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### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: They are formed due to bile supersaturated with cholesterol. | Q:A 41-year-old G3P3 woman presents with acute on chronic right upper quadrant abdominal pain. She says that her current symptoms acutely onset 8 hours ago after eating a large meal and have not improved. She describes the pain as severe, sharp and cramping in character, and localized to the right upper quadrant. She also describes feeling nauseous. The patient says she has had similar less severe episodes intermittently for the past 2 years, usually precipitated by the intake of fatty foods. She denies any history of fever or jaundice. Vital signs are stable. Physical examination is unremarkable, and laboratory findings show normal liver function tests and normal serum bilirubin and serum amylase levels. Ultrasonography of the abdomen reveals multiple stones in the gallbladder. The patient is managed symptomatically for this episode, and after a few months, undergoes elective cholecystectomy, which reveals multiple stones in her gallbladder as shown in the figure (see image). Which of the following best describes these gallstones??
{'A': 'They are formed due to elevated uric acid in the blood.', 'B': 'They are formed due to the release of beta-glucuronidase from infecting bacteria.', 'C': 'These are usually radiopaque on X-ray imaging.', 'D': 'They are formed due to bile supersaturated with cholesterol.', 'E': 'These are seen in patients with chronic hemolysis.'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Tracheal deviation to the right | Q:A 40-year-old male is brought into the emergency department as the unrestrained passenger in a motor vehicle collision. On presentation he is obtunded with multiple ecchymoses on his chest and abdomen. There is marked distortion of his left lower extremity. His blood pressure is 90/64 mmHg, pulse is 130/min, and respirations are 24/min. Physical exam is limited by the patient’s mental state. The patient appears to be in pain while breathing and has tenderness to palpation of the abdomen. Neck veins are distended. Auscultation of the lungs reveals absent breath sounds on the left and hyperresonance to percussion. An emergent procedure is done and the patient improves. Had a chest radiograph of the patient been obtained on presentation to the ED, which of the following findings would most likely have been seen??
{'A': 'Consolidation of the left lower lobe', 'B': 'Bilateral fluffy infiltrates at the lung bases', 'C': 'Collection of fluid in the left lung base', 'D': 'Tracheal deviation to the left', 'E': 'Tracheal deviation to the right'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Captopril | Q:A 55-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with chest pain, shortness of breath, and weakness. She has no known past medical history and generally refuses to see a physician for health issues. Review of systems is notable for chronic, severe gastroesophageal reflux disease and chronic diarrhea. Her temperature is 98.3°F (36.8°C), blood pressure is 177/105 mmHg, pulse is 88/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 97% on room air. Laboratory values are ordered as seen below.
Hemoglobin: 10 g/dL
Hematocrit: 30%
Leukocyte count: 4,500/mm^3 with normal differential
Platelet count: 192,400/mm^3
Serum:
Na+: 139 mEq/L
Cl-: 101 mEq/L
K+: 6.3 mEq/L
BUN: 65 mg/dL
Glucose: 99 mg/dL
Creatinine: 3.1 mg/dL
Notably, the patient requires nursing to help her with most tasks such as putting on her gown and manipulating a cup of water given poor mobility of her hands. She also has recurrent episodes of severe hand pain, which self resolve. The patient is given calcium, insulin, and dextrose and started on dialysis. Which of the following is the most appropriate medical therapy for this patient??
{'A': 'Captopril', 'B': 'Furosemide', 'C': 'Hydrochlorothiazide', 'D': 'Labetalol', 'E': 'Nifedipine'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Cardiac defect | Q:A 42-year-old woman presents to the emergency department in active labor. She has had no prenatal care and is unsure of the gestational age. Labor progresses rapidly and spontaneous vaginal delivery of a baby boy occurs 3 hours after presentation. On initial exam, the child is 1.9 kg (4.2 lb) with a small head and jaw. A sac-like structure containing intestine, as can be seen in the picture, protrudes from the abdominal wall. What complication is closely associated with this presentation??
{'A': 'Duodenal atresia', 'B': 'Lack of abdominal wall muscles', 'C': 'Dehydration and necrosis of bowel', 'D': 'Cardiac defect', 'E': 'Twisting of the bowel around itself'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Transesophageal echocardiography | Q:A 27-year-old man presents to the emergency department with weakness and a fever for the past week. The patient is homeless and has a past medical history of alcohol and IV drug abuse. His temperature is 102°F (38.9°C), blood pressure is 107/68 mmHg, pulse is 120/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for a tremulous patient with antecubital scars and a murmur over the left lower sternal border. Blood cultures are drawn and the patient is started on vancomycin and ceftriaxone and is admitted to the ICU. The patient's fever and symptoms do not improve despite antibiotic therapy for which the initial identified organism is susceptible. Cultures currently reveal MRSA as one of the infective organisms. Which of the following is the best next step in management??
{'A': 'CT scan of the chest', 'B': 'Nafcillin and piperacillin-tazobactam', 'C': 'Obtain new blood cultures', 'D': 'Transesophageal echocardiography', 'E': 'Vancomycin and gentamicin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Pseudostratified columnar | Q:A 52-year-old man presents to the his primary care physician complaining of an ongoing cough. He reports that the cough started 1 year ago after a “bad cold” and then never resolved. He feels the cough is getting worse, sometimes the cough is dry, but often the cough will bring up a clear to white mucus, especially in the morning. The patient has hypertension and peripheral artery disease. He takes aspirin and lisinopril. He started smoking at age 16, and now smokes 2 packs of cigarettes a day. He has 1-2 beers a couple nights of the week with dinner. He denies illicit drug use. Which of the following cell types within the lung is most likely to undergo metaplasia caused by smoking??
{'A': 'Pseudostratified columnar', 'B': 'Simple cuboidal', 'C': 'Simple squamous', 'D': 'Stratified squamous', 'E': 'Transitional'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Hydroxyurea | Q:A 64-year-old woman presents to the emergency room with complaints of severe, whole-body itching. She states that she first noticed her symptoms while in the bathtub at home. She has never had symptoms like this before. However, over the previous several months she has had episodes of severe joint swelling and pain in her hands as well as redness, burning pain, and swelling of her hands and feet. Her past medical history is significant for type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and osteoporosis for which she takes metformin, enalapril, and alendronate, respectively. In addition, she was found to have a deep vein thrombosis of her left leg three months prior to presentation. The patient’s temperature is 98.6°F (37.0°C), pulse is 80/min, blood pressure is 135/85 mmHg, and respirations are 13/min. Physical exam is notable for a woman in discomfort with excoriations over the skin on her forearms. The patient’s laboratory tests are shown below.
Serum:
Na+: 135 mEq/L
Cl-: 100 mEq/L
K+: 5.0 mEq/L
HCO3-: 22 mEq/L
BUN: 19 mg/dL
Glucose: 130 mg/dL
Creatinine: 1.0 mg/dL
Hematocrit: 64%
Leukocyte count: 19,000 cells/mm^3 with normal differential
Platelet count: 900,000/mm^3
What is the best next step in treatment of this patient's underlying condition??
{'A': 'Diphenhydramine', 'B': 'Hydroxyurea', 'C': 'Cyclophosphamide', 'D': 'Febuxostat', 'E': 'Prednisone'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Aromatase | Q:A 43-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 2, comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of heavy, irregular menstrual bleeding. Pelvic examination shows blood and clots in the posterior fornix and normal-appearing internal and external genitalia. An endometrial biopsy specimen shows straight uniform tubular glands lined with tall pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells with high mitotic activity embedded in an edematous stroma. Increased activity of which of the following is directly responsible for the histologic appearance of the biopsy specimen??
{'A': 'Luteinizing hormone', 'B': 'Corpus luteum', 'C': '5-alpha-reductase', 'D': 'Theca externa cells', 'E': 'Aromatase'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: They have cell surface receptors for detecting MHC 1 on other cells | Q:A 2-year-old girl presents with high fever, restlessness, and a generalized papulovesicular rash. Past medical history is significant for varicella pneumonia and disseminated cytomegalovirus infection during the 1st year of her life. She was delivered vaginally to a primigravid 22-year-old woman from an uncomplicated pregnancy and was breastfed up to 9 months of age. She is up to date with her vaccines and is meeting all developmental milestones. The vital signs include blood pressure 70/45 mm Hg, heart rate 110/min, respiratory rate 27/min, and temperature 38.0°C (100.4°F). Physical examination demonstrates a generalized papulovesicular rash without a tendency to fuse. The rest of the physical examination is unremarkable for any pathological findings. Disseminated herpes virus infection is suspected. The child is also assessed for primary immunodeficiency. Flow cytometry reveals the absence of CD56 positive cells. Which of the following is true regarding these cells in this patient??
{'A': 'They are the part of adaptive immunity', 'B': 'They have cell surface receptors for detecting MHC 1 on other cells', 'C': 'They need MHC class 1 to be expressed on the cell to eliminate it', 'D': 'They differentiate from the myeloid progenitor', 'E': 'These cells also express the T cell receptor'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Increased A-a gradient, increased diffusion distance | Q:A 12-year-old male child presents to the emergency department with a fever, dry cough, and shortness of breath. The condition began approximately 5 days ago with a rise in body temperature up to 38.7°C (101.7℉), headache, myalgias, and runny nose. Three days after the onset, the patient started to develop a non-productive cough and later, dyspnea. His vital signs are as follows: blood pressure is 100/70 mm Hg, heart rate is 91/min, respiratory rate is 29/min, and temperature is 38.1℃ (100.6℉). On examination, his oxygen saturation is 88%. The patient has a mild pharyngeal erythema and cervical lymphadenopathy. Lung auscultation shows no remarkable findings. Chest radiograph shows patchy reticular opacities best visualized in the perihilar region. A sputum culture is positive for Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Which of the following is consistent with the patient’s condition??
{'A': 'Normal A-a gradient, increased diffusion distance', 'B': 'Decreased A-a gradient, increased diffusion distance', 'C': 'Decreased A-a gradient, decreased diffusion distance', 'D': 'Increased A-a gradient, increased diffusion distance', 'E': 'Increased A-a gradient, decreased diffusion distance'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Wool handling | Q:A 49-year-old man comes to the physician for evaluation of several painless, pruritic lesions on his left forearm that he first noticed 4 days ago. They were initially pink marks that progressed into blisters before ulcerating. He has also had a headache for 1 week. His temperature is 38.1°C (100.6°F). A photograph of one of the lesions is shown. There is pronounced edema of the surrounding skin and painless swelling of the left axillary lymph nodes. Which of the following is the greatest risk factor for this patient's condition??
