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### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Sertoli-Leydig cell tumour | Q:A 55-year-old woman comes to your office because she noticed the growth of unwanted hair on her upper lip, chin, and chest. She has also noticed an increase in blackheads and pimples on her skin. Her female partner has also recently brought to her attention the deepening of her voice, weight gain, and changes in her external genitalia that generated some personal relationship issues. The patient is frustrated as these changes have appeared over the course of the last 8 months. She claims that she was feeling completely normal before all of these physical changes started. Physical examination shows dark coarse stubbles distributed along her upper lip, chin, chest, back, oily skin, and moderately inflamed acne. Pelvic examination reveals a clitoris measuring 12 mm long, a normal sized mobile retroverted uterus, and a firm, enlarged left ovary. What is the most likely diagnosis of this patient??
{'A': 'Thecoma', 'B': 'Sertoli-Leydig cell tumour', 'C': 'Adrenocortical carcinoma', 'D': 'Granulosa cell tumour', 'E': 'Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Metabolic alkalosis, hypernatremia, hypokalemia | Q:A 44-year-old female presents to her primary care physician with complaints of headache, fatigue, muscle weakness, and frequent urination. These issues have developed and worsened over the past month. She has no significant prior medical or surgical history other than cholecystitis managed with cholecystectomy 5 years ago. Her vital signs at today's visit are as follows: T 37.1 C, HR 77, BP 158/98, RR 12, and SpO2 99%. Physical examination is significant for tetany, mild abdominal distension, reduced bowel sounds, and hypertensive retinal changes on fundoscopic exam. The physician orders a laboratory and imaging work-up based on his suspected diagnosis. An abdominal CT scan shows an 8 cm unilateral left adrenal mass suggestive of an adrenal adenoma. Which of the following sets of laboratory findings would be most likely in this patient??
{'A': 'Metabolic acidosis, hypernatremia, hyperkalemia', 'B': 'Metabolic acidosis, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia', 'C': 'Metabolic acidosis, hypernatremia, hypokalemia', 'D': 'Metabolic alkalosis, hypernatremia, hyperkalemia', 'E': 'Metabolic alkalosis, hypernatremia, hypokalemia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Orthostatic hypotension | Q:A 58-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of difficulty walking, clumsiness of her arms and legs, and slurred speech. Physical examination shows masked facies and a slow, shuffling gait. When her ankles are passively flexed, there is involuntary, jerky resistance. Treatment is initiated with a combination of levodopa and carbidopa. The addition of carbidopa is most likely to decrease the risk of which of the following potential adverse drug effects??
{'A': 'Resting tremor', 'B': 'Orthostatic hypotension', 'C': 'Urinary retention', 'D': 'Visual hallucinations', 'E': 'Dyskinesia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Decreased hemoglobin | Q:A 12-month-old boy is brought to the pediatrician for a routine examination. Past medical history is significant for a pyloric myomectomy at 2 months of age after a few episodes of projectile vomiting. He has reached all appropriate developmental milestones. He currently lives with his parents and pet cat in a house built in the 1990s. He was weaned off of breast milk at 6 months of age. He is a very picky eater, but drinks 5–6 glasses of whole milk a day. The patient's height and weight are in the 50th percentile for his age and sex. The vital signs are within normal limits except for the presence of slight tachycardia. Physical examination reveals an alert infant with a slight pallor. Abdomen is soft and nondistended. A grade 2/6 systolic ejection murmur is noted in the left upper sternal border. Which of the following will most likely be expected in this patient's laboratory results??
{'A': 'Decreased vitamin B12 levels', 'B': 'Increased lead levels', 'C': 'Increased Hb S levels', 'D': 'Decreased hemoglobin', 'E': 'Metabolic alkalosis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Increased adenylyl cyclase activity | Q:A 47-year-old woman presents to a local medical shelter while on a mission trip with her church to help rebuild homes after a hurricane. She has been experiencing severe nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea for the last 2 days and was feeling too fatigued to walk this morning. On presentation, her temperature is 99.2°F (37.3°C), blood pressure is 95/62 mmHg, pulse is 121/min, and respirations are 17/min. Physical exam reveals decreased skin turgor, and a stool sample reveals off-white watery stools. Gram stain reveals a gram-negative, comma-shaped organism that produces a toxin. Which of the following is consistent with the action of the toxin most likely involved in the development of this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Activation of receptor tyrosine kinase', 'B': 'Cleavage of junctional proteins', 'C': 'Decreased ribosomal activity', 'D': 'Increased adenylyl cyclase activity', 'E': 'Increased membrane permeability'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Lymphocytic inflammation of the bronchiolar wall | Q:A 48-year-old woman with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency undergoes a lung transplant. She tolerates the surgery well, but 3 years later develops inflammation and fibrosis in her terminal bronchioles. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of this patient's deterioration??
{'A': 'Staphylocuccus aureus pneumonia', 'B': 'Cytotoxic T lymphocytes reacting against foreign MHCs', 'C': 'Lymphocytic inflammation of the bronchiolar wall', 'D': 'T-cell mediated vascular damage', 'E': 'Proliferation of grafted immunocompetent T cells'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Asymmetric corneal light reflex | Q:A 8-month-old girl is brought to her pediatrician because her mom is concerned that she may have a "lazy eye". She was born prematurely at 33 weeks and was 3 pounds at birth. Her mother also says that there is a history of visual problems that run in the family, which is why she wanted to make sure that her daughter was evaluated early. On presentation, she is found to have eyes that are misaligned both horizontally and vertically. Physical examination and labs reveal no underlying disorders, and the patient is discharged with occlusion therapy to help correct the misalignment. Which of the following would most likely have also been seen on physical exam??
{'A': 'Asymmetric corneal light reflex', 'B': 'Bitemporal hemianopsia', 'C': 'Increased intraocular pressure', 'D': 'Fundus neovascularization', 'E': 'Nystagmus'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Conversion disorder | Q:A 13-year-old teenage girl was brought to the emergency department by her mom after she collapsed. Her mom reports that she was at a birthday party when all of a sudden she fell. She reported left foot weakness and has been limping ever since. The patient has been healthy and had an uncomplicated birth history, though her mom reports that she just recovered from a cold. She currently lives with her younger sister and mother as her parents recently divorced. She does well in school and has a handful of good friends. Her physical exam demonstrated normal bulk and tone, 5/5 strength in all motions, 2+ and symmetric reflexes at biceps, triceps and knees. She had 1+ ankle reflex on left. What is the most likely explanation for her symptoms??
{'A': 'Cerebral vascular accident', 'B': 'Conversion disorder', 'C': 'Guillain-Barre syndrome', 'D': 'Multiple sclerosis', 'E': 'Myasthenia gravis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Buspirone | Q:A 30-year-old woman presents to her family doctor requesting sleeping pills. She is a graduate student and confesses that she is a “worry-a-holic,” which has been getting worse for the last 6 months as the due date for her final paper is approaching. During this time, she feels more on edge, irritable, and is having difficulty sleeping. She has already tried employing good sleep hygiene practices, including a switch to non-caffeinated coffee. Her past medical history is significant for depression in the past that was managed medically. No current medications. The patient’s family history is significant for her mother who has a panic disorder. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination reveals a mildly anxious patient but is otherwise normal. Which of the following is the most effective treatment for this patient’s condition??
{'A': 'Buspirone', 'B': 'Bupropion', 'C': 'Desensitization therapy', 'D': 'Relaxation training', 'E': 'Diazepam'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Administer ondansetron and isotonic saline with potassium | Q:A 25-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with nausea and vomiting. She denies any recent illnesses, sick contacts, or consumption of foods outside of her usual diet. She reports smoking marijuana at least three times a day. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 90/74 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, respirations are 10/min, and SpO2 is 94% on room air. Her conjunctiva are injected. Her basic metabolic panel is obtained below.
Serum:
Na+: 132 mEq/L
Cl-: 89 mEq/L
K+: 2.9 mEq/L
HCO3-: 30 mEq/L
BUN: 35 mg/dL
Glucose: 80 mg/dL
Creatinine: 1.5 mg/dL
Magnesium: 2.0 mEq/L
She continues to have multiple bouts of emesis and dry retching. What is the next best step in management??
{'A': 'Obtain an urine toxin screen', 'B': 'Administer ondansetron per oral and provide oral rehydration solution', 'C': 'Administer ondansetron and isotonic saline with potassium', 'D': 'Administer metoclopramide and 1/2 normal saline with potassium', 'E': 'Administer ondansetron and 1/2 normal saline with dextrose'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Decreased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure | Q:A 34-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by fire and rescue following a motor vehicle accident in which the patient was an unrestrained driver. The paramedics report that the patient was struck from behind by a drunk driver. He was mentating well at the scene but complained of pain in his abdomen. The patient has no known past medical history. In the trauma bay, his temperature is 98.9°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 86/51 mmHg, pulse is 138/min, and respirations are 18/min. The patient is somnolent but arousable to voice and pain. His lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. He is diffusely tender to palpation on abdominal exam with bruising over the left upper abdomen. His distal pulses are thready, and capillary refill is delayed bilaterally. Two large-bore peripheral intravenous lines are placed to bolus him with intravenous 0.9% saline. Chest radiograph shows multiple left lower rib fractures.
Which of the following parameters is most likely to be seen in this patient??
{'A': 'Decreased systemic vascular resistance', 'B': 'Decreased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure', 'C': 'Increased mixed venous oxygen saturation', 'D': 'Increased cardiac output', 'E': 'Increased right atrial pressure'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Smoking | Q:A 26-year-old Caucasian G1 presents at 35 weeks gestation with mild vaginal bleeding. She reports no abdominal pain or uterine contractions. She received no prenatal care after 20 weeks gestation because she was traveling. Prior to the current pregnancy, she used oral contraception. At 22 years of age she underwent a cervical polypectomy. She has a 5 pack-year smoking history. The blood pressure is 115/70 mmHg, the heart rate is 88/min, the respiratory rate is 14/min, and the temperature is 36.7℃ (98℉). Abdominal palpation reveals no uterine tenderness or contractions. The fundus is palpable between the umbilicus and the xiphoid process. An ultrasound exam shows placental extension over the internal cervical os. Which of the following factors present in this patient is the risk factor for her condition??
{'A': 'Intake of oral contraceptives', 'B': 'History of cervical polyp', 'C': 'Nulliparity', 'D': 'Smoking', 'E': 'White race'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Spirometry | Q:A 7-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her father because of a dry cough, nasal congestion, and intermittent wheezing during the past 2 months. Since birth, she has had four upper respiratory tract infections that resolved without treatment and one episode of acute otitis media treated with antibiotics. She has a history of eczema. Her temperature is 37.1°C (98.7°F), and respirations are 28/min. Physical examination shows a shallow breathing pattern and scattered expiratory wheezing throughout both lung fields. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in diagnosing this patient’s condition??
