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### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Membranous nephropathy | Q:A 66-year-old white man comes to the physician because of a 10-day history of fatigue and lower leg swelling. Over the past 6 months, he has had a 3.6-kg (8-lb) weight loss. He has chronic bronchitis and uses an albuterol inhaler as needed. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 44 years and drinks one alcoholic beverage daily. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 88/min, and blood pressure is 120/75 mm Hg. He appears thin. Examination shows 2+ pretibial edema bilaterally. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 11.2 g/dL
Leukocyte count 8500/mm3
Platelet count 130,000/mm3
Serum
Urea nitrogen 23 mg/dL
Glucose 77 mg/dL
Creatinine 1.6 mg/dL
Albumin 1.8 mg/dL
Total cholesterol 475 mg/dL
Urine
Blood negative
Glucose negative
Protein 4+
WBC 0–1/hpf
Fatty casts numerous
An x-ray of the chest shows a right upper lobe density. A CT scan of the chest shows a 2.5 x 3.5 x 2-cm right upper lobe mass. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?"?
{'A': 'Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis', 'B': 'Granulomatosis with polyangiitis', 'C': 'Membranous nephropathy', 'D': 'Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis', 'E': 'Thin basement membrane disease\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Intravenous normal saline | Q:An 80-year-old male with known metastatic prostate cancer presents to your office with vague complaints of "achy bones." Strangely, he refers to you using the name of another physician. On physical exam, he is afebrile, but mildly tachycardic at 100 beats/min. Mucous membranes are dry. Cardiac exam shows regular rhythm and no murmurs. The patient has diffuse, nonfocal abdominal pain. He cannot articulate the correct date. You check the patient's serum calcium level, which is found to be 15.3 mg/dL. What is the best next step in management??
{'A': 'Pamidronate', 'B': 'Intravenous normal saline', 'C': 'Calcitonin', 'D': 'Furosemide', 'E': 'Hemodialysis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Ipratropium | Q:A new drug is designed to treat asthma by inhibiting bronchoconstriction. Experimental assays show that treated animals had markedly reduced acetylcholine binding to muscarinic receptors relative to untreated controls. The drug is most similar to which of the following:?
{'A': 'Theophylline', 'B': 'Cromolyn', 'C': 'Zafirlukast', 'D': 'Prednisone', 'E': 'Ipratropium'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Prevention of Na+ influx | Q:A 34-year-old man presents to the outpatient clinic with a complaint of right-sided jaw pain. The onset of pain was approx. 1 month ago and he is experiencing symptoms 2–3 times a day. Each episode of pain lasts for about 30 seconds. He describes the pain as severe (9 out of 10) with an electric and sharp quality. He denies having tear production or conjunctival injection on the affected side during attacks. What is the mechanism of action for the drug that will best treat this patient’s condition??
{'A': 'Prevention of Na+ influx', 'B': 'Decrease the excitatory effects of glutamic acid', 'C': 'Increase the frequency of Cl- channel opening', 'D': 'Increase the time of Cl- channel opening', 'E': 'Decrease in the Ca2+ influx'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Sickle cell trait | Q:A 17-year-old African-American male presents to his family physician after noticing red-tinged urine the week before, when he was suffering from a cold. The patient states that he had experienced that before. His father is with him and says that this happens to him on occasion as well. What is the most likely diagnosis for this patient??
{'A': 'Acute cystitis', 'B': 'Acute interstitial nephritis', 'C': 'Sickle cell trait', 'D': 'Acute glomerulonephritis', 'E': 'Hemophilia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: X-linked recessive | Q:A 4-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother for a well-child examination. At the visit, the mother says that she is worried about the child's vision because of an “eye condition that runs in the family.” She says that the child is doing well in all activities at his preschool, except one in which he is required to sort different colored balls into baskets of a corresponding color. A pedigree chart of the family, with the patient identified by a red arrow, is shown. The most likely cause of these changes in the patient's vision involves which of the following modes of inheritance??
{'A': 'Mitochondrial inheritance', 'B': 'Autosomal recessive', 'C': 'Y-linked dominant', 'D': 'X-linked recessive', 'E': 'Autosomal dominant'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Normal calcium, normal phosphate, increased alkaline phosphatase, and normal parathyroid hormone | Q:A 71-year-old African American man with a history of prostatic adenocarcinoma presents to his oncologist with low back pain. He was diagnosed with non-resectable prostatic adenocarcinoma 4 years ago. He has undergone radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Over the past 3 months, he has developed constant mild non-radiating low back pain that occasionally wakes him up from sleep. He denies any recent falls or trauma. His past medical history is notable for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and gout. He also has a history of thyroid cancer and underwent thyroidectomy 5 years ago. He takes lisinopril, metoprolol, aspirin, metformin, and allopurinol. He has a 40-pack-year smoking history and drinks alcohol socially. His temperature is 99.2°F (37.3°C), blood pressure is 150/85 mmHg, pulse is 84/min, and respirations are 18/min. On exam, he is well-appearing and in no acute distress. He is mildly tender to palpation along the lumbar vertebral spinous processes. A computerized tomography (CT) scan of the lumbar spine demonstrates a blastic and sclerotic lesion in the L5 vertebral body. Which of the following findings would most likely be seen on a serum study of this patient??
{'A': 'Decreased calcium, decreased phosphate, increased alkaline phosphatase, and increased parathyroid hormone', 'B': 'Decreased calcium, increased phosphate, increased alkaline phosphatase, and increased parathyroid hormone', 'C': 'Increased calcium, decreased phosphate, increased alkaline phosphatase, and increased parathyroid hormone', 'D': 'Normal calcium, normal phosphate, increased alkaline phosphatase, and normal parathyroid hormone', 'E': 'Normal calcium, normal phosphate, normal alkaline phosphatase, and normal parathyroid hormone'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: TH1 cells | Q:A 44-year-old Caucasian male presents with a fever, recent weight loss, and a cough productive of bloody sputum. A chest X-ray and CT scan were performed, revealing cavities near the apex of his lungs. The patient is started on rifampin, isoniazid, ethambutol and pyrazinamide. Formation of the cavities in the patient's lungs is mainly mediated by:?
{'A': 'TH1 cells', 'B': 'Toxin secretion by the bacterium', 'C': 'B-cells', 'D': 'NK cells', 'E': 'Apoptosis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Hepatocellular carcinoma | Q:A 48-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with a 6-month history of increasing joint pain and stiffness. He says that the pain is primarily located in his knees and occurs in sharp bursts that are accompanied by redness and warmth. His past medical history is significant for diabetes though he is not currently taking any medications. He also suffers from occasional diarrhea with fatty stools. Physical exam reveals mild swelling and redness in his knees bilaterally. Furthermore, he is found to be very tan despite the fact that he says he stays out of the sun. He notes that he has always been significantly more tan than anyone else in his family. This patient is most likely predisposed to which of the following diseases??
{'A': 'Basal cell carcinoma', 'B': 'Hepatocellular carcinoma', 'C': 'Osteosarcoma', 'D': 'Pancreatic adenocarcinoma', 'E': 'Squamous cell skin carcinoma'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Diltiazem | Q:A 58-year-old chronic smoker known to have chronic bronchitis for the last 20 years presents to his physician for a scheduled follow-up visit. He mentions that over the last month he has been having difficulty breathing, especially after climbing stairs. He also says that he has had similar episodes in the past, which were relieved with the use of inhaled bronchodilators, but recently the breathlessness has ceased to respond to them. He also mentions frequent pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. On physical examination, his temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), the pulse is 96/min, the blood pressure is 124/82 mm Hg, and the respirations are 26/min. Auscultation of the chest reveals wheezing bilaterally and a loud pulmonic component of the second heart sound. Two-dimensional echocardiography shows a dilated right ventricle with increased wall thickness. Right heart catheterization is performed, which indicates a pulmonary artery pressure of 30 mm Hg and a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 13 mm Hg. There is a significant drop in pulmonary artery pressure after the administration of inhaled nitric oxide. In addition to continued appropriate management of chronic bronchitis, which of the following medications is most likely to improve symptoms in the patient??
{'A': 'Captopril', 'B': 'Diltiazem', 'C': 'Hydralazine', 'D': 'Isosorbide mononitrate', 'E': 'Losartan'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Pleural effusion | Q:A 70-year-old man presents to the clinic with right-sided chest pain and difficulty breathing for the past 10 days. When it began, the pain was mild, but as time went on, it increased to a level at which the man found it difficult to breathe. Two years ago, he was diagnosed with clear cell carcinoma of the kidney. Vital signs include: pulse rate is 72/min, blood pressure is 122/80 mm Hg, respiratory rate is 16/min, and temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F). On physical examination, the trachea appears to have deviated to the left, respiratory movements are diminished, there is decreased resonance on percussion, and there is an absence of breath sounds over the right hemithorax. Which of the following is the most likely clinical diagnosis in this patient??
{'A': 'Pneumonia', 'B': 'Atelectasis', 'C': 'Pneumothorax', 'D': 'Pulmonary embolism', 'E': 'Pleural effusion'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Impaired erythropoietin production | Q:A 1-month-old boy is brought in by his mother for episodes of “not breathing.” She reports noticing that the patient will occasionally stop breathing while he’s sleeping, and that these episodes have been occurring more frequently. The patient was born at 32 weeks due to placental insufficiency. He was in the neonatal intensive care unit for 1 day to be placed on a respirator. During prenatal testing, it was revealed that the mother was not immune to rubella, but she otherwise had an uncomplicated pregnancy. She has no medical conditions and took only prenatal vitamins. The patient has a 3-year-old sister who is healthy. His father has a “heart condition.” The patient’s temperature is 98°F (36.7°C), blood pressure is 91/55 mmHg, pulse is 207/min, and respirations are 50/min with an oxygen saturation of 97% on room air. Physical examination is notable for pale conjunctiva. Labs are obtained, as shown below:
Leukocyte count: 10,000/mm^3 with normal differential
Hemoglobin: 8.2 g/dL
Hematocrit: 28%
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV): 100 um^3
Platelet count: 300,000/mm^3
Reticulocyte count: 0.8% (normal range: 2-6%)
Lactate dehydrogenase: 120 U/L (normal range: 100-250 U/L)
A peripheral smear reveals normocytic and normochromic red blood cells. Which of the following is a mechanism for the patient’s most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Congenital infection', 'B': 'Hemoglobinopathy', 'C': 'Impaired erythropoietin production', 'D': 'Minor blood group incompatibility', 'E': 'Red blood cell membrane defect'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Physical therapy | Q:A 63-year-old man presents to his family physician with limited movement in his left shoulder that has progressed gradually over the past 6 years. He previously had pain when moving his shoulder, but the pain subsided a year ago and now he experiences the inability to fully flex, abduct, and rotate his left arm. He had an injury to his left shoulder 10 years ago when he fell onto his arms and ‘stretched ligaments’. He did not seek medical care and managed the pain with NSAIDs and rest. He has diabetes mellitus that is well controlled with Metformin. His blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg, the heart rate is 81/min, the respiratory rate is 15/min, and the temperature is 36.6°C (97.9°F). Physical examination reveals limitations of both active and passive abduction and external rotation in the left arm. The range of motion in the right glenohumeral joint is normal. The muscles of the left shoulder look less bulky than those of the right shoulder. There is no change in shoulder muscle power bilaterally. The reflexes and sensation on the upper extremities are normal. Which of the following is the next best step for this patient??
