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### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Continue intramuscular penicillin therapy | Q:A 21-year-old Cambodian patient with a history of rheumatic heart disease presents to his primary care physician for a routine check-up. He reports being compliant with monthly penicillin G injections since being diagnosed with rheumatic fever at age 15. He denies any major side effects from the treatment, except for the inconvenience of organizing transportation to a physician's office every month. On exam, the patient is found to have a loud first heart sound and a mid-diastolic rumble that is best heard at the apex. Which of the following is the next best step??
{'A': 'Stop penicillin therapy', 'B': 'Stop penicillin therapy in 4 years', 'C': 'Decrease frequency of injections to bimonthly', 'D': 'Switch to intramuscular cefotaxime, which has fewer side effects', 'E': 'Continue intramuscular penicillin therapy'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Administer intravenous sodium bicarbonate | Q:A 56-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with muscle weakness. She reports her symptoms have progressively worsened over the course of 2 weeks and are most significant in her lower extremities. She also notices increased urinary frequency. Approximately 1 month ago she was diagnosed with a calcium phosphate nephrolithiasis. Medical history is significant for rheumatoid arthritis diagnosed approximately 10 years ago treated with methotrexate, and type II diabetes mellitus treated with metformin. Her temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 138/92 mmHg, pulse is 92/min, and respirations are 17/min. On physical exam, there is mild tenderness to palpation of the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints. There is 4/5 power throughout the lower extremity. Laboratory testing is shown.
Serum:
Na+: 137 mEq/L
Cl-: 106 mEq/L
K+: 2.9 mEq/L
HCO3-: 18 mEq/L
Glucose: 115 mg/dL
Creatinine: 1.0 mg/dL
Urine pH: 5.6
Which of the following is the best next step in management??
{'A': 'Administer hydrochlorothiazide', 'B': 'Administer intravenous insulin', 'C': 'Administer intravenous sodium bicarbonate', 'D': 'Begin potassium replacement therapy with dextrose', 'E': 'Increase the methotrexate dose'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: The physician has to measure the patient’s blood pressure because it is a standard of care for any person with diabetes mellitus who presents for a check-up. | Q:A 32-year-old woman comes to the office for a regular follow-up. She was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus 4 years ago. Her last blood test showed a fasting blood glucose level of 6.6 mmol/L (118.9 mg/dL) and HbA1c of 5.1%. No other significant past medical history. Current medications are metformin and a daily multivitamin. No significant family history. The physician wants to take her blood pressure measurements, but the patient states that she measures it every day in the morning and in the evening and even shows him a blood pressure diary with all the measurements being within normal limits. Which of the following statements is correct??
{'A': 'The physician should not measure the blood pressure in this patient and should simply make a note in a record showing the results from the patient’s diary.', 'B': 'The physician should not measure the blood pressure in this patient because she does not have hypertension or risk factors for hypertension.', 'C': 'The physician has to measure the patient’s blood pressure because it is a standard of care for any person with diabetes mellitus who presents for a check-up.', 'D': 'The physician should not measure the blood pressure in this patient because the local standards of care in the physician’s office differ from the national standards of care so measurements of this patient’s blood pressure can not be compared to diabet', 'E': 'Assessment of blood pressure only needs to be done at the initial visit; it is not necessary to measure blood pressure in this patient at any follow-up appointments.'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Reduced osteoblastic activity | Q:A 72-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department for right hip pain 1 hour after she fell while walking around in her house. She has been unable to stand or walk since the fall. She has hypertension and gout. Her sister died of multiple myeloma at the age of 55 years. Current medications include amlodipine and febuxostat. She does not smoke cigarettes. She drinks a glass of wine daily. Her temperature is 37.3°C (99.1°F), pulse is 101/min, and blood pressure is 128/86 mm Hg. Examination shows right groin tenderness. Range of motion of the right hip is limited by pain. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. A complete blood count and serum creatinine concentration are within the reference range. An x-ray of the hip shows a linear fracture of the right femoral neck. She is scheduled for surgery. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's fracture??
{'A': 'Reduced osteoblastic activity', 'B': 'Monoclonal antibody production', 'C': 'Interrupted vascular supply', 'D': 'Impaired bone mineralization', 'E': 'Defective osteoclast function'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Nitric oxide | Q:A 47-year-old man presents as a new patient at an outpatient clinic. He has never seen a physician before, but was motivated by his 40-year-old brother's recent heart attack and seeks to optimize his health. In particular, he read that uncontrolled atherosclerosis can lead to a heart attack. Which molecule is downregulated in response to the advent of atherosclerosis??
{'A': 'Serotonin', 'B': 'Thromboxane A2', 'C': 'Nitric oxide', 'D': 'Interleukin 1', 'E': 'Tumor necrosis factor'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Abdominal ultrasound; elongated pyloric channel and muscle hypertrophy | Q:A newborn is brought to the emergency department by his parents with violent vomiting. It started about 3 days ago and has slowly gotten worse. He vomits after most feedings but seems to keep some formula down. His mother notes that he is eager to feed between episodes and seems to be putting on weight. Other than an uncomplicated course of chlamydia conjunctivitis, the infant has been healthy. He was born at 39 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery. He is up to date on all vaccines and is meeting all developmental milestones. The physical exam is significant for a palpable mass in the right upper quadrant. What is the first-line confirmatory diagnostic test and associated finding??
{'A': 'Abdominal X-ray; ‘double bubble’ sign', 'B': 'Barium upper GI series; GE junction and portion of the stomach in thorax', 'C': 'Barium upper GI series; bird beak sign and corkscrewing', 'D': 'Air enema; filling defect and coil spring sign', 'E': 'Abdominal ultrasound; elongated pyloric channel and muscle hypertrophy'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Oral vancomycin | Q:A 32-year-old pregnant woman presents to the clinic with complaints of cramping, abdominal pain, and severe watery diarrhea for the past 3 days. She also is nauseous and complains of fever and malaise. She was started on a 7-day course of amoxicillin after being admitted to the hospital for pyelonephritis 5 days ago. The vital signs include heart rate 98/min, respiratory rate 16/min, temperature 38.9°C (102.0°F), and blood pressure 92/56 mm Hg. Physical examination reveals abdominal distention with diffuse tenderness. Laboratory studies show a peripheral white blood cell (WBC) count of 15,000/mm3 and stool guaiac positive for occult blood. Which of the following is the best pharmacotherapy for her condition??
{'A': 'Metronidazole', 'B': 'Rifaximin', 'C': 'IV metronidazole plus oral vancomycin', 'D': 'Oral vancomycin', 'E': 'Oral nitazoxanide'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Warfarin | Q:A 26-year-old woman (gravida 3 para 1) with no prenatal care delivers a boy at 37 weeks gestation. His Apgar score is 5 at 1 minute and 8 at 5 minutes. His weight is 2.1 kg (4.2 lb) and length is 47 cm (1 ft 7 in). The mother’s history is significant for chronic pyelonephritis, atrial fibrillation, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. She has a 5-pack-year smoking history and also reports alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Examination of the infant shows a short depressed nasal bridge, wide nose, brachydactyly, and a short neck. Ophthalmoscopy reveals bilateral cataracts. What is the most likely cause of the newborn’s symptoms??
{'A': 'Omeprazole', 'B': 'Gentamicin', 'C': 'Alcohol', 'D': 'Atenolol', 'E': 'Warfarin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Risperidone | Q:An 8-year-old girl is brought to the physician because of repetitive involuntary movements, including neck twisting, grimacing, grunting, and blinking, for the past 18 months. Her symptoms seem to improve with concentration and worsen with fatigue. During the past 3 months, they have become so severe that she has missed many school days. Her mother says she also has too much anxiety about her involuntary movements to see her friends and prefers staying home in her room. Her birth and development until 18 months ago were normal. Her father suffers from bipolar disorder. Vital signs are within normal limits. Mental status examination shows intact higher mental function and thought processes. Neurological examination shows multiple motor and vocal tics. Physical examination is otherwise within normal limits. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial pharmacotherapy for this condition??
{'A': 'Buspirone', 'B': 'Alprazolam', 'C': 'Risperidone', 'D': 'Fluoxetine', 'E': 'Chlorpromazine'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Metolazone | Q:A 55-year-old man presents to his primary care provider with increased urinary frequency. Over the past 3 months, he has been urinating 2-3 times more often than usual. He has started to feel dehydrated and has increased his water intake to compensate. He works as a bank teller. He has a 25-pack-year smoking history and drinks 8-10 beers per week. His temperature is 98°F (36.8°C), blood pressure is 114/68 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, and respirations are 18/min. Capillary refill is 3 seconds. His mucous membranes appear dry. The patient is instructed to hold all water intake. Urine specific gravity is 1.002 after 12 hours of water deprivation. The patient is given desmopressin but his urine specific gravity remains relatively unchanged. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacologic treatment for this patient's condition??
{'A': 'Desmopressin', 'B': 'Furosemide', 'C': 'Mannitol', 'D': 'Metolazone', 'E': 'Spironolactone'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Increased growth of Malassezia globosa | Q:A 17-year-old boy comes to the physician because of a nonpruritic rash on his chest for 1 week. He returned from a trip to Puerto Rico 10 days ago. He started using a new laundry detergent after returning. He has type 1 diabetes mellitus controlled with insulin. His mother has Hashimoto thyroiditis, and his sister has severe facial acne. Examination of the skin shows multiple, nontender, round, hypopigmented macules on the chest and trunk. There is fine scaling when the lesions are scraped with a spatula. Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism of this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Autoimmune destruction of melanocytes', 'B': 'Increased sebum production', 'C': 'Increased growth of Malassezia globosa', 'D': 'Antigen uptake by Langerhans cells', 'E': 'Infection with Trichophyton rubrum'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Intention to treat | Q:A pharmaceutical company conducts a randomized clinical trial in an attempt to show that their new anticoagulant drug prevents more thrombotic events following total knee arthroplasty than the current standard of care. However, a significant number of patients are lost to follow-up or fail to complete treatment according to the study arm to which they were assigned. Several patients in the novel drug arm are also switched at a later time to a novel anticoagulant or warfarin per their primary care physician. All patients enrolled in the study are subsequently analyzed based on the initial group they were assigned to and there is a significant improvement in outcome of the new drug. What analysis most appropriately describes this trial??
{'A': 'As treated', 'B': 'Intention to treat', 'C': 'Modified intention to treat', 'D': 'Non-inferiority', 'E': 'Per protocol'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Seronegative spondylarthropathy | Q:A 34-year-old man comes to the physician for evaluation of a rash on the elbows for several months. A biopsy of the affected area shows a thinned stratum granulosum as well as retained nuclei and spongiotic clusters of neutrophils in the stratum corneum. This patient's skin findings are most likely associated with which of the following conditions??
