates.[292]
Following Reagan's performance in the first debate where he struggled to recall statistics, his age was brought up by the media in negative fashion, and some respondents reconsidered voting for him. Reagan's campaign changed his tactics for the second debate where he quipped, "I will not make age an issue of this campaign. I am not going to exploit, for political purposes, my opponent's youth and inexperience." | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 42
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
9d4461c7668fb00244b6d1a98f8d19a | This remark generated applause and laughter,[293] even from Mondale. At that point, Broder suggested that age was no longer a liability for Reagan,[294] and Mondale's campaign felt that "the election was over".[295] In November, Reagan won a landslide reelection victory with 59 percent of the popular vote and 525 electoral votes. Mondale won 41 percent of the popular vote and 13 electoral votes from the District of Columbia and his home state of Minnesota.[296]
Response to the AIDS epidemic
Reagan has been criticized for his delayed and muted response to the AIDS epidemic. This 1987 art installation by ACT UP quotes Reagan on AIDS with a blank slate, representing total silence.
The AIDS epidemic began to unfold in 1981,[297] and AIDS was initially difficult to understand for physicians and the public.[298] As the epidemic advanced, according to White House physician and later physician to the president, brigadier general John Hutton, Reagan thought of AIDS as though "it was the measles and would go away". However, the October 1985 death of his friend Rock Hudson changed Reagan's view; Reagan approached Hutton for more information on the disease. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 43
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
af9b5462a10b0082637868b9767c872e | In 1986, Reagan asked C. Everett Koop to draw up a report on the AIDS issue. Koop angered many evangelical conservatives, both in and out of the Reagan administration, by stressing the importance of sex education including condom usage in schools.[299] A year later, Reagan, who reportedly had not read the report,[300] gave his first speech on the epidemic when 36,058 Americans had been diagnosed with AIDS, and 20,849 had died of it.[301]
Scholars and AIDS activists have argued that the Reagan administration largely ignored the AIDS crisis.[302][303][304] Randy Shilts and Michael Bronski said that AIDS research was chronically underfunded during Reagan's administration, and Bronski added that requests for more funding by doctors at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were routinely denied.[305][306] In a September 1985 press conference, after Hudson announced his AIDS diagnosis, Reagan called a government AIDS research program a "top priority", but also cited budgetary constraints.[307] Between the fiscal years of 1984 and 1989, federal spending on AIDS totaled $5.6 billion. The Reagan administration proposed $2.8 billion during this time period, but pressure from congressional Democrats resulted in the larger amount. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 44
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
249e0cfc97004e160c4aec7f0fe4a0a2 | [308]
Addressing apartheid
Shortly after the 1984 election, Reagan met Desmond Tutu, who described Reagan's administration as "an unmitigated disaster for us blacks",[309] and Reagan himself as "a racist pure and simple".[310]
Opposition to apartheid strengthened during Reagan's first term in office as its component disinvestment from South Africa movement, which had been in existence for quite some years. The opposition also gained critical mass following in the United States, particularly on college campuses and among mainline Protestant denominations.[311][312] President Reagan was opposed to divestiture because, as he wrote in a letter to Sammy Davis Jr., it "would hurt the very people we are trying to help and would leave us no contact within South Africa to try and bring influence to bear on the government". He also noted the fact that the "American-owned industries there employ more than 80,000 blacks" and that their employment practices were "very different from the normal South African customs".[313] The anti-communist focus of Reagan's administration lent itself to closer ties with the apartheid regime of South Africa, particularly with regards to matters pertaining to nuclear weapons. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 45
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
db57f99760616a710684a991e4310db2 | [314]
The Reagan administration developed constructive engagement[315] with the South African government as a means of encouraging it to move away from apartheid gradually. It was part of a larger initiative designed to foster peaceful economic development and political change throughout southern Africa.[316] This policy, however, engendered much public criticism, and renewed calls for the imposition of stringent sanctions.[317] In response, Reagan announced the imposition of new sanctions on the South African government, including an arms embargo in late 1985.[318] These sanctions were seen as weak by anti-apartheid activists and as insufficient by the president's opponents in Congress.[317] In 1986, Congress approved the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act, which included tougher sanctions; Reagan's veto was overridden by Congress. Afterward, he remained opposed to apartheid and unsure of "how best to oppose it". Several European countries, as well as Japan, also imposed their sanctions on South Africa soon after.[319]
Libya bombing
Main article: 1986 United States bombing of Libya
