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### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity | Q:A 32-year-old woman comes to the physician because she has been unable to conceive for 2 years. The patient also reports monthly episodes of pelvic and back pain accompanied by painful diarrhea for 6 years. She takes naproxen for the pain, which has provided some relief. Menses have occurred at regular 28-day intervals since menarche at the age of 11 years and last for 7 days. She is sexually active with her husband and does not use contraception. Pelvic and rectal examination shows no abnormalities. A hysterosalpingogram is unremarkable. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity', 'B': 'Smooth muscle tumor arising from the myometrium', 'C': 'Primary failure of the ovaries', 'D': 'Scarring of the fallopian tubes', 'E': 'Increased secretion of androgens and luteinizing hormone'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Diabetes mellitus | Q:A 41-year-old man presents to his primary care provider because of chest pain with activity for the past 6 months. Past medical history is significant for appendectomy at age 12 and, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus type 2 that is poorly controlled. He takes metformin and lisinopril but admits that he is bad at remembering to take them everyday. His father had a heart attack at 41 and 2 stents were placed in his heart. His mother is healthy. He drinks alcohol occasionally and smokes a half of a pack of cigarettes a day. He is a sales executive and describes his work as stressful. Today, the blood pressure is 142/85 and the body mass index (BMI) is 28.5 kg/m2. A coronary angiogram shows > 75% narrowing of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Which of the following is most significant in this patient??
{'A': 'Diabetes mellitus', 'B': 'Hypertension', 'C': 'Family history', 'D': 'Obesity', 'E': 'Smoking'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Pneumothorax due to pleural injury | Q:A 56-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after falling from a height of 3 feet onto a sharp metal fence pole. He is unconscious. Physical examination shows a wound on the upper margin of the right clavicle in the parasternal line that is 3-cm-deep. Which of the following is the most likely result of this patient's injury??
{'A': 'Rotator cuff tear due to supraspinatus muscle injury', 'B': 'Pneumothorax due to pleural injury', 'C': 'Trapezius muscle paresis due to spinal accessory nerve injury', 'D': 'Hemathorax due to azygos vein injury', 'E': 'Traumatic aneurysm due to internal carotid artery injury'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Vascular vasodilation | Q:A 12-hour-old newborn is urgently transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit because he is found to be cyanotic and appears blue in all four extremities. He was born to a 42-year-old G1P1 mother who underwent no prenatal screening because she did not show up to her prenatal care visits. She has poorly controlled diabetes and hypertension. On physical exam, the infant is found to have slanted eyes, a flattened head, a large tongue, and a single palmar crease bilaterally. Furthermore, a single, loud S2 murmur is appreciated in this patient. Radiography shows a large oblong-shaped heart shadow. Based on this presentation, the neonatologist starts a medication that will temporarily ensure this patient's survival pending definitive fixation of the defect. The substance that was most likely administered in this case also has which of the following effects??
{'A': 'Decreased platelet aggregation', 'B': 'Increased bronchial tone', 'C': 'Increased uterine tone', 'D': 'Vascular vasoconstriction', 'E': 'Vascular vasodilation'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Aplasia | Q:A syndrome caused by chromosomal anomalies is being researched in the immunology laboratory. Several congenital conditions are observed among the participating patients, mostly involving the thymus and the heart. Common facial features of affected individuals are shown in the image below. Flow cytometry analysis of patient samples reveals a CD19+ and CD3- result. What kind of congenital anomaly is generally observed in these patients, specifically in the thymus??
{'A': 'Deformation', 'B': 'Agenesis', 'C': 'Aplasia', 'D': 'Malformation', 'E': 'Disruption'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Medication complication | Q:A 65-year-old man presents to the emergency department with confusion and a change in his behavior. The patient was in his usual state of health 3 days ago. He became more confused and agitated this morning thus prompting his presentation. The patient has a past medical history of depression, hypertension, diabetes, and Parkinson disease and is currently taking fluoxetine, lisinopril, insulin, metformin, and selegiline (recently added to his medication regimen for worsening Parkinson symptoms). He also takes oxycodone and clonazepam for pain and anxiety; however, he ran out of these medications last night. His temperature is 101°F (38.3°C), blood pressure is 111/78 mmHg, pulse is 117/min, respirations are 22/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an irritable, sweaty, and confused elderly man. Neurological exam reveals hyperreflexia of the lower extremities and clonus. Which of the following is the most likely etiology of this patient’s symptoms??
{'A': 'Bacterial infection', 'B': 'Electrolyte abnormality', 'C': 'Medication complication', 'D': 'Substance withdrawal', 'E': 'Viral infection'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Localized rales | Q:A 36-year-old man presents to the physician with difficulty in breathing for 3 hours. There is no history of chest pain, cough or palpitation. He is a chronic smoker and underwent elective cholecystectomy one month back. There is no history of chronic or recurrent cough, wheezing or breathlessness. His temperature is 38.2°C (100.8°F), pulse is 108/min, blood pressure is 124/80 mm Hg, and respirations are 25/min. His arterial oxygen saturation is 98% in room air as shown by pulse oximetry. After a detailed physical examination, the physician orders a plasma D-dimer level, which was elevated. A contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) of the chest shows a filling defect in a segmental pulmonary artery on the left side. Which of the following signs is most likely to have been observed by the physician during the physical examination of this patient’s chest??
{'A': 'Bilateral wheezing', 'B': 'Systolic murmur at the left sternal border', 'C': 'S3 gallop', 'D': 'Pleural friction rub', 'E': 'Localized rales'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Monochorionic-diamniotic monozygotic | Q:A 2250-g (5.0-lb) male newborn and a 2900-g (6.4-lb) male newborn are delivered at 36 weeks' gestation to a 24-year-old, gravida 1, para 1 woman. The mother had no prenatal care. Examination of the smaller newborn shows low-set ears, retrognathia, and right-sided clubfoot. The hematocrit is 41% for the smaller newborn and 69% for the larger newborn. This pregnancy was most likely which of the following??
{'A': 'Dichorionic-diamniotic monozygotic', 'B': 'Monochorionic-diamniotic monozygotic', 'C': 'Conjoined twins', 'D': 'Dichorionic-monoamniotic monozygotic', 'E': 'Monochorionic-monoamniotic monozygotic'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: MRI of the lumbosacral spine | Q:A 54-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for back pain. His back pain worsens with standing for a prolonged period of time or climbing down the stairs and improves with sitting. Medical history is significant for hypertension, type II diabetes mellitus, and hypercholesterolemia. Neurologic exam demonstrates normal tone, 5/5 strength, and a normal sensory exam throughout the bilateral lower extremity. Skin exam is unremarkable and dorsalis pedis and posterior tibialis pulses are 3+. Which of the following is the best next step in management??
{'A': 'Ankle-brachial index', 'B': 'MRI of the lumbosacral spine', 'C': 'Naproxen', 'D': 'Radiography of the lumbosacral spine', 'E': 'Surgical spinal decompression'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: ↑ reticulocyte count | Q:An 11-month-old boy presents with the recent loss of appetite and inability to gain weight. His diet consists mainly of cow’s milk and fruits. Family history is unremarkable. Physical examination shows conjunctival pallor. Laboratory findings are significant for the following:
Hemoglobin 9.1 g/dL
Mean corpuscular volume 75 μm3
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin 20 pg/cell
Red cell distribution width 18%
The patient is presumptively diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and ferrous sulfate syrup is prescribed. Which of the following laboratory values would most likely change 1st in response to this treatment??
{'A': 'Normalization of hemoglobin', 'B': '↑ reticulocyte count', 'C': 'Anisocytosis', 'D': '↓ mean corpuscular hemoglobin', 'E': '↓ Mentzer index'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Start her on erythropoietin. | Q:A 45-year-old woman presents to the office with a complaint of generalized weakness that has been getting worse over the last few months. She says that she just does not have the energy for her daily activities. She gets winded quite easily when she takes her dog for a walk in the evening. She says that her mood is generally ok and she gets together with her friends every weekend. She works as a teacher at a local elementary school and used to have frequent headaches while at work. Her husband is a commercial pilot and is frequently away for extended periods of time. Her only son is a sophomore in college and visits her every other week. She has had issues in the past with hypertension, but her blood pressure is currently well-controlled because she is compliant with her medication. She is currently taking atorvastatin and lisinopril. The blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg, the pulse is 90/min, the temperature is 36.7°C (98.0°F), and the respirations are 16/min. On examination, she appears slightly pale and lethargic. Her ECG today is normal and recent lab work shows the following:
Serum creatinine 1.5 mg/dL
Estimated GFR 37.6 mL/min
Hemoglobin (Hb%) 9 mg/dL
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) 27 pg
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 36 g/dL
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 85 fL
Reticulocyte count 0.1%
Erythrocyte count 2.5 million/mm3
Serum iron 160 μg/dL
Serum ferritin 150 ng/mL
Total iron binding capacity 105 μg/dL
Serum vitamin B12 254 pg/mL
Serum folic acid 18 ng/mL
Thyroid stimulating hormone 3.5 μU/mL
Which of the following will most likely help her??
{'A': 'Start oral iron supplements.', 'B': 'Start her on fluoxetine.', 'C': 'Start her on erythropoietin.', 'D': 'Start vitamin B12 with folic acid.', 'E': 'Transfuse red blood cells.'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: p53 inactivation | Q:A 58-year-old male undergoes a surveillance colonoscopy in which a 2 cm adenoma is identified and removed. Had this adenoma not been excised, the patient would have been at risk of progression to carcinoma. Which of the following is the final mutational step in the progression from adenoma to carcinoma??