{'A': 'Pool swimming', 'B': 'Cat scratch', 'C': 'Wool handling', 'D': 'Sexual contact', 'E': 'Spider bite'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Chronic kidney disease | Q:A 76-year-old woman comes in for a routine checkup with her doctor. She is concerned that she feels tired most days and has difficulty doing her household chores. She complains that she gets fatigued and breathless with mild exertion. Past medical history is significant for diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease from prolonged elevated blood sugar, and primary biliary cirrhosis. Medications include lisinopril, insulin, and metformin. Family medicine is noncontributory. She drinks one beer every day. Today, she has a heart rate of 98/min, respiratory rate of 17/min, blood pressure of 110/65 mm Hg, and a temperature of 37.0°C (98.6°F). General examination shows that she is pale and haggard looking. She has a heartbeat with a regular rate and rhythm and her lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. A complete blood count (CBC) is as follows:
Leukocyte count: 12,000/mm3
Red blood cell count: 3.1 million/mm3
Hemoglobin: 11.0 g/dL
MCV: 85 um3
MCH: 27 pg/cell
Platelet count: 450,000/mm3
Fecal occult blood test is negative. What is the most likely cause of her anemia??
{'A': 'Chronic kidney disease', 'B': 'Acute bleeding', 'C': 'Alcoholism', 'D': 'Liver disease', 'E': 'Colorectal cancer'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: re-pregnancy BMI | Q:A 23-year-old Caucasian G2P1 presents for a routine prenatal care visit at 25 weeks gestation. She has no complaints and the pregnancy has been uncomplicated thus far. The previous pregnancy was complicated by pre-eclampsia and she delivered a small-for-gestational-age girl at 36 weeks gestation. The pre-pregnancy weight was 73 kg (161 lb), and she now weighs 78 kg (172 lb). Her height is 155 cm. The blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg, the heart rate is 91/min, the respiratory rate is 14/min, and the temperature is 36.7℃ (98℉). Her physical examination is normal and the gynecologic examination corresponds to 25 weeks gestation. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with a 75-g glucose load was abnormal with a 1-h glucose level of 189 mg/dL. Which of the following is a risk factor for the patient’s condition??
{'A': 'Patient age', 'B': 'Patient ethnicity', 'C': 're-pregnancy BMI', 'D': 'History of pre-eclampsia', 'E': 'History of birth of a small-for-gestational-age baby'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Large-vessel vasculitis | Q:A 78-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of right-sided headache and generalized fatigue. She also has pain, weakness, and stiffness of her shoulders and hips. The stiffness is worse in the morning and usually improves after 60–90 minutes of activity. Three months ago, she fell and hit her head on the kitchen countertop. Her temperature is 38.1°C (100.6°F). Examination shows normal muscle strength in bilateral upper and lower extremities; range of motion of the shoulder and hip is mildly limited by pain. Deep tendon reflexes are 2+ bilaterally. Her erythrocyte sedimentation rate is 68 mm/h and serum creatine kinase is 36 mg/dL. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's headache??
{'A': 'Tension headache', 'B': 'Large-vessel vasculitis', 'C': 'Polyarteritis nodosa', 'D': 'Hyperthyroidism', 'E': 'Cluster headache'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Maternal familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia | Q:Three days after delivery, a 4000-g (8.8-lb) male newborn has several episodes of right-sided arm and leg twitching and lip smacking. These shaking episodes have occurred about six times over the last hour and have lasted for about 40 seconds. He has also had rapid breathing and poor feeding. He has not had fever or trauma. He was born at 37 weeks' gestation. Pregnancy and delivery were uncomplicated. There is no family history of serious illness. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 230/min, and respirations are 70/min. He appears irritable and jittery. There are intermittent spasms present. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show a serum calcium concentration of 6 mg/dL and a serum parathyroid hormone concentration of 150 pg/mL. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's condition??
{'A': 'Maternal familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia', 'B': 'Neonatal ingestion of formula with high phosphate load', 'C': 'Neonatal hypoglycemia', 'D': 'Increased neonatal thyroid hormone secretion', 'E': 'Maternal opioid abuse during pregnancy'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Erythromycin | Q:A 25-year-old man presents with a nodule on his right foot. He says that he first noticed the nodule last week. It has not undergone any change in size and color. He denies any history of trauma or fever. Past medical history is significant for HIV, diagnosed 6 years ago. He is currently not on antiretroviral therapy. His last CD4+ T cell count was 0.19 x 109/L. He is afebrile, and his vital signs are within normal limits. On physical examination, there is a 3 cm x 4 cm nodule on the right foot, tan brown in color, non-tender, and covered with a fine scale. A biopsy of the nodule is performed and histopathological analysis reveals the proliferation of blood vessels with overgrown endothelial cells. Histological staining of the biopsy tissue reveals gram-negative bacilli. Which of the following is the best course of treatment for this patient??
{'A': 'Cefazolin', 'B': 'Penicillin', 'C': 'Vancomycin', 'D': 'Erythromycin', 'E': 'Interferon-α'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Distal convoluted tubule | Q:A 17-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his father because of a 7-month history of fatigue, recurrent leg cramps, and increased urinary frequency. His pulse is 94/min and blood pressure is 118/85 mm Hg. Physical examination shows dry mucous membranes. Laboratory studies show:
Serum
Na+ 130 mEq/L
K+ 2.8 mEq/L
Cl- 92 mEq/L
Mg2+ 1.1 mEq/L
Ca2+ 10.6 mg/dL
Albumin 5.2 g/dL
Urine
Ca2+ 70 mg/24 h
Cl- 375 mEq/24h (N = 110–250)
Arterial blood gas analysis on room air shows a pH of 7.55 and an HCO3- concentration of 45 mEq/L. Impaired function of which of the following structures is the most likely cause of this patient's condition?"?
{'A': 'Ascending loop of Henle', 'B': 'Distal convoluted tubule', 'C': 'Descending loop of Henle', 'D': 'Collecting duct', 'E': 'Proximal convoluted tubule'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: A decrease in the interval between the heart sounds S1 and S2 | Q:A 66-year-old male presents to the emergency room with shortness of breath with exertion and at rest for the past 5 days. His shortness of breath is mostly at night, and he is also concerned about bilateral leg swelling. He is a heart failure patient who is being managed with oral medication and has been compliant with his drugs. Physical examination reveals an elderly man in respiratory distress with abdominal distention and bilateral pitting ankle edema. Respiratory rate is 32/min, SpO2 is 93% in room air, and coarse crepitations are heard on both lung bases. Pulse rate is 73/min and barely palpable. His blood pressure is 79/54 mm Hg. On auscultation, a blowing holosystolic murmur is heard at the apex radiating to the left axilla. An echocardiography shows an ejection fraction of 18%. The physician decides to include an inotropic agent in his current medication. What would likely result from this intervention??
{'A': 'A decrease in the systemic vascular resistance', 'B': 'A decrease in the interval between the heart sounds S1 and S2', 'C': 'An increase in the left ventricular end-systolic volume', 'D': 'A decrease in the interval between the heart sounds S2 and S1', 'E': 'A decrease in the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Precision | Q:A geriatric investigator is evaluating the consistency of Alzheimer dementia diagnoses based on clinical symptoms. Patients with known chart diagnoses of Alzheimer dementia were evaluated by multiple physicians during a fixed time interval. Each evaluator was blinded to the others' assessments. The extent to which the diagnosis by one physician was replicated by another clinician examining the same patient is best described by which of the following terms??
{'A': 'Validity', 'B': 'Specificity', 'C': 'Predictive value', 'D': 'Precision', 'E': 'Sensitivity'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Oral contraceptives | Q:A 19-year-old woman presents with irregular menstrual cycles for the past 3 years and facial acne. Patient says she had menarche at the age of 11, established a regular cycle at 13, and had regular menses until the age of 16. Patient is sexually active with a single partner, and they use barrier contraception. They currently do not plan to get pregnant. There is no significant past medical history and she takes no current medications. Vitals are temperature 37.0℃ (98.6℉), blood pressure 125/85 mm Hg, pulse 69/min, respiratory rate 14/min, and oxygen saturation 99% on room air. Physical examination is significant for multiple comedones on her face. She also has hair on her upper lip, between her breasts, along with the abdominal midline, and on her forearms. There is hyperpigmentation of the axillary folds and near the nape of the neck. Laboratory tests are significant for the following:
Sodium 141 mEq/L
Potassium 4.1 mEq/L
Chloride 101 mEq/L
Bicarbonate 25 mEq/L
BUN 12 mg/dL
Creatinine 1.0 mg/dL
Glucose (fasting) 131 mg/dL
Bilirubin, conjugated 0.2 mg/dL
Bilirubin, total 1.0 mg/dL
AST (SGOT) 11 U/L
ALT (SGPT) 12 U/L
Alkaline Phosphatase 45 U/L
WBC 6,500/mm3
RBC 4.80 x 106/mm3
Hematocrit 40.5%
Hemoglobin 14.0 g/dL
Platelet Count 215,000/mm3
TSH 4.4 μU/mL
FSH 73 mIU/mL
LH 210 mIU/mL
Testosterone, total 129 ng/dL (ref: 6-86 ng/dL)
β-hCG 1 mIU/mL
Which of the following is the best course of treatment for this patient??
{'A': 'Finasteride', 'B': 'Oral contraceptives', 'C': 'Clomiphene', 'D': 'Goserelin', 'E': 'Letrozole'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Negatively birefringent crystals | Q:A 41-year-old man presents to the office with pain in his right big toe. The pain started yesterday and has been progressively getting worse to the point that it is difficult to walk. He describes his right big toe as being swollen and hot to the touch. He has never had symptoms like this before. He drinks 3 beers per night. Medical history is otherwise significant for chronic kidney disease. Physical examination is notable for an overweight gentleman in moderate pain, with an erythematous, swollen and tender right toe. He is afebrile. A joint fluid analysis in this patient is most likely to show what??
{'A': 'Gram negative diplococci', 'B': 'Negatively birefringent crystals', 'C': 'Positively birefringent crystals', 'D': 'Glucose < 40 mg/dL', 'E': 'Normal'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Mutation of the MEN1 gene | Q:A 56-year-old man comes to the clinic complaining of intermittent abdominal pain for the past 2 months. He reports that the pain improves with oral intake and is concentrated at the epigastric area. The pain is described as gnawing in quality and improves when he takes his wife’s ranitidine. He denies weight changes, fever, chest pain, or recent travel but endorses “brain fog” and decreased libido. An upper endoscopy reveals ulcerations at the duodenum and jejunum. Physical examination demonstrates bilateral hemianopsia, gynecomastia, and diffuse pain upon palpation at the epigastric area. Laboratory findings are demonstrated below:
Serum:
Na+: 137 mEq/dL
Cl-: 96 mEq/L
K+: 3.9 mEq/dL
HCO3-: 25 mEq/L
Glucose: 110 mg/dL
Creatinine: .7 mg/dL
Ca2+: 13.5 mg/dL
What is the best explanation for this patient’s findings??