Reagan and Margaret Thatcher, November 1986
Relations between Libya and the United States under President Reagan were continually contentious, beginning with the 1981 Gulf of Sidra incident. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 46
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
58ede41ccc2e27b5f27774a32ab3843f | By 1982, Muammar Gaddafi was considered by the Central Intelligence Agency to be, along with Leonid Brezhnev and Fidel Castro, part of a group known as the "unholy trinity" and was also labeled as "our international public enemy number one" by a CIA official.[320] These tensions were later revived in early April 1986 when a bomb exploded in a Berlin discothèque, injuring 63 American military personnel and killing one serviceman. Stating that there was "irrefutable proof" that Libya had directed the "terrorist bombing", Reagan authorized the use of force against the country. In the late evening of April 15, 1986, the United States launched a series of airstrikes on ground targets in Libya.[321]
Thatcher allowed the United States Air Force to use Britain's air bases to launch the attack, on the justification that the United Kingdom was supporting America's right to self-defense under Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations.[321] The attack was, according to Reagan, designed to halt Gaddafi's "ability to export terrorism", offering him "incentives and reasons to alter his criminal behavior". | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 47
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
733098310c93b9069f54b40a5761a065 | [322] The attack was condemned by many countries; by an overwhelming vote, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution to condemn the attack and deem it a violation of the Charter and international law.[323]
Iran–Contra affair
Main article: Iran–Contra affair
Reagan receiving the Tower Commission Report on the Iran–Contra affair, February 1987
Reagan authorized William J. Casey to arm the Contras, fearing that Communists would take over Nicaragua if it remained under the leadership of the Sandinistas. Congress passed the 1982 Boland Amendment, prohibiting the CIA and United States Department of Defense from using their budgets to provide aid to the Contras. Still, the Reagan administration raised funds for the Contras from private donors and foreign governments.[324] When Congress learned that the CIA had secretly placed naval mines in Nicaraguan harbors, Congress passed a second Boland Amendment that barred granting any assistance to the Contras.[325] In reaction to the role Israel and the United States played in the Lebanese Civil War, Hezbollah began to take American hostages, holding eight Americans by the middle of 1985. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 48
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
bb0cadb3b172665b9462b61ab0f85cf3 | [326]
Reagan procured the release of seven American hostages held by Hezbollah by selling American arms to Iran, then engaged in the Iran–Iraq War, in hopes that Iran would pressure Hezbollah to release the hostages.[327] The Reagan administration sold over 2,000 missiles to Iran without informing Congress; Hezbollah released four hostages but captured an additional six Americans. On Oliver North's initiative, the administration redirected the proceeds from the missile sales to the Contras.[327] The transactions were exposed by Ash-Shiraa in early November 1986. Reagan initially denied any wrongdoing, but on November 25, he announced that John Poindexter and North had left the administration and that he would form the Tower Commission to investigate the transactions. A few weeks later, Reagan asked a panel of federal judges to appoint a special prosecutor who would conduct a separate investigation.[328]
The Tower Commission released a report in February 1987 confirming that the administration had traded arms for hostages and sent the proceeds of the weapons sales to the Contras. The report laid most of the blame on North, Poindexter, and Robert McFarlane, but it was also critical of Donald Regan and other White House staffers. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 49
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
8257472b33e7cf9e5f55bd0b1270f766 | [329] Investigators did not find conclusive proof that Reagan had known about the aid provided to the Contras, but the report noted that Reagan had "created the conditions which made possible the crimes committed by others" and had "knowingly participated or acquiesced in covering up the scandal."[330] The affair damaged the administration and raised questions about Reagan's competency and the wisdom of conservative policies.[331] The administration's credibility was also badly damaged on the international stage as it had violated its own arms embargo on Iran.[332]
Soviet decline and thaw in relations
Further information: Cold War (1985–1991)
Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan signing the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, December 1987
Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1985.[333] Although the Soviets did not accelerate military spending in response to Reagan's military buildup,[334] their enormous military expenses, in combination with collectivized agriculture and inefficient planned manufacturing, were a heavy burden for the Soviet economy. At the same time, the prices of oil, the primary source of Soviet export revenues, fell to one third of the previous level in 1985. These factors contributed to a stagnant economy during Gorbachev's tenure. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 50
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
42ca2c2f551bb5f706717ec836e23954 | [335]