{'A': 'No interventions are required at this stage', 'B': 'NSAID prescription for 1–2 weeks', 'C': 'Physical therapy', 'D': 'Corticosteroid injections', 'E': 'Arthroscopic capsular release'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Cardiac tamponade | Q:A 32-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of sharp chest pain for 3 days. The pain is retrosternal, 8 out of 10 in intensity, increases with respiration, and decreases while sitting upright and leaning forward. He has nausea and myalgia. He has not had fever or a cough. He has asthma and was treated for bronchitis 6 months ago with azithromycin. His mother has hypertension. He uses an over-the-counter inhaler. His temperature is 37.3°C (99.1°F), pulse is 110/min, and blood pressure is 130/84 mm Hg. Breath sounds are normal. Cardiac examination shows a high-pitched grating sound between S1 and S2. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Serum studies show:
Urea nitrogen 16 mg/dl
Glucose 103 mg/dL
Creatinine 0.7 mg/dL
Troponin I 0.230 ng/mL (N < 0.1 ng/mL)
An ECG shows diffuse ST elevations in all leads. The patient is at increased risk for which of the following conditions?"?
{'A': 'Papillary muscle rupture', 'B': 'Pulmonary infarction', 'C': 'Mediastinitis', 'D': 'Cardiac tamponade', 'E': 'Ventricular aneurysm'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Cutaneous mast cell activation | Q:A 48-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-day history of an itchy rash. He has no history of skin problems. He had an upper respiratory infection 4 days ago that resolved with acetaminophen and over-the-counter cold medication. He has type I diabetes mellitus well-controlled with insulin. He was also diagnosed with hypertension 3 weeks ago and treatment with captopril was initiated. His temperature is 36.8°C (98.2°F), pulse is 68/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 120/85 mm Hg. Examination shows rashes at the waistline, trunk, and over the forearms. A photograph of the right forearm is shown. The rashes are nontender and blanch on pressure. There is no lymphadenopathy or hepatosplenomegaly. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this patient's skin findings??
{'A': 'Epidermal keratinocyte hyperproliferation', 'B': 'Cutaneous Trichophyton rubrum infection', 'C': 'Cutaneous cytotoxic reaction', 'D': 'Impaired bradykinin degradation', 'E': 'Cutaneous mast cell activation'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Exercise therapy with NSAIDs/acetaminophen | Q:A 56-year-old man comes to the clinic complaining of back pain for the past 1 month. The pain is described as a dull ache that intensifies intermittently to an 8/10 in severity about 1-2 times a day. It intensified about 2 weeks ago following a fall during a ski trip. He reports that he noticed some pain at his buttocks and lower back following the fall but he wasn’t bothered by it. Hot packs and Tylenol seem to alleviate the pain somewhat. He denies lower extremity weakness, loss of sensation, fever, incontinence, or prior cancers; however, he reveals that his cousin was recently diagnosed with prostate cancer. Physical examination demonstrates normal range of motion and diffuse tenderness at the L4/L5 region with no point tenderness or vertebral step-offs. What is the next best step in the management of this patient??
{'A': 'Back bracing', 'B': 'Best rest with return to activity in 1 week', 'C': 'Exercise therapy with NSAIDs/acetaminophen', 'D': 'Morphine as needed', 'E': 'Radiograph of lumbar spine'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Calcification of the aortic valve | Q:A 75-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 20 minutes after an episode of being unconscious. He was playing with his 3-year-old granddaughter when he suddenly fell down and was unresponsive for 1-minute. He responded normally after regaining consciousness. He has had episodes of mild chest pain and abdominal discomfort for the past 2 months, especially while working on his car. He has hypertension treated with hydrochlorothiazide. He appears alert. His temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), pulse is 89/min and regular, and blood pressure is 110/88 mm Hg. Examination shows a 3/6 late systolic murmur at the right sternal border that radiates to the carotids. There is no swelling or erythema of the lower extremities. Neurologic examination shows no focal findings. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Rupture of the chordae tendineae', 'B': 'Fibrosis of the sinus node', 'C': 'Asymmetric septal hypertrophy', 'D': 'Calcification of the aortic valve', 'E': 'Embolus in the pulmonary artery'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Enhances release of norepinephrine vesicles | Q:A 37-year-old male presents to general medical clinic reporting sleeping difficulties. He states that he has daytime sleepiness, having fallen asleep several times while driving his car recently. He sometimes experiences very vivid dreams just before awakening. You ask the patient's wife if she has witnessed any episodes where her husband lost all muscle tone and fell to the ground, and she confirms that he has not had this symptom. The patient notes that this condition runs in his family, and he desperately asks for treatment. You begin him on a first-line medication for this illness, which works by which mechanism of action??
{'A': 'Agonist at the GABA receptor', 'B': 'Agonist at the mu opioid receptor', 'C': 'Blockade of 5HT reuptake', 'D': 'Enhances release of norepinephrine vesicles', 'E': 'Alpha-2 receptor antagonist'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Excessive mobilization of fatty acids | Q:A 30-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by ambulance after being found unconscious in her bedroom by her roommate. The roommate says the patient has type 1 diabetes and takes her insulin regularly. Her pulse is 110/min, the respiratory rate is 24/min, the temperature is 36.6°C (97.9°F), and the blood pressure is 95/65 mm Hg. She is breathing heavily and gives irrelevant responses to questions. Her skin and mucous membranes appear dry. Her breath has a fruity smell to it. Tendon reflexes are slightly delayed. The laboratory findings include:
Finger-stick glucose 530 mg/dL
Arterial blood gas analysis
pH 7.1
pO2 94 mm Hg
pCO2 32 mm Hg
HCO3 17 mEq/L
Serum
Sodium 136 mEq/L
Potassium 3.2 mEq/L
Chloride 136 mEq/L
Blood urea nitrogen 20 mg/dL
Serum creatinine 1.2 mg/dL
Urine examination
Glucose positive
Ketones positive
Leucocytes negative
Nitrite negative
RBC negative
Casts negative
Which of the following abnormalities accounts for her sweet smelling breath??
{'A': 'Diminished glucose metabolism', 'B': 'Excessive mobilization of fatty acids', 'C': 'Extrahepatic ketone production', 'D': 'Fermentation of excess blood sugars', 'E': 'Inhibition of HMG-CoA synthase'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Macular degeneration | Q:A 75-year-old man presents to the physician with progressive difficulty reading over the past year. Currently, he avoids driving as he has trouble reading road signs. He has no history of a serious illness and takes no medications. The fundoscopic examination shows localized retinal elevation and drusen. A description of the patient’s visual on the Amsler grid is shown. Fluorescein angiography shows early hyperfluorescence. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient??
{'A': 'Central retinal artery occlusion', 'B': 'Choroidal melanoma', 'C': 'Macular degeneration', 'D': 'Open-angle glaucoma', 'E': 'Retinal detachment'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Sjögren's syndrome | Q:A 44-year-old woman comes to her primary care physician with complaints of irritation and a gritty sensation in her eyes for the past few months. She denies any discharge from her eyes. She has no significant past medical or surgical history. She takes multivitamins occasionally but denies use of any other medication. On further questioning, she expresses her concerns about frequent dental caries for the past 2 years. On examination, her temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), blood pressure is 110/80 mm Hg, pulse rate is 74/min, and respiratory rate is 16/min. Which of the following is the most likely cause of her symptoms??
{'A': 'Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)', 'B': "Sjögren's syndrome", 'C': 'Rheumatoid arthritis', 'D': 'Fibromyalgia', 'E': 'Scleroderma'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Webbed neck | Q:The medical student on the pediatric cardiology team is examining a 9-year-old girl who was referred by her primary care physician for unexplained hypertension. She is accompanied by her mother who reveals that the child is generally well but has been significantly less active than her peers for the past year. On exam, the medical student notes a thin girl in no apparent distress appearing slightly younger than stated age. Vital signs reveal a BP is 160/80, HR 80, RR 16. Physical exam is notable only for a clicking sound is noted around the time of systole but otherwise the cardiac exam is normal. Pedal pulses could not be palpated. Which of the following physical exam findings was most likely missed by both the medical student and primary care physician??
{'A': 'Cleft palate', 'B': 'Prominent occiput', 'C': 'Long philtrum', 'D': 'Webbed neck', 'E': 'Single palmar crease'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Cholescintigraphy | Q:A 45-year-old woman comes to the emergency department complaining of abdominal pain for the past day. The pain is situated in the right upper quadrant, colicky, 8/10, and radiates to the tip of the right shoulder with no aggravating or relieving factors. The pain is associated with nausea but no vomiting. She tried to take over-the-counter antacids which relieved her pain to a certain extent, but not entirely. She does not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol. She has no past medical illness. Her father died of pancreatic cancer at the age of 75, and her mother has diabetes controlled with medications. Temperature is 38°C (100.4°F), blood pressure is 125/89 mm Hg, pulse is 104/min, respiratory rate is 20/min, and BMI is 29 kg/m2. On abdominal examination, her abdomen is tender to shallow and deep palpation of the right upper quadrant.
Laboratory test
Complete blood count
Hemoglobin 13 g/dL
WBC 15,500/mm3
Platelets 145,000/mm3
Basic metabolic panel
Serum Na+ 137 mEq/L
Serum K+ 3.6 mEq/L
Serum Cl- 95 mEq/L
Serum HCO3- 25 mEq/L
BUN 10 mg/dL
Serum creatinine 0.8 mg/dL
Liver function test
Total bilirubin 1.3 mg/dL
AST 52 U/L
ALT 60 U/L
Ultrasonography of the abdomen shows normal findings. What is the best next step in management of this patient??