{'A': 'Gastrin secreting tumor of the pancreas', 'B': 'Infection with Helicobacter pylori', 'C': 'Mutation of the APC gene', 'D': 'Mutation of the MEN1 gene', 'E': 'Mutation of the RET gene'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Streptococcus agalactiae | Q:A 2980-g (6.6-lb) female newborn is brought to the emergency department by her mother because of worsening lethargy. The newborn was delivered at home 10 hours ago. The mother has had no prenatal care. The newborn's temperature is 39.7°C (103.5°F). Physical examination shows scleral icterus. Her leukocyte count is 36,000/mm3 (85% segmented neutrophils). An organism is isolated from the blood. When grown together on sheep agar, the isolated organism enlarges the area of clear hemolysis formed by Staphylococcus aureus. Which of the following is the most likely causal organism??
{'A': 'Pseudomonas aeruginosa', 'B': 'Listeria monocytogenes', 'C': 'Streptococcus pyogenes', 'D': 'Streptocccus pneumoniae', 'E': 'Streptococcus agalactiae'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Basilar artery | Q:A 75-year-old man is brought to the emergency room after being found unconscious in his home. His medical history is unknown. On physical examination he does not demonstrate any spontaneous movement of his extremities and is unable to respond to voice or painful stimuli. You notice that he is able blink and move his eyes in the vertical plane. Based on these physical exam findings, you expect that magnetic resonance angiogram will most likely reveal an occlusion in which of the following vessels??
{'A': 'Anterior cerebral artery', 'B': 'Anterior spinal artery', 'C': 'Anterior inferior cerebellar artery', 'D': 'Basilar artery', 'E': 'Posterior cerebral artery'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Lifestyle modifications | Q:A 48-year-old man presents to an urgent care center with epigastric discomfort following meals and an occasional dry cough worse in the morning, both of which have increased in frequency over the past several months. He is otherwise healthy and has no additional complaints. Past medical history is significant for major depressive disorder, anxiety, and hypothyroidism. Physical examination is unremarkable. His vital signs include temperature 36.7°C (98.0°F), blood pressure 126/74 mm Hg, heart rate 74/min, and respiratory rate 14/min. Given the following options, what is the most appropriate next step in patient management??
{'A': 'Electrocardiography (ECG)', 'B': 'Lifestyle modifications', 'C': 'Begin omeprazole therapy', 'D': 'Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) with esophageal biopsy', 'E': 'Fluoroscopic barium swallow'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Alcohol consumption | Q:A 26-year-old gravida 3 para 1 is admitted to labor and delivery with uterine contractions. She is at 37 weeks gestation with no primary care provider or prenatal care. She gives birth to a boy after an uncomplicated vaginal delivery with APGAR scores of 7 at 1 minute and 8 at 5 minutes. His weight is 2.2 kg (4.4 lb) and the length is 48 cm (1.6 ft). The infant has weak extremities and poor reflexes. The physical examination reveals microcephaly, palpebral fissures, thin lips, and a smooth philtrum. A systolic murmur is heard on auscultation. Identification of which of the following factors early in the pregnancy could prevent this condition??
{'A': 'Phenytoin usage', 'B': 'Alcohol consumption', 'C': 'Maternal toxoplasmosis', 'D': 'Physical abuse', 'E': 'Maternal hypothyroidism'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Flavin adenine dinucleotide | Q:A 4-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of a rash and difficulty swallowing. His family emigrated from Nigeria 2 months ago. Examination shows an erythematous rash with fine yellow scales on his eyebrows and nasolabial folds. Oral examination shows an erythematous throat and swollen tongue. There is peeling and fissures of the skin at the corners of the mouth and cracking of the lips. His hemoglobin concentration is 9.6 g/dL; mean corpuscular volume is 89 μm3. Erythrocyte glutathione reductase assay shows an increased activity coefficient. This patient is most likely deficient in a vitamin that is a precursor to which of the following molecules??
{'A': 'Thiamine pyrophosphate', 'B': 'Flavin adenine dinucleotide', 'C': 'Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide', 'D': 'Methylcobalamin', 'E': 'Pyridoxal phosphate'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: I, II, and III | Q:A 16-year-old girl presents with primary amenorrhea. On exam, you note that she is short and has a shield chest. You order abdominal imaging, which suggests the presence of streak gonads.
Of the choices listed below, which of the following karyotypes is possible in this patient?
I: 45, XO
II: 45XO/46XX mosaicism
III: 46XX with partial deletion?
{'A': 'I only', 'B': 'I and II', 'C': 'I and III', 'D': 'I, II, and III', 'E': 'II and III'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Bowen's disease | Q:A 62-year-old man seeks evaluation at an outpatient clinic for a single, red, crusty lesion on the shaft of his penis and a similar lesion on the middle finger of his left hand. He recently immigrated to the US from Africa. The lesions are painless and the physicians in his country treated him for syphilis and eczema, with no improvement. He lives with his 4th wife. He smokes 2 packs of cigarette per day and has been doing so for the last 30 years. He is not aware of any family members with malignancies or hereditary diseases. The physical examination is remarkable for an erythematous plaque, with areas of crusting, oozing, and irregular borders on the dorsal surface of the penile shaft and a similar lesion on his left middle finger (shown in the picture). The regional lymph nodes are not affected. A biopsy is obtained and the pathologic evaluation reveals cells with nuclear hyperchromasia, multinucleation, and increased mitotic figures within the follicle-bearing epithelium. What is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Condyloma acuminata', 'B': 'Bowenoid papulosis', 'C': 'Lichen sclerosus', 'D': "Bowen's disease", 'E': 'Erythroplasia of Queyrat'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Bacteroides fragilis | Q:A 36-year-old male suffered a gun-shot wound to the abdomen that required an emergent exploratory laparotomy to repair and resect damaged portions of the bowel. Four days later, the patient reports increased generalized abdominal pain. His vital signs are as follows: T 38.5, HR 110, BP 110/60, RR 18, SpO2 96%. Physical exam reveals extreme tenderness to palpation of the abdomen as well as rebound tenderness, worse in the bilateral lower quadrants. The abdomen is mildly distended with guarding and decreased bowel sounds. The surgical and bullet-entrance wounds appear intact without any evidence of leakage/drainage, erythema, or warmth. Initial lab-work shows an elevated white blood cell count of 17.1 x 10^9 cells/L. A CT scan of the abdomen shows a 4 cm abscess in the left lower quadrant. Which of the following organisms is the most likely cause of this patient's current presentation??
{'A': 'Pseudomonas aeruginosa', 'B': 'Salmonella enteritidis', 'C': 'Bacteroides fragilis', 'D': 'Enterococcus species', 'E': 'Streptococcus bovis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Oppositional defiant disorder | Q:A parent-teacher conference is called to discuss the behavior of a 9 year-old boy. According to the boy's teacher, he has become progressively more disruptive during class. When asked to help clean up or read out-loud, he replies with "You're not the boss of me." or "You can't make me." He refuses to participate in gym class, but will play the same games during recess. He gets along with and is well-liked by his peers. His mother reports that her son can "sometimes be difficult," but he is helpful around the house and is very good playing with his 7-year-old sister. What is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Conduct disorder', 'B': 'Oppositional defiant disorder', 'C': 'Antisocial personality disorder', 'D': 'Attention deficit disorder', 'E': 'Separation anxiety disorder'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Cobblestone kidney | Q:A 51-year-old African American man presents to his primary care physician’s office for an annual visit. He has no major concerns and says that he has been healthy for the last year. His past medical history is significant for diabetes as well as long standing hypertension that has developed gradually since his 30's; however, he has refused to take any medications. Physical exam shows no abnormal findings. Routine laboratory testing reveals the following:
Serum creatinine concentration: 1.5 mg/dL
Blood urea nitrogen: 31 mg/dL
Based on these results, urine studies are conducted that reveal mild proteinuria of less than 1 g/day and no casts.
Which of the following is most likely associated with the cause of this patient's elevated creatinine??
{'A': 'Apple-green birefringent lesions', 'B': 'Cobblestone kidney', 'C': 'Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesions', 'D': 'Renal cortex necrosis', 'E': 'String of beads on angiography'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Dilation of the coronary sinus | Q:A 38-year-old woman comes to the physician because of an 8-week history of shortness of breath and dull chest pain. She has a history of antiphospholipid syndrome. Physical examination shows jugular venous distention. Right heart catheterization shows a mean pulmonary arterial pressure of 30 mm Hg and a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 10 mm Hg. Further evaluation is most likely to show which of the following??
{'A': 'Constriction of the renal afferent arteriole', 'B': 'Dilation of the coronary sinus', 'C': 'Decreased left ventricular contractility', 'D': 'Mitral valve leaflet thickening', 'E': 'Hemosiderin-laden macrophages\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Start the patient on IV cefotaxime | Q:A neonate born at 33 weeks is transferred to the NICU after a complicated pregnancy and C-section. A week after being admitted, he developed a fever and become lethargic and minimally responsive to stimuli. A lumbar puncture is performed that reveals the following:
Appearance Cloudy
Protein 64 mg/dL
Glucose 22 mg/dL
Pressure 330 mm H20
Cells 295 cells/mm³ (> 90% PMN)
A specimen is sent to microbiology and reveals gram-negative rods. Which of the following is the next appropriate step in management??
{'A': 'Provide supportive measures only', 'B': 'MRI scan of the head', 'C': 'Start the patient on IV ceftriaxone', 'D': 'Start the patient on IV cefotaxime', 'E': 'Start the patient on oral rifampin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Document 2 negative urine or blood pregnancy tests before beginning oral isotretinoin | Q:A 19-year-old woman presents to the dermatology clinic for a follow-up of worsening acne. She has previously tried topical tretinoin as well as topical and oral antibiotics with no improvement. She recently moved to the area for college and says the acne has caused significant emotional distress when it comes to making new friends. She has no significant past medical or surgical history. Family and social history are also noncontributory. The patient’s blood pressure is 118/77 mm Hg, the pulse is 76/min, the respiratory rate is 17/min, and the temperature is 36.6°C (97.9°F). Physical examination reveals erythematous skin lesions including both open and closed comedones with inflammatory lesions overlying her face, neck, and upper back. The patient asks about oral isotretinoin. Which of the following is the most important step in counseling this patient prior to prescribing oral isotretinoin??