Reagan's foreign policy towards the Soviets wavered between brinkmanship and cooperation.[336] Reagan appreciated Gorbachev's revolutionary change in the direction of the Soviet policy and shifted to diplomacy, intending to encourage him to pursue substantial arms agreements.[274] They held four summit conferences between 1985 and 1988.[337] Reagan believed that if he could persuade the Soviets to allow for more democracy and free speech, this would lead to reform and the end of communism.[338] The critical summit was in Reykjavík in 1986, where they agreed to abolish all nuclear weapons. However, Gorbachev added the condition that SDI research must be confined to laboratories during the ten-year period when disarmament would take place. Reagan refused, stating that it was defensive only and that he would share the secrets with the Soviets, thus failing to reach a deal.[339]
In June 1987, Reagan addressed Gorbachev during a speech at the Berlin Wall, demanding that he "tear down this wall". The remark was ignored at the time, but after the wall fell in November 1989, it was retroactively recast as a soaring achievement. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 51
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
9f3232a0fcb533d0e289f971859eb3cd | [340][341][342] In December 1987, Reagan and Gorbachev met again at the Washington Summit[343] to sign the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, committing to the total abolition of their respective short-range and medium-range missile stockpiles.[344] The treaty established an inspections regime designed to ensure that both parties honored the agreement.[345] In May 1988, the U.S. Senate overwhelmingly voted in favor of ratifying the treaty,[346] providing a major boost to Reagan's popularity in the aftermath of the Iran–Contra affair. A new era of trade and openness between the two powers commenced, and the United States and Soviet Union cooperated on international issues such as the Iran–Iraq War.[347]
Post-presidency (1989–2004)
Reagan and Gorbachev at Rancho del Cielo, 1992Nancy and Ronald Reagan with a model of USS Ronald Reagan, 1996
After leaving the presidency on January 20, 1989,[348] Ronald and Nancy Reagan settled in a home in Bel Air, in addition to Rancho del Cielo in Santa Barbara.[349] He received multiple awards and honors,[350] and regularly attended Bel Air Church.[351] In 1991, the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library opened. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 52
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
fe9ee69c7b67f98b8a5fd67cf55ca5db | [352] On April 13, 1992, Reagan was assaulted by Richard Springer while accepting an award from the National Association of Broadcasters in Las Vegas,[353] though Reagan was not injured.[354] Reagan also addressed the 1992 Republican National Convention,[355] and spoke publicly in favor of the Brady Bill,[356] a constitutional amendment requiring a balanced budget, and the repeal of the 22nd Amendment. His final public speech occurred on February 3, 1994, during a tribute to him in Washington, D.C.; his last major public appearance was at the funeral of Richard Nixon on April 27, 1994.[357]
In August 1994, Reagan was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, which he announced through a handwritten letter in November.[358] There was speculation over how long he had demonstrated symptoms of mental degeneration,[359] but lay observations that he suffered from Alzheimer's while still in office have been widely refuted by medical experts;[360][361][362] his doctors said that he first began exhibiting overt symptoms of the illness in late 1992[363] or 1993.[362] Over time, the disease destroyed Reagan's mental capacity, leaving him able to recognize only a few people including his wife. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 53
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
5b923413212b0ed1c1105f7d7e70f819 | Still, he continued to walk through parks and on beaches, playing golf, and until 1999, go to his office in nearby Century City.[362] Eventually, his family decided that he would live in quiet semi-isolation with his wife,[364] who became a stem-cell research advocate, believing that it could lead to a cure for Alzheimer's.[365]
Reagan died of pneumonia, complicated by Alzheimer's,[366] at his home in Los Angeles, on June 5, 2004.[367] President George W. Bush called Reagan's death "a sad hour in the life of America".[368] His public funeral was held in the Washington National Cathedral,[369] where eulogies were given by Margaret Thatcher, Brian Mulroney, George H. W. Bush, and George W. Bush.[370] Other world leaders attended including Mikhail Gorbachev.[371] Reagan, then the longest-lived American president at 93 years and 120 days,[372] was interred at his library.[370]
Legacy
See also: List of things named after Ronald Reagan and Cultural depictions of Ronald Reagan
Historical reputation
This section contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information. Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject's importance, use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 54
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
2456dbebe63cdd16c951efacdc791020 | (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Ronald Reagan in the National Statuary Hall Collection