{'A': 'Emergency cholecystectomy', 'B': 'Percutaneous cholecystostomy', 'C': 'Cholescintigraphy', 'D': 'CT scan', 'E': 'Reassurance and close follow up'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia | Q:A 4-year-old girl is brought to the physician because of a 3-week history of generalized fatigue and easy bruising. During the past week, she has also had fever and severe leg pain that wakes her up at night. Her temperature is 38.3°C (100.9°F), pulse is 120/min, and respirations are 30/min. Examination shows cervical and axillary lymphadenopathy. The abdomen is soft and nontender; the liver is palpated 3 cm below the right costal margin, and the spleen is palpated 2 cm below the left costal margin. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 10.1 g/dL
Leukocyte count 63,000/mm3
Platelet count 27,000/mm3
A bone marrow aspirate predominantly shows immature cells that stain positive for CD10, CD19, and TdT. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?"?
{'A': 'Hodgkin lymphoma', 'B': 'Hairy cell leukemia', 'C': 'Aplastic anemia', 'D': 'Acute myeloid leukemia', 'E': 'Acute lymphoblastic leukemia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Staphylococcus saprophyticus | Q:A 25-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-day history of a burning sensation when urinating and increased urinary frequency. She is concerned about having contracted a sexually transmitted disease. Physical examination shows suprapubic tenderness. Urinalysis shows a negative nitrite test and positive leukocyte esterases. Urine culture grows organisms that show resistance to novobiocin on susceptibility testing. Which of the following is the most likely causal organism of this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Staphylococcus epidermidis', 'B': 'Pseudomonas aeruginosa', 'C': 'Klebsiella pneumoniae', 'D': 'Proteus mirabilis', 'E': 'Staphylococcus saprophyticus'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Benzoate administration | Q:A 2-day-old male infant is brought to the emergency department by ambulance after his parents noticed that he was convulsing and unresponsive. He was born at home and appeared well initially; however, within 24 hours he became increasingly irritable and lethargic. Furthermore, he stopped feeding and began to experience worsening tachypnea. This continued for about 6 hours, at which point his parents noticed the convulsions and called for an ambulance. Laboratories are obtained with the following results:
Orotic acid: 9.2 mmol/mol creatinine (normal: 1.4-5.3 mmol/mol creatinine)
Ammonia: 135 µmol/L (normal: < 50 µmol/L)
Citrulline: 2 µmol/L (normal: 10-45 µmol/L)
Which of the following treatments would most likely be beneficial to this patient??
{'A': 'Aspartame avoidance', 'B': 'Benzoate administration', 'C': 'Fructose avoidance', 'D': 'Galactose avoidance', 'E': 'Uridine administration'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: CAG | Q:A 33-year-old man presents to his physician with a 3-year history of gradually worsening tics and difficulty walking. He was last seen by the physician 5 years ago for anxiety, and he has been buying anti-anxiety medications from an internet website without a prescription as he cannot afford to pay for doctor’s visits. Now, the patient notes that his anxiety is somewhat controlled, but motor difficulties are making it difficult for him to work and socialize. Family history is unobtainable as his parents died in an accident when he was an infant. He grew up in foster care and was always a bright child. An MRI of the brain is ordered; it shows prominent atrophy of the caudate nucleus. Repeats of which of the following trinucleotides are most likely responsible for this patient’s disorder??
{'A': 'CCG', 'B': 'CGG', 'C': 'GAA', 'D': 'CAG', 'E': 'CTG'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Macrophages | Q:A 32-year-old man who recently emigrated from Somalia comes to the physician because of a 4-week history of fever, cough, and chest pain. He has had a 5-kg (11-lb) weight loss over the last 3 months despite no changes in appetite. His temperature is 38.1°C (100.6°F). Physical examination shows enlarged cervical lymph nodes. The lungs are clear to auscultation. The results of an interferon-γ release assay are positive. An x-ray of the chest shows bilateral mediastinal lymphadenopathy. A transbronchial needle aspiration biopsy of a mediastinal lymph node is performed; a photomicrograph of the specimen is shown. The structure indicated by the arrow is most likely comprised of which of the following types of cells??
{'A': 'Macrophages', 'B': 'Neutrophils', 'C': 'Fibroblasts', 'D': 'Natural killer cells', 'E': 'B cells'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Herd immunity | Q:A 1-year-old immigrant girl presents to her pediatrician for a routine well-child check. She has not received any recommended vaccines since birth. She attends daycare and remains healthy despite her daily association with several other children for the past 3 months at a home daycare facility. Which of the following phenomena explains why she has not contracted any vaccine-preventable diseases such as measles, diphtheria, or pertussis??
{'A': 'Herd immunity', 'B': 'Genetic drift', 'C': 'Genetic shift', 'D': 'Tolerance', 'E': 'Immune evasion'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: P site | Q:A pharmaceutical company has modified one of its existing antibiotics to have an improved toxicity profile. The new antibiotic blocks protein synthesis by first entering the cell and then binding to active ribosomes. The antibiotic mimics the structure of aminoacyl-tRNA. The drug is covalently bonded to the existing growing peptide chain via peptidyl transferase, thereby impairing the rest of protein synthesis and leading to early polypeptide truncation. Where is the most likely site that this process occurs??
{'A': '30S small subunit', 'B': '40S small subunit', 'C': 'A site', 'D': 'E site', 'E': 'P site'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Extravasation of lipoproteins | Q:A previously healthy 22-year-old man comes to the physician because of multiple nodules on his hands that first appeared a few months ago. He works as a computer game programmer. His father died of a myocardial infarction at 37 years of age, and his mother has rheumatoid arthritis. A photograph of the lesions is shown. The nodules are firm, mobile, and nontender. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism underlying this patient's skin findings??
{'A': 'Deposition of triglycerides', 'B': 'Fibrinoid necrosis', 'C': 'Crystallization of monosodium urate', 'D': 'Uncontrolled adipocyte growth', 'E': 'Extravasation of lipoproteins'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Asymmetric septal hypertrophy | Q:A previously healthy 25-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after collapsing during soccer practice. His father died of sudden cardiac arrest at the age of 36 years. The patient appears well. His pulse is 73/min and blood pressure is 125/78 mm Hg. Cardiac examination is shown. An ECG shows large R waves in the lateral leads and deep S waves in V1 and V2. Further evaluation is most likely to show which of the following??
{'A': 'Monoclonal light chain deposition in the myocardium', 'B': 'Aortic root dilatation', 'C': 'Eccentric left ventricular dilation', 'D': 'Asymmetric septal hypertrophy', 'E': 'Mitral valve fibrinoid necrosis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Increase in Bowman's space hydrostatic pressure | Q:A 45-year-old man presents with a 3-day history of right-sided flank pain due to a lodged ureteral stone. What changes would be expected to be seen at the level of glomerular filtration??
{'A': 'Increase in glomerular capillary oncotic pressure', 'B': "Increase in Bowman's space capillary oncotic pressure", 'C': "Increase in Bowman's space hydrostatic pressure", 'D': 'Increase in filtration fraction', 'E': 'No change in filtration fraction'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Cocaine intoxication | Q:A 23-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by police at 2:00 AM. They picked him up from a local nightclub, where he was yelling and threatening to fight the staff. A review of his medical record is unremarkable. At the hospital, his behavior continues to be agitated and bizarre. His temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), the blood pressure is 162/98 mm Hg, the heart rate is 120/min, the respiratory rate is 18/min, and the oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. The physical exam is notable for agitation, but otherwise, he appears healthy. His thin nasal mucosa oozes blood and his pupils are 2mm, equal, and reactive to light. His speech is pressured and bizarre. He insists the hospital should let him go because “I am in the FBI”. Urine toxicology is sent to the laboratory for analysis. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's presentation??
{'A': 'Acute manic episode', 'B': 'Cocaine intoxication', 'C': 'Phencyclidine (PCP) intoxication', 'D': 'Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) intoxication', 'E': 'Thyrotoxicosis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: CAG | Q:A 33-year-old man presents to a physician with a 3-year history of gradually worsening tics and difficulty walking. He was last seen by the physician 5 years ago for anxiety and has been purchasing anti-anxiety medications from an internet website without a prescription because he cannot afford to pay for the office visits. Now he says his anxiety is somewhat controlled, but the motor difficulties are making it difficult for him to work and socialize. His family history is unknown because his parents died in an automobile accident when he was an infant. He grew up in foster care and was always a bright child. An MRI of the brain is ordered, which shows prominent atrophy of the caudate nucleus. Repeats of which of the following trinucleotides are most likely responsible for this patient’s disorder??
{'A': 'CCG', 'B': 'CGG', 'C': 'GAA', 'D': 'CAG', 'E': 'CTG'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Major depressive disorder | Q:A 25-year-old woman comes to the physician because of sadness that started 6 weeks after her 9-month-old daughter was born. Since then, she has not returned to work. Her daughter usually sleeps through the night, but the patient still has difficulty staying asleep. She is easily distracted from normal daily tasks. She used to enjoy cooking, but only orders delivery or take-out now. She says that she always feels too exhausted to do so and does not feel hungry much anyway. The pregnancy of the patient's child was complicated by gestational diabetes. The child was born at 36-weeks' gestation and has had no medical issues. The patient has no contact with the child's father. She is not sexually active. She does not smoke, drink alcohol, or use illicit drugs. She is 157 cm (5 ft 1 in) tall and weighs 47 kg (105 lb); BMI is 20 kg/m2. Vital signs are within normal limits. She is alert and cooperative but makes little eye contact. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder', 'B': 'Adjustment disorder', 'C': 'Depression with peripartum-onset', 'D': 'Major depressive disorder', 'E': 'Normal behavior'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: De Quervain tenosynovitis | Q:A 34-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of pain in her right thumb and wrist that radiates to her elbow. It is worse when she holds her infant son and improves with the use of an ice pack. Six months ago, she slipped on a wet floor and fell on her right outstretched hand. Her mother takes methotrexate for chronic joint pain. The patient takes ibuprofen as needed for her current symptoms. Examination of the right hand shows tenderness over the radial styloid with swelling but no redness. There is no crepitus. Grasping her right thumb and exerting longitudinal traction toward the ulnar side elicits pain. Range of motion of the finger joints is normal. There is no swelling, redness, or tenderness of any other joints. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'De Quervain tenosynovitis', 'B': 'Swan neck deformity', 'C': 'Mallet finger', 'D': 'Carpal tunnel syndrome', 'E': 'Stenosing tenosynovitis\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Oral contraceptive | Q:A 24-year-old woman comes to the physician because of bothersome hair growth on her face and abdomen over the past 8 years. She does not take any medications. She is 163 cm (5 ft 4 in) tall and weighs 85 kg (187 lb); BMI is 32 kg/m2. Physical examination shows coarse dark hair on the upper lip and periumbilical and periareolar skin. Her external genitalia appear normal. Her serum follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone are within the reference range. A urine pregnancy test is negative. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy for this patient's condition at this time??