{'A': 'K-ras mutation', 'B': 'COX-2 overexpression', 'C': 'p53 inactivation', 'D': 'APC mutation', 'E': 'SMAD 2/4 loss'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Lisdexamfetamine intoxication | Q:A 24-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his roommates for aggressive and unusual behavior. His roommates state that he has been under a lot of stress lately from his final exams and has been more reclusive. They state that this evening he was very irritable and was yelling at his computer prior to breaking it, followed by him spending several hours at the gym. His temperature is 101°F (38.3°C), blood pressure is 137/98 mmHg, pulse is 120/min, respirations are 23/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an irritable young man. Cardiopulmonary exam is notable for tachycardia and bilateral clear breath sounds. Neurological exam reveals dilated pupils. The patient is notably diaphoretic and speaks very rapidly during the physical exam and is aggressive. He is given haloperidol, diphenhydramine, and diazepam for sedation and placed in soft restraints. His symptoms resolved over the next 10 hours in the emergency department. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Caffeine intoxication', 'B': 'Cocaine intoxication', 'C': 'Lisdexamfetamine intoxication', 'D': 'Phencyclidine intoxication', 'E': 'Schizophrenia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Bulging erythematous tympanic membrane | Q:A 9-month-old boy is brought to the physician because of increased irritability, continual crying, and fever for 1 day. His mother has noticed that he refuses to lie down on his right side and keeps tugging at his right ear. One week ago, he had a runny nose that has since improved. He was born at term and has been otherwise healthy. He was exclusively breastfed until 2 months of age and is currently bottle-fed with some solid foods introduced. He has been attending a daycare center for the past 5 months. His temperature is 38.4°C (101.1°F) and pulse is 144/min. Otoscopic examination in this child is most likely to show which of the following??
{'A': 'Bulging erythematous tympanic membrane', 'B': 'Retracted opacified tympanic membrane', 'C': 'Erythematous external auditory canal', 'D': 'Vesicles in the ear canal', 'E': 'Brown mass within the ear canal'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Association with ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) | Q:An 11-year-old girl is brought to the office by her mother due to complaint of intermittent and severe periumbilical pain for 1 day. She does not have any significant past medical history. She provides a history of a recent school trip to the suburbs. On physical examination, there is a mild tenderness around the umbilicus without any distension or discharge. There is no rebound tenderness. Bowel sounds are normal. An abdominal imaging shows enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes, and she is diagnosed with mesenteric lymphadenitis. However, incidentally, a mass of tissue was seen joining the inferior pole of both kidneys as shown in the image. Which of the following is best describes this renal anomaly??
{'A': 'Fused kidneys ascend beyond superior mesenteric artery.', 'B': 'Increased risk of developing renal vein thrombosis', 'C': 'Association with ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO)', 'D': 'Kidneys are usually non-functional.', 'E': 'Rapid progression to acute renal failure'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Abnormal phase 2 | Q:A 27-year-old man presents to the clinic for his annual physical examination. He was diagnosed with a rare arrhythmia a couple of years ago following an episode of dizziness. A mutation in the gene encoding for the L-type calcium channel protein was identified by genetic testing. He feels fine today. His vitals include: blood pressure 122/89 mm Hg, pulse 90/min, respiratory rate 14/min, and temperature 36.7°C (98.0°F). The cardiac examination is unremarkable. The patient has been conducting some internet research on how the heart works and specifically asks you about his own “ventricular action potential”. Which of the following would you expect to see in this patient??
{'A': 'Abnormal phase 1', 'B': 'Abnormal phase 4', 'C': 'Abnormal phase 3', 'D': 'Abnormal phase 2', 'E': 'Abnormal phase 0'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Perianal fistula | Q:A 27-year-old female has a history of periodic bloody diarrhea over several years. Colonoscopy shows sigmoid colon inflammation, and the patient complains of joint pain in her knees and ankles. You suspect inflammatory bowel disease. Which of the following would suggest a diagnosis of Crohn disease:?
{'A': 'Left lower quadrant pain', 'B': 'Jaundice', 'C': 'Loss of large bowel haustra', 'D': 'Mucosal and submucosal ulcerations', 'E': 'Perianal fistula'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema | Q:A 25-year-old man is in the middle of an ascent up a mountain, at an elevation of about 4,500 meters. This is the 4th day of his expedition. His friend notices that in the last few hours, he has been coughing frequently and appears to be short of breath. He has used his albuterol inhaler twice in the past 4 hours, but it does not seem to help. Within the past hour, he has coughed up some frothy, slightly pink sputum and is now complaining of nausea and headache. Other than his asthma, which has been well-controlled on a steroid inhaler, he is healthy. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this man’s symptoms??
{'A': 'Pulmonary embolism', 'B': 'Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema', 'C': 'Acute heart failure', 'D': 'An acute asthma exacerbation', 'E': 'Pneumothorax'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: CD8+ lymphocytes | Q:Researchers are investigating the mechanism of cell apoptosis and host defense in mice. They have observed that mice with certain gene deletions are not able to fight the induced viral infection. They identify a cell that is able to destroy target cells infected with viruses by exocytosis of granule contents, which induces the activation of caspases. Which type of cell is responsible for this process??
{'A': 'Macrophages', 'B': 'Neutrophils', 'C': 'CD8+ lymphocytes', 'D': 'CD4+ lymphocytes', 'E': 'Eosinophils'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Niacin | Q:A 10-year-old boy is brought into your clinic by his mother for sunburns that have not been healing. The mother states that he easily gets sunburned. The mother admits she gave birth to him at home and has never taken him to see a doctor. The patient walks with a wide stance gait and appears unstable on his feet. He has an extensive erythematous, scaling, hyperkeratotic rash on his face, neck, arms and legs. After extensive workup, the patient is found to have a genetic disorder that results in defective absorption of an important vitamin. Which of the following is likely to be low if measured??
{'A': 'Niacin', 'B': 'Vitamin A', 'C': 'Vitamin K', 'D': 'Folate', 'E': 'Vitamin B12'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Fluphenazine | Q:A 12-year-old boy is brought to a psychiatrist by his mother upon referral from his pediatrician. The mother describes that for the past 2 years her son has experienced episodes of repetitive blinking and sudden jerking of the arms. Additionally, she notes that he often clears his throat and occasionally makes grunting noises. These symptoms have waxed and waned in frequency, but they have persisted for the past 2 years since they first developed. The patient is otherwise healthy without any coexisting medical issues. Which of the following agents would be effective at reducing the severity and frequency of this patient's current symptoms??
{'A': 'Baclofen', 'B': 'Valproic acid', 'C': 'Fluphenazine', 'D': 'Sertraline', 'E': 'Gabapentin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Q:A 63-year-old woman comes to the physician because of worsening shortness of breath, cough, and a 4-kg (8.8-lb) weight loss over the last year. She has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. She has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 35 years. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 92/min, respirations are 20/min, blood pressure is 124/78 mm Hg, and pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 93%. Physical examination shows decreased breath sounds. A flow-volume loop obtained via pulmonary function testing is shown. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's respiratory symptoms??
{'A': 'Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'B': 'Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis', 'C': 'Endotracheal neoplasm', 'D': 'Chronic asthma', 'E': 'Unilateral mainstem obstruction'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Müllerian agenesis | Q:A 17-year-old girl presents to the gynecologist's office due to lack of menarche. She has been sexually active with 1 male lifetime partner and always uses a condom. Her mother believes that breast development started at 11 years old. On exam, she is a well-appearing, non-hirsute teenager with Tanner V breast and pubic hair development. Her pelvic exam reveals normal external genitalia, a shortened vagina, and the cervix is unable to be visualized. Initial laboratory testing for hormone levels and karyotype is normal, and imaging confirms what you suspect on exam. What is the most likely cause of her lack of menstruation??
{'A': '5-alpha reductase deficiency', 'B': 'Androgen insensitivity', 'C': 'Müllerian agenesis', 'D': 'Premature ovarian failure', 'E': 'Turner syndrome'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Topical clotrimazole | Q:A 15-year-old boy is brought to the physician with an ongoing pruritic rash for 1 week. The rash is on his right forearm (refer to the image). He has not had a similar rash in the past. He has no history of allergies, and he is not taking any medications. He frequently enjoys gardening in their backyard. They have no household pets. The physical examination reveals no other abnormalities. Given the most likely diagnosis, which of the following is the most appropriate treatment of the condition described in this case??
{'A': 'Oral acitretin', 'B': 'Oral terbinafine', 'C': 'Topical clotrimazole', 'D': 'Topical hydrocortisone', 'E': 'Topical salicylic acid'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Pelvic inflammatory disease | Q:A 17-year-old girl comes to the emergency department with a 5-day history of severe abdominal pain, cramping, nausea, and vomiting. She also has pain with urination. She is sexually active with one male partner, and they use condoms inconsistently. She experienced a burning pain when she last had sexual intercourse 3 days ago. Menses occur at regular 28-day intervals and last 5 days. Her last menstrual period was 3 weeks ago. Her temperature is 38.5°C (101.3°F), pulse is 83/min, and blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg. Physical examination shows abdominal tenderness in the lower quadrants. Pelvic examination shows cervical motion tenderness and purulent cervical discharge. Laboratory studies show a leukocyte count of 15,000/mm3 and an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 100 mm/h. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Pyelonephritis', 'B': 'Ectopic pregnancy', 'C': 'Ovarian cyst rupture', 'D': 'Appendicitis', 'E': 'Pelvic inflammatory disease'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Race | Q:A 30-year-old African American woman comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of increasing shortness of breath, cough, and intermittent fever. She works in a local factory that manufactures components for airplanes. She drinks 2–3 glasses of wine daily and has smoked half a pack of cigarettes daily for the past 5 years. Physical examination shows a purple rash on her cheeks and nose. An x-ray of the chest shows bilateral hilar adenopathy and a calcified nodule in the left lower lobe. A bronchoalveolar lavage shows a CD4:CD8 T-lymphocyte ratio of 10:1 (N=2:1). A biopsy of the nodule shows a noncaseating granuloma. Which of the following is the strongest predisposing factor for the development of this patient's condition??
{'A': 'Race', 'B': 'Exposure to beryllium', 'C': 'Alcohol consumption', 'D': 'Smoking', 'E': 'Exposure to acid-fast bacilli\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Microsatellite instability | Q:A 32-year-old woman visits her primary care provider with the results of a recent colonoscopy, which was ordered after 3 episodes of rectal bleeding in the last month. Her grandmother, mother, and sister all have been diagnosed with nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, at ages 65, 50, and 40 years, respectively. Colonoscopy for this patient revealed a large, flat, right-sided adenoma. Histopathological examination of the lesion showed villous histology and high-grade dysplasia. Which of the following helps explain the condition of this patient??