{'A': 'Seronegative spondylarthropathy', 'B': 'Hypersensitivity to gliadin', 'C': 'Infection with hepatitis C virus', 'D': 'Hashimoto thyroiditis', 'E': 'Insulin resistance'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Elevated sympathetic response | Q:A 28-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department 1 hour after being involved in a motor vehicle collision. She was riding a bike when she lost control and hit a car on the opposite side of the road. On arrival, she is unconscious. She has a history of intravenous heroin use. Her pulse is 56/min, respirations are 8/min and irregular, and blood pressure is 196/102 mm Hg. Examination shows a 2-cm laceration over the left cheek and a 3-cm laceration over the left chest. There are multiple abrasions over her face and chest. She opens her eyes and flexes her extremities to painful stimuli. The pupils are dilated and react sluggishly to light. There are decreased breath sounds over the left lung. The trachea is central. There is no jugular venous distention. Cardiac examination shows no abnormalities. The abdomen is soft and nontender. The left knee and right ankle are swollen; range of motion is limited. Two large-bore peripheral intravenous catheters are inserted. She is intubated and mechanical ventilation is initiated. A focused assessment with sonography in trauma is negative. An occlusive dressing is applied over the left chest wound. She is scheduled for a noncontrast CT scan of the brain. Which of the following is the underlying cause of this patient's hypertension??
{'A': 'Elevated sympathetic response', 'B': 'Reduced parasympathetic response', 'C': 'Increased intrathoracic pressure', 'D': 'Brainstem compression', 'E': 'Posttraumatic vasospasm'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: A benign neuroma | Q:A 28-year-old female presents to her primary care physician because of pain on her right foot. She says that the pain began 2 weeks ago and gets worse with weight bearing. She has been training for a marathon, and this pain has limited her training. On exam, there are no signs of inflammation or deformities on her foot. Compression of the forefoot with concomitant pressure on the interdigital space reproduces the pain on the plantar surface between the third and fourth toes and produces an audible click. What is the cause of this patient's condition??
{'A': 'A bony outgrowth', 'B': 'Inflammation of the bursa', 'C': 'A benign neuroma', 'D': 'A metatarsal compression fracture', 'E': 'Inflammation and scarring of the plantar fascia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Prednisone | Q:A 68-year-old Caucasian male complains of severe headache and pain while chewing. Upon examination, he is found to have a left visual field deficit. Laboratory results show elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Which of the following drugs would be the best choice for treatment of this patient??
{'A': 'Propranolol', 'B': 'Prednisone', 'C': 'Sumatriptan', 'D': 'Pilocarpine', 'E': 'Clopidogrel'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Degeneration of the substantia nigra | Q:A 62-year-old woman comes to the physician because of involuntary, rhythmic movements of her hands for the past 5 months. Her symptoms initially affected her left hand only, but now both hands are affected. She also reports that her symptoms are worse at rest and that performing tasks such as tying her shoelaces and writing have become more difficult. Her husband thinks that she has been more withdrawn lately. She used to drink a half a bottle of sherry every day for the past 18 years but has not consumed alcohol in the past year. She has chronic liver disease, hypertension, and peripheral artery disease. Current medications include aspirin and propanolol. She appears anxious. She is oriented to time, place, and person. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 98/min, and blood pressure is 144/82 mm Hg. Examination shows a rhythmic, low-frequency tremor that is more prominent in the left hand. Range of motion in the arms and legs is normal. Increased resistance to passive flexion and extension is present in the left upper limb. Muscle strength is 4/5 in all limbs. Sensations to pinprick and light touch are preserved. The finger-to-nose test is normal bilaterally. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Copper accumulation in the basal ganglia', 'B': 'Increased serum free T4 levels', 'C': 'Infarction of the red nucleus', 'D': 'Cerebellar infarction', 'E': 'Degeneration of the substantia nigra'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Mutation of the gene coding for viral surface glycoproteins | Q:During an experiment conducted to alter the infectivity of common viruses that affect humans, an investigator successfully increases the host range of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The new strain of the virus can infect fibroblast-like cells in addition to the usual target of HIV. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the increase in the host range of the virus??
{'A': 'Mutation of the gene coding for viral surface glycoproteins', 'B': 'Point mutations in the hemagglutinin gene', 'C': 'Increased rate of budding out of host cells', 'D': 'Reassortment of genetic material between segments of two viruses', 'E': 'Excessive activity of viral RNA polymerase'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Loop diuretics inhibit the action of the Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter | Q:A 66-year-old man with congestive heart failure presents to the emergency department complaining of worsening shortness of breath. These symptoms have worsened over the last 3 days. He has a blood pressure of 126/85 mm Hg and heart rate of 82/min. Physical examination is notable for bibasilar crackles. A chest X-ray reveals bilateral pulmonary edema. His current medications include metoprolol succinate and captopril. You wish to add an additional medication targeted towards his symptoms. Of the following, which statement is correct regarding loop diuretics??
{'A': 'Loop diuretics decrease sodium, magnesium, and chloride but increase calcium', 'B': 'Loop diuretics inhibit the action of the Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter', 'C': 'Loop diuretics can cause ammonia toxicity', 'D': 'Loop diuretics can cause metabolic acidosis', 'E': 'Loop diuretics can cause hyperlipidemia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Chronic viral hepatitis | Q:A 52-year-old man comes to the physician because his skin has been progressively yellowing for the past 4 weeks. He also reports low appetite and difficulty fitting into his pants because of his swollen legs over the past several months. There is no personal or family history of serious illness. He does not smoke and drinks 1 to 2 beers on special occasions. He used to be sexually active with multiple female partners but has lost interest in sexual intercourse recently. He is 178 cm (5 ft 10 in) tall and weighs 68 kg (150 lb); his BMI is 22 kg/m2. Vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows yellowing of the skin and sclera as well as erythema of the palms. There is bilateral enlargement of breast tissue. Cardiopulmonary examinations show no abnormalities. The abdomen is distended. The liver is palpated 2 to 3 cm below the right costal margin. On percussion of the left abdomen, a thrill can be felt on the right side. Hepatojugular reflux is absent. There is bilateral edema below the knees. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's condition??
{'A': 'Chronic viral hepatitis', 'B': 'Congestive hepatopathy', 'C': 'Primary biliary cirrhosis', 'D': 'Autoimmune hepatitis', 'E': 'Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Low frequency sensorineural hearing loss | Q:A 45-year-old male presents to his primary care physician for complaints of dizziness. The patient reports he experiences room-spinning dizziness lasting several hours at a time, approximately 2-3 times a month, starting 3 months ago. Upon questioning, the patient also reports right sided diminished hearing, tinnitus, and a sensation of ear fullness. Her temperature is 99 deg F (37.2 deg C), pulse 70/min, respirations 12, blood pressure 130 mmHg/85 mmHg, SpO2 99%. You decide to order an audiometric evaluation. What is the most likely finding of the audiogram??
{'A': 'Low frequency sensorineural hearing loss', 'B': 'High frequency sensorineural hearing loss', 'C': 'Low frequency conductive hearing loss', 'D': 'High frequency conductive hearing loss', 'E': 'Normal audiogram'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: ↑ ↓ positive | Q:A 32-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination 1 week after being admitted to the hospital for oral candidiasis and esophagitis. His CD4+ T lymphocyte count is 180 cells/μL. An HIV antibody test is positive. Genotypic resistance assay shows the virus to be susceptible to all antiretroviral therapy regimens and therapy with dolutegravir, tenofovir, and emtricitabine is initiated. Which of the following sets of laboratory findings would be most likely on follow-up evaluation 3 months later?
$$$ CD4 +/CD8 ratio %%% HIV RNA %%% HIV antibody test $$$?
{'A': '↓ ↑ negative', 'B': '↑ ↑ negative', 'C': '↑ ↓ positive', 'D': '↓ ↑ positive', 'E': '↓ ↓ negative'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: 72 hours and 16mm diameter | Q:A 21-year-old U.S. born first year medical student with no prior hospital or healthcare work presents to the physician for a routine physical exam. The patient is HIV negative, denies drug use, and denies sick contacts. The physician places a purified protein tuberculin test in the patient's right forearm intradermally. What is the proper time to read the test and induration diameter that would indicate a positive test result??
{'A': '24 hours and 18mm diameter', 'B': '36 hours and 7mm diameter', 'C': '48 hours and 11mm diameter', 'D': '72 hours and 16mm diameter', 'E': '96 hours and 14mm diameter'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Subsarcolemmal accumulation of mitochondria | Q:A 3-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department for nausea and vomiting for 1 day. His maternal uncle had a seizure disorder and died in childhood. He appears fatigued. Respirations are 32/min. Examination shows diffuse weakness in the extremities. Serum studies show a low pH, elevated lactate concentration, and normal blood glucose. A metabolic condition characterized by a defect in oxidative phosphorylation is suspected. Microscopic examination of a muscle biopsy specimen of this patient is most likely to show which of the following findings??
{'A': 'Fibrofatty replacement of normal muscle fibers', 'B': 'Muscle atrophy with perimysial inflammation', 'C': 'Intermyofibrillar accumulation of glycogen', 'D': 'Endomysial inflammation with T cell infiltration', 'E': 'Subsarcolemmal accumulation of mitochondria'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Cholesterol crystals and calcification | Q:A 6-year-old boy presents to your office with loss of his peripheral vision. His mother discovered this because he was almost struck by a vehicle that "he couldn't see at all". In addition, he has been complaining of a headache for the last several weeks and had an episode of vomiting 2 days ago. He has a family history of migraines in his mother and grandmother. He is currently in the 80th percentile for height and weight. On physical exam his temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 110/75 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, respirations are 19/min, and pulse oximetry is 99% on room air. He is uncooperative for the rest of the physical exam. During workup, a lesion is found in this patient. Which of the following would most likely be seen during histopathologic analysis??
{'A': 'Rosettes and small blue cells', 'B': 'Eosinophilic, corkscrew fibers', 'C': 'Perivascular rosettes with rod-shaped blepharoplasts', 'D': 'Cholesterol crystals and calcification', 'E': 'Round nuclei with clear cytoplasm'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Fatty acid synthesis | Q:Researchers are experimenting with hormone levels in mice in fasting and fed states. To test hormone levels in the fed state, the mice are given an oral glucose load and various hormones are measured in a blood sample. Researchers are most interested in the hormone whose blood levels track evenly with C-peptide levels. The hormone the researchers are most interested in is responsible for which of the following actions in the body??