As British historian M. J. Heale summarized, historians have reached a broad consensus that Reagan rehabilitated conservatism, turned the nation to the right, practiced a considerably pragmatic conservatism that balanced ideology and the constraints of politics, revived faith in the presidency and American exceptionalism, and contributed to victory in the Cold War,[373][374] which ended with the Soviet Union's dissolution in 1991.[375] Many conservative and liberal scholars agree that Reagan has been the most influential president since Roosevelt, leaving his imprint on American politics, diplomacy, culture, and economics through his effective communication of his conservative agenda and pragmatic compromising.[376] During the initial years of Reagan's post-presidency, historical rankings placed his presidency in the twenties.[377] Throughout the 2000s and 2010s, his presidency often scored in the top ten.[378][379]
Many proponents, including his Cold War contemporaries,[380][381] believe that his defense policies, economic policies, military policies, and hard-line rhetoric against the Soviet Union and communism, together with his summits with Gorbachev, played a significant part in ending the Cold War. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 55
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
9ea79ca7502761e666bf0b96873f84be | [382][274] In reverse, professor Jeffrey Knopf argues that being labeled "evil" probably made no difference to the Soviets but gave encouragement to the East-European citizens opposed to communism.[274] President Truman's policy of containment is also regarded as a force behind the fall of the Soviet Union, and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan undermined the Soviet system itself.[383] Nevertheless, Melvyn P. Leffler called Reagan "Gorbachev's minor, yet indispensable partner, setting the framework for the dramatic changes that neither anticipated happening anytime soon".[384]
Reagan was known for storytelling and humor,[385] which involved puns[386] and self-deprecation.[387] He had the ability to offer comfort to Americans during the aftermath of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.[388] He also had close friendships with many political leaders across the globe, especially the two strong conservatives Thatcher and Mulroney. Reagan and Thatcher provided mutual support in terms of fighting liberalism, reducing the welfare state, and dealing with the Soviet Union.[389] Reagan's ability to talk about substantive issues with understandable terms and to focus on mainstream American concerns earned him the laudatory moniker the "Great Communicator". | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 56
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
51abeef71de69711de3f29e090ededd1 | [390][385] He also earned the nickname "Teflon President" in that public perceptions of him were not substantially tarnished by the multitude of controversies that arose during his administration.[391][392]
Political influence
Reagan led a new conservative movement, altering the political dynamic of the United States.[393] Conservatism became the dominant ideology for Republicans, displacing the party's faction of liberals and moderates.[394] His presidency resulted in Reagan Democrats. More men voted Republican and Reagan tapped into religious voters.[393] He often emphasized family values, despite being the first president to have been divorced.[395] Reagan was also supported by young voters, an allegiance that shifted many of them to the party.[396] He attempted to appeal to black voters in 1980,[397] but would receive the lowest black vote for a Republican presidential candidate at the time.[398] Throughout Reagan's presidency, Republicans were unable to gain complete control of Congress.[399]
The period of American history most dominated by Reagan and his policies that concerned taxes, welfare, defense, the federal judiciary, and the Cold War is known as the Reagan era, which emphasized that the Reagan Revolution had a permanent impact on the United States in domestic and foreign policy. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 57
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
702d5836af6410db395c7bae0ee07ebb | The Bill Clinton administration is often treated as an extension of the era, as is the George W. Bush administration.[400] Since 1988, Republican presidential candidates have invoked Reagan's policies and beliefs.[401] Carlos Lozada noted Trump's praising of Reagan in a book he published during his 2016 campaign.[402]
References
.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}
^ Holmes 2020, p. 210.
^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}Oliver, Myrna (October 11, 1995). "Robert H. Finch, Lt. Gov. Under Reagan, Dies : Politics: Leader in California GOP was 70. He also served in Nixon's Cabinet and as President's special counselor and campaign manager". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 26, 2022. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
^ Chang, Cindy (December 25, 2016). "Ed Reinecke, who resigned as California's lieutenant governor after a perjury conviction, dies at 92". Los Angeles Times. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 58
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
34fc7e1819ac7452262b6759acd76f1a | Archived from the original on December 26, 2022. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
^ South, Garry (May 21, 2018). "California's lieutenant governors rarely move up to the top job". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on December 26, 2022. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
^ The Chairman's Report - 1968: To the Members of the Republican National Committee Jan. 16-17, 1969. Republican National Committee. January 1969. p. 41. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
^ Synergy, Volumes 13-30. Bay Area Reference Center. 1969. p. 41. Retrieved January 16, 2023. Governor Raymond Shafer of Pennsylvania was elected on December 13 to succeed Governor Ronald Reagan as Chairman of the Republican Governors Association.