{'A': 'Chromosomal instability', 'B': 'Microsatellite instability', 'C': 'DNA hypermethylation', 'D': 'Chemical carcinogenicity', 'E': 'Environmental carcinogenicity'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Hypertensive crisis | Q:Two days after admission to the hospital, a 74-year-old man develops confusion and headache. He has also been vomiting over the past hour. His temperature is 36.7°C (98°F), pulse is 98/min, respirations are 22/min, and blood pressure is 140/80 mm Hg. He is lethargic and oriented only to person. Examination shows flushed skin. Fundoscopic examination shows bright red retinal veins. Serum studies show:
Na+ 138 mEq/L
K+ 3.5 mEq/L
Cl- 100 mEq/L
HCO3- 17 mEq/L
Creatinine 1.2 mg/dL
Urea nitrogen 19 mg/dL
Lactate 8.0 mEq/L (N = 0.5 - 2.2 mEq/L)
Glucose 75 mg/dL
Arterial blood gas analysis on room air shows a pH of 7.13. This patient's current presentation is most likely due to treatment for which of the following conditions?"?
{'A': 'Alzheimer disease', 'B': 'Hypertensive crisis', 'C': 'Tension headache', 'D': 'Major depressive disorder', 'E': 'Acute dystonia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Point mutation on chromosome 11 | Q:A 24-year-old Turkish female presents to your office for a routine examination. She recently started a new job and has been tired most of the time. She does not have any dizziness and has not lost consciousness. She follows a well-balanced diet and is not vegetarian. She recalls that other family members have had similar symptoms in the past. On physical exam her temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 115/78 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, respirations are 22/min, and pulse oximetry is 99% on room air. On physical exam, you notice conjunctival pallor. Labs are obtained and the results are shown below:
Hemoglobin: 10.2 g/dL
Hematocrit: 34%
Leukocyte count: 5,000 cells/mm^3 with normal differential
Platelet count: 252,000/mm^3
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration: 20.4%
Mean corpuscular volume: 65 µm^3
Peripheral blood smear is shown in the image provided. The cause of her anemia is most likely associated with which of the following??
{'A': 'Point mutation on chromosome 11', 'B': 'X-linked defect in ALA synthase', 'C': 'Inhibition of ALA dehydratase', 'D': 'Blood loss', 'E': 'Malnutrition'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Physostigmine | Q:A 43-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his wife because of a 1-hour history of confusion and strange behavior. She reports that he started behaving in an agitated manner shortly after eating some wild berries that they had picked during their camping trip. His temperature is 38.7°C (101.7°F). Physical examination shows warm, dry skin and dry mucous membranes. His pupils are dilated and minimally reactive to light. His bowel sounds are decreased. The patient is admitted and pharmacotherapy is initiated with a drug that eventually results in complete resolution of all of his symptoms. This patient was most likely administered which of the following drugs??
{'A': 'Scopolamine', 'B': 'Rivastigmine', 'C': 'Atropine', 'D': 'Physostigmine', 'E': 'Neostigmine'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: IV fluids | Q:A 35-year-old G1 is brought to the emergency department because of sharp pains in her abdomen. She is at 30 weeks gestation based on ultrasound. She complains of feeling a little uneasy during the last 3 weeks of her pregnancy. She mentions that her abdomen has not been enlarging as expected and her baby is not moving as much as during the earlier part of the pregnancy. If anything, she noticed her abdomen has decreased in size. While she is giving her history, the emergency medicine physician notices that she is restless and is sweating profusely. An ultrasound is performed and her blood is sent for type and match. The blood pressure is 90/60 mm Hg, the pulse is 120/min, and the respiratory rate is 18/min. The fetal ultrasound is significant for no fetal heart motion or fetal movement. Her blood work shows the following: hemoglobin, 10.3 g/dL; platelet count, 1.1*10(5)/ml; bleeding time, 10 minutes; PT, 25 seconds; and PTT, 45 seconds. Which of the following would be the best immediate course of management for this patient??
{'A': 'IV fluids', 'B': 'Initiation of labor', 'C': 'D-dimer assay', 'D': 'Fresh frozen plasma', 'E': 'Low-molecular-weight heparin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Sympathetic blockade | Q:A 21-year-old G1P0 woman presents to the labor and delivery ward at 39 weeks gestation for elective induction of labor. She requests a labor epidural. An epidural catheter is secured at the L4-L5 space. She exhibits no hemodynamic reaction to lidocaine 1.5% with epinephrine 1:200,000. A continuous infusion of bupivacaine 0.0625% is started. After 5 minutes, the nurse informs the anesthesiologist that the patient is hypotensive to 80/50 mmHg with a heart rate increase from 90 bpm to 120 bpm. The patient is asymptomatic and fetal heart rate has not changed significantly from baseline. She says that her legs feel heavy but is still able to move them. What is the most likely cause of the hemodynamic change??
{'A': 'Bainbridge reflex', 'B': 'Intrathecal infiltration of local anesthetic', 'C': 'Local anesthetic systemic toxicity', 'D': 'Spinal anesthesia', 'E': 'Sympathetic blockade'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Cold knife conization | Q:A 39-year-old woman presents to her gynecologist for a routine visit. She has no complaints during this visit. She had an abnormal pap test 6 years ago that showed atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance. The sample was negative for human papillomavirus. On her follow-up Pap test 3 years later, there was no abnormality. The latest pap test results show atypical glandular cells with reactive changes in the cervical epithelium. The gynecologist decides to perform a colposcopy, and some changes are noted in this study of the cervical epithelium. The biopsy shows dysplastic changes in the epithelial cells. Which of the following is the next best step in the management of this patient??
{'A': 'Loop electrosurgical excision procedure', 'B': 'Cold knife conization', 'C': 'Follow-up pap smear in one year', 'D': 'Follow-up pap smear in 3 years', 'E': 'Repeat colposcopy in 6 months'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Elevated serum CA-125 level | Q:A 64-year-old nulliparous woman comes to the physician because of fatigue and an increase in abdominal girth despite a 5-kg (11.0-lb) weight loss over the past 6 months. Her last Pap smear 2 years ago showed atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance; subsequent HPV testing was negative at that time. Menarche was at the age of 10 years and her last menstrual period was 6 years ago. Abdominal examination shows shifting dullness. There is tenderness to palpation of the left lower quadrant but no guarding or rebound. Bimanual palpation shows a small uterus and a left adnexal mass. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following findings??
{'A': 'Elevated serum beta-hCG level', 'B': 'Proliferation of endometrial glands', 'C': 'Chocolate cyst of the left ovary', 'D': 'Elevated serum CA-125 level', 'E': 'Cervical dysplasia on cervical smear'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Figure-of-eight splinting | Q:A 17-year-old boy comes to the emergency department following an injury during football practice. He fell and landed on the lateral aspect of his right shoulder. He is holding his right arm supported by his left arm, with his right arm adducted against his side. He is tender to palpation directly over the middle third of his clavicle. Radiographs reveal a non-displaced fracture of the middle third of the clavicle. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment at this time??
{'A': 'Open reduction and internal fixation with a compression plate', 'B': 'Open reduction and internal fixation with an intramedullary nail', 'C': 'Open reduction and internal fixation with lag screws', 'D': 'Figure-of-eight splinting', 'E': 'Mobilization'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Measles, mumps, rubella vaccine | Q:A 34-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. He was diagnosed with HIV 8 years ago. He is currently receiving triple antiretroviral therapy. He is sexually active and uses condoms consistently. He is planning a trip to Thailand with his partner to celebrate his 35th birthday in 6 weeks. His last tetanus and diphtheria booster was given 4 years ago. He received three vaccinations against hepatitis B 5 years ago. He had chickenpox as a child. Other immunization records are unknown. Vital signs are within normal limits. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. Leukocyte count shows 8,700/mm3, and CD4+ T-lymphocyte count is 480 cells/mm3 (Normal ≥ 500); anti-HBs is 150 mIU/mL. Which of the following recommendations is most appropriate at this time??
{'A': 'Hepatitis B vaccine', 'B': 'Bacillus Calmette Guerin vaccine', 'C': 'Measles, mumps, rubella vaccine', 'D': 'Yellow fever vaccine', 'E': 'No vaccination'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Fluorescein stain | Q:A 37-year-old man comes to the emergency department for severe eye pain. The patient reports that he is a construction worker and was drilling metal beams when he suddenly felt a sharp pain in his right eye. Since then, the vision in his right eye has seemed blurry and his eye “has not stopped tearing.” The patient’s medical history is significant for type II diabetes mellitus and hypertension. His medications include metformin, captopril, and lovastatin. He has a mother with glaucoma, and both his brother and father have coronary artery disease. Upon physical examination, there is conjunctival injection present in the right eye with no obvious lacerations to the eyelids or defects in extraocular eye movements. Pupils are equal and reactive to light. No afferent pupillary defect is appreciated. The unaffected eye has 20/20 visual acuity. The patient refuses to participate in the visual acuity exam of the right eye due to pain. Which of the following is the best initial step in management??
{'A': 'Fluorescein stain', 'B': 'Orbital magnetic resonance imaging', 'C': 'Patching', 'D': 'Tonometry', 'E': 'Topical corticosteroids'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Glucose of 30 mg/dL | Q:A 49-year-old man comes to the hospital for a 10-day history of cough and worsening shortness of breath. He has sharp right-sided chest pain that worsens on inspiration and coughing. Two weeks ago, the patient was admitted to the hospital after passing out on the street from alcohol intoxication but he left against medical advice. He has coronary artery disease and hypertension, and he does not take any medications. He drinks 4 cans of beer daily and has smoked 2 packs of cigarettes daily for 20 years. His temperature is 38.5°C (101.3° F), pulse is 110/min, respirations are 29/min, and blood pressure is 110/65 mmHg. Examination shows poor dentition. There is dullness to percussion at the base of the right lung. Crackles and markedly decreased breath sounds are heard over the right middle and lower lung fields. An x-ray of the chest shows a right-sided loculated pleural effusion and consolidation of the surrounding lung with visible air bronchogram; there are no rib fractures. Thoracocentesis is performed. Examination of this patient's pleural fluid is most likely to show which of the following findings??