{'A': 'Fatty acid synthesis', 'B': 'Fatty acid breakdown', 'C': 'Protein catabolism', 'D': 'Ketogenesis', 'E': 'Lipolysis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Warthin-Starry silver stain for Bartonella henselae | Q:A 42-year-old woman presents because of a painful mass she first noticed on her neck 1 week ago (see image). The mass has grown over the last few days. She has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. On physical exam, her temperature is 38.0°C (100.4°F), pulse is 86/min, respirations are 12/min, blood pressure is 135/80 mm Hg. The mass is tender and relatively soft and mobile. The overlying skin is warm. On her right ear, there is a series of small and healing skin punctures left by the bite of her neighbor’s kitten 3 weeks ago. No other mass is detected in the neck, supraclavicular, axillary, or inguinal regions. Oral examination reveals several discolored teeth. Her lungs are clear to auscultation and heart sounds are normal. Which of the following is the most appropriate diagnostic study at this time??
{'A': 'Culture for facultative anaerobes', 'B': 'Histologic evaluation for Reed-Sternburg cells', 'C': 'The Monospot test for Epstein-Barr virus', 'D': 'Toxoplasma IgG using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay', 'E': 'Warthin-Starry silver stain for Bartonella henselae'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Inhibition of bone growth | Q:A 26-year-old female who is 12 weeks pregnant presents to her primary care physician because she is concerned about her acne. While she has struggled with acne for most of her adult life, the acne has become more severe in the past few months. She has used benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, and topical antibiotics in the past but these treatments have had little effect. The patient would like to try minocycline, which worked for a friend of hers. The physician responds that this drug cannot be given to pregnant women, and offers to start the patient on the drug after she delivers the baby. Minocycline may to toxic to the fetus through which mechanism??
{'A': 'Inhibition of bone growth', 'B': 'Formation of renal cysts', 'C': 'Atrialization of the ventricle', 'D': 'Scarring of the bile ducts', 'E': 'Gray coloring of the skin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Gram-positive, branching rod | Q:A 28-year-old man presents with a draining abscess on his left jaw. The patient states that he had a “bad tooth” a few weeks ago which has progressed to his current condition. His vital signs include: blood pressure 110/80 mm Hg, heart rate 85/min, and temperature 37.9°C (100.3°F). On physical examination, the patient has a 4 cm abscess on the left maxillary line that is draining a granulous, purulent material. Which of the following is the most likely causative organism of this abscess??
{'A': 'Enveloped, double stranded DNA virus', 'B': 'Gram-positive cocci in clusters', 'C': 'Gram-positive cocci in chains', 'D': 'Gram-positive, branching rod', 'E': 'Aerobic gram-negative rod'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Kidney stones | Q:A 30-year-old obese female presents with new-onset headaches, ringing in her ears, and blurry vision. Ibuprofen and avoidance of light has not relieved her symptoms. She denies a history of recent trauma, fever, chills, and fatigue. Past medical history is significant for type 2 diabetes mellitus managed with metformin. She has had 20/20 vision her whole life and wonders if she might need to get eyeglasses. She has 2 healthy school-age children. Her temperature is 36.8°C (98.2°F), heart rate is 90/min, respiratory rate is 15/min, and blood pressure is 135/80 mm Hg. Physical exam is notable for decreased lateral eye movement, and the funduscopic findings are shown in the picture. Laboratory findings are within normal limits and brain imaging is normal. Lumbar puncture demonstrates an elevated opening pressure and normal CSF composition. Which of the following is a side effect of the medication used to treat this condition??
{'A': 'Kidney stones', 'B': 'Elevated liver function tests', 'C': 'Rhabdomyolysis', 'D': 'Decreased white blood cell count', 'E': 'Pancreatitis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Vitamin D | Q:A 28-year-old gravida 1 para 1 woman is being seen in the hospital for breast tenderness. She reports that both breasts are swollen and tender. She is also having difficulty getting her newborn to latch. The patient gave birth 4 days ago by uncomplicated vaginal delivery. During her pregnancy, the patient developed gestational diabetes but was otherwise healthy. She took folate and insulin. She attended all her pre-natal appointments. Upon examination, the patient has a low grade fever, but all other vital signs are stable. Bilateral breasts appear engorged and are tender to palpation. There is no erythema, warmth, or induration. A lactation nurse is brought in to assist the patient and her newborn with more effective breastfeeding positions. The patient says a neighbor told her that breastmilk actually lacks in nutrients, and she asks what the best option is for the health of her newborn. Which of the following components is breastmilk a poor source of??
{'A': 'Immunoglobulin A', 'B': 'Lysozymes', 'C': 'Phosphorus', 'D': 'Vitamin D', 'E': 'Whey protein'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Large neutral amino acids | Q:A 5-month-old boy is brought to the pediatrician by his parents, who began noticing that the infant was not able to hold his head upright when sitting or in a prone position. Upon examination, the infant has a musty odor, fair skin with patches of eczema, and blue eyes. The pediatrician orders laboratory tests and prescribes a special diet. Which of the following substances should be included in this diet??
{'A': 'Large neutral amino acids', 'B': 'L-carnitine', 'C': 'Thiamine', 'D': 'Malate', 'E': 'Arginine'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Apical lung tumor | Q:A 54-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of a 3-week history of intermittent swelling of his left arm and feeling of fullness in his head that is exacerbated by lying down and bending over to tie his shoes. Physical examination shows left-sided facial edema and distention of superficial veins in the neck and left chest wall. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Right heart failure', 'B': 'Cervical rib', 'C': 'Apical lung tumor', 'D': 'Subclavian steal syndrome', 'E': 'Mediastinal lymphoma'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Pathologic fracture | Q:A 45-year-old woman comes to the physician because of fatigue, irregular menses, and recurrent respiratory infections for the past 6 months. Her blood pressure is 151/82 mm Hg. Physical examination shows a round face, thinning of the skin, and multiple bruises on her arms. Further studies confirm the diagnosis of an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma. This patient is at greatest risk for which of the following??
{'A': 'Weight loss', 'B': 'Eosinophilia', 'C': 'Hypoglycemia', 'D': 'Bitemporal hemianopsia', 'E': 'Pathologic fracture'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Microthrombi within glomerular vessels on kidney biopsy | Q:An 8-year-old boy is brought to the pediatric emergency department by his parents with a complaint of abdominal pain and diarrhea for the past week. He states that for the past two days, he has noticed blood in his stool. His parents note that they attended a neighbor’s barbecue last weekend, but otherwise have not eaten any new foods or changed their usual diet. The patient is admitted to the hospital unit for further work-up. The provider team finds that the patient’s blood is positive for Shiga-like toxin and notes the following lab values: creatinine of 4.2 mg/dL, platelet count of 50,000/mm^3, and hemoglobin of 6.0 g/dL. Which of the following additional lab findings would be consistent with the diagnosis??
{'A': 'Blunting of villi on ileal biopsy', 'B': 'Crypt abscesses and ulcers on colonic biopsy', 'C': 'Microthrombi within glomerular vessels on kidney biopsy', 'D': 'Foamy macrophages in intestinal lamina propria on duodenal biopsy', 'E': 'Sickling of red blood cells on peripheral blood smear'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: ↓ ↓ ↑ | Q:A 55-year-old woman comes to the physician because of involuntary hand movements that improve with alcohol consumption. Physical examination shows bilateral hand tremors that worsen when the patient is asked to extend her arms out in front of her. The physician prescribes a medication that is associated with an increased risk of bronchospasms. This drug has which of the following immediate effects on the cardiovascular system?
$$$ Stroke volume %%% Heart rate %%% Peripheral vascular resistance $$$?
{'A': '↑ ↑ ↓', 'B': '↓ ↓ ↓', 'C': '↓ ↑ ↑', 'D': '↓ ↓ ↑', 'E': '↑ ↑ ↑'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: The superior segment of the right lower lobe | Q:A 3-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department by her parents with sudden onset shortness of breath. They tell the emergency physician that their daughter was lying on the bed watching television when she suddenly began gasping for air. They observed a bowl of peanuts lying next to her when they grabbed her up and brought her to the emergency department. Her respirations are 25/min, the pulse is 100/min and the blood pressure is 90/65 mm Hg. The physical findings as of now are apparently normal. She is started on oxygen and is sent in for a chest X-ray. Based on her history and physical exam findings, the cause of her current symptoms would be seen on the X-ray at which of the following sites?
?
{'A': 'The apical segment of the right upper lobe', 'B': 'The apical segment of the left upper lobe', 'C': 'The superior segment of the right lower lobe', 'D': 'The posterior segment of the right lower lobe', 'E': 'The lingula of the right lower lobe'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Medicare Part A will cover the majority of her hospital fees, including inpatient drugs and lab tests. | Q:An otherwise healthy 67-year-old woman comes to your clinic after being admitted to the hospital for 2 weeks after breaking her hip. She has not regularly seen a physician for the past several years because she has been working hard at her long-time job as a schoolteacher. You wonder if she has not been taking adequate preventative measures to prevent osteoporosis and order the appropriate labs. Although she is recovering from surgery well, she is visibly upset because she is worried that her hospital bill will bankrupt her. Which of the following best describes her Medicare coverage??
{'A': 'Medicare Part A will cover the majority of her hospital fees, including inpatient drugs and lab tests.', 'B': 'Medicare Part B will cover the majority of her hospital fees, including inpatient drugs and lab tests.', 'C': 'Medicare Part C will cover the majority of drug costs during her inpatient treatment.', 'D': 'Medicare Part D will cover the cost of drugs during her inpatient treatment.', 'E': 'Medicare is unlikely to cover the cost of her admission because she has not been paying her premium.'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Ileus | Q:A 45-year-old woman has painless abdominal distension 2 days after admission for acute pancreatitis. Her initial abdominal pain has resolved. Enteral nutrition has been initiated. She has not passed any stool since being admitted to the hospital. She has nausea but no vomiting. Her temperature is 36.7°C (98.1°F), pulse is 95/min, respiratory rate is 17/min, and blood pressure is 100/70 mm Hg. The lungs are clear to auscultation. Abdominal examination shows symmetric distention, absent bowel sounds, and tympanic percussion without tenderness. Laboratory studies show:
Serum
Na+ 137 mEq/L
K+ 3.2 mEq/L
Cl− 104 mEq/L
HCO3− 23 mEq/L
Urea nitrogen 22 mg/dL
Creatinine 0.8 mg/dL
A supine abdominal X-ray is shown. Which of the following best explains these findings??