^ Kengor 2004, p. 5.
^ Jump up to: a b Kengor 2004, p. 12.
^ Spitz 2018, p. 36.
^ Kengor 2004, p. 48.
^ Kengor 2004, p. 10.
^ Vaughn 1995, p. 109.
^ Jump up to: a b Pemberton 1997, p. 5.
^ Kengor 2004, p. 4.
^ Kengor 2004, pp. 4–5.
^ Brands 2015, p. 10.
^ Woodard 2012, p. 4.
^ Brands 2015, p. 14.
^ Brands 2015, p. 16.
^ Jump up to: a b Pemberton 1997, p. 10.
^ Brands 2015, p. 17.
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 59
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
7c9f6e2232d4e74ec9e48650339f654b | ^ Brands 2015, p. 20.
^ Pemberton 1997, p. 11.
^ Jump up to: a b Longley et al. 2015, p. 73.
^ Jump up to: a b Cannon 2000, p. 457.
^ Jump up to: a b c Cannon 2000, p. 458.
^ Primuth 2016, p. 42.
^ Murray 1999, p. 207.
^ Ronald W. Reagan Society of Eureka College. "Visit Reagan's Campus". eureka.edu. Eureka College. Retrieved February 19, 2023. Ronald Reagan graduated from Eureka College in 1932 with a degree in economics and sociology...
^ Jump up to: a b c Vaughn 1994, p. 37.
^ Brands 2015, pp. 24–26.
^ Brands 2015, pp. 29–30.
^ Woodard 2012, pp. 18–19.
^ Brands 2015, p. 39–40.
^ Freie 2015, pp. 43–44.
^ Jump up to: a b Vaughn 1994, p. 30.
^ Cannon 2001, pp. 13–15.
^ Woodard 2012, pp. 25–26.
^ Jump up to: a b Friedrich 1997, p. 89.
^ Cannon 2003, p. 59.
^ Jump up to: a b Vaughn 1994, p. 236.
^ Vaughn 1994, p. 312.
^ Brands 2015, p. 54.
^ Oliver & Marion 2010, p. 148.
^ Vaughn 1994, p. 96.
^ Jump up to: a b Woodard 2012, p. 26.
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 60
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
97016b7d5574012292aa86c7eb223212 | ^ Brands 2015, pp. 54–55.
^ Oliver & Marion 2010, pp. 148–149.
^ Jump up to: a b Woodard 2012, p. 27.
^ Jump up to: a b Oliver & Marion 2010, p. 149.
^ Brands 2015, pp. 57.
^ Cannon 2003, p. 86.
^ Vaughn 1994, p. 133.
^ Vaughn 1994, p. 146.
^ Vaughn 1994, p. 154.
^ Pemberton 1997, p. 32.
^ Cannon 2003, p. 97.
^ Cannon 2003, p. 98.
^ Brands 2015, p. 89.
^ Eliot 2008, p. 266.
^ Vaughn 1994, p. 179.
^ Pemberton 1997, p. 35.
^ "Reagan Heads Actors Guild". The Arizona Republic. United Press International. November 17, 1959. p. 47. Retrieved February 10, 2023 – via NewspaperArchive.
^ Cannon 2003, pp. 111–112.
^ Landesman 2015, p. 173.
^ Brands 2015, p. 43.
^ Jump up to: a b c Woodard 2012, p. 23.
^ Woodard 2012, p. 25.
^ Dick 2014, p. 88.
^ Jump up to: a b Woodard 2012, p. 29.
^ Cannon 2003, pp. 73–74.
^ Brands 2015, p. 109.
^ Brands 2015, p. 113.
^ Brands 2015, p. 199.
^ Vaughn 1994, p. 232.
^ Brands 2015, p. 120.
^ Metzger 1989, p. 26.
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 61
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
73f65b59c22038bf32833aaf2a564ce8 | ^ Brands 2015, p. 122.
^ Brands 2015, pp. 131–132.
^ Brands 2015, p. 145.
^ Pemberton 1997, p. 36.
^ Yager 2006, pp. 12–13.
^ Jump up to: a b Woodard 2012, p. 28.
^ Pemberton 1997, p. 139.
^ Lettow 2006, pp. 4–5.
^ Woodard 2012, p. 49.
^ Jump up to: a b Cannon 2000, p. 53.