{'A': 'Prednisone', 'B': 'Leuprolide', 'C': 'Ketoconazole', 'D': 'Oral contraceptive', 'E': 'Metformin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Administration of intravenous hydroxycobalamin | Q:A 45-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 20 minutes after being rescued from a fire in his apartment complex. He thinks he might have briefly lost consciousness while he was trapped in a smoke-filled room before firefighters were able to free him 20 minutes later. He reports headache, dizziness, and occasional cough. He has no difficulty breathing, speaking, or swallowing. He appears mildly uncomfortable and agitated. His temperature is 36.4°C (97.5°F), pulse is 90/min, respirations are 16/min, and blood pressure is 155/68 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 92%. Breath sounds are coarse. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Arterial blood gas analysis on room air shows :
pH 7.30
PCO2 38 mm Hg
PO2 70 mm Hg
HCO3- 18 mEq/L
COHb 2% (N < 3)
In addition to oxygen supplementation with a non-rebreather mask, which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"?
{'A': 'Administration of intravenous dimercaprol', 'B': 'Hyperbaric oxygen therapy', 'C': 'Administration of methylene blue', 'D': 'Administration of intravenous hydroxycobalamin', 'E': 'Administration of N-acetylcysteine\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Warn the person at risk and inform law enforcement | Q:A 33-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his mother because of erratic behavior over the past 6 months. He spends most of his time alone in his room because he believes he is being followed by the Secret Service. He was fired from his job 3 months ago after threatening a colleague. He appears suspicious of his surroundings and asks the doctor questions about “the security of the hospital.” The patient exhibits a flat affect. During physical examination, he tells the doctor that he has a gun at home and plans to shoot his neighbor, whom he thinks is working for the Secret Service. Which of the following is the most appropriate action by the doctor??
{'A': 'Administer haloperidol and request a psychiatric consultation', 'B': "Discuss the diagnosis and therapy plan with the patient's mother", 'C': 'Inform security and law enforcement', 'D': 'Warn the person at risk and inform law enforcement', 'E': "Request a court order to override the patient's right to confidentiality"}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Decreased sodium reabsorption in the collecting duct | Q:A 59-year-old man with a history of congestive heart failure presents to his cardiologist for a follow-up visit. His past medical history is notable for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity. He takes metformin, glyburide, aspirin, lisinopril, and metoprolol. He has a 40 pack-year smoking history and drinks alcohol socially. His temperature is 99.1°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 150/65 mmHg, pulse is 75/min, and respirations are 20/min. Physical examination reveals bilateral rales at the lung bases and 1+ edema in the bilateral legs. The physician decides to start the patient on an additional diuretic but warns the patient about an increased risk of breast enlargement. Which of the following is the most immediate physiologic effect of the medication in question??
{'A': 'Decreased bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule', 'B': 'Decreased sodium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb', 'C': 'Decreased sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule', 'D': 'Decreased sodium reabsorption in the collecting duct', 'E': 'Decreased renin enzyme activity'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Undercooked pork | Q:A 3-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department for 2 days of abdominal pain and watery diarrhea. This morning her stool had a red tint. She and her parents visited a circus 1 week ago. The patient attends daycare. Her immunizations are up-to-date. Her temperature is 38°C (100.4°F), pulse is 140/min, and blood pressure is 80/45 mm Hg. Abdominal examination shows soft abdomen that is tender to palpation in the right lower quadrant with rebound. Stool culture grows Yersinia enterocolitica. Exposure to which of the following was the likely cause of this patient's condition??
{'A': 'Undercooked pork', 'B': 'Undercooked poultry', 'C': 'Home-canned food', 'D': 'Unwashed vegetables', 'E': 'Deli meats'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Internal laryngeal nerve | Q:A 50-year-old man is brought in by ambulance to the emergency department with difficulty breathing and speaking. His wife reports that he might have swallowed a fishbone. While taking his history the patient develops a paroxysmal cough. Visualization of his oropharynx and larynx shows a fishbone lodged in the right piriform recess. After successfully removing the fishbone the patient feels comfortable, but he is not able to cough like before. Damage to which of the following nerves is responsible for the impaired cough reflex in this patient??
{'A': 'External laryngeal nerve', 'B': 'Internal laryngeal nerve', 'C': 'Recurrent laryngeal nerve', 'D': 'Inferior laryngeal nerve', 'E': 'Superior laryngeal nerve'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) | Q:A 61-year-old male presents to the ER with abdominal discomfort and malaise over the past 2 weeks. He states he is married and monogamous. He has a temperature of 39.4°C (102.9°F) and complains of night sweats as well. On physical exam, he has an enlarged spleen with mild tenderness and pale nail beds. There is mild tonsillar erythema and the pulmonary exam demonstrates scattered crackles. A complete blood count demonstrates anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukocytosis with lymphocytic predominance. A bone marrow aspiration is scheduled the next morning based on the peripheral blood smear findings but was inconclusive due to a low yield. The patient was admitted to the hospital due to the anemia and given a transfusion of packed red blood cells and wide spectrum antibiotics. He is released home the next day with instructions for primary care follow-up. Which of the following laboratory findings is most reliably positive for the primary cause of this illness??
{'A': 'Rapid streptococcal antigen', 'B': 'Quantiferon Gold', 'C': 'Monospot', 'D': 'Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)', 'E': 'CD 25'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Mucosal tear at the gastroesophageal junction | Q:A 38-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of epigastric pain and multiple episodes of vomiting for 4 hours. Initially, the vomit was yellowish in color, but after the first couple of episodes it was streaked with blood. He had 2 episodes of vomiting that contained streaks of frank blood on the way to the hospital. He has been hospitalized twice in the past year for acute pancreatitis. He drinks 2 pints of vodka daily but had over 4 pints during the past 12 hours. He takes naproxen for his 'hangovers.' He appears uncomfortable. His temperature is 37°C (99.1°F), pulse is 105/min, and blood pressure is 110/68 mm Hg. Examination shows dry mucous membranes and a tremor of his hands. The abdomen is soft and shows tenderness to palpation in the epigastric region; there is no organomegaly. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. Rectal examination is unremarkable. His hemoglobin concentration is 11.3 g/dL and hematocrit concentration is 40%. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's findings??
{'A': 'Transmural tear of the lower esophagus', 'B': 'Pseudoaneurysm of the gastroduodenal artery', 'C': 'Inflammation of the esophageal wall', 'D': 'Mucosal tear at the gastroesophageal junction', 'E': 'Neoplastic growth at the gastroesophageal junction'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Human chorionic gonadotropin | Q:A 16-year-old girl comes to the physician because of a 3-week history of nausea, increased urinary frequency, and breast tenderness. She has never had a menstrual period. She is actively involved in her school's track and field team. She is 173 cm (5 ft 8 in) tall and weighs 54 kg (120 lb); BMI is 18 kg/m2. Her breast and pubic hair development are at Tanner stage 5. Which of the following serum assays is the most appropriate next step in the diagnosis of this patient's condition??
{'A': 'Estriol', 'B': 'Thyrotropin', 'C': 'Human chorionic gonadotropin', 'D': 'Luteinizing hormone', 'E': 'Prolactin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Whipple’s disease | Q:A 28-year-old man presents to his primary care provider complaining of intermittent stomach pain, non-bloody diarrhea, and weight loss for the last 3 months. He has occasional abdominal pain and fever. This condition makes studying difficult. He has tried omeprazole and dietary changes with no improvement. Past medical history is significant for occasional pain in the wrists and knees for several years. He takes ibuprofen for pain relief. His temperature is 38°C (100.4°F). On mental status examination, short-term memory is impaired. Attention and concentration are reduced. Examination shows no abnormalities or tenderness of the wrists or knees. There are no abnormalities on heart and lung examinations. Abdominal examination is normal. Upper endoscopy shows normal stomach mucosa but in the duodenum, there is pale yellow mucosa with erythema and ulcerations. Biopsies show infiltration of the lamina propria with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive macrophages. Which of the following best explains these findings??
{'A': 'Celiac disease', 'B': 'Crohn’s disease', 'C': 'Giardia lamblia infection', 'D': 'Whipple’s disease', 'E': 'Wilson’s disease'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Decreased urinary bicarbonate excretion | Q:A 60-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her husband because of worsening shortness of breath over the past 2 days. Last week, she had a sore throat and a low-grade fever. She has coughed up white sputum each morning for the past 2 years. She has hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. She has smoked 2 packs of cigarettes daily for 35 years. Current medications include metformin and lisinopril. On examination, she occasionally has to catch her breath between sentences. Her temperature is 38.1°C (100.6°F), pulse is 85/min, respirations are 16/min, and blood pressure is 140/70 mm Hg. Expiratory wheezes with a prolonged expiratory phase are heard over both lung fields. Arterial blood gas analysis on room air shows:
pH 7.33
PCO2 53 mm Hg
PO2 68 mm Hg
An x-ray of the chest shows hyperinflation of bilateral lung fields and flattening of the diaphragm. Which of the following additional findings is most likely in this patient?"?
{'A': 'Increased urine osmolar gap', 'B': 'Decreased urinary bicarbonate excretion', 'C': 'Increased urinary pH', 'D': 'Increased serum anion gap', 'E': 'Decreased urinary chloride concentration'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Early onset of sexual activity | Q:A 32-year-old nulliparous woman with polycystic ovary syndrome comes to the physician for a pelvic examination and Pap smear. Last year she had a progestin-releasing intrauterine device placed. Menarche occurred at the age of 10 years. She became sexually active at the age of 14 years. Her mother had breast cancer at the age of 51 years. She is 165 cm (5 ft 5 in) tall and weighs 79 kg (174 lb); BMI is 29 kg/m2. Examination shows mild facial acne. A Pap smear shows high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Which of the following is this patient's strongest predisposing factor for developing this condition??
{'A': 'Early onset of sexual activity', 'B': 'Obesity', 'C': 'Early menarche', 'D': 'Family history of cancer', 'E': 'Polycystic ovary syndrome'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Proctocolectomy with ileoanal anastomosis | Q:A 17-year-old girl comes to the physician for a scheduled colonoscopy. She was diagnosed with familial adenomatous polyposis at the age of 13 years. Last year, her flexible sigmoidoscopy showed 12 adenomatous polyps (< 6 mm) that were removed endoscopically. Her father and her paternal grandmother were diagnosed with colon cancer at the age of 37 and 39 years, respectively. The patient appears nervous but otherwise well. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows no abnormalities. A complete blood count and serum concentrations of electrolytes, urea nitrogen, and creatinine are within the reference range. A colonoscopy shows hundreds of diffuse 4–9 mm adenomatous polyps covering the colon and > 30 rectal adenomas. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management??
{'A': 'Repeat colonoscopy in 6 months', 'B': 'Endoscopic biopsy of polyps', 'C': 'Proctocolectomy with ileoanal anastomosis', 'D': 'Folinic acid (leucovorin) + 5-Fluorouracil + oxaliplatin therapy', 'E': 'CT scan of the abdomen with contrast'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: CUA | Q:A codon is an mRNA sequence consisting of 3 nucleotides that codes for an amino acid. Each position can be made up of any 4 nucleotides (A, U, G, C); therefore, there are a total of 64 (4 x 4 x 4) different codons that can be created but they only code for 20 amino acids. This is explained by the wobble phenomenon. One codon for leucine is CUU, which of the following can be another codon coding for leucine??
{'A': 'AUG', 'B': 'UAA', 'C': 'CCC', 'D': 'CCA', 'E': 'CUA'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Increased probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is truly false | Q:A researcher is conducting a study to compare fracture risk in male patients above the age of 65 who received annual DEXA screening to peers who did not receive screening. He conducts a randomized controlled trial in 900 patients, with half of participants assigned to each experimental group. The researcher ultimately finds similar rates of fractures in the two groups. He then notices that he had forgotten to include 400 patients in his analysis. Including the additional participants in his analysis would most likely affect the study's results in which of the following ways??
{'A': 'Decreased significance level of results', 'B': 'Wider confidence intervals of results', 'C': 'Increased probability of committing a type II error', 'D': 'Increased probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is truly false', 'E': 'Increased external validity of results'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Ventilation-perfusion scan | Q:A 25-year-old woman with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia presents to the emergency room stating that she is pregnant. She says that she has been pregnant since she was 20 years old and is expecting a baby now that she is breathing much harder and feeling more faint with chest pain caused by deep breaths. Her hospital medical record shows multiple negative pregnancy tests over the past 5 years. The patient has a 20 pack-year smoking history. Her temperature is 98°F (37°C), blood pressure is 100/60 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, respirations are 28/min, and oxygen saturation is 90% on room air. Her fingerstick glucose is 100 mg/dL. She has a large abdominal pannus which is soft and nontender. Her legs are symmetric and non-tender. Oxygen is provided via nasal cannula. Her urine pregnancy test comes back positive and an initial chest radiograph is unremarkable. What is the next best step in diagnosis??
{'A': 'CT angiogram', 'B': 'D-dimer', 'C': 'Psychiatry consult for pseudocyesis', 'D': 'Ultrasound', 'E': 'Ventilation-perfusion scan'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | Q:A 71-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-week history of fatigue and a cough productive of a blood-tinged phlegm. Over the past month, he has had a 5.0-kg (11-lb) weight loss. He has hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eight months ago, he underwent a kidney transplantation. The patient does not smoke. His current medications include lisinopril, insulin, prednisone, and mycophenolate mofetil. His temperature is 38.9°C (102.1°F), pulse is 88/min, and blood pressure is 152/92 mm Hg. Rhonchi are heard at the right lower lobe of the lung on auscultation. There is a small ulceration on the left forearm. An x-ray of the chest shows a right lung mass with lobar consolidation. Antibiotic therapy with levofloxacin is started. Three days later, the patient has a seizure and difficulty coordinating movements with his left hand. An MRI of the brain shows an intraparenchymal lesion with peripheral ring enhancement. Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage yields weakly acid-fast, gram-positive bacteria with branching, filamentous shapes. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial pharmacotherapy??
{'A': 'Rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol', 'B': 'Vancomycin', 'C': 'Piperacillin/tazobactam', 'D': 'Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole', 'E': 'Erythromycin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: CD8+ T lymphocytes reacting against donor MHCs | Q:A 61-year-old-male underwent deceased donor liver transplantation 3 weeks ago. During his follow up visit he complains of nausea and abdominal pain. He has been taking all of his medications as prescribed. He has a history of alcohol abuse and his last drink was one year ago. He does not smoke cigarettes and lives at home with his wife. On physical examination temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 115/80 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 18/min, and pulse oximetry is 99% on room air. He has scleral icterus and a positive fluid wave. Liver function tests are as follows:
Alkaline phosphatase: 110 U/L
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, GOT): 100 U/L
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, GPT): 120 U/L
Bilirubin total: 2.2 mg/dL
Liver biopsy shows mixed dense interstitial lymphocytic infiltrates in the portal triad. What is the mechanism of this reaction??
{'A': 'CD8+ T lymphocytes reacting against donor MHCs', 'B': 'CD4+ T lymphocytes reacting against recipient APCs', 'C': 'Pre-existing recipient antibodies', 'D': 'Acute viral infection', 'E': 'Grafted T lymphocytes reacting against host'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: A gastrin-secreting tumor of the pancreas | Q:A 45-year-old male patient with a history of recurrent nephrolithiasis and chronic lower back pain presents to the ER with severe, sudden-onset, upper abdominal pain. The patient is febrile, hypotensive, and tachycardic, and is rushed to the OR for exploratory laporotomy. Surgery reveals that the patient has a perforated gastric ulcer. Despite appropriate therapy, the patient expires, and subsequent autopsy reveals multiple ulcers in the stomach, duodenum, and jejunum. The patient had been complaining of abdominal pain and diarrhea for several months but had only been taking ibuprofen for his lower back pain for the past 3 weeks. What is the most likely cause of the patient's presentation??
{'A': 'A gastrin-secreting tumor of the pancreas', 'B': 'A vasoactive-intestinal-peptide (VIP) secreting tumor of the pancreas', 'C': 'Cytomegalovirus infection', 'D': 'H. pylori infection', 'E': 'Chronic NSAID use'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Prednisone | Q:A 32-year-old woman comes to the physician because of pain and stiffness in both of her hands for the past 3 weeks. The pain is most severe early in the day and does not respond to ibuprofen. She has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows swelling and tenderness of the wrists and metacarpophalangeal joints bilaterally. Range of motion is decreased due to pain. There are subcutaneous, nontender, firm, mobile nodules on the extensor surface of the forearm. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy for this patient's current symptoms??
{'A': 'Methotrexate', 'B': 'Adalimumab', 'C': 'Colchicine', 'D': 'Sulfasalazine', 'E': 'Prednisone'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: 16 | Q:A peripheral artery is found to have 50% stenosis. Therefore, compared to a normal artery with no stenosis, by what factor has the flow of blood been decreased??
{'A': '2', 'B': '4', 'C': '8', 'D': '16', 'E': '32'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Confirm pregnancy with serum beta-hCG and if positive, postpone administration of the vaccine until after completion of the pregnancy. | Q:A 23-year-old woman presents to her physician requesting the chickenpox vaccine. She is also complaining of nausea, malaise, and moderate weight gain. She developed these symptoms gradually over the past 2 weeks. She reports no respiratory or cardiovascular disorders. Her last menstruation was about 6 weeks ago. She has one sexual partner and uses a natural planning method for contraception. Her vital signs include: blood pressure 110/70 mm Hg, heart rate 92/min, respiratory rate 14/min, and temperature 37.2℃ (99℉). The physical examination shows non-painful breast engorgement and nipple hyperpigmentation. There is no neck enlargement and no palpable nodules in the thyroid gland. The urine beta-hCG is positive. What is the proper recommendation regarding chickenpox vaccination in this patient??
{'A': 'Schedule the vaccination.', 'B': 'Perform varicella viral load and schedule the vaccine based on these results.', 'C': 'Confirm pregnancy with serum beta-hCG and if positive, schedule the patient for pregnancy termination.', 'D': 'Confirm pregnancy with serum beta-hCG and if positive, postpone administration of the vaccine until after completion of the pregnancy.', 'E': 'Confirm pregnancy with serum beta-hCG and if positive delay administration of the vaccine until the third trimester.'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Mucosal arteriovenous malformations | Q:A 20-year-old Caucasian male presents with recurrent nosebleeds. Complete history reveals his father died in his 40's after an intracranial hemorrhage and two of his father's five siblings have also had recurrent nosebleeds. Which of the following would you expect to find in this patient??
{'A': 'Retinal hemangioblastoma', 'B': 'Renal cell carcinoma', 'C': 'Mucosal arteriovenous malformations', 'D': 'Vestibular schwannoma', 'E': 'Cafe-au-lait spots'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Echocardiography | Q:A 55-year-old man presents with a bilateral lower leg edema. The patient reports it developed gradually over the past 4 months. The edema is worse in the evening and improves after sleeping at night or napping during the day. There are no associated pain or sensitivity changes. The patient also notes dyspnea on usual exertion such as working at his garden. The patient has a history of a STEMI myocardial infarction 9 months ago treated with thrombolysis with an unremarkable postprocedural course. His current medications include atorvastatin 10 mg, aspirin 81 mg, and metoprolol 50 mg daily. He works as a barber at a barbershop, has a 16-pack-year history of smoking, and consumes alcohol in moderation. The vital signs include: blood pressure 130/80 mm Hg, heart rate 63/min, respiratory rate 14/min, and temperature 36.8℃ (98.2℉). The lungs are clear to auscultation. Cardiac examination shows dubious S3 and a soft grade 1/6 systolic murmur best heard at the apex of the heart. Abdominal examination reveals hepatic margin 1 cm below the costal margin. There is a 2+ bilateral pitting lower leg edema. The skin over the edema is pale with no signs of any lesions. There is no facial or flank edema. The thyroid gland is not enlarged. Which of the following tests is most likely to reveal the cause of the patient’s symptoms??
{'A': 'Doppler color ultrasound of the lower extremity', 'B': 'D-dimer measurement', 'C': 'Soft tissue ultrasound of the lower extremities', 'D': 'T4 and thyroid-stimulating hormone assessment', 'E': 'Echocardiography'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Age | Q:A 39-year-old G3P0 woman presents for preconception counseling and evaluation. The patient’s past medical history reveals hypertension and type 1 diabetes. She is currently on an insulin pump and medications for hypertension including labetalol. Her blood pressure is 130/85 mm Hg; pulse, 76/min; and BMI, 26 kg/m2. Her most recent HbA1c is 6.5%. Her previous pregnancies ended in spontaneous abortion during the 1st trimester despite adequate prenatal care. The patient intends to have a healthy pregnancy and desires to learn more about the risk factors that potentially trigger miscarriage. Which of the following maternal risk factors is most likely associated with early pregnancy loss??
{'A': 'Chronic hypertension', 'B': 'Diabetes', 'C': 'Infection', 'D': 'Age', 'E': 'Hypercoagulable state'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Direct inhibition of thrombin | Q:A 71-year-old woman comes to the physician because of palpitations and shortness of breath that started 3 days ago. She has hypertension and congestive heart failure. Her pulse is 124/min, and blood pressure is 130/85 mm Hg. Cardiac examination shows an irregularly irregular rhythm without any murmurs. An ECG shows a narrow-complex tachycardia without P waves. The patient is prescribed a prophylactic medication that can be reversed with idarucizumab. The expected beneficial effect of the prescribed drug is most likely due to which of the following effects??
{'A': 'Induction of conformational change in antithrombin III', 'B': 'Inhibition of thrombocyte phosphodiesterase III', 'C': 'Irreversible inhibition of GPIIb/IIIa complex', 'D': 'Direct inhibition of factor Xa', 'E': 'Direct inhibition of thrombin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: T-cells | Q:A 5-year-old African American female has experienced recurrent respiratory infections. To determine how well her cell-mediated immunity is performing, a Candida skin injection is administered. After 48 hours, there is no evidence of induration at the injection site. Of the following cell types, which one would have mediated the reaction??
{'A': 'Plasma cells', 'B': 'Basophils', 'C': 'T-cells', 'D': 'Mast cells', 'E': 'Fibroblasts'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor | Q:A 62-year-old man comes to the physician for an annual health maintenance examination. He has a history of stable angina, gout, and hypertension. His medications include lisinopril and aspirin. He has smoked a pack of cigarettes daily for 20 years. He drinks 5–6 beers on the weekends. His blood pressure is 150/85 mm Hg. Laboratory studies show a total cholesterol of 276 mg/dL with an elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentration and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration. Administration of which of the following agents is the most appropriate next step in management??
{'A': 'HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor', 'B': 'Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha activator', 'C': 'Cholesterol absorption inhibitor', 'D': 'Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 inhibitor', 'E': 'Bile acid resin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Anti-SS-B (anti-La) antibodies | Q:A 45-year-old woman comes to the pediatrician’s office with her 17-year-old daughter. She tells the physician that she developed Sjögren’s syndrome when she was her daughter’s age, and that she is concerned about her daughter developing the same condition. The girl appears to be in good health, with no signs or symptoms of the disease or pathology. Which of the following antibodies will most likely be positive if the woman’s daughter were to develop Sjögren’s syndrome??
{'A': 'Anti-cyclic citrullinated antibodies', 'B': 'Anti-dsDNA antibodies', 'C': 'Anti-SS-B (anti-La) antibodies', 'D': 'Anti-histone antibodies', 'E': 'Anti-topoisomerase (anti-Scl 70) antibodies'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: 11 | Q:A 40-year-old male presents to his primary care physician complaining of upper abdominal pain. He reports a four-month history of crampy epigastric pain that improves with meals. His past medical history is significant for hypertension that has been well controlled by lisinopril. He does not smoke and drinks alcohol occasionally. His family history is notable for a maternal uncle with acromegaly and a maternal grandfather with parathyroid adenoma requiring surgical resection. Based on clinical suspicion laboratory serum analysis is obtained and shows abnormal elevation of a peptide. This patient most likely has a mutation in which of the following chromosomes??
{'A': '5', 'B': '10', 'C': '11', 'D': '13', 'E': '17'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: DNA polymerase I | Q:A group of microbiological investigators is studying bacterial DNA replication in E. coli colonies. While the cells are actively proliferating, the investigators stop the bacterial cell cycle during S phase and isolate an enzyme involved in DNA replication. An assay of the enzyme's exonuclease activity determines that it is active on both intact and demethylated thymine nucleotides. Which of the following enzymes have the investigators most likely isolated??
{'A': 'DNA ligase', 'B': 'Telomerase', 'C': 'DNA polymerase I', 'D': 'DNA topoisomerase', 'E': 'Primase'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Hyperplasia of pulmonary vascular walls | Q:A 33-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-week history of fatigue and worsening shortness of breath on exertion. There is no family history of serious illness. She does not smoke. She takes diethylpropion to control her appetite and, as a result, has had a 4.5-kg (10-lb) weight loss during the past 5 months. She is 163 cm (5 ft 4 in) tall and weighs 115 kg (254 lb); BMI is 44 kg/m2. Her pulse is 83/min and blood pressure is 125/85 mm Hg. Cardiac examination shows a loud pulmonary component of the S2. Abdominal examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's shortness of breath??
{'A': 'Hypertrophy of interventricular septum', 'B': 'Hyperplasia of pulmonary vascular walls', 'C': 'Blockade of the right bundle branch', 'D': 'Fibrosis of pulmonary interstitium', 'E': 'Calcification of the pulmonary valve'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Glutamic acid substitution in the β-globin chain | Q:An investigator is studying the outcomes of a malaria outbreak in an endemic region of Africa. 500 men and 500 women with known malaria exposure are selected to participate in the study. Participants with G6PD deficiency are excluded from the study. The clinical records of the study subjects are reviewed and their peripheral blood smears are evaluated for the presence of Plasmodium trophozoites. Results show that 9% of the exposed population does not have clinical or laboratory evidence of malaria infection. Which of the following best explains the absence of infection seen in this subset of participants??
{'A': 'Translocation of c-myc gene', 'B': 'Inherited defect in erythrocyte membrane ankyrin protein', 'C': 'Defective X-linked ALA synthase gene', 'D': 'Inherited mutation affecting ribosome synthesis', 'E': 'Glutamic acid substitution in the β-globin chain'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Deposition of type III collagen | Q:A 45-year-old man comes to his primary care provider for a routine visit. The patient mentions that while he was cooking 5 days ago, he accidentally cut himself with a meat cleaver and lost the skin at the tip of his finger. After applying pressure and ice, the bleeding stopped and he did not seek treatment. The patient is otherwise healthy and does not take any daily medications. The patient’s temperature is 98.2°F (36.8°C), blood pressure is 114/72 mmHg, pulse is 60/min, and respirations are 12/min. On exam, the patient demonstrates a 0.5 x 0.3 cm wound on the tip of his left third finger. No bone is involved, and the wound is red, soft, and painless. There are no signs of infection. Which of the following can be expected on histopathological examination of the wounded area??
{'A': 'Deposition of type I collagen', 'B': 'Deposition of type III collagen', 'C': 'Epithelial cell migration from the wound borders', 'D': 'Neutrophil migration into the wound', 'E': 'Platelet aggregates'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Gallbladder carcinoma | Q:An otherwise healthy 56-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-year history of intermittent upper abdominal pain. She has had no nausea, vomiting, or change in weight. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies are within normal limits. Abdominal ultrasonography shows a hyperechogenic rim-like calcification of the gallbladder wall. The finding in this patient's ultrasonography increases the risk of which of the following conditions??
{'A': 'Hepatocellular carcinoma', 'B': 'Gallbladder empyema', 'C': 'Pyogenic liver abscess', 'D': 'Gallbladder carcinoma', 'E': 'Acute pancreatitis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Surgical excision with 1-2 cm safety margins and sentinel lymph node study | Q:An excisional biopsy is performed and the diagnosis of superficial spreading melanoma is confirmed. The lesion is 1.1 mm thick. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management??
{'A': 'Surgical excision with 0.5-1 cm safety margins only', 'B': 'Surgical excision with 1-2 cm safety margins only', 'C': 'Surgical excision with 1-2 cm safety margins and sentinel lymph node study', 'D': 'Surgical excision with 0.5-1 cm safety margins and sentinel lymph node study', 'E': 'Surgical excision with 1 cm safety margins only\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Concentric left ventricular hypertrophy | Q:A 52-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. He has not seen a physician for 10 years. He works as a telemarketer and does not exercise. Cardiac examination shows a dull, low-pitched sound during late diastole that is best heard at the apex. The sound is loudest in the left lateral decubitus position and during end-expiration. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this finding??
{'A': 'Concentric left ventricular hypertrophy', 'B': 'Dilation of both ventricles', 'C': 'Fusion of mitral valve leaflets', 'D': 'Right bundle branch block', 'E': 'Aortic root dilatation'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Treat the patient with metronidazole | Q:A 42-year-old woman comes to the physician because of vaginal discharge for 3 days. She has no dysuria, dyspareunia, pruritus, or burning. The patient is sexually active with two male partners and uses condoms inconsistently. She often douches between sexual intercourse. Pelvic examination shows thin and off-white vaginal discharge. The pH of the discharge is 5.1. Wet mount exam shows a quarter of her vaginal epithelial cells are covered with small coccobacilli. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management??
{'A': 'Treat the patient with ceftriaxone and azithromycin', 'B': 'Treat the patient and partners with metronidazole', 'C': 'Reassurance and follow-up in one week', 'D': 'Treat the patient with metronidazole', 'E': 'Treat patient and partners with topical ketoconazole'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Hepatitis B | Q:A 31-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-day history of nausea, abdominal discomfort, and yellow discoloration of the eyes. Six weeks ago, he had an episode of fever, joint pain, swollen lymph nodes, and an itchy rash on his trunk and extremities that persisted for 1 to 2 days. He returned from a backpacking trip to Colombia two months ago. His temperature is 39°C (101.8°F). Physical examination shows scleral icterus. Infection with which of the following agents is the most likely cause of this patient's findings??
{'A': 'Hepatitis B', 'B': 'Enterotoxigenic E. coli', 'C': 'Borrelia burgdorferi', 'D': 'Hepatitis A', 'E': 'Campylobacter jejuni'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Inactivation of pancreatic enzymes | Q:A 49-year-old woman comes to the physician because of difficulty walking and dizziness for the past 2 weeks. She has also had fatigue, heartburn, and diarrhea for 4 months. The stools are foul-smelling and do not flush easily. Over the past 4 months, she has had a 2.2-kg (5-lb) weight loss. Her only medication is an over-the-counter antacid. Her mother has autoimmune thyroid disease and Crohn disease. She is 150 cm (4 ft 11 in) tall and weighs 43 kg (95 lb); BMI is 19.1 kg/m2. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows a wide-based gait. Muscle strength and tone are normal in all extremities. Rapid alternating movement of the hands is impaired. The abdomen is soft and there is mild tenderness to palpation in the epigastric area. Her hemoglobin concentration is 11.1 mg/dL, and levels of vitamin E and vitamin D are decreased. Upper endoscopy shows several ulcers in the gastric antrum and the descending duodenum. Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism of this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Autoantibodies against the intestinal mucosa', 'B': 'Inactivation of pancreatic enzymes', 'C': 'T. whipplei infiltration of intestinal villi', 'D': 'Intestinal inflammatory reaction to gluten', 'E': 'Small intestine bacterial overgrowth'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Muscle weakness | Q:A 58-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after developing acute confusion, severe headache, and vomiting. Physical examination shows left-sided numbness. A CT scan of her head shows a large intraparenchymal hemorrhage. Despite appropriate treatment, the patient dies. Autopsy shows multiple small aneurysms of the lenticulostriate arteries of the brain and bilateral hyperplasia of the adrenal glands, limited to the zona glomerulosa. The patient's adrenal condition was most likely associated with which of the following symptoms??
{'A': 'Paroxysmal diaphoresis', 'B': 'Abdominal striae', 'C': 'Muscle weakness', 'D': 'Hirsutism', 'E': 'Peripheral edema'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Chronic hemolysis | Q:A 13-year-old African American boy with sickle cell disease is brought to the emergency department with complaints of abdominal pain over the last 24 hours. The pain is situated in the right upper quadrant and is sharp in nature with a score of 8/10 and radiates to tip of the right scapula. He also complains of anorexia and nausea over the past 2 days. He has been admitted into the hospital several times for pain episodes involving his legs, hands, thighs, lower back, and abdomen. His last hospital admission was 4 months ago for acute chest pain, and he was treated with antibiotics, analgesics, and intravenous fluid. He takes hydroxyurea with occasional red blood cell exchange. Both of his parents are in good health. Temperature is 38°C (100.4°F), blood pressure is 133/88 mm Hg, pulse is 102/min, respiratory rate is 20/min, and BMI is 18 kg/m2. On examination, he is in pain with a tender abdomen with painful inspiration. Soft palpation of the right upper quadrant causes the patient to cry out in pain.
Laboratory test
Complete blood count
Hemoglobin 8.5 g/dL
MCV 82 fl
Leukocytes 13,500/mm3
Platelets 145,000/mm3
Basic metabolic panel
Serum Na+ 135 mEq/L
Serum K+ 3.9 mEq/L
Serum Cl- 101 mEq/L
Serum HCO3- 23 mEq/L
Liver function test
Serum bilirubin 2.8 mg/dL
Direct bilirubin 0.8 mg/dL
AST
30 U/L
ALT 35 U/L
Serum haptoglobin 23 mg/dL (41–165 mg/dL)
Ultrasonography of abdomen shows the following image. What is the pathogenesis of this ultrasound finding??
{'A': 'Increased cholesterol secretion', 'B': 'Impaired gallbladder emptying', 'C': 'Decreased bile salt absorption', 'D': 'Bacterial infection', 'E': 'Chronic hemolysis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Insulin resistance | Q:A 21-year-old woman presents with irregular menses, acne, and increased body hair growth. She says her average menstrual cycle lasts 36 days and states that she has heavy menstrual bleeding. She had her menarche at the age of 13 years. Her blood pressure is 125/80 mm Hg, heart rate is 79/min, respiratory rate is 14/min, and temperature is 36.7°C (98.1°F). Her body weight is 101.0 kg (222.7 lb) and height is 170 cm (5 ft 7 in). Physical examination shows papular acne on her forehead and cheeks. There are dark hairs present on her upper lip, periareolar region, linea alba, and hips, as well as darkening of the skin on the axilla and posterior neck. Which of the following endocrine abnormalities would also most likely be found in this patient??
{'A': 'Hypothyroidism', 'B': 'Insulin resistance', 'C': 'Aldosterone hyperproduction', 'D': 'Adrenaline hypersecretion', 'E': 'Hypoestrogenism'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Neuron-specific enolase | Q:A 70-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his wife because of progressive confusion for the past 2 weeks. He has also had a 4.5-kg (10-lb) weight loss and fatigue during the last 6 months. Physical examination shows enlarged lymph nodes in the right axilla and faint expiratory wheezing in the right middle lung field. He is only oriented to person. Serum studies show a sodium concentration of 125 mEq/L and increased antidiuretic hormone concentration. An x-ray of the chest shows a right-sided hilar mass with mediastinal fullness. A biopsy of the hilar mass is most likely to show cells that stain positive for which of the following??
{'A': 'Desmin', 'B': 'Neurofilament', 'C': 'Napsin A', 'D': 'S-100', 'E': 'Neuron-specific enolase'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Autoimmune destruction of melanocytes | Q:An otherwise healthy 17-year-old girl comes to the physician because of multiple patches on her face, hands, abdomen, and feet that are lighter than the rest of her skin. The patches began to appear 3 years ago and have been gradually increasing in size since. There is no associated itchiness, redness, numbness, or pain. She emigrated from India 2 years ago. An image of the lesions on her face is shown. Which of the following is most likely involved in the pathogenesis of this patient's skin findings??
{'A': 'Absence of tyrosinase activity', 'B': 'Infection with Mycobacterium leprae', 'C': 'Infection with Malassezia globosa', 'D': 'Defective tuberin protein', 'E': 'Autoimmune destruction of melanocytes'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Adenovirus | Q:A 9-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his parents after a 2-day history of fever, productive cough, and severe dyspnea. The parents report that the boy had no health problems at birth but developed respiratory problems as an infant that have continued throughout his life, including recurrent pulmonary infections. Vital signs include: temperature of 37.5ºC (99.5ºF), pulse of 105/min, respiratory rate of 34/min, and SpO2 of 87%. Physical examination shows digital clubbing and cyanosis. Chest X-rays show hyperinflation of the lungs and chronic interstitial changes. The boy’s FEV1/FVC ratio is decreased, and his FRC is increased. The resident reviewing his case is studying new gene therapies for this boy’s condition that will reintroduce the gene for which this boy is defective. An important component of this therapy is identifying a vector for the selective introduction of the replacement gene into the human body. Which of the following would be the best vector to provide gene therapy for this boy’s respiratory symptoms??
{'A': 'Adenovirus', 'B': 'Rhinovirus', 'C': 'Human immunodeficiency virus-1', 'D': 'Rabies virus', 'E': 'Coxsackie A virus'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Loss of vibration sensation | Q:A 56-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with severe pain in her legs. She has had these pains in the past but access to a doctor was not readily available in her remote village back home. She and her family have recently moved to the United States. She is seen walking to her stretcher with a broad-based gait. Ophthalmic examination shows an absent pupillary light reflex, and pupillary constriction with accommodation and convergence. What other sign or symptom is most likely present in this patient??
{'A': 'Negative Romberg sign', 'B': 'Deep tendon hyperreflexia', 'C': 'Painless ulcerated papules', 'D': "Bell's Palsy", 'E': 'Loss of vibration sensation'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Eyelid closure | Q:A 26-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. Two weeks ago, he was treated in the emergency department for head trauma after being hit by a bicycle while crossing the street. Neurological examination shows decreased taste on the right anterior tongue. This patient's condition is most likely caused by damage to a cranial nerve that is also responsible for which of the following??
{'A': 'Uvula movement', 'B': 'Facial sensation', 'C': 'Eyelid closure', 'D': 'Tongue protrusion', 'E': 'Parotid gland salivation'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Otitis externa | Q:A 45-year-old male presents to his primary care physician complaining of drainage from his left great toe. He has had an ulcer on his left great toe for over eight months. He noticed increasing drainage from the ulcer over the past week. His past medical history is notable for diabetes mellitus on insulin complicated by peripheral neuropathy and retinopathy. His most recent hemoglobin A1c was 9.4%. He has a 25 pack-year smoking history. He has multiple sexual partners and does not use condoms. His temperature is 100.8°F (38.2°C), blood pressure is 150/70 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, and respirations are 18/min. Physical examination reveals a 1 cm ulcer on the plantar aspect of the left great toe surrounded by an edematous and erythematous ring. Exposed bone can be palpated with a probe. There are multiple small cuts and bruises on both feet. A bone biopsy reveals abundant gram-negative rods that do not ferment lactose. The pathogen most likely responsible for this patient’s current condition is also strongly associated with which of the following conditions??
{'A': 'Otitis externa', 'B': 'Gastroenteritis', 'C': 'Waterhouse-Friedrichsen syndrome', 'D': 'Rheumatic fever', 'E': 'Toxic shock syndrome'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Mediastinal invasion | Q:A 69-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 4-month history of cough with blood-tinged sputum and a 4.5-kg (10-lb) weight loss. She has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 38 years. Auscultation of the lungs shows wheezing in the right lung field. An x-ray of the chest shows an irregular lesion with a central cavity in the proximal right lung. A lung biopsy shows malignant cells that express desmoglein and stain positive for cytokeratin. Which of the following findings confers the worst prognosis in this patient??
{'A': 'High mitotic activity', 'B': 'High nucleus to cytoplasmic ratio', 'C': 'Presence of necrosis', 'D': 'Mediastinal invasion', 'E': 'Poor cellular differentiation\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Dumping syndrome | Q:A 44-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with confusion starting this morning. Her husband states that she initially complained of abdominal pain, diarrhea, and fatigue after eating. She has vomited 3 times and progressively became more confused. Her past medical history is notable for morbid obesity, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, a sleeve gastrectomy 1 month ago, and depression with multiple suicide attempts. Her temperature is 98.0°F (36.7°C), blood pressure is 104/54 mmHg, pulse is 120/min, respirations are 15/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Her physical exam is notable for generalized confusion. Laboratory values are ordered as seen below.
Serum:
Na+: 139 mEq/L
Cl-: 100 mEq/L
K+: 3.9 mEq/L
HCO3-: 24 mEq/L
BUN: 22 mg/dL
Glucose: 41 mg/dL
Creatinine: 1.1 mg/dL
Ca2+: 10.2 mg/dL
C-peptide level: normal
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Dumping syndrome', 'B': 'Glipizide overdose', 'C': 'Insulin overdose', 'D': 'Malnutrition', 'E': 'Propranolol overdose'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Proximal right coronary artery | Q:A 69-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of severe epigastric pain and vomiting that started 30 minutes ago while gardening. His pulse is 55/min, respirations are 30/min, and blood pressure is 90/50 mm Hg. Physical examination shows diaphoresis and jugular venous distention. Crackles are heard in both lower lung fields. An ECG shows P waves independent of QRS complexes and ST segment elevation in leads II, III, and aVF. Coronary angiography is most likely to show narrowing of which of the following vessels??
{'A': 'Left coronary artery', 'B': 'Proximal right coronary artery', 'C': 'Left circumflex artery', 'D': 'Left anterior descending artery', 'E': 'Posterior interventricular artery'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Zidovudine | Q:An HIV-positive patient with a CD4+ count of 45 is receiving recommended first-line treatment for a case of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Coadministration with which of the following agents would be most likely to precipitate a deficiency of neutrophils in this patient??
{'A': 'Foscarnet', 'B': 'Zidovudine', 'C': 'Efavirenz', 'D': 'Ritonavir', 'E': 'Raltegravir'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Parvovirus B19 | Q:An investigator studying the immunologic profile of various cells notices that the blood of a test subject agglutinates upon addition of a serum containing antibodies against P blood group antigens. Infection with which of the following pathogens would most likely be prevented by these antibodies??
{'A': 'Parvovirus B19', 'B': 'Babesia microti', 'C': 'Plasmodium vivax', 'D': 'Epstein Barr virus', 'E': 'Influenza virus'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Seborrheic dermatitis | Q:A 3-month-old boy is brought to the physician by his parents for the evaluation of a rash on his scalp and forehead. The parents report that the rash has been present for several weeks. They state that the rash is sometimes red and scaly, especially when it is cold. The patient was born at 36 weeks' gestation and has generally been healthy since. His father has psoriasis. The patient appears comfortable. Examination shows several erythematous patches on the scalp, forehead, and along the hairline. Some patches are covered by greasy yellow scales. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Atopic dermatitis', 'B': 'Erythroderma', 'C': 'Seborrheic keratosis', 'D': 'Allergic contact dermatitis', 'E': 'Seborrheic dermatitis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Resistance to novobiocin | Q:A 25-year-old woman has dysuria, pyuria, increased frequency of urination, and fever of 1-day duration. She is sexually active. Urine cultures show gram-positive bacteria in clusters that are catalase-positive and coagulase-negative. The patient is started on trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Which of the following characteristics is used to identify the offending organism??
{'A': 'Beta hemolysis', 'B': 'Resistance to bacitracin', 'C': 'Sensitivity to novobiocin', 'D': 'Sensitivity to bacitracin', 'E': 'Resistance to novobiocin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Labyrinthitis | Q:A 27-year-old man presents to the emergency department with dizziness. He states he has experienced a sustained sensation of the room spinning that is low grade and constant since this morning. The patient occasionally feels nauseous and has been taking diphenydramine to sleep which helps with his symptoms. The patient is generally healthy, has no other medical conditions, and only endorses eating more garlic recently to get over a cold he had a few days ago. His temperature is 98.7°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 122/81 mmHg, pulse is 82/min, respirations are 15/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam is notable for a healthy man. The patient is sat upright, his head is turned slightly to the right, and he is laid back flat rapidly. This does not provoke any symptoms even when repeated on the left side. A nystagmus is notable on cranial nerve exam as well as bilateral decreased hearing. The patient’s tandem gait is unstable; however, his baseline gait appears unremarkable despite the patient stating he has a sustained sensation of imbalance. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo', 'B': 'Labyrinthitis', 'C': 'Meniere disease', 'D': 'Vertebrobasilar stroke', 'E': 'Vestibular neuritis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Colonoscopy | Q:A 72-year-old man presents to his primary care physician complaining of increasing difficulty sleeping over the last 3 months. He reports waking up frequently during the night because he feels an urge to move his legs, and he has a similar feeling when watching television before bed. The urge is relieved by walking around or rubbing his legs. The patient’s wife also notes that she sometimes sees him moving his legs in his sleep and is sometimes awoken by him. Due to his recent sleep troubles, the patient has started to drink more coffee throughout the day to stay awake and reports having up to 3 cups daily. The patient has a past medical history of hypertension and obesity but states that he has lost 10 pounds in the last 3 months without changing his lifestyle. He is currently on hydrochlorothiazide and a multivitamin. His last colonoscopy was when he turned 50, and he has a family history of type II diabetes and dementia. At this visit, his temperature is 99.1°F (37.3°C), blood pressure is 134/81 mmHg, pulse is 82/min, and respirations are 14/min. On exam, his sclerae are slightly pale. Cardiovascular and pulmonary exams are normal, and his abdomen is soft and nontender. Neurologic exam reveals 2+ reflexes in the bilateral patellae and 5/5 strength in all extremities. Which of the following is most likely to identify the underlying etiology of this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Dopamine uptake scan of the brain', 'B': 'Trial of iron supplementation', 'C': 'Colonoscopy', 'D': 'Trial of reduction in caffeine intake', 'E': 'Trial of pramipexole'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Penetrating duodenal ulcer | Q:A 38-year-old man comes to the physician because of upper abdominal discomfort for 2 weeks. He has had 3–4 episodes of vomiting during this period. Over the last year, he has had frequent episodes of abdominal pain at night that were relieved by eating. He underwent a right shoulder surgery 6 weeks ago. He has no history of serious illness. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 14 years. He drinks one to two beers daily. He has a history of illicit drug use, but has not used for the past 15 years. He is sexually active with three female partners and uses condoms inconsistently. His only medication is daily naproxen. He returned from a 2-week vacation to Mexico one month ago. He appears uncomfortable. His temperature is 39.5°C (103.1°F), pulse is 90/min, and blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg. Examination shows a soft abdomen with mild tenderness to palpation in the right upper quadrant. Bowel sounds are normal. Rectal examination is unremarkable. Test of the stool for occult blood is positive. His hemoglobin concentration is 13.1 g/dL, leukocyte count is 23,100/mm3, and platelet count is 230,000/mm3. Abdominal ultrasound shows a 2-cm hypoechoic lesion with some internal echoes in an otherwise normal looking liver. Which of the following is the most likely cause for the sonographic findings??
{'A': 'Penetrating duodenal ulcer', 'B': 'Acute pancreatitis', 'C': 'Echinococcus granulosus', 'D': 'Liver cancer', 'E': 'Entamoeba histolytica'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Vitamin B12 supplementation | Q:A 22-year-old primigravid woman comes to the physician for her initial prenatal visit at 12 weeks' gestation. She has had generalized fatigue and shortness of breath over the past 2 months. She has also had a tingling sensation in her toes for the past month. Three years ago, she was treated for gonorrhea. She follows a strict vegan diet since the age of 13 years. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 111/min, and blood pressure is 122/80 mm Hg. Examination shows pale conjunctivae and a shiny tongue. Muscle tone and strength is normal. Deep tendon reflexes are 2+ bilaterally. Sensation to vibration and position is decreased over the upper and lower extremities. When asked to stand, hold her arms in front of her, and close her eyes, she loses her balance and takes a step backward. Which of the following is most likely to have prevented this patient's condition??
{'A': 'Calcium supplementation', 'B': 'Vitamin B12 supplementation', 'C': 'Thyroxine supplementation', 'D': 'Penicillin G therapy', 'E': 'Iron supplementation'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Combined oral contraceptive pill | Q:A 36-year-old woman comes to the physician to discuss contraceptive options. She is currently sexually active with one male partner, and they have not been using any contraception. She has no significant past medical history and takes no medications. She has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 15 years. She is allergic to latex and copper. A urine pregnancy test is negative. Which of the following contraceptive methods is contraindicated in this patient??
{'A': 'Diaphragm with spermicide', 'B': 'Progestin-only pill', 'C': 'Intrauterine device', 'D': 'Condoms', 'E': 'Combined oral contraceptive pill'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Bleeding between dura mater and skull | Q:A 68-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of a severe headache, nausea, and vomiting for 30 minutes. Forty-five minutes ago, he fell and struck his head, resulting in loss of consciousness for 1 minute. After regaining consciousness, he felt well for 15 minutes before the headache began. On arrival, the patient becomes rigid and his eyes deviate to the right; he is incontinent of urine. Intravenous lorazepam is administered and the rigidity resolves. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the patient's condition??
{'A': 'Intracerebral hemorrhage', 'B': 'Cerebrospinal fluid production/absorption mismatch', 'C': 'Rupture of bridging veins', 'D': 'Acute insufficiency of cerebral blood flow', 'E': 'Bleeding between dura mater and skull'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Central line-associated blood stream infection | Q:Three days after undergoing coronary bypass surgery, a 67-year-old man becomes unresponsive and hypotensive. He is intubated, mechanically ventilated, and a central line is inserted. Vasopressin and noradrenaline infusions are begun. A Foley catheter is placed. Six days later, he has high unrelenting fevers. He is currently receiving noradrenaline via an infusion pump. His temperature is 39.6° (102.3°F), pulse is 113/min, and blood pressure is 90/50 mm Hg. Examination shows a sternal wound with surrounding erythema; there is no discharge from the wound. Crackles are heard at both lung bases. Cardiac examination shows an S3 gallop. Abdominal examination shows no abnormalities. A Foley catheter is present. His hemoglobin concentration is 10.8 g/dL, leukocyte count is 21,700/mm3, and platelet count is 165,000/mm3. Samples for blood culture are drawn simultaneously from the central line and peripheral IV line. Blood cultures from the central line show coagulase-negative cocci in clusters on the 8th postoperative day, and those from the peripheral venous line show coagulase-negative cocci in clusters on the 10th postoperative day. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient??
{'A': 'Central line-associated blood stream infection', 'B': 'Ventilator-associated pneumonia', 'C': 'Catheter-associated urinary tract infection', 'D': 'Bowel ischemia', 'E': 'Surgical site infection'}, |