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### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Ethosuximide | Q:A 7-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of spells of unresponsiveness and upward rolling of the eyes for 2 months. The episodes start abruptly and last a few seconds. During that time he does not hear anyone’s voice or make any purposeful movements. When the episodes end, he continues what he was doing before the spell. He does not lose his posture or fall to the ground. Episodes occur multiple times during the day. Physical examination shows no abnormal findings. An EEG following hyperventilation shows 3 Hz spike-and-slow-wave discharges. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy at this time??
{'A': 'Ethosuximide', 'B': 'Lamotrigine', 'C': 'Oxcarbazepine', 'D': 'Sodium valproate', 'E': 'No pharmacotherapy at this time'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Neuronal degeneration due to α-synuclein protein misfolding | Q:A 59-year-old woman comes to the physician because of progressively worsening coordination and involuntary movements in her left hand for the past 6 months. Her husband also reports that she has been withdrawn and apathetic during this period. She is oriented to time, place, and person. Examination shows a bimanual, rhythmic, low-frequency tremor that is more prominent in the left hand. There is normal range of motion in the arms and legs; active movements are very slow. Muscle strength is normal, and there is increased resistance to passive flexion and extension in the limbs. She walks with a shuffling gait and takes small steps. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Accumulation of neurotoxic metabolites secondary to hepatocyte damage', 'B': 'Copper accumulation due to mutations in hepatocyte copper-transporting ATPase', 'C': 'Neuronal degeneration due to α-synuclein protein misfolding', 'D': 'Cerebellar ischemia due to chronic hypertension', 'E': 'Proliferation of beta-adrenergic receptors from excessive circulating T4'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Oxygen saturation of 99% on pulse oximetry | Q:A 25-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 3 hours after rescuing babies and puppies from a burning daycare center. He says that he complains of headache and nausea attributed to running. He is breathing comfortably. What is another likely finding in this patient??
{'A': 'Oxygen saturation of 86% on pulse oximetry', 'B': 'Arterial oxygen partial pressure of 20 mmHg', 'C': 'Oxygen saturation of 99% on pulse oximetry', 'D': 'Cherry red facial appearance', 'E': 'Low blood lactate levels'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibodies | Q:A 47-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-week history of gradually worsening facial and lower extremity swelling. She has had a 4-kg (8.8-lb) weight gain during this time. Her blood pressure is 150/88 mm Hg. Examination shows periorbital edema and 2+ pretibial edema bilaterally. A 24-hour collection of urine shows 4.0 g of proteinuria. Microscopic examination of a kidney biopsy specimen shows thickening of the glomerular basement membrane. Electron microscopy shows dense subepithelial deposits. Further evaluation is most likely to show which of the following??
{'A': 'Anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibodies', 'B': 'Anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies', 'C': 'Anti-streptolysin O antibodies', 'D': 'Anti-C3 convertase antibodies', 'E': 'Anti-collagen type IV antibodies'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Obtain throat culture
" | Q:A 7-year-old boy is brought to the physician for the evaluation of sore throat for the past 2 days. During this period, he has had intermittent nausea and has vomited once. The patient has no cough, hoarseness, or rhinorrhea. He had similar symptoms at the age of 5 years that resolved spontaneously. He is otherwise healthy. His temperature is 37.9°C (100.2°F), pulse is 85/min, and blood pressure is 108/70 mm Hg. Head and neck examination shows an erythematous pharynx with grayish exudates overlying the palatine tonsils. There is no lymphadenopathy. Rapid antigen detection test for group A streptococci is negative. Which of the following is most appropriate next step in the management of this patient??
{'A': 'Measurement of antistreptolysin O titer', 'B': 'Reassurance and follow-up in two weeks', 'C': 'Measurement of antiviral capsid antigen IgM antibody', 'D': 'Penicillin V therapy', 'E': 'Obtain throat culture\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Give oxygen immediately | Q:A 60-year-old man with known history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is brought by ambulance to the emergency department due to shortness of breath. He is out of breath and cannot string a sentence together. The emergency technician suggests that the man tried his tiotropium inhaler multiple times without success. The patient's vitals are as follows: afebrile, BP 90/60, HR 120, RR 24. Oxygen saturation is 90%. An EKG is obtained that shows narrow-complex tachycardia with irregular P waves preceding each QRS complex and irregular PR intervals. What is the best next step in management??
{'A': 'Obtain chemistries and complete blood count and observe', 'B': 'Give labetalol immediately and observe in emergency room', 'C': 'Give verapamil immediately and admit to floor', 'D': 'Give oxygen immediately', 'E': 'Intubate and admit to intensive care uint'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Conjunctival telangiectasias | Q:A 2-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her parents because of clumsiness and difficulty walking. She began to walk at 12 months and continues to have difficulty standing still without support. She also appears to have difficulty grabbing objects in front of her. Over the past year, she has had 5 episodes of sinusitis requiring antibiotic treatment and was hospitalized twice for bacterial pneumonia. Physical examination shows an unstable, narrow-based gait and several hyperpigmented skin patches. Serum studies show decreased levels of IgA and IgG and an increased level of alpha-fetoprotein. Over the next 5 years, which of the following complications is this patient most likely to develop??
{'A': 'Chronic eczema', 'B': 'Conjunctival telangiectasias', 'C': 'Pes cavus', 'D': 'Cardiac rhabdomyoma', 'E': 'Chronic lymphocytic leukemia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Mismatch repair | Q:A 42-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician with fatigue. She reports that over the past 2 months, she has felt increasingly tired despite no changes in her diet or exercise. Her past medical history is notable for obesity, seasonal allergies, and hypertension. She takes ranitidine as needed and hydrochlorothiazide daily. Her family history is notable for colorectal cancer in her mother and maternal uncle, endometrial cancer in her maternal aunt, and ovarian cancer in her maternal grandmother. Her temperature is 98.8°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 132/71 mmHg, pulse is 89/min, and respirations are 17/min. On exam, she has conjunctival pallor. A stool sample is hemoccult positive. A colonoscopy reveals a fungating hemorrhagic mass in the ascending colon. Which of the following processes is likely impaired in this patient??
{'A': 'Base excision repair', 'B': 'Homologous recombination', 'C': 'Mismatch repair', 'D': 'Non-homologous end joining', 'E': 'Nucleotide excision repair'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Magnesium sulfate and labetalol therapy | Q:A 32-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, at 32 weeks' gestation comes to the physician for a prenatal visit. She reports that she has had frequent headaches and dizziness recently. Pregnancy and delivery of her first child were uncomplicated. There is no personal or family history of serious illness. Medications include folic acid and a multivitamin. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 90/min, and blood pressure is 170/100 mm Hg. Pelvic examination shows a uterus consistent in size with a 32-week gestation. Physical examination shows 2+ edema in the lower extremities. Laboratory studies show:
Hematocrit 37%
Leukocyte count 9000/mm3
Platelet count 60,000/mm3
Serum
Na+ 140 mEq/L
Cl- 104 mEq/L
K+ 4.4 mEq/L
Creatinine 1.0 mg/dL
Aspartate aminotransferase 20 U/L
Alanine aminotransferase 20 U/L
Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"?
{'A': 'Magnesium sulfate and labetalol therapy', 'B': 'Platelet transfusion', 'C': 'Lisinopril therapy', 'D': 'Admit the patient to the ICU', 'E': 'Perform C-section\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Squamous cell carcinoma | Q:Positron emission tomography is conducted and indicates a malignant nodule. Bronchoscopy with transbronchial biopsy is performed and a specimen sample of the nodule is sent for frozen section analysis. The tissue sample is most likely to show which of the following pathohistological findings??
{'A': 'Large cell carcinoma', 'B': 'Carcinoid tumor', 'C': 'Squamous cell carcinoma', 'D': 'Small cell lung carcinoma', 'E': 'Metastasis of colorectal cancer'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Anti-Ro antibodies | Q:A 43-year-old woman comes to the physician for a 3-month history of redness and itching in both eyes. She has also had swelling and pain in the index and middle fingers of both hands and wrist joints over the past 5 months. She has had multiple dental treatments for oral infections over the past year. She has type 2 diabetes mellitus and eczema. Her sister has vitiligo. Current medications include metformin and a daily multivitamin. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows lichenified lesions over her wrists and knees. Bilateral wrist and first metacarpophalengeal joints show swelling and tenderness; range of motion is limited by pain. Oropharyngeal examination shows dry mucous membranes and multiple dental caries. Ophthalmologic examination is slightly decreased in both eyes. There are multiple corneal punctate spots on fluorescein staining. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 10.7 g/dL
Leukocyte count 4,100/mm3
Platelet count 155,000/mm3
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 48 mm/h
Serum
Creatinine 1.0 mg/dL
Anti-nuclear antibody positive
Rheumatoid factor positive
Urinalysis is within normal limits. This patient's condition is most likely associated with which of the following antibodies?"?
{'A': 'Anti-U1 RNP antibodies', 'B': 'Anti-topoisomerase I antibodies', 'C': 'Anti-Jo1 antibodies', 'D': 'Anti-Ro antibodies', 'E': 'Anti-dsDNA antibodies'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Idiopathic facial paralysis | Q:A 65-year-old man presents with facial weakness. He says he noticed that his face appeared twisted when he looked in the bathroom mirror this morning. He is otherwise well and does not have any other complaints. He denies any facial pain or paresthesia. No significant past medical history. The patient is afebrile and vital signs are within normal limits. Neurological examination reveals difficulty shutting the right eye tight and inability to bring up the right corner of his mouth when asked to smile. Remainder of the exam, including the left side of the face, is unremarkable. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient??
{'A': 'Facial nerve schwannoma', 'B': 'Idiopathic facial paralysis', 'C': 'Right hemisphere stroke', 'D': 'Acoustic neuroma', 'E': 'Left middle cerebral artery stroke'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Cutis aplasia | Q:A 32-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, at 14-weeks' gestation comes to the physician for a prenatal visit. Routine first trimester screening shows increased nuchal translucency, decreased β-hCG concentration, and decreased levels of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A. Amniocentesis shows trisomy of chromosome 13. This fetus is at increased risk for which of the following??
{'A': 'Optic glioma', 'B': 'Cutis aplasia', 'C': 'Duodenal atresia', 'D': 'Cystic hygroma', 'E': 'Prominent occiput'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Para-aortic lymph nodes | Q:A 39-year-old man presents with painless swelling of the right testes and a sensation of heaviness. The physical examination revealed an intra-testicular solid mass that could not be felt separately from the testis. After a thorough evaluation, he was diagnosed with testicular seminoma. Which of the following group of lymph nodes are most likely involved??
{'A': 'Para-aortic lymph nodes', 'B': 'Superficial inguinal lymph nodes (medial group)', 'C': 'Deep inguinal lymph nodes', 'D': 'Superficial inguinal lymph nodes (lateral group)', 'E': 'Para-rectal lymph nodes'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Increased LDL receptor expression | Q:A 54-year-old man comes to the physician for a health maintenance examination. He feels well. He is 173 cm (5 ft 8 in) tall and weighs 84 kg (185 lb); BMI is 28 kg/m2. His vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Serum lipid studies show:
Total cholesterol 280 mg/dL
HDL-cholesterol 30 mg/dL
LDL-cholesterol 195 mg/dL
Triglycerides 275 mg/dL
Treatment with atorvastatin and cholestyramine is initiated. Which of the following changes is most likely induced by both agents?"?
{'A': 'Increased lipoprotein lipase activity', 'B': 'Increased LDL receptor expression', 'C': 'Increased hepatic bile salt synthesis', 'D': 'Decreased hepatic de novo cholesterol synthesis', 'E': 'Increased cholesterol levels in hepatocytes'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Histoplasma capsulatum | Q:A 55-year-old man comes to the physician because of fever, fatigue, dry cough, headache, and myalgia over the past week. Two days ago, he developed several painful oral lesions and difficulty swallowing. He underwent kidney transplantation 3 years ago. His temperature is 38.2°C (100.7°F). Physical examination shows bilateral rales, hepatosplenomegaly, and multiple 1–2 cm ulcerative lesions with raised borders in the oral mucosa. A photomicrograph of a liver biopsy specimen is shown. Which of the following is the most likely causal pathogen??
{'A': 'Aspergillus fumigatus', 'B': 'Blastomyces dermatitidis', 'C': 'Histoplasma capsulatum', 'D': 'Paracoccidioides brasiliensis', 'E': 'Coccidioides immitis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Case report | Q:A 30-year-old woman presents to her primary care provider complaining of numbness and tingling sensations all over her body. After a meticulous history and physical, he found that the patient had recently been on vacation and tried a new sunscreen purchased overseas. The sunscreen contained several chemicals that he was unfamiliar with and after extensive research and consultation with several of his colleagues determined that this was a novel reaction. With the patient’s permission, he decided to write an article that described the main symptoms observed and other findings, how he treated the patient and the follow-up care. His manuscript was published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal. The physician’s publication can be described as which of the following??
{'A': 'Case report', 'B': 'Case series', 'C': 'Case scenario', 'D': 'Case definition', 'E': 'Case control study'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Physiological neonatal jaundice | Q:A 5-day-old male newborn is brought to the physician by his mother because of yellowish discoloration of the skin for 1 day. The discoloration first appeared on his face and then spread to his trunk. There have been no changes in his bowel habits or urination. He was born at 38 weeks’ gestation via uncomplicated vaginal delivery. He is exclusively breastfed every 2–3 hours. Examination shows scleral icterus and jaundice of the face, chest, and abdomen. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 17.6 g/dL
Reticulocytes 0.3%
Maternal blood group A, Rh-negative
Fetal blood group 0, Rh-positive
Serum
Bilirubin, total 7 mg/dL
Direct 0.6 mg/dL
Free T4 7 μg/dL
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?"?
{'A': 'Congenital hypothyroidism', 'B': 'Rhesus incompatibility', 'C': 'Dubin-Johnson syndrome', 'D': 'Physiological neonatal jaundice', 'E': 'Biliary atresia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Schedule more frequent follow-up visits | Q:A 57-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. She previously had been compliant with her diet and medication but has had a 5-kg (11-lb) weight gain since the last visit 6 months ago. She reports that she often misses doses of her metformin. Her hemoglobin A1c is 9.8%. Which of the following is the most appropriate course of action??
{'A': 'Refer the patient to a dietician', 'B': 'Schedule more frequent follow-up visits', 'C': 'Refer the patient to an endocrinologist', 'D': 'Add glyburide to the medication regimen', 'E': 'Stop metformin and begin an insulin regimen'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Radiation of murmur to the axilla | Q:A 43-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for his yearly check-up exam. He has no new concerns but wants to make sure that his hypertension and diabetes are properly controlled. His past medical history is otherwise unremarkable and his only medications are metformin and lisinopril. He has smoked a pack of cigarettes per day since he was 16 years of age and drinks 3 beers per night. Physical exam is remarkable for a murmur best heard in the 5th intercostal space at the left mid-clavicular line. The murmur is high-pitched and blowing in character and can be heard throughout systole. Which of the following properties is characteristic of this patient's most likely disorder??
{'A': 'Presents with an opening snap', 'B': 'Radiation of murmur to the axilla', 'C': 'Radiation of murmur to the neck', 'D': 'Radiation of murmur to the right sternal border', 'E': 'Results in mixing of blood between left and right ventricles'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Frontotemporal dementia | Q:A 55-year-old man is brought to the physician because of inappropriate behavior for the past 6 months. He has been making inappropriate comments and jokes while talking to friends and family members. He was arrested 3 weeks ago while trying to kiss strangers on the street. He has no interest in talking to his daughter or playing with his grandchildren. During this period, he has developed a strong desire for chocolate pudding and potato chips and has gained 10 kg (22 lb). He appears unkempt. Vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination is unremarkable. Mental status examination shows apathy and a blunt affect. He avoids answering questions and instead comments on the individuals he saw in the waiting room. Mini-Mental State Examination score is 28/30. A complete blood count and serum concentrations of glucose, creatine, and electrolytes are within the reference range. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Parkinson disease', 'B': 'Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis', 'C': 'Normal pressure hydrocephalus', 'D': 'Wilson disease', 'E': 'Frontotemporal dementia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Meningioma | Q:A 22-year-old woman comes to the physician because of hearing loss and unsteadiness while standing and walking for the past 2 months. She needs support from a wall to prevent herself from falling. She has not had any recent injuries and has no history of serious illness. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows an unsteady gait. She sways when asked to stand upright with her feet together. She is unable to hear fingers rubbing next to her ears or repeat words whispered in her ears bilaterally. An MRI of the brain shows a 3-cm tumor in the right cerebellopontine angle and a 4.5-cm tumor in the left cerebellopontine angle. This patient is most likely to develop which of the following in the future??
{'A': 'Renal cell carcinoma', 'B': 'Telangiectasias', 'C': 'Optic glioma', 'D': 'Meningioma', 'E': 'Astrocytoma\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Latency period | Q:A study is funded by the tobacco industry to examine the association between smoking and lung cancer. They design a study with a prospective cohort of 1,000 smokers between the ages of 20-30. The length of the study is five years. After the study period ends, they conclude that there is no relationship between smoking and lung cancer. Which of the following study features is the most likely reason for the failure of the study to note an association between tobacco use and cancer??
{'A': 'Effect modification', 'B': 'Latency period', 'C': 'Pygmalion effect', 'D': 'Late-look bias', 'E': 'Confounding'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Ilioinguinal nerve | Q:A 58-year-old obese male has noticed the gradual development of a soft bulge on his right groin that has been present over the past year and occasionally becomes very tender. He notices that it comes out when he coughs and strains during bowel movements. He is able to push the bulge back in without issue. After examination, you realize that he has an inguinal hernia and recommend open repair with mesh placement. After surgery, the patient returns to clinic and complains of numbness and tingling in the upper part of the scrotum and base of the penis. What nerve was most likely injured during the procedure??
{'A': 'Iliohypogastric nerve', 'B': 'Genitofemoral nerve', 'C': 'Ilioinguinal nerve', 'D': 'Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve', 'E': 'Obturator nerve'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Urethral hypermobility | Q:A 70-year-old woman comes to the physician for the evaluation of loss of urine for the last several months. She loses small amounts of urine without warning after coughing or sneezing. She also sometimes forgets the names of her relatives. She is retired and lives at an assisted-living facility. She has type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Her older sister recently received a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. She does not smoke or drink alcohol. Medications include metformin and enalapril. Vital signs are within normal limits. She walks without any problems. Sensation to pinprick and light touch is normal. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Detrusor overactivity', 'B': 'Loss of sphincter control', 'C': 'Urethral hypermobility', 'D': 'Bacterial infection of the urinary tract', 'E': 'Decreased cerebrospinal fluid absorption'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Valve degeneration | Q:A 78-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of a 3-week history of productive cough, swelling of the legs and feet, and fatigue. He has had progressive dyspnea on exertion for the past 2 months. Twelve years ago, he received a porcine valve replacement for severe mitral valve regurgitation. He has coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 60 years and drinks one beer daily. Current medications include aspirin, simvastatin, ramipril, metoprolol, metformin, and hydrochlorothiazide. He appears pale. He is 179 cm (5 ft 9 in) tall and weighs 127 kg (279.9 lb); BMI is 41.3 kg/m2. His temperature is 37.1°C (98.9°F), respirations are 22/min, pulse is 96/min, and blood pressure is 146/94 mm Hg. Bilateral basilar rales are heard on auscultation of the lungs. Cardiac examination shows a laterally displaced apical heartbeat. A grade 3/6, decrescendo-crescendo diastolic murmur is heard over the apex. There is bilateral pitting edema of the feet and ankles. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Infective endocarditis', 'B': 'Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'C': 'Pneumonia', 'D': 'Valve degeneration', 'E': 'Pulmonary embolism'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Rapid strep test | Q:A 16-year-old girl presents with a sore throat. The patient says symptoms onset acutely 3 days ago and have progressively worsened. She denies any history of cough, nasal congestion or rhinorrhea. No significant past medical history or current medications. The vital signs include: temperature 37.7°C (99.9°F), blood pressure 110/70 mm Hg, pulse 74/min, respiratory rate 20/min, and oxygen saturation 99% on room air. Physical examination is significant for anterior cervical lymphadenopathy. There is edema of the oropharynx and tonsillar swelling but no tonsillar exudate. Which of the following is the next best step in management??
{'A': 'Reassurance', 'B': 'Rapid strep test', 'C': 'Ultrasound of the anterior cervical lymph nodes', 'D': 'Empiric treatment with antibiotics', 'E': 'Empiric treatment with antivirals'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Granulosa cell tumor | Q:A 65-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of intermittent bleeding from her vagina. She has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. Pelvic ultrasound shows a thickened endometrial stripe and a left adnexal mass. Endometrial biopsy shows a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma. Laboratory studies show increased levels of inhibin B. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Yolk sac tumor', 'B': 'Granulosa cell tumor', 'C': 'Immature teratoma', 'D': 'Serous cystadenocarcinoma', 'E': 'Dysgerminoma'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Arthrocentesis | Q:A 32-year-old man comes into your office because of pain in his right knee, left elbow, and left wrist. It started about a week ago but has particularly localized to his wrist. The patient states that he has 2 sexual partners. He states he has also had some white discharge from his penis with pruritis and pain during urination. His temperature is 97.6°F (36.4°C), blood pressure is 124/84 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 12/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam reveals pain upon palpation of the patient's left wrist which also appears erythematous and swollen. What is the best next step in management for this patient??
{'A': 'Arthrocentesis', 'B': 'Azithromycin, ceftriaxone, and vancomycin', 'C': 'Ibuprofen and observation', 'D': 'Methotrexate', 'E': 'MRI'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Allopurinol | Q:A 25-year-old college student is diagnosed with acute myelogenous leukemia after presenting with a 3-week history of fever, malaise, and fatigue. He has a history of type 1 diabetes mellitus, multiple middle ear infections as a child, and infectious mononucleosis in high school. He currently smokes 1 pack of cigarettes per day, drinks a glass of wine per day, and denies any illicit drug use. The vital signs include: temperature 36.7°C (98.0°F), blood pressure 126/74 mm Hg, heart rate 87/min, and respiratory rate 17/min. On physical examination, his pulses are bounding; his complexion is pale, but breath sounds remain clear. A rapidly progressive form of leukemia is identified, and the patient is scheduled to start intravenous chemotherapy. Which of the following treatments should be given to this patient to prevent or decrease the likelihood of developing acute renal failure during treatment??
{'A': 'Sulfinpyrazone', 'B': 'Probenecid', 'C': 'Allopurinol', 'D': 'Colchicine', 'E': 'Indomethacin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Decreased GFR, decreased RPF, increased FF | Q:A 75-year-old woman is brought to a physician’s office by her son with complaints of diarrhea and vomiting for 1 day. Her stool is loose, watery, and yellow-colored, while her vomitus contains partially digested food particles. She denies having blood or mucus in her stools and vomitus. Since the onset of her symptoms, she has not had anything to eat and her son adds that she is unable to tolerate fluids. The past medical history is unremarkable and she does not take any medications regularly. The pulse is 115/min, the respiratory rate is 16/min, the blood pressure is 100/60 mm Hg, and the temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F). The physical examination shows dry mucous membranes and slightly sunken eyes. The abdomen is soft and non-tender. Which of the following physiologic changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF), and filtration fraction (FF) are expected??
{'A': 'Increased GFR, increased RPF, increased FF', 'B': 'Decreased GFR, decreased RPF, increased FF', 'C': 'Decreased GFR, decreased RPF, no change in FF', 'D': 'Decreased GFR, decreased RPF, decreased FF', 'E': 'Increased GFR, decreased RPF, increased FF'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Glipizide | Q:A 60-year-old African-American female presents to your office complaining of dysuria, paresthesias, and blurry vision. Her body mass index is 37.2 kg/m2. Which of the following drugs would most significantly increase the levels of C-peptide in the blood when administered to this patient??
{'A': 'Metformin', 'B': 'Insulin', 'C': 'Glipizide', 'D': 'Acarbose', 'E': 'NPH'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Splenomegaly on ultrasound | Q:A 2-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother because of progressive fatigue, abdominal pain, and loss of appetite over the past 3 days. He was treated in the emergency department once in the past year for swelling of his hands and feet. He was adopted as a baby from Sudan and his family history is unknown. He does not take any medication. He is lethargic. His temperature is 37.5°C (99.5°F), pulse is 141/min, respirations are 25/min, and blood pressure is 68/40 mm Hg. Examination shows pale, dry mucous membranes and scleral icterus. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 7.1 g/dL
Mean corpuscular volume 93 fL
Reticulocyte count 11%
Serum
Lactate dehydrogenase 194 IU/L
Total bilirubin 6.4 mg/dL
Direct bilirubin 0.5 mg/dL
Haptoglobin 21 mg/dL (N = 41–165)
Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following findings?"?
{'A': 'Anti-erythrocyte antibodies on Coombs test', 'B': 'Pale stool on rectal examination', 'C': 'Splenomegaly on ultrasound', 'D': 'Hypocellular bone marrow on biopsy', 'E': 'Low ferritin level in serum'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis | Q:A 51-year-old woman with Sjogren’s syndrome presents to her physician for suddenly developed palpitations. She feels more anxious than usual and has had difficulty sleeping well for the past 2 weeks. She has lost 2 kg (4.4 lb) since her last routine appointment 6 months ago. She also has had diarrhea and often feels like her heart is beating very quickly. On physical examination, her skin appears warm and moist. Her reflexes are hyperactive. Her thyroid is moderately enlarged and is non-tender. She has mild dry eyes and dry mouth. Her blood pressure is 136/88 mm Hg, pulse is 76/min, respirations are 17/min and temperature is 36.7°C (98.1°F). Which of the following pathologic findings is this patient likely to have??
{'A': 'Lymphoma', 'B': 'Silent thyroiditis', 'C': 'Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis', 'D': 'Granulomatous thyroiditis', 'E': 'Fibrous thyroiditis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Dorsal striatum atrophy on head CT | Q:A 46-year-old male presents with his wife to his primary care provider for depression and strange movements. His wife reports that her husband has not been himself for the last two months. Whereas he was previously outgoing and “the life of the party,” the patient is now irritable and withdrawn. He is a partner at an accounting firm, but his colleagues are threatening his job if he continues to perform poorly at work. The patient cannot explain the recent changes to his mood and tearfully admits he fears there is something seriously wrong with him. His wife says that she thinks he is getting worse. The patient’s past medical history is significant for hypertension, for which he takes lisinopril. His family history is unknown as he was adopted. The patient met his mother once, and never knew his father but was told he died in his 50's. He drinks a few glasses of wine per week and has never smoked. On physical exam, the patient has a flat affect with facial grimace and sudden jerky movements of his upper extremities.
Which of the following is most likely to be seen on further workup??
{'A': 'Positive 14-3-3 CSF assay', 'B': 'Alpha-synuclein aggregates on brain biopsy', 'C': 'Neurofibrillary tangles on brain biopsy', 'D': 'Frontotemporal atrophy on head CT', 'E': 'Dorsal striatum atrophy on head CT'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Low-dose CT | Q:A 64-year-old man presents to the office for an annual physical examination. He has no complaints at this visit. His chart states that he has a history of hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (emphysema), Raynaud’s disease, and glaucoma. He is a 30 pack-year smoker. His medications included lisinopril, tiotropium, albuterol, nifedipine, and latanoprost. The blood pressure is 139/96 mm Hg, the pulse is 86/min, the respiration rate is 16/min, and the temperature is 37.2°C (99.1°F). On physical examination, his pupils are equal, round, and reactive to light. The cardiac auscultation reveals an S4 gallop without murmur, and the lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. However, the inspection of the chest wall shows an enlarged anterior to posterior diameter. Which of the following is the most appropriate screening test for this patient??
{'A': 'Low-dose CT', 'B': 'Chest radiograph', 'C': 'Magnetic resonance imaging', 'D': 'Bronchoalveolar lavage with cytology', 'E': 'Pulmonary function tests'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Food ingestion provides relief of the symptoms | Q:A 46-year-old woman presents to the emergency department complaining of abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting approximately 4 hours after a fatty meal. She reports that this has happened before, but this episode is worse. The vomit was non-bilious and did not contain any blood. She recalls frequent episodes of vague epigastric pain that often wakes her up during the night. Over the counter omeprazole and a small meal or snack would provide some relief in the past. The patient also mentions recent anorexia and early satiety. She takes over the counter ibuprofen several times a week for headaches. Blood pressure is 125/82 mm Hg, pulse is 102/min, and respiratory rate is 19/min. On physical examination, she has hypoactive bowel sounds, and her abdomen seems grossly distended and tympanic on percussion. Which of the following is most consistent with a duodenal ulcer??
{'A': 'Non-bilious vomiting', 'B': 'Early satiety', 'C': 'Ibuprofen use', 'D': 'Omeprazole provides relief of the symptoms', 'E': 'Food ingestion provides relief of the symptoms'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Chronic intravenous drug usage | Q:A 21-year-old man presents to a physician because of extreme fatigue, palpitations, fever, and weight loss. He developed these symptoms gradually over the past 3 months. His blood pressure is 110/80 mm Hg, heart rate is 109/min, respiratory rate is 17/min, and temperature is 38.1°C (100.6°F). The patient is emaciated and pale. There are conjunctival hemorrhages and several bruises noted in the inner cubital area bilaterally. There are also a few lesions on the left foot. The cardiac examination reveals a holosystolic murmur best heard at the 4th intercostal space at the left sternal edge. Two blood cultures grew Staphylococcus aureus, and echocardiography shows a tricuspid valve aneurysm. Which of the following would most likely be revealed in a detailed history from this patient??
{'A': 'Percutaneous nephrostomy for acute ureterolithiasis 5 months ago', 'B': 'Lung abscess evacuation 3 months ago', 'C': 'Catheterization of the urinary bladder', 'D': 'Chronic intravenous drug usage', 'E': 'Adenoidectomy 6 months ago'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Accumulation of GM2 ganglioside | Q:An 18-month-old boy of Ashkenazi-Jewish descent presents with loss of developmental milestones. On ocular exam, a cherry-red macular spot is observed. No hepatomegaly is observed on physical exam. Microscopic exam shows lysosomes with onion-skin appearance.
What is the most likely underlying biochemical abnormality??
{'A': 'Accumulation of ceramide trihexoside', 'B': 'Accumulation of galactocerebroside', 'C': 'Accumulation of sphingomyelin', 'D': 'Accumulation of GM2 ganglioside', 'E': 'Accumulation of glucocerebroside'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: T-cell differentiation | Q:A 21-year-old woman presents to her primary care doctor for an initial visit. She is a Syrian refugee and arrived in the United States 2 weeks ago. She has been living in refugee camps throughout Jordan and Turkey for the past 2 years. She has a 3-year-old son and reports that she has limited her food intake in order to ensure that her son has adequate nutrition. She reports decreased vision most noticeable over the past 6 months that is worse in low-light settings. She also reports severe dry eyes that have not improved with eye drops. She has no known past medical history and takes no medications. Her body mass index is 18.1 kg/m^2. On exam, she appears lethargic but is able to respond to questions appropriately. She has dry mucous membranes and decreased skin turgor. Her conjunctiva appears dry, thickened, and wrinkled. There is a small corneal ulcer on the lateral aspect of the left eye. This patient's symptoms are most consistent with a deficiency in a vitamin that contributes to which of the following processes??
{'A': 'Collagen synthesis', 'B': 'T-cell differentiation', 'C': 'Clotting factor synthesis', 'D': 'Cystathionine synthesis', 'E': 'Methylation reactions'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Intraventricular hemorrhage | Q:Three days after delivery, a 1100-g (2-lb 7-oz) newborn has a tonic seizure that lasts for 25 seconds. She has become increasingly lethargic over the past 18 hours. She was born at 31 weeks' gestation. Antenatal period was complicated by chorioamnionitis. Apgar scores were 3 and 6 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. She appears ill. Her pulse is 123/min, respirations are 50/min and irregular, and blood pressure is 60/30 mm Hg. Examination shows a tense anterior fontanelle. The pupils are equal and react sluggishly to light. Examination shows slow, conjugate back and forth movements of the eyes. Muscle tone is decreased in all extremities. The lungs are clear to auscultation. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Galactosemia', 'B': 'Spinal muscular atrophy', 'C': 'Phenylketonuria', 'D': 'Congenital hydrocephalus', 'E': 'Intraventricular hemorrhage'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Release of matrix metalloproteinase | Q:A researcher is studying the ability of breast cancer cells to metastasize. Neoplastic cells obtained from 30 patients with stage IV ductal carcinoma of the breast are tagged with a fluorescent antibody. The cells are then inserted into a medium resembling normal human tissue. After 2 weeks, all samples show in vitro hematogenous invasion and migration away from the original site of insertion. Which of the following properties is most likely responsible for the ability of these neoplastic cells to metastasize??
{'A': 'Loss of cellular polarity', 'B': 'Overexpression of HER2/neu', 'C': 'Increase in N:C ratio', 'D': 'Presence of fibrous tissue capsule', 'E': 'Release of matrix metalloproteinase'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: 37/64 | Q:A newlywed couple comes to your office for genetic counseling. Both potential parents are known to be carriers of the same Cystic Fibrosis (CF) mutation. What is the probability that at least one of their next three children will have CF if they are all single births??
{'A': '0', 'B': '1/64', 'C': '27/64', 'D': '37/64', 'E': '1'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Ventricular repolarization | Q:A 32-year-old woman makes an appointment at her physician’s office for a regular health check-up. She does not have any complaints and mentions that she has started to train for an upcoming marathon and hydrates exclusively with electrolyte solutions. She has been trying unsuccessfully to quit smoking for a few years now. She has hypercholesterolemia, which is controlled with a low-cholesterol diet. Family history is significant for hypertension in both of her parents. Her father died of myocardial infarction a few years ago. The vital signs include heart rate 55/min, respiratory rate 16/min, temperature 37.6 °C (99.68 °F), and blood pressure 120/88 mm Hg. The physical exam findings are within normal limits. A routine electrocardiogram (ECG) is done and is shown below. The abnormal wave seen on the ECG tracing represents which of the following mechanical events??
{'A': 'Ventricular depolarization', 'B': 'Period between ventricular depolarization and repolarization', 'C': 'Ventricular repolarization', 'D': 'Atrial depolarization', 'E': 'Atrial repolarization'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Placenta abruptio | Q:A 21-year-old female presents to her primary care doctor for prenatal counseling before attempting to become pregnant for the first time. She is an avid runner, and the physician notes her BMI of 17.5. The patient complains of chronic fatigue, which she attributes to her busy lifestyle. The physician orders a complete blood count that reveals a Hgb 10.2 g/dL (normal 12.1 to 15.1 g/dL) with an MCV 102 µm^3 (normal 78 to 98 µm^3). A serum measurement of a catabolic derivative of methionine returns elevated. Which of the following complications is the patient at most risk for if she becomes pregnant??
{'A': 'Hyperemesis gravidarum', 'B': 'Gestational diabetes', 'C': 'Placenta previa', 'D': 'Placenta abruptio', 'E': 'Placenta accreta'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Contrast esophagram | Q:A 17-year-old girl is admitted to the emergency department with severe retrosternal chest pain. The pain began suddenly after an episode of self-induced vomiting following a large meal. The patient’s parents say that she is very restricted in the foods she eats and induces vomiting frequently after meals. Vital signs are as follows: blood pressure 100/60 mm Hg, heart rate 98/min, respiratory rate 14/min, and temperature 37.9℃ (100.2℉). The patient is pale and in severe distress. Lungs are clear to auscultation. On cardiac examination, a crunching, raspy sound is auscultated over the precordium that is synchronous with the heartbeat. The abdomen is soft and nontender. Which of the following tests would most likely confirm the diagnosis in this patient??
{'A': 'Upper endoscopy', 'B': 'ECG', 'C': 'Echocardiography', 'D': 'Contrast esophagram', 'E': 'Measurement of D-dimer'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Altered menin protein | Q:A 47-year-old woman comes to the physician for a 2-month history of fatigue, intermittent left-sided flank pain, and diffuse extremity pain. She was treated for a prolactinoma 5 years ago and has had recurrent antral and duodenal peptic ulcers despite medical therapy. Her only medication is omeprazole. Physical examination shows a moderately distended abdomen that is diffusely tender to palpation. There is mild left-sided costovertebral angle tenderness. Serum studies show a calcium of 12 mg/dL, phosphorus of 2 mg/dL, and parathyroid hormone level of 826 pg/mL. An ultrasound of the abdomen shows multiple kidney stones in the left ureteropelvic junction. This patient is most likely to have which of the following protein abnormalities??
{'A': 'Inactivation of RET proto-oncogene', 'B': 'Altered merlin protein expression', 'C': 'Altered menin protein', 'D': 'Mutation of VHL tumor suppressor', 'E': 'Mutation in C-Kit protein'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Docusate therapy | Q:A 28-year-old woman comes to the physician with a history of bright red blood in her stools for 3 days. She has defecated once per day. She does not have fever, pain on defecation, or abdominal pain. She was treated for a urinary tract infection with levofloxacin around 3 months ago. Menses occur at regular intervals of 28–30 days and lasts 3–4 days. Her father died of colon cancer 4 years ago. Her only medication is an iron supplement. She is 162 cm (5 ft 4 in) tall and weighs 101.2 kg (223 lbs); BMI is 38.3 kg/m2. Her temperature is 36.5°C (97.7°F), pulse is 89/min, and blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg. Rectal examination shows anal skin tags. Anoscopy shows multiple enlarged bluish veins above the dentate line at 7 and 11 o'clock positions. When asked to exhale through a closed nostril a mass prolapses but spontaneously reduces when breathing normally. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management??
{'A': 'Docusate therapy', 'B': 'Topical diltiazem', 'C': 'Propranolol therapy', 'D': 'Infrared coagulation', 'E': 'Hemorrhoidectomy'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Protein-rich fluid | Q:A 73-year-old female with no past medical history is hospitalized after she develops a fever associated with increasing shortness of breath. She states that 1 week prior, she had a cold which seemed to be resolving. Yesterday, however, she noticed that she started to feel feverish, measured her temperature to be 101.5°F (38.6°C), and also developed an unproductive dry cough and difficulty breathing. On exam, her temperature is 100.8°F (38.2°C), blood pressure is 110/72 mmHg, pulse is 96/min, and respirations are 16/min. Her exam demonstrates decreased breath sounds at the right lung base. The chest radiograph shows a right-sided pleural effusion with an opacity in the right lower lobe that is thought to be a bacterial pneumonia. Which of the following can be expected on a sample of the effusion fluid??
{'A': 'Clear fluid', 'B': 'Hypocellular fluid', 'C': 'Malignant cells', 'D': 'Protein-rich fluid', 'E': 'Specific gravity of 1.010'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Syringomyelia | Q:A 58-year-old man comes to the physician because of burning pain in his neck and arms for a year. He has also had paresthesias in his hands during this period. He has had increasing weakness in both hands during the past 3 months. He has type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension. He was involved in a motor vehicle collision 3 years ago. Current medications include metformin, sitagliptin, enalapril, atorvastatin, and aspirin. He has had 7 sexual partners in his lifetime; he uses condoms inconsistently. He is oriented to time, place, and person. Vital signs are within normal limits. The pupils are equal and reactive to light. Examination of the upper extremities shows decreased muscle strength, absent reflexes, and decreased hand grip with fasciculations bilaterally. Sensation to temperature and pain is absent over the chest and bilateral upper arms. Vibration and joint position sensations are present in the upper limbs. Cranial nerve examination shows no focal findings. Examination of the lower extremities show no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Tabes dorsalis', 'B': 'Cervical disk prolapse', 'C': 'Brown-Séquard syndrome', 'D': 'Multiple sclerosis', 'E': 'Syringomyelia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Atrialization of the right ventricle | Q:A 26-year-old woman comes to the physician for evaluation of nausea and fatigue. Her last menstrual period was 8 weeks ago. She has a history of bipolar disorder controlled by a drug known to sometimes cause hypothyroidism and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. She does not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol. A urine pregnancy test is positive. An ultrasound of the pelvis shows a viable intrauterine pregnancy. The fetus is most likely at increased risk for which of the following anomalies??
{'A': 'Abnormal placentation', 'B': 'Aplasia cutis', 'C': 'Atrialization of the right ventricle', 'D': 'Neural tube defects', 'E': 'Hypoplastic or absent limbs'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Activity of adenylyl cyclase in cardiomyocytes | Q:A 62-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department after briefly losing consciousness while walking her dog. She spontaneously regained consciousness 20 seconds later. She has a history of atrial fibrillation. Current medications include metoprolol. She reports that she forgot to take her medication the day before and took double the dose this morning instead. A decrease in which of the following most likely contributed to this patient's episode??
{'A': 'Phosphorylation of myosin light chains in vascular smooth muscle cells', 'B': 'Activity of protein kinase C in cardiomyocytes', 'C': 'Activity of protein kinase A in vascular smooth muscle cells', 'D': 'Activity of adenylyl cyclase in cardiomyocytes', 'E': 'Diastolic efflux of calcium in cardiomyocytes'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Submerged in milk | Q:A 27-year-old man is witnessed falling off his bicycle. The patient rode his bicycle into a curb and hit his face against a rail. The patient did not lose consciousness and is ambulatory at the scene. There is blood in the patient's mouth and one of the patient's teeth is found on the sidewalk. The patient is transferred to the local emergency department. Which of the following is the best method to transport this patient's tooth??
{'A': 'Submerged in milk', 'B': 'Submerged in normal saline', 'C': 'Submerged in water', 'D': 'Wrapped in sterile gauze', 'E': 'Wrapped in gauze soaked in normal saline'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: MALT lymphoma | Q:A 62-year-old man presents to his primary care physician because of abdominal pain that started after he went camping several months ago and drank from a mountain stream. This past year, he also went on a trip around the world, eating local foods at each stop. Furthermore, he has had a history of cholelithiasis and had his gallbladder removed 3 years ago. Otherwise, his medical history is significant for well-controlled hypertension and diabetes. Based on clinical suspicion, an endoscopy and biopsy was performed showing a mix of mononuclear cells and a motile, urease-positive, oxidase-positive, spiral shaped organism. The changes seen on biopsy in this patient most likely predispose him to which of the following pathologies??
{'A': 'Esophageal adenocarcinoma', 'B': 'Gallbladder adenocarcinoma', 'C': 'Colon adenocarcinoma', 'D': 'MALT lymphoma', 'E': 'Pancreatic adenocarcinoma'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Plasmodium falciparum | Q:A 46-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 1-week history of headache, muscle pain, and recurrent fever spikes that occur without a noticeable rhythm. Two weeks ago, he returned from a 5-week-long world trip during which he climbed several mountains in India, Africa, and Appalachia. Chemoprophylaxis with chloroquine was initiated one week prior to the trip. Physical examination shows jaundice. The spleen is palpated 2 cm below the left costal margin. His hemoglobin concentration is 10 g/dL. A photomicrograph of a peripheral blood smear is shown. Which of the following agents is the most likely cause of this patient's findings??
{'A': 'Trypanosoma cruzi', 'B': 'Plasmodium falciparum', 'C': 'Chikungunya virus', 'D': 'Trypanosoma brucei', 'E': 'Leishmania donovani'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Administer IV methylprednisolone | Q:A 27-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of progressive numbness and weakness in her left arm and left leg for 2 days. During this period, she has also had urinary urgency and incontinence. Three months ago, she had blurry vision, difficulty distinguishing colors, and headache for one week, all of which have resolved. The patient has smoked a half pack of cigarettes daily for 10 years and drinks four glasses of wine each week. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 78/min, respirations are 14/min, and blood pressure is 110/68 mm Hg. Examination shows 3/5 strength in the left arm and leg, and 5/5 strength on the right side. Upon flexion of the neck, the patient experiences a shooting electric sensation that travels down the spine. MRI of the brain shows gadolinium-enhancing lesions in the right central sulcus, cervical spinal cord, and optic nerve. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient??
{'A': 'Administer lorazepam', 'B': 'Administer IV methylprednisolone', 'C': 'Plasmapheresis', 'D': 'Administer tissue plasminogen activator', 'E': 'Glatiramer acetate therapy'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Patient-controlled intravenous hydromorphone | Q:A 72-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of upper abdominal pain and nausea for the past hour. The patient rates the pain as an 8 to 9 on a 10-point scale. She has had an episode of nonbloody vomiting since the pain started. She has a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and osteoporosis. The patient has smoked 2 packs of cigarettes daily for 40 years. She drinks 5–6 alcoholic beverages daily. Current medications include glyburide, lisinopril, and oral vitamin D supplements. Her temperature is 38.5°C (101.3°F), pulse is 110/min, and blood pressure is 138/86 mm Hg. Examination shows severe epigastric tenderness to palpation with guarding but no rebound. Ultrasonography of the abdomen shows diffuse enlargement of the pancreas; no gallstones are visualized. The patient is admitted to the hospital for pain control and intravenous hydration. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient’s pain??
{'A': 'Patient-controlled intravenous hydromorphone', 'B': 'Transdermal bupivacaine on request', 'C': 'Oral acetaminophen every 6 hours', 'D': 'Oral gabapentin every 24 hours', 'E': 'Transdermal fentanyl every 72 hours'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Breast-conserving therapy and sentinel lymph node biopsy | Q:The patient undergoes a mammogram, which shows a 6.5mm sized mass with an irregular border and spiculated margins. A subsequent core needle biopsy of the mass shows infiltrating ductal carcinoma with HER2-positive, estrogen-negative, and progesterone-negative immunohistochemistry staining. Blood counts and liver function tests are normal. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 12.5 g/dL
Serum
Na+ 140 mEq/L
Cl- 103 mEq/L
K+ 4.2 mEq/L
HCO3- 26 mEq/L
Ca2+ 8.9 mg/dL
Urea Nitrogen 12 mg/dL
Glucose 110 mg/dL
Alkaline Phosphatase 25 U/L
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 15 U/L
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 13 U/L
Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"?
{'A': 'Breast-conserving therapy and sentinel lymph node biopsy', 'B': 'Trastuzumab therapy', 'C': 'Whole-body PET/CT', 'D': 'Bilateral mastectomy with lymph node dissection', 'E': 'Bone scan'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: 120 people | Q:A recent study examined trends in incidence and fatality of ischemic stroke in a representative sample of Scandinavian towns. The annual incidence of ischemic stroke was calculated to be 60 per 2,000 people. The 1-year case fatality rate for ischemic stroke was found to be 20%. The health department of a town in southern Sweden with a population of 20,000 is interested in knowing the 1-year mortality conferred by ischemic stroke. Based on the study's findings, which of the following estimates the annual mortality rate for ischemic stroke per 20,000??
{'A': '12 people', 'B': '120 people', 'C': '400 people', 'D': '60 people', 'E': '600 people'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Plan, do, study, act cycle | Q:An infectious disease chairperson of a large hospital determines that the incidence of Clostridioides difficile infections at the hospital is too high. She proposes an initiative to restrict the usage of clindamycin in the hospital to determine if that lowers the incidence of C. difficile infections. She puts in place a requirement that an infectious disease fellow needs to approve any prescription of clindamycin. After 2 months, she reviews the hospital infection data and determines that the incidence of C. difficile infections has decreased, but not to the extent that she had hoped. Consequently, she decides to include fluoroquinolone antibiotics in the antibiotic restriction and examine the data again in another 2 months. Which of the following best describes the process being used by the infectious disease chairperson??
{'A': 'High reliability organization', 'B': 'Root cause analysis', 'C': 'Failure mode and effects analysis', 'D': 'Plan, do, study, act cycle', 'E': 'Lean process improvement'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Beta-1 adrenergic receptors | Q:A 72-year-old man with coronary artery disease comes to the physician because of intermittent episodes of substernal chest pain and shortness of breath. The episodes occur only when walking up stairs and resolves after resting for a few minutes. He is a delivery man and is concerned because the chest pain has impacted his ability to work. His pulse is 98/min and blood pressure is 132/77 mm Hg. Physical examination is unremarkable. An ECG shows no abnormalities. A drug that blocks which of the following receptors is most likely to prevent future episodes of chest pain from occurring??
{'A': 'Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors', 'B': 'Angiotensin II receptors', 'C': 'Aldosterone receptors', 'D': 'M2 muscarinic receptors', 'E': 'Beta-1 adrenergic receptors'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Toxin-induced cleavage of desmoglein | Q:A previously healthy 3-month-old girl is brought to the physician because of fever, irritability, and rash for 3 days. The rash started around the mouth before spreading to the trunk and extremities. Her temperature is 38.6°C (101.5°F). Examination shows a diffuse erythematous rash with flaccid bullae on the neck, flexural creases, and buttocks. Gentle pressure across the trunk with a gloved finger creates a blister. Oropharyngeal examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism of these skin findings??
{'A': 'Toxin-induced cleavage of desmoglein', 'B': 'Bacterial production of erythrogenic toxin', 'C': 'Bacterial invasion of the epidermis', 'D': 'Autoantibody deposition in stratum spinosum', 'E': 'Autoantibody binding of hemidesmosomes'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Medial collateral ligament | Q:A 21-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. Four days ago, he injured his right knee while playing soccer. Increased laxity of the right knee joint is noted when the knee is flexed to 30° and an abducting force is applied to the lower leg. The examination finding in this patient is most likely caused by damage to which of the following structures??
{'A': 'Posterior cruciate ligament', 'B': 'Lateral collateral ligament', 'C': 'Lateral meniscus', 'D': 'Medial collateral ligament', 'E': 'Anterior cruciate ligament'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Oxybutynin | Q:A 63-year-old woman presents to her primary care doctor with increased urinary frequency. She has noticed that over the past 6 months, she has had to urinate more often than usual. Several times per day, she develops a rapid-onset need to urinate and has occasionally been unable to reach the restroom. These symptoms have caused her a lot of distress and impacted her work as a grocery store clerk. She has tried pelvic floor exercises, decreasing her caffeine consumption, and has intentionally lost 20 pounds in an effort to alleviate her symptoms. She denies urinary hesitancy or hematuria. Her past medical history is notable for rheumatoid arthritis for which she takes methotrexate. She does not smoke or drink alcohol. Her temperature is 98.8°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 124/68 mmHg, pulse is 89/min, and respirations are 19/min. She is well-appearing and in no acute distress. Which of the following interventions would be most appropriate in this patient??
{'A': 'Intermittent catheterization', 'B': 'Oxybutynin', 'C': 'Pessary placement', 'D': 'Tamsulosin', 'E': 'Topical estrogen'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Illusion | Q:A 34-year-old man presents to the behavioral health clinic for an evaluation after seeing animal-shaped clouds in the form of dogs, cats, and monkeys. The patient says that these symptoms have been present for more than 2 weeks. Past medical history is significant for simple partial seizures for which he takes valproate, but he has not had his medication adjusted in several years. His vital signs include: blood pressure of 124/76 mm Hg, heart rate of 98/min, respiratory rate of 12/min, and temperature of 37.1°C (98.8°F). On physical examination, the patient is alert and oriented to person, time, and place. Affect is not constricted or flat. Speech is of rapid rate and high volume. Pupils are equal and reactive bilaterally. The results of a urine drug screen are as follows:
Alcohol positive
Amphetamine negative
Benzodiazepine negative
Cocaine positive
GHB negative
Ketamine negative
LSD negative
Marijuana negative
Opioids negative
PCP negative
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient??
{'A': 'Cocaine intoxication', 'B': 'Illusion', 'C': 'Visual hallucination', 'D': 'Delusion', 'E': 'Alcohol withdrawal'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Potassium channel blocker | Q:A 72-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with a 1 week history of persistent dry cough and worsening shortness of breath. He says that he has also been experiencing some abdominal pain and weakness. He has never experienced these symptoms before. His past medical history is significant for persistent ventricular tachycardia, and he started a new medication to control this arrhythmia about 1 month prior to presentation. Chest radiograph reveals patchy opacification bilaterally, and computed tomography (CT) scan shows diffuse ground glass changes. The drug that is most likely responsible for this patient's symptoms has which of the following mechanisms of action??
{'A': 'Beta-adrenergic blocker', 'B': 'Calcium channel blocker', 'C': 'Potassium channel blocker', 'D': 'Sodium channel blocker with prolonged refractory period', 'E': 'Sodium channel blocker with shortened refractory period'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Interferon gamma | Q:A 3-year-old boy is brought to the emergency room by his mother with fever and difficulty breathing after receiving the BCG vaccine. He has never had a reaction to a vaccine before. He has a history of 2 salmonella infections over the past 2 years. He was born at 35 weeks’ gestation and spent one day in the neonatal intensive care unit. His parents' family histories are unremarkable. His temperature is 101°F (38.3°C), blood pressure is 80/55 mmHg, pulse is 135/min, and respirations are 24/min. On examination, he appears acutely ill. He has increased work of breathing with intercostal retractions. A petechial rash is noted on his trunk and extremities. A serological analysis in this patient would most likely reveal decreased levels of which of the following cytokines??
{'A': 'Interferon alpha', 'B': 'Interferon gamma', 'C': 'Interleukin 1', 'D': 'Interleukin 12', 'E': 'Tumor necrosis factor alpha'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Capecitabine | Q:A 54-year-old woman with metastatic breast cancer comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. She had a mastectomy 6 months ago and received chemotherapy with doxorubicin and paclitaxel. A CT scan of the chest shows new metastases in the lungs and liver. Adjuvant therapy is initiated with a drug that inhibits the formation of deoxythymidine monophosphate and results in the accumulation of deoxyuridine triphosphate. The patient is advised to avoid folic acid supplementation while receiving this drug in order to prevent the toxic effects of this drug. Which of the following drugs was most likely given??
{'A': 'Hydroxyurea', 'B': 'Leflunomide', 'C': 'Azathioprine', 'D': 'Mycophenolate mofetil', 'E': 'Capecitabine'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Blocks the release of acetylcholine | Q:A 4-year-old boy with a history of cerebral palsy is brought to the neurology clinic by his mother with progressive tightness in the lower extremities. Although the patient has been intermittently undergoing physiotherapy for the past 2 years at a specialized center, the patient’s mother is concerned he cannot yet climb the stairs. The neurologist recommends a different treatment, which involves multiple intramuscular injections of a drug in the muscles of the lower extremities to relieve tightness. The neurologist says this treatment approach is also often used to relieve headaches and reduce facial wrinkles. Which of the following is most likely the mechanism of action of this drug??
{'A': 'Acts as a superantigen', 'B': 'Stimulates adenylate cyclase', 'C': 'Reduces neurotransmitter GABA', 'D': 'Blocks the release of acetylcholine', 'E': 'Interferes with the 60s ribosomal subunit'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Abnormal remodeling of spiral arteries | Q:A 37-year-old woman, gravida 3, para 2, at 32 weeks' gestation comes to the physician for a follow-up examination 2 days after an increased blood pressure measurement. She now reports having a headache and visual disturbances for the past 12 hours. Her only medication is a prenatal vitamin. Her temperature is 36.7°C (98.1°F), pulse is 90/min, and blood pressure is 164/80 mm Hg. Her blood pressure at her first-trimester prenatal visit was 110/70 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 12.5 g/dL
Platelet count 285,000/mm3
Serum
Creatinine 1.0 mg/dL
Urine
Blood negative
Protein negative
Which of the following is the most likely primary component in the pathogenesis of this patient's condition?"?
{'A': 'Vasogenic cerebral edema', 'B': 'Increase in circulating plasma volume', 'C': 'Hyperperfusion of placental tissue', 'D': 'Abnormal remodeling of spiral arteries', 'E': 'Overactivation of the coagulation cascade'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Vancomycin and cefepime | Q:Five days after being admitted to the hospital for a scald wound, a 2-year-old boy is found to have a temperature of 40.2°C (104.4°F). He does not have difficulty breathing, cough, or painful urination. He initially presented one hour after spilling a pot of boiling water on his torso while his mother was cooking dinner. He was admitted for fluid resuscitation, nutritional support, pain management, and wound care, and he was progressing well until today. He has no other medical conditions. Other than analgesia during this hospital stay, he does not take any medications. He appears uncomfortable but not in acute distress. His pulse is 150/min, respirations are 41/min, and blood pressure is 90/50 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 99%. Examination shows uneven, asymmetrical scalding covering his anterior torso in arrow-like patterns with surrounding erythema and purulent discharge. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. His hemoglobin is 13.4 g/dL, platelet count is 200,000/mm3, and leukocyte count is 13,900/mm3. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial pharmacological treatment for this patient??
{'A': 'Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ceftriaxone', 'B': 'Ampicillin/sulbactam and daptomycin', 'C': 'Piperacillin/tazobactam and cefepime', 'D': 'Vancomycin and metronidazole', 'E': 'Vancomycin and cefepime'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Chlamydia trachomatis | Q:A 32-year-old man comes to the physician because of severe burning with urination for the past 3 days. During this period, he has had clear urethral discharge early in the morning. He has no history of serious illness, except for a rash following treatment with erythromycin 20 years ago. The patient takes no medications. He is sexually active with one male and one female partner; they use condoms inconsistently. His younger brother was diagnosed with Crohn disease at the age of 24 years. The patient does not smoke. He drinks one to two beers on weekends. He appears well. Temperature is 36.8°C (98°F), pulse is 75/min, and blood pressure is 135/78 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Gram stain of a urethral swab shows neutrophils but no organisms. Which of the following is the most likely causal pathogen??
{'A': 'Neisseria gonorrhoeae', 'B': 'Adenovirus', 'C': 'Trichomonas vaginalis', 'D': 'Chlamydia trachomatis', 'E': 'Herpes simplex virus\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Normal saline and potassium | Q:A 62-year-old man presents to the emergency department with confusion. The patient’s wife states that her husband has become more somnolent over the past several days and now is very confused. The patient has no complaints himself, but is answering questions inappropriately. The patient has a past medical history of diabetes and hypertension. His temperature is 98.3°F (36.8°C), blood pressure is 127/85 mmHg, pulse is 138/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam is notable for a confused man with dry mucous membranes. Initial laboratory studies are ordered as seen below.
Serum:
Na+: 135 mEq/L
Cl-: 100 mEq/L
K+: 3.0 mEq/L
HCO3-: 23 mEq/L
BUN: 30 mg/dL
Glucose: 1,299 mg/dL
Creatinine: 1.5 mg/dL
Ca2+: 10.2 mg/dL
Which of the following is the most appropriate initial treatment for this patient??
{'A': 'Insulin', 'B': 'Insulin and normal saline', 'C': 'Insulin and potassium', 'D': 'Insulin, normal saline, and potassium', 'E': 'Normal saline and potassium'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Trichomoniasis | Q:A 24-year-old woman presents to her gynecologist complaining of mild pelvic discomfort and a frothy, yellowish discharge from her vagina for the past 2 weeks. She also complains of pain during sexual intercourse and sometimes after urination. Her past medical history is noncontributory. She takes oral contraceptives and a multivitamin daily. She has had two male sexual partners in her lifetime and uses condoms inconsistently. Today, her vitals are normal. On pelvic exam, she has vulvovaginal erythema and a 'strawberry cervix' that is tender to motion, with minimal green-yellow malodorous discharge. A swab of the vaginal wall is analyzed for pH at bedside. Vaginal pH is 5.8. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis for this patient??
{'A': 'Vulvovaginal candidiasis', 'B': 'Atrophic vaginitis', 'C': 'Bacterial vaginosis', 'D': 'Chlamydia', 'E': 'Trichomoniasis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Lithium | Q:A 37-year-old African American man is brought to the emergency department by police. The patient refused to leave a petting zoo after closing. He states that he has unique ideas to revolutionize the petting zoo experience. The patient has a past medical history of multiple suicide attempts. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 130/85 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, respirations are 16/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. The patient's cardiac and pulmonary exams are within normal limits. He denies any nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath, or systemic symptoms. The patient struggles to answer questions, as he is constantly changing the subject and speaking at a very rapid rate. The patient is kept in the emergency department overnight and is observed to not sleep and is very talkative with the nurses. Which of the following is the best long-term therapy for this patient??
{'A': 'Lithium', 'B': 'Valproic acid', 'C': 'Risperidone', 'D': 'Haloperidol', 'E': 'Diphenhydramine'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Serum PSA level | Q:A 55-year-old man presents for physical and preventive health screening, specifically for prostate cancer. He has not been to the doctor in a long time. Past medical history is significant for hypertension that is well-managed. Current medication is hydrochlorothiazide. He has one uncle who died of prostate cancer. He drinks one or two alcoholic drinks on the weekends and does not smoke. Today his temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), blood pressure is 125/75 mm Hg, pulse is 82/min, respiratory rate is 15/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. There are no significant findings on physical examination. Which of the following would be the most appropriate recommendation for prostate cancer screening in this patient??
{'A': 'No screening indicated at this time', 'B': 'Digital rectal examination', 'C': 'Serum PSA level', 'D': 'Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)', 'E': 'Contrast CT of the abdomen and pelvis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Abciximab | Q:A 3-year-old male is evaluated for frequent nose bleeds. Physical examination shows diffuse petechiae on the patient’s distal extremities. Peripheral blood smear shows an absence of platelet clumping. An ELISA binding assay reveals that platelet surfaces are deficient in GpIIb/IIIa receptors. Which of the following anticoagulants pharmacologically mimics this condition??
{'A': 'Abciximab', 'B': 'Aspirin', 'C': 'Warfarin', 'D': 'Clopidogrel', 'E': 'Cilostazol'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Radiograph sacroiliac joint | Q:A 23-year-old man complains of lower back pain that began approximately 6 months ago. He is unsure why he is experiencing this pain and notices that this pain is worse in the morning after waking up and improves with physical activity. Ibuprofen provides significant relief. He denies bowel and bladder incontinence or erectile dysfunction. Physical exam is notable for decreased chest expansion, decreased spinal range of motion, 5/5 strength in both lower extremities, 2+ patellar reflexes bilaterally, and an absence of saddle anesthesia. Which of the following is the most appropriate next test for this patient??
{'A': 'ESR', 'B': 'HLA-B27', 'C': 'MRI sacroiliac joint', 'D': 'Radiograph sacroiliac joint', 'E': 'Slit-lamp examination'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: 25% | Q:A genetic population study is being conducted to find the penetrance of a certain disease. This disease is associated with impaired iron metabolism and primarily affects the liver. Patients often present with diabetes and bronze skin pigmentation. After a genetic screening of 120 inhabitants with a family history of this disease, 40 were found to have the disease-producing genotype, but only 10 presented with symptoms. What are the chances of the screened patients with said genotype developing the disease phenotype?
?
{'A': '3%', 'B': '25%', 'C': '4%', 'D': '40%', 'E': '0.4%'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Shiga-like toxin production from EHEC | Q:A previously healthy 9-year-old, Caucasian girl presents to your office with severe abdominal pain. Her mother also mentions that she has been urinating significantly less lately. History from the mother reveals that the girl suffers from acne vulgaris, mild scoliosis, and had a bout of diarrhea 3 days ago after a family barbecue. Lab work is done and is notable for a platelet count of 97,000 with a normal PT and PTT. The young girl appears dehydrated, yet her serum electrolyte levels are normal. What is the most likely etiology of this girl's urinary symptoms??
{'A': 'Hypothalamic dysfucntion', 'B': 'Surreptitious laxative use', 'C': 'Toxic shock syndrome', 'D': 'Shiga toxin production from Shigella', 'E': 'Shiga-like toxin production from EHEC'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Hepatocellular carcinoma | Q:A 55-year-old male presents to his primary care physician with right upper quadrant pain that has progressed over the last three months with unexplained weakness and joint pains that have been "out of the ordinary" over the last year. On history, you note the patient lives a sedentary lifestyle, rarely leaves the house, has controlled diabetes diagnosed 15 years ago, and has documented cardiomyopathy. On physical exam the man appears non-toxic, sclera are icteric, cornea appear normal, generalized pain is elicited on palpation of the right upper quadrant, and skin appears quite bronzed on his extremities. What is this patient most at risk for ten to fifteen years later due to his underlying condition??
{'A': 'Colonic adenocarcinoma', 'B': 'Pulmonary fibrosis', 'C': 'Prostatic adenocarcinoma', 'D': 'Hepatocellular carcinoma', 'E': 'Movement disorders'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Vegetative form of Clostridium botulinum spores in the patient's colon | Q:A 6-month-old girl has a weak cry, poor suck, ptosis, and constipation. Her condition began 2 days ago with a single episode of abundant watery stool and elevated temperature. The child was born at term to a healthy 26-year-old mother with an uneventful antenatal course and puerperium. The infant was exclusively breastfed till 5 months of age, after which she began receiving grated potatoes, pumpkin, carrots, and apples, in addition to the breastfeeding. She does not receive any fluids other than breast milk. The last new food item to be introduced was homemade honey that her mother added several times to grated sour apples as a sweetener 2 weeks before the onset of symptoms. The vital signs are as follows: blood pressure 70/40 mm Hg, heart rate 98/min, respiratory rate 29/min, and temperature 36.4°C (98.2°F). On physical examination, she is lethargic and has poor head control. A neurologic examination reveals ptosis and facial muscle weakness, widespread hypotonia, and symmetrically decreased upper and lower extremity reflexes. Which of the following options is a part of the pathogenesis underlying the patient’s condition??
{'A': 'Hypocalcemia due to a decrease in breast milk consumption', 'B': 'Hyperkalemia due to increased dietary intake', 'C': "Vegetative form of Clostridium botulinum spores in the patient's colon", 'D': 'Dehydration due to the absence of additional fluid intake', 'E': 'Development of antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Failure of normal neuronal migration during development | Q:A 16-year-old male comes to his doctor worried that he has not yet gone through puberty. He feels that his genitals are less developed than they should be for his age. On physical exam, you note an absence of facial hair and that his voice has not yet deepened. Your exam confirms that he is Tanner Stage 1. On a thorough review of systems, you learn that the patient has lacked a sense of smell from birth. Which of the following is implicated in the development of this patient's underlying condition??
{'A': 'Chromosomal duplication', 'B': 'Expansile suprasellar tumor', 'C': 'Exposure to radiation', 'D': 'Failure of normal neuronal migration during development', 'E': 'Defect in steroid production'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Depression of ST segment | Q:A 43-year-old woman presents to a physician with weakness and fatigue for a week. She mentions that she has been taking oral fluconazole for the last 4 weeks for the treatment of tinea capitis. She also says that she loves coffee and usually consumes 4–6 cups of coffee every day. On physical examination, her vital signs are stable and examination of all systems, including nervous system, is normal. Her laboratory evaluation reveals that her serum potassium level is 3.1 mmol/L (3.1 mEq/L). The physician orders an ECG. Which of the following findings is most likely to be present??
{'A': 'Widening of QRS complexes', 'B': 'Tall peaked T waves', 'C': 'Disappearing P waves', 'D': 'Depression of ST segment', 'E': 'Shortened QT interval'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Positioning therapy | Q:A 4-month-old girl is brought to the physician because she has been regurgitating and vomiting 10–15 minutes after feeding for the past 3 weeks. She is breastfed and formula-fed. She was born at 38 weeks' gestation and weighed 2966 g (6 lb 9 oz). She currently weighs 5878 g (12 lb 15 oz). She appears healthy. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows a soft and nontender abdomen and no organomegaly. Which of the following is the most appropriate next best step in management??
{'A': 'Esophageal pH monitoring', 'B': 'Upper endoscopy', 'C': 'Ultrasound of the abdomen', 'D': 'Pantoprazole therapy', 'E': 'Positioning therapy'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Deutetrabenazine | Q:A 44-year-old man presents to his primary care physician due to a tremor. His tremor has been progressively worsening over the course of several weeks and he feels embarrassed and anxious about going to social events. He says these movements are involuntary and denies having an urge to have these movements. Medical history is significant for depression which is being treated with escitalopram. His mother is currently alive and healthy but his father committed suicide and had a history of depression. Physical examination is remarkable for impaired saccade initiation and brief, abrupt, and non-stereotyped movements involved the right arm. He also has irregular finger tapping. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Carbidopa-levodopa', 'B': 'Cognitive behavioral therapy', 'C': 'Deutetrabenazine', 'D': 'Switch to sertraline', 'E': 'Valproic acid'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Give fresh frozen plasma (FFP) | Q:A 65-year-old man presents to the emergency department by ambulance following a motor vehicle accident. He was a restrained passenger. At the hospital, he is bleeding heavily from a large wound in his left leg. A review of medical records reveals a history of atrial fibrillation for which he takes warfarin. His international normalized ratio (INR) 2 days ago was 2.6. On physical exam he is cool and clammy. The vital signs include: heart rate 130/min and blood pressure 96/54 mm Hg. Aggressive resuscitation with intravenous normal saline is begun. Which of the following is the next best step to correct this patient's underlying coagulopathy??
{'A': 'Give cryoprecipitate', 'B': 'Give fresh frozen plasma (FFP)', 'C': 'Give intravenous vitamin K', 'D': 'Give packed red blood cells', 'E': 'Give platelets'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Esophageal compression | Q:A 32-year-old woman comes to the physician because of worsening fatigue and shortness of breath. Her symptoms began 8 months ago and have progressively worsened since then. She had recurrent episodes of joint pain and fever during childhood. She does not smoke or drink alcohol. She emigrated from the Congo with her parents when she was 12 years old. Her temperature is 37.4°C (99.3°F), pulse is 90/min and regular, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 140/90 mm Hg. There is an opening snap followed by a diastolic murmur at the fifth left intercostal space in the midclavicular line. If left untreated, this patient is at greatest risk for which of the following complications??
{'A': 'Nephritic syndrome', 'B': 'Esophageal compression', 'C': 'Bleeding from intestinal angiodysplasia', 'D': 'Left ventricular hypertrophy', 'E': 'Ventricular tachycardia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Activates 1-alpha-hydroxylase | Q:A 2-day-old boy is evaluated in the newborn nursery after the nurse witnessed the child convulsing. The child was born at 39 weeks gestation to a healthy 32-year-old G1P0 woman. Initial examination after birth was notable for a cleft palate. The child’s temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 100/60 mmHg, pulse is 115/min, and respirations are 18/min. On exam, he appears somnolent. His face demonstrates periorbital fullness, hypoplastic nares, and small dysmorphic ears. A series of labs are drawn and shown below:
Hemoglobin: 13.1 g/dL
Hematocrit: 40%
Leukocyte count: 4,000/mm^3 with normal differential
Platelet count: 200,000/mm^3
Serum:
Na+: 140 mEq/L
Cl-: 100 mEq/L
K+: 3.8 mEq/L
HCO3-: 25 mEq/L
BUN: 19 mg/dL
Glucose: 110 mg/dL
Creatinine: 1.0 mg/dL
Ca2+: 7.9 mg/dL
Phosphate: 4.7 mg/dL
This patient is deficient in a hormone that has which of the following functions??
{'A': 'Activates 1-alpha-hydroxylase', 'B': 'Activates 24-alpha-hydroxylase', 'C': 'Activates 25-alpha-hydroxylase', 'D': 'Inhibits 1-alpha-hydroxylase', 'E': 'Inhibits 25-alpha-hydroxylase'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: End stage liver failure | Q:A 65-year-old female with chronic renal failure presents with recent onset of bone pain. Serum analysis reveals decreased levels of calcium and elevated levels of parathyroid hormone. One of the mechanisms driving the elevated PTH is most similar to that seen in:?
{'A': 'End stage liver failure', 'B': 'Insufficient Ca intake', 'C': 'Parathyroid adenoma', 'D': 'Decreased functioning of the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR)', 'E': 'Sarcoidosis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Bromocriptine | Q:A 41-year-old woman with subclinical hypothyroidism comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of progressively worsening headaches and irregular menses. Her menses had previously occurred at regular 30-day intervals with moderate flow, but her last menstrual period was 12 weeks ago. She also reports that her interest in sexual intercourse has recently decreased. Her serum prolactin level is elevated. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy for this patient??
{'A': 'Bromocriptine', 'B': 'Estrogen', 'C': 'Methyldopa', 'D': 'Metoclopromide', 'E': 'L-thyroxine'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Intranasal corticosteroids | Q:A 17-year-old boy presents to the office with allergic rhinitis. He reports symptoms of sneezing, nasal congestion, itching, and postnasal drainage every September at the start of the school year. He has a family history of childhood asthma and eczema. He has not tried any medications for his allergies. Which of the following medications is the most appropriate next step to manage the patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Intranasal antihistamines', 'B': 'Intranasal cromolyn sodium', 'C': 'Intranasal decongestants', 'D': 'Intranasal corticosteroids', 'E': 'Oral antihistamines'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Subcutaneous crepitus | Q:A 30-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of fever, watery diarrhea, and abdominal cramping for the past 24 hours. She recently went to an international food fair. Her temperature is 39°C (102.2°F). Physical examination shows increased bowel sounds. Stool cultures grow gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobic rods that produce alpha toxin. The responsible organism also causes which of the following physical examination findings??
{'A': 'Diffuse, flaccid bullae', 'B': 'Facial paralysis', 'C': 'Subcutaneous crepitus', 'D': 'Rose spots', 'E': 'Petechial rash'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Begin folate supplementation | Q:A 24-year-old woman comes to the physician for preconceptional advice. She has been married for 2 years and would like to conceive within the next year. Menses occur at regular 30-day intervals and last 4 days with normal flow. She does not smoke or drink alcohol and follows a balanced diet. She takes no medications. She is 160 cm (5 ft 3 in) tall and weighs 55 kg (121 lb); BMI is 21.5 kg/m2. Physical examination, including pelvic examination, shows no abnormalities. She has adequate knowledge of the fertile days of her menstrual cycle. Which of the following is most appropriate recommendation for this patient at this time??
{'A': 'Begin folate supplementation', 'B': 'Begin high-dose vitamin A supplementation', 'C': 'Begin vitamin B12 supplementation', 'D': 'Begin iron supplementation', 'E': 'Gain 2 kg prior to conception'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Dimercaprol | Q:A 34-year-old woman with a history of depression is brought to the emergency department by her husband 45 minutes after ingesting an unknown amount of a termite poison in a suicide attempt. She has abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Her husband reports that she has had two episodes of watery diarrhea on the way to the emergency department. A distinct, garlic-like odor on the breath is noted on examination. An ECG shows sinus tachycardia and QTc prolongation. Administration of which of the following is most appropriate??
{'A': 'N-acetylcysteine', 'B': 'Fomepizole', 'C': 'Deferoxamine', 'D': 'Physostigmine', 'E': 'Dimercaprol'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Pneumonia | Q:A 30-year-old patient comes to the emergency room with a chief complaint of left chest pain and a productive cough with purulent sputum for 1 week. He also complains of shortness of breath. He said he had been previously diagnosed with influenza but did not follow the doctor’s instructions. His vitals include: heart rate 70/min, respiratory rate 22/min, temperature 38.7°C (101.7°F), blood pressure 120/60 mm Hg, and SO2 80%. His hemogram and chest X-ray findings are as follows:
Hemoglobin 14 mg/dL
Hematocrit 45%
Leukocyte count 12,000/mm3
Neutrophils 82%
Lymphocytes 15%
Monocytes 3%
Platelet count 270,000/mm3
Chest X-ray alveolar infiltrates in the left base with air bronchograms
What is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Sarcoidosis', 'B': 'Pneumonia', 'C': 'Histoplasmosis', 'D': 'Lung cancer', 'E': 'Tuberculosis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Histamine | Q:While playing in the woods with friends, a 14-year-old African-American male is bitten by an insect. Minutes later he notices swelling and redness at the site of the insect bite. Which substance has directly led to the wheal formation??
{'A': 'IFN-gamma', 'B': 'Histamine', 'C': 'IL-22', 'D': 'Arachidonic acid', 'E': 'IL-4'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Crescendo-decrescendo murmur radiating to the carotids that is loudest at the right upper sternal border | Q:A 76-year-old male with a history of chronic uncontrolled hypertension presents to the emergency room following an episode of syncope. He reports that he felt lightheaded and experienced chest pain while walking his dog earlier in the morning. He notes that he has experienced multiple similar episodes over the past year. A trans-esophageal echocardiogram demonstrates a thickened, calcified aortic valve with left ventricular hypertrophy. Which of the following heart sounds would likely be heard on auscultation of this patient??
{'A': 'Diastolic rumble following an opening snap with an accentuated S1', 'B': 'Early diastolic high-pitched blowing decrescendo murmur that is loudest at the left sternal border', 'C': 'Crescendo-decrescendo murmur radiating to the carotids that is loudest at the right upper sternal border', 'D': 'Holosystolic murmur radiating to the axilla that is loudest at the apex', 'E': 'Midsystolic click that is most prominent that is loudest at the apex'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Gallbladder | Q:A 43-year-old Caucasian male spent the past month on a business trip in the Caribbean. Two weeks following his return, he began experiencing diarrhea, pain in his abdomen, and a headache. He presents to the hospital and is noted to be febrile with prominent rose-colored spots on his chest and abdomen. Following recovery, the patient may become a carrier of the bacteria with the bacteria heavily localized to the:?
{'A': 'Gallbladder', 'B': 'Spleen', 'C': 'CD4 T-helper cells', 'D': 'Lungs', 'E': 'Sensory ganglia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: I, IV | Q:A clinical study is studying new genetic gene-based therapies for children and adults with sickle cell disease. The patients were informed that they were divided into two age groups since younger patients suffer from different complications of the disease. The pediatric group is more likely to suffer from which of the complications?
I. Splenic sequestration
II. Avascular necrosis
III. Pulmonary hypertension
IV. Acute chest syndrome
V. Nephropathy?
{'A': 'I, II', 'B': 'I, IV, V', 'C': 'I, II, IV', 'D': 'III, IV', 'E': 'I, IV'}, |