^ Cannon 2003, p. 108.
^ Jump up to: a b Gormley 2016, p. 540.
^ Evans 2006, p. 21.
^ Evans 2006, p. 4.
^ Skidmore 2008, p. 103.
^ Onge 2017, p. 240.
^ Cannon 2003, p. 112.
^ Jump up to: a b Woodard 2012, p. 55.
^ Cannon 2003, p. 132.
^ Reagan 1989, p. 27.
^ Reagan 1989, pp. 99–100.
^ Cannon 2003, p. 141.
^ Brands 2015, p. 148.
^ Brands 2015, p. 149.
^ Cannon 2003, p. 142.
^ Brands 2015, p. 150.
^ Cannon 2003, p. 147.
^ Putnam 2006, p. 27.
^ Jump up to: a b Cannon 2003, pp. 147–148.
^ Cannon 2003, p. 137.
^ Jump up to: a b Pemberton 1997, p. 69.
^ Cannon 2003, p. 149.
^ Woodard 2012, p. 59.
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 62
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
fee430c1e273c4ad4c34815ed954ad44 | ^ Jump up to: a b Cannon 2003, p. 159.
^ Cannon 2003, p. 158.
^ Cannon 2003, p. 160.
^ Cannon 2003, p. 5.
^ Woodard 2012, p. 64.
^ Brands 2015, p. 159.
^ Brands 2015, p. 157.
^ Putnam 2006, p. 26.
^ Johns 2015, pp. 47–48.
^ Cannon 2003, p. 370.
^ Jump up to: a b Hayes, Fortunato & Hibbing 2020, p. 819.
^ Carter 2002, p. 493.
^ Garrow 2007, p. 652.
^ Pemberton 1997, p. 76.
^ Jump up to: a b Lawrence 2021, p. 176.
^ Sieg 1996, p. 1062.
^ Gould 2010, pp. 92–93.
^ Gould 2010, pp. 96–97.
^ Cannon 2003, pp. 291–295.
^ Woodard 2012, pp. 73, 75.
^ Woodard 2012, p. 75.
^ Brands 2015, pp. 179–181.
^ Rich, Spencer (March 30, 1981). "Reagan's Workfare Program Failed in California, Report Reveals". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 24, 2022. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
^ Cannon 2003, p. 755.
^ Clabaugh 2004, p. 257.
^ Cannon 2003, p. 296.
^ Cannon 2003, p. 388.
^ Cannon 2003, p. 224.
^ Reagan 2011, p. 67.
^ Cannon 2003, p. 213.
^ Cannon 2003, p. 209.
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 63
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
443c2bdee7db4f7222ad8fbe9f5fc145 | ^ Primuth 2016, p. 45.
^ Woodard 2012, pp. 84–87.
^ Brands 2015, p. 193.
^ Jump up to: a b Cannon 2003, p. 409.
^ Primuth 2016, p. 47.
^ Cannon 2013, p. 388.
^ Cannon 2013, p. 402.
^ Cannon 2003, p. 405.
^ Woodard 2012, pp. 89–90.
^ Boris 2007, pp. 612–613.
^ Jump up to: a b Primuth 2016, p. 48.
^ Boris 2007, p. 613.
^ Haney López 2014, p. 4.
^ Woodard 2012, pp. 90–91.
^ Primuth 2016, pp. 49–50.
^ Woodard 2012, pp. 92–93.
^ Boller 2004, p. 345.
^ Woodard 2012, pp. 93–94.
^ Cannon 2003, pp. 432, 434.
^ Woodard 2012, pp. 100–101.
^ Pemberton 1997, p. 86.
^ Woodard 2012, p. 102.
^ Pemberton 1997, pp. 86–87.
^ Woodard 2012, pp. 102–103.
^ Pemberton 1997, pp. 87–89.
^ Pemberton 1997, pp. 89–90.
^ Cannon 2001, pp. 83–84.
^ Woodard 2012, p. 110.
^ Crespino 2021, p. 1.
^ Herbert, Bob (October 6, 2005). "Impossible, Ridiculous, Repugnant". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 29, 2022. Retrieved December 29, 2022.
^ Murdock, Deroy (November 20, 2007). "Reagan, No Racist". National Review. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 64
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
16a5f30cdbc055f7ccab361c551fff98 | Archived from the original on December 29, 2022. Retrieved December 29, 2022.
^ Brands 2015, pp. 228–229.
^ Cannon 2001, p. 83.