{'A': 'Ascites', 'B': 'Ileus', 'C': 'Necrotizing pancreatitis', 'D': 'Pancreatic fluid collection', 'E': 'Pancreatic pseudocyst'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: α2γ2
" | Q:An investigator is studying the changes that occur in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve of different types of hemoglobin under various conditions. The blood obtained from a male infant shows decreased affinity for 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid. Which of the following is the most likely composition of the hemoglobin molecule in this sample??
{'A': 'β4', 'B': 'α2βS2', 'C': 'α2β2', 'D': 'α2δ2', 'E': 'α2γ2\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Phase IV | Q:A research team is studying the effects of a novel drug that was discovered to treat type 2 diabetes. In order to learn more about its effects, they follow patients who are currently taking the drug and determine whether there are adverse effects that exceed anticipated levels and may therefore be drug-related. They discover that the drug causes an excess of sudden cardiac death in 19 patients with renal failure out of 2 million total patients that are followed. Based on these results, an additional warning about this serious adverse effect is added to the investigator brochure for the drug. Which of the following clinical phase studies does this study most likely describe??
{'A': 'Phase I', 'B': 'Phase II', 'C': 'Phase III', 'D': 'Phase IV', 'E': 'Phase V'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Polygenic inheritance | Q:A 48-year-old man presents to a physician with complaints of paresthesia of the lower extremities, which he has had for the last 3 months. He has been frequently fatigued for the past 5 months and also experienced an increased frequency of urination over the last few months. There is no history of a known medical condition or of substance abuse. His physical examination does not reveal any specific abnormality, except that he is obese: his body mass index is 34.6 kg/m2. The patient’s detailed laboratory evaluation reveals a fasting plasma glucose of 160 mg/dL and 2-hour plasma glucose of 270 mg/dL. His physician tells him that his laboratory evaluation suggests a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type 2. The patient, surprised by this news, asks his physician why he has developed diabetes mellitus even though no one else in his family has ever suffered from it. The physician explains to him that genetic factors play an important role in the development of diabetes mellitus, but that their interactions are complex. Apart from neonatal diabetes mellitus and maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), the development of diabetes mellitus cannot be explained by a single genetic mutation. Which of the following options best explains the genetics of the form of diabetes mellitus from which this man is suffering??
{'A': 'Anticipation', 'B': 'Genomic imprinting', 'C': 'Natural selection', 'D': 'Polygenic inheritance', 'E': 'Synergistic epistasis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Bulbous urethra | Q:A 47-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 1 hour after injuring his genital area when he fell astride his backyard fence. He was trimming a tree from the fence when he lost his balance. His vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows blood at the urethral meatus, perineal ecchymoses, and a scrotal hematoma. An x-ray of the pelvis shows swelling of the soft tissue but no other abnormalities. Which part of the urinary tract is most likely damaged in this patient??
{'A': 'Penile urethra', 'B': 'Anterior bladder wall', 'C': 'Bulbous urethra', 'D': 'Membranous urethra', 'E': 'Prostatic urethra'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Cross-linking of IgE on mast cells | Q:You are working in the emergency room of a children's hospital when a 4-year-old girl is brought in by ambulance due to "difficulty breathing." The patient had been eating lunch on a school field trip when she suddenly complained of abdominal pain. Shortly thereafter, she was noted to have swelling of the lips, a rapidly developing red rash and difficulty breathing. In the ambulance her blood pressure was persistently 80/50 mmHg despite intramuscular epinephrine. In the course of stabilization and work up of the patient, you note an elevated tryptase level. What is the mechanism behind this elevated tryptase level??
{'A': 'IgG production by plasma cells', 'B': 'IgM mediated complement activation', 'C': 'Cross-linking of IgE on mast cells', 'D': 'Antibody-antigen immune complexes', 'E': 'Cross-linking of IgG on mast cells'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Toxin that inhibits ACh release | Q:A 26-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his friends because of blurred vision and slurred speech for the past 6 hours. He had some difficulty swallowing his food during lunch and has weakness in both arms. Two weeks ago, he had an upper respiratory infection that resolved spontaneously. He lives independently and returned from his grandparents' farm 2 days ago. He commonly consumes canned vegetables and fruits. He is alert and oriented to person, place, and time. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 88/min, respirations are 10/min and labored, and blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg. Examination shows bilateral nystagmus and ptosis. The pupils are dilated and not reactive to light. Muscle strength of the facial muscles and bilateral upper extremities is decreased. Upper extremity deep tendon reflexes are 1+ bilaterally. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely cause for this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Chemical that inhibits acetylcholinesterase', 'B': 'Cell-mediated focal demyelination', 'C': 'Autoantibodies against ACh receptors', 'D': 'Toxin that inhibits ACh release', 'E': 'Autoantibodies against myelin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Fibrillin | Q:An 8-year old boy is brought into clinic for evaluation of possible scoliosis that was newly found on a routine exam at school. On exam, he is also noted to be in the 99th percentile for height and 70th percentile for weight. He appears to have abnormally long extremities as well as an upward lens dislocation on ophthalmologic exam. A mutation leading to a defect in which of the following proteins is the most likely cause of his condition??
{'A': 'Type I collagen', 'B': 'Type IV collagen', 'C': 'Elastin', 'D': 'Fibrillin', 'E': 'ATP7A'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Granulomatous vasculitis of small and medium-sized vessels | Q:A 52-year-old man comes to the physician because of malaise and dark urine for the past 5 days. He has also had recurrent episodes of sinus congestion, productive cough, and fever for 3 months. Additionally, he has noticed a rash on his arms and feet. He has seasonal allergic conjunctivitis treated with ketotifen eye drops. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows several erythematous and necrotic papules on his arms and feet. He has inflamed nasopharyngeal mucosa and a perforated nasal septum. The nasal bridge is collapsed. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 11.3 g/dL
Leukocyte count 12000/mm3
Platelet count 270,000/mm3
ESR 55 mm/hr
Serum
Urea nitrogen 28 mg/dL
Creatinine 2.9 mg/dL
Anti-DNA antibodies negative
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies positive
Urine
Protein 2+
Glucose negative
RBC 35–37/hpf
RBC casts numerous
Which of the following biopsy findings is most likely to be observed in this patient?"?
{'A': 'Tissue eosinophilia with granulomatous reactions', 'B': 'Nongranulomatous fibrinoid necrosis with infiltration of neutrophils', 'C': 'Immunoglobulin and complement deposits at the dermoepidermal junction', 'D': 'Granulomatous vasculitis of small and medium-sized vessels', 'E': 'Transmural necrotizing arteritis and fibrinoid necrosis in muscles\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Branched-chain amino acids | Q:A 3-week-old boy is brought to the physician for the evaluation of poor feeding and recurrent episodes of vomiting. He was delivered at term after an uncomplicated pregnancy. He is at the 5th percentile for length and weight. Physical examination shows generalized hypotonia. Urinalysis shows increased propionic acid concentration. The finding on urinalysis is best explained by the breakdown of which of the following substances??
{'A': 'Even-chain fatty acids', 'B': 'Hexose monosaccharides', 'C': 'Branched-chain amino acids', 'D': 'Catechol-containing monoamines', 'E': 'Bicyclic nitrogenous bases'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo | Q:A 59-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a sudden-onset sensation that the room is spinning causing him to experience several episodes of nausea and vomiting. Upon arriving, the patient’s symptoms have resolved. He states his symptoms occurred as he was going to bed. He has never experienced this before, but felt extremely dizzy for roughly 3 minutes. He currently feels at his baseline. The patient is otherwise healthy and only has a history of eczema. His temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 134/85 mmHg, pulse is 85/min, respirations are 13/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for a healthy man with a normal gait. The patient has a physiologic nystagmus and his cranial nerve exam is unremarkable. The patient’s head is turned to the left and he is laid back on the stretcher, which exacerbates severe symptoms with a nystagmus notable. The patient’s symptoms improve after 2 minutes of being in this position. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo', 'B': 'Labyrinthitis', 'C': 'Meniere disease', 'D': 'Vertebrobasilar stroke', 'E': 'Vestibular neuritis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Osteosarcoma
" | Q:A 17-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of progressive right knee pain for the past 3 months. He reports that the pain is worse at night and while doing sports at school. He has not had any trauma to the knee or any previous problems with his joints. His vital signs are within normal limits. Examination of the right knee shows mild swelling and tenderness without warmth or erythema; the range of motion is limited. He walks with an antalgic gait. Laboratory studies show an alkaline phosphatase of 180 U/L and an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 80 mm/h. An x-ray of the right knee is shown. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Ewing sarcoma', 'B': 'Chordoma', 'C': 'Osteochondroma', 'D': 'Chondrosarcoma', 'E': 'Osteosarcoma\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Intravenous epinephrine therapy | Q:One hour after being admitted to the hospital for sharp, acute chest pain and diaphoresis, a 55-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus loses consciousness in the emergency department. There are no palpable pulses. Chest compressions are started. The patient has a history of breast cancer that was surgically treated 4 years ago. Prior to admission, the patient was on a long bus ride to visit her sister. Her medications include tamoxifen, atorvastatin, metoprolol, metformin, and insulin. Serum troponin levels are elevated. The cardiac rhythm is shown. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management??
{'A': 'Intravenous glucagon therapy', 'B': 'Defibrillation', 'C': 'Coronary angiography', 'D': 'Intravenous epinephrine therapy', 'E': 'Intravenous dextrose therapy'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Homocystinuria | Q:A 4-year-old boy presents to the opthalmologist for a down- and inward dislocation of the lens in his left eye. On physical exam, the boy has a marfanoid habitus and mental retardation. Biochemical tests were performed to locate the exact defect in this boy. It was found that there was a significant reduction of the conversion of 5,10-methyltetrahydrofolate to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. Which of the following is the diagnosis??
{'A': 'Marfan syndrome', 'B': 'Homocystinuria', 'C': 'Alkaptonuria', 'D': 'Phenylketonuria', 'E': 'Maple syrup disease'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Trisomy 21 | Q:A 45-year-old gravida 1, para 0 woman is brought to the hospital in labor at 39 weeks gestation. After 4 hours, she gives birth to a healthy appearing baby boy with APGAR scores of 7 at 1 minute and 9 at 5 minutes. She had limited prenatal screening but did have an ultrasound at 35 weeks that showed polyhydramnios. The next day, the neonate vomits greenish-yellow fluid after breastfeeding. This occurs 2 more times that day after feeding and several times between feedings. The next day, the neonate appears weak with difficulty latching to the breast and is dehydrated. The physician on duty is concerned and orders blood work, IV fluids, and the abdominal X-ray shown below. Which of the following disorders is most associated with the newborn’s condition??
{'A': 'Trisomy 18', 'B': 'Trisomy 13', 'C': 'Trisomy 21', 'D': '47 XXY', 'E': '45 XO'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Reticulocyte count | Q:A 39-year-old woman presents with progressive weakness, exercise intolerance, and occasional dizziness for the past 3 months. Past medical history is unremarkable. She reports an 18-pack-year smoking history and drinks alcohol rarely. Her vital signs include: temperature 36.6°C (97.8°F), blood pressure 139/82 mm Hg, pulse 98/min. Physical examination is unremarkable. Her laboratory results are significant for the following:
Hemoglobin 9.2 g/dL
Erythrocyte count 2.1 million/mm3
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 88 μm3
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) 32 pg/cell
Leukocyte count 7,500/mm3
Which of the following is the best next step in the management of this patient’s condition??
{'A': 'Serum ferritin level', 'B': 'C-reactive protein (CRP)', 'C': 'Reticulocyte count', 'D': 'Direct antiglobulin test', 'E': 'Bone marrow biopsy'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Bone depletion due to chronic corticosteroid use | Q:A 71-year-old woman presents to the clinic after an X-ray that revealed compression fractures of her L1 and L2 vertebral bodies due to osteoporotic changes. The patient has a history of hypertension for which she takes hydrochlorothiazide, and rheumatoid arthritis, for which she has been taking prednisone for the last 2 years. The patient states that she had a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan 3 years ago that was normal and attributes that finding to regularly taking calcium and vitamin D supplements since then. The patient states that her pain from the fractures is stopping her from participating in her regular activities, such as exercising and gardening. Which of the following is the main cause of her osteoporosis??
{'A': 'Decreased estrogen levels', 'B': 'Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) therapy', 'C': 'Calcium malabsorption', 'D': 'Bone depletion due to chronic corticosteroid use', 'E': 'Undiagnosed hyperparathyroidism'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Respiratory acidosis | Q:A 24-year-old male is brought in by ambulance to the emergency department after he was found unresponsive at home for an unknown length of time. Upon arrival, he is found to be severely altered and unable to answer questions about his medical history. Based on clinical suspicion, a panel of basic blood tests are obtained including an arterial blood gas, which shows a pH of 7.32, a pCO2 of 70, and a sodium bicarbonate level of 30 mg/dl. Which of the following is most likely the primary disturbance leading to the values found in the ABG??
{'A': 'Metabolic acidosis', 'B': 'Metabolic alkalosis', 'C': 'Respiratory acidosis', 'D': 'Respiratory alkalosis', 'E': 'Mixed alkalosis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Tear in the tunica intima | Q:A 65-year-old man with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus is brought to the emergency department 20 minutes after the onset of severe anterior chest pain and shortness of breath. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 30 years. He appears distressed. His pulse is 116/min, respirations are 22/min, and blood pressure is 156/88 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 98%. A grade 3/6, high-pitched, blowing, diastolic murmur is heard over the right upper sternal border. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Tear in the tunica intima', 'B': 'Fibrofatty plaque in the aortic wall', 'C': 'Obstruction of the pulmonary arteries', 'D': 'Rupture of a bulla in the lung', 'E': 'Perforation of the esophageal wall'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Nystatin | Q:A 19-year-old woman comes to the physician because of worsening pain with swallowing for 3 days and a dry sensation in the mouth over the past week. She has a history of asthma controlled with inhaled fluticasone and albuterol. Physical examination shows white plaques on the dorsal surface of the tongue and buccal mucosa that bleed when scraped off. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy??
{'A': 'Triamcinolone', 'B': 'Nystatin', 'C': 'Acyclovir', 'D': 'Griseofulvin', 'E': 'Amphotericin B'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain | Q:A 23-year-old woman presents with ongoing diplopia for 1 week. She has noticed that her diplopia is more prominent when she looks at objects in her periphery. It does not present when looking straight ahead. She does not have a fever, headache, ocular pain, lacrimation, blurring of vision, or changes in her color vision. She is a college student and is otherwise healthy. The neurological examination reveals that when she looks to the left, her right eye does not adduct while her left eye abducts with nystagmus. Furthermore, when she looks to the right, her left eye does not adduct while her right eye abducts with prominent nystagmus. Her pupils are bilateral, equal and reactive to light and accommodation. The convergence is normal. The rest of the cranial nerve examination is unremarkable. What is the next best step in the management of this patient??
{'A': 'Computed tomography (CT) scan of the head', 'B': 'Lumbar puncture', 'C': 'Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain', 'D': 'Ophthalmology referral', 'E': 'Visual evoked potential'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Mesolimbic pathway | Q:A 22-year-old man is brought to the physician by his mother because of concerns about his recent behavior. Three months ago, the patient first reported hearing loud voices coming from the ceiling of his room. During this time, he has also become increasingly worried that visitors to the house were placing secret surveillance cameras. Mental status examination shows tangential speech with paranoid thoughts. Treatment for this patient's condition predominantly targets which of the following dopaminergic pathways??
{'A': 'Mesolimbic pathway', 'B': 'Thalamocortical pathway', 'C': 'Mesocortical pathway', 'D': 'Corticostriatal pathway', 'E': 'Nigrostriatal pathway'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Listeriosis | Q:A 22-year-old woman at 30 weeks gestation presents to the obstetrician with the sudden onset of fever, headache, anorexia, fatigue, and malaise. She mentioned that she had eaten ice cream 3 days ago. Blood cultures show gram-positive rods that are catalase-positive and display distinctive tumbling motility in liquid medium. What is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Brucellosis', 'B': 'Influenza', 'C': 'Listeriosis', 'D': "Legionnaires' disease", 'E': 'Tularaemia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Inhibition of leukotriene and prostaglandin production | Q:A 48-year-old woman presents to the emergency room because of severe back pain after a fall. She says that she was walking home from work when she slipped on a patch of ice on the sidewalk. Since she did not have anything to hold onto, she fell backwards and landed on her posterior iliac crests bilaterally. Immediately after the fall, she started experiencing back pain and tenderness that concerned her enough to call for an ambulance. Her past medical history is significant for arthritis, diabetes, and hypertension. On arrival, her temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 129/86 mmHg, pulse is 112/min, respirations are 19/min. Physical exam reveals tenderness to palpation over the middle of her lower back. A drug that may have predisposed this patient to this outcome most likely has which of the following mechanisms??
{'A': 'Inhibition of leukotriene and prostaglandin production', 'B': 'Inhibition of circulating cytokine', 'C': 'Inhibition of folate processing', 'D': 'Inhibition of prostaglandin production alone', 'E': 'Stimulation of adipocyte transcription factor'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Start metformin. | Q:A 32-year-old woman presents for a follow-up visit. She was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus a month ago but refused to start medications despite counseling due to her fear of gaining weight. She tried exercising and eating healthy in an attempt to ''cure'' her diabetes. She managed to lose 1.8 kg (4 lb) in a month. Today she still complains of increased urinary frequency, the same symptom that leads to her initial suspicion of diabetes. No other significant past medical history. She is happily married and plans on having kids in the next few years. The patient is a non-smoker, denies illicit drug use, and drinks socially. Her vital signs show a pulse of 80/min, a respiratory rate of 16/min, a blood pressure of 120/80 mm Hg, and a temperature of 36.9°C (98.4°F). Her BMI is 33.0 kg/m2. Physical exam findings are unremarkable. Her fingerstick glucose today is 214 mg/dL. Laboratory findings reveal the following:
Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) 7.1%
Blood glucose (fasting) 130 mg/dL
Serum:
Sodium 142 mEq/L
Potassium 3.9 mEq/L
Chloride 101 mEq/L
Serum creatinine 0.8 mg/dL
Blood urea nitrogen 9 mg/dL
Urinalysis shows:
Glucose Positive
Ketones Negative
Leukocytes Negative
Nitrites Negative
RBCs Negative
Casts Negative
Which of the following is the best treatment option for this patient??
{'A': 'Start insulin.', 'B': 'Start glipizide.', 'C': 'Start metformin.', 'D': 'Start exenatide.', 'E': 'Start empagliflozin.'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Renal biopsy | Q:A previously healthy 30-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of a recurring rash that typically occurs on exposure to the sun and affects only the face. She also has noticed several nonpainful ulcers on the roof of her mouth. She is sexually active with one male partner and they use condoms inconsistently. Her mother has end-stage renal disease. The patient does not smoke or drink alcohol. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows an erythematous rash across the cheeks that spares the nasolabial folds. There are three small ulcers on the hard palate. Laboratory studies show:
Leukocyte count 3,000/mm3
Platelet count 70,000/mm3
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 80 mm/h
Serum
Antinuclear antibodies 1:320
Anti-Smith antibodies positive
Urine
Protein 3+
RBC casts negative
RBCs none
WBCs 10–15/hpf
Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"?
{'A': 'Skin biopsy', 'B': 'Renal biopsy', 'C': 'Administration of hydroxychloroquine', 'D': 'Administration of azathioprine', 'E': 'Pathergy skin testing'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Dental procedures | Q:A 59-year-old man presents to the emergency room for a fever that has persisted for over 4 days. In addition, he has been experiencing weakness and malaise. His past medical history is significant for a bicuspid aortic valve that was replaced 2 years ago. Physical exam reveals nailbed splinter hemorrhages, tender nodules on his fingers, and retinal hemorrhages. An echocardiogram shows aortic valve vegetations and culture reveals a gram-positive alpha-hemolytic organism that grows as cocci in chains. The organism is then exposed to optochin and found to be resistant. Finally, they are seen to ferment sorbitol. The most likely cause of this patient's symptoms is associated with which of the following??
{'A': 'Colon cancer', 'B': 'Dental procedures', 'C': 'IV drug use', 'D': 'Pneumonia', 'E': 'Sexual activity'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Parainfluenza virus | Q:A previously healthy 2-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother after 2 days of fever, runny nose, hoarseness, and severe, dry cough. He appears restless. His temperature is 38.1°C (100.5°F), and his respiratory rate is 39/min. Examination shows clear rhinorrhea and a barking cough. There is a prolonged inspiratory phase with a harsh stridor upon agitation. An x-ray of the neck shows tapering of the subglottic region. Which of the following is the most likely causal organism??
{'A': 'Adenovirus', 'B': 'Streptococcus pneumoniae', 'C': 'Haemophilus influenzae', 'D': 'Parainfluenza virus', 'E': 'Measles morbillivirus'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Hemophilia A | Q:An 18-month-old boy is presented to the emergency department by his parents due to swelling in his right knee after playing in the park. His parents say there was no obvious injury. After questioning, the mother says that an uncle of hers had similar problems. The vital signs include heart rate 146/min, respiratory rate 26/min, temperature 37.1°C (98.8°F) and blood pressure 90/52 mm Hg. On physical examination, the swelling of the right knee is evident. The rest of the physical findings are unremarkable. The ultrasound is compatible with the hemarthrosis of the right knee. The complete blood count (CBC) results are as follows:
Hemoglobin 12.2 g/dL
Hematocrit 36%
Leukocyte count 7,300/mm3
Neutrophils 45%
Bands 3%
Eosinophils 1%
Basophils 0%
Lymphocytes 44%
Monocytes 2%
Platelet count 200,000/mm³
The coagulation test results are as follows:
Partial thromboplastin time (activated) 52.0 s
Prothrombin time 14.0 s
Reticulocyte count 1.2%
Thrombin time < 2 seconds deviation from control
What is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Marfan syndrome', 'B': 'Von Willebrand disease', 'C': 'Ehler-Danlos disease', 'D': 'Hemophilia A', 'E': 'Bernard-Soulier disease'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Pyridoxine supplementation | Q:A 32-year-old man presents to the clinic for follow up for treatment of latent tuberculosis. He is a healthcare worker and began isoniazid 3 months ago after a routine PPD yielded a 12-mm induration. He feels otherwise well and attributes this to his vegetarian diet that he has been following for the past 4 years. His past medical history is unremarkable, but his family history is significant for a "liver disease," the specifics of which are unknown. Physical exam shows mildly reduced sensation to pinprick over the distal lower extremities. The abdomen is soft, nontender, and without hepatosplenomegaly. Laboratory studies demonstrate the following:
Serum:
Hemoglobin: 9.6 g/dL
Hematocrit: 34%
Leukocyte count: 9,200/mm^3 with normal differential
Platelets: 270,000/mm^3
Mean corpuscular volume: 77 µm^3
AST: 92 U/L
ALT: 84 U/L
Ferritin: 302 ng/mL (normal 15-200 ng/mL)
Total iron: 273 µg/dL (normal 50-170 µg/dL)
TIBC: 150 µg/dL (normal 250–370 µg/dL)
Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management??
{'A': 'Blood lead levels', 'B': 'Cobalamin supplementation', 'C': 'Pyridoxine supplementation', 'D': 'Serial phlebotomy', 'E': 'Stop isoniazid treatment'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Blinded the investigators | Q:A case-control study with a focus on risk factors that may influence the development of depression was conducted among the elderly population in one tertiary hospital in Malaysia. The study involved 150 elderly patients diagnosed with depressive illness from the psychiatry ward, as well as another group of 150 elderly patients without any history of depressive illness (but hospitalized for other reasons) at the same ward. The data were collected through questionnaires, and 2 principal investigators (who were also the patients’ attending physicians) acted as interviewers after proper training for the purposes of this study. Multivariate analyses of logistic regression with independent variables were employed to determine the adjusted odds ratio for the risk of developing depression. The study results showed that a lower level of social support, lack of education, and the presence of chronic illnesses highly correlated with depression. In order to maximally avoid bias that may stem from this kind of study design, what should the researchers have done differently to increase the validity of their results??
{'A': 'Used open-ended questions', 'B': 'Included more interviewers', 'C': 'Blinded the investigators', 'D': 'Used Bonferroni correction on data', 'E': 'Used closed testing procedures on the data'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Decrease in dopamine activity in tuberoinfundibular pathway | Q:A 28-year-old woman presents with weight gain and a milky-white discharge from her breasts. Patient says she noticed herself gaining weight and a milky white discharge from her breasts. Past medical history is significant for schizophrenia, recently diagnosed and treated with risperidone. No history of headache, nausea, and vomiting. No other current medications. Her last menstrual period was 2 months ago. Review of systems is significant for decreased libido. Patient is afebrile and vital signs are within normal limits. On physical examination, patient had a weight gain of 3 kg (6.6 lb) over the past month. There is bilateral breast tenderness present. A urine pregnancy test is negative. Which of the following is the most likely etiology of this patient’s symptoms??
{'A': 'Decrease in dopamine activity in mesolimbic pathway', 'B': 'Increase in dopamine activity in mesolimbic pathway', 'C': 'Decrease in dopamine activity in tuberoinfundibular pathway', 'D': 'Increase in dopamine activity in tuberoinfundibular pathway', 'E': 'Decrease in dopamine activity in nigrostriatal pathway'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Supportive care only | Q:A 55-year-old man is brought to the emergency department for the evaluation of severe chest pain for the last hour. The pain travels along the left arm and upper jaw. The patient also reports difficulty breathing and profuse sweating. He has hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for the last 35 years. His medications include enalapril and metformin. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 110/min, respirations are 20/min, and blood pressure is 90/60 mm Hg. An ECG shows ST elevation in the leads II, III, and aVF. Morphine is administered and oxygen supplementation and fluid resuscitation are begun. Shortly after, the patient becomes unstable. Following emergency resuscitation and stabilization, a written advance directive provided by the patient's primary care physician shows a do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order. The patient's wife, who is the power of attorney, disagrees. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management of this patient??
{'A': 'Obtain court order to revoke written advance directive', 'B': 'Supportive care only', 'C': 'Reperform resuscitation when needed', 'D': "Contact the patient's oldest child", 'E': 'Contact the ethics committee'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Age-appropriate diet | Q:An 11-month-old boy is brought to a pediatrician by his parents for evaluation of vomiting and watery diarrhea over the last day. The mother informs the pediatrician that the boy had consumed an apple bought from a fruit vendor on the previous day, but that otherwise there has been no recent change in his diet. There is no history of blood in the stool, flatulence, irritability, or poor appetite. There is no history of recurrent or chronic diarrhea or any other gastrointestinal symptoms. On physical examination, his temperature is 37.6°C (99.6°F), pulse is 120/min, respirations are 24/min, and blood pressure is 92/60 mm Hg. General examination reveals a playful infant with normal skin turgor and no sunken eyes. The pediatrician explains to the parents that he most likely has acute gastroenteritis and that no specific medication is indicated at present. He also instructs the parents about his diet during the illness and reviews the danger signs of dehydration. He suggests a follow-up evaluation after 48 hours or earlier if any complications arise. Which of the following dietary recommendations did the pediatrician make??
{'A': 'Age-appropriate diet', 'B': 'BRAT diet', 'C': 'Plenty of juices and carbonated sodas', 'D': 'Diluted formula milk', 'E': 'Lactose-free diet'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Heroin | Q:A 28-year-old female is brought to the emergency department after being found unconscious outside of a local night club by her friends. On arrival the patient is stuporous. Her temperature is 35°C (95°F), blood pressure is 105/75 mm Hg, pulse is 55/min, and respirations are 10/min. Examination shows dry mucous membranes. The pupils are small and react sluggishly to light. She does not respond to any commands, and painful stimuli cause her to withdraw all extremities. No injection marks can be found on her extremities. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely cause of her symptoms??
{'A': 'Amitriptyline', 'B': 'Phencyclidine', 'C': 'MDMA', 'D': 'Heroin', 'E': 'Cannabis\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Togavirus | Q:A previously healthy 5-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of increasing weakness and a retroauricular rash that started 2 days ago. The rash spread rapidly and involves the trunk and extremities. Last week, he had a mild sore throat, pink eyes, and a headache. His family recently immigrated from Ethiopia. His immunization status is unknown. The patient appears severely ill. His temperature is 38.5°C (101.3°F). Examination shows tender postauricular and suboccipital lymphadenopathy. There is a nonconfluent, maculopapular rash over the torso and extremities. Infection with which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Togavirus', 'B': 'Varicella zoster virus', 'C': 'Parvovirus', 'D': 'Human herpesvirus 6', 'E': 'Paramyxovirus'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Decreased total body potassium | Q:A previously healthy 14-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department by her mother because of abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting for 6 hours. Over the past 6 weeks, she has also had increased frequency of urination, and she has been drinking more water than usual. She has lost 6 kg (13 lb) over the same time period despite having a good appetite. Her temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), pulse is 125/min, respirations are 32/min, and blood pressure is 94/58 mm Hg. She appears lethargic. Physical examination shows deep and labored breathing and dry mucous membranes. The abdomen is soft, and there is diffuse tenderness to palpation with no guarding or rebound. Urine dipstick is positive for ketones and glucose. Further evaluation is most likely to show which of the following findings??
{'A': 'Increased arterial pCO2', 'B': 'Increased arterial blood pH', 'C': 'Excess water retention', 'D': 'Serum glucose concentration > 800 mg/dL', 'E': 'Decreased total body potassium'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Vasodilator | Q:A 40-year-old woman with ongoing dyspnea returns to her physician for a follow-up appointment. After an abnormal echocardiogram and pulmonary function testing revealed an isolated reduction in DLCO, a right heart catheterization was ordered to confirm the physician's clinical suspicion. She has family members with similar findings and genetic testing revealed a mutation in the BMPR2 gene. A representative lesion from lung biopsy histology is shown in figure A. Given the patient's clinical presentation and test results, which of the following pharmacologic therapies will the physician most likely provide??
{'A': 'Plasmapheresis', 'B': 'Inhibitor of nitric oxide', 'C': 'Bronchodilator', 'D': 'Immunosuppression', 'E': 'Vasodilator'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Congenital agenesis of an endocrine gland in the anterior neck | Q:An infant boy of unknown age and medical history is dropped off in the emergency department. The infant appears lethargic and has a large protruding tongue. Although the infant exhibits signs of neglect, he is in no apparent distress. The heart rate is 70/min, the respiratory rate is 30/min, and the temperature is 35.7°C (96.2°F). Which of the following is the most likely cause of the patient’s physical exam findings??
{'A': 'Mutation in the WT2 gene', 'B': 'Congenital agenesis of an endocrine gland in the anterior neck', 'C': 'Excess growth hormone secondary to pituitary gland tumor', 'D': 'Type I hypersensitivity reaction', 'E': 'Autosomal dominant mutation in the SERPING1 gene'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Capillary leakage | Q:A 55-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of worsening upper abdominal pain for 8 hours. She reports that the pain radiates to the back and is associated with nausea. She has hypertension and hyperlipidemia, for which she takes enalapril, furosemide, and simvastatin. Her temperature is 37.5°C (99.5 °F), blood pressure is 84/58 mm Hg, and pulse is 115/min. The lungs are clear to auscultation. Examination shows abdominal distention with epigastric tenderness and guarding. Bowel sounds are decreased. Extremities are warm. Laboratory studies show:
Hematocrit 48%
Leukocyte count 13,800/mm3
Platelet count 175,000/mm3
Serum:
Calcium 8.0 mg/dL
Urea nitrogen 32 mg/dL
Amylase 250 U/L
An ECG shows sinus tachycardia. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's vital sign abnormalities?"?
{'A': 'Hemorrhagic fluid loss', 'B': 'Decreased albumin concentration', 'C': 'Decreased cardiac output', 'D': 'Increased excretion of water', 'E': 'Capillary leakage'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Bupropion | Q:A 59-year-old man with a history of major depressive disorder, asthma, and erectile dysfunction presents to his family physician complaining of depressed mood, amotivation, overeating, and anhedonia. He currently takes no medications. The patient has a 3 pack-year smoking history and would like to quit but has been unsuccessful in the past. His BMI is 29 kg/m^2. The physician suggests starting an antidepressant for the patient's mood symptoms. The patient is reluctant, as he used to take sertraline, but stopped it after his erectile dysfunction worsened. Which of the following antidepressants would be most appropriate for this patient??
{'A': 'Amitriptyline', 'B': 'Bupropion', 'C': 'Citalopram', 'D': 'Mirtazapine', 'E': 'Sertraline'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Acute myeloid leukemia | Q:A 70-year-old woman presents with a 2-week history of severe fatigue. Over the past month, she has unintentionally lost 2 kg (4.4 lb). Three years ago, she was diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndrome. Currently, she takes no medications other than aspirin for occasional knee pain. She does not smoke or drink alcohol. Her vital signs are within the normal range. On physical examination, her conjunctivae are pale. Petechiae are present on the distal lower extremities and on the soft and hard palates. Palpation reveals bilateral painless cervical lymphadenopathy. Examination of the lungs, heart, and abdomen shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 9 g/dL
Mean corpuscular volume 90 μm3
Leukocyte count 3000/mm3
Platelet count 20,000/mm3
A Giemsa-stained peripheral blood smear is shown in the image. Which of the following best explains these findings??
{'A': 'Acute myeloid leukemia', 'B': 'Aplastic anemia', 'C': 'Chronic myelogenous leukemia', 'D': 'Hairy cell leukemia', 'E': 'Primary myelofibrosis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Collecting water from a stream, without boiling or chemical treatment | Q:A 16-year-old man with no significant past medical, surgical, or family history presents to his pediatrician with new symptoms following a recent camping trip. He notes that he went with a group of friends and 1 other group member is experiencing similar symptoms. Over the past 5 days, he endorses significant flatulence, nausea, and greasy, foul-smelling diarrhea. He denies tenesmus, urgency, and bloody diarrhea. The blood pressure is 118/74 mm Hg, heart rate is 88/min, respiratory rate is 14/min, and temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F). Physical examination is notable for mild, diffuse abdominal tenderness. He has no blood in the rectal vault. What is the patient most likely to report about his camping activities??
{'A': 'Collecting water from a stream, without boiling or chemical treatment', 'B': 'Recent antibiotic prescription', 'C': 'This has been going on for months.', 'D': 'The patient camped as a side excursion from a cruise ship.', 'E': 'The patient camped in Mexico.'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Erythocyte sedimentation rate of 65 mm/h
" | Q:A 57-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 1-month history of multiple swellings in both her axillae. She says they are generally painless, but are sometimes painful on the weekends. She also has increased fatigue, recurring low-grade fevers, and generalized pruritus. She does not smoke. She drinks five to six beers on the weekends. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 80/min, respirations are 12/min, and blood pressure is 130/70 mm Hg. Physical examination reveals multiple firm and nontender axillary lymph nodes. A lymph node biopsy shows multinucleate giant lymphocytes with prominent nucleoli that resemble eosinophilic inclusions. Which of the following additional findings would be associated with a poor prognosis in this patient??
{'A': "Mediastinal tumor occupying 7% of the chest's width", 'B': 'Axillary tumor 6 cm across', 'C': 'Nodular lymphocyte predominant type tumor', 'D': 'Leukocyte count of 9,000/mm3', 'E': 'Erythocyte sedimentation rate of 65 mm/h\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Thyroid stimulating hormone level (TSH) | Q:A 43-year-old man comes to the emergency room complaining of chest discomfort. He describes the feeling as "tightness," and also reports weakness and palpitations for the past hour. He denies shortness of breath, diaphoresis, or lightheadedness. He has no significant past medical history, and does not smoke, drink, or use illicit drugs. His father had a myocardial infarction at age 72. He is afebrile, heart rate is 125 bpm, and his blood pressure is 120/76. He is alert and oriented to person, place, and time. His electrocardiogram is shown below. Which of the following tests should be ordered in the initial work-up of this patient's condition??
{'A': 'Urine free cortisol level', 'B': 'Blood alcohol level', 'C': 'Chest x-ray', 'D': 'Thyroid stimulating hormone level (TSH)', 'E': 'Urine metanephrines'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Howell-Jolly bodies | Q:An 11-year-old African American boy is brought to your office by his parents with a 1-day history of severe left hip pain. It is too painful for him to walk without support. He took ibuprofen, which brought no relief. He has had no chills or sweats. Similar painful episodes in the past required multiple hospitalizations. He returned from a trip to Kenya with his family 2 months ago. His vaccinations are up-to-date. His temperature is 38°C (100.4° F), pulse is 100/min, blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg. Physical examination shows pale conjunctivae. The abdomen is soft with no organomegaly. Passive movement of the hip causes severe pain. There is tenderness on palpation, but no swelling, warmth, or erythema of the hip. His laboratory studies show a hematocrit of 25% and leukocyte count of 14 000/mm3. A peripheral blood smear would most likely show which of the following??
{'A': 'Trophozoites', 'B': 'Decreased number of thrombocytes', 'C': 'Decreased number of reticulocytes', 'D': 'Howell-Jolly bodies', 'E': 'Gram-negative bacilli\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Diencephalon | Q:A researcher is studying the brains of patients who recently died from stroke-related causes. One specimen has a large thrombus in an area of the brain that is important in relaying many modalities of sensory information from the periphery to the sensory cortex. Which of the following embryologic structures gave rise to the part of the brain in question??
{'A': 'Telencephalon', 'B': 'Diencephalon', 'C': 'Mesencephalon', 'D': 'Metencephalon', 'E': 'Mylencephalon'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Kidney laceration | Q:A 33-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after being involved in a bar fight. Physical examination shows tenderness to palpation over the left side of the back. An x-ray of the chest shows a fracture of the 12th rib on the left side. Further evaluation is most likely to show which of the following injuries??
{'A': 'Liver hematoma', 'B': 'Pneumothorax', 'C': 'Colon perforation', 'D': 'Kidney laceration', 'E': 'Pancreatic transection'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Hypogammaglobulinemia | Q:A 71-year-old African American man is brought to the emergency department with a worsening productive cough and dyspnea for 2 days. He has had generalized bone pain for 2 months. He was admitted for pyelonephritis last month. He also received outpatient treatment for pneumonia almost 2 months ago. Over the past 2 months, he has been taking over-the-counter ibuprofen for pain as needed. He appears anxious. The vital signs include: temperature 38.8°C (101.8°F), pulse 95/min, respiratory rate 20/min, and blood pressure 155/90 mm Hg. The conjunctivae are pale. Crackles are heard in the right lower lobe. The cardiac examination shows no abnormalities. The laboratory studies show the following:
Hemoglobin 9 g/dL
Mean corpuscular volume 95 μm3
Leukocyte count 13,500/mm3
Segmented neutrophils 75%
Lymphocytes 25%
Platelet count 240,000/mm3
ESR 85 mm/hr
Serum
Na+ 135 mEq/L
K+ 4.2 mEq/L
Cl− 113 mEq/L
HCO3− 20 mEq/L
Ca+ 12.4 mg/dL
Albumin 4 g/dL
Urea nitrogen 38 mg/dL
Creatinine 2.2 mg/dL
A chest X-ray shows a right lower lobe opacity and blurring of the ipsilateral diaphragmatic dome. Skull and pelvic X-rays are performed (see image). Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient’s recent infections??
{'A': 'Advanced age', 'B': 'Hypogammaglobulinemia', 'C': 'NSAID-induced chronic kidney disease', 'D': 'T cell dysfunction', 'E': 'Unresolved pneumonia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Octreotide | Q:A 35-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 4-month history of intermittent headaches. They have been getting progressively worse and no longer respond to ibuprofen. He also complains of weight gain and excessive sweating. Physical examination shows prominent supraorbital ridges, prognathism, macroglossia with thick lips, and disproportionately broad hands and feet. There is decreased peripheral vision bilaterally on visual field testing. An MRI of the brain shows a mass in the sella turcica. Genetic analysis of a biopsy specimen from the mass shows cells that overexpress adenylyl cyclase. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy for this condition??
{'A': 'Methimazole', 'B': 'Octreotide', 'C': 'Leuprolide', 'D': 'Risperidone', 'E': 'Metyrapone'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: First branchial arch | Q:A 10-year-old boy comes for a post-operative clinic visit with his ENT surgeon three months after airway reconstruction surgery and placement of a tracheostomy tube. Since the surgery, he says that he has been able to breathe better and is now getting used to tracheostomy care and tracheostomy tube changes. In addition to this surgery, he has had over twenty surgeries to implant hearing aids, reconstruct his cheekbones, and support his jaw to enable him to swallow. He was born with these abnormalities and had difficult breathing, hearing, and eating throughout his childhood. Fortunately, he is now beginning to feel better and is able to attend public school where he is one of the best students in the class. Abnormal development of which of the following structures is most likely responsible for this patient's malformations??
{'A': 'First branchial arch', 'B': 'First branchial pouch', 'C': 'Second branchial arch', 'D': 'Second branchial cleft', 'E': 'Third and fourth branchial pouches'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Sharp wave complexes on EEG | Q:A 60-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a rapid change in his behavior. The patient recently returned from a vacation in rural Mexico and recovered from several episodes of bloody diarrhea. He has had a notable and rapid decline in his memory which started this morning. His personality has also changed, has not been sleeping, and seems generally apathetic. Brief and involuntary muscle twitches have been noted as well. The patient has a past medical history of hypertension and diabetes. His temperature is 99.8°F (37.7°C), blood pressure is 152/98 mmHg, pulse is 97/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam is notable for a confused and apathetic man who is not compliant with the neurological exam. The patient is admitted to the ICU; however, during his hospital course, the patient ultimately dies. Which of the following was most likely to be found in this patient upon initial presentation??
{'A': 'Blood in the subarachnoid place', 'B': 'Multifocal infarction on MRI', 'C': 'Neurofibrillary tangles', 'D': 'Sharp wave complexes on EEG', 'E': 'Tear of a bridging vein'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Initiate dopamine therapy and diuresis | Q:A 71-year-old woman with a past medical history of type 2 diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension was admitted to the hospital 8 hours ago with substernal chest pain for management of acute non-ST-elevated myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). The ECG findings noted by ST-depressions and T-wave inversions on anterolateral leads, which is also accompanied by elevated cardiac enzymes. Upon diagnosis, management with inhaled oxygen therapy, beta-blockers and aspirin, and low-molecular-weight heparin therapy were initiated, and she was placed on bed rest with continuous electrocardiographic monitoring. Since admission, she required 2 doses of sublingual nitric oxide for recurrent angina, and the repeat troponin levels continued to rise. Given her risk factors, plans were made for early coronary angiography. The telemetry nurse calls the on-call physician because of her concern with the patient’s mild confusion and increasing need for supplemental oxygen. At bedside evaluation, The vital signs include: heart rate 122/min, blood pressure 89/40 mm Hg, and the pulse oximetry is 91% on 6L of oxygen by nasal cannula. The telemetry and a repeat ECG show sinus tachycardia. She is breathing rapidly, appears confused, and complains of shortness of breath. On physical exam, the skin is cool and clammy and appears pale and dull. She has diffuse bilateral pulmonary crackles, and an S3 gallop is noted on chest auscultation with no new murmurs. She has jugular venous distention to the jaw-line, rapid and faint radial pulses, and 1+ dependent edema. She is immediately transferred to the intensive care unit for respiratory support and precautions for airway security. The bedside sonography shows abnormal hypodynamic anterior wall movement and an ejection fraction of 20%, but no evidence of mitral regurgitation or ventricular shunt. The chest X-ray demonstrates cephalization of pulmonary veins and pulmonary edema. What is the most appropriate next step in the stabilization of this patient??
{'A': 'Insert two large-bore intravenous catheters and start rapid fluid resuscitation', 'B': 'Initiate dopamine therapy and diuresis', 'C': 'Start intravenous fluids and epinephrine therapy', 'D': 'Obtain blood cultures and start preliminary broad-spectrum antibiotics', 'E': 'Intubate the patient and perform an emergency cardiocentesis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Huntington disease | Q:A 42-year-old woman is brought to the physician by her husband because of a 1-year history of abnormal behavior. During this time she has been irritable, restless, and has had multiple episodes of hearing voices. Over the past month, she has also had difficulty swallowing. She has a 2-year history of depression. She was let go by her employer 6 months ago because she could no longer handle all her tasks and often forgot about assignments. Her father committed suicide at the age of 50. The patient has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily over the past 20 years. She has a history of smoking cocaine for 8 years but stopped 1 year ago. Vital signs are within normal limits. On mental status examination, she is confused and oriented to person and place only. Neurologic examination shows a delayed return to neutral ankle position after triggering the plantar reflex. Physical examination shows irregular, nonrepetitive, and arrhythmic movements of the neck and head. The patient has poor articulation. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Sydenham chorea', 'B': 'Parkinson disease', 'C': 'Multiple sclerosis', 'D': 'Drug-induced chorea', 'E': 'Huntington disease'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Decreased blood flow to the splenic flexure | Q:A 64-year-old woman has progressively worsening abdominal pain 5 hours after an open valve replacement with cardiopulmonary bypass. The pain is crampy and associated with an urge to defecate. The patient reports having had 2 bloody bowel movements in the last hour. Her operation was complicated by significant intraoperative blood loss, which prolonged the operation and necessitated 2 transfusions of red blood cells. She has hypercholesterolemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The patient received prophylactic perioperative antibiotics and opioid pain management during recovery. Her temperature is 37.9°C (98.9°F), pulse is 95/min, and blood pressure is 115/69 mm Hg. Examination shows a soft abdomen with mild tenderness to palpation in the left quadrants but no rebound tenderness or guarding. Bowel sounds are decreased. Rectal examination shows blood on the examining finger. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Embolization of superior mesenteric artery', 'B': 'Decreased blood flow to the splenic flexure', 'C': 'Small outpouchings in the sigmoid wall', 'D': 'Atherosclerotic narrowing of the intestinal vessels', 'E': 'Infection with Clostridioides difficile'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Admit to hospital for 24 hour observation for complications and/or recurrence | Q:An 8-month-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother. She is concerned that her son has had intermittent periods of severe abdominal pain over the past several days that has been associated with emesis and "currant jelly" stool. Of note, the family lives in a rural part of the state, requiring a 2 hour drive to the nearest hospital. He currently appears to be in significant pain and has vomited twice in the past hour. On physical examination, a sausage-shaped mass is noted on palpation of the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. Ultrasound of the abdomen was consistent with a diagnosis of intussusception. An air-contrast barium enema was performed, which confirmed the diagnosis and also successfully reduced the intussusception. Which of the following is the next best step in the management of this patient??
{'A': 'Discharge to home with follow-up in 3 weeks in an outpatient pediatric gastroenterology clinic', 'B': 'Repeat barium enema q6 hrs to monitor for recurrence', 'C': 'Keep patient NPO and initiate work-up to identify lead-point', 'D': 'Admit to hospital for 24 hour observation for complications and/or recurrence', 'E': 'Pursue urgent surgical reduction with resection of necrotic segments of bowel'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Autoimmune destruction of the adrenal gland | Q:A 48-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician with complaints of persistent fatigue, dizziness, and weight loss for the past 3 months. She has a history of hypothyroidism and takes thyroxine replacement. Her blood pressure is 90/60 mm Hg in a supine position and 65/40 mm Hg while sitting, temperature is 36.8°C (98.2°F), and pulse is 75/min. On physical examination, there is a mild increase in thyroid size, with a rubbery consistency. Her skin shows diffuse hyperpigmentation, more pronounced in the oral mucosa and palmar creases. Which of the following best represent the etiology of this patient’s condition??
{'A': 'Autoimmune destruction of the adrenal gland', 'B': '↓ adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion from the pituitary gland', 'C': '↓ corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion from the hypothalamus', 'D': 'Prolonged corticosteroid therapy', 'E': '↑ iron absorption and deposition in the body'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Phenytoin | Q:A 19-year-old man with a history of generalized tonic-clonic seizures comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. He is a known user of intravenous cocaine. His vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows multiple hyperpigmented lines along the forearms. Oral examination shows marked overgrowth of friable, ulcerated gingival mucosa. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's oral examination findings??
{'A': 'Phenytoin', 'B': 'Lamotrigine', 'C': 'Lacosamide', 'D': 'Cyclosporine', 'E': 'Carbamazepine\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Macula communicans | Q:A 62-year-old man with prostate cancer comes to the physician because of low back pain for 2 weeks and a 4.5-kg (10-lb) weight loss. Physical examination shows localized tenderness over the lumbar spine. An x-ray of the lumbar spine shows several osteoblastic lesions at the level of L2 and L4 vertebrae. Microscopic examination of a bone biopsy specimen from the L4 vertebra shows irregular bone trabeculae and star-shaped cells with long, cytoplasmic processes located deep within the lacunae. Exchange of nutrients and waste products between these cells most likely occurs through which of the following structures??
{'A': 'Macula adherens', 'B': 'Macula communicans', 'C': 'Zonula occludens', 'D': 'Hemidesmosomes', 'E': 'Zonula adherens'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Breast milk jaundice | Q:A 2-week-old female newborn is brought to the physician because of increasing yellow discoloration of her eyes and skin for 2 days. She was born at 39 weeks' gestation and weighed 3066 g (6 lb 12 oz); she now weighs 3200 g (7 lb 1 oz). She is exclusively breastfed. Her older brother died 3 months after liver surgery. Her temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), pulse is 145/min, and respirations are 40/min. Examination shows yellow discoloration extending to the palms and soles. The liver is palpated 1 cm below the right costal margin. Laboratory studies show:
Hematocrit 51%
Serum
Bilirubin
Total 16.1 mg/dL
Direct 0.7 mg/dL
Alkaline phosphatase 22 U/L
AST 12 U/L
ALT 12 U/L
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?"?
{'A': 'Biliary atresia', 'B': 'Physiologic neonatal jaundice', 'C': 'Isoimmune mediated hemolysis', 'D': 'Breast milk jaundice', 'E': 'Breastfeeding failure jaundice'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Level 1 | Q:A researcher is trying to determine whether a newly discovered substance X can be useful in promoting wound healing after surgery. She conducts this study by enrolling the next 100 patients that will be undergoing this surgery and separating them into 2 groups. She decides which patient will be in which group by using a random number generator. Subsequently, she prepares 1 set of syringes with the novel substance X and 1 set of syringes with a saline control. Both of these sets of syringes are unlabeled and the substances inside cannot be distinguished. She gives the surgeon performing the surgery 1 of the syringes and does not inform him nor the patient which syringe was used. After the study is complete, she analyzes all the data that was collected and performs statistical analysis. This study most likely provides which level of evidence for use of substance X??
{'A': 'Level 1', 'B': 'Level 2', 'C': 'Level 3', 'D': 'Level 4', 'E': 'Level 5'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Dengue fever | Q:A 13-year-old boy is brought to a physician with severe fevers and headaches for 3 days. The pain is constant and mainly behind the eyes. He has myalgias, nausea, vomiting, and a rash for one day. Last week, during an academic winter break, he traveled on a tour with his family to several countries, including Brazil, Panama, and Peru. They spent many evenings outdoors without any protection against insect bites. There is no history of contact with pets, serious illness, or use of medications. The temperature is 40.0℃ (104.0℉); the pulse is 110/min; the respiratory rate is 18/min, and the blood pressure is 110/60 mm Hg. A maculopapular rash is seen over the trunk and extremities. Several tender lymph nodes are palpated in the neck on both sides. A peripheral blood smear shows no organisms. Which of the following is most likely responsible for this patient’s presentation??
{'A': 'Babesiosis', 'B': 'Chagas disease', 'C': 'Dengue fever', 'D': 'Malaria', 'E': 'Zika virus'}, |