{'A': 'Avoid direct sunlight, from 10am to 2pm', 'B': 'Wear a wide-brimmed hat outdoors', 'C': 'Use non-comedogenic sunscreen daily with SPF of at least 45', 'D': 'Document 2 negative urine or blood pregnancy tests before beginning oral isotretinoin', 'E': 'Apply topical retinoids in the evening before bed'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Increased right ventricular stroke volume | Q:A 65-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine examination. He feels well. His pulse is 80/min and blood pressure is 140/85 mm Hg. Cardiac examination shows a holosystolic murmur in the 4th intercostal space along the left sternal border that gets louder during inspiration. The increase of this patient's murmur is best explained by which of the following hemodynamic changes??
{'A': 'Increased peripheral vascular resistance', 'B': 'Increased right ventricular stroke volume', 'C': 'Decreased pulmonary vessel capacity', 'D': 'Decreased left ventricular venous return', 'E': 'Increased systemic venous compliance'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Paroxysmal stage | Q:A 4-year-old boy presents with a dry cough. The patient’s mother states that the cough started a week ago and has not improved. She says the patient will have fits of forceful coughing that will last for minutes, followed by gasping as he catches his breath. Occasionally, the patient will vomit after one of these episodes. Past medical history is significant for a recent upper respiratory infection 4 weeks ago that has resolved. No current medications. Patient immunization status is incomplete because his mother believes they are harmful. Vitals are temperature 37.0°C (98.6°F), blood pressure 105/65 mm Hg, pulse 101/min, respiratory rate 27/min, and oxygen saturation 99% on room air. Cardiac exam is normal. Lungs are clear to auscultation. There are conjunctival hemorrhages present bilaterally. Which of the following correctly describes the stage of this patient’s most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Catarrhal stage', 'B': 'Paroxysmal stage', 'C': 'Convalescent stage', 'D': 'Intermittent stage', 'E': 'Persistent stage'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Esophageal atresia | Q:A 28-year-old primigravid woman is brought to the emergency department after complaining of severe abdominal pain for 3 hours. She has had no prenatal care. There is no leakage of amniotic fluid. Since arrival, she has had 5 contractions in 10 minutes, each lasting 70 to 90 seconds. Pelvic examination shows a closed cervix and a uterus consistent in size with a 38-week gestation. Ultrasound shows a single live intrauterine fetus in a breech presentation consistent with a gestational age of approximately 37 weeks. The amniotic fluid index is 26 and the fetal heart rate is 92/min. The placenta is not detached. She is scheduled for an emergency lower segment transverse cesarean section because of a nonreassuring fetal heart rate. The infant is delivered and APGAR score is noted to be 8 at 1 minute. The doctor soon notices cyanosis of the lips and oral mucosa, which does not resolve when the infant cries. The infant is foaming at the mouth and drooling. He also has an intractable cough. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Esophageal atresia', 'B': 'Esophageal stricture', 'C': 'Achalasia', 'D': 'Pulmonary hypoplasia', 'E': 'Defective swallowing reflex'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Methacholine | Q:A 16 year-old female is being evaluated for shortness of breath. For the last year she has had shortness of breath and subjective wheezing with exercise and intermittent coughing at night. She reports waking up from sleep coughing 1-2 times per month. She now skips gym class because of her symptoms. She denies any coughing, chest tightness, or shortness of breath on the day of her visit. On exam, her lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally, with normal inspiratory to expiratory duration ratio. Her pulmonary function tests (PFTs) show normal FEV1 and FVC based on her age, gender, and height. She is told to inhale a medication, and her PFTs are repeated, now showing a FEV1 79% of her previous reading. The patient is diagnosed with asthma. Which of the following medications was used to diagnose the patient??
{'A': 'Methacholine', 'B': 'Pilocarpine', 'C': 'Bethanechol', 'D': 'Carbachol', 'E': 'Physostigmine'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Butorphanol | Q:A 36-year-old man is admitted to the hospital for treatment of burn wounds on his upper extremities. Analgesic therapy with an opioid drug is begun. Shortly after, the patient develops chills, diaphoresis, nausea, and abdominal pain. On further questioning, the patient reports that he has been smoking opium at home to help him ""deal with the depression and pain.” This patient was most likely given which of the following opioid drugs?"?
{'A': 'Morphine', 'B': 'Hydrocodone', 'C': 'Fentanyl', 'D': 'Oxycodone', 'E': 'Butorphanol'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Multiple endoscopic biopsies | Q:A 55-year-old man comes to the physician because of heartburn for the past 2 years. He has no chest pain, dysphagia, weight loss, or fever. He has no history of any serious illnesses. He takes omeprazole daily. Vital signs are within normal limits. Body mass index (BMI) is 34 kg/m2. Physical exam shows no abnormalities. An endoscopic image of the lower esophageal sphincter is shown. Which of the following is the most important next step in management??
{'A': 'Endoscopic mucosal ablation therapy', 'B': 'Esophagectomy', 'C': 'High-dose pantoprazole', 'D': 'Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication', 'E': 'Multiple endoscopic biopsies'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Calcium gluconate | Q:A 25-year-old male is brought into the emergency department by emergency medical services. The patient has a history of bipolar disease complicated by polysubstance use. He was found down in his apartment at the bottom of a staircase lying on his left arm. He was last seen several hours earlier by his roommate. He is disoriented and unable to answer any questions, but is breathing on his own. His vitals are HR 55, T 96.5, RR 18, BP 110/75. You decide to obtain an EKG as shown in Figure 1. What is the next best step in the treatment of this patient??
{'A': 'Intubation', 'B': 'Epinephrine', 'C': 'Albuterol', 'D': 'Insulin', 'E': 'Calcium gluconate'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Pain with eye movements | Q:A 22-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of a 1-day history of double vision and rapidly worsening pain and swelling of her right eye. She had an upper respiratory tract infection a week ago after which she has had nasal congestion, recurrent headaches, and a purulent nasal discharge. She took antibiotics for her respiratory tract infection but did not complete the course. She has asthma treated with theophylline and inhaled β-adrenergic agonists and corticosteroids. She appears to be in severe distress. Her temperature is 38.5°C (101.3°F), pulse is 100/min, and blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg. Ophthalmic examination of the right eye shows proptosis and diffuse edema, erythema, and tenderness of the eyelids. Right eye movements are restricted and painful in all directions. The pupils are equal and reactive to light. There is tenderness to palpation over the right cheek and purulent nasal discharge in the right nasal cavity. The left eye shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show a leukocyte count of 12,000/mm3. Which of the following provides the strongest indication for administering intravenous antibiotics to this patient??
{'A': 'Worsening of ocular pain', 'B': 'Leukocytosis', 'C': 'Pain with eye movements', 'D': 'Purulent nasal discharge and right cheek tenderness', 'E': 'Fever\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Residual volume increased, total lung capacity increased | Q:A 55-year-old man with a 60 pack-year smoking history is referred by his primary care physician for a pulmonary function test (PFT). A previously obtained chest x-ray is shown below. Which of the following will most likely appear in his PFT report??
{'A': 'Residual volume increased, total lung capacity decreased', 'B': 'Residual volume increased, total lung capacity increased', 'C': 'Residual volume decreased, total lung capacity increased', 'D': 'Residual volume normal, total lung capacity normal', 'E': 'Residual volume normal, total lung capacity decreased'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography | Q:Fourteen days after a laparoscopic cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis, a 45-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of persistent episodic epigastric pain for 3 days. The pain radiates to her back, occurs randomly throughout the day, and is associated with nausea and vomiting. Each episode lasts 30 minutes to one hour. Antacids do not improve her symptoms. She has hypertension and fibromyalgia. She has smoked 1–2 packs of cigarettes daily for the past 10 years and drinks 4 cans of beer every week. She takes lisinopril and pregabalin. She appears uncomfortable. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6° F), pulse is 84/min, respirations are 14/min, and blood pressure is 127/85 mm Hg. Abdominal examination shows tenderness to palpation in the upper quadrants without rebound or guarding. Bowel sounds are normal. The incisions are clean, dry, and intact. Serum studies show:
AST 80 U/L
ALT 95 U/L
Alkaline phosphatase 213 U/L
Bilirubin, total 1.3 mg/dL
Direct 0.7 mg/dL
Amylase 52 U/L
Abdominal ultrasonography shows dilation of the common bile duct and no gallstones. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"?
{'A': 'Counseling on alcohol cessation', 'B': 'Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography', 'C': 'Proton pump inhibitor therapy', 'D': 'Reassurance and follow-up in 4 weeks', 'E': 'CT scan of the abdomen'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Superior mesenteric artery | Q:A 53-year-old woman presents to the office complaining of an extreme, nonradiating stabbing pain in the epigastric region after having a meal. She states that it has happened several times in the past week approximately 30 minutes after eating and spontaneously resolves. A day before, the patient went to urgent care with the same complaint, but the abdominal X-ray was normal. Surgical history is remarkable for a total knee arthroplasty procedure 6 months ago. She has lost 34 kg (75 lb) since the operation because of lifestyle changes. The vital signs are normal. Laparoscopic surgical scars are well healed. Endoscopy shows benign mucosa to the proximal duodenum. A barium swallow study reveals an extremely narrowed duodenum. Which of the following structures is most likely responsible for this patient’s current symptoms??
{'A': 'Superior mesenteric artery', 'B': 'Pylorus of the stomach', 'C': 'Gastroduodenal artery', 'D': 'Gallbladder', 'E': 'Inferior mesenteric artery'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: MRI | Q:A 36-year-old man is seen in the emergency department for back pain that has been getting progressively worse over the last 4 days. Upon further questioning, he also notes that he has been having a tingling and burning sensation rising up from his feet to his knees bilaterally. The patient states he is having difficulty urinating and having bowel movements over the last several days. His temperature is 97.4°F (36.3°C), blood pressure is 122/80 mmHg, pulse is 85/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for weak leg flexion bilaterally along with decreased anal sphincter tone. Which of the following is the best next step in management??
{'A': 'CT', 'B': 'Emergency surgery', 'C': 'Lumbar puncture', 'D': 'MRI', 'E': 'Pulmonary function tests'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Positive Romberg's sign | Q:A 45-year-old man presents with a long history of ulcers on the bottom of his feet. He recalls having a similar looking ulcer on the side of his penis when he was 19 years old for which he never sought treatment. The patient denies any fever, chills, or constitutional symptoms. He reports multiple sexual partners and a very promiscuous sexual history. He has also traveled extensively as a writer since he was 19. The patient is afebrile, and his vital signs are within normal limits. A rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test is positive, and the result of a Treponema pallidum particle agglutination (TP-PA) is pending. Which of the following findings would most likely be present in this patient??
{'A': 'Hyperreflexia', 'B': 'Wide-based gait with a low step', 'C': "Positive Romberg's sign", 'D': 'Memory loss', 'E': 'Agraphesthesia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Start exenatide. | Q:A 44-year-old man presents for a checkup. The patient says he has to urinate quite frequently but denies any dysuria or pain on urination. Past medical history is significant for diabetes mellitus type 2 and hypertension, both managed medically, as well as a chronic mild cough for the past several years. Current medications are metformin, aspirin, rosuvastatin, captopril, and furosemide. His vital signs are an irregular pulse of 74/min, a respiratory rate of 14/min, a blood pressure of 130/80 mm Hg, and a temperature of 36.7°C (98.0°F). His BMI is 32 kg/m2. On physical examination, there are visible jugular pulsations present in the neck bilaterally. Laboratory findings are significant for the following:
Glycated Hemoglobin (Hb A1c) 7.5%
Fasting Blood Glucose 120 mg/dL
Serum Electrolytes
Sodium 138 mEq/L
Potassium 3.9 mEq/L
Chloride 101 mEq/L
Serum Creatinine 1.3 mg/dL
Blood Urea Nitrogen 18 mg/dL
Which of the following is the next best step in the management of this patient??
{'A': 'Stop metformin.', 'B': 'Replace captopril with valsartan.', 'C': 'Start rosiglitazone.', 'D': 'Stop furosemide.', 'E': 'Start exenatide.'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Inhibition of sodium-phosphate cotransporter at the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) | Q:A 39-year-old woman presents to the clinic with complaints of constipation for the past 2 weeks. She reports that it has been getting increasingly difficult to pass stool to the point that she would go for 2-3 days without going to the bathroom. Prior to this, she passed stool every day without difficulty. She denies weight changes, headaches, chest pain, or abdominal pain but endorses fatigue. Her past medical history is significant for 2 episodes of kidney stones within the past 3 months. A physical examination is unremarkable. Laboratory studies are done and the results are shown below:
Serum:
Na+: 138 mEq/L
Cl-: 97 mEq/L
K+: 3.9 mEq/L
HCO3-: 24 mEq/L
BUN: 10 mg/dL
Glucose: 103 mg/dL
Creatinine: 1.1 mg/dL
Thyroid-stimulating hormone: 3.1 uU/mL
Ca2+: 12.1 mg/dL
Phosphate: 1.2 mg/dL (Normal: 2.5-4.5 mg/dL)
What is the most likely explanation for this patient’s low phosphate levels??
{'A': 'Chronic renal disease caused by recurrent renal stones', 'B': 'Defective G-coupled calcium-sensing receptors in multiple tissues', 'C': 'Hereditary malfunction of phosphate absorption at the small brush border', 'D': 'Increase in calcium-sodium cotransporter activity at the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)', 'E': 'Inhibition of sodium-phosphate cotransporter at the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Increasing age | Q:A 72-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a complaint of rectal bleeding. He describes blood mixed in with the stool, which is associated with a change in his normal bowel habit such that he is going more frequently than normal. He also has some crampy left-sided abdominal pain and weight loss. His symptoms started 2 months ago, but he thought they are due to lack of dietary fiber intake and excess consumption of red meat. He has had type 2 diabetes mellitus for 35 years for which he takes metformin. He also uses daily low-dose aspirin for cardioprotection and occasional naproxen for knee pain. His family history is irrelevant. On examination, his abdomen and digital rectal examination are normal. Colonoscopy shows an ulcerating mucosal lesion with a narrow bowel lumen and biopsy shows a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. Which of the following is the greatest risk factor for colorectal cancer in this patient??
{'A': 'Lack of dietary fiber intake', 'B': 'Increasing age', 'C': 'Low-dose aspirin use', 'D': 'Metformin use', 'E': 'Naproxen use'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Rotavirus | Q:A 2-year-old male presents to the emergency department for fatigue and lethargy. Upon presentation, the patient is found to be severely dehydrated. The patient's mother says that he has been having non-bloody diarrhea for a day. She also says that the patient has not received any vaccinations after 6 months and currently attends a daycare center. The responsible microbe is isolated and its structure is analyzed. Which of the following organisms is most likely responsible for the symptoms seen in this child.?
{'A': 'Campylobacter jejuni', 'B': 'Salmonella', 'C': 'Shigella', 'D': 'Rotavirus', 'E': 'Norovirus'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency | Q:A 3-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother for the evaluation of delay in attaining developmental milestones. He could sit upright by 14 months and has not been able to walk without support. He can build a tower of 3 blocks and cannot use utensils to feed himself. He speaks in unclear 2-word phrases and cannot draw a circle yet. His mother has noticed him hitting his head against the wall on multiple occasions. He is at 20th percentile for height and at 50th percentile for weight. Vitals signs are within normal limits. Examination shows multiple lacerations of his lips and tongue. There are multiple healing wounds over his fingers. Neurological examination shows increased muscle tone in all extremities. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 10.1 g/dL
Mean corpuscular volume 103 μm3
Serum
Na+ 142 mEq/L
Cl- 101 mEq/:
K+ 4.1 mEq/L
Creatinine 1.6 mg/dL
Uric acid 12.3 mg/dL
Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's findings?"?
{'A': 'FMR1 gene mutation', 'B': 'MECP2 gene mutation', 'C': 'Branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex deficiency', 'D': 'Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency', 'E': 'Microdeletion of paternal chromosome 15'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Loop of Henle | Q:A 36-year-old man presents with the complaint of loose and watery stools for the past 3 days. He is now having bowel movements four to five times a day. He denies any blood or mucus in the stool. He also complains of abdominal pain and fatigue. Furthermore, he feels nauseous and does not feel like drinking anything. His urine is visibly yellow and low in volume. He recently returned from a trip to South America where he enjoyed all the local delicacies. He is most concerned about his urine color and volume. Which segment of the nephron is primarily responsible for these changes??
{'A': 'Glomerulus', 'B': 'Proximal convoluted tubule', 'C': 'Proximal straight tubule', 'D': 'Loop of Henle', 'E': 'Distal tubule'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Theophylline | Q:A 19-year-old male presents to the ER with generalized tonic-clonic seizures. He does not have a prior history of seizures and has not taken any drugs except for his daily asthma medication. Which of the following is associated with seizures:?
{'A': 'Albuterol', 'B': 'Ipratropium', 'C': 'Cromolyn', 'D': 'Theophylline', 'E': 'Prednisone'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Cardiac conduction system | Q:Please refer to the summary above to answer this question
This patient is at greatest risk of damage to which of the following cardiovascular structures?"
"Patient Information
Age: 44 years
Gender: M, self-identified
Ethnicity: Caucasian
Site of Care: office
History
Reason for Visit/Chief Concern: “I am thirsty all the time, and it's getting worse.”
History of Present Illness:
6-month history of increased thirst
has had to urinate more frequently for 4 months; urinates every 3–4 hours
feels generally weaker and more tired than usual
has also had a 1-year history of joint pain in the hands
Past Medical History:
gastroesophageal reflux disease
tension headaches
Social History:
has smoked one-half pack of cigarettes daily for 15 years
occasionally drinks two or three beers on weekends
used to be sexually active with his husband but has been losing interest in sexual activity for the past 6 months
Medications:
pantoprazole, amitriptyline, multivitamin
Allergies:
no known drug allergies
Physical Examination
Temp Pulse Resp BP O2 Sat Ht Wt BMI
37.2°C
(99.0°F)
78/min 16/min 127/77 mm Hg –
188 cm
(6 ft 2 in)
85 kg
(187 lb)
24 kg/m2
Appearance: no acute distress
HEENT: sclerae anicteric; no oropharyngeal erythema or exudate
Pulmonary: clear to auscultation
Cardiac: regular rate and rhythm; normal S1 and S2; no murmurs, rubs, or gallops
Abdominal: no tenderness, guarding, masses, or bruits; the liver span is 15 cm
Pelvic: small, firm testes; no nodules or masses
Extremities: tenderness to palpation and stiffness of the metacarpophalangeal joints of both hands
Skin: diffusely hyperpigmented
Neurologic: alert and oriented; cranial nerves grossly intact; no focal neurologic deficits"?
{'A': 'Pulmonary valve', 'B': 'Cardiac septum', 'C': 'Coronary artery', 'D': 'Cardiac conduction system', 'E': 'Temporal artery\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Selective M3 muscarinic receptor agonist | Q:A 50-year-old woman presents with altered taste and a gritty sensation in her eyes for the last month. She mentions that she needs to drink water frequently and often feels that her mouth and throat are dry. On physical examination, she has bilateral enlargement of the parotid glands and dry conjunctivae. Her physical examination and laboratory findings suggest a diagnosis of sicca syndrome. In addition to non-pharmacological measures, a drug is prescribed to improve symptoms related to dryness of mouth by increasing salivation. Which of the following is the mechanism of action of the drug that most likely is being prescribed to this patient??
{'A': 'Selective M3 muscarinic receptor antagonist', 'B': 'Selective M1 muscarinic receptor antagonist', 'C': 'Selective M2 muscarinic receptor agonist', 'D': 'Selective M2 muscarinic receptor antagonist', 'E': 'Selective M3 muscarinic receptor agonist'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Variceal ligation | Q:A 54-year-old man with alcoholism comes to the emergency department because of vomiting blood for 6 hours. He has had 3–4 episodes in which he has vomited dark red blood during this period. He has had no epigastric pain or tarry stools. On arrival, his temperature is 37.3°C (99.1°F), pulse is 134/min, and blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg. He is resuscitated with 0.9% saline and undergoes an emergency upper endoscopy, which shows actively bleeding varices. Band ligation of the varices is done and hemostasis is achieved. He is diagnosed with Child class B cirrhosis. He is concerned about the possibility of recurrence of such an episode. He is asked to abstain from alcohol, to which he readily agrees. In addition to non-selective beta-blocker therapy, which of the following is the most appropriate recommendation to prevent future morbidity and mortality from this condition??
{'A': 'Octreotide therapy', 'B': 'Terlipressin', 'C': 'Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt', 'D': 'Variceal sclerotherapy', 'E': 'Variceal ligation'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: APC | Q:A 38-year-old man presents to his primary care practitioner for 2 months of rectal bleeding. He also reports occasional diarrhea and abdominal pain. His family history is relevant for his father and uncle, who died from complications of colorectal cancer. Colonoscopy shows more than 10 colorectal adenomas. Which of the following genes is most likely affected in this patient??
{'A': 'RAS', 'B': 'TP53', 'C': 'APC', 'D': 'hMLH1', 'E': 'PPAR'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Anterior-posterior (AP) and lateral radiographs of hips, knees, lumbar, and cervical area | Q:A 36-year-old male is taken to the emergency room after jumping from a building. Bilateral fractures to the femur were stabilized at the scene by emergency medical technicians. The patient is lucid upon questioning and his vitals are stable. Pain only at his hips was elicited. Cervical exam was not performed. What is the best imaging study for this patient??
{'A': 'Lateral radiograph (x-ray) of hips', 'B': 'Computed tomagraphy (CT) scan of his hips and lumbar area', 'C': 'Anterior-posterior (AP) and lateral radiographs of hips, knees, lumbar, and cervical area', 'D': 'Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of hips, knees, lumbar, and cervical area', 'E': 'AP and lateral radiographs of hips'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Local anesthesia | Q:A 65-year-old man presents to the dermatology clinic to have a basal cell carcinoma excised from his upper back. The lesion measures 2.3 x 3.2 cm. He has a medical history significant for hypertension and diabetes mellitus type II, for which he takes lisinopril and metformin, respectively. He has had a basal cell carcinoma before which was excised in the clinic without complications. Which of the following modes of anesthesia should be used for this procedure??
{'A': 'Local anesthesia', 'B': 'Peripheral nerve block', 'C': 'Spinal anesthesia', 'D': 'Moderate sedation', 'E': 'General anesthesia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Frontal cortex | Q:A 53-year-old man is brought to the physician by his wife because of strange behavior and emotional outbursts for the past 6 months. He was previously healthy and physically active, but he recently started binge-eating candy and stopped exercising. He was fired from his job for inappropriate behavior after he undressed in the office and made lewd remarks to several female coworkers. He claims there is nothing wrong with his behavior. On mental status examination, he is alert and irritable but cooperative. Short-term recall is normal but he has some word-finding difficulties. Babinski reflex is positive bilaterally. This patient's symptoms are most likely due to a degenerative process in which of the following regions of the brain??
{'A': 'Frontal cortex', 'B': 'Substantia nigra', 'C': 'Caudate nucleus', 'D': 'Hippocampus', 'E': 'Corona radiata'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Intussusception | Q:A 10-month-old infant is brought in by his parents because he is vomiting and not passing stool. His parents say he has vomited multiple times over the past couple of hours, but the most recent vomit was green. The patient has no significant past medical history. On physical examination, the patient is irritable and crying. On palpation in the periumbilical region, an abdominal mass is present. Emergency laparotomy is performed, which shows a part of the patient’s intestine folded into the section adjacent to it. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis for this patient??
{'A': 'Hirschsprung’s disease', 'B': 'Meckel’s diverticulum', 'C': 'Duodenal atresia', 'D': 'Pyloric stenosis', 'E': 'Intussusception'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Daily oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
" | Q:A 23-year-old woman comes to the physician because of increased urinary frequency and pain on urination for two days. She has had three similar episodes over the past year that resolved with antibiotic treatment. She has no history of serious illness. She is sexually active with one male partner; they do not use barrier contraception. Upon questioning, she reports that she always urinates and cleans herself after sexual intercourse. She drinks 2–3 liters of fluid daily. Her only medication is a combined oral contraceptive. Her temperature is 36.9°C (98.4°F), pulse is 65/min, and blood pressure is 122/65 mm Hg. Examination shows mild tenderness to palpation in the lower abdomen. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Urinalysis shows WBCs and rare gram-positive cocci. Which of the following is the most appropriate recommendation to prevent similar episodes in the future??
{'A': 'Daily intake of cranberry juice', 'B': 'Postcoital vaginal probiotics', 'C': 'Treatment of the partner with intramuscular ceftriaxone', 'D': 'Postcoital oral amoxicillin-clavulanate', 'E': 'Daily oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Emergency fasciotomy | Q:A patient presents to the emergency department with arm pain. The patient recently experienced an open fracture of his radius when he fell from a ladder while cleaning his house. Surgical reduction took place and the patient's forearm was put in a cast. Since then, the patient has experienced worsening pain in his arm. The patient has a past medical history of hypertension and asthma. His current medications include albuterol, fluticasone, loratadine, and lisinopril. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 150/95 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. The patient's cast is removed. On physical exam, the patient's left arm is tender to palpation. Passive motion of the patient's wrist and fingers elicits severe pain. The patient's left radial and ulnar pulse are both palpable and regular. The forearm is soft and does not demonstrate any bruising but is tender to palpation. Which of the following is the next best step in management??
{'A': 'Ibuprofen and reassurance', 'B': 'Replace the cast with a sling', 'C': 'Radiography', 'D': 'Measurement of compartment pressure', 'E': 'Emergency fasciotomy'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: UV-B radiation | Q:A 4-month-old boy is brought to the pediatrician for a wellness visit. Upon examination, the physician notes severe burns on the sun-exposed areas of the skin, including the face (especially the ears and nose), dorsal aspect of the hands, shoulders, and dorsal aspect of his feet. The child has very fair skin and blond hair. The parents insist that the child has not spent any extraordinary amount of time in the sun, but they admit that they rarely apply sunscreen. Which of the following physical factors is the most likely etiology for the burns??
{'A': 'Infrared radiation', 'B': 'Child abuse', 'C': 'UV-B radiation', 'D': 'Ionizing radiation', 'E': 'Gamma radiation'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Bladder outlet obstruction | Q:Three days after undergoing an open cholecystectomy, a 73-year-old man has fever and abdominal pain. He has hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and benign prostatic hyperplasia. He had smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 40 years but quit 1 year ago. He does not drink alcohol. Prior to admission to the hospital, his medications included lisinopril, metformin, ipratropium, and tamsulosin. He appears acutely ill and lethargic. His temperature is 39.5°C (103.1°F), pulse is 108/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 110/84 mm Hg. He is oriented only to person. Examination shows a 10-cm subcostal incision that appears dry and non-erythematous. Scattered expiratory wheezing is heard throughout both lung fields. His abdomen is distended with tenderness to palpation over the lower quadrants. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 10.1 g/dl
Leukocyte count 19,000/mm3
Serum
Glucose 180 mg/dl
Urea Nitrogen 25 mg/dl
Creatinine 1.2 g/dl
Lactic acid 2.5 mEq/L (N = 0.5 - 2.2 mEq/L)
Urine
Protein 1+
RBC 1–2/hpf
WBC 32–38/hpf
Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism of this patient's current condition?"?
{'A': 'Wound contamination', 'B': 'Impaired alveolar ventilation', 'C': 'Peritoneal inflammation', 'D': 'Bladder outlet obstruction', 'E': 'Intraabdominal abscess formation'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Carpal tunnel syndrome | Q:A 45-year-old man presents to his primary care physician complaining of increasingly frequent headaches. He also reports that his hats and wedding ring do not fit anymore. His temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 145/80 mmHg, pulse is 85/min, and respirations are 16/min. Physical examination is notable for frontal bossing, a prominent jaw, and an enlarged tongue. A chest radiograph reveals mild cardiomegaly. Serum insulin-like growth factor 1 levels are significantly elevated. Which of the following conditions is this patient at greatest risk for??
{'A': 'Pheochromocytoma', 'B': 'Medullary thyroid carcinoma', 'C': 'Osteoid osteoma', 'D': 'Carpal tunnel syndrome', 'E': 'Osteosarcoma'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Captopril | Q:A 78-year-old man presents to the clinic complaining of shortness of breath at rest and with exertion. He also complains of difficulty breathing while lying down. He also is concerned because he startles from sleep and feels like he is choking. These symptoms have been bothering him for the last several weeks and they are getting worse. He has been afebrile with no known sick contacts. 6 months ago, he had an acute myocardial infarction from which he recovered and until recently had felt well. He has a history of hyperlipidemia for which he takes atorvastatin. His temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), the pulse is 85/min, the respiratory rate is 14/min, and the blood pressure is 110/75 mm Hg. On physical examination, his heart has a regular rate and rhythm. He has bilateral crackles in both lungs. An echocardiogram is performed and shows a left ventricular ejection fraction of 33%. What medication should be started??
{'A': 'Niacin', 'B': 'Captopril', 'C': 'Verapamil', 'D': 'Levofloxacin', 'E': 'Nitroglycerin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Pseudodementia | Q:A 72-year-old man is brought in by his daughter who is concerned about his recent memory impairment. The patient’s daughter says she has noticed impairment in memory and functioning for the past month. She says that he has forgotten to pay bills and go shopping, and, as a result, the electricity was cut off due to non-payment. She also says that last week, he turned the stove on and forgot about it, resulting in a kitchen fire. The patient has lived by himself since his wife died last year. He fondly recalls living with his wife and how much he misses her. He admits that he feels ‘down’ most days of the week living on his own and doesn’t have much energy. When asked about the kitchen fire and problems with the electricity, he gets defensive and angry. At the patient’s last routine check-up 3 months ago, he was healthy with no medical problems. His vital signs are within normal limits. On physical examination, the patient appears to have a flat affect. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient??
{'A': 'Pseudodementia', 'B': 'Dementia', 'C': 'Delirium', 'D': 'Both dementia and delirium', 'E': 'Pick’s disease'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Exposure to bat droppings | Q:A 47-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-day history of fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, cough, and chest pain. Physical examination shows diffuse inspiratory crackles over the left lung field. An x-ray of the chest shows hilar lymphadenopathy and well-defined nodules with central calcifications. Urine studies show the presence of a polysaccharide antigen. A biopsy specimen of the lung shows cells with basophilic, crescent-shaped nuclei and pericellular halos located within macrophages. This patient's history is most likely to show which of the following??
{'A': 'Treatment with inhaled glucocorticoids', 'B': 'Visit to Arizona desert', 'C': 'Recent trip to Brazil', 'D': 'Previous mycobacterial infection', 'E': 'Exposure to bat droppings'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Cross-sectional study | Q:Researchers are studying the relationship between heart disease and alcohol consumption. They review the electronic medical records of 500 patients at a local hospital during the study period and identify the presence or absence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and the number of alcoholic drinks consumed on the day of presentation. They find that there is a lower prevalence of acute coronary syndrome in patients who reported no alcohol consumption or 1 drink daily compared with those who reported 2 or more drinks. Which of the following is the most accurate description of this study type??
{'A': 'Randomized controlled trial', 'B': 'Case-control study', 'C': 'Cross-sectional study', 'D': 'Retrospective study', 'E': 'Prospective study'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Medication use | Q:A 38-year-old man presents to his primary care provider for abdominal pain. He reports that he has had a dull, burning pain for several months that has progressively gotten worse. He also notes a weight loss of about five pounds over that time frame. The patient endorses nausea and feels that the pain is worse after meals, but he denies any vomiting or diarrhea. He has a past medical history of hypertension, and he reports that he has been under an unusual amount of stress since losing his job as a construction worker. His home medications include enalapril and daily ibuprofen, which he takes for lower back pain he developed at his job. The patient drinks 1-2 beers with dinner and has a 25-pack-year smoking history. His family history is significant for colorectal cancer in his father and leukemia in his grandmother. On physical exam, the patient is moderately tender to palpation in the epigastrium. A fecal occult test is positive for blood in the stool.
Which of the following in the patient’s history is most likely causing this condition??
{'A': 'Physiologic stress', 'B': 'Alcohol use', 'C': 'Medication use', 'D': 'Smoking history', 'E': 'Family history of cancer'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Buproprion | Q:A 26-year-old man being treated for major depressive disorder returns to his psychiatrist complaining that he has grown weary of the sexual side effects. Which other medication used to treat major depressive disorder may be appropriate as a stand-alone or add-on therapy??
{'A': 'Paroxetine', 'B': 'Venlafaxine', 'C': 'Aripiprazole', 'D': 'Buproprion', 'E': 'Cyproheptadine'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Phenoxybenzamine followed by propanolol | Q:A 25-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a severe pulsatile headache for an hour. He says that he is having palpitations as well. He adds that he has had several episodes of headache in the past which resolved without seeking medical attention. He is a non-smoker and does not drink alcohol. He denies use of any illicit drugs. He looks scared and anxious. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), respirations are 25/min, pulse is 107/min, and blood pressure is 221/161 mm Hg. An urgent urinalysis reveals elevated plasma metanephrines. What is the next best step in the management of this patient??
{'A': 'Propranolol followed by phenoxybenzamine', 'B': 'Phenoxybenzamine followed by propanolol', 'C': 'Amlodipine', 'D': 'Emergent surgery', 'E': 'Hydralazine'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Amiodarone | Q:An investigator is comparing the risk of adverse effects among various antiarrhythmic medications. One of the drugs being studied primarily acts by blocking the outward flow of K+ during myocyte repolarization. Further investigation shows that the use of this drug is associated with a lower rate of ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and torsade de points when compared to similar drugs. Which of the following drugs is most likely being studied??
{'A': 'Esmolol', 'B': 'Sotalol', 'C': 'Procainamide', 'D': 'Verapamil', 'E': 'Amiodarone'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Alcoholic liver disease | Q:A 67-year-old man presents with fatigue, progressive abdominal distention and yellow skin coloration for the past 2 weeks. He denies fever, chills, or other symptoms. Past medical history is unremarkable. He reports heavy alcohol consumption for the past several years but says he quit recently. On physical examination, the patient appears jaundiced and is ill-appearing. There is shifting dullness presents on abdominal percussion with a positive fluid wave. Sclera are icteric. Bilateral gynecomastia is present. Laboratory findings are significant for the following:
Hgb 13 g/dL
Leukocyte count 4,500/mm3
Platelets 86,000/mm3
Aspartate transaminase (AST) 108 U/L
Alanine transaminase (ALT) 55 U/L
GGT 185 U/L
Urea 23 mg/dL
Iron 120 μg/dL
Ferritin 180 μg/dL
Transferrin saturation 40%
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient??
{'A': 'Hemochromatosis', 'B': 'Chronic viral hepatitis', 'C': 'Alcoholic liver disease', 'D': 'Hepatic adenoma', 'E': 'Non alcoholic fatty liver disease'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Prospective cohort | Q:A recent study attempted to analyze whether increased "patient satisfaction" driven healthcare resulted in increased hospitalization. Using this patient population, the sociodemographics, health status, and hospital use were assessed. Next year, patient satisfaction with health care providers was assessed using 5 items from the Consumer Assessment of Health Plans Survey. Which of the following best describes this study design??
{'A': 'Cross-sectional study', 'B': 'Prospective case-control', 'C': 'Prospective cohort', 'D': 'Retrospective case-control', 'E': 'Retrospective cohort'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: RET proto-oncogene | Q:A 16-year-old man presents to the emergency department complaining of episodes of pounding headache, chest fluttering, and excessive sweating. He has a past history of kidney stones that are composed of calcium oxalate. He does not smoke or drink alcohol. Family history reveals that his mother died of thyroid cancer. Vital signs reveal a temperature of 37.1°C (98.7°F), blood pressure of 200/110 mm Hg and pulse of 120/min. His 24-hour urine calcium, serum metanephrines, and serum normetanephrines levels are all elevated. Mutation of which of the following genes is responsible for this patient's condition??
{'A': 'BRAF', 'B': 'RET proto-oncogene', 'C': 'BCR-ABL', 'D': 'BCL2', 'E': 'HER-2/neu (C-erbB2)'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma | Q:A 65-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for fatigue. The patient states that he has not been sleeping well and requests sleep medication to help him with his fatigue. He recently changed his diet to try to increase his energy and has been on a vegetarian diet for the past several months. The patient has no significant past medical history. He smokes 1 pack of cigarettes per day and drinks 5 alcoholic beverages per day. The patient has lost 12 pounds since his last visit 1 month ago. Physical exam demonstrates a tired man. He appears thin, and his skin and sclera are icteric. Abdominal ultrasound is notable for a thin-walled and enlarged gallbladder. A urine sample is collected and is noted to be amber in color. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Autoimmune hemolytic anemia', 'B': 'Cholangiocarcinoma', 'C': 'Gallbladder adenocarcinoma', 'D': 'Iron deficiency anemia', 'E': 'Pancreatic adenocarcinoma'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Autoimmune reaction against retinal antigens | Q:A 61-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of a 3-hour history of pain and redness of both eyes. He has new blurry vision and difficulty opening his eyes in bright surroundings. He has not had any recent trauma. He uses contact lenses daily. He had surgery on his left eye 6 months ago after a penetrative trauma caused by a splinter. His vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows congestion of the perilimbal conjunctivae bilaterally. Visual acuity is decreased bilaterally. Ocular movements are normal. Slit-lamp examination shows a cornea with normal contours and leukocytes in the anterior chambers of both eyes. The eyelids, eyelashes, and lacrimal ducts show no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's condition??
{'A': 'Reactivation of herpes zoster virus', 'B': 'Autoimmune reaction against retinal antigens', 'C': 'Corneal infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa', 'D': 'Impaired drainage of aqueous humor', 'E': 'Age-related denaturation of lens proteins'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Fas-FasL interaction | Q:A 29-year-old woman presents with shortness of breath and chest pain for the past week. She says her chest pain is aggravated by deep breathing and she becomes short of breath while walking upstairs in her home. She also has been feeling feverish and fatigued for the past week, as well as pain in her wrists, hands, and left knee. Review of systems is significant for a 4.5 kg (10.0 lb) weight loss over the previous month Past medical history consists of 2 spontaneous abortions, both of which occurred in the 1st trimester. On physical examination, there is a pink rash present on over her face, which is aggravated by exposure to sunlight. There are decreased breath sounds on the right. A chest radiograph is performed which reveals evidence of a right pleural effusion. Serum ANA and anti-dsDNA autoantibodies are positive. Urinalysis is unremarkable. Errors with which of the following is most likely to lead to her disease??
{'A': 'Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells', 'B': 'Intrinsic pathway', 'C': 'Necrosis', 'D': 'Fas-FasL interaction', 'E': 'Bcl-2 overexpression'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Alanine | Q:An investigator is studying severely ill patients who experience hypoglycemia and ketonuria during times of fasting. The investigator determines that during these episodes, amino acids liberated from muscle proteins are metabolized to serve as substrates for gluconeogenesis. Nitrogen from this process is transported to the liver primarily in the form of which of the following molecules??
{'A': 'Pyruvate', 'B': 'Arginine', 'C': 'Alanine', 'D': 'α-ketoglutarate', 'E': 'Glutamate'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Muddy brown casts | Q:A 62-year-old man presents to the emergency room with an acute myocardial infarction. Twenty-four hours after admission to the cardiac intensive care unit, he develops oliguria. Laboratory tests show that his serum BUN is 59 mg/dL and his serum creatinine is 6.2 mg/dL. Renal biopsy reveals necrosis of the proximal tubules and thick ascending limb of Henle's loop. Which of the following would you most likely observe on a microscopic examination of this patient's urine??
{'A': 'White blood cell casts', 'B': 'Fatty casts', 'C': 'Muddy brown casts', 'D': 'Hyaline casts', 'E': 'Broad waxy casts'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Smoking cessation | Q:A 26-year-old man comes to the physician because of episodic palpitations for the past 2 months. He has the feeling that sometimes his heart “skips a beat”. His father has a history of atrial fibrillation and myocardial infarction. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 5 years. He drinks 1–2 beers on the weekends. His vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination reveals a regular pulse. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. Serum studies, including electrolytes and creatinine, are within normal limits. An excerpt of 24h Holter monitoring is shown. Echocardiography is normal. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management??
{'A': 'Diltiazem therapy', 'B': 'Coronary angiography', 'C': 'Metoprolol therapy', 'D': 'Permanent pacemaker placement', 'E': 'Smoking cessation'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Teres minor | Q:A 60-year-old woman is rushed to the emergency room after falling on her right elbow while walking down the stairs. She cannot raise her right arm. Her vital signs are stable, and the physical examination reveals loss of sensation over the upper lateral aspect of the right arm and shoulder. A radiologic evaluation shows a fracture of the surgical neck of the right humerus. Which of the following muscles is supplied by the nerve that is most likely damaged??
{'A': 'Infraspinatus', 'B': 'Teres minor', 'C': 'Supraspinatus', 'D': 'Teres major', 'E': 'Subscapularis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Gastrografin swallow | Q:A 25-year-old man presents to his gastroenterologist for trouble swallowing. The patient states that whenever he eats solids, he regurgitates them back up. Given this patient's suspected diagnosis, the gastroenterologist performs a diagnostic test. Several hours later, the patient presents to the emergency department with chest pain and shortness of breath. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 130/85 mmHg, pulse is 60/min, respirations are 12/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. On physical exam, the patient demonstrates a normal cardiopulmonary exam. His physical exam demonstrates no tenderness of the neck, a normal oropharynx, palpable crepitus above the clavicles, and minor lymphadenopathy. Which of the following is the best next step in management??
{'A': 'Barium swallow', 'B': 'Urgent surgery', 'C': 'Magnetic resonance imaging', 'D': 'Gastrografin swallow', 'E': 'Ultrasound'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Defect in DNA crosslink repair | Q:A four-year-old boy is brought to his pediatrician by his mother for recurrent nosebleeds. The mother reports that the boy has had five nosebleeds within the past 2 weeks, each lasting between 15 and 20 minutes. The patient was born at term and has been hospitalized twice for pneumonia treatment. There is no family history of serious illness. The patient is at the 8th percentile for height and the 30th percentile for weight. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows a small, thin child with two flat, dark brown areas of hyperpigmentation across the upper back and a similar discoloration on the left buttock. There is bilateral esotropia. Laboratory studies show a hemoglobin concentration of 9.3 g/dL, mean corpuscular volume of 107 μm3, leukocyte count of 3,800/mm3, and platelet count of 46,000/mm3. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's condition??
{'A': 'Defect in DNA crosslink repair', 'B': 'Mutation in WAS protein', 'C': 'Parvovirus B19 infection', 'D': 'Recent history of NSAID use', 'E': 'Postviral autoimmune reaction'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Decreased neuronal excitability | Q:A 21-year-old man presents to the physician with numbness and weakness in both legs for about a day. He also mentions that both thighs ache. His past medical history is not significant except for some diarrhea about 3 weeks ago. On physical examination, his temperature is 37.2ºC (99.0ºF), pulse rate is 108/min and respiratory rate is 14/min. His blood pressure is 122/82 mm Hg and 100/78 mm Hg in supine and upright positions, respectively. His neurologic evaluation reveals the presence of bilateral symmetrical weakness of the lower limbs, the absence of deep tendon reflexes, and negative Babinski sign. His sensorium and higher brain functions are normal. Which of the following options best explains the pathophysiological mechanism underlying the patient’s clinical features??
{'A': 'Genetic overexpression of K+ channels in skeletal muscle', 'B': 'Decreased neuronal excitability', 'C': 'Decreased threshold for the generation and propagation of the action potential', 'D': 'Toxin-mediated blockade of voltage-gated fast Na+ channels', 'E': 'Autoantibody-mediated destruction of Ca2+ channels in the nerve endings at the neuromuscular junction'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Median income has a stronger correlation with matching difficulty than weekly work hours | Q:Confident of your performance on Step 1 given your extensive utilization of Medbullets, you preemptively start to ponder your future specialty choice. You come across an analysis of lifestyle factors and how they affect medical student specialty choices. Image A depicts two scatter plots comparing the relationship between median income and weekly work hours on the difficulty of matching into specific specialties. Both associations are statistically significant. Which statement best describes the results??
{'A': 'The harder the specialty is to match into, the higher the weekly work hours', 'B': 'The easier the specialty is to match into, the higher the median income', 'C': 'Weekly work hours has a stronger correlation with matching difficulty than median income', 'D': 'Median income has a stronger correlation with matching difficulty than weekly work hours', 'E': 'The higher the median income of a specialty the shorter the weekly work hours'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: External carotid artery | Q:A 50-year-old man undergoes parathyroidectomy for treatment-resistant hyperparathyroidism. The procedure is complicated by brisk bleeding from an artery that travels along the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. To stop the bleeding, the artery is ligated at its origin. Which of the following is most likely the origin of the artery that was injured in this patient??
{'A': 'Subclavian artery', 'B': 'Internal carotid artery', 'C': 'External carotid artery', 'D': 'Thyrocervical trunk', 'E': 'Ascending pharyngeal artery\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Respiratory acidosis | Q:A 27-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a progressively worsening cough, wheezes, and chest tightness over the last 2 days. He has a history of moderate persistent asthma and his maintenance regimen consists of an inhaled corticosteroid, a long-acting beta-agonist, and albuterol as rescue therapy. He has not improved with his rescue inhaler despite increased use. He reports prior exposure to a person who had symptoms of a respiratory infection. His temperature is 37.4°C (99.3°F), blood pressure is 101/68 mm Hg, heart rate is 99/min, and respiratory rate is 32/min. Physical examination reveals widespread polyphonic wheezes but equal air entry. His oxygen saturation is 92% on room air. The presence of which of the following categorizes this patient’s condition as life-threatening??
{'A': 'Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) >70%', 'B': 'Dyspnea that limits usual daily activity', 'C': 'Symptoms lasting for > 3 days after starting treatment', 'D': 'Respiratory alkalosis', 'E': 'Respiratory acidosis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Schizophrenia | Q:A 29-year-old woman is brought to the physician by her father because of a change in her behavior over the past 8 months. The father says that his daughter has become increasingly withdrawn; she has not answered any phone calls or visited her family and friends. The patient says that she has to stay at home because a foreign intelligence service is monitoring her. She thinks that they are using a magnetic field to read her mind. Mental status exam shows disjointed and perseverative thinking. She is anxious and has a flat affect. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Schizophrenia', 'B': 'Delusional disorder', 'C': 'Paranoid personality disorder', 'D': 'Schizoid personality disorder', 'E': 'Schizophreniform disorder'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Inhaled albuterol | Q:A 5-year-old boy is brought to his pediatrician's office by his parents for a scheduled visit. His father tells the physician that he has observed, on several occasions, that his son has difficulty breathing. This is more prominent when he is outside playing with his friends. These symptoms are increased during the spring and winter seasons, and, of late, the boy has one such episode almost every week. During these episodes, he usually wheezes, coughs, and seems to be winded as if something was restricting his ability to breathe. These symptoms have not affected his sleep at night. This breathlessness does not limit his daily activities, and whenever he does have an episode it subsides after he gets some rest. He does not have any other pertinent medical history and is not on any medication. His physical examination does not reveal any significant findings. The pediatrician checks his expiratory flow rate in the office and estimates it to be around 85% after conducting it three times. Which of the following drugs is the pediatrician most likely to start this patient on??
{'A': 'Inhaled salmeterol', 'B': 'Inhaled albuterol', 'C': 'High-dose budesonide', 'D': 'Low-dose fluticasone', 'E': 'Oral prednisone'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Rectal involvement | Q:An 18-year-old man presents with bloody diarrhea and weight loss. He undergoes endoscopic biopsy which shows pseudopolyps. Biopsies taken during the endoscopy show inflammation only involving the mucosa and submucosa. He is diagnosed with an inflammatory bowel disease. Which of the following was most likely found??
{'A': 'Skip lesions', 'B': 'Noncaseating granuloma', 'C': 'Fistulas and strictures', 'D': 'Rectal involvement', 'E': 'Cobblestone mucosa'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Ventral white commissure | Q:A 37-year-old man presents to his primary care provider complaining of bilateral arm numbness. He was involved in a motor vehicle accident 3 months ago. His past medical history is notable for obesity and psoriatic arthritis. He takes adalimumab. His temperature is 99.3°F (37.4°C), blood pressure is 130/85 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 18/min. On exam, superficial skin ulcerations are found on his fingers bilaterally. His strength is 5/5 bilaterally in shoulder abduction, arm flexion, arm extension, wrist extension, finger abduction, and thumb flexion. He demonstrates loss of light touch and pinprick response in the distal tips of his 2nd and 5th fingertips and over the first dorsal web space. Vibratory sense is intact in the bilateral upper and lower extremities. Which of the following nervous system structures is most likely affected in this patient??
{'A': 'Ventral white commissure', 'B': 'Ventral horns', 'C': 'Cuneate fasciculus', 'D': 'Anterior corticospinal tract', 'E': 'Spinocerebellar tract'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Head CT | Q:A 46-year-old Caucasian male with past medical history of HIV (CD4: 77/mm^3), hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and osteoarthritis presents to the emergency department with sudden weakness of his right hand. He reports that the weakness has gradually been getting worse and that this morning he dropped his cup of coffee. He has never had anything like this happen to him before, although he was hospitalized last year for pneumonia. He reports inconsistent adherence to his home medications, which include raltegravir, tenofovir, emtricitabine, TMP-SMX, hydrochlorothiazide, pravastatin, and occasional ibuprofen. His father died of a myocardial infarction at the age of 60, and his mother suffered a stroke at the age of 72. The patient's temperature is 102.6°F (39.2°C), blood pressure is 156/92 mmHg, pulse is 88/min, and respirations are 18/min. On neurological exam, he has 3/5 strength in the distal muscles of the right extremity with preserved sensation. His neurological exam is normal in all other extremities.
Which of the following is the best next step in management??
{'A': 'Lumbar puncture', 'B': 'Serology for Toxoplasma-specific IgG antibodies', 'C': 'Head CT', 'D': 'Empiric treatment with pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine', 'E': 'Empiric treatment with itraconazole'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Luminal chloride hypersecretion due to overactivation of adenylate cyclase | Q:A 17-year-old girl comes to the physician because of a 12-hour history of profuse watery diarrhea with flecks of mucus that started shortly after she returned from a trip to South America. She has not had any fever or nausea. Pulse is 104/min and blood pressure is 110/65 mm Hg. Physical examination shows dry mucous membranes and decreased skin turgor. Stool culture shows gram-negative, comma-shaped, flagellated bacilli. Therapy with oral rehydration solution is initiated. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of this patient's diarrhea??
{'A': 'Reduced ability of water absorption in the colon due to rapid intestinal transit', 'B': 'Fluid and electrolyte loss due to inflammation of luminal surface epithelium', 'C': 'Luminal chloride hypersecretion due to overactivation of adenylate cyclase', 'D': 'Impaired intestinal motility due to degeneration of autonomic nerves', 'E': 'Excessive water excretion due to osmotically active solutes in the lumen'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: No HPV-related screening and administer HPV vaccine | Q:A 16-year-old girl comes to her primary care physician for an annual check-up. She has no specific complaints. Her medical history is significant for asthma. She uses an albuterol inhaler as needed. She has no notable surgical history. Her mom had breast cancer and her grandfather died of colon cancer. She received all her childhood scheduled vaccinations up to age 8. She reports that she is doing well in school but hates math. She is sexually active with her boyfriend. They use condoms consistently, and they both tested negative recently for gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis and human immunodeficiency virus. She asks about birth control. In addition to educating the patient on her options for contraception, which of the following is the best next step in management??
{'A': 'Cytology and human papilloma virus (HPV) testing now and then every 3 years', 'B': 'Cytology and HPV testing now and then every 5 years', 'C': 'Cytology now and then every 3 years', 'D': 'No HPV-related screening as the patient is low risk', 'E': 'No HPV-related screening and administer HPV vaccine'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Splice site mutation | Q:A 4-year-old boy with beta thalassemia requires regular blood transfusions a few times per month because of persistent anemia. He is scheduled for a splenectomy in the next several months. Samples obtained from the boy’s red blood cells show a malformed protein with a length of 160 amino acids (in normal, healthy red blood cells, the functional protein has a length of 146 amino acids). Which of the following best accounts for these findings??
{'A': 'Frameshift mutation', 'B': 'Missense mutation', 'C': 'Nonsense mutation', 'D': 'Silent mutation', 'E': 'Splice site mutation'}, |