^ Cannon 2001, p. 87.
^ Woodard 2012, pp. 105–106.
^ Boller 2004, p. 368.
^ Woodard 2012, p. xiv.
^ Massie, Graeme (April 24, 2022). "How old is Donald Trump and how does his age compare to other US presidents?". The Independent. Archived from the original on December 21, 2022. Retrieved December 21, 2022.
^ Woodard 2012, p. 117.
^ Patterson 2005, p. 126.
^ Jump up to: a b Cannon 2000, p. 197.
^ Kengor 2004, p. 210.
^ Schweizer, Peter (October 30, 2002). "Ronald Reagan's One Big Thing". Hoover Institution. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
^ Pemberton 1997, pp. 147–148.
^ Shull 1993, p. 44.
^ Pemberton 1997, p. 148.
^ Rossinow 2015, pp. 85–86.
^ Pemberton 1997, p. 107.
^ Jump up to: a b Patterson 2005, p. 158.
^ Rossinow 2015, p. 86.
^ Rossinow 2015, p. 88.
^ Patterson 2005, p. 170.
^ Karaagac 2002, p. 113.
^ Jump up to: a b Li 2013, p. 221.
^ Gerstle 2022, p. 107.
^ Graetz 2012, p. 34.
^ Pemberton 1997, p. 103.
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 65
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
1fecc809417c900bfdef44fa7c8e6987 | ^ Steuerle 1992, p. 42.
^ Pemberton 1997, p. 145.
^ Bartlett 2012, p. 44.
^ Pemberton 1997, p. 127.
^ Rossinow 2015, p. 62–63.
^ Pemberton 1997, p. 96.
^ Woodard 2012, p. 119.
^ Cannon 2000, p. 222.
^ "Reagan's Economic Legacy". Bloomberg Businessweek. June 21, 2004. Archived from the original on June 6, 2012. Retrieved December 30, 2022.
^ Pemberton 1997, p. 128.
^ Krugman, Paul (June 8, 2004). "The Great Taxer". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 20, 2022. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
^ Rossinow 2015, p. 90.
^ Brands 2015, p. 318.
^ Rossinow 2015, pp. 89–90.
^ DeGrasse 1983, p. 14.
^ Sinai 1992, p. 1.
^ Jump up to: a b Brands 2015, p. 452.
^ Brands 2015, p. 668.
^ Cannon 2000, p. 237.
^ Brands 2015, pp. 669–671.
^ Li 2013, p. 219.
^ Pemberton 1997, p. 206.
^ Patterson 2005, pp. 166–167.
^ Rossinow 2015, pp. 144–145.
^ Pemberton 1997, p. 207.
^ Brands 2015, pp. 300–303.
^ Patterson 2005, pp. 163–164.
^ Pemberton 1997, pp. 102–103.
^ Patterson 2005, p. 157.
^ Bowman, Tom (June 8, 2004). "Reagan guided huge buildup in arms race". | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 66
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
eef59291dd919adadf095115d866b30 | The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on January 1, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2023.
^ Shinal, John (July 1, 2017). "Trump taking wrong approach to China, says Reagan official who helped 'Star Wars' beat the Soviets". CNBC. Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
^ Fialka 1999, p. 8.
^ Leuchtenburg 2015, pp. 602–604.
^ Jump up to: a b Pemberton 1997, p. 130.
^ Patterson 2005, p. 175.
^ Leuchtenburg 2015, pp. 605–606.
^ Patterson 2005, pp. 158–159.
^ Cannon 2001, p. 128.
^ Frankel, Jeffrey (December 11, 2018). "George HW Bush was fiscally responsible – unlike Donald Trump". The Guardian. Archived from the original on December 31, 2022. Retrieved December 31, 2022.
^ Keyssar 2009, p. 213.
^ Glass, Andrew (November 2, 2017). "Reagan establishes national holiday for MLK , Nov. 2, 1983". Politico. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
^ Cannon 2000, p. 461.
^ Shull 1993, pp. 56–57.
^ Cannon 2000, pp. 462–463.
^ Eckman 1989, p. 1409.
^ Shull 1993, p. 14.
^ Shull 1993, pp. 114–116.
^ Amaker 1988, pp. 157–159.
^ Patterson 2005, p. 171.
^ Amaker 1988, pp. 92–95.
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 67
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
7785c891087b729c23d8f175043db957 | ^ Shull 1993, pp. 3–4.
^ Reimler 1999, p. 38.