{'A': 'Amylase of 200 U/L', 'B': 'Lymphocytosis of > 90%', 'C': 'Pleural fluid LDH/serum LDH ratio of 0.5', 'D': 'Lactate dehydrogenase of 45 U/L', 'E': 'Glucose of 30 mg/dL'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | Q:A 70-year-old Caucasian women presents to the emergency department complaining of abdominal pain. She is oriented to person but is slow to answer questions and cannot name her location. She is afebrile on exam and endorses mild suprapubic tenderness. Her urine culture was positive for leukocyte esterase and nitrites. She was prescribed appropriate treatments. On follow-up, she complains of a new rash. In the past few days she has noticed that her skin becomes very red and more easily sunburns. Per the patient, her symptoms have resolved and her initial infection has cleared. Which of the following antibiotics was most likely prescribed to this patient??
{'A': 'Nitrofurantoin', 'B': 'Cephalexin', 'C': 'Azithromycin', 'D': 'Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole', 'E': 'Ceftriaxone'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Immunoglobulin and vaccination administration | Q:A previously healthy 26-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of extreme agitation and confusion. He is unable to give a clear history. His mother says he returned from a hiking trip 4 weeks ago on which he also explored caves. Over the past few days, he has had generalized fever and malaise with a sore throat. He has refused to drink any liquids for the last day. His immunizations are up-to-date. His temperature is 100.6°F (38.1°C), pulse is 92/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 110/75 mm Hg. His pupils are 6 mm wide and reactive to light. He has a moderate amount of drool. Muscle tone is greatly increased in both the upper and lower extremities. The remainder of the examination is not performed because the patient becomes combative and refuses further assessment. Serum and urine toxicology screens are negative. Which of the following is most likely to have prevented this patient's condition??
{'A': 'Corticosteroid therapy', 'B': 'Plasmapheresis', 'C': 'Antifungal therapy', 'D': 'Antiviral therapy', 'E': 'Immunoglobulin and vaccination administration'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Lithium | Q:A 22-year-old woman with a history of bipolar disorder presents to her psychiatrist’s office for a follow-up appointment. She says she is doing better on the new drug she was prescribed. However, she recently noticed that she is drinking a lot of water and urinates more frequently throughout the day. She also says there are moments recently when she feels confused and agitated. Her vitals include: blood pressure 122/89 mm Hg, temperature 36.7°C (98.0°F), pulse 88/min and respirations 18/min. Her physical examination is within normal limits. Which of the following drugs was she most likely prescribed??
{'A': 'Lithium', 'B': 'Amitriptyline', 'C': 'Valproic acid', 'D': 'Carbamazepine', 'E': 'Chlorpromazine'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Ciprofloxacin | Q:A 21-year-old man presents to the physician with complaint of fever and non-bloody diarrhea for the past 3 days, after a week of constipation. He and his family recently returned from a summer spent in New Delhi, India visiting relatives. Physical examination reveals abdominal tenderness and a pink macular rash extending from his trunk to his upper arms. His vital signs are as follows: temperature is 99.7°F (37.6°C), blood pressure is 120/72 mmHg, pulse is 85/min, and respirations are 16/min. Which of the following drugs would be most effective in treating this patient’s condition??
{'A': 'Ciprofloxacin', 'B': 'Metronidazole', 'C': 'Oral rehydration solution', 'D': 'Oral vancomycin', 'E': 'Penicillin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Breast cancer | Q:A 13-year-old boy is brought to his pediatrician for evaluation of leg pain. Specifically, he has been having pain around his right knee that has gotten progressively worse over the last several months. On presentation, he has swelling and tenderness over his right distal femur. Radiographs are obtained and the results are shown in figure A. His family history is significant in that several family members also had this disorder and others had pathology in the eye near birth. The patient is referred for a genetic consult, and a mutation is found on a certain chromosome. The chromosome that is most likely affected also contains a gene that is associated with which of the following pathologies??
{'A': 'Breast cancer', 'B': 'Colorectal cancer', 'C': 'Neurofibromas', 'D': 'Pancreatic cancers', 'E': 'Soft tissue sarcomas'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Methylmalonyl-CoA --> Succinyl-CoA | Q:A 2-month-old Middle Eastern female infant from a consanguinous marriage presents with seizures, anorexia, failure to thrive, developmental delay, and vomiting and fatigue after eating. Blood work demonstrated levels of methylmalonic acid nearly 500 times normal levels. A carbon-14 propionate incorporation assay was performed on the fibroblasts of the patient and compared to a healthy, normal individual. Little to none of the radiolabeled carbons of the propionate appeared in any of the intermediates of the Krebs cycle. Which of the following reactions is not taking place in this individual??
{'A': 'Propionyl-CoA --> Methylmalonyl-CoA', 'B': 'Acetyl-CoA + CO2 --> Malonyl-CoA', 'C': 'Methylmalonyl-CoA --> Succinyl-CoA', 'D': 'Pyruvate --> acetyl-CoA', 'E': 'Acetyl-CoA + Oxaloacetate --> Citrate'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Glossopharyngeal neuralgia | Q:A 25-year-old woman with a history of polycystic ovarian syndrome, depression, and chronic bilateral ear infections presents to the otolaryngologist's clinic 12 weeks after right ear tympanoplasty. Her audiology report one week prior showed that her hearing improved as expected by 20 decibels. However, she reports that she has occasional shooting pain with eating and when she wears earrings. She states that she has a stressful job as a cashier at the local department store and often sleeps poorly. She denies any neck pain or tenderness when she washes her face. On physical exam, no tenderness is elicited with preauricular or mandibular palpation bilaterally. No jaw clicking is heard. Right postauricular tapping causes tenderness in her right tonsillar area. Her molar teeth appear even and symmetric bilaterally. Her uvula is midline and her gag reflex is intact. What is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Atypical migraine', 'B': 'Bruxism', 'C': 'Cluster headache', 'D': 'Glossopharyngeal neuralgia', 'E': 'Trigeminal neuralgia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: 2.5% | Q:A 14-month-old boy is brought in by his parents with an 8-month history of diarrhea, abdominal tenderness and concomitant failure to thrive. The pediatric attending physician believes that Crohn’s disease is the best explanation of this patient’s symptoms. Based on the pediatric attending physician’s experience, the pretest probability of this diagnosis is estimated at 40%. According to Fagan nomogram (see image). If the likelihood ratio of a negative test result (LR-) for Crohn’s disease is 0.04, what is the chance that this is the correct diagnosis in this patient with a negative test result??
{'A': '2.5%', 'B': '25%', 'C': '40%', 'D': '75%', 'E': '97.5%'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Chronic NSAID use | Q:A 48-year-old woman with a history of osteoarthritis and hypertension presents to the office complaining of persistent abdominal pain for the last 2 months. She describes the pain as 'burning and achy' that is worse when she eats, which has lead to a weight loss of 4.5 kg (10.0 lb). The patient is currently taking lisinopril and atenolol for her blood pressure and ibuprofen as needed for her osteoarthritis. Her temperature is 37.1°C (98.7°F), heart rate is 75/min, and blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg. An endoscopy is performed and a gastric ulcer is visualized and biopsied. The biopsy reveals H. pylori infection. Which of the following is the most likely predisposing factor to this patient’s diagnosis??
{'A': 'Chronic NSAID use', 'B': 'Longstanding GERD', 'C': 'Adverse effect of beta-blockers', 'D': 'Age and gender', 'E': 'A congenital diverticulum'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: HBsAb | Q:A 52-year-old male patient with chronic alcoholism presents to an ambulatory medical clinic, where the hepatologist elects to perform comprehensive hepatitis B screening, in addition to several other screening and preventative measures. Given the following choices, which serologic marker, if positive, would indicate the patient’s immunity to the hepatitis B virus??
{'A': 'HBsAg', 'B': 'HBsAb', 'C': 'HBcAb', 'D': 'HBeAg', 'E': 'HBeAb'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Subsarcolemmal acid–Schiff-positive deposits | Q:A 24-year-old man comes to the physician because of chronic fatigue and generalized weakness after exertion. His legs feel stiff after walking long distances and he has leg cramps after climbing stairs. His symptoms are always relieved by rest. Urine dipstick shows 3+ blood and urinalysis is negative for RBCs. Baseline venous lactate and serum ammonia levels are collected, after which a blood pressure cuff is attached to the upper right arm. The patient is asked to continuously pump his right arm with the cuff inflated and additional venous samples are collected at 2-minute intervals. Analysis of the venous blood samples shows that, over time, serum ammonia levels increase and venous lactate levels remain stable. A biopsy of the right gastrocnemius muscle will most likely show which of the following??
{'A': 'Intrafascicular CD8+ lymphocytic infiltration', 'B': 'Endomysial fibrosis with absent dystrophin', 'C': 'Intermyofibrillar proliferation of mitochondria', 'D': 'Subsarcolemmal acid–Schiff-positive deposits', 'E': 'Perivascular CD4+ lymphocytic infiltrate'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Use of demeclocycline | Q:A 59-year-old man comes to the physician because of a painful, burning red rash on his face and hands, which developed 30 minutes after going outside to do garden work. He wore a long-sleeved shirt and was exposed to direct sunlight for about 10 minutes. The patient is light-skinned and has a history of occasional sunburns when he does not apply sunscreen. The patient was diagnosed with small cell lung carcinoma 2 months ago and is currently undergoing chemotherapy. He is currently taking demeclocycline for malignancy-associated hyponatremia and amoxicillin for sinusitis. He has also had occasional back pain. He takes zolpidem and drinks 1–2 glasses of brandy before going to sleep every night. He has smoked a pack of cigarettes daily for 20 years. His pulse is 72/min and his blood pressure is 120/75 mm Hg. Physical examination shows prominent erythema on his forehead, cheeks, and neck. Erythema and papular eruptions are seen on the dorsum of both hands. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Adverse reaction to amoxicillin', 'B': 'Uroporphyrin accumulation', 'C': 'Systemic lupus erythematosus', 'D': 'Use of demeclocycline', 'E': 'Normal sunburn reaction\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: CT scan of the cervical spine | Q:A 44-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 25 minutes after falling off the roof of a house. He was cleaning the roof when he slipped and fell. He did not lose consciousness and does not have any nausea. On arrival, he is alert and oriented and has a cervical collar on his neck. His pulse is 96/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 118/78 mm Hg. Examination shows multiple bruises over the forehead and right cheek. The pupils are equal and reactive to light. There is a 2-cm laceration below the right ear. Bilateral ear canals show no abnormalities. The right wrist is swollen and tender; range of motion is limited by pain. The lungs are clear to auscultation. There is no midline cervical spine tenderness. There is tenderness along the 2nd and 3rd ribs on the right side. The abdomen is soft and nontender. Neurologic examination shows no focal findings. Two peripheral venous catheters are placed. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management??
{'A': 'X-ray of the chest', 'B': 'X-ray of the neck', 'C': 'CT scan of the cervical spine', 'D': 'Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma', 'E': 'X-ray of the right wrist\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Burkitt lymphoma | Q:A 63-year-old man presents to his primary care physician because he has been having headaches and hearing loss. In addition, he says that he has been having difficulty opening his jaw to eat and recurrent middle ear infections. Physical exam reveals enlarged neck lymph nodes and a mass in the nasopharynx. Biopsy of the mass reveals undifferentiated squamous epithelial cells. The organism that is most likely associated with this patient's disease is also associated with which of the following disorders??
{'A': 'Adult T-cell lymphoma', 'B': 'Burkitt lymphoma', 'C': 'Heptaocellular carcinoma', 'D': 'Kaposi sarcoma', 'E': 'Vulvar carcinoma'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Vm will stay the same, Km will increase | Q:A 26-year-old nurse presents 12 hours after she accidentally stuck herself with a blood-contaminated needle. She reported the accident appropriately and now seeks post-exposure prophylaxis. She does not have any complaints at the moment of presentation. Her vital signs include: blood pressure 125/80 mm Hg, heart rate 71/min, respiratory rate 15/min, and temperature 36.5℃ (97.7℉). Physical examination is unremarkable. The nurse has prescribed a post-exposure prophylaxis regimen which includes tenofovir, emtricitabine, and raltegravir. How will tenofovir change the maximum reaction rate (Vm) and Michaelis constant (Km) of the viral reverse transcriptase??
{'A': 'Vm will decrease, Km will stay the same', 'B': 'Vm and Km will both decrease', 'C': 'Vm will decrease, Km will increase', 'D': 'Vm will stay the same, Km will increase', 'E': 'Vm and Km will both increase'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Decreased phagocytic cell count | Q:A 55-year-old man, who underwent a kidney transplant 2 years ago, presents in septic shock. He is compliant with his immunosuppressive therapy. He does not use any drugs and is sexually active with one male partner. His complete blood count returns as follows: Hemoglobin: 13.7 g/dL, white blood cell count: 4000 cells/microliter, platelets 250,000 cells/microliter. Of note, from his differential: neutrophils: 10%, lymphocytes: 45%, and monocytes: 7%. His basic metabolic profile is notable for a creatinine remaining at his baseline of 0.9 mg/dL. The patient is started on broad spectrum antibiotics, but his condition does not improve. Fungal blood cultures are obtained and grow Candida species. Which of the following was the most-likely predisposing factor??
{'A': 'Defective IL-2 receptor', 'B': 'Decreased phagocytic cell count', 'C': 'HIV infection', 'D': 'Failure to take suppressive trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole therapy', 'E': 'Renal failure'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Elevated fasting blood glucose | Q:One day after doctors helped a 28-year-old primigravid woman deliver a 4700 g (10 lb 6 oz) boy, he has bluish discoloration of his lips and fingernails. Oxygen saturation on room air is 81%. Examination shows central cyanosis. A continuous machine-like murmur is heard over the left upper sternal border. A single S2 heart sound is present. Supplemental oxygen does not improve the cyanosis. Echocardiography shows the pulmonary artery arising from the posterior left ventricle and the aorta arising from the right ventricle with active blood flow between the right and left ventricles. Further evaluation of the mother is most likely to show which of the following??
{'A': 'Elevated fasting blood glucose', 'B': 'Positive rapid plasma reagin test', 'C': 'Prenatal alcohol use', 'D': 'Prenatal lithium intake', 'E': 'Prenatal phenytoin intake'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Multivitamin | Q:A 65-year-old man with chronic obstructive lung disease, depression, and type 2 diabetes mellitus comes to the physician with fever, chills, dyspnea, and a productive cough for 5 days. His temperature is 38.8°C (101.8°F) and respirations are 30/min. An x-ray of the chest shows a right lower lobe infiltrate, and sputum culture grows bacteria that are sensitive to fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Pharmacotherapy with oral moxifloxacin is initiated. Three days later, the patient continues to have symptoms despite being compliant with the antibiotic. Serum moxifloxacin levels are undetectable. The lack of response to antibiotic therapy in this patient is most likely due to the concurrent ingestion of which of the following medications??
{'A': 'Amitryptyline', 'B': 'Multivitamin', 'C': 'Glimepiride', 'D': 'Theophylline', 'E': 'Prednisone'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Uncontrolled Hypertension | Q:A 75-year-old over-weight gentleman with a long history of uncontrolled hypertension, diabetes, smoking and obesity is presenting to his primary care physician with a chief complaint of increased difficulty climbing stairs and the need to sleep propped up by an increasing number of pillows at night. On physical examination the patient has an extra heart sound just before S1 heard best over the cardiac apex and clear lung fields. The EKG and chest x-ray are attached (Figures A and B respectively). What is the largest contributor to this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Long-term smoking', 'B': 'Uncontrolled Hypertension', 'C': 'Obesity', 'D': 'Sleep Apnea', 'E': 'Acute Myocardial Infarction'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Defect of the membranous interventricular septum | Q:An 18-month-old boy presents to the pediatrician by his mother for a routine check-up. The mother has no concerns, although she asks about the "hole in his heart" that the patient had at birth. The patient has no history of cyanosis or heart failure; however, a holosystolic, harsh murmur was noted at the 3- and 6-month check-ups. On examination, the patient is playful and alert. He has met all developmental milestones. The cardiac examination reveals a regular rate and rhythm with persistence of the holosystolic, harsh murmur. What is the most likely cause of the murmur in this child??
{'A': 'Defect of muscular interventricular septum', 'B': 'Patent foramen ovale', 'C': 'Defect of the membranous interventricular septum', 'D': 'Defective dynein functioning', 'E': 'Failure of endocardial cushion to form'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Glucose-6-phosphatase | Q:A 4-month-old boy is brought to his pediatrician for a well-child visit. His parents have noticed that he has had poor growth compared to his older siblings. The boy was delivered vaginally after a normal pregnancy. His temperature is 98.8°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 98/68 mmHg, pulse is 88/min, and respirations are 20/min. On exam, his abdomen appears protuberant, and the boy appears to have abnormally enlarged cheeks. A finger stick reveals that the patient’s fasting blood glucose is 50 mg/dL. On further laboratory testing, the patient is found to have elevated blood lactate levels, as well as no response to a glucagon stimulation test. What enzymatic defect is most likely present??
{'A': 'Alpha-1,4-glucosidase', 'B': 'Alpha-1,6-glucosidase', 'C': 'Glucose-6-phosphatase', 'D': 'Glycogen phosphorylase', 'E': 'Glycogen synthase'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Double aortic arch | Q:A 10-month-old boy is brought to the clinic with a history of recurrent episodes of stridor and wheezing. His mother reports that his wheezing is exacerbated by crying, feeding, and flexion of the neck, and is relieved by extension of the neck. Occasionally he vomits after feeding. What is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Gastroesophageal reflux disease', 'B': 'Laryngomalacia', 'C': 'Double aortic arch', 'D': 'Congenital subglottic stenosis', 'E': 'Recurrent viral wheeze'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Endometrial glands and stroma within the peritoneal cavity | Q:A 25-year-old nulliparous woman presents to her gynecologist complaining of recurrent menstrual pain. She reports a 4-month history of pelvic pain that occurs during her periods. It is more severe than her typical menstrual cramps and sometimes occurs when she is not on her period. She also complains of pain during intercourse. Her periods occur every 28-30 days. Her past medical history is notable for kyphoscoliosis requiring spinal fusion and severe acne rosacea. She takes trans-tretinoin and has a copper intra-uterine device. Her family history is notable for ovarian cancer in her mother and endometrial cancer in her paternal grandmother. Her temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 120/85 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 16/min. On exam, she appears healthy and is in no acute distress. A bimanual examination demonstrates a normal sized uterus and a tender right adnexal mass. Her intrauterine device is well-positioned. What is the underlying cause of this patient’s condition??
{'A': 'Benign proliferation of uterine myometrium', 'B': 'Chronic inflammation of the uterine endometrium', 'C': 'Endometrial glands and stroma within the peritoneal cavity', 'D': 'Endometrial glands and stroma within the uterine myometrium', 'E': 'Excess androgen production'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Treat on an outpatient basis with ciprofloxacin | Q:Urinalysis shows:
Protein 1+
Leukocyte esterase positive
Nitrite positive
RBC 2/hpf
WBC 90/hpf
WBC casts numerous
Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"?
{'A': 'Treat on an outpatient basis with nitrofurantoin', 'B': 'Admit the patient and perform an CT scan of the abdomen', 'C': 'Treat on an outpatient basis with ciprofloxacin', 'D': 'Admit the patient and treat with intravenous levofloxacin', 'E': 'Wait for culture results and treat accordingly'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Allopurinol | Q:Two days after hospitalization for urgent chemotherapy to treat Burkitt’s lymphoma, a 7-year-old boy develops dyspnea and reduced urine output. He also feels a tingling sensation in his fingers and toes. Blood pressure is 100/65 mm Hg, respirations are 28/min, pulse is 100/min, and temperature is 36.2°C (97.2°F). The lungs are clear to auscultation. He has excreted 20 mL of urine in the last 6 hours. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 15 g/dL
Leukocyte count 6,000/mm3 with a normal differential serum
K+ 6.5 mEq/L
Ca+ 7.6 mg/dL
Phosphorus 5.4 mg/dL
HCO3− 15 mEq/L
Uric acid 12 mg/dL
Urea nitrogen 44 mg/dL
Creatinine 2.4 mg/dL
Arterial blood gas analysis on room air:
pH 7.30
PCO2 30 mm Hg
O2 saturation 95%
Which of the following is most likely to have prevented this patient’s condition??
{'A': 'Allopurinol', 'B': 'Ciprofloxacin', 'C': 'Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine', 'D': 'Sodium bicarbonate', 'E': 'No prevention would have been effective'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Short acting β2-agonists | Q:A 26-year-old woman comes to the emergency room because she had difficulty breathing during an exercise session. She also has a cough and end-expiratory wheezing. Besides these symptoms, she has a normal physical appearance. She has experienced similar breathing problems during exercise in the past, but never during rest. She is afebrile. What is the best treatment in this case??
{'A': 'Systemic corticosteroids', 'B': 'Short acting β2-agonists', 'C': 'Aminophylline', 'D': 'No therapy, only avoidance of exercise', 'E': 'Long acting β2-agonists'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Stylohyoid | Q:A 27-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 1-day history of right-sided facial weakness and sound intolerance. Three days ago, he hit the right side of his head in a motor vehicle collision. He neither lost consciousness nor sought medical attention. Physical examination shows drooping of the mouth and ptosis on the right side. Sensation over the face is not impaired. Impedance audiometry shows an absence of the acoustic reflex in the right ear. Which of the following muscles is most likely paralyzed in this patient??
{'A': 'Tensor tympani', 'B': 'Stylopharyngeus', 'C': 'Cricothyroid', 'D': 'Anterior belly of the digastric', 'E': 'Stylohyoid'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Obtain upper endoscopy | Q:A 3-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother for the evaluation of abdominal pain for one hour after drinking a bottle of toilet bowl cleaner. The mother reports that he vomited once on the way to the hospital and his vomit was non-bloody. The patient has pain with swallowing. He appears uncomfortable. Pulse oximetry shows an oxygen saturation of 82%. Examination shows heavy salivation. Oral examination shows mild oral erythema and in the area of the epiglottis, but no burns. An x-ray of the chest shows no abnormalities. The patient is admitted to the intensive care unit. He is intubated and oxygenation and intravenous fluid resuscitation are begun. All contaminated clothes are removed. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient??
{'A': 'Obtain upper endoscopy', 'B': 'Perform gastric lavage', 'C': 'Dilute the ingested agent', 'D': 'Obtain barium upper gastrointestinal series', 'E': 'Administer activated charcoal'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Start progestin-only therapy | Q:A 31-year-old female presents to her gynecologist with spotting between periods. She reports that her menses began at age 11, and she has never had spotting prior to the three months ago. Her medical history is significant for estrogen-receptor positive intraductal carcinoma of the breast, which was treated with tamoxifen. An endometrial biopsy is performed, which shows endometrial hyperplasia with atypia. She reports that she and her husband are currently trying to have children. What is the next best step??
{'A': 'Total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingoopherectomy', 'B': 'Partial, cervix-sparing hysterectomy', 'C': 'Start combination estrogen and progestin therapy', 'D': 'Start progestin-only therapy', 'E': 'Observation with annual endometrial biopsies'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Escitalopram therapy | Q:A 22-year-old man comes to the physician because of generalized fatigue for the past 3 months. During this time, his grades have declined in his college courses because he has had difficulty focusing on assignments and sometimes sleeps in class. He no longer plays the drums for his band and has stopped attending family events. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 60/min, and blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. On mental status examination, he describes his mood as “ok.” He has a flat affect. There is no evidence of suicidal ideation. His speech is slow in rate and monotone in rhythm, and his thought process is organized. He has no delusions or hallucinations. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in treatment??
{'A': 'Escitalopram therapy', 'B': 'Reassurance', 'C': 'Phenelzine therapy', 'D': 'Diazepam therapy', 'E': 'Amitriptyline therapy'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: A decrease in her reticulocyte count | Q:A 67-year-old African American woman visits the clinic with a complaint of progressive fatigue. These symptoms started gradually and slowly became worse over the past 4 months. She is short of breath after walking a few blocks and has difficulty climbing stairs. She denies having chest pain, leg swelling, or a cough. Her past medical history is significant for osteoporosis and gastroesophageal reflux disease. She takes omeprazole as needed and daily baby aspirin. She is a retired accountant and is a lifetime nonsmoker but she drinks a small glass of red wine every night before bed. Her diet is varied. Today, her blood pressure is 128/72 mm Hg, heart rate is 105/min, respiratory rate is 22/min, temperature 37.0°C (98.6°F) and oxygen saturation is 94% on room air. On physical examination, she has marked conjunctival pallor. Cardiac auscultation reveals a rapid heartbeat with a regular rhythm and a 2/6 systolic murmur over the right upper sternal border. Lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally and abdominal examination was within normal limits. Peripheral blood smear shows microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells. The following laboratory values are obtained:
Hematocrit 29%
Hemoglobin 9.8 mg/dL
Mean red blood cell volume 78 fL
Platelets 240,000/mm3
Which of the following will most likely be present in this patient??
{'A': 'An increase in her reticulocyte count', 'B': 'A decrease in her reticulocyte count', 'C': 'A decrease in erythropoietin levels ', 'D': 'Increased white blood cell count', 'E': 'Thrombocytopenia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Congenital toxoplasmosis | Q:A 2-day old male newborn delivered vaginally at 36 weeks to a 29-year-old woman, gravida 3, para 2, has generalized convulsions lasting 2 minutes. Previous to the event, he had difficulty feeding and was lethargic. Pregnancy and delivery were uncomplicated. Apgar scores were 7 and 8 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. Pregnancy and delivery of the mother's first 2 children were also uncomplicated. Medications of the mother include folic acid and a multivitamin. The mother's immunizations are up-to-date. The infant appears icteric. His vital signs are within normal limits. The infant's weight and length are at the 5th percentile, and his head circumference at the 99th percentile for gestational age. There are several purpura of the skin. Ocular examination shows posterior uveitis. The patient does not pass his auditory screening tests. Cranial ultrasonography shows ventricular dilatation, as well as hyperechoic foci within the cortex, basal ganglia, and periventricular region. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Congenital toxoplasmosis', 'B': 'Congenital rubella infection', 'C': 'Congenital syphilis infection', 'D': 'Congenital parvovirus infection', 'E': 'Congenital varicella infection\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Oxidase-negative, facultative anaerobe | Q:A 34-year-old woman makes an appointment with her gynecologist because she has been having foul smelling vaginal discharge. She says that the symptoms started about a week ago, but she can't think of any particular trigger associated with the onset of symptoms. She says that otherwise she has not experienced any pain or discomfort associated with these discharges. She has never been pregnant and currently has multiple sexual partners with whom she uses protection consistently. She has no other medical history though she says that her family has a history of reproductive system malignancy. Physical exam reveals a normal appearing vulva, and a sample of the vaginal discharge reveals gray fluid. Which of the following characteristics is associated with the most likely cause of this patient's disorder??
{'A': 'Cervicovaginal friability', 'B': 'Dimorphic fungus', 'C': 'Overgrowth of abnormal cervical cells', 'D': 'Oxidase-negative, facultative anaerobe', 'E': 'Flagellated, pear-like-shaped trophozoites'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Molluscum contagiosum | Q:A previously healthy 2-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her mother after she noticed multiple painless, nonpruritic papules on her abdomen. The child attends daycare three times per week, and this past week one child was reported to have similar lesions. Her immunizations are up-to-date. Her brother had chickenpox one month ago. She is at the 50th percentile for height and the 60th percentile for weight. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows several skin-colored, nontender, pearly papules with central umbilication on the abdomen and extremities. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Insect bites', 'B': 'Molluscum contagiosum', 'C': 'Cutaneuous lichen planus', 'D': 'Verruca vulgaris', 'E': 'Chickenpox\n"'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Doxycycline | Q:A 28-year-old man presents with fever, chills, and malaise which began 5 days ago. He also mentions that the back of his right upper arm feels itchy. He says he works as a forest guide and recently came back from a forest expedition. Upon asking, he reports that the forest where he works is infested with ticks. His temperature is 38.3°C (100.9°F), the pulse is 87/min, the respiratory rate is 15/min, and the blood pressure is 122/90 mm Hg. On physical examination, there is a rash present on the posterior aspect of his upper right arm which is shown in the image. Which of the following medications is the best course of treatment for this patient??
{'A': 'Azithromycin', 'B': 'Clindamycin', 'C': 'Doxycycline', 'D': 'Fluconazole', 'E': 'Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Schizoaffective disorder | Q:A 23-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her boyfriend because of a 4-month history of feeling sad. Her boyfriend says that, during this period, she has slept and eaten very little and has been unable to focus at work. She says that she feels “empty inside” and has been hearing voices telling her that she is worthless. She first heard these voices 7 months ago when they started to make fun of her. She does not drink alcohol or use illicit drugs. Physical and neurological examinations show no abnormalities. On mental status examination, her speech is slow and monotonous; she abruptly stops talking in the middle of sentences and does not finish them. She occasionally directs her attention to the ceiling as if she were listening to someone. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Schizophrenia', 'B': 'Schizophreniform disorder', 'C': 'Schizoaffective disorder', 'D': 'Mood disorder with psychotic features', 'E': 'Schizotypal personality disorder'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Switch to intravenous ceftriaxone | Q:Blood cultures are sent to the laboratory and empiric treatment with intravenous vancomycin is started. Blood cultures grow gram-negative bacilli identified as Cardiobacterium hominis. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management??
{'A': 'Switch to intravenous ampicillin', 'B': 'Switch to intravenous ceftriaxone', 'C': 'Switch to intravenous cefazolin', 'D': 'Switch to intravenous gentamicin', 'E': 'Add intravenous rifampin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Hemoglobin: 15 g/dL, Hematocrit: 45%, MCV: 90 µm^3 | Q:A 27-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by emergency medical services. The patient was an unrestrained passenger in a head-on collision that occurred 15 minutes ago and is currently unresponsive. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 60/33 mmHg, pulse is 180/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 95% on room air. A FAST exam demonstrates fluid in Morrison’s pouch. Laboratory values are drawn upon presentation to the ED and sent off. The patient is started on IV fluids and an initial trauma survey is started. Twenty minutes later, his blood pressure is 95/65 mmHg, and his pulse is 110/min. The patient is further stabilized and is scheduled for emergency surgery. Which of the following best represents this patient’s most likely initial laboratory values??
{'A': 'Hemoglobin: 19 g/dL, Hematocrit: 55%, MCV: 95 µm^3', 'B': 'Hemoglobin: 15 g/dL, Hematocrit: 45%, MCV: 90 µm^3', 'C': 'Hemoglobin: 11 g/dL, Hematocrit: 33%, MCV: 88 µm^3', 'D': 'Hemoglobin: 10 g/dL, Hematocrit: 30%, MCV: 110 µm^3', 'E': 'Hemoglobin: 7 g/dL, Hematocrit: 21%, MCV: 75 µm^3'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Gram-positive bacilli, motile, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe | Q:A 65-year-old alcoholic male had been taken to the emergency room after he was found unconscious covered in vomitus. After regaining consciousness, he complained of a constant productive cough with foul-smelling sputum for the past few weeks. A chest x-ray(Image A) was taken and the patient was treated accordingly. The patient comes to you today complaining of watery diarrhea. Which best describes the pathogen causing diarrhea??
{'A': 'Gram-positive bacilli, motile, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe', 'B': 'Gram-negative bacilli, lactose non-fermenter, glucose fermenter, oxidase positive', 'C': 'Gram-positive bacilli, non-motile spore-forming, aerobe', 'D': 'Gram-negative bacilli, lactose non-fermenter, oxidase negative, and hydrogen sulfide producer', 'E': 'Gram-negative bacilli, lactose non-fermenter, oxidase negative, and does not produce hydrogen sulfide'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Preserved ejection fraction and decreased compliance | Q:A 45-year-old African American woman presents to her family physician for a routine examination. Past medical history is positive for amyloidosis and non-rhythm-based cardiac abnormalities secondary to the amyloidosis. Which of the following cardiac parameters would be expected in this patient??
{'A': 'Preserved ejection fraction and increased compliance', 'B': 'Preserved ejection fraction and decreased compliance', 'C': 'Decreased ejection fraction and increased compliance', 'D': 'Decreased ejection fraction and decreased compliance', 'E': 'Increased ejection fraction and decreased compliance'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Adenosine | Q:A 26-year-old healthy woman presents with lightheadedness, palpitations, and sweating, which started suddenly after she was frightened by her neighbor’s dog. The patient’s blood pressure is 135/80 mm Hg, the heart rate is 150/min, the respiratory rate is 15/min, and the temperature is 36.6℃ (97.9℉). Her ECG is shown in the exhibit. What is the preferred agent for pharmacologic management of this condition??
{'A': 'Verapamil', 'B': 'Metoprolol', 'C': 'Amiodarone', 'D': 'Adenosine', 'E': 'Propafenone'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Pleuritic chest pain | Q:A 68-year-old female presents to the emergency room with acute onset of dyspnea and hemoptysis. Her past medical history is unremarkable and she has had no prior surgeries. A ventilation-perfusion scan demonstrates a large perfusion defect that is not matched by a ventilation defect in the left lower lobe. Which of the following would you also expect to find in this patient:?
{'A': 'Pleuritic chest pain', 'B': 'Bradycardia', 'C': 'Aortic dilation', 'D': 'Claudication', 'E': 'Increased inspiratory capacity'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Ipratropium | Q:In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stimulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors results in an increase in mucus secretion, smooth muscle contraction and bronchoconstriction. The end result is an increase in airway resistance. Which of the following pharmacologic agents interferes directly with this pathway??
{'A': 'Epinephrine', 'B': 'Theophylline', 'C': 'Ipratropium', 'D': 'Albuterol', 'E': 'Metoprolol'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Perform ultrasonography | Q:A 27-year old primigravid woman at 37 weeks' gestation comes to the emergency department because of frequent contractions for 4 hours. Her pregnancy has been complicated by hyperemesis gravidarum which subsided in the second trimester. The contractions occur every 10–15 minutes and have been increasing in intensity and duration since onset. Her temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), pulse is 110/min, and blood pressure is 140/85 mm Hg. Uterine contractions are felt on palpation. Pelvic examination shows clear fluid in the vagina. The cervix is 50% effaced and 3 cm dilated. After 4 hours the cervix is 80% effaced and 6 cm dilated. Pelvic examination is inconclusive for the position of the fetal head. The fetal heart rate is reassuring. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step??
{'A': 'Perform ultrasonography', 'B': 'Perform external cephalic version', 'C': 'Administer misoprostol', 'D': 'Administer oxytocin', 'E': 'Perform Mauriceau-Smellie-Veit maneuver'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Administering a β-antagonist | Q:A 55-year-old man presents with sudden onset palpitations for the past couple of hours. He denies any chest pain. Past medical history is significant for unknown kidney disease. Current medications are amiloride and daily aspirin. His blood pressure is 123/87 mm Hg and pulse is 45/min. Physical examination is unremarkable. An ECG shows tall peaked T waves with sinus bradycardia. Laboratory findings are significant for serum potassium of 6.1 mEq/L. Which of the following therapies may worsen this patient’s condition?
?
{'A': ' 50 mL of 50% glucose solution with 10 units of soluble insulin by intravenous infusion', 'B': '50 ml of Sodium bicarbonate (8.4%) ', 'C': 'Stopping amiloride', 'D': 'Calcium resonium', 'E': 'Administering a β-antagonist'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Mutation in carrying protein | Q:A 12-year-old boy is brought by his mother to the emergency room because of a swollen, hot, and tender knee that he sustained after falling on his way home. He has never had a swollen joint before; however, he has had frequent nosebleeds throughout his life. His mother is worried because they live with her parents who are currently on blood thinners. Every morning she puts the blood thinner pill in the boy's grandfather's milk and was concerned that she may have switched it this morning. Family history reveals a number of uncles who have had bleeding disorders; however, the mother does not know the exact disorder suffered by these relatives. A hematologic panel reveals the following findings:
Bleeding time: Increased
Prothrombin time: 12 seconds
Partial thromboplastin time (PTT): 55 seconds
PTT after factor mixing study: 37 seconds
Which of the following most likely explains the abnormal partial thromboplastin time in this patient??
{'A': 'Activation of inhibitory factors', 'B': 'Antibodies to factor VIII', 'C': 'Inhibition of reductase enzyme', 'D': 'Mutation in carrying protein', 'E': 'Mutation in factor VIII'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Normal glomeruli on light microscopy | Q:A 6-year-old girl is brought to the physician because of increasing swelling around her eyes for the past 3 days. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows periorbital edema and abdominal distention with shifting dullness. Laboratory studies show a serum albumin of 2 g/dL and a serum cholesterol concentration of 290 mg/dL. Urinalysis shows 4+ proteinuria and fatty casts. Histological examination of a kidney biopsy specimen is most likely to show which of the following findings??
{'A': 'Granular subepithelial deposits of IgG, IgM, and C3 on immunofluorescence', 'B': 'Mesangial proliferation on light microscopy', 'C': 'Deposits of IgG and C3 at the glomerular basement membrane on immunofluoresence', 'D': 'Subepithelial dense deposits on electron microscopy', 'E': 'Normal glomeruli on light microscopy'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Seizure | Q:A 58-year-old right-handed man is brought to the emergency department after he was found unconscious in his living room by his wife. She reports that he has never had a similar episode before. The patient has hypertension and consumes multiple alcoholic drinks per day. On arrival, he is confused and oriented only to person. He cannot recall what happened. He has difficulty speaking and his words are slurred. He reports a diffuse headache and muscle pain and appears fatigued. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 85/min, respirations are 14/min, and blood pressure is 135/70 mm Hg. Examination shows a 2-cm bruise on his right shoulder. Strength is 5/5 throughout, except for 1/5 in the left arm. The remainder of the physical examination shows no abnormalities. An ECG shows left ventricular hypertrophy. A CT scan of the head without contrast shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Stroke', 'B': 'Transient ischemic attack', 'C': 'Migraine', 'D': 'Syncope', 'E': 'Seizure'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Adrenal vein sampling | Q:A 42-year-old man comes to the physician for a health maintenance examination. He has had generalized fatigue and muscle aches since his previous visit 6 months ago. He has hypertension and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Current medications include amlodipine and omeprazole. His temperature is 37.1°C (98.1°F), pulse is 88/min and blood pressure is 156/102 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Serum studies show:
Na+ 143 mEq/L
K+ 2.3 mEq/L
Cl- 100 mEq/L
HCO3- 31 mEq/L
Urea nitrogen 14 mg/dL
Creatinine 1 mg/dL
His blood pressure medication is discontinued. One week later his plasma aldosterone concentration is 35 ng/dL (N=3.6 - 24.0 ng/dL) and plasma renin activity is 0.4 ng/mL/h (N=0.3 to 4.2 ng/mL/h). An oral sodium loading test over 3 days fails to reduce aldosterone. A contrast-enhanced CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis shows a 3-cm, homogenous, right-sided adrenal mass with rapid contrast washout. He is counseled about his treatment options and chooses to pursue surgery. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"?
{'A': 'Spironolactone therapy', 'B': 'Right adrenalectomy', 'C': 'Fludrocortisone suppression test', 'D': 'Adrenal vein sampling', 'E': 'Bilateral adrenalectomy'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Phototherapy | Q:An otherwise healthy, exclusively breastfed 4-day-old neonate is brought to the physician because of yellowing of his skin and eyes. His urine has been clear and stools have been normal. He was born at term by vacuum-assisted delivery and weighed 4000 g (8 lb 8 oz). Pregnancy was complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus. His older sibling had jaundice in the neonatal period. Vital signs are within normal limits. He appears alert and comfortable. Physical examination shows jaundice of the skin and sclerae. The liver is palpated 1 cm below the right costal margin. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 17 g/dl
Reticulocyte count 0.5 %
Total bilirubin 21.2 mg/dl
Direct bilirubin 2 mg/dl
Indirect bilirubin 19.1 mg/dl
Coombs test Negative
Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"?
{'A': 'Intravenous immunoglobulin', 'B': 'Increase frequency of breast feeds', 'C': 'Replace breast feeding with formula feeds', 'D': 'MRI of the brain', 'E': 'Phototherapy'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Improper supplementation of steroids | Q:A 34-year-old woman is recovering in the post-operative unit following a laparoscopic procedure for chronic endometriosis. She had initially presented with complaints of painful menstrual cramps that kept her bedridden most of the day. She also mentioned to her gynecologist that she had been diagnosed with endometriosis 4 years ago, and she could not find a medication or alternative therapeutic measure that helped. Her medical history was significant for surgery she had 6 years ago to remove tumors she had above her kidneys, after which she was prescribed hydrocortisone. An hour after the laparoscopic procedure, she calls the nurse because she is having difficulty breathing. The nurse records her vital signs include: blood pressure 85/55 mm Hg, respirations 20/min, and pulse 115/min. The patient suddenly loses consciousness. Intravenous fluids are started immediately. She gains consciousness, but her blood pressure is unchanged. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the hypotension??
{'A': 'Infection involving the suture line', 'B': 'Loss of fluids during the procedure', 'C': 'Bleeding profusely through the surgical site', 'D': 'Improper supplementation of steroids', 'E': 'High doses of anesthetic drugs'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Transvaginal ultrasound | Q:A 23-year-old female presents to the emergency department with right lower abdominal pain that began suddenly one hour ago. She is writhing in discomfort and has vomited twice since arrival. She has no chronic medical conditions, but states she has had chlamydia two or three times in the past. Her abdomen is firm, and she is guarding. Pelvic exam reveals blood pooling in the vagina and right adnexal tenderness. Her last menstrual period was 7 weeks ago. A pregnancy test is positive.
Which of the following is an appropriate next step in diagnosis??
{'A': 'Transabdominal ultrasound.', 'B': 'Dilation and curettage', 'C': 'Transvaginal ultrasound', 'D': 'Methotrexate and discharge with strict follow-up instructions.', 'E': 'Exploratory laparotomy'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Mi-2 protein | Q:A 47-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 1-month history of progressive weakness. She has had increased difficulty climbing stairs and standing from a seated position. She takes no medications. Neurologic examination shows weakness of the proximal muscles. Skin examination shows diffuse erythema of the upper back, posterior neck, and shoulders. A photograph of the patient's eye is shown. Antibodies against which of the following are most likely to be present in this patient??
{'A': 'Centromeres', 'B': 'La protein', 'C': 'Scl-70 protein', 'D': 'Mi-2 protein', 'E': 'Histones'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia | Q:A 78-year-old man presents to the emergency department because of confusion that started 2 hours ago. The patient’s daughter says that he has had blurred vision for several days. His right leg became weak 10 days ago, and he couldn’t walk for a few days before recovering. He was diagnosed with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance 2 years ago. His temperature is 36.2°C (97.2°F), pulse is 75/min, respirations are 13/min, and blood pressure is 125/70 mm Hg. He also has gingival bleeding. Cervical lymphadenopathy is palpated on physical exam. Both the liver and spleen are palpated 5 cm below the costal margins. The serum protein electrophoresis with immunofixation is shown. Urine electrophoresis shows no abnormalities. A skeletal survey shows no abnormalities. Which of the following best explains these findings??
{'A': 'Chronic lymphocytic leukemia', 'B': 'Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma', 'C': 'Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance', 'D': 'Multiple myeloma', 'E': 'Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: 46, XY | Q:A 17-year-old girl is being evaluated for primary amenorrhea. A pelvic ultrasound shows no uterus, fallopian tubes, or ovaries, despite having normal external sexual organs. On physical examination, there is no axillary or pubic hair, and breast development is normal. The laboratory tests show evidence of increased serum testosterone with normal conversion to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and increased luteinizing hormone (LH). What is the karyotype of this patient??
{'A': '46, XX', 'B': '47, XXX', 'C': '47, XXY', 'D': '46, XY', 'E': '45, X0'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Protozoa | Q:A 41-year-old male with a history of pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia is found to have multiple ring-enhancing lesions on brain CT. Which of the following is most likely responsible for this patient's abnormal scan??
{'A': 'Neoplasm', 'B': 'Bacteria', 'C': 'Virus', 'D': 'Prion', 'E': 'Protozoa'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: C | Q:A 13-year-old boy presents to the emergency department with severe abdominal pain. His parents state that he has been complaining of abdominal pain that became increasingly severe this evening. They also state he has been eating much more lately yet still has been losing weight. The patient's past medical history is unremarkable and he is not currently on any medications. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 90/58 mmHg, pulse is 150/min, respirations are 24/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for diffuse abdominal tenderness and tachycardia. Laboratory values are ordered as seen below.
Hemoglobin: 12 g/dL
Hematocrit: 36%
Leukocyte count: 6,500/mm^3 with normal differential
Platelet count: 197,000/mm^3
Serum:
Na+: 139 mEq/L
Cl-: 100 mEq/L
K+: 4.3 mEq/L
BUN: 20 mg/dL
Glucose: 599 mg/dL
Creatinine: 1.1 mg/dL
AST: 12 U/L
ALT: 10 U/L
Which of the following laboratory changes best reflects this patient's physiology as compared to his baseline??
{'A': 'A', 'B': 'B', 'C': 'C', 'D': 'D', 'E': 'E'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Glucocorticoid taper with antihistamines | Q:A 51-year-old man is bitten by a cottonmouth viper and is successfully treated with sheep hyperimmune Fab antivenom. Three days later, the patient develops an abdominal itchy rash and re-presents to the emergency department for medical care. His medical history is significant for gout, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus type II, and multiple basal cell carcinomas on his face and neck. He currently smokes 1 pack of cigarettes per day, drinks a 6-pack of beer per day, and denies any current illicit drug use. His vital signs include: temperature 40.0°C (104.0°F), blood pressure 126/74 mm Hg, heart rate 111/min, and respiratory rate 23/min. On physical examination, his gait is limited by diffuse arthralgias, lung sounds are clear bilaterally, and he has normal heart sounds. The patient has a pruritic periumbilical serpiginous macular rash that has spread to involve the back, upper trunk, and extremities. Of the following options, which is the next best step in patient management??
{'A': 'Dialysis', 'B': 'Glucocorticoid taper with antihistamines', 'C': 'Antihistamines', 'D': 'NSAIDs', 'E': 'Plasmapheresis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Bed bug bite | Q:A 47-year-old man presents to the clinic for an evaluation of intense itching of his right thigh region for the past few days. He states some ‘red bumps’ just began to form. The patient mentions that he was recently at a business conference in Miami. He has a past medical history of hypertension, diabetes type 2, and hyperlipidemia. He takes enalapril, metformin, and atorvastatin. He does not smoke or drink. His vitals are within normal limits today. On physical examination, a linear line with 3 red papules is present along the medial aspect of his right thigh. Additionally, there are small rows of bumps on his left leg and right forearm. Excoriations are also apparent in the same region. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Scabies', 'B': 'Cutaneous larva migrans', 'C': 'Bed bug bite', 'D': 'Spider bite', 'E': 'Flea bite'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Motile and helical-shaped bacteria | Q:A 24-year-old woman presents to her primary care doctor with a lesion on her labia. She first noticed the lesion 2 days ago. It is not painful. She denies vaginal discharge or dysuria. She has no past medical history and takes no medications. She has had 4 sexual partners in the past 8 months and uses the pull-out method as contraception. She drinks 12-16 alcoholic beverages per week and is a law student. Her temperature is 97.8°F (36.6°C), blood pressure is 121/81 mmHg, pulse is 70/min, and respirations are 16/min. On exam, she has an indurated non-tender ulcer on the left labia majora. There is no appreciable inguinal lymphadenopathy. Multiple tests are ordered and pending. This patient's condition is most likely caused by a pathogen with which of the following characteristics on histologic imaging??
{'A': 'Gram-negative coccobacillus with a "school of fish" appearance', 'B': 'Gram-negative diplococci', 'C': 'Motile and helical-shaped bacteria', 'D': 'Rod-shaped organisms in phagocyte cytoplasm', 'E': 'Vaginal epithelial cells covered with bacteria'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Ampicillin | Q:A 70-year-old man presents with fever, headache, and vomiting. He says that symptoms onset acutely 2 days ago and have not improved. He also reports associated weakness and chills. Past medical history is significant for occasional heartburn. His temperature is 39.4°C (103.0°F), the pulse rate is 124/min, the blood pressure is 130/84 mm Hg, and the respiratory rate is 22/min. On physical examination, there is significant nuchal rigidity. No signs of raised intracranial pressure are present. A lumbar puncture is performed and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis shows lymphocyte-dominant pleocytosis with increased CSF protein levels. Bacteriological culture of the CSF reveals the growth of Listeria monocytogenes. Which of the following antibiotics is the best choice for the treatment of this patient??
{'A': 'Ampicillin', 'B': 'Ceftriaxone', 'C': 'Chloramphenicol', 'D': 'Ciprofloxacin', 'E': 'Vancomycin'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Hypokalemia | Q:A 15-year-old girl presents to her primary care physician, accompanied by her mother, for 4 days of abdominal pain. She describes the pain as diffuse, dull, and constant. She also endorses constipation over this time. The patient's mother says the patient has become increasingly self-conscious of her appearance since starting high school this year and has increasingly isolated herself to her room, rarely spending time with or eating meals with the rest of the family. Her temperature is 98.0°F (36.7°C), blood pressure is 100/70 mmHg, pulse is 55/min, and respirations are 19/min. Body mass index (BMI) is at the 4th percentile for age and gender. Physical exam reveals dental caries, mild abdominal distension, and diffuse, fine body hair. Basic labs are most likely to reveal which of the following??
{'A': 'Hypocalcemia', 'B': 'Hypokalemia', 'C': 'Hypercalcemia', 'D': 'Hyperkalemia', 'E': 'Hyperphosphatemia'}, |