{'A': 'Methacholine challenge test', 'B': 'Arterial blood gas analysis', 'C': 'Chest x-ray', 'D': 'Serum IgE levels', 'E': 'Spirometry'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Inflammation of periarticular fluid-filled sac | Q:A 42-year-old man comes to the physician for 1 month of worsening right knee pain. He has not had any trauma other than stubbing his toe 3 days ago at the garage where he works as a mechanic. Examination of the right knee shows swelling and erythema with fluctuance over the inferior patella. There is tenderness on palpation of the patella but no joint line tenderness or warmth. The range of flexion is limited because of the pain. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Inflammation of the patellar tendon', 'B': 'Noninflammatory degeneration of the joint', 'C': 'Infection of the joint', 'D': 'Deposition of crystals in the joint', 'E': 'Inflammation of periarticular fluid-filled sac'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Mineral accumulation in the basal ganglia | Q:A 17-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with a bilateral tremor of the hands. He is a senior in high school and during the year, his grades have plummeted to the point that he is failing. He says his memory is now poor, and he has trouble focusing on tasks. His behavior has changed in the past 6 months, in that he has frequent episodes of depression, separated by episodes of bizarre behavior, including excessive alcohol drinking and shoplifting. His parents have started to suspect that he is using street drugs, which he denies. His handwriting has become very sloppy. His parents have noted slight slurring of his speech. Family history is irrelevant. Physical examination reveals upper extremity tremors, mild dystonia of the upper extremities, and mild incoordination involving his hands. The patient’s eye is shown. Which of the following best represents the etiology of this patient illness??
{'A': 'Mineral accumulation in the basal ganglia', 'B': 'Central nervous system demyelination', 'C': 'Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway', 'D': 'Autosomal dominant, trinucleotide repeat disorder', 'E': 'Autoimmune process following infection with group A streptococci'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Production of an autoantibody | Q:A 4-year-old boy presents to the emergency department with a 1 hour history of severe knee pain after he bumped his knee against a door. He has no past medical history though his parents say that he seems to bruise fairly easily. His parents say that they are afraid he may have accidentally taken his grandfather's warfarin medication. On presentation, he is found to have an erythematous, warm, swollen knee. Based on this presentation, a panel of laboratory tests are ordered with the following results:
Bleeding time: 3 minutes
Prothrombin time (PT): 12 seconds
Partial thromboplastin time (PTT): 56 seconds
Mixing studies show no change in the above lab values
Which of the following is most likely the cause of this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Deficiency in a coagulation factor', 'B': 'Deficiency of von Willebrand factor', 'C': 'Platelet defect', 'D': 'Production of an autoantibody', 'E': 'Warfarin toxicity'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: CT urography
" | Q:A 40-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. He feels well. He has no urinary urgency, increased frequency, dysuria, or gross hematuria. He has a history of recurrent urinary tract infections. His last urinary tract infection was 3 months ago and was treated with ciprofloxacin. Current medications include a multivitamin. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 18 years. Vital signs are within normal limits. The abdomen is soft and nontender. There is no costovertebral angle tenderness. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 11.2 g/dL
Leukocyte count 9,500/mm3
Platelet count 170,000/mm3
Serum
Na+ 135 mEq/L
K+ 4.9 mEq/L
Cl- 101 mEq/L
Urea nitrogen 18 mg/dL
Creatinine 0.6 mg/dL
Urine
Blood 2+
Protein negative
RBC 5–7/hpf, normal shape and size
RBC casts negative
WBC 0–2/hpf
Bacteria negative
Urine cultures are negative. Urine analysis is repeated and shows similar results. A cystoscopy shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"?
{'A': 'Annual urinalysis', 'B': 'Transrectal ultrasound', 'C': 'Voided urine cytology', 'D': 'Reassurance', 'E': 'CT urography\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Ligament of Treitz | Q:A 40-year-old man presents with severe fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, and weight loss. He reports a weight loss of 15 kg (33.0 lb) over the past 3 months and feels full almost immediately after starting to eat, often feeling nauseous and occasionally vomiting. Past medical history is not significant. However, the patient reports a 10-pack-year smoking history. His temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), respiratory rate is 15/min, pulse is 67/min, and blood pressure is 122/98 mm Hg. Physical examination reveals paleness and conjunctival pallor. Abdominal examination reveals an ill-defined nontender mass in the epigastric region along with significant hepatomegaly. Routine laboratory studies show a hemoglobin level of 7.2 g/dL. A contrast CT scan of the abdomen is presented below. Which of the following structures is most helpful in the anatomical classification of gastrointestinal bleeding in this patient??
{'A': 'Ligament of Treitz', 'B': 'Hepatoduodenal ligament', 'C': 'Ampulla of Vater', 'D': 'Sphincter of Oddi', 'E': 'Portal vein'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Transmural tear | Q:A 33-year-old man with a history of alcohol abuse and cirrhosis presents to the emergency department with profuse vomiting. The patient is aggressive, combative, emotionally labile, and has to be chemically restrained. The patient continues to vomit and blood is noted in the vomitus. His temperature is 99.2°F (37.3°C), blood pressure is 139/88 mmHg, pulse is 106/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 100% on room air. The patient complains of sudden onset chest pain during his physical exam. A crunching and rasping sound is heard while auscultating the heart. Which of the following is the pathophysiology of the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Dilated and tortuous veins', 'B': 'Inflammation of the pericardium', 'C': 'Mucosal tear', 'D': 'Pericardial fluid accumulation', 'E': 'Transmural tear'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: MRI of the cervical spine without contrast | Q:A 74-year-old male is brought to the emergency department 1 hour after he fell from the top of the staircase at home. He reports pain in his neck as well as weakness of his upper extremities. He is alert and immobilized in a cervical collar. He has hypertension treated with hydrochlorthiazide. His pulse is 90/min and regular, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 140/70 mmHg. Examination shows bruising and midline cervical tenderness. Neurologic examination shows diminished strength and sensation to pain and temperature in the upper extremities, particularly in the hands. Upper extremity deep tendon reflexes are absent. Strength, sensation, and reflexes in the lower extremities are intact. Anal sensation and tone are present. Babinski's sign is absent bilaterally. Which of the following is most likely to confirm the cause of this patient's neurologic examination findings??
{'A': 'CT angiography of the neck', 'B': 'CT of the cervical spine with contrast', 'C': 'Cervical myelography', 'D': 'X-ray of the cervical spine', 'E': 'MRI of the cervical spine without contrast'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Recommend chorionic villus sampling with subsequent cell culturing and karyotyping | Q:A 36-year old pregnant woman (gravida 4, para 1) presents at week 11 of pregnancy. Currently, she has no complaints. She had an uncomplicated 1st pregnancy that ended in an uncomplicated vaginal delivery at the age of 28 years. Her male child was born healthy, with normal physical and psychological development over the years. Two of her previous pregnancies were spontaneously terminated in the 1st trimester. Her elder sister has a child born with Down syndrome. The patient denies smoking and alcohol consumption. Her blood analysis reveals the following findings:
Measured values
Beta human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) High
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) Low
Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient??
{'A': 'Offer a blood test for rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, and toxoplasma IgG', 'B': 'Perform an ultrasound examination with nuchal translucency and crown-rump length measurement', 'C': 'Recommend chorionic villus sampling with subsequent cell culturing and karyotyping', 'D': 'Recommend amniocentesis with subsequent cell culturing and karyotyping', 'E': 'Schedule a quadruple test at the 15th week of pregnancy'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Macrocytosis MCV > 100fL | Q:A 63-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by the police after he was found in the streets lying unconscious on the ground. Both of his pupils are normal in size and reactive to light. There are no obvious signs of head trauma. The finger prick test shows a blood glucose level of 20 mg/dL. He has been brought to the emergency department due to acute alcohol intoxication several times. The vital signs include: blood pressure 100/70 mm Hg, heart rate 110/min, respiratory rate 22/min, and temperature 35℃ (95℉). On general examination, he is pale looking and disheveled with an odor of EtOH. On physical examination, the abdomen is soft and non-tender with no hepatosplenomegaly. After giving a bolus of intravenous dextrose, thiamine, and naloxone, he spontaneously opens his eyes. Blood and urine samples are drawn for toxicology screening. The blood alcohol level comes out to be 300 mg/dL. What will be the most likely laboratory findings in this patient??
{'A': 'Schistocytes', 'B': 'Hypersegmented neutrophils', 'C': 'Sickle cells', 'D': 'Macrocytosis MCV > 100fL', 'E': 'Howell-Jolly bodies'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Graded exercise therapy | Q:A 65-year-old man comes to his primary care physician with a 6-month history of bilateral calf pain. The pain usually occurs after walking his dog a few blocks and is more severe on the right side. He has coronary artery disease, essential hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. He has smoked two packs of cigarettes daily for 43 years and drinks two alcoholic beverages a day. Current medications include metformin, lisinopril, and aspirin. He is 183 cm (5 ft 11 in) tall and weighs 113 kg (250 lb); BMI is 34.9 kg/m2. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 84/min, and blood pressure is 129/72 mm Hg. Cardiac examination shows a gallop without murmurs. The legs have shiny skin with reduced hair below the knee. Femoral and popliteal pulses are palpable bilaterally. Dorsal pedal pulses are 1+ on the left and absent on the right. Ankle-brachial index (ABI) is performed in the office. ABI is 0.5 in the right leg, and 0.6 in the left leg. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial step in management??
{'A': 'Graded exercise therapy', 'B': 'Propranolol therapy', 'C': 'Spinal cord stimulation', 'D': 'Vascular bypass surgery', 'E': 'Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with stenting'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Chlamydia trachomatis | Q:A previously healthy 25-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 1-week history of fever and fluid release from painful lumps in his right groin. He had an atraumatic ulceration of his penis about 1 month ago that was not painful and resolved on its own within 1 week. He works at an animal shelter for abandoned pets. He is sexually active with multiple male partners and does not use condoms. His temperature is 38.5°C (101.3°F). Examination of the groin shows numerous tender nodules with purulent discharge. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely causal pathogen??
{'A': 'Bartonella henselae', 'B': 'Treponema pallidum', 'C': 'Chlamydia trachomatis', 'D': 'Haemophilus ducreyi', 'E': 'Klebsiella granulomatis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Adverse effect of vincristine | Q:A 67-year-old man comes to the physician because of numbness and burning sensation of his legs for the past week. He also complains that his stools have been larger and rougher than usual. He has non-Hodgkin lymphoma and is currently receiving chemotherapy with prednisone, vincristine, rituximab, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin. He has received 4 cycles of chemotherapy, and his last chemotherapy cycle was 2 weeks ago. His temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), pulse is 89/min, and blood pressure is 122/80 mm Hg. Examination shows decreased muscle strength in the distal muscles of the lower extremities. Ankle jerk is 1+ bilaterally and knee reflex is 2+ bilaterally. Sensation to pain, vibration, and position is decreased over the lower extremities. Serum concentrations of glucose, creatinine, electrolytes, and calcium are within the reference range. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Adverse effect of vincristine', 'B': 'Spinal cord compression', 'C': 'Paraneoplastic autoantibodies', 'D': 'Guillain-Barré syndrome', 'E': 'Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Bacterial overgrowth | Q:A 76-year-old Japanese man is admitted to the hospital because of a 3-month history of loose stools and worsening peripheral edema. He also reports fatigue, a 10-pound weight loss over the past 6 weeks, and a tingling sensation in his hands and feet over the same time period. Aside from the family dog, he has not had contact with animals for over 1 year and has not traveled outside the country. He has hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Five years ago, he underwent a partial gastrectomy with jejunal anastomosis for gastric cancer. Current medications include hydrochlorothiazide and tamsulosin. His temperature is 36.8°C (98.2°F), pulse is 103/min, and blood pressure is 132/83 mm Hg. Examination shows a soft and nontender abdomen. There is a well-healed scar on the upper abdomen. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. The conjunctivae appear pale. Sensation to vibration and position is absent over the lower extremities. His hemoglobin concentration is 9.9 g/dL, MCV is 108 μm3, total protein 3.9 g/dL, and albumin 1.9 g/dL. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's condition??
{'A': 'Neoplastic growth', 'B': 'Increased intestinal motility', 'C': 'Bacterial overgrowth', 'D': 'Bypass of the pyloric sphincter', 'E': 'Anastomotic stricture'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Intravenous hydration | Q:A 7-week-old male presents to the pediatrician for vomiting. His parents report that three weeks ago the patient began vomiting after meals. They say that the vomitus appears to be normal stomach contents without streaks of red or green. His parents have already tried repositioning him during mealtimes and switching his formula to eliminate cow’s milk and soy. Despite these adjustments, the vomiting has become more frequent and forceful. The patient’s mother reports that he is voiding about four times per day and that his urine looks dark yellow. The patient has fallen one standard deviation off his growth curve. The patient's mother reports that the pregnancy was uncomplicated other than an episode of sinusitis in the third trimester, for which she was treated with azithromycin. In the office, the patient's temperature is 98.7°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 58/41 mmHg, pulse is 166/min, and respirations are 16/min. On physical exam, the patient looks small for his age. His abdomen is soft, non-tender, and non-distended.
Which of the following is the best next step in management??
{'A': 'Abdominal ultrasound', 'B': 'Intravenous hydration', 'C': 'MRI of the head', 'D': 'Pyloromyotomy', 'E': 'Thickening feeds'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase | Q:An investigator is studying nutritional deficiencies in humans. A group of healthy volunteers are started on a diet deficient in pantothenic acid. After 4 weeks, several of the volunteers develop irritability, abdominal cramps, and burning paresthesias of their feet. These symptoms are fully reversed after reintroduction of pantothenic acid to their diet. The function of which of the following enzymes was most likely impaired in the volunteers during the study??
{'A': 'Gamma-glutamyl carboxylase', 'B': 'Methionine synthase', 'C': 'Dopamine beta-hydroxylase', 'D': 'Glutathione reductase', 'E': 'Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Renal tubular acidosis | Q:A 64-year-old man presents to his primary care physician's office for a routine check-up. His past medical history is significant for type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic atrial fibrillation, and ischemic cardiomyopathy. On his last visit three months ago, he was found to have hyperkalemia, at which time lisinopril and spironolactone were removed from his medication regimen. Currently, his medications include coumadin, aspirin, metformin, glyburide, metoprolol, furosemide, and amlodipine. His T is 37 C (98.6 F), BP 154/92 mm Hg, HR 80/min, and RR 16/min. His physical exam is notable for elevated jugular venous pressure, an S3 heart sound, and 1+ pitting pedal edema. His repeat lab work at the current visit is as follows:
Sodium: 138 mEq/L, potassium: 5.7 mEq/L, chloride 112 mEq/L, bicarbonate 18 mEq/L, BUN 29 mg/dL, and creatinine 2.1 mg/dL.
Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's acid-base and electrolyte abnormalities??
{'A': 'Furosemide', 'B': 'Chronic renal failure', 'C': 'Glyburide', 'D': 'Renal tubular acidosis', 'E': 'Amlodipine'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Suprascapular nerve | Q:A 17-year-old boy comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of pain in his right shoulder. He reports that he has stopped playing for his high school football team because of persistent difficulty lifting his right arm. Physical examination shows impaired active abduction of the right arm from 0 to 15 degrees. After passive abduction of the right arm to 15 degrees, the patient is able to raise his arm above his head. The dysfunctional muscle in this patient is most likely to be innervated by which of the following nerves??
{'A': 'Suprascapular nerve', 'B': 'Long thoracic nerve', 'C': 'Axillary nerve', 'D': 'Upper subscapular nerve', 'E': 'Accessory nerve'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma | Q:A 72-year-old man is brought to the physician by his son because of gradually progressive yellow discoloration of his skin and generalized pruritus for the past 2 weeks. During this period, his appetite has decreased and he has had a 6.3-kg (14-lb) weight loss. He reports that his stool appears pale and his urine is very dark. Three years ago, he had an episode of acute upper abdominal pain that was treated with IV fluids, NSAIDs, and dietary modification. He has stopped drinking alcohol since then; he used to drink 1–2 beers daily for 40 years. He has smoked a pack of cigarettes daily for the past 50 years. His vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows yellowing of the conjunctivae and skin. The abdomen is soft and nontender; a soft, cystic mass is palpated in the right upper quadrant. Serum studies show:
Bilirubin, total 5.6 mg/dL
Direct 4.8 mg/dL
Alkaline phosphatase 192 U/L
AST 32 U/L
ALT 34 U/L
Abdominal ultrasonography shows an anechoic cystic mass in the subhepatic region and dilation of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?"?
{'A': 'Pancreatic adenocarcinoma', 'B': 'Choledocholithiasis', 'C': 'Alcoholic hepatitis', 'D': 'Cholecystitis', 'E': 'Budd-Chiari syndrome'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Ureteric bud | Q:A 2-day-old infant dies of severe respiratory distress following a gestation complicated by persistent oligohydramnios. Upon examination at autopsy, the left kidney is noted to selectively lack cortical and medullary collecting ducts. From which of the following embryological structures do the cortical and medullary collecting ducts arise??
{'A': 'Pronephros', 'B': 'Mesonephros', 'C': 'Paramesonephric duct', 'D': 'Metanephric mesenchyme', 'E': 'Ureteric bud'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Boot-shaped heart | Q:A 2-year-old child is brought to the emergency department with rapid breathing and a severe cyanotic appearance of his lips, fingers, and toes. He is known to have occasional episodes of mild cyanosis, especially when he is extremely agitated. This is the worst episode of this child’s life, according to his parents. He was born with an APGAR score of 8 via a normal vaginal delivery. His development is considered delayed compared to children of his age. History is significant for frequent squatting after strenuous activity. On auscultation, there is evidence of a systolic ejection murmur at the left sternal border. On examination, his oxygen saturation is 71%, blood pressure is 81/64 mm Hg, respirations are 42/min, pulse is 129/min, and temperature is 36.7°C (98.0°F). Which of the following will most likely be seen on chest x-ray (CXR)??
{'A': 'Egg on a string', 'B': 'Boot-shaped heart', 'C': 'Displaced tricuspid valve', 'D': 'Pre-ductal coarctation of the aorta', 'E': 'Atrial septal defect'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Past history of Kawasaki disease | Q:An 11-year-old boy is brought to a pediatrician by his parents with the complaint of progressive behavioral problems for the last 2 years. His parents report that he always looks restless at home and is never quiet. His school teachers frequently complain that he cannot remain seated for long during class, often leaving his seat to move around the classroom. A detailed history of his symptoms suggests a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The parents report that he has taken advantage of behavioral counseling several times without improvement. The pediatrician considers pharmacotherapy and plans to start methylphenidate at a low dose, followed by regular follow-up. Based on the side effect profile of the medication, which of the following components of the patient’s medical history should the pediatrician obtain before starting the drug??
{'A': 'Past history of recurrent wheezing', 'B': 'Past history of Kawasaki disease', 'C': 'Past history of recurrent fractures', 'D': 'Past history of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura', 'E': 'Past history of Guillain-Barré syndrome'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Digital clubbing | Q:A 2-year-old boy with a history of recurrent respiratory infections is brought to the physician for a follow-up examination. His height and weight are both at the 20th percentile. Crackles are heard in both lower lung fields. Cardiac auscultation shows a grade 3/6 holosystolic murmur over the left lower sternal border and a diastolic rumble heard best at the apex. If left untreated, this patient is most likely to develop which of the following??
{'A': 'Thrombocytosis', 'B': 'Secondary hypertension', 'C': 'Aortic dissection', 'D': 'Digital clubbing', 'E': 'Chronic kidney disease\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Esophageal manometry shows simultaneous multi-peak contractions | Q:A previously healthy 57-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of acute retrosternal chest pain that radiates to his back. The pain started suddenly while he was having dinner. A few moments prior to the onset of the pain, he experienced discomfort when trying to eat or drink anything. On the way to the hospital he took a sublingual nitrate tablet that he had at home, which helped relieve the pain. His pulse is 80/min, respirations are 14/min, and blood pressure is 144/88 mm Hg. Examination shows no other abnormalities. An ECG shows a normal sinus rhythm with no ST-segment abnormalities. An esophagogram is done and shows areas of diffuse, uncoordinated spasms in several segments along the length of the esophagus. This patient's condition is most likely to show which of the following findings??
{'A': 'Esophageal manometry shows simultaneous multi-peak contractions', 'B': 'Endoscopy shows multiple mucosal erosions', 'C': 'Ultrasonography shows a mass at the gastroesophageal junction', 'D': 'Serology shows elevated CK-MB levels', 'E': 'Esophageal manometry shows hypertensive contractions'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Guillain-Barré syndrome | Q:A 24-year-old woman presents with fever, abdominal pain, and bloody bowel movements. She says her symptoms onset 2 days ago and have not improved. She describes the abdominal pain as moderate, cramping in character, and poorly localized. 1 week ago, she says she was on a camping trip with her friends and had barbecued chicken which she thought tasted strange. The patient denies any chills, hemoptysis, hematochezia, or similar symptoms in the past. The vital signs include: pulse 87/min and temperature 37.8°C (100.0°F). Physical examination is significant for moderate tenderness to palpation in the periumbilical region with no rebound or guarding. Stool is guaiac positive. Which of the following is a complication associated with this patient’s most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Typhoid', 'B': 'Appendicitis', 'C': 'Toxic megacolon', 'D': 'Guillain-Barré syndrome', 'E': 'Hemolytic uremic syndrome'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Gonadectomy | Q:A 17-year-old female presents to her pediatrician due to lack of menstruation. She states that she developed breasts 4 years ago but has not experienced menses yet. The patient denies abdominal pain and has no past medical history. Her mother underwent menarche at age 13. The patient is a volleyball player at school, is single, and has never attempted intercourse. At this visit, her temperature is 98.3°F (36.8°C), blood pressure is 110/76 mmHg, pulse is 72/min, and respirations are 14/min. She is 5 feet 7 inches tall and weighs 116 pounds (BMI 18.2 kg/m^2). Exam shows Tanner IV breasts, Tanner I pubic hair, and minimal axillary hair. External genitalia are normal, but the vagina is a 5-centimeter blind pouch. Genetic testing is performed. Which of the following is the best next step in management??
{'A': 'Gonadectomy', 'B': 'Estrogen replacement therapy', 'C': 'Vaginoplasty', 'D': 'Obtain FSH and estrogen levels', 'E': 'ACTH stimulation test'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Urinalysis | Q:A 60-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of progressively worsening urinary frequency. He feels the urge to urinate every hour or two, which restricts his daily activities and interferes with his sleep. He has no fever, hematuria, or burning pain on micturition. He has hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Current medications include metformin and amlodipine. He does not smoke and drinks 1 to 2 beers daily. His vital signs are within normal limits. Abdominal examination shows no abnormalities. Digital rectal examination shows a nontender, firm, symmetrically enlarged prostate with no nodules. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management??
{'A': 'Urinalysis', 'B': 'Prostate ultrasonography', 'C': 'Urine cytology', 'D': 'Serum prostate-specific antigen level', 'E': 'Uroflowmetry'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: X-ray showing lytic bone lesion with periosteal reaction | Q:A 5-year-old boy is brought to the pediatric clinic for evaluation of fever, pain, swelling in the left leg, and limping. Review of systems and history is otherwise unremarkable. The vital signs include: pulse 110/min, temperature 38.1°C (100.6°F), and blood pressure 100/70 mm Hg. On examination, there is a tender swelling over the lower part of his left leg. Which 1 of the following X-ray findings is most suggestive of Ewing’s sarcoma??
{'A': 'Mixed lytic and blastic appearance in the X-ray', 'B': 'X-ray showing lytic bone lesion with periosteal reaction', 'C': 'X-ray showing broad-based projections from the surface of the bone', 'D': 'X-ray showing deep muscle plane displacement from the metaphysis', 'E': 'X-ray showing a sharply marginated radiolucent area within the apophysis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Surgery | Q:A 25-year-old homeless woman presents to an urgent care clinic complaining of vaginal bleeding. She also has vague lower right abdominal pain which started a few hours ago and is increasing in intensity. The medical history is significant for chronic hepatitis C infection, and she claims to take a pill for it ‘every now and then.’ The temperature is 36.0°C (98.6°F), the blood pressure is 110/70 mmHg, and the pulse is 80/min. The abdominal examination is positive for localized right adnexal tenderness; no rebound tenderness or guarding is noted. A transvaginal ultrasound confirms a 2.0 cm gestational sac in the right fallopian tube. What is the next appropriate step in the management of this patient? Immunodeficiency (RA, SLE, and Crohns)?
{'A': 'Surgery', 'B': 'IV fluids, then surgery', 'C': 'Methotrexate', 'D': 'Pelvic CT without contrast', 'E': 'Tubal ligation'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine | Q:A 29-year-old man presents to the primary care clinic in June for post-discharge follow-up. The patient was recently admitted to the hospital after a motor vehicle collision. At that time he arrived at the emergency department unconscious, hypotensive, and tachycardic. Abdominal CT revealed a hemoperitoneum due to a large splenic laceration; he was taken to the operating room for emergency splenectomy. Since that time he has recovered well without complications. Prior to the accident, he was up-to-date on all of his vaccinations. Which of the following vaccinations should be administered at this time??
{'A': '13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine', 'B': 'Inactivated (intramuscular) influenza vaccine', 'C': 'Live attenuated (intranasal) influenza vaccine', 'D': 'Measles-mumps-rubella vaccine', 'E': 'Tetanus booster vaccine'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Bupivacaine with epinephrine | Q:A 4-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother after cutting his buttock on a piece of broken glass. There is a 5-cm curvilinear laceration over the patient's right buttock. His vital signs are unremarkable. The decision to repair the laceration is made. Which of the following will offer the longest anesthesia for the laceration repair??
{'A': 'Bupivacaine', 'B': 'Bupivacaine with epinephrine', 'C': 'Lidocaine', 'D': 'Lidocaine mixed with bupivacaine', 'E': 'Lidocaine with epinephrine'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
" | Q:A 58-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of a 2-day history of worsening upper abdominal pain. She reports nausea and vomiting, and is unable to tolerate oral intake. She appears uncomfortable. Her temperature is 38.1°C (100.6°F), pulse is 92/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 132/85 mm Hg. Examination shows yellowish discoloration of her sclera. Her abdomen is tender in the right upper quadrant. There is no abdominal distention or organomegaly. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 13 g/dL
Leukocyte count 16,000/mm3
Serum
Urea nitrogen
25 mg/dL
Creatinine 2 mg/dL
Alkaline phosphatase 432 U/L
Alanine aminotransferase 196 U/L
Aspartate transaminase 207 U/L
Bilirubin
Total 3.8 mg/dL
Direct 2.7 mg/dL
Lipase 82 U/L (N = 14–280)
Ultrasound of the right upper quadrant shows dilated intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts and multiple hyperechoic spheres within the gallbladder. The pancreas is not well visualized. Intravenous fluid resuscitation and antibiotic therapy with ceftriaxone and metronidazole is begun. Twelve hours later, the patient appears acutely ill and is not oriented to time. Her temperature is 39.1°C (102.4°F), pulse is 105/min, respirations are 22/min, and blood pressure is 112/82 mm Hg. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"?
{'A': 'Abdominal CT scan', 'B': 'Laparoscopic cholecystectomy', 'C': 'Percutaneous cholecystostomy', 'D': 'Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy', 'E': 'Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Low TSH, high free T4, and high free T3 | Q:A 49-year-old woman presents to the office because of tremors for 2 months. She says that her hands have been shaking a lot, especially when she feels stressed. In addition, she has been sweating more than usual and has lost 8 kg (17.6 lb) in the last 2 months. She has a past medical history of vitiligo. Her vital signs are a heart rate of 98/min, a respiratory rate of 14/min, a temperature of 37.6°C (99.7°F), and a blood pressure of 115/75 mm Hg. Physical examination shows a fine, bilateral hand tremor and a diffuse goiter. Which of the following hormonal imbalances is most likely present??
{'A': 'High TSH, high freeT4, and high free T3', 'B': 'High TSH, low free T4, and low free T3', 'C': 'High TSH, normal free T4, and normal free T3', 'D': 'Low TSH, high free T4, and high free T3', 'E': 'Low TSH, normal free T4, and normal free T3'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: 2nd left intercostal space along the midclavicular line | Q:A 14-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department because of acute left-sided chest pain and dyspnea following a motor vehicle accident. His pulse is 122/min and blood pressure is 85/45 mm Hg. Physical examination shows distended neck veins and tracheal displacement to the right side. The left chest is hyperresonant to percussion and there are decreased breath sounds. This patient would most benefit from needle insertion at which of the following anatomical sites??
{'A': '2nd left intercostal space along the midclavicular line', 'B': '5th left intercostal space along the midaxillary line', 'C': '8th left intercostal space along the posterior axillary line', 'D': 'Subxiphoid space in the left sternocostal margin', 'E': '5th left intercostal space along the midclavicular line'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Switch from unfractionated heparin to argatroban therapy | Q:Five days after undergoing an open colectomy and temporary colostomy for colon cancer, a 73-year-old man develops severe pain and swelling of the left calf. He was diagnosed with colon cancer 3 months ago. He has hypothyroidism and hypertension. His father died of colon cancer at the age of 68. He does not smoke. Prior to admission, his medications included levothyroxine, amlodipine, and carvedilol. Since the surgery, he has also been receiving unfractionated heparin, morphine, and piperacillin-tazobactam. He is 172 cm (5 ft 8 in) tall and weighs 101 kg (223 lb); BMI is 34.1 kg/m2. He appears uncomfortable. His temperature is 38.1°C (100.6°F), pulse is 103/min, and blood pressure is 128/92 mm Hg. Examination shows multiple necrotic lesions over bilateral thighs. The left calf is erythematous, tender, and swollen. Dorsiflexion of the left foot elicits pain behind the knee. The abdomen is soft and nontender. There is a healing midline incision and the colostomy is healthy and functioning. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 13.6 g/dL
Leukocyte count 12,100/mm3
Platelet count 78,000/mm3
Prothrombin time 18 seconds (INR = 1.1)
Activated partial thromboplastin time 46 seconds
Serum
Na+ 138 mEq/L
Cl- 103 mEq/L
K+ 4.1 mEq/L
Urea nitrogen 18 mg/dL
Glucose 101 mg/dL
Creatinine 1.1 mg/dL
Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"?
{'A': 'Switch from unfractionated heparin to warfarin therapy', 'B': 'Switch from unfractionated heparin to argatroban therapy', 'C': 'Administer vitamin K', 'D': 'Transfuse platelet concentrate', 'E': 'Administer fresh frozen plasma\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Normal development | Q:A previously healthy 13-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of a lump beneath his right nipple that he discovered 1 week ago while showering. He has allergic rhinitis treated with cetirizine. He is at the 65th percentile for height and 80th percentile for weight. Examination shows a mildly tender, firm, 2-cm subareolar mass in the right breast; there are no nipple or skin changes. The left breast shows no abnormalities. Sexual development is Tanner stage 3. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this patient's breast lump??
{'A': 'Leydig cell tumor', 'B': 'Adverse effect of medication', 'C': 'Invasive ductal carcinoma', 'D': 'Normal development', 'E': 'Hyperprolactinemia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Continuous progression beginning in the rectum | Q:A 23-year-old female presents with a seven-day history of abdominal pain, and now bloody diarrhea that brings her to her primary care physician. Review of systems is notable for a 12-pound unintentional weight loss and intermittent loose stools. She has a family history notable for a father with CAD and a mother with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Upon further workup, she is found to have the following on colonoscopy and biopsy, Figures A and B respectively. Serum perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (P-ANCA) is positive. This patient's disease is likely to also include which of the following features??
{'A': 'Perianal disease', 'B': 'Continuous progression beginning in the rectum', 'C': 'Fistulae and stricture formation', 'D': 'Worse disease severity near the ileocecal valve', 'E': 'Cobblestoning and skip lesions'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Serologic testing | Q:A 42-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. He feels well but has had several episodes of “finger pallor” over the past 4 months. During these episodes, the 4th finger of his left hand turns white. The color usually returns within 20 minutes, followed by redness and warmth of the finger. The episodes are not painful. The complaints most commonly occur on his way to work, when it is very cold outside. One time, it happened when he was rushing to the daycare center because he was late for picking up his daughter. The patient has gastroesophageal reflux disease treated with lansoprazole. His vital signs are within normal limits. The blood flow to the hand is intact on compression of the ulnar artery at the wrist, as well as on compression of the radial artery. When the patient is asked to immerse his hands in cold water, a change in the color of the 4th digit of his left hand is seen. A photograph of the affected hand is shown. His hemoglobin concentration is 14.2 g/dL, serum creatinine is 0.9 mg/dL, and ESR is 35 mm/h. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management??
{'A': 'Discontinue lansoprazole', 'B': 'Oral aspirin', 'C': 'Digital subtraction angiography', 'D': 'Serologic testing', 'E': 'Topical nitroglycerin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Thrombocytopenia | Q:A 7-year-old boy presents to your office with facial eczema. He has a history of recurrent infections, including multiple episodes of pneumonia that lasted several weeks and otitis media. Laboratory measurements of serum immunoglobulins show increased IgE and IgA but decreased IgM. Which of the following additional abnormalities would you expect to observe in this patient??
{'A': 'Thrombocytopenia', 'B': 'Leukopenia', 'C': 'Anemia', 'D': 'Pancreatic insufficiency', 'E': 'NADPH oxidase deficiency'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Disulfiram-like reaction | Q:A 26-year-old student arrives to student health for persistent diarrhea. She states that for the past 2 months she has had foul-smelling diarrhea and abdominal cramping. She also reports increased bloating, flatulence, and an unintentional 4 lb weight loss. Prior to 2 months ago, she had never felt these symptoms before. She denies other extra-gastrointestinal symptoms. The patient is an avid hiker and says her symptoms have caused her to miss recent camping trips. The patient has tried to add more fiber to her diet without relief. She feels her symptoms worsen with milk or cheese. Her medical history is insignificant and she takes no medications. She drinks whiskey socially, but denies smoking tobacco or using any illicit drugs. She is sexually active with her boyfriend of 2 years. She went to Mexico 6 months ago and her last multi-day backpacking trek was about 3 months ago in Vermont. Physical examination is unremarkable. A stool sample is negative for fecal occult blood. Which of the following is an associated adverse effect of the most likely treatment given to manage the patient’s symptoms??
{'A': 'Disulfiram-like reaction', 'B': 'Osteoporosis', 'C': 'Photosensitivity', 'D': 'QT prolongation', 'E': 'Tendon rupture'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Accumulation of sarcomeres in parallel | Q:A 71-year-old man with hypertension comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. Cardiovascular exam shows the point of maximal impulse to be in the mid-axillary line. A transthoracic echocardiogram shows concentric left ventricular hypertrophy with a normal right ventricle. Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism of this patient's ventricular hypertrophy??
{'A': 'Accumulation of glycogen', 'B': 'Accumulation of protein fibrils', 'C': 'Deposition of endomyocardial collagen', 'D': 'Accumulation of sarcomeres in parallel', 'E': 'Infiltration of T lymphocytes'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Inflammation of the renal interstitium | Q:A 62-year-old man comes to the physician because of increased frequency of urination. He also says that he needs to urinate 4 to 5 times nightly and has difficulty initiating a urinary stream. He has had several episodes of acute cystitis treated with ciprofloxacin during the past year. Digital rectal examination shows a firm, symmetrically enlarged, non-tender prostate. This patient is most likely to develop which of the following complications??
{'A': 'Abscess formation in the prostate', 'B': 'Irreversible decrease in renal function', 'C': 'Impaired intracavernosal blood flow', 'D': 'Inflammation of the renal interstitium', 'E': 'Blastic bone lesions'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Blaming others for his own misbehavior | Q:A 9-year-old boy is brought to a psychologist by his mother because his teachers frequently complain about his behavioral problems at school. The patient’s mother reports that his concerning behavior started at a young age. She says he is disrespectful to family members and to his teachers at school. He also talks back to everyone. Grounding him and limiting his freedom has not improved his behavior. His grades have never been very good, and he is quite isolated at school. After a further review of the patient’s medical history and a thorough physical exam, the physician confirms the diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder. Which of the following additional symptoms would most likely present in this patient??
{'A': 'History of deliberately damaging furniture', 'B': 'Blaming others for his own misbehavior', 'C': 'Staying out of home at nights despite restrictions', 'D': 'Fights at school', 'E': 'Frequently leaving his seat during class despite instructions by the teacher'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Psoriatic arthritis
" | Q:A 42-year-old woman comes to the physician because of stiffness and pain in multiple joints. She says that the fingers on both of her hands have become increasingly stiff and difficult to move over the past 8 months. She also complains of nails that break easily and look spotty as well as chronic back pain. She had a urinary tract infection a year ago that was treated with antibiotics. She is sexually active with 2 male partners and uses condoms inconsistently. Her vitals are within normal limits. A photograph of her right hand is shown. There are multiple, well-demarcated red plaques with silvery-white scales over the shins and back. Serum studies show a negative rheumatoid factor and ANA. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Secondary syphilis', 'B': 'Ankylosing spondylitis', 'C': 'Rheumatoid arthritis', 'D': 'Systemic lupus erythematosus', 'E': 'Psoriatic arthritis\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) | Q:A 70-year-old women presents to her primary care physician with sudden episodes of dizziness that resolve in certain positions. On further questioning she describes a false sense of motion with occasional spinning sensation consistent with vertigo. She denies any recent illnesses or hearing loss aside from presbycusis. Her vital signs are normal. During the physical exam the the patient reports an episode of vertigo after transitioning from sitting to supine and horizontal nystagmus is concurrently noted. What is the mostly likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Vestibular migraine', 'B': "Meniere's disease", 'C': 'Labyrinthitis', 'D': 'Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)', 'E': 'Vestibular neuritis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Erythrogenic toxin-induced cytokine release | Q:A 6-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her father because of a 3-day history of sore throat, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and high fever. She has been taking acetaminophen for the fever. Physical examination shows cervical lymphadenopathy, pharyngeal erythema, and a bright red tongue. Examination of the skin shows a generalized erythematous rash with a rough surface that spares the area around the mouth. Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism of this patient's rash??
{'A': 'Anti-M protein antibody cross-reaction', 'B': 'Subepithelial immune complex deposition', 'C': 'Erythrogenic toxin-induced cytokine release', 'D': 'Bacterial invasion of the deep dermis', 'E': 'Paramyxovirus-induced cell damage'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Mitral valve stenosis | Q:A 37-year-old woman is being evaluated for difficulty with swallowing for the past few months. She explains that she experiences difficulty swallowing solid foods only. Her medical history is relevant for hypothyroidism and migraines. Her current medications include daily levothyroxine and acetaminophen as needed for pain. The vital signs include blood pressure 110/90 mm Hg, pulse rate 55/min, and respiratory rate 12/min. On physical examination, her abdomen is non-tender. Her voice is hoarse, but there is no pharyngeal hyperemia on oral examination. On cardiac auscultation, an opening snap followed by an early to mid-diastolic rumble is heard over the apex. A barium swallow X-ray is performed and is unremarkable. Echocardiography shows an enlarged left atrium and abnormal blood flow through 1 of the atrioventricular valves. What is the most likely valve abnormality seen in this patient??
{'A': 'Mitral valve stenosis', 'B': 'Mitral valve regurgitation', 'C': 'Aortic valve stenosis', 'D': 'Aortic valve regurgitation', 'E': 'Mitral valve prolapse'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: The cells will not produce heme since they lack mitochondria | Q:In a lab experiment, a researcher treats early cells of the erythrocyte lineage with a novel compound called Pb82. Pb82 blocks the first step of heme synthesis. However, the experiment is controlled such that the cells otherwise continue to develop into erythrocytes. At the end of the experiment, the cells have developed into normal erythrocytes except that they are devoid of heme. A second compound, anti-Pb82 is administered which removes the effect of Pb82.
Which of the following is likely to be true of the mature red blood cells in this study??
{'A': 'The cells will now produce heme', 'B': 'The cells will not produce heme since they lack mitochondria', 'C': 'The cells will not produce heme because they lack cytosol', 'D': 'The cells will not produce heme because they lack nucleoli', 'E': 'The cells will not produce heme because they lack iron'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Clean-based ulcer | Q:A 47-year-old man presents with upper GI (upper gastrointestinal) bleeding. The patient is known to have a past medical history of peptic ulcer disease and was previously admitted 4 years ago for the same reason. He uses proton-pump inhibitors for his peptic ulcer. Upon admission, the patient is placed on close monitoring, and after 8 hours, his hematocrit is unchanged. The patient has also been hemodynamically stable after initial fluid resuscitation. An upper endoscopy is performed. Which of the following endoscopy findings most likely indicates that this patient will not experience additional GI bleeding in the next few days??
{'A': 'Visible non-bleeding vessel', 'B': 'Gastric ulcer with arteriovenous malformations', 'C': 'Visible bleeding vessel', 'D': 'Adherent clot on ulcer', 'E': 'Clean-based ulcer'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Chi-squared | Q:A study is conducted to find an association between serum cholesterol and ischemic heart disease. Data is collected, and patients are classified into either the "high cholesterol" or "normal cholesterol" group and also into groups whether or not the patient experiences stable angina. Which type of data analysis is most appropriate for this study??
{'A': 'Analysis of variance', 'B': 'Attributable risk', 'C': 'Chi-squared', 'D': 'Pearson correlation', 'E': 'T-test'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Osmotic myelinolysis | Q:A 42-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his wife because of a 1-day history of progressive confusion. He recently lost his job. He has a history of chronic alcoholism and has been drinking 14 beers daily for the past week. Before this time, he drank 6 beers daily. He appears lethargic. His vital signs are within normal limits. Serum studies show a sodium level of 111 mEq/L and a potassium level of 3.7 mEq/L. Urgent treatment for this patient's current condition increases his risk for which of the following adverse events??
{'A': 'Wernicke encephalopathy', 'B': 'Cerebral edema', 'C': 'Cardiac arrythmia', 'D': 'Osmotic myelinolysis', 'E': 'Hyperglycemia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Bright light therapy | Q:A 25-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for trouble with focus and concentration. The patient states that he has lived at home with his parents his entire life but recently was able to get a job at a local factory. Ever since the patient has started working, he has had trouble focusing at his job. He is unable to stay focused on any task. His boss often observes him "daydreaming" with a blank stare off into space. His boss will have to yell at him to startle him back to work. The patient states that he feels fatigued all the time and sometimes will suddenly fall asleep while operating equipment. He has tried going to bed early for the past month but is unable to fall asleep until two hours prior to his alarm. The patient fears that if this continues he will lose his job. Which of the following is the best initial step in management??
{'A': 'Ethosuximide', 'B': 'Polysomnography', 'C': 'Bright light therapy', 'D': 'Modafinil', 'E': 'Zolpidem'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Erythromycin | Q:A 7-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of a 4-day history of fever, headache, earache, and sore throat that is worse when swallowing. He has not had a runny nose or cough. He had a similar problem 1 year ago for which he was prescribed amoxicillin, but after developing a skin rash and facial swelling he was switched to a different medication. His immunizations are up-to-date. He is at the 75th percentile for height and the 50th percentile for weight. His temperature is 38.9°C (102°F), pulse is 136/min, and respirations are 28/min. Examination of the oral cavity reveals a coated tongue, red uvula, and enlarged right tonsil covered by a whitish membrane. The deep cervical lymph nodes are enlarged and tender. A throat swab is taken for culture. What is the next most appropriate step in the management of this patient??
{'A': 'Penicillin V', 'B': 'Total tonsillectomy', 'C': 'Fluconazole', 'D': 'Erythromycin', 'E': 'Cefixime'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Tourette syndrome | Q:A 24-year-old male medical student presents into the university clinic concerned about his stool. He has admitted to spending a great deal of time looking back down into the toilet bowl after he has had a bowel movement and even more time later thinking about all the ways his stool is abnormal. A stool sample was collected and was reported to be grossly normal. The patient understands the results and even agrees with the physician but is still bothered by his thoughts. Two weeks later, he is still thinking about his stool and makes another appointment with a different physician. Which of the following disorders is most likely to be associated with this patient’s condition??
{'A': 'Tourette syndrome', 'B': 'Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder', 'C': 'Major depression', 'D': 'Paraphilia', 'E': 'Coprophilia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Urge the patient to have a cesarean section delivery | Q:A 28-year-old woman G1P0 presents at 38 weeks of gestation for a standard prenatal visit. She endorses occasional mild lower back pain but otherwise remains asymptomatic. Her past medical history is significant for HIV for which she is treated with azidothymidine (AZT). Her vital signs and physical exam are unremarkable. Her current HIV viral titer level is 1,400 copies. If she were to go into labor today, what would be the next and most important step for the prevention of vertical HIV transmission to the newborn??
{'A': 'Increase AZT dose', 'B': 'Add nevirapine to the patient’s AZT', 'C': 'Treat the newborn with AZT following delivery', 'D': 'Avoid breastfeeding', 'E': 'Urge the patient to have a cesarean section delivery'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Hyperparathyroidism | Q:A 52-year-old man comes to the physician because of right knee pain and swelling for 2 days. Four days ago, he tripped at home and landed on his knees. He reports an episode of diarrhea 3 weeks ago that resolved after 4 days without treatment. He has a history of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, and was recently diagnosed with parathyroid disease. He drinks 1–2 ounces of whiskey daily and occasionally more on weekends. His brother has ankylosing spondylitis. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination of the right leg shows an abrasion below the patella. There is swelling and tenderness of the right knee; range of motion is limited by pain. Arthrocentesis of the right knee joint yields 15 mL of cloudy fluid with a leukocyte count of 26,300/mm3 (91% segmented neutrophils). Microscopic examination of the synovial fluid under polarized light shows rhomboid-shaped, weakly positively birefringent crystals. Which of the following is the strongest predisposing factor for this patient's condition??
{'A': 'Dyslipidemia', 'B': 'Local skin abrasion', 'C': 'Alcohol consumption', 'D': 'Hyperparathyroidism', 'E': 'Recent gastrointestinal infection'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Obtain a chest x-ray | Q:A 24-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. He feels well. He has type 1 diabetes mellitus. His only medication is insulin. He immigrated from Nepal 2 weeks ago . He lives in a shelter. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for the past 5 years. He has not received any routine childhood vaccinations. The patient appears healthy and well nourished. He is 172 cm (5 ft 8 in) tall and weighs 68 kg (150 lb); BMI is 23 kg/m2. His temperature is 36.8°C (98.2°F), pulse is 72/min, and blood pressure is 123/82 mm Hg. Examination shows a healed scar over his right femur. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. A purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test is performed. Three days later, an induration of 13 mm is noted. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial step in the management of this patient??
{'A': 'Perform interferon-γ release assay', 'B': 'Obtain a chest x-ray', 'C': 'Administer isoniazid for 9 months', 'D': 'Perform PCR of the sputum', 'E': 'Collect sputum sample for culture'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Chest X-ray | Q:A 38-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after losing consciousness upon rising from his chair at work. The patient has had progressive cough, shortness of breath, fever, and chills for 6 days but did not seek medical attention for these symptoms. He appears distressed, flushed, and diaphoretic. He is 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) tall and weighs 120 kg (265 lbs); BMI is 41.5 kg/m2. His temperature is 39.4°C (102.9°F), pulse is 129/min, respirations are 22/min, and blood pressure is 91/50 mm Hg when supine. Crackles and bronchial breath sounds are heard over the right posterior hemithorax. A 2/6 midsystolic blowing murmur is heard along the left upper sternal border. Examination shows diffuse diaphoresis, flushed extremities, and dullness to percussion over the right posterior hemithorax. The abdomen is soft and nontender. Multiple nurses and physicians have been unable to attain intravenous access. A large-bore central venous catheter is inserted into the right internal jugular vein by standard sterile procedure. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient??
{'A': 'Administer intravenous levofloxacin', 'B': 'Echocardiogram', 'C': 'Bronchoscopy', 'D': 'CT scan of the chest', 'E': 'Chest X-ray'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Chronic myeloid leukemia | Q:A scientist is studying mechanisms by which cancer drugs work to kill tumor cells. She is working to optimize the function of a drug class in order to reduce toxicity and increase potency for the target. After synthesizing a variety of analogs for the drug class, she tests these new pharmacologic compounds against a panel of potential targets. Assay results show that there is significant binding to a clustered group of proteins. Upon examining these proteins, she finds that the proteins add a phosphate group to an aromatic amino acid sidechain. Which of the following disorders would most likely be treated by this drug class??
{'A': 'Brain tumors', 'B': 'HER2 negative breast cancer', 'C': 'Chronic myeloid leukemia', 'D': 'Testicular cancer', 'E': 'Non-Hodgkin lymphoma'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Intention-to-treat analysis | Q:A pharmaceutical company conducts a randomized clinical trial in an attempt to show that their new anticoagulant drug, Aclotsaban, prevents more thrombotic events following total knee arthroplasty than the current standard of care. However, a significant number of patients are lost to follow-up or fail to complete treatment according to the study arm to which they were assigned. Despite this, the results for the patients who completed the course of Aclotsaban are encouraging. Which of the following techniques is most appropriate to use in order to attempt to prove the superiority of Aclotsaban??
{'A': 'Per-protocol analysis', 'B': 'Intention-to-treat analysis', 'C': 'As-treated analysis', 'D': 'Sub-group analysis', 'E': 'Non-inferiority analysis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Lactulose | Q:A 56-year-old woman with a history of alcoholic cirrhosis and recurrent esophageal varices who recently underwent transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement is brought to the emergency room by her daughter due to confusion and agitation. Starting this morning, the patient has appeared sleepy, difficult to arouse, and slow to respond to questions. Her temperature is 97.6°F (36.4°C), blood pressure is 122/81 mmHg, pulse is 130/min, respirations are 22/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. She repeatedly falls asleep and is combative during the exam. Laboratory values are notable for a potassium of 3.0 mEq/L. The patient is given normal saline with potassium. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for this patient??
{'A': 'Ciprofloxacin', 'B': 'Lactulose', 'C': 'Nadolol', 'D': 'Protein-restricted diet', 'E': 'Rifampin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Flexor digitorum superficialis | Q:A 28-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 1-week history of weakness in the fingers of his right hand. One week ago, he experienced sudden pain in his right forearm during weight training. He has no history of serious illness. Physical examination shows impaired flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joints, while flexion of the distal interphalangeal joints is intact. Which of the following muscles is most likely injured??
{'A': 'Palmaris longus', 'B': 'Flexor carpi radialis', 'C': 'Flexor carpi ulnaris', 'D': 'Flexor digitorum superficialis', 'E': 'Flexor digitorum profundus'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Fulminant liver failure | Q:A 45-year-old homeless man is brought to the emergency department by the police. He was found intoxicated and passed out in a library. The patient has a past medical history of IV drug abuse, diabetes, alcohol abuse, and malnutrition. The patient has been hospitalized previously for multiple episodes of pancreatitis and sepsis. Currently, the patient is minimally responsive and only withdraws his extremities in response to painful stimuli. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 90/48 mmHg, pulse is 150/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 95% on room air. Physical exam is notable for tachycardia, a diastolic murmur at the left lower sternal border, and bilateral crackles on pulmonary exam. The patient is started on IV fluids, vancomycin, and piperacillin-tazobactam. Laboratory values are ordered as seen below.
Hemoglobin: 9 g/dL
Hematocrit: 30%
Leukocyte count: 11,500/mm^3 with normal differential
Platelet count: 297,000/mm^3
Serum:
Na+: 139 mEq/L
Cl-: 100 mEq/L
K+: 4.0 mEq/L
HCO3-: 28 mEq/L
BUN: 33 mg/dL
Glucose: 60 mg/dL
Creatinine: 1.7 mg/dL
Ca2+: 9.7 mg/dL
PT: 20 seconds
aPTT: 60 seconds
AST: 1,010 U/L
ALT: 950 U/L
The patient is admitted to the medical floor. Five days later, the patient's neurological status has improved. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 130/90 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 11/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Laboratory values are repeated as seen below.
Hemoglobin: 10 g/dL
Hematocrit: 32%
Leukocyte count: 9,500/mm^3 with normal differential
Platelet count: 199,000/mm^3
Serum:
Na+: 140 mEq/L
Cl-: 102 mEq/L
K+: 4.3 mEq/L
HCO3-: 24 mEq/L
BUN: 31 mg/dL
Glucose: 100 mg/dL
Creatinine: 1.6 mg/dL
Ca2+: 9.0 mg/dL
PT: 40 seconds
aPTT: 90 seconds
AST: 150 U/L
ALT: 90 U/L
Which of the following is the best description of this patient’s current status??
{'A': 'Recovery from acute alcoholic liver disease', 'B': 'Recovery from ischemic liver disease', 'C': 'Recovery from acute renal failure', 'D': 'Acute renal failure', 'E': 'Fulminant liver failure'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Proceed with additional surgery without obtaining consent | Q:A 68-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of sudden onset abdominal pain for 6 hours. On a 10-point scale, he rates the pain as a 8 to 9. The abdominal pain is worst in the right upper quadrant. He has atrial fibrillation and hyperlipidemia. His temperature is 38.7° C (101.7°F), pulse is 110/min, and blood pressure is 146/86 mm Hg. The patient appears acutely ill. Physical examination shows a distended abdomen and tenderness to palpation in all quadrants with guarding, but no rebound. Murphy's sign is positive. Right upper quadrant ultrasound shows thickening of the gallbladder wall, sludging in the gallbladder, and pericolic fat stranding. He is admitted for acute cholecystitis and grants permission for cholecystectomy. His wife is his healthcare power of attorney (POA), but she is out of town on a business trip. He is accompanied today by his brother. After induction and anesthesia, the surgeon removes the gallbladder but also finds a portion of the small intestine is necrotic due to a large thromboembolism occluding a branch of the superior mesenteric artery. The treatment is additional surgery with small bowel resection and thromboendarterectomy. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management??
{'A': "Decrease the patient's sedation until he is able to give consent", 'B': 'Proceed with additional surgery without obtaining consent', 'C': "Ask the patient's brother in the waiting room to consent", 'D': "Contact the patient's healthcare POA to consent", 'E': 'Close the patient and obtain re-consent for a second operation'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Instability of short tandem DNA repeats | Q:A 35-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 2, comes to the physician with intermenstrual bleeding and heavy menses for the past 4 months. She does not take any medications. Her father died of colon cancer at the age of 42 years. A curettage sample shows dysplastic tall, columnar, cells in the endometrium without intervening stroma. Germline sequencing shows a mutation in the MLH1 gene. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of neoplasia in this patient??
{'A': 'Accumulation of double-stranded DNA breaks', 'B': 'Defective checkpoint control transitions', 'C': 'Inability to excise bulky DNA adducts', 'D': 'Instability of short tandem DNA repeats', 'E': 'Impaired repair of deaminated DNA bases'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Mismatch repair | Q:A 45-year-old woman presents with heavy menstrual bleeding between her periods. The patient also complains of experiencing an irregular menstrual cycle, weight loss, bloating, and constipation. She has had 3 uncomplicated pregnancies, all of which ended with normal vaginal deliveries at term. She has never taken oral contraception, and she does not take any medication at the time of presentation. She has no family history of any gynecological malignancy; however, her grandfather and mother had colon cancer that was diagnosed before they turned 50. On physical examination, the patient appears pale. Gynecological examination reveals a bloody cervical discharge and slight uterine enlargement. Endometrial biopsy reveals endometrial adenocarcinoma. Colonoscopy reveals several polyps located in the ascending colon, which are shown to be adenocarcinomas on histological evaluation. Which of the following mechanisms of DNA repair is likely to be disrupted in this patient??
{'A': 'Nucleotide-excision repair', 'B': 'Base-excision repair', 'C': 'Mismatch repair', 'D': 'Homologous recombination', 'E': 'Non-homologous end joining'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Mutation of ankyrin | Q:A 29-year-old woman comes to the clinic for complaints of fatigue and palpitations for the past 3 days. She reports that even standing up and walking around takes “a lot of energy.” She was forced to call in sick today to her work as a kindergarten teacher. She denies any previous episodes but does endorse symmetric joint pain of her hands, wrists, knees, and ankles that was worse in the morning over the past week that self-resolved. She also reports a runny nose and congestion. Past medical history is unremarkable. Physical examination demonstrates splenomegaly, pallor, and generalized weakness; there is no lymphadenopathy. What is the most likely explanation for this patient’s symptoms??
{'A': 'Anemia of chronic disease', 'B': 'Infection with Ebstein-Barr virus', 'C': 'Mutation of ankyrin', 'D': 'Rheumatoid arthritis', 'E': 'Substitution of glutamic acid with valine at the beta chain'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Euchromatin | Q:A research lab is investigating the rate of replication of a variety of human cells in order to better understand cancer metastasis. The cell shown in the image is of particular interest and is marked with a high concern for malignant potential. Which of the following is most closely associated with an increased potential for malignancy??
{'A': 'Euchromatin', 'B': 'Nucleosomes', 'C': 'Heterochromatin', 'D': 'H1 protein', 'E': 'Methylated DNA'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Holosystolic murmur | Q:A 6-year-old boy is brought in for evaluation by his adopted mother due to trouble starting 1st grade. His teacher has reported that he has been having trouble focussing on tasks and has been acting out while in class. His family history is unknown as he was adopted 2 years ago. His temperature is 36.2°C (97.2°F), pulse is 80/min, respirations are 20/min, and blood pressure 110/70 mm Hg. Visual inspection of the boy’s face shows a low set nasal bridge, a smooth philtrum, and small lower jaw. Which of the following findings would also likely be found on physical exam??
{'A': 'Holosystolic murmur', 'B': 'Wide notched teeth', 'C': 'Limb hypoplasia', 'D': 'Cataracts', 'E': 'Congenital deafness'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Ascending infection of the urinary tract | Q:A 36-year-old woman with a past medical history of diabetes comes to the emergency department for abdominal pain. She reports that a long time ago her gynecologist told her that she had “some cysts in her ovaries but not to worry about it.” The pain started last night and has progressively gotten worse. Nothing seems to make it better or worse. She denies headache, dizziness, chest pain, dyspnea, diarrhea, or constipation; she endorses nausea, dysuria for the past 3 days, and chills. Her temperature is 100.7°F (38.2°C), blood pressure is 132/94 mmHg, pulse is 104/min, and respirations are 14/min. Physical examination is significant for right lower quadrant and flank pain with voluntary guarding. What is the most likely pathophysiology of this patient’s condition??
{'A': 'Ascending infection of the urinary tract', 'B': 'Cessation of venous drainage from the ovaries', 'C': 'Inflammation of the appendix', 'D': 'Irritation of the peritoneal lining', 'E': 'Vesicoureteral reflex'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Initiate a thiazide diuretic | Q:A 71-year-old African American man diagnosed with high blood pressure presents to the outpatient clinic. In the clinic, his blood pressure is 161/88 mm Hg with a pulse of 88/min. He has had similar blood pressure measurements in the past, and you initiate captopril. He presents back shortly after initiation with extremely swollen lips, tongue, and face. After captopril is discontinued, what is the most appropriate step for the management of his high blood pressure??
{'A': 'Reinitiate captopril', 'B': 'Switch to ramipril', 'C': 'Initiate an ARB ', 'D': 'Initiate a beta-blocker', 'E': 'Initiate a thiazide diuretic'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Presence of symptoms of left ventricular dysfunction | Q:A 61-year-old white man presents to the emergency department because of progressive fatigue and shortness of breath on exertion and while lying down. He has had type 2 diabetes mellitus for 25 years and hypertension for 15 years. He is taking metformin and captopril for his diabetes and hypertension. He has smoked 10 cigarettes per day for the past 12 years and drinks alcohol occasionally. His temperature is 36.7°C (98.0°F) and blood pressure is 130/60 mm Hg. On physical examination, his arterial pulse shows a rapid rise and a quick collapse. An early diastolic murmur is audible over the left upper sternal border. Echocardiography shows severe chronic aortic regurgitation with a left ventricular ejection fraction of 55%–60% and mild left ventricular hypertrophy. Which of the following is an indication for aortic valve replacement in this patient??
{'A': 'Old age', 'B': 'Long history of systemic hypertension', 'C': 'Presence of symptoms of left ventricular dysfunction', 'D': 'Long history of diabetes mellitus', 'E': 'Ejection fraction > 55%'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Blood pressure | Q:A 50-year-old woman presents with a severe headache and vomiting. She says that symptoms onset after attending a wine tasting at the local brewery. She says that her headache is mostly at the back of her head and that she has been nauseous and vomited twice. Past medical history is significant for depression diagnosed 20 years ago but now well-controlled with medication. She also has significant vitamin D deficiency. Current medications are phenelzine and a vitamin D supplement. The patient denies any smoking history, alcohol or recreational drug use. On physical examination, the patient is diaphoretic. Her pupils are dilated. Which of the following is most likely to be elevated in this patient??
{'A': 'Serum creatinine', 'B': 'Temperature', 'C': 'Creatine phosphokinase', 'D': 'Blood pressure', 'E': 'Aspartate aminotransferase'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Calcium gluconate | Q:A 45-year-old man undergoes a parathyroidectomy given recurrent episodes of dehydration and kidney stones caused by hypercalcemia secondary to an elevated PTH level. He is recovering on the surgical floor on day 3. His temperature is 97.6°F (36.4°C), blood pressure is 122/81 mmHg, pulse is 84/min, respirations are 12/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. The patient is complaining of perioral numbness currently. What is the most appropriate management of this patient??
{'A': 'Calcium gluconate', 'B': 'Observation', 'C': 'Potassium', 'D': 'TSH level', 'E': 'Vitamin D'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Mood stabilizer intake | Q:A 51-year-old woman comes to the physician because of daytime sleepiness and dry mouth for one month. She says her sleepiness is due to getting up to urinate several times each night. She noticed increased thirst about a month ago and now drinks up to 20 cups of water daily. She does not feel a sudden urge prior to urinating and has not had dysuria. She has a history of multiple urinary tract infections and head trauma following a suicide attempt 3 months ago. She has bipolar I disorder and hypertension. She has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 25 years. Examination shows poor skin turgor. Mucous membranes are dry. Expiratory wheezes are heard over both lung fields. There is no suprapubic tenderness. She describes her mood as “good” and her affect is appropriate. Neurologic examination shows tremor in both hands. Laboratory studies show a serum sodium of 151 mEq/L and an elevated antidiuretic hormone. Urine osmolality is 124 mOsm/kg H2O. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Hypothalamic injury', 'B': 'Neuroleptic malignant syndrome', 'C': 'Paraneoplastic syndrome', 'D': 'Primary hyperaldosteronism', 'E': 'Mood stabilizer intake'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Intimal migration of smooth muscles cells | Q:A 61-year-old man with hypertension and hyperlipidemia comes to the physician for a 4-month history of recurrent episodes of retrosternal chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, and nausea. The episodes usually start after physical activity and subside within minutes of resting. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 40 years. He is 176 cm (5 ft 9 in) tall and weighs 95 kg (209 lb); BMI is 30 kg/m2. His blood pressure is 160/100 mm Hg. Coronary angiography shows an atherosclerotic lesion with stenosis of the left anterior descending artery. Compared to normal healthy coronary arteries, increased levels of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) are found in this lesion. Which of the following is the most likely effect of this factor??
{'A': 'Increased expression of vascular cell-adhesion molecules', 'B': 'Calcification of the atherosclerotic plaque core', 'C': 'Intimal migration of smooth muscles cells', 'D': 'Ingestion of cholesterol by mature monocytes', 'E': 'Invasion of T-cells through the disrupted endothelium'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Hepatitis | Q:A 62-year-old man presents with dry and brittle toenails for the past couple of years. Past medical history is significant for diabetes mellitus type 2, diagnosed 30 years ago, managed with metformin and sitagliptin daily. He is an office clerk and will be retiring next year. On physical examination, his toenails are shown in the image. Which of the following is an adverse effect of the recommended treatment for this patient’s most likely condition??
{'A': 'Chronic renal failure', 'B': 'Hypothyroidism', 'C': 'Chronic depression', 'D': 'Pancytopenia', 'E': 'Hepatitis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Avascular necrosis of the femoral head | Q:A 7-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother because of a limp for the last 3 weeks. He has also had right hip pain during this period. The pain is aggravated when he runs. He had a runny nose and fever around a month ago that resolved with over-the-counter medications. He has no history of serious illness. His development is adequate for his age. His immunizations are up-to-date. He appears healthy. He is at the 60th percentile for height and at 65th percentile for weight. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows an antalgic gait. The right groin is tender to palpation. Internal rotation and abduction of the right hip is limited by pain. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormailities. His hemoglobin concentration is 11.6 g/dL, leukocyte count is 8,900/mm3, and platelet count is 130,000/mm3. An x-ray of the pelvis is shown. Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism??
{'A': 'Unstable proximal femoral growth plate', 'B': 'Bacterial infection of the joint', 'C': 'Viral infection', 'D': 'Immune-mediated synovial inflammation', 'E': 'Avascular necrosis of the femoral head'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Serial nonstress tests | Q:A 30-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, comes for a prenatal visit at 33 weeks' gestation. She delivered her first child spontaneously at 38 weeks' gestation; pregnancy was complicated by oligohydramnios. She has no other history of serious illness. Her blood pressure is 100/70 mm Hg. On pelvic examination, uterine size is found to be smaller than expected for dates. The fetus is in a longitudinal lie, with vertex presentation. The fetal heart rate is 144/min. Ultrasonography shows an estimated fetal weight below the 10th percentile, and decreased amniotic fluid volume. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in this patient??
{'A': 'Reassurance only', 'B': 'Serial nonstress tests', 'C': 'Weekly fetal weight estimation', 'D': 'Amnioinfusion', 'E': 'Emergent cesarean delivery'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) | Q:A 24-year-old newly immigrated mother arrives to the clinic to discuss breastfeeding options for her newborn child. Her medical history is unclear as she has recently arrived from Sub-Saharan Africa. You tell her that unfortunately she will not be able to breastfeed until further testing is performed. Which of the following infections is an absolute contraindication to breastfeeding??
{'A': 'Hepatitis B', 'B': 'Hepatitis C', 'C': 'Latent tuberculosis', 'D': 'Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)', 'E': 'All of the above'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Vincristine | Q:A 32-year-old man presents with a 1-week history of progressive diplopia followed by numbness and tingling in his hands and feet, some weakness in his extremities, and occasional difficulty swallowing. He was recently diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma and started on a chemotherapeutic regimen that included bleomycin, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone. He denies fever, recent viral illness, or vaccination. On neurological examination, he has bilateral ptosis. His bilateral pupils are 5 mm in diameter and poorly responsive to light and accommodation. He has a bilateral facial weakness and his gag reflex is reduced. Motor examination using the Medical Research Council scale reveals a muscle strength of 4/5 in the proximal muscles of upper extremities bilaterally and 2/5 in distal muscles. In his lower extremities, hip muscles are mildly weak bilaterally, and he has bilateral foot drop. Deep tendon reflexes are absent. Sensory examination reveals a stocking-pattern loss to all sensory modalities in the lower extremities up to the middle of his shins. A brain MRI is normal. Lumbar puncture is unremarkable. His condition can be explained by a common adverse effect of which of the following drugs??
{'A': 'Bleomycin', 'B': 'Cyclophosphamide', 'C': 'Doxorubicin', 'D': 'Prednisone', 'E': 'Vincristine'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Inhibit choroidal neovascularization | Q:A 72-year-old Caucasian woman presents with three months of progressive central vision loss accompanied by wavy distortions in her vision. She has hypertension controlled with metoprolol but has no other past medical history. Based on this clinical history she is treated with intravitreal injections of a medication. What is the mechanism of action of the treatment most likely used in this case??
{'A': 'Decrease ciliary body production of aqueous humor', 'B': 'Crosslink corneal collagen', 'C': 'Inhibit choroidal neovascularization', 'D': 'Pneumatic retinopexy', 'E': 'Increase outflow of aqueous humor'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: 5-alpha-reductase | Q:A 19-year-old South Asian male presents to the family physician concerned that he is beginning to go bald. He is especially troubled because his father and grandfather "went completely bald by the age of 25," and he is willing to try anything to prevent his hair loss. The family physician prescribes a medication that prevents the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. Which of the following enzymes is inhibited by this medication??
{'A': 'Desmolase', 'B': 'Aromatase', 'C': '5-alpha-reductase', 'D': 'cGMP phosophodiesterase', 'E': 'Cyclooxygenase 2'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Resting of the foot | Q:A 24-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician’s office complaining of right foot pain for the last week. She first noticed this pain when she awoke from bed one morning and describes it as deep at the bottom of her heel. The pain improved as she walked around her apartment but worsened as she attended ballet practice. The patient is a professional ballerina and frequently rehearses for up to 10 hours a day, and she is worried that this heel pain will prevent her from appearing in a new ballet next week. She has no past medical history and has a family history of sarcoidosis in her mother and type II diabetes in her father. She drinks two glasses of wine a week and smokes several cigarettes a day but denies illicit drug use. At this visit, the patient’s temperature is 98.6°F (37.0°C), blood pressure is 117/68 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, and respirations are 13/min. Examination of the right foot shows no overlying skin changes or swelling, but when the foot is dorsiflexed, there is marked tenderness to palpation of the bottom of the heel. The remainder of her exam is unremarkable. Which of the following is the best next step in management??
{'A': 'Orthotic shoe inserts', 'B': 'Glucocorticoid injection', 'C': 'Plain radiograph of the foot', 'D': 'Resting of the foot', 'E': 'Ultrasound of the foot'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Flow cytometry | Q:A 35-year-old man presents with acute onset of chest pain, trouble breathing, and abdominal pain. He says he had recently been training for a triathlon competition when, over the past week, he noticed that he was getting more tired than usual. He figured that it was due to his age since most of the people training with him were in their 20s. However, after completing a particularly difficult workout over this last weekend he noticed left-sided chest pain that did not radiate, and abdominal pain, worse on the right side. The pain persisted after he stopped exercising. This morning he noticed red urine. The patient reports similar past episodes of red urine after intense exercise or excessive alcohol intake for the past 5 years, but says it has never been accompanied by pain. Past medical history is significant for a urinary tract infection last week, treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Physical examination is significant for a systolic flow murmur loudest at the right upper sternal border and right upper quadrant tenderness without guarding or rebound. Laboratory findings are significant for the following:
Hemoglobin 8.5 g/dL
Platelets 133,000/µL
Total bilirubin 6.8 mg/dL
LDH 740 U/L
Haptoglobin 25 mg/dL
An abdominal MRI with contrast is performed which reveals hepatic vein thrombosis. Which of the following laboratory tests would most likely to confirm the diagnosis in this patient??
{'A': 'Peripheral blood smear', 'B': 'Flow cytometry', 'C': 'Hemoglobin electrophoresis', 'D': 'Genetic testing', 'E': 'Sucrose hemolysis test'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Modified smooth muscle cells | Q:A 32-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-week history of recurrent thumb pain that worsens with exposure to cold temperatures. Examination shows a 6-mm, blue-red papule under the left thumbnail. The overlying area is extremely tender to palpation. The thumbnail is slightly pitted and cracked. This lesion most likely developed from which of the following types of cells??
{'A': 'Dysplastic melanocytes', 'B': 'Modified smooth muscle cells', 'C': 'Hyperpigmented fibroblasts', 'D': 'Injured nerve cells', 'E': 'Basal epidermal cells'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Schizotypal personality disorder | Q:A 25-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with a chief complaint of "failing health." He states that he typically can converse with animals via telepathy, but is having trouble right now due to the weather. He has begun taking an assortment of Peruvian herbs to little avail. Otherwise he is not currently taking any medications. The patient lives alone and works in a health food store. He states that his symptoms have persisted for the past eight months. On physical exam, you note a healthy young man who is dressed in an all burlap ensemble. When you are obtaining the patient's medical history there are several times he is attempting to telepathically connect with the animals in the vicinity. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Schizoid personality disorder', 'B': 'Schizotypal personality disorder', 'C': 'Schizophrenia', 'D': 'Schizophreniform disorder', 'E': 'Brief psychotic disorder'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Missense mutation in the UGT1A1 gene | Q:An 18-month-old boy is brought in to the pediatrician by his mother for concerns that her child is becoming more and more yellow over the past two days. She additionally states that the boy has been getting over a stomach flu and has not been able to keep down any food. The boy does not have a history of neonatal jaundice. On exam, the patient appears slightly sluggish and jaundiced with icteric sclera. His temperature is 99.0°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 88/56 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, and respirations are 22/min. His labs demonstrate an unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia of 16 mg/dL. It is determined that the best course of treatment for this patient is phenobarbital to increase liver enzyme synthesis. Which of the following best describes the molecular defect in this patient??
{'A': 'Deletion in the SLCO1B1 gene', 'B': 'Silent mutation in the UGT1A1 gene', 'C': 'Mutation in the promoter region of the UGT1A1 gene', 'D': 'Missense mutation in the UGT1A1 gene', 'E': 'Nonsense mutation in the UGT1A1 gene'}, |