^ Alexander 2010, p. 5.
^ Alexander 2010, p. 49.
^ Alexander 2010, p. 52.
^ Alexander 2010, p. 53.
^ Sirin 2011, p. 94.
^ Woodard 2012, pp. 163–164.
^ Cannon 2000, p. 10.
^ Lilienfeld, Scott; Arkowitz, Hal (January 1, 2014). "Why "Just Say No" Doesn't Work". Scientific American. Archived from the original on January 4, 2023. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
^ Pemberton 1997, p. 4.
^ Inboden 2022, pp. 25, 34.
^ Cannon 2000, p. 37.
^ Cannon 2000, p. 260.
^ Graebner, Burns & Siracusa 2008, pp. 29–31.
^ Pemberton 1997, p. 131.
^ Brands 2015, p. 418.
^ Pemberton 1997, p. 132.
^ Cannon 2000, pp. 271–272.
^ Cannadine 2017, p. 38.
^ Brands 2015, pp. 420–421.
^ Pemberton 1997, p. 133.
^ G. Thomas Goodnight, "Ronald Reagan's re‐formulation of the rhetoric of war: Analysis of the 'zero option,' 'evil empire,' and 'star wars' addresses."Quarterly Journal of Speech 72.4 (1986): 390–414.
^ Herring, pp. 868–869
^ Cannon 2000, p. 270.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Knopf, Jeffery W. (2004). "Did Reagan Win the Cold War?". Strategic Insights. III (8). | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 68
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
fe729499a17b948feb4ac5a71007d5c9 | Retrieved August 10, 2019.
^ Pemberton 1997, p. 158.
^ Pach 2006, p. 87.
^ Harnden, Toby (September 26, 2001). "Taliban still have Reagan's Stingers". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved September 17, 2010.
^ Cannon 2000, p. 320.
^ Pach 2006, p. 78.
^ Wawro 2010, p. 381.
^ Søndergaard 2020, p. 262.
^ Gunson, Phil (April 2, 2018). "Gen Efraín Ríos Montt obituary". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 4, 2023. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
^ Maclean, Ruth; Camara, Mady (August 24, 2021). "Hissène Habré, Ex-President of Chad Jailed for War Crimes, Dies at 79". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 4, 2023. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
^ Cannon 2001, pp. 187–188.
^ Brands 2015, p. 403.
^ Cannon 2000, p. 393.
^ Pemberton 1997, p. 141.
^ Cannon 2001, pp. 188–191.
^ Boller 2004, p. 369.
^ Cannon 2000, p. 452.
^ Brands 2015, p. 186.
^ Pemberton 1997, pp. 141–142.
^ Pemberton 1997, pp. 142–143.
^ Cannon 2001, p. 196.
^ Pemberton 1997, p. 144.
^ Boller 2004, p. 373.
^ Gellin 1992, p. 24.
^ Kazanjian 2014, p. 353.
^ Cannon 2000, pp. 731–733.
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 69
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
234d57939341bd6f22a1b3faab8cab32 | ^ Koop 1991, p. 224.
^ Shilts 2000, p. 596.
^ Lucas 2009, pp. 478–479.
^ Francis 2012, p. 290.
^ Kim & Shin 2017, pp. 518–519.
^ Shilts 2000, p. xxii.
^ Bronski, Michael (November 14, 2003). "Rewriting the Script on Reagan: Why the President Ignored AIDS". The Forward. Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
^ Brands 2015, pp. 654, 656.
^ Collins, Robert (2007). Transforming America: Politics and Culture During the Reagan Years. Columbia University Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-231-12400-3.
^ Gish, Steven (2004). Desmond Tutu : a biography. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32860-9. OCLC 55208501.
^ Allen, John (2006). Rabble-rouser for peace : the authorized biography of Desmond Tutu. London. ISBN 1-84413-571-3. OCLC 70672522.
^ Counte, Cecelie (January 27, 2013). "Divestment Was Just One Weapon in Battle Against Apartheid". The New York Times. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
^ Berger, Joseph (June 10, 1986). "Protestants Seek More Divestment". The New York Times. New York, New York. Retrieved August 13, 2019 – via The Times's print archive.
^ Skinner, Kiron K.; Anderson, Annelise; Anderson, Martin, eds. (2004). Reagan: A Life In Letters. New York, New York: Free Press. pp. 520–521. ISBN 978-0743219679.
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan",
"_split_id": 70
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |